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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 12541 ***
+
+[Illustration: Facsimile of Negro Bill of Sale]
+
+THE AMERICAN INDIAN AS PARTICIPANT IN THE CIVIL WAR
+
+BY
+ANNIE HELOISE ABEL, Ph.D.
+_Professor of History, Smith College_
+
+1919
+
+To
+My former colleagues and students at Goucher
+College and in the College Courses for
+Teachers, Johns Hopkins University
+this book is affectionately dedicated
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+I    THE BATTLE OF PEA RIDGE, OR ELKHORN AND ITS
+       MORE IMMEDIATE EFFECTS                          13
+II   LANE'S BRIGADE AND THE INCEPTION OF THE INDIAN    37
+III  THE INDIAN REFUGEES IN SOUTHERN KANSAS            79
+IV   THE ORGANIZATION OF THE FIRST INDIAN EXPEDITION   91
+V    THE MARCH TO TAHLEQUAH AND THE RETROGRADE
+       MOVEMENT OF THE "WHITE AUXILIARY"              125
+VI   GENERAL PIKE IN CONTROVERSY WITH GENERAL HINDMAN 147
+VII  ORGANIZATION OF THE ARKANSAS AND RED RIVER
+       SUPERINTENDENCY                                171
+VIII THE RETIREMENT OF GENERAL PIKE                   185
+IX   THE REMOVAL OF THE REFUGEES TO THE SAC AND FOX
+       AGENCY                                         203
+X    NEGOTIATIONS WITH UNION INDIANS                  221
+XI   INDIAN TERRITORY IN 1863, JANUARY TO JUNE
+       INCLUSIVE                                      243
+XII  INDIAN TERRITORY IN 1863, JULY TO DECEMBER
+       INCLUSIVE                                      283
+XIII ASPECTS, CHIEFLY MILITARY, 1864-1865             313
+APPENDIX                                              337
+SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY                                 353
+INDEX                                                 369
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+FACSIMILE OF NEGRO BILL OF SALE                         4
+SKETCH MAP SHOWING THE MAIN THEATRE OF BORDER WARFARE
+  AND THE LOCATION OF TRIBES WITHIN THE INDIAN COUNTRY 39
+PORTRAIT OF COLONEL W.A. PHILLIPS                      93
+FACSIMILE OF MONTHLY INSPECTION REPORT OF THE SECOND
+  CREEK REGIMENT OF MOUNTED VOLUNTEERS                245
+FACSIMILE OF MONTHLY INSPECTION REPORT OF THE FIRST
+ CREEK REGIMENT OF MOUNTED VOLUNTEERS                 315
+
+
+
+
+I. THE BATTLE OF PEA RIDGE, OR ELKHORN, AND ITS MORE IMMEDIATE EFFECTS
+
+
+The Indian alliance, so assiduously sought by the Southern Confederacy
+and so laboriously built up, soon revealed itself to be most unstable.
+Direct and unmistakable signs of its instability appeared in
+connection with the first real military test to which it was
+subjected, the Battle of Pea Ridge or Elkhorn, as it is better known
+in the South, the battle that stands out in the history of the War
+of Secession as being the most decisive victory to date of the Union
+forces in the West and as marking the turning point in the political
+relationship of the State of Missouri with the Confederate government.
+
+In the short time during which, following the removal of General
+Frémont, General David Hunter was in full command of the Department of
+the West--and it was practically not more than one week--he completely
+reversed the policy of vigorous offensive that had obtained under men,
+subordinate to his predecessor.[1] In southwest Missouri, he abandoned
+the advanced position of the Federals and fell back upon Sedalia
+and Rolla, railway termini. That he did this at the suggestion
+of President Lincoln[2] and with the tacit approval of General
+McClellan[3] makes no
+
+[Footnote 1: _The Century Company's War Book_, vol. i, 314-315.]
+
+[Footnote 2: _Official Records_, first ser., vol. iii, 553-554.
+Hereafter, except where otherwise designated, the _first series_
+will always be understood.]
+
+[Footnote 3:--Ibid., 568.]
+
+difference now, as it made no difference then, in the consideration
+of the consequences; yet the consequences were, none the less, rather
+serious. They were such, in fact, as to increase very greatly the
+confusion on the border and to give the Confederates that chance of
+recovery which soon made it necessary for their foes to do the work of
+Nathaniel Lyon all over again.
+
+It has been most truthfully said[4] that never, throughout the period
+of the entire war, did the southern government fully realize the
+surpassingly great importance of its Trans-Mississippi District;
+notwithstanding that when that district was originally organized,[5]
+in January, 1862, some faint idea of what it might, peradventure,
+accomplish did seem to penetrate,[6] although ever so vaguely, the
+minds of those then in authority. It was organized under pressure from
+the West as was natural, and under circumstances to which meagre and
+tentative reference has already been made in the first volume of this
+work.[7] In the main, the circumstances were such as developed out of
+the persistent refusal of General McCulloch to coöperate with General
+Price.
+
+There was much to be said in justification of McCulloch's obstinacy.
+To understand this it is well to recall that, under the plan, lying
+back of this first
+
+[Footnote 4: _Official Records_, vol. liii, supplement, 781-782;
+Edwards, _Shelby and His Men_, 105.]
+
+[Footnote 5:--Ibid., vol. viii, 734.]
+
+[Footnote 6: It is doubtful if even this ought to be conceded in view
+of the fact that President Davis later admitted that Van Dorn entered
+upon the Pea Ridge campaign for the sole purpose of effecting "a
+diversion in behalf of General Johnston" [_Rise and Fall of the
+Confederate Government_, vol. ii, 51]. Moreover, Van Dorn had
+scarcely been assigned to the command of the Trans-Mississippi
+District before Beauregard was devising plans for bringing him
+east again [Greene, _The Mississippi_, II; Roman, _Military
+Operations of General Beauregard_, vol. i, 240-244].]
+
+[Footnote 7: Abel, _American Indian as Slaveholder and
+Secessionist_, 225-226 and _footnote_ 522.]
+
+appointment to the Confederate command, was the expectation that he
+would secure the Indian Territory. Obviously, the best way to do that
+was to occupy it, provided the tribes, whose domicile it was, were
+willing. But, if the Cherokees can be taken to have voiced the opinion
+of all, they were not willing, notwithstanding that a sensationally
+reported[8] Federal activity under Colonel James Montgomery,[9] in the
+neighborhood of the frontier posts, Cobb, Arbuckle, and Washita, was
+designed to alarm them and had notably influenced, if it had not
+actually inspired, the selection and appointment of the Texan
+ranger.[10]
+
+Unable, by reason of the Cherokee objection thereto, to enter the
+Indian country; because entrance in the face of that objection would
+inevitably force the Ross faction of the Cherokees and, possibly
+also, Indians of other tribes into the arms of the Union, McCulloch
+intrenched himself on its northeast border, in Arkansas, and there
+awaited a more favorable opportunity for accomplishing his main
+purpose. He seems to have desired the Confederate government to add
+the contiguous portion of Arkansas to his command, but in that he
+was disappointed.[11] Nevertheless, Arkansas early interpreted his
+presence in the state to imply that he was there primarily for her
+defence and, by the middle of June, that idea had so far gained
+general acceptance that C.C. Danley, speaking for the Arkansas
+Military Board, urged President Davis "to meet
+
+[Footnote 8: _Official Records_, vol. liii, supplement, 679.]
+
+[Footnote 9: The name of Montgomery was not one for even Indians to
+conjure with. James Montgomery was the most notorious of bushwhackers.
+For an account of some of his earlier adventures, see Spring,
+_Kansas_, 241, 247-250, and for a characterization of the man
+himself, Robinson, _Kansas Conflict_, 435.]
+
+[Footnote 10: _Official Records_, vol. liii, supplement, 682.]
+
+[Footnote 11: Snead, _Fight for Missouri_, 229-230.]
+
+the exigent necessities of the State" by sending a second general
+officer there, who should command in the northeastern part.[12]
+
+McCulloch's relations with leading Confederates in Arkansas seem
+to have been, from the first, in the highest degree friendly, even
+cordial, and it is more than likely that, aside from his unwillingness
+to offend the neutrality-loving Cherokees, the best explanation for
+his eventual readiness to make the defence of Arkansas his chief
+concern, instead of merely a means to the accomplishment of his
+original task, may be found in that fact. On the twenty-second of May,
+the Arkansas State Convention instructed Brigadier-general N. Bart
+Pearce, then in command of the state troops, to coöperate with the
+Confederate commander "to the full extent of his ability"[13] and,
+on the twenty-eighth of the same month, the Arkansas Military Board
+invited that same person, who, of course, was Ben McCulloch, to
+assume command himself of the Arkansas local forces.[14] Sympathetic
+understanding of this variety, so early established, was bound to
+produce good results and McCulloch henceforth identified himself most
+thoroughly with Confederate interests in the state in which he was, by
+dint of untoward circumstances, obliged to bide his time.
+
+It was far otherwise as respected relations between McCulloch and
+the Missouri leaders. McCulloch had little or no tolerance for the
+rough-and-ready methods of men like Claiborne Jackson and Sterling
+Price. He regarded their plans as impractical, chimerical, and their
+warfare as after the guerrilla order, too much like
+
+[Footnote 12: _Official Records_, vol. liii, supplement,
+698-699.]
+
+[Footnote 13:--Ibid., 687.]
+
+[Footnote 14:--Ibid., 691.]
+
+that to which Missourians and Kansans had accustomed themselves
+during the period of border conflict, following the passage of the
+Kansas-Nebraska Bill. McCulloch himself was a man of system. He
+believed in organization that made for efficiency. Just prior to the
+Battle of Wilson's Creek, he put himself on record as strongly opposed
+to allowing unarmed men and camp followers to infest his ranks,
+demoralizing them.[15] It was not to be expected, therefore, that
+there could ever be much in common between him and Sterling Price. For
+a brief period, it is true, the two men did apparently act in fullest
+harmony; but it was when the safety of Price's own state, Missouri,
+was the thing directly in hand. That was in early August of 1861.
+Price put himself and his command subject to McCulloch's orders.[16]
+The result was the successful engagement, August 10 at Wilson's Creek,
+on Missouri soil. On the fourteenth of the same month, Price reassumed
+control of the Missouri State Guard[17] and, from that time on, he and
+McCulloch drifted farther and farther apart; but, as their aims were
+so entirely different, it was not to be wondered at.
+
+Undoubtedly, all would have been well had McCulloch been disposed to
+make the defence of Missouri his only aim. Magnanimity was asked of
+him such as the Missouri leaders never so much as contemplated showing
+in return. It seems never to have occurred to either Jackson or
+Price that coöperation might, perchance, involve such an exchange of
+courtesies as would require Price to lend a hand in some project that
+McCulloch might devise for the well-being of his own particular
+
+[Footnote 15: _Official Records_, vol. liii, supplement, 721.]
+
+[Footnote 16:--Ibid., 720.]
+
+[Footnote 17:--Ibid., 727.]
+
+charge. The assistance was eventually asked for and refused, refused
+upon the ground, familiar in United States history, that it would be
+impossible to get the Missouri troops to cross the state line. Of
+course, Price's conduct was not without extenuation. His position
+was not identical with McCulloch's. His force was a state force,
+McCulloch's a Confederate, or a national. Besides, Missouri had yet
+to be gained, officially, for the Confederacy. She expected secession
+states and the Confederacy itself to force the situation for her.
+And, furthermore, she was in far greater danger of invasion than
+was Arkansas. The Kansans were her implacable and dreaded foes and
+Arkansas had none like them to fear.
+
+In reality, the seat of all the trouble between McCulloch and Price
+lay in particularism, a phase of state rights, and, in its last
+analysis, provincialism. Now particularism was especially pronounced
+and especially pernicious in the middle southwest. Missouri had always
+more than her share of it. Her politicians were impregnated by it.
+They were interested in their own locality exclusively and seemed
+quite incapable of taking any broad survey of events that did not
+immediately affect themselves or their own limited concerns. In the
+issue between McCulloch and Price, this was all too apparent. The
+politicians complained unceasingly of McCulloch's neglect of Missouri
+and, finally, taking their case to headquarters, represented to
+President Davis that the best interests of the Confederate cause in
+their state were being glaringly sacrificed by McCulloch's too literal
+interpretation of his official instructions, in the strict observance
+of which he was keeping close to the Indian boundary.
+
+President Davis had personally no great liking for
+
+Price and certainly none for his peculiar method of fighting. Some
+people thought him greatly prejudiced[18] against Price and, in the
+first instance, perhaps, on nothing more substantial than the fact
+that Price was not a Westpointer.[19] It would be nearer the truth to
+say that Davis gauged the western situation pretty accurately and knew
+where the source of trouble lay. That he did gauge the situation and
+that accurately is indicated by a suggestion of his, made in early
+December, for sending out Colonel Henry Heth of Virginia to command
+the Arkansas and Missouri divisions in combination.[20] Heth had no
+local attachments in the region and "had not been connected with any
+of the troops on that line of operations."[21] Unfortunately, for
+subsequent events his nomination[22] was not confirmed.
+
+Two days later, December 5, 1861, General McCulloch was granted[23]
+permission to proceed to Richmond, there to explain in person, as he
+had long wanted to do, all matters in controversy between him and
+Price. On the third of January, 1862, the Confederate Congress
+called[24] for information on the subject, doubtless under pressure of
+political importunity. The upshot of it all was, the organization of
+the Trans-Mississippi District of Department No. 2 and the appointment
+of Earl Van Dorn as major-general to command it. Whether or no, he was
+the choice[25] of General A.S. Johnston, department commander, his
+appointment bid fair, at the
+
+[Footnote 18: _Official Records_, vol. liii, supplement,
+816-817.]
+
+[Footnote 19: Ibid., 762.]
+
+[Footnote 20:--Ibid., vol. viii, 725.]
+
+[Footnote 21:--Ibid., 701.]
+
+[Footnote 22: Wright, _General Officers of the Confederate Army_,
+33, 67.]
+
+[Footnote 23: _Official Records_, vol. viii, 702.]
+
+[Footnote 24: _Journal of the Congress of the Confederate
+States_, vol. i, 637.]
+
+[Footnote 25: Formby, _American Civil War_, 129.]
+
+time it was made, to put an end to all local disputes and to give
+Missouri the attention she craved. The ordnance department of the
+Confederacy had awakened to a sense of the value of the lead mines[26]
+at Granby and Van Dorn was instructed especially to protect them.[27]
+His appointment, moreover, anticipated an early encounter with the
+Federals in Missouri. In preparation for the struggle that all knew
+was impending, it was of transcendent importance that one mind and one
+interest should control, absolutely.
+
+The Trans-Mississippi District would appear to have been constituted
+and its limits to have been defined without adequate reference to
+existing arrangements. The limits were, "That part of the State of
+Louisiana north of Red River, the Indian Territory west of Arkansas,
+and the States of Arkansas and Missouri, excepting therefrom the tract
+of country east of the Saint Francis, bordering on the Mississippi
+River, from the mouth of the Saint Francis to Scott County,
+Missouri...."[28] Van Dorn, in assuming command of the district,
+January 29, 1862, issued orders in such form that Indian Territory was
+listed last among the limits[29] and it was a previous arrangement
+affecting Indian Territory that was most ignored in the whole scheme
+of organization.
+
+It will be remembered that, in November of the preceding year, the
+Department of Indian Territory had been created and Brigadier-general
+Albert Pike assigned to the same.[30] His authority was not explicitly
+
+[Footnote 26: _Official Records_, vol. liii, supplement, 767,
+774.]
+
+[Footnote 27: Van Dora's protection, if given, was given to little
+purpose; for the mines were soon abandoned [Britton, _Memoirs of the
+Rebellion on the Border, 1863_, 120].]
+
+[Footnote 28: _Official Records_, vol. viii, 734.]
+
+[Footnote 29:--Ibid., 745.]
+
+[Footnote 30:--Ibid., 690.]
+
+superseded by that which later clothed Van Dorn and yet his department
+was now to be absorbed by a military district, which was itself merely
+a section of another department. The name and organization of the
+Department of Indian Territory remained to breed confusion, disorder,
+and serious discontent at a slightly subsequent time. Of course, since
+the ratification of the treaties of alliance with the tribes, there
+was no question to be raised concerning the status of Indian Territory
+as definitely a possession of the Southern Confederacy. Indeed, it
+had, in a way, been counted as such, actual and prospective, ever
+since the enactment of the marque and reprisal law of May 6, 1861.[31]
+
+Albert Pike, having accepted the appointment of department
+commander in Indian Territory under somewhat the same kind of a
+protest--professed consciousness of unfitness for the post--as he had
+accepted the earlier one of commissioner, diplomatic, to the tribes,
+lost no time in getting into touch with his new duties. There was much
+to be attended to before he could proceed west. His appointment had
+come and had been accepted in November. Christmas was now near at hand
+and he had yet to render an account of his mission of treaty-making.
+In late December, he sent in his official report[32] to President
+Davis and, that done, held himself in readiness to respond to any
+interpellating call that the Provincial Congress might see fit to
+make. The intervals of time, free from devotion to the completion
+of the older task, were spent by him in close attention to the
+preliminary details of the newer, in securing funds and in purchasing
+supplies and equipment
+
+[Footnote 31: Richardson, _Messages and Papers of the
+Confederacy_, vol. i, 105.]
+
+[Footnote 32: The official report of Commissioner Pike, in manuscript,
+and bearing his signature, is to be found in the Adjutant-general's
+office of the U.S. War Department.]
+
+generally, also in selecting a site for his headquarters. By command
+of Secretary of War, Judah P. Benjamin, Major N.B. Pearce[33] was
+made chief commissary of subsistence for Indian Territory and Western
+Arkansas and Major G.W. Clarke,[34] depot quartermaster. In the sequel
+of events, both appointments came to be of a significance rather
+unusual.
+
+The site chosen for department headquarters was a place situated near
+the junction of the Verdigris and Arkansas Rivers and not far from
+Fort Gibson.[35] The fortifications erected there received the name of
+Cantonment Davis and upon them, in spite of Pike's decidedly moderate
+estimate in the beginning, the Confederacy was said by a contemporary
+to have spent "upwards of a million dollars."[36] In view of the
+ostensible object of the very formation of the department and of
+Pike's appointment to its command, the defence of Indian Territory,
+and, in view of the existing location of enemy troops, challenging
+that defence, the selection of the site was a reasonably wise one;
+but, as subsequent pages will reveal, the commander did not retain it
+long as his headquarters. Troubles came thick and fast upon him and he
+had barely reached Cantonment Davis before they began. His delay in
+reaching that place, which he did do, February 25,[37] was caused
+by various occurrences that made it difficult for him to get his
+materials together, his funds and the like. The very difficulties
+presaged disaster.
+
+Pike's great purpose--and, perhaps, it would be no exaggeration to
+say, his only purpose--throughout the
+
+[Footnote 33: _Official Records_, vol. liii, supplement, 764.]
+
+[Footnote 34:--Ibid, 770.]
+
+[Footnote 35:--Ibid, 764.]
+
+[Footnote 36: Britton, _Memoirs of the Rebellion on the Border_,
+72.]
+
+[Footnote 37: _Official Records_, vol. viii, 286.]
+
+full extent of his active connection with the Confederacy was to save
+to that Confederacy the Indian Territory. The Indian occupants in and
+for themselves, unflattering as it may seem to them for historical
+investigators to have to admit it, were not objects of his solicitude
+except in so far as they contributed to his real and ultimate
+endeavor. He never at any time or under any circumstances advocated
+their use generally as soldiers outside of Indian Territory in regular
+campaign work and offensively.[38] As guerrillas he would have used
+them.[39] He would have sent them on predatory expeditions into Kansas
+or any other near-by state where pillaging would have been profitable
+or retaliatory; but never as an organized force, subject to the rules
+of civilized warfare because fully cognizant of them.[40] It is
+doubtful if he would ever have allowed them, had he consulted only his
+own inclination, to so much as cross the line except under stress of
+an attack from without. He would never have sanctioned their joining
+an unprovoked invading force. In the treaties
+
+[Footnote 38: The provision in the treaties to the effect that
+the alliance consummated between the Indians and the Confederate
+government was to be both offensive and defensive must not be taken
+too literally or be construed so broadly as to militate against this
+fact: for to its truth Pike, when in distress later on and accused of
+leading a horde of tomahawking villains, repeatedly bore witness. The
+keeping back of a foe, bent upon regaining Indian Territory or of
+marauding, might well be said to partake of the character of offensive
+warfare and yet not be that in intent or in the ordinary acceptation
+of the term. Everything would have to depend upon the point of view.]
+
+[Footnote 39: A restricted use of the Indians in offensive guerrilla
+action Pike would doubtless have permitted and justified. Indeed, he
+seems even to have recommended it in the first days of his interest in
+the subject of securing Indian Territory. No other interpretation can
+possibly be given to his suggestion that a battalion be raised
+from Indians that more strictly belonged to Kansas [_Official
+Records_, vol. iii, 581]. It is also conceivable that the force
+he had reference to in his letter to Benjamin, November 27, 1861
+[Ibid., vol. viii, 698] was to be, in part, Indian.]
+
+[Footnote 40: Harrell, _Confederate Military History_, vol. x,
+121-122.]
+
+which he negotiated he pledged distinctly and explicitly the opposite
+course of action, unless, indeed, the Indian consent were first
+obtained.[41] The Indian troops, however and wherever raised under the
+provisions of those treaties, were expected by Pike to constitute,
+primarily, a home guard and nothing more. If by chance it should
+happen that, in performing their function as a home guard, they should
+have to cross their own boundary in order to expel or to punish an
+intruder, well and good; but their intrinsic character as something
+resembling a police patrol could not be deemed thereby affected.
+Moreover, Pike did not believe that acting alone they could even be a
+thoroughly adequate home force. He, therefore, urged again and again
+that their contingent should be supplemented by a white force and by
+one sufficiently large to give dignity and poise and self-restraint
+to the whole, when both forces were combined, as they always ought to
+be.[42]
+
+At the time of Pike's assumption of his ill-defined command, or
+within a short period thereafter, the Indian force in the pay of the
+Confederacy and subject to his orders may be roughly placed at four
+full regiments and some miscellaneous troops.[43] The dispersion[44]
+of Colonel John Drew's Cherokees, when about to attack
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la, forced a slight reörganization and that, taken
+in connection with the accretions to the command that came in the
+interval before the Pea Ridge campaign brought the force approximately
+to four full
+
+[Footnote 41: In illustration of this, take the statement of the Creek
+Treaty, article xxxvi.]
+
+[Footnote 42: Aside from the early requests for white troops, which
+were antecedent to his own appointment as brigadier-general, Pike's
+insistence upon the need for the same can be vouched for by reference
+to his letter to R.W. Johnson, January 5, 1862 [_Official
+Records_, vol. liii, supplement, 795-796].]
+
+[Footnote 43: Pike to Benjamin, November 27, 1861, Ibid, vol.
+viii, 697.]
+
+[Footnote 44: _Official Records_, vol. viii, 8, 17-18.]
+
+regiments, two battalions, and some detached companies. The four
+regiments were, the First Regiment Choctaw and Chickasaw Mounted
+Rifles under Colonel Douglas H. Cooper, the First Creek Regiment under
+Colonel D.N. McIntosh, the First Regiment Cherokee Mounted Rifles
+under Colonel John Drew, and the Second Regiment Cherokee Mounted
+Rifles under Colonel Stand Watie. The battalions were, the Choctaw
+and Chickasaw and the Creek and Seminole, the latter under
+Lieutenant-colonel Chilly McIntosh and Major John Jumper.
+
+Major-general Earl Van Dorn formally assumed command of the newly
+created Trans-Mississippi District of Department No. 2, January 29,
+1862.[45] He was then at Little Rock, Arkansas. By February 6, he had
+moved up to Jacksonport and, a week or so later, to Pocahontas, where
+his slowly-assembling army was to rendezvous. His call for troops had
+already gone forth and was being promptly answered,[46] requisition
+having been made upon all the state units within the district,
+Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, also Texas. Indian Territory, through
+Pike[47] and his subordinates,[48] was yet to be communicated with;
+but Van Dorn had, at the moment, no other plan in view for Indian
+troops than to use them to advantage as a means of defence and as a
+corps of observation.[49] His immediate object, according to his own
+showing and according to the circumstances that had brought about the
+formation of the district, was to protect Arkansas[50] against
+
+[Footnote 45: _Official Records_, vol. viii, 745-746.]
+
+[Footnote 46:--Ibid., vol. liii, supplement, 776-779, 783-785,
+790, 793-794.]
+
+[Footnote 47:--Ibid., vol. viii, 749, 763-764.]
+
+[Footnote 48:--Ibid., 764-765.]
+
+[Footnote 49: Van Dorn to Price, February 14, 1862, Ibid.,
+750.]
+
+[Footnote 50: Arkansas seemed, at the time, to be but feebly
+protected. R.W. Johnson deprecated the calling of Arkansas troops
+eastward. They were (cont.)]
+
+invasion and to relieve Missouri; his plan of operations was to
+conduct a spring campaign in the latter state, "to attempt St. Louis,"
+as he himself put it, and to drive the Federals out; his ulterior
+motive may have been and, in the light of subsequent events, probably
+was, to effect a diversion for General A.S. Johnston; but, if that
+were really so, it was not, at the time, divulged or so much as hinted
+at.
+
+Ostensibly, the great object that Van Dorn had in mind was the relief
+of Missouri. And he may have dreamed, that feat accomplished, that it
+would be possible to carry the war into the enemy's country beyond the
+Ohio; but, alas, it was his misfortune at this juncture to be called
+upon to realise, to his great discomfiture, the truth of Robert Burns'
+homely philosophy,
+
+  The best-laid schemes o' mice and men
+  Gang aft a-gley.
+
+His own schemes and plans were all rendered utterly futile by the
+unexpected movement of the Federal forces from Rolla, to which safe
+place, it will be remembered, they had been drawn back by order
+of General Hunter. They were now advancing by forced marches via
+Springfield into northwestern Arkansas and were driving before them
+the Confederates under McCulloch and Price.
+
+The Federal forces comprised four huge divisions and were led by
+Brigadier-general Samuel R. Curtis. Towards the end of the previous
+December, on Christmas Day in fact, Curtis had been given "command of
+the Southwestern District of Missouri, including the
+
+[Footnote 50: (cont.) text of continuation: needed at home, not only
+for the defence of Arkansas, but for that of the adjoining territory
+[_Official Records_, vol. liii, supplement, 781-782]. There were,
+in fact, only two Arkansas regiments absent and they were guarding the
+Mississippi River [Ibid., 786]. By the middle of February, or
+thereabouts, Price and McCulloch were in desperate straits and
+were steadily "falling back before a superior force to the Boston
+Mountains" [Ibid., 787].]
+
+country south of the Osage and west of the Meramec River."[51] Under
+orders of November 9, the old Department of the West, of which Frémont
+had had charge and subsequently Hunter, but for only a brief period,
+had been reorganized and divided into two distinct departments, the
+Department of Missouri with Halleck in command and the Department of
+Kansas with Hunter. Curtis, at the time when he made his memorable
+advance movement from Rolla was, therefore, serving under Halleck.
+
+In furtherance of Van Dorn's original plan, General Pike had been
+ordered to march with all speed and join forces with the main army.
+At the time of the issuance of the order, he seems to have offered no
+objections to taking his Indians out of their own territory. Disaster
+had not yet overtaken them or him and he had not yet met with the
+injustice that was afterwards his regular lot. If his were regarded
+as more or less of a puppet command, he was not yet aware of it and,
+oblivious of all scorn felt for Indian soldiers, kept his eye single
+on the assistance he was to render in the accomplishment of Van Dorn's
+object. It was anything but easy, however, for him to move with
+dispatch. He had difficulty in getting such of his brigade as was
+Indian and as had collected at Cantonment Davis, a Choctaw and
+Chickasaw battalion and the First Creek Regiment, to stir. They had
+not been paid their money and had not been furnished with arms and
+clothing as promised. Pike had the necessary funds with him, but time
+would be needed in which to distribute them, and the order had been
+for him to move promptly. It was something much more easily said than
+done. Nevertheless, he did what he could, paid outright the Choctaws
+and Chickasaws, a performance that occupied
+
+[Footnote 51: _Official Records_, vol. liii, supplement, vol.
+viii, 462.]
+
+three precious days, and agreed to pay McIntosh's Creek regiment at
+the Illinois River. To keep that promise he tarried at Park Hill
+one day, expecting there to be overtaken by additional Choctaws and
+Chickasaws who had been left behind at Fort Gibson. When they did not
+appear, he went forward towards Evansville and upward to Cincinnati, a
+small town on the Arkansas side of the Cherokee line. There his Indian
+force was augmented by Stand Watie's regiment[52] of Cherokees and at
+Smith's Mill by John
+
+[Footnote 52: Watie's regiment of Cherokees was scarcely in either
+marching or fighting trim. The following letter from John Ross to
+Pike, which is number nine in the John Ross _Papers_ in the
+Indian Office, is elucidative. It is a copy used in the action against
+John Ross at the close of the war. The italics indicate underscorings
+that were probably not in the original.
+
+EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, PARK HILL, Feb'y 25th, 1862.
+
+To BRIG. GEN'L.A. PIKE, Com'dy Indian Department.
+
+Sir: I have deemed it my duty to address you on the present
+occasion--You have doubtless ere this received my communication
+enclosing the action of the National Council with regard to the final
+ratification of our Treaty--Col. Drew's Regiment promptly took up the
+line of march on the receipt of your order from Fort Smith towards
+Fayetteville. _I accompanied the Troops some 12 miles East of this
+and I am happy to assure you in the most confident manner that in my
+opinion this Regiment will not fail to do their whole duty, whenever
+the Conflict with the common Enemy shall take place_. There are so
+many conflicting reports as to your whereabouts and consequently much
+interest is felt by the People to know where the Head Qrs. of
+your military operations will be established during the present
+emergencies--_I had intended going up to see the Troops of our
+Regiment; also to visit the Head Qrs of the Army at Cane Hill in view
+of affording every aid in any manner within the reach of my power to
+repel the Enemy_. But I am sorry to say I have been dissuaded from
+going at present in consequence of some unwarrantable conduct on the
+part of many _base, reckless and unprincipled persons belonging to
+Watie's Regiment who are under no subordination or restraint of their
+leaders in domineering over and trampling upon the rights of peaceable
+and unoffending citizens_. I have at all times in the most
+unequivocal manner assured the People that you will not only promptly
+discountenance, but will take steps to put a stop to such proceedings
+for the protection of their persons and property and to _redress
+their wrongs_--This is not the time for _crimination_ and
+_recrimination_; at a proper time _I have certain specific
+complaints to report for your investigation_. Pardon me for again
+reiterating that (cont.)]
+
+Drew's.[53] The Cherokees had been in much confusion all winter. Civil
+war within their nation impended.[54] None the less, Pike, assuming
+that all would be well when the call for action came, had ordered
+all the Cherokee and Creek regiments to hurry to the help of
+McCulloch.[55] He had done this upon the first intimation of the
+Federal advance. The Cherokees had proceeded only so far, the Creeks
+not at all, and the main body of the Choctaws and Chickasaws, into
+whose minds some unscrupulous merchants had instilled mercenary
+motives and the elements of discord generally, were lingering far in
+the background. Pike's white force was, moreover, ridiculously small,
+some Texas cavalry, dignified by him as collectively a squadron,
+Captain O.G. Welch in command. There had as yet not been even a
+pretense of giving him the three regiments of white men earlier asked
+for. Toward the close of the afternoon of March 6, Pike "came up with
+the rear of McCulloch's division,"[56] which proved to be the very
+division he was to follow, but he was one day late for the fray.
+
+The Battle of Pea Ridge, in its preliminary stages, was already being
+fought. It was a three day fight, counting the skirmish at Bentonville
+on the sixth between General Franz Sigel's detachment and General
+Sterling Price's advance guard as the work of the first day.[57] The
+real battle comprised the engagement at
+
+[Footnote 52: (cont.) the mass of the People _are all right
+in Sentiment for the support of the Treaty of Alliance with the
+Confederate States_. I shall be happy to hear from you--I have the
+honor to be your ob't Serv't
+
+John Ross, Prin'l Chief, Cherokee Nation.]
+
+[Footnote 53: Pike's Report, March 14, 1862, _Official Records_,
+vol. viii, 286-292.]
+
+[Footnote 54: James McIntosh to S. Cooper, January 4, 1862,
+Ibid., 732; D.H. Cooper to Pike, February 10, 1862,
+Ibid., vol. xiii, 896.]
+
+[Footnote 55:--Ibid., 819.]
+
+[Footnote 56:--Ibid., vol. viii, 287.]
+
+[Footnote 57:--Ibid., 208-215, 304-306.]
+
+Leetown on the seventh and that at Elkhorn Tavern[58] on the eighth.
+At Leetown, Pike's Cherokee contingent[59] played what he, in somewhat
+quixotic fashion, perhaps, chose to regard as a very important part.
+The Indians, then as always, were chiefly pony-mounted, "entirely
+undisciplined," as the term discipline is usually understood,
+and "armed very indifferently with common rifles and ordinary
+shot-guns."[60] The ponies, in the end, proved fleet of foot, as
+was to have been expected, and, at one stage of the game, had to
+be tethered in the rear while their masters fought from the
+vantage-ground of trees.[61] The Indian's most effective work was
+done, throughout, under cover of the woods. Indians, as Pike well
+knew, could never be induced to face shells in the open. It was he who
+advised their climbing the trees and he did it without discounting, in
+the slightest, their innate bravery.[62] There came a time, too, when
+he gave countenance to another of their
+
+[Footnote 58: The Elkhorn Tavern engagement is sometimes referred to,
+and most appropriately, as the Sugar Creek [Phisterer, _Statistical
+Record_, 95]. Colonel Eugene A. Carr of the Third Illinois Cavalry,
+commanding the Fourth Division of Curtis's army, described the
+tavern itself as "situated on the west side of the Springfield and
+Fayetteville road, at the head of a gorge known as Cross Timber Hollow
+(the head of Sugar Creek) ..." [_Official Records_, vol. viii,
+258]. "Sugar Creek Hollow," wrote Curtis, "extends for miles, a gorge,
+with rough precipitate sides ..." [Ibid., 589]. It was there
+the closing scenes of the great battle were enacted.]
+
+[Footnote 59: The practice, indulged in by both the Federals and the
+Confederates, of greatly overestimating the size of the enemy force
+was resorted to even in connection with the Indians. Pike gave the
+number of his whole command as about a thousand men, Indians and
+whites together [_Official Records_, vol. viii, 288; xiii, 820]
+notwithstanding that he had led Van Dorn to expect that he would have
+a force of "about 8,000 or 9,000 men and three batteries of artillery"
+[Ibid., vol. viii, 749]. General Curtis surmised that Pike
+contributed five regiments [Ibid., 196] and Wiley Britton, who
+had excellent opportunity of knowing better because he had access to
+the records of both sides, put the figures at "three regiments of
+Indians and two regiments of Texas cavalry" [_Civil War on the
+Border_, vol. i, 245].]
+
+[Footnote 60: _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 819.]
+
+[Footnote 61:--Ibid., vol. viii, 288.]
+
+[Footnote 62:--Ibid.]
+
+peculiarities. He allowed Colonel Drew's men to fight in a way that
+was "their own fashion,"[63] with bow and arrow and with tomahawk.[64]
+This, as was only meet it should, called down upon him and them the
+opprobrium of friends and foes alike.[65] The Indian war-whoop was
+indulged in, of itself enough to terrify. It was hideous.
+
+The service that the Cherokees rendered at different times during the
+two days action was not, however, to be despised, even though not
+sufficiently conspicuous to be deemed worthy of comment by Van
+Dorn.[66] At Leetown, with the aid of a few Texans, they managed to
+get possession of a battery and to hold it against repeated endeavors
+of the Federals to regain. The death of McCulloch and of McIntosh made
+Pike the ranking officer in his part of the field. It fell to him to
+rally
+
+[Footnote 63: _Official Records_, vol. viii, 289.]
+
+[Footnote 64:--Ibid., 195.]
+
+[Footnote 65: The northern press took up the matter and the New York
+_Tribune_ was particularly virulent against Pike. In its issue of
+March 27, 1862, it published the following in bitter sarcasm:
+
+"The Albert Pike who led the Aboriginal Corps of Tomahawkers and
+Scalpers at the battle of Pea Ridge, formerly kept school in
+Fairhaven, Mass., where he was indicted for playing the part of
+Squeers, and cruelly beating and starving a boy in his family. He
+escaped by some hocus-pocus law, and emigrated to the West, where
+the violence of his nature has been admirably enhanced. As his name
+indicates, he is a ferocious fish, and has fought duels enough to
+qualify himself to be a leader of savages. We suppose that upon
+the recent occasion, he got himself up in good style, war-paint,
+nose-ring, and all. This new Pontiac is also a poet, and wrote 'Hymns
+to the Gods' in _Blackwood_; but he has left Jupiter, Juno, and
+the rest, and betaken himself to the culture of the Great Spirit, or
+rather of two great spirits, whisky being the second."]
+
+[Footnote 66: Van Dorn did not make his detailed official report of
+this battle until the news had leaked out that the Indians had mangled
+the bodies of the dead and committed other atrocities. He was probably
+then desirous of being as silent as he dared be concerning Indian
+participation, since he, in virtue of his being chief in command, was
+the person mainly responsible for it. In October of the preceding
+year, McCulloch had favored using the Indians against Kansas
+[_Official Records_, vol. iii, 719, 721]. Cooper objected
+strongly to their being kept "at home" [Ibid., 614] and one
+of the leading chiefs insisted that they did not intend to use the
+scalping knife [Ibid., 625].]
+
+McCulloch's broken army and with it to join Van Dorn. On the eighth,
+Colonel Watie's men under orders from Van Dorn took position on the
+high ridges where they could watch the movements of the enemy and
+give timely notice of any attempt to turn the Confederate left flank.
+Colonel Drew's regiment, meanwhile, not having received the word
+passed along the line to move forward, remained in the woods near
+Leetown, the last in the field. Subsequently, finding themselves
+deserted, they drew back towards Camp Stephens, where they were soon
+joined by "General Cooper, with his regiment and battalion of Choctaws
+and Chickasaws, and" by "Colonel McIntosh with 200 men of his regiment
+of Creeks."[67] The delinquent wayfarers were both fortunate and
+unfortunate in thus tardily arriving upon the scene. They had missed
+the fight but they had also missed the temptation to revert to the
+savagery that was soon to bring fearful ignominy upon their neighbors.
+To the very last of the Pea Ridge engagement, Stand Watie's men were
+active. They covered the retreat of the main army, to a certain
+extent. They were mostly half-breeds and, so far as can be definitely
+ascertained, were entirely guiltless of the atrocities charged against
+the others.
+
+General Pike gave the permission to fight "in their own fashion"
+specifically to the First Cherokee Mounted Rifles, who were, for the
+most part, full-blooded Indians; but he later confessed that, in his
+treaty negotiations with the tribes, they had generally stipulated
+that they should, if they fought at all, be allowed to fight as they
+knew how.[68] Yet they probably did not mean, thereby, to commit
+atrocities and the Cherokee National Council lost no time, after the
+Indian shortcomings
+
+[Footnote 67: _Official Records_, vol. viii, 292.]
+
+[Footnote 68:--Ibid., vol. xiii, 819.]
+
+at the Battle of Pea Ridge had become known, in putting itself on
+record as standing opposed to the sort of thing that had occurred,
+
+    _Resolved_, That in the opinion of the National Council,
+    the war now existing between the said United States and the
+    Confederate States and their Indian allies should be conducted on
+    the most humane principles which govern the usages of war among
+    civilized nations, and that it be and is earnestly recommended to
+    the troops of this nation in the service of the Confederate States
+    to avoid any acts toward captured or fallen foes that would be
+    incompatible with such usages.[69]
+
+The atrocities committed by the Indians became almost immediately
+a matter for correspondence between the opposing commanders. The
+Federals charged mutilation of dead bodies on the battle-field and the
+tomahawking and scalping of prisoners. The Confederates recriminated
+as against persons "alleged to be Germans." The case involving the
+Indians was reported to the joint committee of Congress on the
+_Conduct of the Present War_;[70] but at least one piece of
+evidence was not, at that time, forthcoming, a piece that, in a
+certain sense, might be taken to exonerate the whites. It came to the
+knowledge of General Blunt during the summer and was the Indians' own
+confession. It bore only indirectly upon the actual atrocities but
+showed that the red men were quite equal to making their own plans in
+fighting and were not to be relied upon to do things decently and
+in order. Drew's men, when they deserted the Confederates after the
+skirmish of July third at Locust Grove, confided to the Federals the
+intelligence "that the killing of the white rebels by the Indians in"
+the Pea Ridge "fight was determined
+
+[Footnote 69: _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 826.]
+
+[Footnote 70: By vote of the committee, General Curtis had been
+instructed to furnish information on the subject of the employment of
+Indians by the Confederates [_Journal_, 92].]
+
+upon before they went into battle."[71] Presumptively, if the
+Cherokees could plot to kill their own allies, they could be found
+despicable enough and cruel enough to mutilate the dead,[72] were the
+chance given them and that without any direction, instruction, or
+encouragement from white men being needed.
+
+The Confederate defeat at Pea Ridge was decisive and, as far as Van
+Dorn's idea of relieving Missouri was concerned, fatally conclusive.
+As early as the twenty-first of February, Beauregard had expressed a
+wish to have him east of the Mississippi[73] and March had not yet
+expired before Van Dorn was writing in such a way as to elicit the
+consummation of the wish. The Federals were in occupation of the
+northern part of Arkansas; but Van Dorn was very confident they would
+not be able to subsist there long or "do much harm in the west."
+In his opinion, therefore, it was incumbent upon the Confederates,
+instead of dividing their strength between the east and the west, to
+concentrate on the saving of the Mississippi.[74] To all appearances,
+it was there that the situation was most critical. In due time, came
+the order for Van Dorn to repair eastward and to take with him all the
+troops that might be found available.
+
+The completeness of Curtis's victory, the loss to the Southerners, by
+death or capture, of some of their best-loved and ablest commanders,
+McCulloch, McIntosh, Hébert, and the nature of the country through
+which the Federals pursued their fleeing forces, to say nothing of the
+miscellaneous and badly-trained character of
+
+[Footnote 71: _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 486.]
+
+[Footnote 72: The same charge was made against the Indians who fought
+at Wilson's Creek [Leavenworth _Daily Conservative_, August 24,
+1861].]
+
+[Footnote 73: Roman, _Military Operations of General Beauregard_,
+vol. i, 240.]
+
+[Footnote 74: _Official Records_, vol. viii, 796.]
+
+those forces, to which, by the way, Van Dorn ascribed[75] much of
+his recent ill-success, all helped to make the retirement of the
+Confederates from the Pea Ridge battle-ground pretty much of a
+helter-skelter affair. From all accounts, the Indians conducted
+themselves as well as the best. The desire of everybody was to get
+to a place of safety and that right speedily. Colonel Watie and his
+regiment made their way to Camp Stephens,[76] near which place the
+baggage train had been left[77] and where Cooper and Drew with their
+men had found refuge already. Some two hundred of Watie's Indians
+were detailed to help take ammunition back to the main army.[78] The
+baggage train moved on to Elm Springs, the remainder of the Indians,
+under Cooper, assisting in protecting it as far as that place.[79]
+At Walnut Grove, the Watie detail, having failed to deliver the
+ammunition because of the departure of the army prior to their
+arrival, rejoined their comrades and all moved on to Cincinnati, where
+Pike, who with a few companions had wandered several days among the
+mountains, came up with them.[80]
+
+In Van Dorn's calculations for troops that should accompany him east
+or follow in his wake, the Indians had no place. Before his own plans
+took final shape and while he was still arranging for an Army of the
+West, his orders for the Indians were, that they should make their way
+back as best they could to their own country and there operate "to cut
+off trains, annoy the enemy in his marches, and to prevent him as far
+as possible from supplying his troops from Missouri and
+
+[Footnote 75: _Official Records_, vol. viii, 282.]
+
+[Footnote 76:--Ibid.. 291.]
+
+[Footnote 77:--Ibid., 317.]
+
+[Footnote 78:--Ibid., 318.]
+
+[Footnote 79:--Ibid.; Britton, _Civil War on the Border_,
+vol. i, 273.]
+
+[Footnote 80: _Official Records_, vol. viii, 292.]
+
+Kansas."[81] A little later, but still anterior to Van Dorn's summons
+east, more minute particulars of the programme were addressed to Pike.
+Maury wrote,
+
+    The general commanding has decided to march with his army against
+    the enemy now invading the northeastern part of the State. Upon
+    you, therefore, will devolve the necessity of impeding his advance
+    into this region. It is not expected that you will give battle to
+    a large force, but by felling trees, burning bridges, removing
+    supplies of forage and subsistence, attacking his trains,
+    stampeding his animals, cutting off his detachments, and other
+    similar means, you will be able materially to harass his army and
+    protect this region of country. You must endeavor by every means
+    to maintain yourself in the Territory independent of this army.
+    In case only of absolute necessity you may move southward. If the
+    enemy threatens to march through the Indian Territory or descend
+    the Arkansas River you may call on troops from Southwestern
+    Arkansas and Texas to rally to your aid. You may reward your
+    Indian troops by giving them such stores as you may think proper
+    when they make captures from the enemy, but you will please
+    endeavor to restrain them from committing any barbarities upon the
+    wounded, prisoners, or dead who may fall into their hands. You may
+    purchase your supplies of subsistence from wherever you can most
+    advantageously do so. You will draw your ammunition from Little
+    Rock or from New Orleans via Red River. Please communicate with
+    the general commanding when practicable.[82]
+
+It was an elaborate programme but scarcely a noble one. Its note of
+selfishness sounded high. The Indians were simply to be made to serve
+the ends of the white men. Their methods of warfare were regarded as
+distinctly inferior. Pea Ridge was, in fact, the first and last time
+that they were allowed to participate in the war on a big scale.
+Henceforth, they were rarely ever anything more than scouts and
+skirmishers and that was all they were really fitted to be.
+
+[Footnote 81: _Official Records_, vol. viii, 282, 790; vol. liii,
+supplement, 796.]
+
+[Footnote 82:--Ibid., vol. viii, 795-796.]
+
+
+
+
+II. LANE'S BRIGADE AND THE INCEPTION OF THE INDIAN
+
+
+The Indian Expedition had its beginnings, fatefully or otherwise,
+in "Lane's Kansas Brigade." On January 29, 1861, President Buchanan
+signed the bill for the admission of Kansas into the Union and the
+matter about which there had been so much of bitter controversy was at
+last professedly settled; but, alas, for the peace of the border, the
+radicals, the extremists, the fanatics, call them what one may, who
+had been responsible for the controversy and for its bitterness, were
+still unsettled. James Lane was chief among them. His was a turbulent
+spirit and it permitted its owner no cessation from strife. With
+President Lincoln's first call for volunteers, April 15, 1861, Lane's
+martial activities began. Within three days, he had gathered together
+a company of warriors,[83] the nucleus, psychologically speaking,
+of what was to be his notorious, jayhawking, marauding brigade. His
+enthusiasm was infectious. It communicated itself to reflective men
+like Carl Schurz[84] and was probably the secret of Lane's
+
+[Footnote 83: John Hay records in his _Diary_, "The White House
+is turned into barracks. Jim Lane marshaled his Kansas warriors to-day
+at Willard's and placed them at the disposal of Major Hunter,
+who turned them to-night into the East Room. It is a splendid
+company--worthy such an armory. Besides the Western Jayhawkers it
+comprises some of the best _material_ in the East. Senator
+Pomeroy and old Anthony Bleecker stood shoulder to shoulder in the
+ranks. Jim Lane walked proudly up and down the ranks with a new sword
+that the Major had given him. The Major has made me his aid, and
+I labored under some uncertainty, as to whether I should speak to
+privates or not."--THAYER, _Life and Letters of John Hay_, vol.
+i, 92.]
+
+[Footnote 84: It would seem to have communicated itself to Carl
+Schurz, although Schurz, in his _Reminiscences_, makes no
+definite admission of the fact. Hay (cont.)]
+
+mysterious influence with the temperate, humane, just, and so very
+much more magnanimous Lincoln, who, in the first days of the war, as
+in the later and the last, had his hours of discouragement and deep
+depression. For dejection of any sort, the wild excitement and
+boundless confidence of a zealot like Lane must have been somewhat of
+an antidote, also a stimulant.
+
+The first Kansas state legislature convened March 26, 1861, and set
+itself at once to work to put the new machinery of government into
+operation. After much political wire-pulling that involved the promise
+of spoils to come,[85] James H. Lane and Samuel C. Pomeroy[86] were
+declared to be elected United States senators, the term of office of
+each to begin with the first session of the thirty-seventh congress.
+That session was
+
+[Footnote 84: (cont.) says, "Going into Nicolay's room this morning,
+C. Schurz, and J. Lane were sitting. Jim was at the window, filling
+his soul with gall by steady telescopic contemplation of a Secession
+flag impudently flaunting over a roof in Alexandria. 'Let me tell
+you,' said he to the elegant Teuton, 'we have got to whip these
+scoundrels like hell, C. Schurz. They did a good thing stoning our
+men at Baltimore and shooting away the flag at Sumter. It has set the
+great North a-howling for blood, and they'll have it.'
+
+"'I heard,' said Schurz, 'you preached a sermon to your men
+yesterday.'
+
+"'No, sir! this is not time for preaching. When I went to Mexico there
+were four preachers in my regiment. In less than a week I issued
+orders for them all to stop preaching and go to playing cards. In a
+month or so, they were the biggest devils and best fighters I had.'
+
+"An hour afterwards, C. Schurz told me he was going home to arm his
+clansmen for the wars. He has obtained three months' leave of absence
+from his diplomatic duties, and permission to raise a cavalry
+regiment. He will make a wonderful land pirate; bold, quick,
+brilliant, and reckless. He will be hard to control and difficult to
+direct. Still, we shall see. He is a wonderful man."--THAYER, _Life
+and Letters of John Hay_, vol. i, 102-103.]
+
+[Footnote 85: In Connelley's _James Henry Lane, the "Grim Chieftain"
+of Kansas_, the following is quoted as coming from Lane himself:
+
+"Of the fifty-six men in the Legislature who voted for Jim Lane,
+five-and-forty now wear shoulder-straps. Doesn't Jim Lane look out for
+his friends?"]
+
+[Footnote 86: John Brown's rating of Pomeroy, as given by Stearns in
+his _Life and Public Services of George Luther Stearns_, 133-134,
+would show him to have been a considerably less pugnacious individual
+than was Lane.]
+
+[Illustration: SKETCH MAP SHOWING THE MAIN THEATRE OF BORDER WARFARE
+AND THE LOCATION OF TRIBES WITHIN THE INDIAN COUNTRY]
+
+the extra one, called for July, 1861. Immediately, a difficulty arose
+due to the fact that, subsequent to his election to the senatorship
+and in addition thereto, Lane had accepted a colonelcy tendered by
+Oliver P. Morton[87] of Indiana, his own native state.[88] Lane's
+friends very plausibly contended that a military commission from one
+state could not invalidate the title to represent another state in the
+Federal senate. The actual fight over the contested seat came in the
+next session and, quite regardless of consequences likely to prejudice
+his case, Lane went on recruiting for his brigade. Indeed, he
+commended himself to Frémont, who, in his capacity as major-general of
+volunteers and in charge of the Western Military District, assigned
+him to duty in Kansas, thus greatly complicating an already delicate
+situation and immeasurably heaping up difficulties, embarrassments,
+and disasters for the frontier.
+
+The same indifference towards the West that characterized the
+governing authorities in the South was exhibited by eastern men in the
+North and, correspondingly, the West, Federal and Confederate,
+was unduly sensitive to the indifference, perhaps, also, a trifle
+unnecessarily alarmed by symptoms of its own danger. Nevertheless, its
+danger was real. Each state gave in its adherence to the Confederacy
+separately and, therefore, every single state in the slavery belt had
+a problem to solve. The fight for Missouri was fought
+
+[Footnote 87: Morton, war governor of Indiana, who had taken
+tremendous interest in the struggle for Kansas and in the events
+leading up to the organization of the Republican party, was one of the
+most energetic of men in raising troops for the defence of the Union,
+especially in the earliest stages of the war. See Foulke's _Life of
+Oliver P. Morton_, vol. i.]
+
+[Footnote 88: Some doubt on this point exists. John Speer, Lane's
+intimate friend and, in a sense, his biographer, says Lane claimed
+Lawrenceburg, Indiana, as his birthplace. By some people he is thought
+to have been born in Kentucky.]
+
+on the border and nowhere else. The great evil of squatter sovereignty
+days was now epidemic in its most malignant form. Those days had bred
+intense hatred between Missourian and Kansan and had developed a
+disregard of the value of human life and a ruthlessness and brutality
+in fighting, concomitant with it, that the East, in its most primitive
+times, had never been called upon to experience. Granted that the
+spirit of the crusader had inspired many a free-soiler to venture into
+the trans-Missouri region after the Kansas-Nebraska bill had become
+law and that real exaltation of soul had transformed some very
+mercenary and altogether mundane characters unexpectedly into martyrs;
+granted, also, that the pro-slavery man honestly felt that his
+cause was just and that his sacred rights of property, under the
+constitution, were being violated, his preserves encroached upon, it
+yet remains true that great crimes were committed in the name of great
+causes and that villains stalked where only saints should have trod.
+The irregular warfare of the border, from fifty-four on, while it may,
+to military history as a whole, be as unimportant as the quarrels of
+kites and crows, was yet a big part of the life of the frontiersman
+and frightful in its possibilities. Sherman's march to the sea or
+through the Carolinas, disgraceful to modern civilization as each
+undeniably was, lacked the sickening phase, guerrilla atrocities, that
+made the Civil War in the West, to those at least who were in line
+to experience it at close range, an awful nightmare. Union and
+Confederate soldiers might well fraternize in eastern camps because
+there they so rarely had any cause for personal hostility towards each
+other, but not in western. The fight on the border was constant and to
+the death.
+
+The leaders in the West or many of them, on both sides, were men of
+ungovernable tempers, of violent and unrestrained passions, sometimes
+of distressingly base proclivities, although, in the matter of both
+vices and virtues, there was considerable difference of degree among
+them. Lane and Shelby and Montgomery and Quantrill were hardly types,
+rather should it be said they were extreme cases. They seem never to
+have taken chances on each other's inactivity. Their motto invariably
+was, to be prepared for the worst, and their practice, retaliation.
+
+It was scarcely to be supposed that a man like Lane, who had never
+known moderation in the course of the long struggle for Kansas or been
+over scrupulous about anything would, in the event of his adopted
+state's being exposed anew to her old enemy, the Missourian, be able
+to pose contentedly as a legislator or stay quietly in Washington,
+his role of guardian of the White House being finished.[89] The
+anticipated danger to Kansas visibly threatened in the summer of 1861
+and the critical moment saw Lane again in the West, energetic beyond
+precedent. He took up his position at Fort Scott, it being his
+conviction that, from that point and from the line of the Little
+Osage, the entire eastern section of the state, inclusive of Fort
+Leavenworth, could best be protected.[90]
+
+[Footnote 89: As Villard tells us [_Memoirs_, vol. i, 169],
+Lane was in command of the "Frontier Guards," one of the two special
+patrols that protected the White House in the early days of the war.
+There were those, however, who resented his presence there. For
+example, note the diary entry of Hay, "Going to my room, I met the
+Captain. He was a little boozy and very eloquent. He dilated on the
+troubles of the time and bewailed the existence of a garrison in the
+White House 'to give _éclat_ to Jim Lane.'"--Thayer, op. cit.,
+vol. i, 94. The White House guard was in reality under General Hunter
+[_Report of the Military Services of General David Hunter_, 8].]
+
+[Footnote 90: _Official Records_, vol. iii, 453, 455.]
+
+Fort Scott was the ranking town among the few Federal strongholds in
+the middle Southwest. It was within convenient, if not easy, distance
+of Crawford Seminary which, situated to the southward in the Quapaw
+Nation, was the headquarters of the Neosho Agency; but no more
+perturbed place could be imagined than was that same Neosho Agency at
+the opening of the Civil War. Bad white men, always in evidence at
+moments of crisis, were known to be interfering with the Osages,
+exciting them by their own marauding to deviltry and mischief of the
+worst description.[91] As a
+
+[Footnote 91: A letter from Superintendent W.G. Coffin of date, July,
+30, 1861 [Indian Office Special Files, no. 201, _Schools_, C.
+1275 of 1861] bears evidence of this as bear also the following
+letters, the one, private in character, from Augustus Wattles, the
+other, without specific date, from William Brooks:
+
+PRIVATE
+
+MONEKA, KANSAS, May 20, 1861.
+MR. DOLE
+
+Dear Sir, A messenger has this moment left me, who came up from the
+Osages yesterday--a distance of about forty miles. The gentleman lives
+on the line joining the Osage Indians, and has, since my acquaintance
+with him about three years.
+
+A short time ago, perhaps three weeks, a number of lawless white men
+went into the Nation and stole a number of ponies. The Indians made
+chase, had a fight and killed several, reported from three to five,
+and retook their ponies.
+
+A company of men is now getting up here and in other counties, to go
+and fight the Indians. I am appealed to by the Indians to act as their
+friend.
+
+They represent that they are loyal to the U.S. Government and will
+fight for their Great Father, at Washington, but must be protected
+from bad white men at home. The Government must not think them enemies
+when they only fight thieves and robbers.
+
+Rob't B. Mitchell, who was recently appointed Maj. General of this
+State by Gov. Robinson, has resigned, and is now raising volunteers to
+fight the Indians. He has always been a Democrat in sympathy with the
+pro-slavery party, and his enlisting men now to take them away from
+the Missouri frontier, when we are daily threatened with an attack
+from that State, and union men are fleeing to us for protection from
+there, is certainly a very questionable policy. It could operate no
+worse against us, if it were gotten up by a traitor to draw our
+men off on purpose to give the Missourians a chance when we are
+unprepared. (cont.)]
+
+tribe, the Osages were not very dependable at the best of times and
+now that they saw confusion all around
+
+[Footnote 91: (cont.) I presume you have it in your power to prevent
+any attack on the Indians in Kansas till such time as they can be
+treated with. And such order to the Commander of the Western Division
+of the U.S. Army would stop further proceedings.
+
+I shall start to-morrow for Council Grove and meet the Kansas Indians
+before General Mitchell's force can get there. As the point of attack
+is secret, I fear it may be the Osages, for the purpose of creating
+a necessity for a treaty with himself by which he can secure a large
+quantity of land for himself and followers. He is acquainted with all
+the old Democratic schemes of swindling Indians.
+
+The necessity for prompt action on the part of the Indian Department
+increases every day. The element of discord in the community here
+now, was once, the pro-slavery party. I see their intention to breed
+disturbances with the Indians is malicious and selfish. They are
+active and unscrupulous, and must be met promptly and decisively.
+
+I hope you will excuse this, as it appears necessary for me to step
+a little out of my orders to notify you of current events. I am very
+respectfully Your Ob't Ser'vt AUGUSTUS WATTLES, _Special Agent_
+
+[Indian Office Special Files, no. 201.]
+
+GRAND FALLS, NEWTON CO., MO.
+COM. INDIAN AFFAIRS
+Washington, D.C.
+
+Hon. Sir: Permit me to inform you, by this means, of the efforts that
+have been and are now being made in Southern Kansas to arouse both the
+"Osages" and "Cherokees" _to rebel_, and bear arms against the
+U.S. Government--At a public meeting near the South E. corner of the
+"Osage Nation" called by the settlements for the devising of some
+means by which to protect themselves from "unlawful characters," Mr.
+John Mathis, who resides in the Osage Nation and has an Osage family,
+also Mr. "Robert Foster" who lives in the Cherokee Nation and has a
+Cherokee family endeavered by public speeches and otherwise to induce
+"Osages", "Cherokees", as well as Americans who live on the "Neutral
+Lands" to bear arms against the U.S. Government--_aledging that
+there was no U.S. Government_. There was 25 men who joined them and
+they proceeded to organise a "_Secession Company_" electing as
+Capt R.D. Foster and 1st Lieutenant James Patton--This meeting was
+held June 4th 1861--at "McGhees Residence"--The peace of this section
+of country requires the removal of these men from the Indian country,
+or some measures that will restrain them from exciting the Indians in
+Southern Kansas.
+
+Yours Respectfully WM BROOKS.
+
+You will understand why you are addressed by a private individual on
+this subject instead of the Agent, since A.J. Dorn, the present Indian
+Agent, is an avowed "Secessionist" and consequently would favor,
+rather than suppress the move. WM BROOKS.
+
+[Ibid., _Southern Superintendency_, B567 of 1861]]
+
+them their most natural inclination was to pay back old scores and
+to make an alliance where such alliance could be most profitable to
+themselves. The "remnants" of tribes, Senecas, Shawnees, and Quapaws,
+associated with them in the agency, Neosho, that is, although not of
+evil disposition, were similarly agitated and with good reason.
+Rumors of dissensions among the Cherokees, not so very far away, were
+naturally having a disquieting effect upon the neighboring but less
+highly organized tribes as was also the unrest in Missouri, in the
+southwestern counties of which, however, Union sentiment thus far
+dominated.[92] Its continuance would undoubtedly turn upon military
+success or failure and that, men like Lyon and Lane knew only too
+well.
+
+As the days passed, the Cherokee troubles gained in intensity, so
+much so that the agent, John Crawford, even then a secessionist
+sympathiser, reported that internecine strife might at any hour be
+provoked.[93] So confused was everything that in July the people of
+southeastern Kansas were generally apprehensive of an attack from the
+direction of either Indian Territory or Arkansas.[94] Kansas troops
+had been called to Missouri; but, at the same time, Lyon was
+complaining that men from the West, where they were greatly needed,
+were being called by Scott to Virginia.[95] On August 6 two emergency
+calls went forth, one from Frémont for a brigade from California that
+could be stationed at El Paso and moved as occasion might require,
+either upon San Antonio or into the Indian Territory,[96]
+
+[Footnote 92: Branch to Mix, June 22, 1861, enclosing letter from
+Agent Elder, June 15, 1861 [Indian Office Files, _Neosho_, B 547
+of 1861].]
+
+[Footnote 93:--Ibid., _Cherokee_, C 1200 of 1861].
+
+[Footnote 94: _Official Records_, vol. iii, 405.]
+
+[Footnote 95:--Ibid., 397, 408.]
+
+[Footnote 96:--Ibid., 428.]
+
+the other from Congressmen John S. Phelps and Francis P. Blair junior,
+who addressed Lincoln upon the subject of enlisting Missouri troops
+for an invasion of Arkansas in order to ward off any contemplated
+attack upon southwestern Missouri and to keep the Indians west of
+Arkansas in subjection.[97] On August 10 came the disastrous Federal
+defeat at Wilson's Creek. It was immediately subsequent to that event
+and in anticipation of a Kansas invasion by Price and McCulloch that
+Lane resolved to take position at Fort Scott.[98]
+
+The Battle of Wilson's Creek, lost to the Federals largely because of
+Frémont's failure to support Lyon, was an unmitigated disaster in more
+than one sense. The death of Lyon, which the battle caused, was of
+itself a severe blow to the Union side as represented in Missouri; but
+the moral effect of the Federal defeat upon the Indians was equally
+worthy of note. It was instantaneous and striking. It rallied the
+wavering Cherokees for the Confederacy[99] and their defection was
+something that could not be easily counterbalanced and was certainly
+not counterbalanced by the almost coincident, cheap, disreputable, and
+very general Osage offer, made towards the end of August, of services
+to the United States in exchange for flour and whiskey.[100]
+
+The disaster in its effect upon Lane was, however, little short of
+exhilarating. It brought him sympathy, understanding, and a fair
+measure of support from people who, not until the eleventh hour, had
+really comprehended their own danger and it inspired him to redouble
+his efforts to organize a brigade that should
+
+[Footnote 97: _Official Records_, vol. iii, 430.]
+
+[Footnote 98:--Ibid., 446.]
+
+[Footnote 99: The Daily Conservative (Leavenworth), October 5, 1861.]
+
+[Footnote 100:--Ibid., August 30, 1861, quoting from the Fort
+Scott _Democrat_.]
+
+adequately protect Kansas and recover ground lost. Prior to the
+battle, "scarcely a battalion had been recruited for each" of the five
+regiments, the Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Kansas, which
+he had been empowered by the War Department to raise.[101] It was in
+the days of gathering reinforcements, for which he made an earnest
+plea on August 29,[102] that he developed a disposition to utilize the
+loyal Indians in his undertaking. The Indians, in their turn, were
+looking to him for much needed assistance. About a month previous to
+the disaster of August 10, Agent Elder had been obliged to make Fort
+Scott, for the time being, the Neosho Agency headquarters, everything
+being desperately insecure at Crawford's Seminary.[103]
+
+[Footnote 101: Britton, _Civil War on the Border_, vol. i, 122.]
+
+[Footnote 102: _Official Records_, vol. iii, 465.]
+
+[Footnote 103: The following letter, an enclosure of a report from
+Branch to Dole, August 14, 1861, gives some slight indication of its
+insecurity:
+
+OFFICE OF NEOSHO AGENCY
+Fort Scott, July 27, 1861.
+
+Sir--I deem it important to inform the Department of the situation
+of this Agency at this time. After entering upon the duties of this
+office as per instructions--and attending to all the business that
+seemed to require my immediate attention--I repaired to Franklin Co.
+Kan. to remove my family to the Agency.
+
+Leaving the Agency in care of James Killebrew Esq the Gov't Farmer for
+the Quapaw Nation. Soon after I left I was informed by him that the
+Agency had been surrounded by a band of armed men, and instituted an
+inquiry for "_that Abolition Superintendent and Agent_." After
+various interrogatories and answers they returned in the direction of
+Missouri and Arkansas lines from whence they were supposed to
+have come. He has since written me and Special Agent Whitney and
+Superintendent Coffin told me that it would be very unsafe for me to
+stay at that place under the present excited state of public feeling
+in that vicinity. I however started with my family on the 6th July and
+arrived at Fort Scott on the 9th intending to go direct to the Agency.
+Here I learned from Capt Jennison commanding a detachment of Kansas
+Militia, who had been scouting in that vicinity, that the country
+was full of marauding parties from Gov. Jackson's Camp in S.W. Mo.
+I therefore concluded to remain here and watch the course of events
+believing as I did the Federal troops (cont.)]
+
+Lane, conjecturing rightly that Price, moving northwestward from
+Springfield, which place he had left on the twenty-sixth of August,
+would threaten, if he did not actually attempt, an invasion of Kansas
+at the point of its greatest vulnerability, the extreme southeast,
+hastened his preparations for the defence and at the very end of the
+month appeared in person at Fort Scott, where all the forces he could
+muster, many of them refugee Missourians, had been rendezvousing. On
+the second of September, the two armies, if such be not too dignified
+a name for them, came into initiatory action at Dry Wood Creek,[104]
+Missouri, a reconnoitering party of the Federals, in a venture across
+the line, having
+
+[Footnote 103: (cont.) would soon repair thither and so quell the
+rebellion as to render my stay here no longer necessary. But as yet
+the Union forces have not penetrated that far south, and Jackson with
+a large force is quartered within 20 or 25 miles of the Agency--I was
+informed by Mr. Killebrew on the 23d inst. that everything at the
+Agency was safe--but the house and roads were guarded--Hence I have
+assumed the responsibility of establishing my office here temporarily
+until I can hear from the department.
+
+And I most sincerely hope the course I have thus been compelled to
+pursue will receive the approval of the department.
+
+I desire instructions relative to the papers and a valuable safe
+(being the only moveables there of value) which can only be moved
+_at present_ under the protection of a guard. And also
+instructions as to the course I am to pursue relative to the locality
+of the Agency.
+
+I feel confident that the difficulty now attending the locality at
+Crawford Seminary will not continue long--if not then I shall move
+directly there unless instructions arrive of a different character.
+
+All mail matter should be directed to Fort Scott for the Mail Carrier
+has been repeatedly arrested and the mails may be robbed--Very
+respectfully your Obedient Servant
+
+PETER P. ELDER, _U.S. Neosho Agent_.
+
+H.B. BRANCH Esq, Superintendent of Ind. Affairs C.S.
+  St. Joseph, Mo.
+[Indian Office Files, _Neosho_, B 719 of 1861].]
+
+[Footnote 104: For additional information about the Dry Wood Creek
+affair and about the events leading up to and succeeding it, see
+_Official Records_, vol. liii, supplement, 436; Britton, _Civil
+War on the Border_, vol. i, chapter x; Connelley, _Quantrill and
+the Border Wars_, 199.]
+
+fallen in with the advance of the Confederates and, being numerically
+outmatched, having been compelled to beat a retreat. In its later
+stages, Lane personally conducted that retreat, which, taken as a
+whole, did not end even with the recrossing of the state boundary,
+although the pursuit did not continue beyond it. Confident that Price
+would follow up his victory and attack Fort Scott, Lane resolved to
+abandon the place, leaving a detachment to collect the stores and
+ammunition and to follow him later. He then hurried on himself to
+Fort Lincoln on the north bank of the Little Osage, fourteen miles
+northwest. There he halted and hastily erected breastworks of a
+certain sort[105]. Meanwhile, the citizens of Fort Scott, finding
+themselves left in the lurch, vacated their homes and followed in the
+wake of the army[106]. Then came a period, luckily short, of direful
+confusion. Home guards were drafted in and other preparations made to
+meet the emergency of Price's coming. Humboldt was now suggested as
+suitable and safe headquarters for the Neosho Agency[107]; but, most
+opportunely, as the narrative will soon show, the change had to wait
+upon the approval of the Indian Office, which could not be had for
+some days and, in the meantime, events proved that Price was not the
+menace and Fort Scott not the target.
+
+It soon transpired that Price had no immediate intention of invading
+Kansas[108]. For the present, it was
+
+[Footnote 105: In ridicule of Lane's fortifications, see Spring,
+_Kansas_, 275.]
+
+[Footnote 106: As soon as the citizens, panic-stricken, were gone, the
+detachment which Lane had left in charge, under Colonel C.R. Jennison,
+commenced pillaging their homes [Britton, _Civil War on the
+Border_, vol. i, 130.]]
+
+[Footnote 107: H.C. Whitney to Mix, September 6, 1861, Indian Office
+Consolidated Files, _Neosho_, W 455 of 1861.]
+
+[Footnote 108: By the fifth of September, Lane had credible
+information that Price had broken camp at Dry Wood and was moving
+towards Lexington [Britton, _Civil War on the Border_, vol. i,
+144].]
+
+enough for his purpose to have struck terror into the hearts of the
+people of Union sentiments inhabiting the Cherokee Neutral Lands,
+where, indeed, intense excitement continued to prevail until there was
+no longer any room to doubt that Price was really gone from the near
+vicinity and was heading for the Missouri River. Yet his departure was
+far from meaning the complete removal of all cause for anxiety, since
+marauding bands infested the country roundabout and were constantly
+setting forth, from some well concealed lair, on expeditions of
+robbery, devastation, and murder. It was one of those marauding bands
+that in this same month of September, 1861, sacked and in part burnt
+Humboldt, for which dastardly and quite unwarrantable deed, James G.
+Blunt, acting under orders from Lane, took speedy vengeance; and the
+world was soon well rid of the instigator and leader of the outrage,
+the desperado, John Matthews.[109]
+
+[Footnote 109: (a)
+
+FT. LINCOLN, SOUTHERN KANSAS.
+Sept. 25, 1861.
+
+HON. WM.P. DOLE, Com. of Ind. Af'rs
+
+Dear Sir, We have just returned from a successful expedition into the
+Indian Country, And I thought you would be glad to hear the news.
+
+Probably you know that Mathews, formerly an Indian Trader amongst the
+Osages has been committing depredations at the head of a band of half
+breed Cherokees, all summer.
+
+He has killed a number of settlers and taken their property; but as
+most of them were on the Cherokee neuteral lands I could not tell
+whether to blame him much or not, as I did not understand the
+condition of those lands.
+
+A few days ago he came up to Humbolt and pillaged the town. Gen. Lane
+ordered the home guards, composed mostly of old men, too old for
+regular service, to go down and take or disperse this company under
+Mathews.
+
+He detailed Lieut. Col. Blunt of Montgomery's regiment to the command,
+and we started about 200 strong. We went to Humbolt and followed down
+through the Osage as far as the Quapaw Agency where we came up with
+them, about 60 strong.
+
+Mathews and 10 men were killed at the first fire, the others (cont.)]
+
+As soon as Lane had definite knowledge that Price had turned away from
+the border and was moving northward, he determined to follow after and
+attack
+
+[Footnote 109: (cont.) retreated. We found on Mathews a Commission
+from Ben. McCulloch, authorizing him to enlist the Quapaw and other
+Indians and operate on the Kansas frontier.
+
+The Osage Indians are loyal, and I think most of the others would be
+if your Agents were always ready to speak a word of confidence for our
+Government, and on hand to counteract the influence of the Secession
+Agents.
+
+There is no more danger in doing this than in any of the Army service.
+If an Agent is killed in the discharge of his duty, another can be
+appointed the same as in any other service. A few prompt Agents, might
+save a vast amount of plundering which it is now contemplated to do in
+Kansas.
+
+Ben. McCulloch promises his rangers, and the Indians that he will
+winter them in Kansas and expel the settlers.
+
+I can see the Indians gain confidence in him precisely as they loose
+it in us. It need somebody amongst them to represent our power and
+strength and purposes, and to give them courage and confidence in the
+U.S. Government.
+
+There is another view which some take and you may take the same, i.e.
+let them go--fight and conquer them--take their lands and stop their
+annuities.
+
+I can only say that whatever the Government determines on the people
+here will sustain. The President was never more popular. He is the
+President of the Constitution and the laws. And notwithstanding what
+the papers say about his difference with Frémont, every heart reposes
+confidence in the President.
+
+So far as I can learn from personal inquiry, the Indians are not yet
+committed to active efforts against the Gov. AUG. WATTLES.
+
+[Indian Office Special Files, no. 201, _Central Superintendency_,
+W 474 of 1861.]
+
+(b)
+
+SACK AND FOX AGENCY, Dec. 17th 1861.
+
+HON.W.P. DOLE, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
+
+Dear Sir: After receiving the cattle and making arrangements for their
+keeping at Leroy I went and paid a visit to the Ruins of Humboldt
+which certainly present a gloomy appearance. All the best part of the
+town was burnt. Thurstons House that I had rented for an office tho
+near half a mile from town was burnt tho his dwelling and mill near
+by were spared. All my books and papers that were there were lost. My
+trunk and what little me and my son had left after the sacking were
+all burnt including to Land Warrents one 160 acres and one 120. Our
+Minne Rifle and ammunition Saddle bridle, etc.... About 4 or 5 Hundred
+Sacks of Whitney's Corn were burnt. As soon as I can I will try to
+make out a list of the Papers from the (cont.)]
+
+him, if possible, in the rear. Governor Robinson was much opposed[110]
+to any such provocative and apparently purposeless action, no one
+knowing better than he Lane's vindictive mercilessness. Lane persisted
+notwithstanding Robinson's objections and, for the time being, found
+his policies actually endorsed by Prince at Fort Leavenworth.[111] The
+attack upon Humboldt, having revealed the exposed condition of the
+settlements north of the Osage lands, necessitated his leaving a much
+larger force in his own rear than he had intended.[112] It also
+made it seem advisable for him to order the building of a series of
+stockades, the one of most immediate interest being at Leroy.[113] By
+the fourteenth of September, Lane found himself within twenty-four
+miles of Harrisonville but Price still far ahead. On the
+twenty-second, having made a detour for the purpose of destroying some
+of his opponent's stores, he performed the atrocious and downright
+inexcusable exploit of burning Osceola.[114] Lexington, besieged,
+had fallen into Price's hands two days before. Thus had the foolish
+Federal practice of acting in
+
+[Footnote 109: (cont.) Department [that] were burnt. As I had some at
+Leavenworth I cannot do so til I see what is there. As Mr. Hutchinson
+is not here I leave this morning for the Kaw Agency to endeavour to
+carry out your Instructions there and will return here as soon as I
+get through there. They are building some stone houses here and I am
+much pleased with the result. The difference in cost is not near
+so much as we expected but I will write you fully on a careful
+examination as you requested. Very respectfully your obedient Servant
+
+W.G. COFFIN, _Superintendent of Indian Affairs_
+Southern Superintendency
+
+[Indian Office Files, _Southern Superintendency_, C 1432 of
+1861]]
+
+[Footnote 110: _Official Records_, vol. iii, 468-469.]
+
+[Footnote 111:--Ibid., 483.]
+
+[Footnote 112:--Ibid., 490.]
+
+[Footnote 113:--Ibid.]
+
+[Footnote 114:--Ibid., 196; vol. liii, supplement, 743;
+Britton, _Civil War on the Border_, vol. i, 147-148; Connelley,
+_Quantrill and the Border Wars_, 208-209, 295.]
+
+detachments instead of in force produced its own calamitous result.
+There had never been any appreciable coördination among the parts
+of Frémont's army. Each worked upon a campaign of its own. To some
+extent, the same criticism might be held applicable to the opposing
+Confederate force also, especially when the friction between Price and
+McCulloch be taken fully into account; but Price's energy was far in
+excess of Frémont's and he, having once made a plan, invariably saw
+to its accomplishment. Lincoln viewed Frémont's supineness with
+increasing apprehension and finally after the fall of Lexington
+directed Scott to instruct for greater activity. Presumably, Frémont
+had already aroused himself somewhat; for, on the eighteenth, he had
+ordered Lane to proceed to Kansas City and from thence to coöperate
+with Sturgis,[115] Lane slowly obeyed[116] but managed, while obeying,
+to do considerable marauding, which worked greatly to the general
+detestation and lasting discredit of his brigade. For a man,
+temperamentally constituted as Lane was, warfare had no terrors and
+its votaries, no scruples. The grim chieftain as he has been somewhat
+fantastically called, was cruel, indomitable, and disgustingly
+licentious, a person who would have hesitated at nothing to accomplish
+his purpose. It was to be expected, then, that he would see nothing
+terrible in the letting loose of the bad white man, the half-civilized
+Indian, or the wholly barbarous negro upon society. He believed that
+the institution of slavery should look out for itself[117] and, like
+Governor Robinson,[118] Senator Pomeroy, Secretary Cameron, John
+
+[Footnote 115: _Official Records_, vol. iii, 500.]
+
+[Footnote 116:--Ibid., 505-506.]
+
+[Footnote 117:--Ibid., 516.]
+
+[Footnote 118: Spring, _Kansas_, 272.]
+
+Cochrane,[119] Thaddeus Stevens[120] and many another, fully endorsed
+the principle underlying Frémont's abortive Emancipation Proclamation.
+He advocated immediate emancipation both as a political and a military
+measure.[121]
+
+There was no doubt by this time that Lane had it in mind to utilize
+the Indians. In the dog days of August, when he was desperately
+marshaling his brigade, the Indians presented themselves, in idea, as
+a likely military contingent. The various Indian agents in Kansas
+were accordingly communicated with and Special Agent Augustus
+Wattles authorized to make the needful preparations for Indian
+enlistment.[122] Not much could be done in furtherance of the scheme
+while Lane was engaged in Missouri but, in October, when he was
+back in Kansas, his interest again manifested itself. He was then
+recruiting among all kinds of people, the more hot-blooded the better.
+His energy was likened to frenzy and the more sober-minded took
+alarm. It was the moment for his political opponents to interpose
+and Governor Robinson from among them did interpose, being firmly
+convinced that Lane, by his intemperate zeal and by his guerrilla-like
+fighting was provoking Missouri to reprisals and thus precipitating
+upon Kansas the very troubles that he professed to wish to ward off.
+Incidentally, Robinson, unlike Frémont, was vehemently opposed to
+Indian enlistment.
+
+Feeling between Robinson and Lane became exceedingly tense in October.
+Price was again moving
+
+[Footnote 119: _Daily Conservative_, November 22, 1861.]
+
+[Footnote 120: Woodburn, _Life of Thaddeus Stevens_, 183.]
+
+[Footnote 121: Lane's speech at Springfield, November 7, 1861
+[_Daily Conservative_, November 17, 1861].]
+
+[Footnote 122: For a full discussion of the progress of the movement,
+see Abel, _American Indian as Slaveholder and Secessionist_, 227
+ff.]
+
+suspiciously near to Kansas. On the third he was known to have left
+Warrensburg, ostensibly to join McCulloch in Bates County[123] and, on
+the eighth, he was reported as still proceeding in a southwestwardly
+direction, possibly to attack Fort Scott.[124] His movements gave
+opportunity for a popular expression of opinion among Lane's
+adherents. On the evening of the eighth, a large meeting was held in
+Stockton's Hall to consider the whole situation and, amidst great
+enthusiasm, Lane was importuned to go to Washington,[125] there to lay
+the case of the piteous need of Kansas, in actuality more imaginary
+than real, before the president. Nothing loath to assume such
+responsibility but not finding it convenient to leave his military
+task just then, Lane resorted to letter-writing. On the ninth, he
+complained[126] to Lincoln that Robinson was attempting to break
+up his brigade and had secured the coöperation of Prince to that
+end.[127] The anti-Robinson press[128] went farther and accused
+Robinson and Prince of not being big enough, in the face of grave
+danger to the commonwealth, to forget old scores.[129] As a
+solution of the problem before them, Lane suggested to Lincoln the
+establishment of a new military district that should include Kansas,
+Indian Territory, and Arkansas, and be under his command.[130] So
+anxious was Lane to be
+
+[Footnote 123: _Official Records_, vol. iii, 525, 526, 527.]
+
+[Footnote 124:--Ibid, 527.]
+
+[Footnote 125: _Daily Conservative_, October 9, 10, 1861.]
+
+[Footnote 126: _Official Records_, vol. iii, 529.]
+
+[Footnote 127: _Daily Conservative_, October 9, 15, 1861.]
+
+[Footnote 128: Chief among the papers against Robinson, in the matter
+of his longstanding feud with Lane, was the _Daily Conservative_
+with D.W. Wilder as its editor. Another anti-Robinson paper was
+the Lawrence _Republican_. The Cincinnati _Gazette_ was
+decidedly friendly to Lane.]
+
+[Footnote 129: _Daily Conservative_, October 15, 1861.]
+
+[Footnote 130: _Official Records_, vol. iii, 529-530. Lane
+outlined his plan for a separate department in his speech in
+Stockton's Hall [_Daily Conservative_, October 9, 1861]. (cont.)]
+
+identified with what he thought was the rescue of Kansas that he
+proposed resigning his seat in the senate that he might be entirely
+untrammelled.[131] Perchance, also, he had some inkling that with
+Frederick P. Stanton[132] contesting the seat, a bitter partisan fight
+was in prospect, a not altogether welcome diversion.[133] Stanton,
+prominent in and out of office in territorial days, was an old
+political antagonist of the Lane faction and one of the four
+candidates whose names had been before the legislature in March. In
+the second half of October, Lane's brigade notably contributed to
+Frémont's show of activity and then, anticipatory perhaps to greater
+changes, it was detached from the main column and given the liberty
+of moving independently down the Missouri line to the Cherokee
+country.[134]
+
+Lane's efforts towards securing Indian enlistment did not stop with
+soliciting the Kansas tribes. Thoroughly aware, since the time of his
+sojourn at Fort Scott, if not before, of the delicate situation
+in Indian Territory, of the divided allegiance there, and of the
+despairing cry for help that had gone forth from the Union element to
+Washington, he conceived it eminently fitting and practicable that
+that same Union element should have its loyalty put to good uses and
+be itself induced to take up arms in behalf of the cause it affected
+so ardently to endorse. To an ex-teacher among the Seminoles, E.H.
+Carruth, was entrusted the task of recruiting.
+
+The situation in Indian Territory was more than
+
+[Footnote 130: (cont.) Robinson was opposed to the idea [Ibid.,
+November 2, 6, 1861].]
+
+[Footnote 131: _Official Records_, vol. iii, 530.]
+
+[Footnote 132: Martin, _First Two Years of Kansas_, 24;
+_Biographical Congressional Directory_, 1771-1903.]
+
+[Footnote 133: _Daily Conservative_, November 1, 1861, gives
+Robinson the credit of inciting Stanton to contest the seat.]
+
+[Footnote 134: _Daily Conservative_, October 30, 1861.]
+
+delicate. It was precarious and had been so almost from the beginning.
+The withdrawal of troops from the frontier posts had left the
+Territory absolutely destitute of the protection solemnly guaranteed
+its inhabitants by treaty with the United States government.
+Appeal[135] to the War Department for a restoration of what was a
+sacred obligation had been without effect all the summer. Southern
+emissaries had had, therefore, an entirely free hand to accomplish
+whatever purpose they might have in mind with the tribes. In
+September,[136] the Indian Office through Charles E. Mix, acting
+commissioner of Indian affairs in the absence of William P. Dole, who
+was then away on a mission to the Kansas tribes, again begged the War
+Department[137] to look into matters so extremely urgent. National
+honor would of itself have dictated a policy of intervention before
+
+[Footnote 135: Secretary Cameron's reply to Secretary Smith's first
+request was uncompromising in the extreme and prophetic of his
+persistent refusal to recognize the obligation resting upon the United
+States to protect its defenceless "wards." This is Cameron's letter of
+May 10, 1861:
+
+"In answer to your letter of the 4th instant, I have the honor
+to state that on the 17th April instructions were issued by this
+Department to remove the troops stationed at Forts Cobb, Arbuckle,
+Washita, and Smith, to Fort Leavenworth, leaving it to the discretion
+of the Commanding Officer to replace them, or not, by Arkansas
+Volunteers.
+
+"The exigencies of the service will not admit any change in these
+orders." [Interior Department Files, _Bundle no. 1 (1849-1864)
+War_.]
+
+Secretary Smith wrote to Cameron again on the thirtieth [Interior
+Department _Letter Press Book_, vol. iii, 125], enclosing Dole's
+letter of the same date [Interior Department, _File Box, January 1
+to December 1, 1861_; Indian Office _Report Book_, no. 12,
+176], but to no purpose.]
+
+[Footnote 136: Indian Office _Report Book_, no. 12, 218-219.]
+
+[Footnote 137: Although his refusal to keep faith with the Indians is
+not usually cited among the things making for Cameron's unfitness for
+the office of Secretary of War, it might well and justifiably be. No
+student of history questions to-day that the appointment of Simon
+Cameron to the portfolio of war, to which Thaddeus Stevens had
+aspirations [Woodburn, _Life of Thaddeus Stevens_, 239], was
+one of the worst administrative mistakes Lincoln ever made. It was
+certainly one of the four cabinet appointment errors noted by Weed
+[_Autobiography_, 607].]
+
+the poor neglected Indians had been driven to the last desperate
+straits. The next month, October, nothing at all having been done in
+the interval, Dole submitted[138] to Secretary Smith new evidence of
+a most alarmingly serious state of affairs and asked that the
+president's attention be at once elicited. The apparent result was
+that about the middle of November, Dole was able to write with
+confidence--and he was writing at the request of the president--that
+the United States was prepared to maintain itself in its authority
+over the Indians at all hazards.[139]
+
+Boastful words those were and not to be made good until many precious
+months had elapsed and many sad regrettable scenes enacted. In early
+November occurred the reorganization of the Department of the West
+which meant the formation of a Department of Kansas separate and
+distinct from a Department of Missouri, an arrangement that afforded
+ample opportunity for a closer attention to local exigencies in both
+states than had heretofore been possible or than, upon trial, was
+subsequently to be deemed altogether desirable. It necessarily
+increased the chances for local patronage and exposed military matters
+to the grave danger of becoming hopelessly entangled with political.
+
+The need for change of some sort was, however, very evident and the
+demand for it, insistent. If the southern Indians were not soon
+secured, they were bound to menace, not only Kansas, but Colorado[140]
+and to help materially in blocking the way to Texas, New Mexico,
+
+[Footnote 138: Indian Office _Report Book_ no. 12, 225.]
+
+[Footnote 139: Dole to Hunter, November 16, 1861, ibid., _Letter
+Book_, no. 67, pp. 80-82.]
+
+[Footnote 140: On conditions in Colorado Territory, the following are
+enlightening: ibid., _Consolidated Files_, C 195 of 1861; C 1213
+of 1861; C 1270 of 1861; C 1369 of 1861; V 43 of 1861; _Official
+Records_, vol. iv, 73.]
+
+and Arizona. Their own domestic affairs had now reached a supremely
+critical stage.[141] It was high time
+
+[Footnote 141: In addition to what may be obtained on the subject from
+the first volume of this work, two letters of slightly later date
+furnish particulars, as do also the records of a council held by Agent
+Cuther with certain chiefs at Leroy.
+
+(a). LAWRENCE, KANSAS, Dec. 14th, 1861.
+
+HON.W.P. DOLE, Commissioner of Ind. Affairs
+
+Dear Sir, It is with reluctance that I again intrude on your valuable
+time. But I am induced to do so by the conviction that the subject
+of our Indian relations is really a matter of serious concern: as
+involving the justice and honor of our own Government, and the deepest
+interests--the very existence, indeed--of a helpless and dependent
+people. And knowing that it is your wish to be furnished with every
+item of information which may, in any way, throw light on the subject,
+I venture to trouble you with another letter.
+
+Mico Hat-ki, the Creek man referred to in my letter of Oct. 31st has
+been back to the Creek Nation, and returned about the middle of
+last month. He was accompanied, to this place, by one of his former
+companions, but had left some of their present company at LeRoy. They
+were expecting to have a meeting with some of the Indians, at LeRoy,
+to consult about the proper course to be pursued, in order to
+protect the loyal and peaceable Indians, from the hostility of the
+disaffected, who have become troublesome and menacing in their
+bearing.
+
+With this man and his companion, I had considerable conversation, and
+find that the Secessionists and disaffected Half-breeds are carrying
+things with a high hand. While the loyal Indians are not in
+a condition to resist them, by reason of the proximity of an
+overwhelming rebel force.
+
+From them (repeating their former statements, regarding the defection
+of certain parties, and the loyalty of others, with the addition of
+some further particulars) I learn the following facts: Viz. That
+M Kennard, the Principal Chief of the Lower Creeks, most of the
+McIntoshes, George Stidham, and others have joined the rebels, and
+organized a military force in their interest; for the purpose of
+intimidating and harrassing the loyal Indians. They name some of the
+officers, but are not sufficiently conversant with military terms to
+distinguish the different grades, with much exactness. Unee McIntosh,
+however, is the highest in rank, (a Colonel I presume) and Sam
+Cho-co-ti, George Stidham, Chilly McIntosh, are all officers in the
+Lower Creek rebel force.
+
+Among the Upper Creeks, John Smith, Timiny Barnet and Wm. Robinson,
+are leaders.
+
+Among the Seminoles, John Jumper, the Principal Chief, is on the side
+of the rebels. Pas-co-fa, the second chief, stands neutral. Fraser
+McClish, though himself a Chickasaw, has raised a company (cont.)]
+
+for the Federal government to do something to attest its own
+competency. There was need for it to do that,
+
+[Footnote 141: (cont.) among the Seminoles in favor of the rebellion.
+They say the full Indians will kill him.
+
+The Choctaws are divided in much the same way as the other Tribes, the
+disaffected being principally among the Half-breeds.
+
+The Chickasaw Governor, Harris, is a Secessionist; and so are most, if
+not all, the Colberts. The full Indians are loyal to the Government,
+as are some of the mixed bloods also, and here, I remark, from my own
+knowledge, that this Governor Harris was the first to propose the
+adoption of concerted measures, among the Southern Tribes, on the
+subject of Secession. This was instantly and earnestly opposed by John
+Ross, as being out of place, and an ungrateful violation of the Treaty
+obligations, by which the Tribes had placed themselves under the
+exclusive protection of the United States; and, under which, they had
+enjoyed a long course of peace and prosperity.
+
+They say, there are about four hundred Secessionists, among the
+Cherokees. But whether organized or not, I did not understand. I
+presume they meant such as were formerly designated by the term
+Warriors, somewhat analogous to the class among ourselves, who are fit
+for military duty, though they may or may not be actually organized
+and under arms. So that the _Thousands of Indians_ in
+the secession papers, as figuring in the armies, are enormous
+exaggerations; and most of them sheer fabrications.
+
+Albert Pike, of Little Rock, boasts of having visited and made treaty
+alliances with the Comanches, and other tribes, on behalf of the
+"Confederate States," but the Indians do not believe him. And, in
+blunt style, say "he tells lies."
+
+They make favorable mention of O-poth-le-yo-ho-lo, an ex-Creek Chief,
+a true patriot of former days. But, it seems, he has been molested and
+forced to leave his home to avoid the annoyance and violence of the
+rebel party. There are, however, more than three thousand young men,
+of the warrior class, who adhere to his principles, and hold true
+faith and allegiance to the United States.
+
+They say also that John Ross is not a Secessionist, and that there are
+more than four thousand patriots among the Cherokees, who are true to
+the Government of the United States. This agrees, substantially, with
+my own personal knowledge, unless they have changed within a very
+short time, which is not at all probable, as the Cherokees, of this
+class, are pretty fully and correctly informed about the nature of the
+controversy. And I may add, that much of their information is, through
+one channel and another, communicated to the Creeks, and much of their
+spirit too.
+
+On the whole, judging from the most reliable information, I have been
+able to obtain, I feel assured that the Full Indians of the Creeks,
+Cherokees, Seminoles, and the small bands living in the Creek Nation,
+are faithful to the Government. And the same, to a great extent, is
+(cont.)]
+
+moreover, on recognizably loyal ground, causes for dissatisfaction
+among Kansas emigrant tribes to be
+
+[Footnote 141: (cont.) true of the Choctaws and Chickasaws. And were
+it not for the proximity of the rebel force, the loyal Indians would
+put down the Secession movement among themselves, at once. Or rather,
+they would not have suffered it to rise at all.
+
+The loyal Indians say, they wish "to stand by their Old Treaties." And
+they are as persistent in their adherence to these Treaties, as we
+are, to our Constitution. And I have no doubt that, as soon as the
+Government can afford them protection, they will be ready, at the
+first call, to manifest, by overt action, the loyalty to which they
+are pledged.
+
+They are looking, with great anxiety and hope, for the coming of the
+great army. And I have no doubt that a friendly communication from the
+Government, through the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, would have a
+powerful effect in removing any false impressions, which may have been
+made, on the ignorant and unwary, by the emissaries of Secession, and
+to encourage and reassure the loyal friends of the Government, who, in
+despair of timely aid, may have been compelled to yield any degree of
+submission, to the pressure of an overwhelming force. I was expecting
+to see these Indians again, and to have had further conversation with
+them. But I am informed by Charles Johnnycake that they have gone to
+Fort Leavenworth and expect to go on to Washington. Hearing this, I
+hesitated about troubling you with this letter at all, as, in that
+case, you would see them yourself. But I have concluded to send it, as
+affording me an opportunity to express a few thoughts, with which it
+would hardly be worth while to occupy a separate letter.
+
+Hoping that the counsels and movements of the Government may be
+directed by wisdom from above, and that the cause of truth and right
+may prevail, I remain with great respect, Dear Sir, Your Obedient
+Ser'v EVAN JONES.
+
+P.S. I rec. a note from Mr. Carruth, saying that he was going to
+Washington, with a delegation of Southern Indians, and I suppose Mico
+Hatki and his companions are that Delegation, or at least a part of
+them.
+
+I will just say in regard to Mr. Carruth that I was acquainted with
+him, several years ago, as a teacher in the Cherokee Nation. He
+afterwards went to the Creek Nation, I _think_, as teacher of a
+Government school, and I believe, has been there ever since. If so,
+he must know a good deal about the Creeks. Mr. Carruth bore a good
+character. I think he married one of the Missionary ladies of the
+Presbyterian Mission.
+
+[Indian Office Special Files, no. 201, _Southern
+Superintendency_, J 530 of 1861.]
+
+(b). Wichita Agency, L.D., December 15, 1861.
+
+All well and doing well. Hear you are having trouble among
+yourselves--fighting one another, but you and we are friendly. Our
+(cont.)]
+
+removed and drastic measures taken with the indigenous of the plains.
+
+The appointment of Hunter to the command of the
+
+[Footnote 141: (cont.) brothers the Comanches and all the other tribes
+are still your friends. Mode Cunard and you were here and had the talk
+with Gen. Pike; we still hold to the talk we made with Gen. Pike, and
+are keeping the treaty in good faith, and are looking for him back
+again soon. We look upon you and Mode Cunard and Gen. Pike as
+brothers. Gen. Pike told us at the council that there were but few
+of us here, and if any thing turned up to make it necessary he would
+protect them. We are just as we were when Gen. Pike was up here and
+keeping the treaty made with him. Our brothers the wild Comanches have
+been in and are friendly with us.
+
+All the Indians here have but one heart. Our brothers, the Texans,
+and the Indians are away fighting the cold weather people. We do not
+intend to go North to fight them, but if they come down here, we will
+all wait to drive them away. Some of my people are one-eyed and a
+little crippled, but if the enemy comes here they will all jump out
+to fight him. Pea-o-popicult, the principal Kiowa chief, has recently
+visited the reserve, and expressed friendly intentions, and has gone
+back to consult the rest of his people, and designs returning.
+
+Hoseca X Maria} Ke-Had-a-wah } Chiefs of the Camanches Buffalo Hump }
+Te-nah Geo. Washington Jim Pockmark
+
+[Indian Office, Confederate Papers, Copy of a letter to John Jumper,
+certified as a true copy by A.T. Pagy.]
+
+(c). LEROY, COFFEY CO., KANSAS, NOV. 4, 1861.
+
+HON. WM.P. DOLE, COM'R INDIAN AFFAIRS,
+Washington, D.C.
+
+Dear Sir: Enclosed I send you a statement of delegation of Creeks,
+Chickasaw, and Kininola who are here for assistance from the
+Government. You will see by the enclosed that I have held a Council
+with them the result of which I send verbatim. They have travelled
+some 300 or 400 miles to get here, had to take an unfrequented
+road and were in momentary fear of their lives not because the
+secessionists were stronger than the Union party in their nation, but
+because the secessionists were on the alert and were determined that
+there should be no communication with the Government.
+
+They underwent a great many privations in getting here, had to bear
+their own expenses, which as some of them who were up here a short
+time ago have travelled in coming and going some 900 miles was
+considerable.
+
+I am now supplying them with everything they need on my own
+responsibility. They dare not return to their people unless troops
+(cont.)]
+
+Department of Kansas was open to certain objections, no doubt; but, to
+Lane, whose forceful personality had
+
+[Footnote 141: (cont.) are sent with them and they assure me the
+moment that is done, a large portion of each of the tribes will rally
+to the support of the Government and that their warriors will gladly
+take up arms in its defence.
+
+I write to you from Topeka and urge that steps be taken to render them
+the requisite protection. I am satisfied that the Department will
+see the urgent necessity of carrying out the Treaty stipulations and
+giving these Indians who are so desirous of standing firm by the
+Government and who have resisted so persistently all the overtures of
+the secessionists, the assistance and protection which is their due. I
+am informed by these Indians that John Ross is desirous of standing by
+the Government, and that he has 4000 warriors who are willing to do
+battle for the cause of the Union.
+
+They also inform me, that the Washitas, Caddos, Tenies, Wakoes,
+Tewakano, Chiekies, Shawnees, and Kickapoos are almost unanimously
+Union. Gen. Lane is anxious to do something to relieve the Union
+Indians in the southern tribes, by taking prompt and energetic steps
+at this time--it can be done with little expense and but little
+trouble, while the benefit to be derived will be incalculable. Let me
+beg of you and more that the matter be laid before the Department and
+the proper steps be taken to give the Indians that protection which is
+their due and at the same time take an important step in sustaining
+the supremacy of the Government. Your obedient Servant, GEO.A. CUTLER,
+_agent_ for the Indians of the Creek agency.
+
+ENCLOSURES
+
+At a Council of the Creeks, held at Leroy in Coffey County, Kansas, at
+the house of the Agent of said Indians, Maj. Geo. A. Cutler, who was
+unable to visit their Country owing to the rebellion existing in the
+Country, the following talk was had by the Chiefs of said nation,
+eight in number--Four Creeks, Two Seminoles, Two Chickasaws.
+
+Oke-Tah-hah-shah-haw-choe, Chief of Creek Upper District says, he will
+talk short words this time--wants to tell how to get trouble in Creek
+nation. First time Albert Pike come in he made great deal trouble.
+That man told Indian that the Union people would come and take away
+property and would take away land--now you sleep, you ought to wake up
+and attend to your own property. Tell them there ain't no U.S.--ain't
+any more Treaty--all be dead--Tell them as there is no more U.S. no
+more Treaty that the Creeks had better make new Treaty with the South
+and the Southern President would protect them and give them their
+annuity--Tell them if you make Treaty with southern President that he
+would pay you more annuity and would pay better than the U.S. if they
+the Indians would help the Southern President--Mr. Pike makes the half
+(cont.)]
+
+impressed itself, for good or ill, upon the trans-Missouri region, it
+was, to say the least, somewhat
+
+[Footnote 141: (cont.) breeds believe what he says and the half breeds
+makes some of the full blood Indians believe what he says that they
+(the Indians) must help the secessionists. Then that is so--but as for
+himself he don't believe him yet. Then he thought the old U.S.
+was alive yet and the Treaty was good. Wont go against the U.S.
+himself--That is the reason the Secessions want to have him--The
+Secessionists offered 5000$ for his head because he would not go
+against the U.S. Never knew that Creek have an agent here until he
+come and see him and that is why I have come among this Union people.
+Have come in and saw my agent and want to go by the old Treaty.
+Wants to get with U.S. Army so that I can get back to my people as
+Secessionists will not let me go. Wants the Great Father to send the
+Union Red people and Troops down the Black Beaver road and he will
+guide them to his country and then all his people will be for the
+Union--That he cannot get back to his people any other way--Our Father
+to protect the land in peace so that he can live in peace on the land
+according to the Treaty--At the time I left my union people I told
+them to look to the Beaver Road until I come. Promised his own people
+that the U.S. Army would come back the Beaver Road and wants to go
+that way--The way he left his country his people was in an elbow
+surrounded by secessions and his people is not strong enough against
+them for Union and that is the reason he has come up for help--Needed
+guns, powder, lead to take to his own people. Own people for the Union
+about 3350 warriors all Creeks--Needed now clothing, tents for winter,
+tools, shirts, and every thing owned by whites,--wants their annuity
+as they need it now--The Indians and the Whites among us have done
+nothing against any one but the Secessionists have compelled us to
+fight and we are willing to fight for the Union. Creek half breeds
+joined secessionists. 32 head men and leaders-27 towns for the Union
+among Creeks
+
+_Signed_: Oke-tah-hah-shah-haw Choe
+his X mark.
+
+_Talk of Chickasaw Chief, Toe-Lad-Ke_
+
+Says--Will talk short words--have had fever and sick--Secessionists
+told him no more U.S. no more Treaty--all broken up better make new
+Treaty with Secessionists--Although they told him all this did not
+believe them and that is reason came up to see if there was not still
+old U.S.--Loves his country--loves his children and would not believe
+them yet--That he did not believe what the Secessionists told him and
+they would not let him live in peace and that is the reason he left
+his country--The secessionists want to tie him--whip him and make him
+join them--but he would not and he left.
+
+  100 warriors for secession--
+  2240    do    "   Union
+
+(cont.)]
+
+disconcerting, not because Lane was hostile to Hunter personally--the
+two men had long had a friendly acquaintance
+
+[Footnote 141: (cont.) The secessionists plague him so much talk he
+asks for his country that the army go down and that is what his people
+wants same as Creek and Seminole--Have seen the agent of the Creeks
+but have not seen our agent but want to see him--wants agent sent--He
+has always done no wrong--Secessionists would not let him live in
+peace--and if have to fight all his people will fight for Union--That
+is all the chance that he can save his lands and property to
+children--by old U.S. and Treaty--Chickasaw--Seminoles and Creeks all
+in no difference--all for the Union--all want annuity and have had
+none for some time--Now my Great Father you must remember me and my
+people and all our wants. _Signed_: TOE-LAD-KE, his X mark.
+
+_Talk of Seminole Chief, Choo-Loo-Foe-Lop-hah-Choe_
+
+Says: Pike went among the Seminoles and tell them the same as he
+told the Creek. The talk of Pike he did not believe and told him
+so himself--Some of my people did believe Pike and did join the
+secessionists also he believed the old U.S. is alive and Treaty not
+dead and that is the reason he come up and had this talk--Never had
+done any thing against Treaty and had come to have Great Father
+protect us--Secession told him that Union men was going to take away
+land and property--could get no annuity old U.S. all gone--come to
+see--find it not so--wants President to send an agent don't know who
+agent is--wants to appoint agent himself as he knows who he wants.
+Twelve towns are for the Union
+
+  500 warriors for the Union
+  100     do    "  Secession
+
+All people who come with Billy Bowlegs are Union--Chief in place of
+Billy Bowlegs Shoe-Nock-Me-Koe this is his name--Need everything that
+Creeks need--arms clothing, etc. etc. wants to go with army same way
+and same road with Creek--This is what we ask of our Great Father live
+as the Treaty says in peace--and all Seminole warriors will fight for
+the Union. This is the request of our people of our Great Father They
+need their annuity have not had any for nearly a year and want it
+sent.
+
+_Signed_: CHOO-LOO-FOE-LOP-HAH-CHOE, his X mark.
+
+We the Chiefs of the three nations Creeks, Chickasaws and Seminoles
+who are of this delegation and all for the Union and the majority of
+our people are for the Union and agree in all that has been said by
+the Chiefs who have made this talk, and believe all they have said to
+be true--
+
+  OKE-TAH-HAH-SHAH-HAW-CHOE          his X mark       Creek
+  WHITE CHIEF                        his X mark       Creek
+
+  BOB DEER                           his X mark       Creek
+  PHIL DAVID                         his X mark       Creek
+
+(cont.)]
+
+with each other[142]--but because he had had great hopes of receiving
+the post himself.[143] The time was now drawing near for him to repair
+to Washington to resume his senatorial duties since Congress was to
+convene the second of December.
+
+To further his scheme for Indian enlistment, Lane had projected an
+inter-tribal council to be held at his own headquarters. E.H. Carruth
+worked especially to that end. The man in charge of the Southern
+Superintendency, W.G. Coffin, had a similar plan in mind for less
+specific reasons. His idea was to confer with the representatives of
+the southern tribes with reference to Indian Territory conditions
+generally. It was part of the duty appertaining to his office.
+Humboldt[144] was the place selected by him for the meeting;
+but Leroy, being better protected and more accessible, was soon
+substituted. The sessions commenced the
+
+[Footnote 141: (cont.)
+
+  TOE-LAD-KE                 his X mark    Chickasaw
+  CHAP-PIA-KE                his X mark    Chickasaw
+
+  CHOO-LOO-FOE-LOP-HAH-CHOE  his X mark    Seminole
+  OH-CHEN-YAH-HOE-LAH        his X mark    Seminole
+
+  _Witness_: C.F. Currier
+                  W. Whistler
+
+LEROY, COFFEY CO. KAN., Nov. 4 1861.
+
+I do certify that the within statement of the different chiefs were
+taken before me at a council held at my house at the time stated and
+that the talk of the Indian was correctly taken down by a competent
+clerk at the time.
+
+GEO.A. CUTLER, _Agent_ for the Creek Indians.
+
+[Indian Office Special Files, no. 201, _Southern
+Superintendency_, C 1400 of 1861.]]
+
+[Footnote 142: Their acquaintance dated, if not from the antebellum
+days when Hunter was stationed at Fort Leavenworth and was not
+particularly magnanimous in his treatment of Southerners, then from
+those when he had charge, by order of General Scott, of the guard at
+the White House. _Report of the Military Services of General David
+Hunter_, pp. 7, 8.]
+
+[Footnote 143: _Daily Conservative_, November 13, 1861.]
+
+[Footnote 144: Coffin to Dole, October 2, 1861, Commissioner of Indian
+Affairs, _Report_, 1861, p. 39.]
+
+sixteenth[145] of November and were still continuing on the
+twenty-third.[146] It had not been possible to hold them earlier
+because of the disturbed state of the country and the consequent
+difficulty of getting into touch with the Indians.
+
+Upon assuming command of the Department of Kansas, General Hunter took
+full cognizance of the many things making for disquietude and turmoil
+in the country now under his jurisdiction. Indian relations became, of
+necessity, matters of prime concern. Three things bear witness to this
+fact, Hunter's plans for an inter-tribal council at Fort Leavenworth,
+his own headquarters; his advocacy of Indian enlistment, especially
+from among the southern Indians; and his intention, early avowed, of
+bringing Brigadier-general James W. Denver into military prominence
+and of entrusting to him the supervisory command in Kansas. In some
+respects, no man could have been found equal to Denver in conspicuous
+fitness for such a position. He had served as commissioner of Indian
+affairs[147] under Buchanan and, although a Virginian by birth,
+had had a large experience with frontier life--in Missouri, in the
+Southwest during the Mexican War, and in California. He had also
+measured swords with Lane. It was in squatter-sovereignty days when,
+first as secretary and then as governor of Kansas Territory, he
+had been in a position to become intimately acquainted with the
+intricacies of Lane's true character and had had both occasion and
+opportunity to oppose some of that worthy's autocratic and thoroughly
+lawless
+
+[Footnote 145: _Daily Conservative_, November 17, 1861.]
+
+[Footnote 146:--Ibid., November 23,1861.]
+
+[Footnote 147: Denver was twice appointed Commissioner of Indian
+Affairs by Buchanan. For details as to his official career, see
+_Biographical Congressional Directory_, 499, and Robinson,
+_Kansas Conflict_, 424.]
+
+maneuvers.[148] As events turned out, this very acquaintance with Lane
+constituted his political unfitness for the control that Hunter,[149]
+in December, and Halleck,[150] in the following March, designed to
+give him. With the second summons to command, came opportunity for
+Lane's vindictive animosity to be called into play. Historically, it
+furnished conclusive proof, if any were needed, that Lane had supreme
+power over the distribution of Federal patronage in his own state and
+exercised that power even at the cost of the well-being and credit of
+his constituency.
+
+When Congress began its second session in December, the fight against
+Lane for possession of his seat in the Senate proceeded apace; but
+that did not, in the least, deter him from working for his brigade.
+His scheme now was to have it organized on a different footing from
+that which it had sustained heretofore. His influence with the
+administration in Washington was still very peculiar and very
+considerable, so much so, in fact, that President Lincoln, without
+taking expert advice and without consulting either the military men,
+whose authority would necessarily be affected, or the civil officials
+in Kansas, nominated him to the Senate as brigadier-general to have
+charge of troops in that state.[151] Secretary Cameron was absent from
+the city
+
+[Footnote 148: Robinson, _op. cit_., 378 ff., 424 ff.]
+
+[Footnote 149: _Official Records_, vol. viii, 456.]
+
+[Footnote 150:--Ibid., 832.]
+
+[Footnote 151: The Leavenworth _Daily Conservative_ seemed
+fairly jubilant over the prospect of Lane's early return to military
+activity. The following extracts from its news items and editorials
+convey some such idea:
+
+"General Lane of Kansas has been nominated to the Senate and
+unanimously confirmed, as Brigadier General, to command Kansas troops;
+the express understanding being that General Lane's seat in the Senate
+shall not be vacated until he accepts his new commission, which he
+will not do until the Legislature of Kansas assembles, next month. He
+has no idea of doing anything that shall oblige Governor Robinson and
+his appointee (Stanton) (cont.)]
+
+at the time this was done and apparently, when apprised of it, made
+some objections on the score, not so much of an invasion of his own
+prerogative, as of its probable effect upon Hunter. Cameron had his
+first consultation with Lane regarding the matter, January second, and
+was given by him to understand that everything had been done in strict
+accordance with Hunter's own wishes.[152] The practical question of
+the relation of Lane's brigade to Hunter's command soon, however,
+presented itself in a somewhat different light and its answer required
+a more explicit statement from the president than had yet been made.
+Lincoln, when appealed to, unhesitatingly repudiated every suggestion
+of the idea that it had ever been his intention to give Lane an
+independent command or to have Hunter, in any sense, superseded.[153]
+
+The need for sending relief to the southern Indians, which, correctly
+interpreted meant, of course, reasserting authority over them and thus
+removing a menacing and impending danger from the Kansas border, had
+been one of Lane's strongest arguments in gaining his way with the
+administration. The larger aspect of his purpose was, however, the one
+that appealed to Commissioner Dole, who, as head of the Indian Bureau,
+seems fully to have appreciated the responsibility that
+
+[Footnote 151: (cont.) who has been in waiting for several months to
+take the place."--_Daily Conservative_, January 1, 1862.
+
+"Rejoicing in Neosho Battalion over report that Lane appointed to
+command Kansas troops."--Ibid., January 4, 1862.
+
+"General Lane will soon be here and General Denver called to another
+command."--Ibid., January 7, 1862.]
+
+[Footnote 152: Cameron to Hunter, January 3, 1862, _Official
+Records_, vol. liii, supplement, 512-513.]
+
+[Footnote 153: Martin F. Conway, the Kansas representative in
+Congress, was under no misapprehension as to Lane's true position;
+for Lincoln had told him personally that Lane was to be under Hunter
+[_Daily Conservative_, February 6, 1862].]
+
+assuredly rested in all honor upon the government, whether conscious
+of it or not, to protect its wards in their lives and property. From
+the first intimation given him of Lane's desire for a more energetic
+procedure, Dole showed a willingness to coöperate; and, as many things
+were demanding his personal attention in the West, he so timed a
+journey of his own that it might be possible for him to assist in
+getting together the Indian contingent that was to form a part of the
+"Southern Expedition."[154]
+
+The urgency of the Indian call for help[155] and the
+
+[Footnote 154: Lane's expedition was variously referred to as "the
+Southern Expedition," "the Cherokee Expedition," "the great jayhawking
+expedition," and by many another name, more or less opprobrious.]
+
+[Footnote 155: Representations of the great need of the Indians for
+assistance were made to the government by all sorts of people. Agent
+after agent wrote to the Indian Office. The Reverend Evan Jones wrote
+repeatedly and on the second of January had sent information, brought
+to him at Lawrence by two fugitive Cherokees, of the recent battle in
+which the loyalists under Opoethle-yo-ho-la had been worsted, at
+the Big Bend of the Arkansas [Indian Office Special Files, no. 201,
+_Southern Superintendency_, J 540 of 1862]. In the early winter,
+a mixed delegation of Creeks and others had made their way to
+Washington, hoping by personal entreaty to obtain succor for their
+distressed people, and justice. Hunter had issued a draft for their
+individual relief [Ibid., J523 of 1861], and passes from Fort
+Leavenworth to Washington [Ibid., C1433 of 1861]. It was not so
+easy for them to get passes coming back. Application was made to the
+War Department and referred back to the Interior [Ibid., A 434
+of 1861]. The estimate, somewhat inaccurately footed up, of the total
+expense of the return journey as submitted by agents Cutler and
+Carruth was,
+
+  "11 R.R. Tickets to Fort Leavenworth by way of New York City
+  $48                                                        $ 528.00
+
+  11 men $2 ea (incidental expenses)                            22.00
+
+  2 1/2 wks board at Washington $5                             137.50
+
+  Expenses from Leavenworth to Ind. Nat                         50.00
+
+  Pay of Tecumseh for taking care of horses                     25.00
+                                                             -------
+
+  [Ibid., C 1433 of 1861].                             $ 960.50"
+
+Dole had not encouraged the delegation to come on to Washington.
+He pleaded lack of funds and the wish that they would wait in Fort
+Leavenworth and attend Hunter's inter-tribal council so that they
+might go back to their people carrying definite messages of what was
+to be done (cont.)]
+
+evident readiness of the government to make answer to that call before
+it was quite too late pointed auspiciously to a successful outcome for
+Senator Lane's endeavors; but, unfortunately, Major-general Hunter had
+not been sufficiently counted with. Hunter had previously shown much
+sympathy for the Indians in their distress[156] and also a realization
+of the strategic importance
+
+[Footnote 155: (cont.) [Indian Office _Letter Book_, no. 67,
+p. 107]. Dole had been forwarned of their intention to appear in
+Washington by the following letter:
+
+FORT LEAVENWORTH KAN., Nov. 23rd 1861.
+HON WM.P. DOLE, Com. Indian Affs.
+
+Sir: On my arrival in St. Louis I found Gen'l Hunter at the Planters
+House and delivered the message to him that you had placed in my hands
+for that purpose. He seemed fully satisfied with your letter and has
+acted on it accordingly. I recd from Gen'l Hunter a letter for Mr.
+Cutler, and others of this place, all of which I have delivered.
+Having found Cutler here, he having been ordered by Lane to move the
+council from Leroy to Fort Scott. But from some cause (which I have
+not learned) he has brought the chiefs all here to the Fort, where
+they are now quartered awaiting the arrival of Gen'l Hunter. He has
+with him six of the head chiefs of the Creek, Seminole and Cherokee
+Nations, and tells me that they are strong for the Union. He also says
+that John Ross (Cherokee) is all right but dare not let it be known,
+and that he will be here if he can get away from the tribe.
+
+These chiefs all say they want to fight for the Union, and that they
+will do so if they can get arms and ammunition. Gen'l Hunter has
+ordered me to await his arrival here at which time he will council
+with these men, and report to you the result. I think he will be
+here on Tuesday or Wednesday. Cutler wants to take the Indians to
+Washington, but I advised him not to do so until I could hear from
+you. When I met him here he was on his way there.
+
+You had better write to him here as soon as you get this, or you will
+see him there pretty soon.
+
+I have nothing more to write now but will write in a day or two.
+
+Yours Truly R.W. DOLE.
+
+P.S. Coffin is at home sick, but will be here soon. Branch is at St.
+Joe but would not come over with me, cause, too buissie to attend to
+business.
+
+[Indian Office Special Files, no 201, _Southern Superintendency_,
+D 410 of 1861].]
+
+[Footnote 156: In part proof of this take his letter to
+Adjutant-general Thomas, January 15, 1862.
+
+"On my arrival here in November last I telegraphed for permission to
+(cont.)]
+
+of Indian Territory. Some other explanation, therefore, must be found
+for the opposition he advanced to Lane's project as soon as it was
+brought to his notice. It had been launched without his approval
+having been explicitly sought and almost under false pretences.[157]
+Then, too, Lane's bumptiousness, after he had accomplished his object,
+was naturally very irritating. But, far above every other reason,
+personal or professional, that Hunter had for objecting to a command
+conducted by Lane was the identical one that Halleck,[158] Robinson,
+and many another shared with him, a wholesome repugnance to such
+marauding[159] as Lane had permitted his men to indulge in in the
+autumn. It was to be feared that Indians under Lane would inevitably
+revert to savagery. There would be no one to put any restraint upon
+them and their natural instincts would be given free play. Conceivably
+then, it was not mere supersensitiveness and pettiness of spirit that
+moved General Hunter to take exception to Lane's appointment but
+regard for the honor of his profession, perchance, also, a certain
+feeling of personal dignity that
+
+[Footnote 156: (cont.) muster a Brigade of Kansas Indians into the
+service of the United States, to assist the friendly Creek Indians in
+maintaining their loyalty. Had this permission been promptly granted,
+I have every reason to believe that the present disastrous state of
+affairs, in the Indian country west of Arkansas, could have been
+avoided. I now again respectfully repeat my request."--Indian Office
+General Files, _Southern Superintendency_, 1859-1862.]
+
+[Footnote 157: To the references given in Abel, _The American Indian
+as Slaveholder and Secessionist_, add Thomas to Hunter, January 24,
+1862, _Official Records_, vol. viii, 525.]
+
+[Footnote 158: The St. Louis _Republican_ credited Halleck with
+characterizing Hunter's command, indiscriminately, as "marauders,
+bandits, and outlaws" [_Daily Conservative_, February 7, 1862].
+In a letter to Lincoln, January 6, 1862, Halleck said some pretty
+plain truths about Lane [_Official Records_, vol. vii, 532-533].
+He would probably have had the same objection to the use of
+Indians that he had to the use of negroes in warfare [_Daily
+Conservative_, May 23, 1862, quoting from the Chicago
+_Tribune_].]
+
+[Footnote 159: On marauding by Lane's brigade, see McClellan to
+Stanton, February 11, 1862 [_Official Records_, vol. viii,
+552-553].]
+
+legitimately resented executive interference with his rights. His
+protest had its effect and he was informed that it was entirely within
+his prerogative to lead the expedition southward himself. He resolved
+to do it. Lane was, for once, outwitted.
+
+The end, however, was not yet. About the middle of January, Stanton
+became Secretary of War and soon let it be known that he, too, had
+views on the subject of Indian enlistment. As a matter of fact, he
+refused to countenance it.[160] The disappointment was the most keen
+for Commissioner Dole. Since long before the day when Secretary Smith
+had announced[161] to him that the Department of War was contemplating
+the employment of four thousand Indians in its service, he had hoped
+for some means of rescuing the southern tribes from the Confederate
+alliance and now all plans had come to naught. And yet the need
+for strenuous action of some sort had never been so great.[162]
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la and his defeated followers were refugees on the
+Verdigris, imploring help to relieve their present
+
+[Footnote 160: Note this series of telegrams [Indian Office Special
+Files, no. 201, _Southern Superintendency_, D 576 of 1862]:
+
+"Secretary of War is unwilling to put Indians in the army. Is to
+consult with President and settle it today."--SMITH to Dole, February
+6, 1862.
+
+"President cant attend to business now. Sickness in the family. No
+arrangements can be made now. Make necessary arrangements for relief
+of Indians. I will send communication to Congress today."--Same to
+Same, February 11, 1862.
+
+"Go on and supply the destitute Indians. Congress will supply the
+means. War Department will not organize them."--Same to Same, February
+14, 1862.]
+
+[Footnote 161: Smith to Dole, January 3, 1862 [Indian Office Special
+Files, no. 201, _Central Superintendency_, I 531 of 1862;
+Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1862, p. 150].]
+
+[Footnote 162: On the second of January, Agent Cutler wired from
+Leavenworth to Dole, "Heopothleyohola with four thousand warriors is
+in the field and needs help badly. Secession Creeks are deserting him.
+Hurry up Lane."--Indian Office Special Files, no. 201, _Southern
+Superintendency_, C 1443 of 1862.]
+
+necessities and to enable them to return betimes to their own
+country.[163] Moreover, Indians of northern antecedents and sympathies
+were exhibiting unwonted enthusiasm for the cause[164] and it seemed
+hard to have to repel them. Dole was, nevertheless, compelled to do
+it. On the eleventh of February, he countermanded the orders he had
+issued to Superintendent Coffin and thus a temporary quietus was put
+upon the whole affair of the Indian Expedition.
+
+[Footnote 163: Their plea was expressed most strongly in the course of
+an interview which Dole had with representatives of the Loyal Creeks
+and Seminoles, Iowas and Delawares, February 1, 1862. Robert Burbank,
+the Iowa agent, was there. White Cloud acted as interpreter [_Daily
+Conservative_, February 2, 1862].]
+
+[Footnote 164: Some of these had been provoked to a desire for war by
+the inroads of Missourians. Weas, Piankeshaws, Peorias, and Miamies,
+awaiting the return of Dole from the interior of Kansas, said,
+"they were for peace but the Missourians had not left them alone"
+[Ibid., February 9, 1862].]
+
+
+
+
+III. THE INDIAN REFUGEES IN SOUTHERN KANSAS
+
+
+The thing that would most have justified the military employment of
+Indians by the United States government, in the winter of 1862, was
+the fact that hundreds and thousands of their southern brethren were
+then refugees because of their courageous and unswerving devotion to
+the American Union. The tale of those refugees, of their wanderings,
+their deprivations, their sufferings, and their wrongs, comparable
+only to that of the Belgians in the Great European War of 1914, is
+one of the saddest to relate, and one of the most disgraceful, in the
+history of the War of Secession, in its border phase.
+
+The first in the long procession of refugees were those of the army
+of Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la who, after their final defeat by Colonel James
+McIntosh in the Battle of Chustenahlah, December 26, 1861, had fled up
+the valley of the Verdigris River and had entered Kansas near Walnut
+Creek. In scattered lines, with hosts of stragglers, the enfeebled,
+the aged, the weary, and the sick, they had crossed the Cherokee Strip
+and the Osage Reservation and, heading steadily towards the northeast,
+had finally encamped on the outermost edge of the New York Indian
+Lands, on Fall River, some sixty odd miles west of Humboldt. Those
+lands, never having been accepted as an equivalent for their Wisconsin
+holdings by the Iroquois, were not occupied throughout their entire
+extent by Indians and only here and there
+
+encroached upon by white intruders, consequently the impoverished
+and greatly fatigued travellers encountered no obstacles in settling
+themselves down to rest and to wait for a much needed replenishment of
+their resources.
+
+Their coming was expected. On their way northward, they had fallen
+in, at some stage of the journey, with some buffalo hunters, Sacs and
+Foxes of the Mississippi, returning to their reservation, which lay
+some distance north of Burlington and chiefly in present Osage County,
+Kansas. To them the refugees reported their recent tragic experience.
+The Sacs and Foxes were most sympathetic and, after relieving the
+necessities of the refugees as best they could, hurried on ahead,
+imparting the news, in their turn, to various white people whom they
+met. In due course it reached General Denver, still supervising
+affairs in Kansas, and William G. Coffin, the southern
+superintendent.[165] It was the first time, since his appointment the
+spring before, that Coffin had had any prospect of getting in touch
+with any considerable number of his charges and he must have welcomed
+the chance of now really earning his salary. He ordered all of the
+agents under him--and some[166] of them had not previously entered
+officially upon their duties--to assemble at Fort Roe, on the
+Verdigris, and be prepared to take charge of their
+
+[Footnote 165: These facts were obtained chiefly from a letter, not
+strictly accurate as to some of its details, written by Superintendent
+Coffin to Dole, January 15, 1862 [Indian Office Special Files, no.
+201, _Southern Superintendency_, C 1474 of 1862].]
+
+[Footnote 166: For instance, William P. Davis, who had been appointed
+Seminole Agent, despairing of ever reaching his post, had gone into
+the army [Dole to John S. Davis of New Albany, Indiana, April 5, 1862,
+Indian Office _Letter Book_, no. 68, p. 39]. George C. Snow of
+Parke County, Indiana, was appointed in his stead [Dole to Snow,
+January 13, 1862, Ibid., no. 67, p. 243].]
+
+several contingents; for the refugees, although chiefly Creeks, were
+representative of nearly every one of the non-indigenous tribes of
+Indian Territory.
+
+It is not an easy matter to say, with any show of approach to exact
+figures, how many the refugees numbered.[167] For weeks and weeks,
+they were almost continually coming in and even the very first reports
+bear suspicious signs of the exaggeration that became really notorious
+as graft and peculation entered more and more into the reckoning.
+Apparently, all those who, in ever so slight a degree, handled the
+relief funds, except, perhaps, the army men, were interested in
+making the numbers appear as large as possible. The larger the need
+represented, the larger the sum that might, with propriety, be
+demanded and the larger the opportunity for graft. Settlers, traders,
+and some government agents were, in this respect, all culpable
+together.
+
+There was no possibility of mistake, however, intentional or
+otherwise, about the destitution of the refugees. It was inconceivably
+horrible. The winter weather of late December and early January had
+been most inclement and the Indians had trudged through it, over
+snow-covered, rocky, trailless places and desolate prairie, nigh three
+hundred miles. When they started out, they were not any too well
+provided with clothing; for they had departed in a hurry, and, before
+they got to Fall River, not a few of them were absolutely naked. They
+had practically no tents, no bed-coverings, and no provisions. Dr.
+A.B. Campbell, a surgeon sent out by General Hunter,[168] had reached
+them
+
+[Footnote 167: Compare the statistics given in the following:
+Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1861, p. 151; 1862,
+pp. 137, 157; Indian Office Special Files, no. 201, _Southern
+Superintendency_, C 1525 of 1862; General Files, _Southern
+Superintendency_, C 1602 of 1862.]
+
+[Footnote 168: The army furnished the first relief that reached them.
+In its issue (cont.)]
+
+towards the end of January and their condition was then so bad, so
+wretched that it was impossible for him to depict it. Prairie grasses
+were "their only protection from the snow" upon which they were
+lying "and from the wind and weather scraps and rags stretched upon
+switches." Ho-go-bo-foh-yah, the second Creek chief, was ill with a
+fever and "his tent (to give it that name) was no larger than a small
+blanket stretched over a switch ridge pole, two feet from the ground,
+and did not reach it by a foot from the ground on either side of
+him." Campbell further said that the refugees were greatly in need of
+medical assistance. They were suffering "with inflammatory diseases
+of the chest, throat, and eyes." Many had "their toes frozen off,"
+others, "their feet wounded." But few had "either shoes or moccasins."
+Dead horses were lying around in every direction and the sanitary
+conditions were so bad that the food was contaminated and the
+newly-arriving refugees became sick as soon as they ate.[169]
+
+Other details of their destitution were furnished by Coffin's son
+who was acting as his clerk and who was among the first to attempt
+alleviation of their misery.[170] As far as relief went, however, the
+supply was so out of proportion to the demand that there was never
+any time that spring when it could be said that they were fairly
+comfortable and their ordinary wants satisfied. Campbell frankly
+admitted that he "selected the nakedest of the naked" and doled out to
+them the few articles he
+
+[Footnote 168: (cont.) of January 18, 1862, the _Daily
+Conservative_ has this to say: "The Kansas Seventh has been ordered
+to move to Humboldt, Allen Co. to give relief to Refugees encamped on
+Fall River. Lt. Col. Chas. T. Clark, 1st Battalion, Kansas Tenth, is
+now at Humboldt and well acquainted with the conditions."]
+
+[Footnote 169: Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1862,
+pp. 151-152.]
+
+[Footnote 170: O.S. Coffin to William G. Coffin, January 26, 1862,
+Indian Office Special Files, no. 201, _Southern Superintendency_,
+C 1506 of 1862.]
+
+had. When all was gone, how pitiful it must have been for him to see
+the "hundreds of anxious faces" for whom there was nothing! Captain
+Turner, from Hunter's commissary department, had similar experiences.
+According to him, the refugees were "in want of every necessary of
+life." That was his report the eleventh of February.[171] On the
+fifteenth of February, the army stopped giving supplies altogether
+and the refugees were thrown back entirely upon the extremely limited
+resources of the southern superintendency.
+
+Dole[172] had had warning from Hunter[173] that such would have to
+be the case and had done his best to be prepared for the emergency.
+Secretary Smith authorized expenditure for relief in advance of
+congressional appropriation, but that simply increased the moral
+obligation to practice economy and, with hundreds of loyal Indians on
+the brink of starvation,[174] it was no
+
+[Footnote 171: Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1862,
+pp. 152-154.]
+
+[Footnote 172: Dole had an interview with the Indians immediately upon
+his arrival in Kansas [Moore, _Rebellion Record_, vol. iv, 59-60,
+Doc. 21].]
+
+[Footnote 173: Hunter to Dole, February 6, 1862, forwarded by Edward
+Wolcott to Mix, February 10, 1862 [Indian Office General Files,
+_Southern Superintendency_, 1859-1862, W 513 and D 576 of 1862;
+Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1862, p. 150].]
+
+[Footnote 174: Agent G.C. Snow reported, February 13, 1862, on the
+utter destitution of the Seminoles [Indian Office General
+Files, _Seminole_, 1858-1869] and, on the same day, Coffin
+[Ibid., _Southern Superintendency_, 1859-1862, C 1526] to
+the same effect about the refugees as a whole. They were coming in,
+he said, about twenty to sixty a day. The "destitution, misery and
+suffering amongst them is beyond the power of any pen to portray, it
+must be seen to be realised--there are now here over two thousand men,
+women, and children entirely barefooted and more than that number that
+have not rags enough to hide their nakedness, many have died and they
+are constantly dying. I should think at a rough guess that from 12 to
+15 hundred dead Ponies are laying around in the camp and in the river.
+On this account so soon as the weather gets a little warm, a removal
+of this camp will be indespensable, there are perhaps now two thousand
+Ponies living, they are very poor and many of them must die before
+grass comes which we expect here from the first to the 10th of March.
+We are issuing a little corn to (cont.)]
+
+time for economy. The inadequacy of the Indian service and the
+inefficiency of the Federal never showed up more plainly, to the utter
+discredit of the nation, than at this period and in this connection.
+
+Besides getting permission from Secretary Smith to go ahead and supply
+the more pressing needs of the refugees, Dole accomplished another
+thing greatly to their interest. He secured from the staff of General
+Lane a special agent, Dr. William Kile of Illinois,[175] who
+had formerly been a business partner of his own[176] and, like
+Superintendent Coffin, his more or less intimate friend. Kile's
+particular duty as special agent was to be the purchasing of supplies
+for the refugees[177] and he at once visited their encampment in order
+the better to determine their requirements. His investigations more
+than corroborated the earlier accounts of their sufferings and
+privations and his appointment under the circumstances seemed fully
+justified, notwithstanding that on the surface of things it appeared
+very suggestive of a near approach to nepotism, and of nepotism Dole,
+Coffin, and many others were unquestionably guilty. They worked into
+the service just as many of their own relatives and friends as they
+conveniently and safely could. The official pickings were considered
+by them as their proper perquisites. "'Twas ever thus" in American
+politics, city, county, state, and national.
+
+The Indian encampment upon the occasion of
+
+[Footnote 174: (cont.) the Indians and they are feeding them a
+little...." See also Moore, _Rebellion Record_, vol. iv, 30.]
+
+[Footnote 175: Dole was from Illinois also, from Edgar County; Coffin
+was from Indiana [Indian Office Miscellaneous Records, no. 8, p.
+432].]
+
+[Footnote 176: _Daily Conservative_, February 8, 1862.]
+
+[Footnote 177: Indian Office Consolidated Files, _Southern
+Superintendency_, D 576 of 1862; _Letter Book_, no. 67, pp.
+450-452.]
+
+Kile's[178] visit was no longer on Fall River. Gradually, since first
+discovered, the main body of the refugees had moved forward within the
+New York Indian Lands to the Verdigris River and had halted in the
+neighborhood of Fort Roe, where the government agents had received
+them; but smaller or larger groups, chiefly of the sick and their
+friends, were scattered all along the way from Walnut Creek.[179] Some
+of the very belated exiles were as far westward as the Arkansas, over
+a hundred miles distant. Obviously, the thing to do first was to get
+them all together in one place. There were reasons why the Verdigris
+Valley was a most desirable location for the refugees. Only a very few
+white people were settled there and, as they were intruders and had
+not a shadow of legal claim to the land upon which they had squatted,
+any objections that they might make to the presence of the Indians
+could be ignored.[180]
+
+For a few days, therefore, all efforts were directed, at large
+expense, towards converting the Verdigris Valley, in the vicinity of
+Fort Roe, into a concentration camp; but no precautions were taken
+against allowing unhygienic conditions to arise. The Indians
+themselves were much diseased. They had few opportunities for personal
+cleanliness and less ambition. Some of the food doled out to them was
+stuff that the army had condemned and rejected as unfit for use. They
+were emaciated, sick, discouraged. Finally, with
+
+[Footnote 178: Indian Office Land Files, 1855-1870, _Southern
+Superintendency_, K 107 of 1862.]
+
+[Footnote 179: Some had wandered to the Cottonwood and were camped
+there in great destitution. Their chief food was hominy [_Daily
+Conservative_, February 14, 1862].]
+
+[Footnote 180: For an account of the controversy over the settlement
+of the New York Indian Lands, see Abel, _Indian Reservations in
+Kansas and the Extinguishment of their Title_, 13-14.]
+
+the February thaw, came a situation that soon proved intolerable. The
+"stench arising from dead ponies, about two hundred of which were
+in the stream and throughout the camp,"[181] unburied, made removal
+imperatively necessary.
+
+The Neosho Valley around about Leroy presented itself as a likely
+place, very convenient for the distributing agents, and was next
+selected. Its advantages and disadvantages seemed about equal and had
+all been anticipated and commented upon by Captain Turner.[182] It
+was near the source of supplies--and that was an item very much to
+be considered, since transportation charges, extraordinarily high in
+normal times were just now exorbitant, and the relief funds very, very
+limited. No appropriation by Congress had yet been made although one
+had been applied for.[183] The great disadvantage of the location was
+the presence of white settlers and they objected, as well they might,
+to the near proximity of the inevitable disease and filth and,
+strangely enough, more than anything else, to the destruction of the
+timber, which they had so carefully husbanded. The concentration on
+the Neosho had not been fully accomplished when the pressure from the
+citizens became so great that Superintendent Coffin felt obliged to
+plan for yet another removal. Again the sympathy of the Sacs and
+Foxes of Mississippi manifested itself and most opportunely. Their
+reservation
+
+[Footnote 181: Annual Report of Superintendent Coffin, October 15,
+1862, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1862, p. 136.
+Compare with Coffin's account given in a letter to Dole, February 13,
+1862.]
+
+[Footnote 182: February 11, 1862, Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
+_Report_, 1862, p. 153; Indian Office Special Files, no. 201,
+_Southern Superintendency_, D 576 of 1862.]
+
+[Footnote 183: _Congressional Globe_, 37th congress, second
+session, part I, pp. 815, 849. Dole's letter to Smith, January 31,
+1862, describing the destitution of the refugees, was read in the
+Senate, February 14, 1862, in support of joint resolution S. no. 49,
+for their relief.]
+
+lay about twenty-five miles to the northward and they generously
+offered it as an asylum.[184] But the Indians balked. They were
+homesick, disgusted with official mismanagement[185] and indecision,
+and determined to go no farther. They complained bitterly of the
+treatment that they had received at the hands of Superintendent Coffin
+and of Agent Cutler and, in a stirring appeal[186] to President
+Lincoln, set forth their injuries, their grievances, and
+their incontestable claim upon a presumably just and merciful
+government.[187]
+
+The Indians were not alone in their rebellious attitude. There was
+mutiny seething, or something very like it, within the ranks of the
+agents.[188] E.H. Carruth
+
+[Footnote 184: Coffin to Dole, March 28, 1862 [Indian Office Special
+Files, no. 201, _Southern Superintendency_, C 1565 of 1862].]
+
+[Footnote 185: Mismanagement there most certainly had been. In no
+other way can the fact that there was absolutely no amelioration in
+their condition be accounted for. Many documents that will be cited in
+other connections prove this point and Collamore's letter is of itself
+conclusive. George W. Collamore, known best by his courtesy title of
+"General," went to Kansas in the critical years before the war under
+circumstances, well and interestingly narrated in Stearns' _Life and
+Public Services of George Luther Stearns_, 106-108. He had been
+agent for the New England Relief Society in the year of the great
+drouth, 1860-1861 [_Daily Conservative_, October 26, 1861] and
+had had much to do with Lane, in whose interests he labored, and who
+had planned to make him a brigadier under himself as major-general
+[Stearns, 246, 251]. He became quartermaster-general of Kansas
+[_Daily Conservative_, March 27, 1862] and in that capacity made,
+in the company of the Reverend Evan Jones, a visit of inspection to
+the refugee encampment. His discoveries were depressing [Ibid.,
+April 10, 1862]. His report to the government [Indian Office General
+Files, _Southern Superintendency_, C 1602 of 1862] is
+printed almost _verbatim_ in Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
+_Report_, 1862, 155-158.]
+
+[Footnote 186: Coffin's letter to Dole of April 21, 1862 [Indian
+Office General Files, _Wichita_, 1862-1871, C 1601 of 1862] seems
+to cast doubt upon the genuineness of some of the signatures attached
+to this appeal and charges Agent Carruth with having been concerned in
+making the Indians discontented.]
+
+[Footnote 187: Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la and other prominent refugees
+addressed their complaints to Dole, March 29, 1862 [Indian Office Land
+Files, _Southern Superintendency_, 1855-1870, O 43 of 1862] and
+two days later to President Lincoln, some strong partisan, supposed by
+Coffin to be Carruth, acting as scribe.]
+
+[Footnote 188: On the way to the Catholic Mission, whither he was
+going in order (cont.)]
+
+who had been so closely associated with Lane in the concoction of the
+first plan for the recovery of Indian Territory, was now figuring as
+the promoter of a rising sentiment against Coffin and his minions, who
+were getting to be pretty numerous. The removal to the Sac and Fox
+reservation would mean the getting into closer and closer touch with
+Perry Fuller,[189] the contractor, whose dealings in connection with
+the Indian refugees were to become matter, later on, of a notoriety
+truly disgraceful. Mistrust of Coffin was yet, however, very vague in
+expression and the chief difficulty in effecting the removal from the
+Neosho lay, therefore, in the disgruntled state of the refugees,
+which was due, in part, to their unalleviated misery and, in part, to
+domestic
+
+[Footnote 188: (cont.) to coöperate with Agent Elder in negotiating
+with the Osages, Coffin heard of "a sneaking conspiracy" that was "on
+foot at Iola for the purpose of prejudicing the Indians against us
+[himself and Dole, perhaps, or possibly himself and the agents]."
+The plotters, so Coffin reported, "sent over the Verdigris for E.H.
+Carruth who" was "deep in the plot," which was a scheme to induce the
+Indians to lodge complaint against the distributers of relief. One of
+the conspirators was a man who had studied law under Lane and who had
+wanted a position under Kile. Lane had used his influence in the man's
+behalf and the refusal of Coffin to assign him to a position was
+supposed to be the cause of all the trouble. Coffin learned that
+his enemies had even gone so far as to plan vacancies in the Indian
+service and to fill them. They had "instructed Lane, Pomeroy, and
+Conway accordingly," leaving graciously to Lane the choice of
+superintendent. A Mr. Smith, correspondent of the Cincinnati
+_Gazette_ was their accredited secretary [Coffin to Dole,
+April 2, 1862, Indian Office Consolidated Files, _Southern
+Superintendency_, C 1571 of 1862].
+
+Further particulars of the disaffection came to Coffin's ears before
+long and he recounted them to Dole in a letter of April 9, 1862
+[Ibid., General Files, _Southern Superintendency_,
+1859-1862].]
+
+[Footnote 189: Perry Fuller had been in Kansas since 1854 [U.S.
+House _Reports_, 34th congress, first session, no. 200, p. 8 of
+"Testimony"]. The first time that his name is intimately used in the
+correspondence, relative to the affairs of the refugees, is in a
+letter from Kile to Dole, March 29, 1862 [Indian Office Consolidated
+Files, _Southern Superintendency_, K 113 of 1862, which also
+makes mention of the great unwillingness of the Indians to move to the
+Sac and Fox reservation.]]
+
+tribal discord. There was a quarrel among them over leadership, the
+election of Ock-tah-har-sas Harjo as principal chief having
+aroused strong antagonistic feeling among the friends of
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la.[190] Moreover, dissatisfaction against their agent
+steadily increased and they asked for the substitution of Carruth; but
+he, being satisfied with his assignment to the Wichitas,[191] had no
+wish to change.[192]
+
+[Footnote 190: Carruth gave particulars of this matter to Dole, April
+20, 1862 [Indian Office General Files, _Wichita_, 1862-1871, C
+1601 of 1862].]
+
+[Footnote 191: Dole to Carruth, March 18, 1862 [Indian Office
+_Letter Book_, no. 67, pp. 493-494].]
+
+[Footnote 192: Carruth to Dole, April 10, 1862 [Ibid.,
+General Files, _Wichita_, 1862-1871, C 1588 of 1862; _Letters
+Registered_, vol. 58].]
+
+
+
+
+IV. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE FIRST INDIAN EXPEDITION
+
+
+Among the manifold requests put forward by the refugees, none was so
+insistent, none so dolefully sincere, as the one for means to return
+home. It is a mistake to suppose that the Indian, traditionally
+laconic and stoical, is without family affection and without that
+noblest of human sentiments, love of country. The United States
+government has, indeed, proceeded upon the supposition that he is
+destitute of emotions, natural to his more highly civilized white
+brother, but its files are full to overflowing with evidences to the
+contrary. Everywhere among them the investigator finds the exile's
+lament. The red man has been banished so often from familiar and
+greatly loved scenes that it is a wonder he has taken root anywhere
+and yet he has. Attachment to the places where the bones of his people
+lie is with him the most constant of experiences and his cry for those
+same sacred places is all the stronger and the more sorrowful because
+it has been persistently ignored by the white man.
+
+The southern Indians had not been so very many years in the Indian
+Territory, most of them not more than the span of one generation, but
+Indian Territory was none the less home. If the refugees could only
+get there again, they were confident all would be well with them. In
+Kansas, they were hungry, afflicted with disease, and dying daily by
+the score.[193] Once at home
+
+[Footnote 193: And yet they did have their amusements. Their days of
+exile were not filled altogether with bitterness. Coffin, in a letter
+to the (cont.)]
+
+all the ills of the flesh would disappear and lost friends be
+recovered. The exodus had separated them cruelly from each other.
+There were family and tribal encampments within the one large
+encampment,[194] it is true, but there were also widely isolated
+groups, scattered indiscriminately across two hundred miles of bleak
+and lonely prairie, and no amount of philanthropic effort on the part
+of the government agents could mitigate the misery arising therefrom
+or bring the groups together. The task had been early abandoned as,
+under the circumstances, next to impossible; but the refugees went on
+begging for its accomplishment, notwithstanding that they had
+neither the physical strength nor the means to render any assistance
+themselves. Among them the wail of the bereaved vied in tragic cadence
+with the sad inquiry for the missing.
+
+When Dole arrived at Leavenworth the latter part of January,
+representatives of the loyal Indians interviewed him and received
+assurances, honest and well-meant at the time given, that an early
+return to Indian Territory would be made possible. Lane, likewise
+interviewed,[195] was similarly encouraging and had every reason to
+be; for was not his Indian brigade in process of formation? Much
+cheered and even exhilarated in spirit, the Indians went away to
+endure and to wait. They had great confidence in Lane's power to
+accomplish; but, as the days and the weeks passed and he did not come,
+they grew tired of waiting. The waiting
+
+[Footnote 193: (cont.) _Daily Conservative_, published April 16,
+1862, gives, besides a rather gruesome account of their diseases, some
+interesting details of their camp life.]
+
+[Footnote 194: On their division into tribal encampments, see Kile
+to Dole, April 10, 1862 [Indian Office General Files, _Southern
+Superintendency_, 1859-1862, K 119 of 1862].]
+
+[Footnote 195: They had their interview with Lane at the Planters'
+House while they were awaiting the arrival of Dole. Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la
+(Crazy Dog) and a Seminole chief, Aluktustenuke (Major Potatoes) were
+among them [_Daily Conservative_, January 28, February 8, 1862].]
+
+[Illustration: PORTRAIT OF COLONEL W.A. PHILLIPS]
+
+seemed so hopeless to them miserable, so endlessly long. Primitive as
+they were, they simply could not understand why the agents of a great
+government could not move more expeditiously. The political and
+military aspects of the undertaking, involved in their return home,
+were unknown to them and, if known, would have been uncomprehended.
+Then, too, the vacillation of the government puzzled them. They became
+suspicious; for they had become acquainted, through the experience of
+long years, with the white man's bad faith and they had nothing to go
+upon that would counteract the influence of earlier distrust. And so
+it happened, that, as the weary days passed and Lane's brigade did not
+materialize, every grievance that loomed up before them took the shape
+of a disappointed longing for home.
+
+So poignant was their grief at the continued delay that they despaired
+of ever getting the help promised and began to consider how they could
+contrive a return for themselves. And yet, quite independent of Lane's
+brigade, there had been more than one movement initiated in their
+behalf. The desire to recover lost ground in Indian Territory, under
+the pretext of restoring the fugitives, aroused the fighting instinct
+of many young men in southern Kansas and several irregular expeditions
+were projected.[196] Needless to say they came to nothing. In point of
+fact, they never really developed, but died almost with the thought.
+There was no adequate equipment for them and the longer the delay,
+the more necessary became equipment; because after the Battle of Pea
+Ridge, Pike's brigade had been set free to operate, if it so willed,
+on the Indian Territory border.
+
+[Footnote 196: In addition to those referred to in documents already
+cited, the one, projected by Coffin's son and a Captain Brooks, is
+noteworthy. It is described in a letter from Coffin to Dole, March 24,
+1862.]
+
+Closely following upon the Federal success of March 6 to 8, came
+numerous changes and readjustments in the Missouri-Kansas commands;
+but they were not so much the result of that success as they were
+a part of the general reorganization that was taking place in the
+Federal service incident to the more efficient war administration of
+Secretary Stanton. By order of March 11, three military departments
+were arranged for, the Department of the Potomac under McClellan,
+that of the Mountain under Frémont, and that of the Mississippi under
+Halleck. The consolidation of Hunter's Department of Kansas with
+Halleck's Department of Missouri was thus provided for and had long
+been a consummation devoutly to be wished.[197] Both were naturally
+parts of the same organic whole when regarded from a military point
+of view. Neither could be operated upon independently of the other.
+Moreover, both were infested by political vultures. In both, the army
+discipline was, in consequence, bad; that is, if it could be said to
+be in existence at all. If anything, Kansas was in a worse state than
+Missouri. Her condition, as far as the military forces were concerned,
+had not much improved since Hunter first took command and it was then
+about the worst that could possibly be imagined. Major Halpine's
+description[198] of it, made by him in his capacity as assistant
+adjutant-general, officially to Halleck, is anything but flattering.
+Hunter was probably well rid of his job and Halleck, whom Lincoln much
+admired because he was "wholly for the service,"[199] had asked for
+the entire command.[200]
+
+[Footnote 197: Halleck, however, had not desired the inclusion of
+Kansas in the contemplated new department because he thought that
+state had only a remote connection with present operations.]
+
+[Footnote 198: _Official Records_, vol. viii, 615-617.]
+
+[Footnote 199: Thayer, _Life and Letters of John Hay_, vol. i,
+127-128.]
+
+[Footnote 200: Badeau, _Military History of U.S. Grant_, vol. i,
+53, _footnote_.]
+
+Halleck's plans for remodeling the constituent elements of his
+department were made with a thorough comprehension of the difficulties
+confronting him. It is not surprising that they brought General Denver
+again to the fore. Hunter's troubles had been bred by local politics.
+That Halleck well knew; but he also knew that Indian relations were a
+source of perplexity and that there was no enemy actually in Kansas
+and no enemy worth considering that would threaten her, provided her
+own jay-hawking hordes could be suppressed. Her problems were chiefly
+administrative.[201] For the work to be done, Denver seemed the
+fittest man available and, on the nineteenth, he, having previously
+been ordered to report to Halleck for duty,[202] was assigned[203] to
+the command of a newly-constituted District of Kansas, from which
+the troops,[204] who were guarding the only real danger zone,
+the southeastern part of the state, were expressly excluded. The
+hydra-headed evil of the western world then asserted itself, the
+meddling, particularistic spoils system, with the result that Lane and
+Pomeroy, unceasingly vigilant whenever and wherever what they regarded
+as their preserves were likely to be encroached upon, went to
+President Lincoln and protested against the preferment of Denver.[205]
+Lincoln weakly yielded and wired to Halleck to suspend
+
+[Footnote 201: Halleck to Stanton, March 28, 1862, _Official
+Records_, vol. viii, 647-648.]
+
+[Footnote 202:--Ibid., 612]
+
+[Footnote 203:--Ibid., 832.]
+
+[Footnote 204: Those troops, about five thousand, were left under
+the command of George W. Deitzler, colonel of the First Kansas
+(Ibid., 614), a man who had become prominent before the war in
+connection with the Sharpe's rifles episode (Spring, _Kansas_,
+60) and whose appointment as an Indian agent, early in 1861, had been
+successfully opposed by Lane (Robinson, _Kansas Conflict_, 458).
+There will be other occasions to refer to him in this narrative. He is
+believed to have held the secret that induced Lane to commit suicide
+in 1866 [Ibid., 457-460].]
+
+[Footnote 205: Stanton to Halleck, March 26, 1862 [_Official
+Records_, vol. liii, supplement, 516].]
+
+the order for Denver's assignment to duty until further notice.[206]
+Stanton, to whom Halleck applied[207] for an explanation,
+deprecated[208] the political interference of the Kansas senators and
+the influence it had had with the chief executive, but he, too, had to
+give way. So effective was the Lane-Pomeroy objection to Denver that
+even a temporary[209] appointment of him, resorted[210] to by Halleck
+because of the urgent need of some sort of a commander in Kansas, was
+deplored by the president.[211] Denver was then sent to the place
+where his abilities and his experience would be better appreciated, to
+the southernmost part of the state, the hinterland of the whole Indian
+country.[212] Official indecision and personal envy pursued him
+even there, however, and it was not long before he was called
+eastward.[213] The man who succeeded him in command of the District of
+Kansas[214] was one who proved to be his ranking officer[215] and his
+rival, Brigadier-general S.D. Sturgis. Blunt succeeded him at Fort
+Scott.
+
+[Footnote 206: Lincoln to Halleck, March 21, 1862, _Official
+Records_, vol. liii, supplement, 516.]
+
+[Footnote 207: Halleck to Stanton, March 26, 1862, Ibid.]
+
+[Footnote 208: "Deprecated" is, perhaps, too mild a word to describe
+Stanton's feeling in the matter. Adjutant-general Hitchcock is
+authority for the statement that Stanton threatened "to leave the
+office" should the "enforcement" of any such order, meaning the
+non-assignment of Denver and the appointment of a man named Davis
+[Davies?], believed by Robinson to be a relative of Lane [_Kansas
+Conflict_, 446], be attempted [Hitchcock to Halleck, March 22,
+1862, _Official Records_, vol. viii, 832-833].]
+
+[Footnote 209:--Ibid., vol. liii, supplement, 519.]
+
+[Footnote 210:--Ibid., vol. viii, 647-648.]
+
+[Footnote 211:--Ibid., vol. liii, supplement, 519.]
+
+[Footnote 212: Concerning the work, mapped out for Denver, see Halleck
+to Sturgis, April 6, 1862 [_Official Records_, vol. viii, 668]
+and Halleck to Stanton, April 7, 1862 [Ibid., 672].]
+
+[Footnote 213: May 14, 1862 [Ibid., vol. iii, part i,
+supplement, 249].]
+
+[Footnote 214:--Ibid., vol. liii, supplement, 520.]
+
+[Footnote 215: "It is stated that the commission of Gen. Sturgis is
+dated April 10 and that of Gen. Denver Aug. 14 and consequently Gen.
+Sturgis is the ranking officer in this military District."--_Daily
+Conservative_, April 10, 1862.]
+
+The elimination of Kansas as a separate department marked the revival
+of interest in an Indian expedition. The cost of supporting so huge
+a body of refugees had really become a serious proposition and, as
+Colonel C. R. Jennison[216] had once remarked, it would be economy to
+enlist them.[217] Congress had provided that certain Indian annuity
+money might be diverted to their maintenance,[218] but that fund was
+practically exhausted before the middle of March.[219] As already
+observed, the refugees very much wished to assist in the recovery of
+Indian Territory.[220] In fact they were determined to go south if the
+army went and their disappointment was likely to be most keen in the
+event of its and their not going.[221] It was under circumstances such
+as these that Commissioner Dole recommended to Secretary Smith, March
+13, 1862, that he
+
+  Procure an order from the War Department detailing two
+  Regiment of Volunteers from Kansas to go with the Indians
+  to their homes and to remain there for their protection as long
+  (as) may be necessary, also to furnish two thousand stand of
+  arms and ammunition to be placed in the hands of the loyal
+  Indians.
+
+Dole's unmistakable earnestness carried the day. Within less than a
+week there had been promised[222] him all that he had asked for and
+more, an
+
+[Footnote 216: Jennison, so says the _Daily Conservative_,
+March 25, 1862, had been ordered with the First Cavalry to repair to
+Humboldt at the time the Indian Expedition was under consideration the
+first of the year and was brevetted acting brigadier for the purpose
+of furthering Dole's intentions.]
+
+[Footnote 217: _Daily Conservative_, February 18, 1862.]
+
+[Footnote 218: _Congressional Globe_, 37th congress, second
+session, part i, 835, 878.]
+
+[Footnote 219: Dole to Smith, March 13, 1862 [Indian Office _Report
+Book_, no. 12, 331-332].]
+
+[Footnote 220: Coffin to Dole, March 3, 1862 [Ibid.,
+Consolidated Files, _Southern Superintendency_, C 1544 of 1862;
+_Letters Registered_, no. 58].]
+
+[Footnote 221: _Daily Conservative_, March 5, 1862.]
+
+[Footnote 222: Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1862,
+148.]
+
+expeditionary force of two white regiments and two[223] thousand
+Indians, appropriately armed. To expedite matters and to obviate any
+difficulties that might otherwise beset the carrying out of the plan,
+a semi-confidential agent, on detail from the Indian Office, was sent
+west with despatches[224] to Halleck and with an order[225] from the
+Ordnance Department for the delivery, at Fort Leavenworth, of the
+requisite arms. The messenger was Judge James Steele, who, upon
+reaching St. Louis, had already discouraging news to report to Dole.
+He had interviewed Halleck and had found him in anything but a helpful
+mood, notwithstanding that he must, by that time, have received and
+reflected upon the following communication from the War Department:
+
+WAR DEPARTMENT,
+
+WASHINGTON CITY, D. C, March 19, 1862.
+MAJ. GEN.H.W. HALLECK,
+
+Commanding the Department of Mississippi:
+
+General: It is the desire of the President, on the application of the
+Secretary of the Interior and the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, that
+you should detail two regiments to act in the Indian country, with a
+view to open the way for the friendly Indians who are now refugees in
+Southern Kansas to return to their homes and to protect them there.
+Five thousand friendly Indians will also be armed to aid in their
+own protection, and you will please furnish them with necessary
+subsistence.
+
+Please report your action in the premises to this Department. Prompt
+action is necessary.
+
+By order of the Secretary of War:
+
+L. THOMAS, Adjutant-general[226]
+
+[Footnote 223: Two thousand was most certainly the number, although
+the communication from the War Department gives it as five.]
+
+[Footnote 224: Dole to Halleck, March 21, 1862 [Indian Office
+_Letter Book_, no. 67, 516-517].]
+
+[Footnote 225:--Ibid., 517-518.]
+
+[Footnote 226: _Official Records_, vol. viii, 624-625.]
+
+Steele inferred from what passed at the interview with Halleck that
+the commanding general was decidedly opposed to arming Indians. Steele
+found him also non-committal as to when the auxiliary force would be
+available.[227] Dole's letter, with its seeming dictation as to
+the choice of a commander for the expedition, may not have been to
+Halleck's liking. He was himself at the moment most interested in the
+suppression of guerrillas and jayhawkers, against whom sentence of
+outlawry had just been passed. As it happened, that was the work in
+which Dole's nominee, Colonel Robert B. Mitchell,[228] was to render
+such signal service[229] and, anticipating as much, Halleck may have
+objected to his being thought of for other things. Furthermore, Dole
+had no right to so much as cast a doubt upon Halleck's own ability to
+select a proper commander.
+
+A little perplexed but not at all daunted by Halleck's lack of
+cordiality, Steele proceeded on his journey and, arriving at
+Leavenworth, presented his credentials to Captain McNutt, who was in
+charge of the arsenal. Four hundred Indian rifles were at hand, ready
+for him, and others expected.[230] What to do next, was the question?
+Should he go on to Leroy and trust to the auxiliary force's showing up
+in season or wait for it? The principal part of his mission was yet
+to be executed. The Indians had to be enrolled and everything got in
+train for their expedition southward. Their homes
+
+[Footnote 227: Steele to Dole, March 27, 1862 [Indian Office General
+Files, _Southern Superintendence_, 1859-1862, S 537 of 1862].]
+
+[Footnote 228: Robert B. Mitchell was colonel, first of the Second
+Kansas Infantry, then of the Second Kansas Cavalry. He raised the
+former, in answer to President Lincoln's first call, 1861 [Crawford,
+_Kansas in the Sixties_, 20], chiefly in Linn County, and the
+latter in 1862.]
+
+[Footnote 229: Connelley, _Quantrilt and the Border Wars_, 236
+ff.]
+
+[Footnote 230: Steele to Dole, March 26, 1862 [Indian Office General
+Files, _Southern Superintendence_, 1859-1862].]
+
+once recovered, they were to be left in such shape as to be able to
+"protect and defend themselves."[231]
+
+Halleck's preoccupation, prejudice, or whatever it was that prevented
+him from giving any satisfaction to Steele soon yielded, as all
+things sooner or later must, to necessity; but not to the extent of
+sanctioning the employment of Indians in warfare except as against
+other "Indians or in defense of their own territory and homes." The
+Pea Ridge atrocities were probably still fresh in his mind. On the
+fifth of April, he instructed[232] General Denver with a view to
+advancing, at last, the organization of the Indian expedition and
+Denver, Coffin, and Steele forthwith exerted all their energies in
+coöperating effort[233]. Some time was spent in inspecting arms[234]
+but, on the eighth, enough for two thousand Indians went forward in
+the direction of Leroy and Humboldt[235] and on the sixteenth were
+delivered to the superintendent[236]. Coffin surmised that new
+complications would arise as soon as the distribution began; for all
+the Indians, whether they intended to enlist or not, would try to
+secure guns. Nothing had yet been said about their pay and nothing
+heard of an auxiliary force[237]. Again the question was, what,
+
+[Footnote 231: Dole to Steele, March 21, 1862, Indian Office _Letter
+Book_, no. 67, 508-509.]
+
+[Footnote 232: _Official Records_, vol. viii, 665.]
+
+[Footnote 233: Dole's name might well be added to this list; for he
+had never lost his interest or relaxed his efforts. On the fifth of
+April, he communicated to Secretary Smith the intelligence that he
+had issued instructions to "the officers appointed to command the two
+Regiments of Indians to be raised as Home Guard to report at Fort
+Leavenworth to be mustered into service ... "--Indian Office _Report
+Book_, no. 12, 357.]
+
+[Footnote 234: Steele to Dole, April 7, 1862 [Ibid., General
+Files, _Southern Superintendency_, 1859-1862, S 538 of 1862].]
+
+[Footnote 235: Denver to Halleck, April 8, 1862 [_Official
+Records_, vol. viii, 679].]
+
+[Footnote 236: Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1862,
+148.]
+
+[Footnote 237: "... I fear we shall have trouble in regard to the guns
+as many will take guns that will not go and whether they will give up
+their arms is doubtful. I had a long talk with Opothly-Oholo on that
+point and told (cont.)]
+
+in the event of its not appearing, should the Indian agents do?[238]
+
+The time was propitious for starting the expedition; for not the
+shadow of an enemy had been lately seen in the West, unless count be
+taken of Indians returning home or small roving bands of possible
+marauders that the people of all parties detested[239]. But the order
+for the supplanting of Denver by Sturgis had already been issued,
+April sixth[240], and Sturgis's policy was not yet
+
+[Footnote 237: (cont.) him you could only get 2000 guns and you wanted
+every one to go and an Indian with it and that if any of them got guns
+that did not go they must give up their guns to those that would go
+but I know enough of the Indian character to know that it will be next
+thing to an impossibility to get a gun away from one when he once gets
+it and I shall put off the distribution of the guns till the last
+moment and it would be best to send them on a day or two before being
+distributed but that would make them mad and they would not go at all
+and how we are to know how many to look out for from others than those
+we have here I am not able to see but we will do all that we can but
+you may look out for dificulty in the matter they all seem anxious now
+to go and make no objections as yet nor have they said anything about
+their pay but as they were told before when we expect them to go into
+the Hunter Lane expedition that they would get the same pay as white
+troops and set off a part of it for their families it was so indelibly
+impressed upon their minds that I fear we will have a blow up on that
+score when it comes up we hear nothing yet of any troops being ordered
+to this service and I very much fear they will put off the matter so
+long that there will be no crop raised this season ... the mortality
+amongst them is great more since warm weather has set in than during
+the cold weather they foolishly physic themselves nearly to death danc
+[dance] all night and then jump into the river just at daylight to
+make themselves bullet proof they have followed this up now every
+night for over two weeks and it has no doubt caused many deaths
+Long Tiger the Uchee Chief and one of the best amongst them died
+to-day--yesterday we had 7 deaths and there will not be less
+to-day"--Coffin to Dole, April 7, 1862, Indian Office General Files,
+_Southern Superintendency_, 1859-1862, C 1578 of 1862.]
+
+[Footnote 238: This was the query put to Dole by Steele in a letter of
+the thirteenth of April, which acknowledged Dole's of the third and
+ventured the opinion that Postmaster-general Blair "must be imitating
+General McClellan and practicing strategy with the mails." Steele
+further remarked, "Gen'l Denver, Maj. Wright and I are in the dark as
+to the plans of the Indian Expedition. Gen. Denver thinks I
+should proceed at once to Leroy without waiting for your
+instructions."--Ibid., S 539 of 1862.]
+
+[Footnote 239: Curtis to Halleck, April 5, 1862 [_Official
+Records_, vol. viii, 662].]
+
+[Footnote 240: Sturgis, upon the receipt of orders of this date,
+assumed command of (cont.)]
+
+known. It soon revealed itself, however, and was hostile to the whole
+project that Dole had set his heart upon. Apparently that project, the
+moment it had been taken up by Denver, had ceased to have any interest
+for Lane on the score of its merits and had become identified with
+the Robinson faction in Kansas politics. At any rate, it was the
+anti-Robinson press that saw occasion for rejoicing in the complete
+removal of Denver from the scene, an event which soon took place[241].
+
+The relieving of Denver from the command of the District of Kansas
+inaugurated[242] what contemporaries described as "Sturgis' military
+despotism,"[243] in amplification of which it is enough to say that
+it attempted the utter confounding, if not the annihilation, of the
+Indian Expedition, a truly noble undertaking to be sure, considering
+how much was hoped for from that expedition, how much of benefit and
+measure of justice to a helpless, homeless, impoverished people and
+considering, also, how much of time and thought and
+
+[Footnote 240: (cont.) the District of Kansas; but Denver was not
+called east until the fourteenth of May. On the twenty-first of April,
+it was still expected that he would lead an expedition "down the
+borders of Arkansas into the Indian country." [KELTON to Curtis, April
+21, 1862, Ibid., vol. xiii, 364].]
+
+[Footnote 241: The _Daily Conservative_, for instance, rejoiced
+over this telegram from Sidney Clark of May 2, which gave advanced
+information of Denver's approaching departure: "Conservative: The
+Department of Kansas is reinstated. Gen. Blunt takes command. Denver
+reports to Halleck; Sturgis here." The newspaper comment was, "We
+firmly believe that a prolongation of the Denver-Sturgis political
+generalship, aided as it was by the corrupt Governor of this
+State, would have led to a revolution in Kansas ..."--_Daily
+Conservative_, May 6, 1862.]
+
+[Footnote 242: General Sturgis assumed command, April 10, 1862
+[_Official Records_, vol. viii, 683], and Denver took temporary
+charge at Fort Scott [Ibid., 668].]
+
+[Footnote 243: Quoted from the _Daily Conservative_ of May 20;
+but not with the idea of subscribing thereby to any verdict that would
+bear the implication that all of Sturgis's measures were arbitrary
+and wrong. Something strenuous was needed in Kansas. The arrest of
+Jennison and of Hoyt [Ibid., April 19, 23, 1862] because of
+their too radical anti-slavery actions was justifiable. Jennison had
+disorganized his regiment in a shameful manner [Ibid., June 3,
+1862].]
+
+energy, not to mention money, had already been expended upon it.
+
+Sturgis's policy with reference to the Indian Expedition was initiated
+by an order[244], of April 25, which gained circulation as purporting
+to be in conformity with instructions from the headquarters of the
+Department of the Mississippi, although in itself emanating from those
+of the District of Kansas. It put a summary stop to the enlistment
+of Indians and threatened with arrest anyone who should disobey its
+mandate. Superintendent Coffin, in his inimitable illiteracy, at once
+entered protest[245] against it and coolly informed Sturgis that, in
+enrolling Indians for service, he was acting under the authority, not
+of the War, but of the Interior Department. At the same sitting, he
+applied to Commissioner Dole for new instructions[246].
+
+[Footnote 244: _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 365.]
+
+[Footnote 245:
+
+  LE ROY COFFEE COUNTY, KANSAS, April 29th 1862.
+  BRIG. GENL S.D. STURGIS, Fort Leavenworth Kansas
+
+Dear Sir: A Special Messenger arrived here last night from Fort
+Leavenworth with your orders No. 8 and contents noted. I would most
+respectfully inform you that I am acting under the controle and
+directions of the Interior and not of the War Department. I have
+been endeavoring to the best of my humble ability to carry out the
+instructions and wishes of that Department, all of which I hope will
+meet your aprobation.
+
+Your Messenger reports himself Straped, that no funds were furnished
+him to pay his expenses, that he had to beg his way down here. I have
+paid his bill here and furnished him with five dollars to pay his way
+back. Very respectfully your Obedient Servant
+
+W.G. COFFIN, _Sup't. of Indian Affairs_, Southern
+Superintendency. [Indian Office Special Files, no. 201, _Southern
+Superintendency_, C 1612 of 1862].]
+
+[Footnote 246: LEROY COFFEY CO., KANSAS, April 29th, 1862.
+
+SIR: Enclosed please find a communication from Brigadier General
+Sturgis in regard to the organising of the Indians and my reply to the
+same, the officers are here, or at least four of them. Col Furnace
+Agutant Elithurp Lieutenant Wattles and Agutant Dole I need scarcely
+say to you that we shall continue to act under your Instructions til
+further orders, the Officers above alluded to have been untiring in
+their efforts to get acquainted with and get the permanent (cont.)]
+
+Colonel John Ritchie[247] of the inchoate Second Regiment Indian Home
+Guards did the same[248].
+
+The reëstablishment[249] of the Department of Kansas, at this critical
+moment, while much to be regretted as indicative of a surrender to
+politicians[250] and an abandonment of the idea, so fundamentally
+conducive to military success, that all parts must contribute to the
+good of the whole, had one thing to commend it, it restored vigor
+to the Indian Expedition. The department was reëstablished, under
+orders[251] of May second, with James G. Blunt in command. He entered
+upon his duties, May fifth, and on that selfsame day authorized the
+issue of the following most significant instructions, in toto, a
+direct countermand of all that Sturgis had most prominently stood for:
+
+[Footnote 246: (cont.) organization of the Indians under way and have
+made a fine impression upon them, and I should very much regret any
+failure to carry out the programe as they have been allready so
+often disappointed that they have become suspicious and it all has a
+tendency to lessen their confidence in us and to greatly increase
+our dificulties All of which is most Respectfully Submitted by your
+obedient Servant
+
+W.G. COFFIN, Sup't of Indian Affairs. [Indian Office Special Files,
+no. 201, _Southern Superintendency_, C 1612 of 1862].]
+
+[Footnote 247: For an inferential appraisement of Ritchie's character
+and abilities, see Kansas _Historical Collections_, vol. iii,
+359-366.]
+
+[Footnote 248: Ritchie to Dole, April 26, 1863 [Indian Office
+Miscellaneous Files, 1858-1863].]
+
+[Footnote 249: The reëstablishment, considered in the light of the
+first orders issued by Blunt, those set out here, was decidedly in
+the nature of a reflection upon the reactionary policy of Halleck and
+Sturgis; but Halleck had no regrets. Of Kansas, he said, "Thank God,
+it is no longer under my command." [_Official Records_, vol.
+xiii, 440.] Ever since the time, when he had been urged by the
+administration in Washington, peculiarly sensitive to political
+importunities, not to retain, outside of Kansas, the Kansas troops
+if he could possibly avoid it, there had been more or less of rancor
+between him and them. His opinion of them was that they were a
+"humbug" [Ibid., vol. viii, 661].]
+
+[Footnote 250: Almost simultaneously, Schofield was given independent
+command in Missouri, a similar surrender to local political pressure.]
+
+[Footnote 251: _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 368-369.]
+
+General Orders,                HDQRS. DEPARTMENT OF KANSAS,
+No. 2.                         Fort Leavenworth, Kans., May 5, 1862.
+
+I. General Orders, No. 8, dated Headquarters District of Kansas, April
+25, 1862, is hereby rescinded.
+
+II. The instructions issued by the Department at Washington to the
+colonels of the two Indian regiments ordered to be raised will be
+fully carried out, and the regiments will be raised with all possible
+speed.
+
+By order of Brig. Gen. James G. Blunt,[252]
+
+THOS. MOONLIGHT, _Captain
+and Assistant Adjutant-general_.[253]
+
+The full extent, not only of Sturgis's failure to coöperate with
+the Indian Office, but also of his intention utterly to block the
+organization of the Indian Expedition, is revealed in a letter[254]
+from Robert W. Furnas, colonel commanding the First Regiment Indian
+Home Guards, to Dole, May 4, 1862. That letter best explains itself.
+It was written from Leroy, Kansas, and reads thus:
+
+    Disclaiming any idea of violating "Regulations" by an "Official
+    Report" to you, permit me to communicate certain facts extremely
+    embarrassing, which surround the Indian Expedition.
+
+    In compliance with your order of Ap'l 5th. I reported myself
+    "forthwith" to the U.S. mustering officer at Ft. Leavenworth and
+    was "mustered into the service" on the 18th. of April. I "awaited
+    the orders from Genl Halleck" as directed but rec'd none. On the
+    20th. Ap'l I rec'd detailed
+
+[Footnote 252: The promotion of Blunt to a brigadier-generalship had
+caused surprise and some opposition. Referring to it, the _Daily
+Conservative_, April 12, 1862, said, "Less than three months ago
+Mr. Lincoln informed a gentleman from this State that no Kansas man
+would be made a Brigadier 'unless the Kansas Congressional delegation
+was unanimously and strenuously in his favor' ... Either the President
+has totally changed his policy or Lane, Pomeroy and Conway are
+responsible for this most unexpected and unprecedented appointment
+..."]
+
+[Footnote 253: _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 370.]
+
+[Footnote 254: Indian Office General Files, _Southern
+Superintendency_, 1859-1862, F 363 of 1862.]
+
+    instructions from Adjt. Gen'l Thomas, authorizing me to proceed
+    and raise "from the loyal Indians now in Kansas a Regiment of
+    Infantry." I immediately repaired to this place and in a very
+    few days enrolled a sufficient number of Indians to form a
+    minimum[255] Regiment. I am particularly indebted to the Agts.
+    Maj. Cutler of the Creeks and Maj. Snow of the Seminoles, for
+    their valuable services. Immediately after the enrolling, and
+    in compliance with my instructions from Adjt. Gen'l Thomas, I
+    notified Lieut. Chas. S. Bowman U.S. mustering officer at Ft.
+    Leavenworth of the fact, to which I have rec'd no answer.
+
+    At this point in my procedure a special messenger from Gen'l
+    Sturgis reached this place with a copy of his "Order No. 8," a
+    copy of which I herewith send you. On the next day Maj. Minor in
+    command at Iola, Kansas, and who had been furnished with a copy of
+    General Sturgis' "Order" came with a company of Cavalry to this
+    place "to look into matters." I showed him my authority, and
+    informed him what I had done. He made no arrest, seeming utterly
+    at a loss to understand the seemingly _confused_ state of
+    affairs. Whether Gen'l Sturgis will on the reception of my notice
+    at the Fort arrest me, or not, I know not. I have gone to the
+    limits of my instructions and deem it, if not my duty, prudent at
+    least to notify you of the condition of affairs, that you may be
+    the better enabled to remove obstacles, that the design of the
+    Department may be fully and promptly executed....[256]
+
+[Footnote 255: The regiment, according to the showing of the muster
+roll, comprised one thousand nine men. Fifteen hundred was the more
+usual number of a regiment, which, normally, had three battalions with
+a major at the head of each.]
+
+[Footnote 256: The remainder of the letter deals with the muster roll
+of the First Regiment Indian Home Guards, which was forwarded to Dole,
+under separate cover, the same day, and of which Dole acknowledged the
+receipt, May 16, 1862 [Indian Office _Letter Book_, no. 68, pp.
+240-241]. The roll shows the captain and number of each company as
+here:
+
+  Company A   Billy Bowlegs               106
+  Company B   A-ha-luk-tus-ta-na-ke       100
+  Company C   Tus-te-nu-ke-ema-ela        104
+  Company D   Tus-te-nuk-ke               100
+  Company E   Jon-neh (John)              101
+  Company F   Mic-co-hut-ka (White Chief) 103
+  Company G   Ah-pi-noh-to-me             103
+
+(cont.)]
+
+It soon developed that General Halleck had been equally at fault
+in disregarding the wishes of the government with respect to the
+mustering in of the loyal Indians. He had neglected to send on
+to Kansas the instructions which he himself had received from
+Washington.[257] It was incumbent, therefore, upon Blunt to ask for
+new. He had found the enlisted Indians with no arms, except guns, no
+shot pouches, no powder horns, although they were attempting to supply
+themselves as best they could.[258] Blunt thought they ought to be
+furnished with sheath, or bowie, knives; but the Indian Office had no
+funds for such a purpose.[259] The new instructions, when they came,
+were found to differ in no particular from those which had formerly
+been issued. The Indian Home Guards were to constitute an irregular
+force and were to be supported by such white troops, as Blunt should
+think necessary. They were to be supplied with transportation and
+subsistence and Blunt was to "designate the general to command."
+Blunt's own appointment was expected to remove all difficulties that
+had stood in the way of the Indian Expedition while under the control
+of Halleck.[260] On
+
+[Footnote 256: (cont.)
+
+  Company H   Lo-ga-po-koh        94
+  Company I   Jan-neh (John      100
+  Company J   Lo-ka-la-chi-ha-go  98]
+
+[Footnote 257: Coffin to Dole, May 8, 1862, Indian Office General
+Files, _Southern Superintendency_, 1859-1862.]
+
+[Footnote 258: Same to Same, May 13, 1862, Ibid., Land Files,
+_Southern Superintendency_, 1855-1870.]
+
+[Footnote 259: Dole to Coffin, May 20, 1862, Ibid., _Letter
+Book_, no. 68, p. 252.]
+
+[Footnote 260: "I visited the War Department today to ascertain what
+orders had been forwarded to you and your predecessor relative to the
+organization of two thousand Indians as a home guard, which when
+so organized would proceed to their homes in the Indian country in
+company with a sufficient number of white troops to protect them at
+their homes.
+
+"I learn from Adjutant General Thomas that all necessary orders have
+been forwarded to enable you to muster these Indian Regiments into the
+service as an irregular force; and to send such white force with them
+as (cont.)]
+
+May 8 came the order from Adjutant-general Thomas, "Hurry up the
+organization and departure of the two Indian regiments,"[261] which
+indicated that there was no longer any question as to endorsement by
+the Department of War.
+
+As a matter of fact, the need for hurry was occasioned by the activity
+of secessionists, Indians and white men, in southwest Missouri, which
+would, of itself, suggest the inquiry as to what the Indian allies of
+the Confederacy had been about since the Battle of Pea Ridge. Van
+Dorn had ordered them to retire towards their own country and, while
+incidentally protecting it, afford assistance to their white ally by
+harassing the enemy, cutting off his supply trains, and annoying him
+generally. The order had been rigidly attended to and the Indians had
+done their fair share of the irregular warfare that terrorized and
+desolated the border in the late spring of the second year of the war.
+Not all of them, regularly enlisted, had participated in it, however;
+for General Pike had, with a considerable part of his brigade, gone
+away from the border as far as possible and had intrenched himself at
+a fort of his own planning, Fort McCulloch, in the Choctaw Nation, on
+the Blue River, a branch of the Red.[262] Furthermore,
+
+[Footnote 260: (cont.) in your judgment may be deemed necessary, also
+that the difficulties we experienced while the expedition was under
+the control of Gen'l Halleck are now removed by your appointment, and
+that you will designate the general to command the whole expedition
+and see that such supplies for the transportation and subsistence as
+may be necessary are furnished to the whole expedition (Indians as
+well as whites). Lieut. Kile informs me that there was doubt whether
+the Quarter Master would be expected to act as Commissary for
+the Regiment. I suppose that you fully understand this was the
+intention...."--Dole to Blunt, May 16, 1862, Indian Office _Letter
+Book_, no. 68, pp. 241-242.]
+
+[Footnote 261: _Daily Conservative_, May 9, 1862.]
+
+[Footnote 262: "... General Albert Pike retreated from the battle of
+Pea Ridge, Arkansas, a distance of 250 miles, and left his new-made
+wards to the mercy (cont.)]
+
+Colonel Drew and his men, later converts to secessionism, had, for a
+good part of the time, contented themselves with guarding the Cherokee
+Nation,[263] thus leaving Colonel Cooper and Colonel Stand Watie, with
+their commands, to do most of the scouting and
+
+[Footnote 262: (cont.) of war, stringing his army along through the
+Cherokee, Creek and Choctaw Nations, passing through Limestone Gap, on
+among the Boggies, and halted at Carriage Point, on the Blue, 'away
+down along the Chickasaw line.' Cherokee Knights of the Golden Circle
+followed Pike's retreat to Texas ... "--Ross, _Life and Times of
+Hon. William P. Ross_, p. viii.]
+
+[Footnote 263: These two letters from John Ross are offered in
+evidence of this. They are taken from Indian Office Miscellaneous
+Files, John Ross _Papers_:
+
+(a)
+
+EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, PARK HILL, March 21st, 1862.
+
+SIR: I am in receipt of your favor of the 23rd. inst. I have no doubt
+that forage can be procured for Col. Drew's men in this vicinity by
+hauling it in from the farms of the surrounding Districts. The subject
+of a Delegate in Congress shall be attended to so soon as arrangements
+can be made for holding an election. I am happy to learn that Col.
+Drew has been authorized to furlough a portion of the men in his
+Regiment to raise corn. I shall endeavor to be correctly informed of
+the movements of the enemy and advise you of the same. And I shall be
+gratified to receive any important information that you may have to
+communicate at all times. I am very respectfully and truly, Yours,
+etc. John Ross, _Prin'l Chief_, Cherokee Nation.
+
+(b).
+
+EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, C.N. PARK HILL, April 10th, 1862.
+
+SIR: I beg leave to thank you for your kind response to my letter of
+the 22nd ulto and your order stationing Col. Drew's Regiment in this
+vicinity. Though much reduced by furloughs in number it will be
+useful for the particular purposes for which it was ordered here. The
+unprotected condition of the country however is a source of general
+anxiety among the People, who feel that they are liable to be overrun
+at any time by small parties from the U.S. Army which remains in the
+vicinity of the late Battle Ground. This is more particularly the case
+since the removal of the Confederate Forces under your command and
+those under Major Gen'l Price. Without distrusting the wisdom that has
+prompted these movements, or the manifestation of any desire on my
+part to enquire into their policy it will be nevertheless a source
+of satisfaction to be able to assure the people of the country that
+protection will not be withheld from them and that they will not
+be left to their own feeble defense. Your response is respectfully
+requested, I have the honor to be Sir with high regards, Your Obt
+Servt. JOHN ROSS, _Prin'l Chief_, Cherokee Nation.
+
+To Brig. Gen'l A. Pike Com'dg, Department Indian Territory, Head Qrs.
+Choctaw Nation.]
+
+skirmishing. So kindly did the Indians take to that work that Colonel
+Cooper recommended[264] their employment as out-and-out guerrillas.
+That was on May 6 and was probably suggested by the fact that, on
+April 21, the Confederate government had definitely authorized the
+use of partisan rangers.[265] A good understanding of Indian military
+activity, at this particular time, is afforded by General Pike's
+report[266] of May 4,
+
+    ... The Cherokee[267] and Creek troops are in their respective
+    countries. The Choctaw troops are in front of me, in their
+    country, part on this side of Boggy and part at Little Boggy, 34
+    miles from here. These observe the roads to Fort Smith and by
+    Perryville toward Fort Gibson. Part of the Chickasaw battalion is
+    sent to Camp McIntosh, 11 miles this side of the Wichita Agency,
+    and part to Fort Arbuckle, and the Texan company is at Fort Cobb.
+
+    I have ordered Lieutenant-colonel Jumper with his Seminoles to
+    march to and take Fort Larned, on the Pawnee Fork of the Arkansas,
+    where are considerable stores and a little garrison. He will go as
+    soon as their annuity is paid.
+
+    The Creeks under Colonel McIntosh are about to make an extended
+    scout westward. Stand Watie, with his Cherokees, scouts along the
+    whole northern line of the Cherokee country from Grand Saline to
+    Marysville, and sends me information continually of every movement
+    of the enemy in Kansas and Southwestern Missouri.
+
+    The Comanches, Kiowas, and Reserve Indians are all peaceable and
+    quiet. Some 2,000 of the former are encamped about three days'
+    ride from Fort Cobb, and some of them come in at intervals to
+    procure provisions. They have sent to me to know
+
+[Footnote 264: Cooper to Van Dorn, May 6, 1862, _Official
+Records_, vol. xiii, 823-824.]
+
+[Footnote 265: _Journal of the Congress of the Confederate
+States_, vol. v, 285.]
+
+[Footnote 266: _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 819-823.]
+
+[Footnote 267: This situation, so eminently satisfactory to John Ross,
+did not continue long, however, and on May 10, the Cherokee Principal
+Chief had occasion to complain that his country had been practically
+divested of a protecting force and, at the very moment, too, when the
+Federals were showing unwonted vigor near the northeastern border
+[Ross to Davis, May 10, 1862, _Official Records_, vol. xiii,
+824-825].]
+
+    if they can be allowed to send a strong party and capture any
+    trains on their way from Kansas to New Mexico, to which I have no
+    objection. To go on the war-path somewhere else is the best way to
+    keep them from troubling Texas ...
+
+Stand Watie's scouting had brought him, April 26,[268] into a slight
+action with men of the First Battalion First Missouri Cavalry at
+Neosho, in the vicinity of which place he lingered many days and where
+his men[269] again fought, in conjunction with Colonel Coffee's, May
+31.[270] The skirmish of the later date was disastrous to the Federals
+under Colonel John M. Richardson of the Fourteenth Missouri State
+Militia Cavalry and proved to be a case where the wily and nimble
+Indian had taken the Anglo-Saxon completely by surprise.[271] From
+Neosho, Stand Watie moved down, by slow and destructive stages,
+through Missouri and across into Indian Territory. His next important
+engagement was at Cowskin Prairie, June 6.
+
+Meanwhile, the organization of the Indian Expedition, or Indian Home
+Guard, as it was henceforth most commonly styled, was proceeding
+apace.[272] The
+
+[Footnote 268: _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 61-63; Britton,
+_Civil War on the Border_, vol. i, 281-282.]
+
+[Footnote 269: Stand Watie's whole force was not engaged and he,
+personally, was not present. Captain Parks led Watie's contingent and
+was joined by Coffee.]
+
+[Footnote 270: _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 90-92, 94-95.]
+
+[Footnote 271:--Ibid., 92-94, 409. Watie, although not
+present, seems to have planned the affair [Ibid., 95].
+Lieutenant-colonel Mills, who reported upon the Neosho engagement, was
+of the opinion that "the precipitate flight" of the Federals could
+be accounted for only upon the supposition that the "screaming and
+whooping of the Indians" unnerved them and "rendered their untrained
+horses nearly unmanageable."--Ibid., 93.]
+
+[Footnote 272: The progress in organization is indicated by these
+communications to the Indian Office:
+
+(a).
+
+The enrollment, organizing etc. etc. of the Indians, and preparations
+for their departure, are progressing satisfactorily, though as I
+anticipated, it will be difficult to raise two Regiments, and I have
+some fears of our success in getting the full number for the 2nd
+Regiment. But if we get one full company of Delawares and Shawnees,
+(cont.)]
+
+completion of the first regiment gave little concern. It was composed
+of Creeks and Seminoles, eight companies of the former and two of the
+latter. The second regiment was miscellaneous in its composition and
+took longer to
+
+[Footnote 272: (cont.) as promised, and four companies of Osages,
+which the chiefs say they can raise, I think we shall succeed.
+
+Two Regiments of white troops and Rabb's Battery have already started
+and are down by this time in the Cherokee Nation. Col. Doubleday, who
+is in command, has notified the officers here to prepare with all
+possible despatch, for marching orders. We are looking for Aliens
+Battery here this week and if it comes I hope to make considerable
+addition to the Army from the loyal Refugee Indians here, as they have
+great confidence in "_them waggons that shoot_," this has been a
+point with them all the time.
+
+We were still feeding those that are mustered in and shall I suppose
+have to do so until the requisitions arive. The Dellawares and
+Shaw-nees also, I had to make arrangements to feed from the time of
+their arrival at the Sac and Fox Agency. But from all the indications
+now we expect to see the whole Expedition off in ten days or two
+weeks.--Coffin to Dole, June 4, 1862, Indian Office General Files,
+_Southern Superintendency_, 1859-1862, C 1661.
+
+(b).
+
+It has been some time since I wrote you and to fill my promise I again
+drop you a line. I presume you feel a lively interest in whatever
+relates to the Indians. The 1st. Regt. is now mustered into the
+service and will probably to-day number something over a minimum Regt.
+It is composed entirely of Creeks and Seminoles, eight companys of the
+former and two of the latter.
+
+I have understood that the report of the Creek Agent gave the number
+of Creek men at 1990--If this is a fact it is far from a correct
+statement--The actual number of Creek men over 14 years of age
+(refugees) will not number over 900. Some of these are unable to be
+soldiers. The actual number of Seminoles (men) will not excede 300
+over 14 years of age, many of them are old and disabled as soldiers.
+Thus you will see that but one Regt. could be raised from that
+quarter. You are aware that the Creeks and Seminoles speak one
+language nearly and are thus naturally drawn together and they were
+not willing to be divided.
+
+The second regt. is now forming from the various other tribes and I
+have no doubt will be filled, it would have been filled long ago, but
+Col. Ritchie did not repair here for a long time in fact not till
+after our Regt. was raised--Adjutant Dole came here promptly to do his
+duty--but in the absence of his Col. could not facilitate his regt.
+without assuming a responsibility that would have been unwise. I
+regret that he could not have been placed in our regt. for he will
+prove a faithful and reliable officer and should I be transfered to
+(cont.)]
+
+organize, largely because its prospective commander, Colonel John
+Ritchie, who had gone south to persuade the Osages to enlist,[273] was
+slow in putting in an appearance at Humboldt. The Neosho Agency, to
+which the Osages belonged, was in great confusion, partly due to
+
+[Footnote 272: (cont.) any other position which I am strongly in hopes
+I may be, I hope you will exercise your influence to transfer him
+to my place, this will be agreable to all the officers of the 1st.
+regiment and desirable on his part.
+
+The condition of the Indians here at the present writing is very
+favorable, sickness is abating and their spirits are reviving. I
+think I have fully settled the fact of the Indians capability and
+susceptibility to arive at a good state of military disipline. You
+would be surprised to see our Regt. move. They accomplish the feat of
+regular time step equal to any white soldier, they form in line with
+dispatch and with great precission; and what is more they now manifest
+a great desire to learn the entire white man's disiplin in military
+matters. That they will make brave and ambitious soldiers I have no
+doubt. Our country may well feel proud that these red men have at
+last fell into the ranks to fight for our flag, and aid in crushing
+treason. Much honor is due them. I am sorry that Dr. Kile did
+not accept the appointment of Quartermaster but owing to some
+misunderstanding with Col. Ritchie he declines.
+
+You will please remember me to Gen'l Lane and say that I have not
+heard from him since I left Washington.--A.C. ELITHORPE to Dole, June
+9, 1862, Indian Office General Files, _Southern Superintendency_,
+1859-1862, C 1661.
+
+(c).
+
+The Indian Brigade, consisting of about one thousand Creeks and
+Seminoles, sixty Quapaws, sixty Cherokees and full companies of wild
+Delawares, Kechees, Ironeyes, Cadoes, and Kickapoos, left this place
+(Leroy) yesterday for Humboldt, at which place I suppose they will
+join the so much talked of Indian expedition. Although I have not as
+yet fully ascertained the exact number of each Tribe, represented in
+said Brigade, but they may be estimated at about Fifteen Hundred,
+all of the Southern Refugee Indians who have been fed here by the
+Government, besides sixty Delawares from the Delaware Reservation, and
+about two Hundred Osages, the latter of which I have been assured will
+be increased to about four or five hundred, ere they get through the
+Osage Nation ...
+
+The news from the Cherokee Nation is very cheering and encouraging; it
+has been reported that nearly Two Thousand Cherokees will be ready to
+join the expedition on its approach into that country....--Coffin to
+Dole, June 15, 1862, Ibid., C 1684.]
+
+[Footnote 273: Coffin to Dole, June 4, 1862, Ibid.,
+_Neosho_, C 1662 of 1862. See also Carruth to Coffin, September
+19, 1862, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1862,
+164-166.]
+
+the fact that, at this most untoward moment, the Osages were being
+approached for a cession of lands, and partly to the fact that
+Indians of the neighborhood, of unionist sympathies, Cherokees and
+Delawares[274] from the Cherokee country, Shawnees, Quapaws,[275] and
+Seneca-Shawnees, were being made refugees, partly, also, to the fact
+that Agent Elder and Superintendent Coffin were not working in harmony
+with each other. Their differences dated from the first days of their
+official relationship. Elder had been influential, for reasons most
+satisfactory to himself and not very complimentary to Coffin,
+in having the Neosho Agency transferred to the Central
+Superintendency.[276] Coffin had vigorously objected and with such
+effect that, in March, 1862, a retransfer had been ordered;[277] but
+not before Coffin had reported[278] that everything was now amicable
+between him and Elder. Elder was evidently of a different opinion and
+before long was asking to be allowed again to report officially
+to Superintendent Branch at St. Joseph.[279] There was a regular
+tri-weekly post between that place and Fort Scott, Elder's present
+headquarters, and the chances were good that Branch would be in a
+position to attend to mail more promptly than was Coffin.[280] The
+counter arguments
+
+[Footnote 274: F. Johnson to Dole, April 2, 1862, Indian Office,
+_Central Superintendency_, Delaware, J 627 of 1862.]
+
+[Footnote 275: The propriety of permitting the refugee Quapaws to
+"return to their homes by accompanying the military expedition" was
+urged upon the Indian Office in a letter from Elder to Coffin, May
+29, 1862 [Coffin to Dole, June 4, 1862, Ibid., _Southern
+Superintendency_, Neosho, C 1663 of 1862].]
+
+[Footnote 276: Office letter of June 5, 1861.]
+
+[Footnote 277: Mix to Branch, March 1, 1862, Indian Office _Letter
+Book_, no. 67.]
+
+[Footnote 278: Coffin to Dole, February 28, 1862, Ibid.,
+General Files, _Southern Superintendency_, 1859-1862, C 1541 of
+1862.]
+
+[Footnote 279: Elder to Dole, May 16, 1862, Ibid., Neosho, E
+106 of 1862.]
+
+[Footnote 280: Coffin was spending a good deal of his time at Leroy.
+Leroy was one hundred twenty-five miles, so Elder computed, from
+Leavenworth, where he (cont.)]
+
+of Coffin[281] were equally plausible and the request for transfer
+refused.
+
+The outfit for the Indians of the Home Guard was decidedly inferior.
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la wanted batteries, "wagons that shoot."[282] His
+braves, many of them, were given guns that were worthless, that would
+not shoot at all.[283] In such a way was their eagerness to learn the
+white man's method of fighting and to acquire his discipline rewarded.
+The fitting out was done at Humboldt, although Colonel William
+Weer[284] of the Tenth Kansas Infantry, who was the man finally
+selected to command the entire force, would have preferred it done at
+Fort Scott.[285] The Indians had a thousand and one excuses for not
+expediting matters. They seemed to have a deep-seated distrust of what
+the Federal intentions regarding them might be when
+
+[Footnote 280: (cont.) directed his mail, and sixty or seventy from
+Fort Scott. His communications were held up until Coffin happened to
+go to Leavenworth. Moreover, Coffin was then expecting to go soon
+"into the Indian country."]
+
+[Footnote 281: Coffin complained that Elder neglected his duties. It
+was Coffin's intention to remove the headquarters of the Southern
+Superintendency from Fort Scott to Humboldt. It would then be very
+convenient for Elder to report to him, especially if he would go back
+to his own agency headquarters and not linger, as he had been doing,
+at Fort Scott [Coffin to Dole, June 10, 1862, Ibid., C 1668 of
+1862.]]
+
+[Footnote 282: _Daily Conservative_, May 10, 1862.]
+
+[Footnote 283: Weer to Doubleday, June 6, 1862, _Official
+Records_, vol. xiii, 418; Coffin to Dole, June 17, 1862, Indian
+Office General Files, _Southern Superintendency_, 1859-1862.]
+
+[Footnote 284: Weer was one of the men in disfavor with Governor
+Robinson [_Daily Conservative_, May 25, 1862]. He had been
+arrested and his reinstatement to command that came with the
+appearance of Blunt upon the scene was doubtless the circumstance that
+afforded opportunity for his appointment to the superior command
+of the Indian Expedition. Sturgis had refused to reinstate him. In
+December, 1861, a leave of absence had been sought by Weer, who was
+then with the Fourth Kansas Volunteers, in order that he might go
+to Washington, D.C., and be a witness in the case involving Lane's
+appointment as brigadier-general [Thomas to Hunter, December 12, 1861,
+_Congressional Globe_, 37th congress, second session, part i,
+128].]
+
+[Footnote 285: Weer to Moonlight, June 6, 1862, _Official
+Records_, vol. xiii, 419.]
+
+once they should be back in their own country. They begged that some
+assurance be given them of continued protection against the foe and
+in their legal rights. And, in the days of making preparations, they
+asked again and again for tangible evidence that white troops were
+really going to support them in the journey southward.
+
+The main portion of the Indian Expedition auxiliary white force had
+all this time been more or less busy, dealing with bushwhackers and
+the like, in the Cherokee Neutral Lands and in the adjoining counties
+of Missouri. When Blunt took command of the Department of Kansas,
+Colonel Frederick Salomon[286] of the Ninth Wisconsin Volunteer
+Infantry was in charge at Fort Scott and the troops there or reporting
+there were, besides eight companies of his own regiment, a part of
+the Second Ohio Cavalry under Colonel Charles Doubleday, of the Tenth
+Kansas Infantry under Colonel William F. Cloud, and the Second Indiana
+Battery.[287] Blunt's first thought was to have Daubleday[288] lead
+the Indian Expedition, the auxiliary white force of which was to be
+selected from the regiments at Fort Scott. Doubleday accordingly made
+his plans, rendezvoused his men, and arranged that the mouth of Shoal
+Creek should be a rallying point and temporary headquarters;[289] but
+events were already in train for Colonel
+
+[Footnote 286: Salomon was born in Prussia in 1826 [Rosengarten,
+_The German Soldier in the Wars of the United States_, 150]. He
+had distinguished himself in some of the fighting that had taken place
+in Missouri in the opening months of the war and, when the Ninth
+Wisconsin Infantry, composed solely of German-Americans, had been
+recruited, he was called to its command [Love, _Wisconsin in the War
+of the Rebellion_, 578].]
+
+[Footnote 287: _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 371-372, 377.]
+
+[Footnote 288: for an account of Doubleday's movements in April that
+very probably gained him the place, see Britton, _Civil War on the
+Border_, vol. i, 296.]
+
+[Footnote 289: _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 397, 408.]
+
+Weer to supersede him and for his own assignment to the Second Brigade
+of the expedition.
+
+Previous to his supersedure by Weer, Doubleday conceived that it might
+be possible to reach Fort Gibson with ease,[290] provided the
+attempt to do so should be undertaken before the various independent
+secessionist commands could unite to resist.[291] That they were
+planning to unite there was every indication.[292] Doubleday[293] was
+especially desirous of heading off Stand Watie who was still hovering
+around in the neighborhood of his recent adventures, and was believed
+now to have an encampment on Cowskin Prairie near Grand River.
+Accordingly, on the morning of June 6, Doubleday started out, with
+artillery and a thousand men, and, going southward from Spring River,
+reached the Grand about sundown.[294] Watie was three miles away
+and, Doubleday continuing the pursuit, the two forces came to an
+engagement. It was indecisive,[295] however, and Watie slipped away
+under
+
+[Footnote 290: Doubleday to Moonlight, May 25, 1862, _Official
+Records_, vol. xiii, 397.]
+
+[Footnote 291: Doubleday to Blunt, June 1, 1862, Ibid., 408.]
+
+[Footnote 292: General Brown reported on this matter, June 2
+[Ibid., 409] and June 4 [Ibid., 414], as did also
+General Ketchum, June 3 [Ibid., 412]. They all seem to have had
+some intimation that General Pike was to unite with Stand Watie as
+well as Coffee and others, and that was certainly General Hindman's
+intention. On May 31, the very day that he himself assumed command,
+Hindman had ordered Pike to advance from Fort McCulloch to the Kansas
+border. The order did not reach Pike until June 8 and was repeated
+June 17 [Ibid., 40].]
+
+[Footnote 293: The idea seems to have obtained among Missourians that
+Doubleday was all this time inactive. They were either ignorant of or
+intent upon ignoring the Indian Expedition. June 4, Governor Gamble
+wrote to Secretary Stanton asking that the Second Ohio and the Ninth
+Wisconsin, being at Fort Scott and unemployed, might be ordered to
+report to Schofield [Ibid., 414, 438], who at the instance of
+politicians and contrary to the wishes of Halleck [Ibid., 368]
+had been given an independent command in Missouri.]
+
+[Footnote 294: Doubleday to Weer, June 8, 1862 [Ibid., 102].]
+
+[Footnote 295: Doubleday reported to Weer that it was a pronounced
+success, so did Blunt to Schofield [Ibid., 427]; but subsequent
+events showed that it was (cont.)]
+
+cover of the darkness. Had unquestioned success crowned Doubleday's
+efforts, all might have been well; but, as it did not, Weer, who had
+arrived at Fort Scott[296] a few days before and had been annoyed
+to find Doubleday gone, ordered him peremptorily to make no further
+progress southward without the Indians. The Indian contingent had in
+reality had a set-back in its preparations. Its outfit was incomplete
+and its means for transportation not forthcoming.[297] Under such
+circumstances, Weer advised the removal of the whole concern to Fort
+Scott, but that was easier said than done, inasmuch, as before any
+action was taken, the stores were _en route_ for Humboldt.[298]
+Nevertheless, Weer was determined to have the expedition start before
+Stand Watie could be reinforced by Rains.[299] Constant and insistent
+were the reports that the enemy was massing its forces to destroy the
+Indian Expedition.[300]
+
+[Footnote 295: (cont.) anything but that and the _Daily
+Conservative_ tried to fix the blame upon Weer [Weer to Moonlight,
+June 23, 1862, Ibid., 446]. The newspaper account of the whole
+course of affairs may be given, roughly paraphrased, thus: Doubleday,
+knowing, perhaps, that Weer was to supersede him and that his time for
+action was short, "withdrew his detachment from Missouri, concentrated
+them near Iola, Kansas, and thence directed them to march to the
+mouth of Shoal Creek, on Spring River, himself taking charge of the
+convoying of a train of forty days supplies to the same place ..." He
+arrived June 4. Then, "indefatigible in forwarding the preparations
+for a blow upon the camp of organization which the rebels had occupied
+unmolested on Cowskin Prairie," he made his plans for further advance.
+At that moment came the news that Weer had superseded him and had
+ordered him to stop all movement south. He disregarded the order and
+struck, even though not fully prepared [_Daily Conservative_,
+June 13, 1862].]
+
+[Footnote 296: Weer to Moonlight, June 5, 1862, _Official
+Records_, vol. xiii, 418.]
+
+[Footnote 297:--Ibid.; Weer to Doubleday, June 6, 1862,
+Ibid., 418-419.]
+
+[Footnote 298: Weer to Moonlight, June 13, 1862, Ibid., 430.]
+
+[Footnote 299: Same to same, June 7, 1862, Ibid., 422.]
+
+[Footnote 300: The destruction of the Indian Expedition was most
+certainly the occasion for the massing, notwithstanding the fact that
+Missourians were apprehensive for the safety of their state only and
+wanted to have Weer's white troops diverted to its defence. Curtis,
+alone, of the commanders in Missouri seems to have surmised rightly in
+the matter [Curtis to Schofield, Ibid., 432].]
+
+Weer, therefore, went on ahead to the Osage Catholic Mission and
+ordered the Fort Scott troops to meet him there. His purpose was to
+promote the enlistment of the Osages, who were now abandoning the
+Confederate cause.[301] He would then go forward and join Doubleday,
+whom he had instructed to clear the way.[302]
+
+Weer's plans were one thing, his embarrassments, another. Before the
+middle of June he was back again at Leroy,[303] having left Salomon
+and Doubleday[304] at Baxter Springs on the west side of Spring
+River in the Neutral Lands, the former in command. Weer hoped by his
+presence at Leroy to hurry the Indians along; for it was high time the
+expedition was started and he intended to start it, notwithstanding
+that many officers were absent from their posts and the men of
+the Second Indian Regiment not yet mustered in. It was absolutely
+necessary, if anything were going to be done with Indian aid, to get
+the braves away from under the influence of their chiefs, who were
+bent upon delay and determent. By the sixteenth he had the warriors
+all ready at Humboldt,[305] their bullet-proof medicine taken, their
+grand war dance indulged in. By the twenty-first, the final packing
+up began,[306] and it was not long thereafter before the Indian
+Expedition, after having experienced so many vicissitudes, had
+definitely materialized and was on its way south. Accompanying Weer
+were the Reverend Evan Jones, entrusted with
+
+[Footnote 301: Weer to Moonlight, June 13, 1862.]
+
+[Footnote 302: Weer to Doubleday, June 6, 1862.]
+
+[Footnote 303: Weer to Moonlight, June 13, 1862.]
+
+[Footnote 304: On the twentieth, General Brown requested Salomon to
+send Doubleday to southwest Missouri [_Official Records_, vol.
+xiii, 440] and Salomon so far complied with the request as to post
+some companies of Doubleday's regiment, under Lieutenant-colonel
+Ratliff, at Neosho [Ibid., 445, 459].]
+
+[Footnote 305:--Ibid., 434.]
+
+[Footnote 306:--Ibid., 441.]
+
+a confidential message[307] to John Ross, and two special Indian
+agents, E.H. Carruth, detailed at the instance of the Indian Office,
+and H.W. Martin, sent on Coffin's own responsibility, their particular
+task being to look out for the interests and welfare of the Indians
+and, when once within the Indian Territory, to take careful stock of
+conditions there, both political and economic.[308] The Indians were
+in fine spirits and, although looking
+
+[Footnote 307: The message, addressed to "Mutual Friend," was an
+assurance of the continued interest of the United States government
+in the inhabitants of Indian Territory and of its determination to
+protect them [Coffin to Ross, June 16, 1862, Indian Office General
+Files, _Southern Superintendency_, 1859-1862, C 1684].]
+
+[Footnote 308: "... You will assure all loyal Indians in the Indian
+Territory of the disposition and the ability of the Government of the
+United States to protect them in all their rights, and that there is
+no disposition on the part of said government to shrink from any of
+its Treaty Obligations with all such of the Indian Tribes, who
+have been, are now, and remaining loyal to the same. Also that the
+government will, at the earliest practicable period, which is
+believed not to be distant, restore to all loyal Indians the rights,
+privileges, and immunities, that they have enjoyed previous to the
+present unfortunate rebellion.
+
+"If, during the progress of the Army you should find Indians in a
+suffering condition whose loyalty is _beyond doubt_, you will,
+on consultation with the officers, render such assistance, as you may
+think proper, with such aid as the officers may render you.
+
+"You will carefully look into the condition of the country, ascertain
+the quantity of Stock, Hogs, and Cattle, also the quantity of Corn,
+wheat etc. which may be in the hands of the loyal Indians, and the
+amount of the crops in the ground the present season, their condition
+and prospects.
+
+"You are requested to communicate with me at this office at every
+suitable opportunity on all the above mentioned points, in order to
+enable me to keep the Hon. Com'r of Indian Aff'rs well advised of the
+condition of affairs in the Indian Territory, and that the necessary
+steps may be taken at the earliest possible moment, consistent with
+safety and economy, to restore the loyal Indians now in Kansas to
+their homes.
+
+"Should any considerable number of the Indians, now in the Army,
+remain in the Indian Territory, or join you from the loyal Indians,
+now located therein you will very probably find it best, to remain
+with them, until I can get there with those, who are now here. But of
+these matters you will be more able to judge on the ground."--Extract
+from Coffin's instructions to Carruth, June 16, 1862, Ibid.,
+Similar instructions, under date of June 23, 1862, were sent to H.W.
+Martin.]
+
+somewhat ludicrous in their uniforms,[309] were not much behind their
+comrades of the Ninth and Tenth Kansas[310] in earnestness and in
+attention to duty.[311] Nevertheless, they had been very reluctant to
+leave their families and were, one and all, very apprehensive as to
+the future.
+
+[Footnote 309: "I have just returned from Humboldt--the army there
+under Col. Weer consisting of the 10th Kansas Regiment 4 Companys of
+the 9th Kansas Aliens Battery of Six Tenths Parrot Guns and the first
+and second Indian Regements left for the Indian Territory in good
+stile and in fine spirits the Indians with their new uniforms and
+small Military caps on their Hugh Heads of Hair made rather a Comecal
+Ludecrous apperance they marched off in Columns of 4 a breast singing
+the war song all joining in the chourse and a more animated seen is
+not often witnessed. The officers in command of the Indian Regements
+have labored incessantly and the improvement the Indians have made in
+drilling is much greater than I supposed them capabell of and I think
+the opinion and confidence of all in the eficency of the Indian
+Regements was very much greater when they left than at any previous
+period and I have little doubt that for the kind of service that will
+be required of them they will be the most efecient troops in the
+Expedition."--COFFIN to Dole, June 25, 1862, Indian Office General
+Files, _Southern Superintendency_, 1859-1862, C 1684.]
+
+[Footnote 310: Weer took with him as white anxiliary "the Tenth
+Kansas, Allen's battery, three companies Ninth Kansas..." [_Official
+Records_, vol. xiii, 441]. It seems to have been his intention to
+take the Second Kansas also; but that regiment was determined to stay
+at Humboldt until it had effected a change in its colonels in favor of
+Owen A. Bassett [Ibid., 434].]
+
+[Footnote 311: Weer was disgusted with conditions surrounding his
+white force. This is his complaint, on the eve of his departure:
+
+"Commissions to officers from the Governor are pouring in daily. I am
+told that the Tenth is rapidly becoming a regiment of officers. To add
+to these difficulties there are continual intrigues, from colonels
+down, for promotions and positions of command. Officers are leaving
+their posts for Fort Leavenworth and elsewhere to engage in these
+intrigues for more prominent places. The camps are filled with rumors
+of the success of this or that man. Factions are forming, and a
+general state of demoralization being produced..."--WEER to Moonlight,
+June 21, 1862, Ibid., 441-442.]
+
+
+
+
+V. THE MARCH TO TAHLEQUAH AND THE RETROGRADE MOVEMENT OF THE "WHITE
+AUXILIARY"
+
+
+Towards the end of June, the various elements designed to comprise the
+First Indian Expedition had encamped at Baxter Springs[312] and two
+brigades formed. As finally organized, the First Brigade was put under
+the command of Colonel Salomon and the Second, of Colonel William
+R. Judson. To the former, was attached the Second Indian Regiment,
+incomplete, and, to the latter, the First. Brigaded with the Indian
+regiments was the white auxiliary that had been promised and that the
+Indians had almost pathetically counted upon to assist them in their
+straits. Colonel Weer's intention was not to have the white and red
+people responsible for the same duties nor immediately march together.
+The red were believed to be excellent for scouting and, as it would
+be necessary to scout far and wide all the way down into the Indian
+Territory, the country being full of bushwhackers, also, most likely,
+of the miscellaneous forces of General Rains, Colonel Coffee, and
+Colonel Stand Watie, they were to be reserved for that work.
+
+The forward movement of the Indian Expedition began at daybreak on the
+twenty-eighth of June. It was then that the First Brigade started, its
+white contingent, "two sections Indiana Battery, one battalion of
+
+[Footnote 312: Baxter Springs was a government post, established on
+Spring River in the southwest corner of the Cherokee Neutral Lands,
+subsequent to the Battle of Pea Ridge [Kansas Historical Society,
+_Collections_, vol. vi, 150].]
+
+Second Ohio Volunteer Cavalry, and six companies of Ninth Wisconsin
+Volunteer Infantry,"[313] taking the military road across the Quapaw
+Strip and entering the Indian Territory, unmolested. A day's journey
+in the rear and travelling by the same route came the white contingent
+of the Second Brigade and so much of the First Indian as was
+unmounted.[314] Beyond the border, the cavalcade proceeded to Hudson's
+Crossing of the Neosho River, where it halted to await the coming of
+supply trains from Fort Scott. In the meantime, the Second Indian
+Regiment, under Colonel John Ritchie, followed, a day apart, by the
+mounted men of the First under Major William A. Phillips,[315] had
+also set out, its orders[316] being to leave the military road and to
+cross to the east bank of Spring River, from thence to march southward
+and scour the country thoroughly between Grand River and the Missouri
+state line.
+
+The halt at Hudson's Crossing occupied the better part of two days and
+then the main body of the Indian Expedition resumed its forward march.
+It crossed the Neosho and moved on, down the west side of Grand River,
+to a fording place, Carey's Ford, at which point, it passed over to
+the east side of the river and camped, a short distance from the ford,
+at Round Grove, on Cowskin Prairie, Cherokee ground, and the scene of
+Doubleday's recent encounter with the enemy. At this
+
+[Footnote 313: Salomon to Weer, June 30, 1862, _Official
+Records_, vol. xiii, 458.]
+
+[Footnote 314: James A. Phillips to Judson, June 28, 1862 [_Official
+Records_, vol. xiii, 456].]
+
+[Footnote 315: William A. Phillips, a Scotsman by birth, went out to
+Kansas in the autumn of 1855 as regular staff correspondent of the New
+York _Tribune_ [Kansas Historical Society _Collections_,
+vol. v, 100, 102]. He was a personal friend of Dana's [Britton,
+_Memoirs_, 89], became with Lane an active Free State man and
+later was appointed on Lane's staff [_Daily Conservative_,
+January 24, 31, 1862]. He served as correspondent of the _Daily
+Conservative_ at the time when that newspaper was most guilty of
+incendiarism.]
+
+[Footnote 316: James A. Phillips to Judson, June 28, 1862, _Official
+Records_, vol. xiii, 456.]
+
+place it anxiously awaited the return of Lieutenant-colonel Ratliff,
+who had been despatched to Neosho in response to an urgency call from
+General E.B. Brown in charge of the Southwestern Division of the
+District of Missouri.[317]
+
+The Confederates were still in the vicinity, promiscuously wandering
+about, perhaps; but, none the less, determined to check, if possible,
+the Federal further progress; for they knew that only by holding the
+territorial vantage, which they had secured through gross Federal
+negligence months before, could they hope to maintain intact the
+Indian alliance with the Southern States. Stand Watie's home farm was
+in the neighborhood of Weer's camp and Stand Watie himself was even
+then scouting in the Spavinaw hills.[318]
+
+In the latter part of May, under directions from General
+Beauregard[319] but apparently without the avowed knowledge of the
+Confederate War Department and certainly without its official[320]
+sanction, Thomas C.
+
+[Footnote 317: Weer to Moonlight, June 23, 1862, _Official
+Records_, vol. xiii, 445, and same to same, July 2, 1862,
+Ibid., 459-461.]
+
+[Footnote 318: Anderson, _Life of General Stand Watie_, 18.]
+
+[Footnote 319: _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 28.]
+
+[Footnote 320: The emphasis should be upon the word, _official_,
+since the government must assuredly have acquiesced in Hindman's
+appointment. Hindman declared that the Secretary of War, in
+communicating on the subject to the House of Representatives, "ignored
+facts which had been officially communicated to him," in order to
+convey the impression that Hindman had undertaken to fill the post
+of commander in the Trans-Mississippi Department without rightful
+authority [Hindman to Holmes, February 8, 1863, Ibid., vol.
+xxii, part 2, p. 785]. The following telegram shows that President
+Davis had been apprised of Hindman's selection, and of its tentative
+character.
+
+BALDWIN, June 5, 1862.
+
+(Received 6th.)
+
+THE PRESIDENT:
+
+Do not send any one just now to command the Trans-Mississippi
+District. It will bring trouble to this army. Hindman has been sent
+there temporarily. Price will be on to see you soon.
+
+EARL VAN DORN, Major-General.
+
+[Ibid., vol. lii, part 2, supplement, p. 320.]]
+
+Hindman had assumed the command of the Trans-Mississippi
+Department.[321] As an Arkansan, deeply moved by the misfortunes and
+distress of his native state, he had stepped into Van Dorn's place
+with alacrity, intent upon forcing everything within his reach to
+subserve the interests of the Confederate cause in that particular
+part of the southern world. To the Indians and to their rights,
+natural or acquired, he was as utterly indifferent as were most other
+American men and all too soon that fact became obvious, most obvious,
+indeed, to General Pike, the one person who had, for reasons best
+known to himself, made the Indian cause his own.
+
+General Hindman took formal command of the Trans-Mississippi
+Department at Little Rock, May 31. It was a critical moment and he was
+most critically placed; for he had not the sign of an army, Curtis's
+advance was only about thirty-five miles away, and Arkansas was yet,
+in the miserable plight in which Van Dorn had left her in charge of
+Brigadier-general J.S. Roane, it is true, but practically denuded of
+troops. Pike was at Fort McCulloch, and he had a force not wholly to
+be despised.[322] It was to him, therefore, that Hindman
+
+[Footnote 321: _Department_ seems to be the more proper word
+to use to designate Hindman's command, although _District_ and
+_Department_ are frequently used interchangeably in the records.
+In Hindman's time and in Holmes's, the Trans-Mississippi Department
+was not the same as the Trans-Mississippi District of Department No.
+2 [See Thomas Jordan, Chief of Staff, to Hindman, July 17, 1862,
+_Official Records_, vol. xiii, 855]. On the very date of
+Hindman's assignment, the boundaries of his command were defined as
+follows:
+
+"The boundary of the Trans-Mississippi Department will embrace the
+States of Missouri and Arkansas, including Indian Territory, the
+State of Louisiana west of the Mississippi, and the State of
+Texas."--Ibid., 829.]
+
+[Footnote 322: Yet Hindman did, in a sense, despise it and, from the
+start, he showed a tendency to disparage Pike's abilities and efforts.
+On the nineteenth of June, he reported to Adjutant-general Cooper,
+among other things, that he had ordered Pike to establish his
+headquarters at Fort Gibson and added, "His force does not amount to
+much, but there is no earthly need of its (cont.)]
+
+made one of his first appeals for help and he ordered him so to
+dispose of his men that some of the more efficient, the white, might
+be sent to Little Rock and the less efficient, the red, moved upward
+"to prevent the incursions of marauding parties," from Kansas.[323]
+The orders were repeated about a fortnight later; but Pike had already
+complied to the best of his ability, although not without protest[324]
+for he had collected his brigade and accoutered it by his own energies
+and his own contrivances solely. Moreover, he had done it for the
+defence of Indian Territory exclusively.
+
+Included among the marauders, whose enterprises General Hindman was
+bent upon checking, were Doubleday's men; for, as General Curtis
+shrewdly surmised,[325] some inkling of Doubleday's contemplated
+maneuvers had most certainly reached Little Rock. Subsequently, when
+the Indian Expedition was massing at Baxter Springs, more vigorous
+measures than any yet taken were prepared for and all with the view
+of delaying or defeating it. June 23, Pike ordered Colonel Douglas H.
+Cooper to repair to the country north of the Canadian River and to
+take command of all troops, except Jumper's Seminole battalion, that
+should be there or placed there.[326] Similarly, June 26, Hindman, in
+ignorance of Pike's action, assigned Colonel J.J. Clarkson[327] to the
+supreme command, under
+
+[Footnote 322: (cont.) remaining 150 miles south of the Kansas line
+throwing up intrenchments." [_Official Records_, vol. xiii,
+837].]
+
+[Footnote 323: Hindman to Pike, May 31, 1862 [Ibid., 934].]
+
+[Footnote 324: Pike to Hindman, June 8, 1862 [Ibid., 936-943].]
+
+[Footnote 325:--Ibid., 398, 401.]
+
+[Footnote 326: General Orders, Ibid., 839, 844-845.]
+
+[Footnote 327: Of Clarkson, Pike had this to say: "He applied to me
+while raising his force for orders to go upon the Santa Fe' road and
+intercept trains. I wrote him that he could have such orders if
+he chose to come here, and the next I heard of him he wrote for
+ammunition, and, I learned, was going to make (cont.)]
+
+Pike, "of all forces that now are or may hereafter be within the
+limits of the Cherokee, Creek, and Seminole countries."[328] As fate
+would have it, Clarkson was the one of these two to whom the work in
+hand first fell.
+
+The Indian Expedition was prepared to find its way contested; for its
+leaders believed Rains,[329] Coffey, and Stand Watie to be all in the
+immediate vicinity, awaiting the opportunity to attack either singly
+or with combined forces; but, except for a small affair between a
+reconnoitering party sent out by Salomon and the enemy's pickets,[330]
+the march was without incident worth recording until after Weer had
+broken camp at Cowskin Prairie. Behind him the ground seemed clear
+enough, thanks to the very thorough scouting that had been done by the
+Indians of the Home Guard regiments, some of whom, those of Colonel
+Phillips's command, had been able to penetrate Missouri.[331] Of
+conditions ahead of him, Weer was not so sure and he was soon made
+aware of the near presence of the foe.
+
+Colonel Watie, vigilant and redoubtable, had been on the watch for the
+Federals for some time and, learning of their approach down the east
+side of Grand River, sent two companies of his regiment to head off
+their advance guard. This was attempted in a surprise movement at
+Spavinaw Creek and accomplished with some measure of success.[332]
+Colonel Clarkson was at
+
+[Footnote 327: (cont.) forays into Missouri. I had no ammunition for
+that business. He seized 70 kegs that I had engaged of Sparks in Fort
+Smith, and soon lost the whole and Watie's also. Without any notice
+to me he somehow got in command of the northern part of the Indian
+country over two colonels with commissions nine months older than
+his."--Pike to Hindman, July 15, 1862, _Official Records_, vol.
+xiii, 858.]
+
+[Footnote 328: _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 845-846.]
+
+[Footnote 329: Rains had made Tahlequah the headquarters of the Eighth
+Division Missouri State Guards.--PIKE to Hindman, July 15, 1862,
+Ibid., 858.]
+
+[Footnote 330:--Ibid., vol. xiii, 458, 460.]
+
+[Footnote 331:--Ibid., 460.]
+
+[Footnote 332: Anderson, _Life of General Stand Watie_, 18. This
+incident is most (cont.)]
+
+Locust Grove and Weer, ascertaining that fact, prepared for an
+engagement. His supplies and camp equipage, also an unutilized part of
+his artillery he sent for safety to Cabin Creek, across Grand River
+and Lieutenant-colonel Lewis R. Jewell of the Sixth Kansas Cavalry
+he sent eastward, in the direction of Maysville, Arkansas, his
+expectation being--and it was realized--that Jewell would strike
+the trail of Watie and engage him while Weer himself sought out
+Clarkson.[333]
+
+The looked-for engagement between the main part of the Indian
+Expedition and Clarkson's force, a battalion of Missourians that had
+been raised by Hindman's orders and sent to the Indian Territory "at
+the urgent request of Watie and Drew,"[334] occurred at Locust Grove
+on the third of July. It was nothing but a skirmish, yet had very
+significant results. Only two detachments of Weer's men were actively
+engaged in it.[335] One of them was from the First Indian Home Guard
+and upon it the brunt of the fighting fell.[336]
+
+[Footnote 332: (cont.) likely the one that is referred to in Carruth
+and Martin's letter to Coffin, August 2, 1862, Commissioner of Indian
+Affairs, _Report_, 1862, p. 162.]
+
+[Footnote 333: Britton, _Civil War on the Border_, vol. i,
+300-301.]
+
+[Footnote 334: Report of General Hindman, _Official Records_,
+vol. xiii, 40.]
+
+[Footnote 335: Weer to Moonlight, July 6, 1862, Ibid., 137.]
+
+[Footnote 336: Carruth and Martin reported to Coffin, August 2, 1862,
+that the Indians did practically all the fighting on the Federal side.
+In minor details, their account differed considerably from Weer's.
+
+"When near Grand Saline, Colonel Weer detached parts of the 6th,
+9th, and 10th Kansas regiments, and sent the 1st Indian regiment in
+advance. By a forced night march they came up to the camp of Colonel
+Clarkson, completely surprising him, capturing all his supplies, and
+taking one hundred prisoners; among them the colonel himself.
+
+"The Creek Indians were first in the fight, led by Lieutenant Colonel
+Wattles and Major Ellithorpe. We do not hear that any white man fired
+a gun unless it was to kill the surgeon of the 1st Indian regiment.
+We were since informed that one white man was killed by the name of
+McClintock, of the 9th Kansas regiment. In reality, it was a victory
+gained by the 1st Indian regiment; and while the other forces would,
+no doubt, have acted well, it is the height of injustice to claim
+this victory for the whites...."--Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
+_Report_, 1862, p. 162.]
+
+The Confederates were worsted and lost their train and many prisoners.
+Among the prisoners was Clarkson himself. His battalion was put to
+flight and in that circumstance lay the worst aspect of the whole
+engagement; for the routed men fled towards Tahlequah and spread
+consternation among the Indians gathered there, also among those who
+saw them by the way or heard of them. Thoroughly frightened the red
+men sought refuge within the Federal lines. Such conduct was to be
+expected of primitive people, who invariably incline towards the
+side of the victor; but, in this case, it was most disastrous to the
+Confederate Indian alliance. For the second time since the war began,
+Colonel John Drew's enlisted men defected from their own ranks[337]
+and, with the exception of a small body under Captain Pickens
+Benge,[338] went boldly over to the enemy. The result was, that the
+Second Indian Home Guard, Ritchie's regiment, which had not previously
+been filled up, had soon the requisite number of men[339] and there
+were more to spare. Indeed, during the days that followed, so many
+recruits came in, nearly all of them Cherokees, that lists were opened
+for starting a third regiment of Indian Home Guards.[340] It was not
+long before it was organized, accepted by Blunt, and W.A. Phillips
+commissioned as its colonel.[341] The regular mustering in of the new
+recruits had to be done at Fort Scott and thither Ritchie sent the
+men, intended for his regiment, immediately.
+
+The Indian Expedition had started out with a very definite preliminary
+programme respecting the
+
+[Footnote 337: _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 138.]
+
+[Footnote 338: Hindman's Report, Ibid., 40.]
+
+[Footnote 339: Ritchie to Blunt, July 5, 1862, Ibid., 463-464.]
+
+[Footnote 340: Weer to Moonlight, July 12, 1862, Ibid., 488.]
+
+[Footnote 341: Blunt to Salomon, August 3, 1862, Ibid., 532;
+Britton, _Civil War on the Border_, vol. i, 304.]
+
+management of Indian affairs, particularly as those affairs might
+be concerned with the future attitude of the Cherokee Nation. The
+programme comprised instructions that emanated from both civil and
+military sources. The special Indian agents, Carruth and Martin, had
+been given suitable tasks to perform and the instructions handed them
+have already been commented upon. Personally, these two men were very
+much disposed to magnify the importance of their own position and
+to resent anything that looked like interference on the part of the
+military. As a matter of fact, the military men treated them with
+scant courtesy and made little or no provision for their comfort and
+convenience.[342] Colonel Weer seems to have ignored, at times, their
+very existence. On more than one occasion, for instance, he deplored
+the absence of some official, accredited by the Indian Office, to take
+charge of what he contemptuously called "this Indian business,"[343]
+which business, he felt, greatly complicated all military
+undertakings[344] and was decidedly beyond the bounds of his peculiar
+province.[345]
+
+[Footnote 342: Pretty good evidence of this appears in a letter, which
+Carruth and Martin jointly addressed to Coffin, September 4, 1862,
+in anticipation of the Second Indian Expedition, their idea being to
+guard against a repetition of some of the experiences of the first.
+"We wish to call your attention," wrote they, "to the necessity of
+our being allowed a wagon to haul our clothing, tents, etc. in the
+Southern expedition.
+
+"In the last expedition we had much annoyance for the want of
+accommodations of our own. Unless we are always by at the moment of
+moving, our things are liable to be left behind, that room may be made
+for _army baggage_ which sometimes accumulates amazingly....
+
+"The cold nights of autumn and winter will overtake us in the next
+expedition and we ought to go prepared for them. We must carry many
+things, as clothing, blankets, etc."--General Files, _Southern
+Superintendency_, 1859-1862.]
+
+[Footnote 343: _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 460.]
+
+[Footnote 344:--Ibid., 487.]
+
+[Footnote 345: Weer, nevertheless, was not long in developing some
+very pronounced ideas on the subject of Indian relations. The earliest
+and best indication of (cont.)]
+
+The military instructions for the management of Indian affairs
+outlined a policy exceedingly liberal, a policy that proceeded upon
+the assumption that stress of circumstances had conditioned the Indian
+alliance with the Confederacy. This idea was explicitly conveyed in
+a communication from Weer, through his acting assistant
+adjutant-general, to John Ross, and again in the orders issued
+to Salomon and Judson. Ross and his people were to be given an
+opportunity to return to their allegiance, confident that the United
+States government would henceforth protect them.[346] And the military
+commanders were invited to give their "careful attention to the
+delicate position" which the Indian Expedition would occupy
+
+    In its relation to the Indians. The evident desire of the
+    government is to restore friendly intercourse with the tribes and
+    return the loyal Indians that are with us to their homes. Great
+    care must be observed that no unusual degree of vindictiveness be
+    tolerated between Indian and Indian. Our policy toward the rebel
+    portion must be a subject of anxious consideration, and its
+    character will to a great degree be shaped by yourself (Judson) in
+    conjunction with Colonel Salomon. No settled policy can at
+    present be marked out. Give all questions their full share of
+    investigation. No spirit of private vengeance should be
+    tolerated.[347]
+
+After the skirmish at Locust Grove, Colonel Weer deemed that the
+appropriate moment had come for approaching John Ross with suggestions
+that the Cherokee Nation abandon its Confederate ally and return to
+its allegiance to the United States government. From
+
+[Footnote 345: (cont.) that is to be found in his letter of July
+twelfth, in which he gave his opinion of the negroes, whom he found
+very insolent. He proposed that the Cherokee Nation should abolish
+slavery by vote.]
+
+[Footnote 346: J.A. Phillips to Ross, June 26, 1862, _Official
+Records_, vol. xiii, 450.]
+
+[Footnote 347: Phillips to Judson, June 28, 1862, Ibid., 456.
+Orders, almost identically the same, were issued to Salomon. See
+Phillips to Salomon, June 27, 1862, Ibid., 452.]
+
+his camp on Wolf Creek, therefore, he addressed a conciliatory
+communication[348] to the Cherokee chief, begging the favor of an
+interview and offering to make full reparation for any outrages or
+reprisals that his men, in defiance of express orders to the contrary,
+might have made upon the Cherokee people through whose country they
+had passed.[349] Weer had known for several days, indeed, ever since
+he first crossed the line, that the natives were thoroughly alarmed at
+the coming of the Indian Expedition. They feared reprisals and Indian
+revenge and, whenever possible, had fled out of reach of danger, many
+of them across the Arkansas River, taking with them what of their
+property they could.[350] Weer had done his best to restrain his
+troops, especially the Indian, and had been very firm in insisting
+that no "outrages perpetrated after Indian fashion" should occur.[351]
+
+Weer's message to Ross was sent, under a flag of truce, by Doctor
+Gillpatrick, a surgeon in the Indian Expedition, who had previously
+served under Lane.[352] Ross's reply,[353] although prompt, was
+scarcely satisfactory from Weer's standpoint. He refused pointblank
+the request for an interview and reminded Weer that the Cherokee
+Nation, "under the sanction and authority of the whole Cherokee
+people," had made a formal alliance with the Confederate government
+and
+
+[Footnote 348: Weer to Ross, July 7, 1862, _Official Records_,
+vol. xiii, 464.]
+
+[Footnote 349: That there had been outrages and reprisals, Carruth and
+Martin admitted but they claimed that they had been committed by white
+men and wrongfully charged against Indians [Commissioner of Indian
+Affairs, _Report_, 1862, 162-163].]
+
+[Footnote 350: Weer to Moonlight, July 2, 1862, _Official
+Records_, vol. xiii, 460.]
+
+[Footnote 351:--Ibid., 452, 456, 461.]
+
+[Footnote 352: _Daily Conservative_, December 27, 1861.]
+
+[Footnote 353: Ross to Weer, July 8, 1862, _Official Records_,
+vol. xiii, 486-487; Moore, _Rebellion Record_, vol. v, 549.]
+
+proposed to remain true, as had ever been its custom, to its treaty
+obligations. To fortify his position, he submitted documents
+justifying his own and tribal actions since the beginning of the
+war.[354] Weer was naturally much embarrassed. Apparently, he had had
+the notion that the Indians would rush into the arms of the Union
+with the first appearance of a Federal soldier; but he was grievously
+mistaken. None the less, verbal reports that reached his headquarters
+on Wolf Creek restored somewhat his equanimity and gave him the
+impression that Ross, thoroughly anti-secessionist at heart himself,
+was acting diplomatically and biding his time.[355] Weer referred[356]
+the matter to Blunt for instructions at the very moment when Blunt,
+ignorant that he had already had communication with Ross, was
+urging[357] him to be expeditious, since it was "desirable to
+return the refugee Indians now in Kansas to their homes as soon as
+practicable."
+
+There were other reasons, more purely military, why a certain haste
+was rather necessary. Some of those reasons inspired Colonel Weer
+to have the country around about him well reconnoitered. On the
+fourteenth of July, he sent out two detachments. One, led by Major
+W.T. Campbell, was to examine "the alleged position of the enemy south
+of the Arkansas," and the other, led by Captain H.S. Greeno, to repair
+to Tahlequah and Park Hill.[358] Campbell, before he had advanced far,
+found out that there was a strong Confederate force at Fort Davis[359]
+so he halted at Fort Gibson and was
+
+[Footnote 354: Weer to Moonlight, July 12, 1862, _Official
+Records_, vol. xiii, 487. The documents are to be found
+accompanying Weer's letter, Ibid., 489-505.]
+
+[Footnote 355: Blunt to Stanton, July 21, 1862, Ibid., 486.]
+
+[Footnote 356: Weer to Moonlight, July 12, 1862, Ibid.,
+487-488.]
+
+[Footnote 357: Blunt to Weer, July 12, 1862, Ibid., 488-489.]
+
+[Footnote 358: Weer to Moonlight, July 16, 1862, Ibid.,
+160-161.]
+
+[Footnote 359: Campbell to Weer, July 14, 1862, Ibid., 161.]
+
+there joined by Weer. Meanwhile, Greeno with his detachment of one
+company of whites and fifty Cherokee Indians had reached Tahlequah and
+had gone into camp two and one-half miles to the southward.[360] He
+was then not far from Park Hill, the residence of Chief Ross. All the
+way down he had been on the watch for news; but the only forces he
+could hear of were some Indian, who were believed to be friendly to
+the Union although ostensibly still serving the Confederacy. It was a
+time of crisis both with them and with him; for their leaders had just
+been summoned by Colonel Cooper, now in undisputed command north
+of the Canadian, to report immediately for duty at Fort Davis, his
+headquarters. Whatever was to be done would have to be done quickly.
+There was no time to lose and Greeno decided the matter for all
+concerned by resorting to what turned out to be a very clever
+expedient. He made the commissioned men all prisoners of war[361] and
+then turned his attention to the Principal Chief, who was likewise in
+a dilemma, he having received a despatch from Cooper ordering him,
+under authority of treaty provisions and "in the name of President
+Davis, Confederate States of America, to issue a proclamation calling
+on all Cherokee Indians over 18 and under 35 to come forward and
+assist in protecting the country from invasion."[362] Greeno thought
+the matter over and concluded there was nothing for him to do but to
+capture Ross also and to release him, subsequently, on parole. These
+things he did and there were many people who thought, both then and
+long
+
+[Footnote 360: Greeno to Weer, July 15, 1862, _Official Records_,
+vol. xiii, 473; Carruth and Martin to Coffin, July 19, 1862,
+Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1862, 158-160.]
+
+[Footnote 361: Greeno to Weer, July 17, 1862, _Official Records_,
+vol. xiii, 161-162.]
+
+[Footnote 362: _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 473.]
+
+afterwards, that the whole affair had been arranged for beforehand and
+that victor and victim had been in collusion with each other all the
+way through.
+
+Up to this point the Indian Expedition can be said to have met with
+more than a fair measure of success; but its troubles were now to
+begin or rather to assert themselves; for most of them had been
+present since the very beginning. Fundamental to everything else was
+the fact that it was summer-time and summer-time, too, in a prairie
+region. Troops from the north, from Wisconsin and from Ohio, were
+not acclimated and they found the heat of June and July almost
+insufferable. There were times when they lacked good drinking
+water, which made bad matters worse. The Germans were particularly
+discontented and came to despise the miserable company in which they
+found themselves. It was miserable, not so much because it was largely
+Indian, but because it was so ill-equipped and so disorderly. At
+Cowskin Prairie, the scouts had to be called in, not because their
+work was finished, but because they and their ponies were no longer
+equal to it.[363] They had played out for the simple reason that they
+were not well fitted out. The country east of Grand River was "very
+broken and flinty and their ponies unshod." It has been claimed,
+although maybe with some exaggeration, that not "a single horse-shoe
+or nail" had been provided for Colonel Salomon's brigade.[364]
+
+The supplies of the Indian Expedition were insufficient and, although
+at Spavinaw Creek Colonel Watie's entire commissary had been
+captured[365] and Clarkson's at Locust Grove, there was great
+scarcity. Weer had
+
+[Footnote 363: _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 460.]
+
+[Footnote 364: Love, _Wisconsin in the War of Rebellion_, 580.]
+
+[Footnote 365: Anderson, Life of General Stand Watìe, 19.]
+
+been cautioned again and again not to cut himself off from easy
+communication with Fort Scott.[366] He had shown a disposition to
+wander widely from the straight road to Fort Gibson; but Blunt had
+insisted that he refrain altogether from making excursions into
+adjoining states.[367] He had himself realized the shortness of his
+provisions and had made a desperate effort to get to the Grand
+Saline so as to replenish his supply of salt at the place where the
+Confederates had been manufacturing that article for many months. He
+had known also that for some things, such as ordnance stores, he would
+have to look even as far as Fort Leavenworth.[368]
+
+The climax of all these affairs was reached July 18, 1862. On that
+day, Frederick Salomon, colonel of the First Brigade, took matters
+into his own hands and arrested his superior officer. It was
+undoubtedly a clear case of mutiny[369] but there was much to be said
+in extenuation of Salomon's conduct. The reasons for his action, as
+stated in a _pronunciamento_[370] to his associates in command
+and as submitted to General Blunt[371] are here given. They speak for
+themselves.
+
+  Headquarters Indian Expedition,
+  Camp on Grand River, July 18, 1862.
+
+To Commanders of the different Corps constituting Indian Expedition:
+
+Sirs: In military as well as civil affairs great and violent wrongs
+need speedy and certain remedies. The time had arrived, in my
+judgment, in the history of this expedition when the greatest wrong
+ever perpetrated upon any troops was about
+
+[Footnote 366: Consider, for example, Blunt's orders of July 14
+[_Official Records_, vol. xiii, 472].]
+
+[Footnote 367: Blunt to Weer, July 3, 1862, Ibid., 461.]
+
+[Footnote 368: Weer to Moonlight, July 2, 1862, Ibid.]
+
+[Footnote 369: As such the Indian agents regarded it. See their
+communication on the subject, July 19, 1862, Ibid., 478.]
+
+[Footnote 370: Ibid., 475-476.]
+
+[Footnote 371: Ibid., 484-485.]
+
+to fall with crushing weight upon the noble men composing the command.
+Some one must act, and that at once, or starvation and capture were
+the imminent hazards that looked us in the face.
+
+As next in command to Colonel Weer, and upon his express refusal to
+move at all for the salvation of his troops, I felt the responsibility
+resting upon me.
+
+I have arrested Colonel Weer and assumed command.
+
+The causes leading to this arrest you all know. I need not reiterate
+them here. Suffice to say that we are 160 miles from the base of
+operations, almost entirely through an enemy's country, and without
+communication being left open behind us. We have been pushed forward
+thus far by forced and fatiguing marches under the violent southern
+sun without any adequate object. By Colonel Weer's orders we were
+forced to encamp where our famishing men were unable to obtain
+anything but putrid, stinking water. Our reports for disability and
+unfitness for duty were disregarded; our cries for help and complaints
+of unnecessary hardships and suffering were received with closed ears.
+Yesterday a council of war, convened by the order of Colonel Weer,
+decided that our only safety lay in falling back to some point from
+which we could reopen communication with our commissary depot. Colonel
+Weer overrides and annuls the decision of that council, and announces
+his determination not to move from this point. We have but three days'
+rations on hand and an order issued by him putting the command on half
+rations. For nearly two weeks we have no communication from our rear.
+We have no knowledge when supply trains will reach us, neither has
+Colonel Weer. Three sets of couriers, dispatched at different times
+to find these trains and report, have so far made no report. Reliable
+information has been received that large bodies of the enemy were
+moving to our rear, and yet we lay here idle. We are now and ever
+since our arrival here have been entirely without vegetables or
+healthy food for our troops. I have stood with arms folded and seen my
+men faint and fall away from me like the leaves of autumn because I
+thought myself powerless to save them.
+
+I will look upon this scene no longer. I know the responsibility I
+have assumed. I have acted after careful thought
+
+and deliberation. Give me your confidence for a few days, and all that
+man can do, and with a pure purpose and a firm faith that he is right,
+shall be done for the preservation of the troops.
+
+  F. Salomon, _Colonel Ninth Wis. Vols_.,
+              _Comdg. Indian Expedition_.
+
+  Headquarters Indian Expedition,
+  Camp on Wolf Creek, Cherokee Nation, July 20, 1862.
+  Brig. Gen. James G. Blunt,
+
+_Commanding Department of Kansas_:
+
+Sir: I have the honor to report that I have arrested Col. William
+Weer, commanding the Indian Expedition, and have assumed command.
+Among the numerous reasons for this step a few of the chief are as
+follows:
+
+From the day of our first report to him we have found him a man
+abusive and violent in his intercourse with his fellow-officers,
+notoriously intemperate in habits, entirely disregarding military
+usages and discipline, always rash in speech, act, and orders,
+refusing to inferior officers and their reports that consideration
+which is due an officer of the U.S. Army.
+
+Starting from Cowskin Prairie on the 1st instant, we were pushed
+rapidly forward to the vicinity of Fort Gibson, on the Arkansas River,
+a distance of 160 miles from Fort Scott. No effort was made by him to
+keep communication open behind us. It seemed he desired none. We
+had but twenty-three days' rations on hand. As soon as he reached
+a position on Grand River 14 miles from Fort Gibson his movements
+suddenly ceased. We could then have crossed the Arkansas River, but it
+seemed there was no object to be attained in his judgment by such a
+move. There we lay entirely idle from the 9th to the 19th. We had at
+last reached the point when we had but three days' rations on hand.
+Something must be done. We were in a barren country, with a large
+force of the enemy in front of us, a large and now impassable river
+between us, and no news from our train or from our base of operations
+for twelve days. What were we to do? Colonel Weer called a council of
+war, at which he stated that the Arkansas River was now impassable
+to our forces; that a train containing commissary stores had been
+expected for three days; that three different sets of couriers sent
+out some time previous had
+
+entirely failed to report; that he had been twelve days entirely
+without communication with or from the department, and that he had
+received reliable information that a large force of the enemy were
+moving to our rear via the Verdigris River for the purpose of cutting
+off our train.
+
+Upon this and other information the council of war decided that our
+only safety lay in falling back to some point where we could reopen
+communication and learn the whereabouts of our train of subsistence.
+To this decision of the council he at the time assented, and said that
+he would arrange with the commanders of brigades the order of march.
+Subsequently he issued an order putting the command on half rations,
+declaring that he would not fall back, and refused utterly, upon my
+application, to take any steps for the safety or salvation of his
+command. I could but conclude that the man was either insane,
+premeditated treachery to his troops, or perhaps that his grossly
+intemperate habits long continued had produced idiocy or monomania.
+In either case the command was imperiled, and a military necessity
+demanded that something be done, and that without delay. I took the
+only step I believed available to save your troops. I arrested this
+man, have drawn charges against him, and now hold him subject to your
+orders.
+
+On the morning of the 19th I commenced a retrograde march and have
+fallen back with my main force to this point.
+
+You will see by General Orders, No. 1, herewith forwarded, that I have
+stationed the First and Second Regiments Indian Home Guards as a corps
+of observation along the Grand and Verdigris Rivers; also to guard the
+fords of the Arkansas. Yesterday evening a courier reached me at Prior
+Creek with dispatches saying that a commissary train was at Hudson's
+Crossing, 75 miles north of us, waiting for an additional force as an
+escort. Information also reaches me this morning that Colonel Watie,
+with a force of 1,200 men, passed up the east side of Grand River
+yesterday for the purpose of cutting off this train. I have sent out
+strong reconnoitering parties to the east of the river, and if the
+information proves reliable will take such further measures as I deem
+best for its security.
+
+I design simply to hold the country we are now in, and will make
+no important moves except such as I may deem necessary for the
+preservation of this command until I receive specific
+
+instructions from you. I send Major Burnett with a small escort to
+make his way through to you. He will give you more at length the
+position of this command, their condition, &c.
+
+Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
+F. Salomon, _Colonel Ninth Wis. Vols_.,
+_Comdg. Indian Expedition_.
+
+Salomon's insubordination brought the Indian Expedition in its
+original form to an abrupt end, much to the disgust and righteous
+indignation of the Indian service. The arrest of Colonel Weer threw
+the whole camp into confusion,[372] and it was some hours before
+anything like order could be restored. A retrograde movement of the
+white troops had evidently been earlier resolved upon and was at once
+undertaken. Of such troops, Salomon assumed personal command and
+ordered them to begin a march northward at two o'clock on the morning
+of the nineteenth.[373] At the same time, he established the troops,
+he was so brutally abandoning, as a corps of observation on or near
+the Verdigris and Grand Rivers. They were thus expected to cover his
+retreat, while he, unhampered, proceeded to Hudson's Crossing.[374]
+
+With the departure of Salomon and subordinate commanders in sympathy
+with his retrograde movement, Robert W. Furnas, colonel of the First
+Indian, became the ranking officer in the field. Consequently it was
+his duty to direct the movements of the troops that remained. The
+troops were those of the three Indian regiments, the third of which
+had not yet been formally recognized and accepted by the government.
+Not all of these troops were in camp when the arrest of Weer took
+place. One of the last official acts of Weer as
+
+[Footnote 372: Carruth and Martin to Blunt, July 19, 1862.]
+
+[Footnote 373: Blocki, by order of Salomon, July 18, 1862, _Official
+Records_, vol. xiii, 477.]
+
+[Footnote 374: Carruth and Martin to Coffin, August 2, 1862.]
+
+commander of the Indian Expedition had been to order the First Indian
+to proceed to the Verdigris River and to take position "in the
+vicinity of Vann's Ford." Only a detachment of about two hundred men
+had as yet gone there, however, and they were there in charge of
+Lieutenant A.C. Ellithorpe. A like detachment of the Third Indian,
+under John A. Foreman, major, had been posted at Fort Gibson.[375]
+Salomon's _pronunciamento_ and his order, placing the Indian
+regiments as a corps of observation on the Verdigris and Grand Rivers,
+were not communicated to the regimental commanders of the Indian Home
+Guard until July 22;[376] but they had already met, had conferred
+among themselves, and had decided that it would be bad policy to take
+the Indians out of the Territory.[377] They, therefore agreed to
+consolidate the three regiments into a brigade, Furnas in command,
+and to establish camp and headquarters on the Verdigris, about twelve
+miles directly west of the old camp on the Grand.[378]
+
+The brigading took place as agreed upon and Furnas, brigade commander,
+retained his colonelcy of the First Indian, while Lieutenant-colonel
+David B. Corwin took command of the Second and Colonel William
+A. Phillips of the Third. Colonel Ritchie had, prior to recent
+happenings, been detached from his command in order to conduct a party
+of prisoners to Fort Leavenworth, also to arrange for the mustering in
+of Indian recruits.[379] But two days' rations were on hand, so jerked
+beef was accepted as the chief article of diet until other supplies
+could be obtained.[380] There was likely to be plenty of
+
+[Footnote 375: Furnas to Blunt, July 25, 1862, _Official
+Records_, vol. xiii, 512.]
+
+[Footnote 376:--Ibid., 512.]
+
+[Footnote 377: Britton, _Civil War on the border_, vol. i, 309.]
+
+[Footnote 378: _Official Records_, vol. xii, 512; Commissioner of
+Indian Affairs, Report, 1862, 163.]
+
+[Footnote 379: Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1862,
+163-164.]
+
+[Footnote 380: Carruth and Martin to Coffin, July 25, 1862,
+Ibid., 160.]
+
+that; for, as Weer had once reported, cattle were a drug on the market
+in the Cherokee country, the prairies "covered with thousands of
+them."[381] The encampment on the Verdigris was made forthwith; but it
+was a failure from the start.
+
+The Indians of the First Regiment showed signs of serious
+demoralization and became unmanageable, while a large number of the
+Second deserted.[382] It was thought that deprivation in the midst of
+plenty, the lack of good water and of the restraining influence of
+white troops had had much to do with the upheaval, although there had
+been much less plundering since they left than when they were present.
+With much of truth back of possible hatred and malice, the special
+agents reported that such protection as the white men had recently
+given Indian Territory "would ruin any country on earth."[383]
+
+With the hope that the morale of the men would be restored were they
+to be more widely distributed and their physical conditions improved,
+Colonel Furnas concluded to break camp on the Verdigris and return to
+the Grand. He accordingly marched the Third Indian to Pryor Creek[384]
+but had scarcely done so when orders came from Salomon, under cover of
+his usurped authority as commander of the Indian Expedition, for
+him to cross the Grand and advance northeastward to Horse Creek and
+vicinity, there to pitch his tents. The new camp was christened Camp
+Wattles. It extended from Horse to Wolf Creek and constituted a point
+from which the component parts of the Indian Brigade did
+
+[Footnote 381: Weer to Moonlight, July 12, 1862.]
+
+[Footnote 382: Furnas to Blunt, July 25, 1862.]
+
+[Footnote 383: Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1862,
+160-161.]
+
+[Footnote 384: Named in honor of Nathaniel Pryor of the Lewis and
+Clark expedition and of general frontier fame, and, therefore,
+incorrectly called Prior Creek in Furnas's report.]
+
+extensive scouting for another brief period. In reality, Furnas was
+endeavoring to hold the whole of the Indian country north of the
+Arkansas and south of the border.[385]
+
+Meanwhile, Salomon had established himself in the neighborhood of
+Hudson's Crossing, at what he called, Camp Quapaw. The camp was on
+Quapaw land. His idea was, and he so communicated to Blunt, that he
+had selected "the most commanding point in this (the trans-Missouri)
+country not only from a military view as a key to the valleys of
+Spring River, Shoal Creek, Neosho, and Grand River, but also as the
+only point in this country now where an army could be sustained with a
+limited supply of forage and subsistence, offering ample grazing[386]
+and good water."[387] No regular investigation into his conduct
+touching the retrograde movement, such as justice to Weer would seem
+to have demanded, was made.[388] He submitted the facts to Blunt and
+Blunt, at first alarmed[389] lest a complete abandonment of Indian
+Territory would result, acquiesced[390] when, he found that the Indian
+regiments were holding their own there.[391] Salomon, indeed, so far
+strengthened Furnas's hand as to supply him with ten days rations and
+a section of Allen's battery.
+
+[Footnote 385: For accounts of the movements of the Indian Expedition
+after the occurrence of Salomon's retrograde movement, see the
+_Daily Conservative_, August 16, 21, 26, 1862.]
+
+[Footnote 386: On the subject of grazing, see Britton, _Civil War on
+the Border_, vol. i, 308.]
+
+[Footnote 387: Salomon to Blunt, July 29, 1862, _Official
+Records_, vol. xiii, 521.]
+
+[Footnote 388: H.S. Lane called Stanton's attention to the matter,
+however, Ibid., 485.]
+
+[Footnote 389: Blunt to Salomon, August 3, 1862, Ibid.,
+531-532.]
+
+[Footnote 390: He acquiesced as, perforce, he had to do but he was
+very far from approving.]
+
+[Footnote 391: In November, Dole reported to Smith that Salomon's
+retrograde movement had caused about fifteen hundred or two thousand
+additional refugees to flee into Kansas. Dole urged that the Indian
+Expedition should be reenforced and strengthened [Indian Office
+_Report Book_, no. 12, 503-504].]
+
+
+
+
+VI. GENERAL PIKE IN CONTROVERSY WITH GENERAL HINDMAN
+
+
+The retrograde movement of Colonel Salomon and the white auxiliary of
+the Indian Expedition was peculiarly unfortunate and ill-timed since,
+owing to circumstances now to be related in detail, the Confederates
+had really no forces at hand at all adequate to repel invasion. On the
+thirty-first of May, as earlier narrated in this work, General Hindman
+had written to General Pike instructing him to move his entire
+infantry force of whites and Woodruff's single six-gun battery to
+Little Rock without delay. In doing this, he admitted that, while
+it was regrettable that Pike's force in Indian Territory should be
+reduced, it was imperative that Arkansas should be protected, her
+danger being imminent. He further ordered, that Pike should supply the
+command to be sent forward with subsistence for thirty days, should
+have the ammunition transported in wagons, and should issue orders
+that not a single cartridge be used on the journey.[392]
+
+To one of Pike's proud spirit, such orders could be nothing short
+of galling. He had collected his force and everything he possessed
+appertaining to it at the cost of much patience, much labor, much
+expense. Untiring vigilance had alone made possible the formation of
+his brigade and an unselfish willingness to advance his own funds had
+alone furnished it with quartermaster and commissary stores. McCulloch
+and Van
+
+[Footnote 392: _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 934.]
+
+Dorn[393] each in turn had diverted his supplies from their destined
+course, yet he had borne with it all, uncomplainingly. He had even
+broken faith with the Indian nations at Van Dorn's instance; for,
+contrary to the express terms of the treaties that he had negotiated,
+he had taken the red men across the border, without their express
+consent, to fight in the Pea Ridge campaign. And with what result?
+Base ingratitude on the part of Van Dorn, who, in his official report
+of the three day engagement, ignored the help rendered[394] and left
+Pike to bear the stigma[395] of Indian atrocities alone.
+
+With the thought of that ingratitude still rankling in his breast,
+Pike noted additional features of Hindman's first instructions to him,
+which were, that he should advance his Indian force to the northern
+border of Indian Territory and hold it there to resist invasion from
+Kansas. He was expected to do this unsupported
+
+[Footnote 393: Van Dorn would seem to have been a gross offender in
+this respect. Similar charges were made against him by other men and
+on other occasions [_Official Records_, vol. liii, supplement,
+825].]
+
+[Footnote 394: It was matter of common report that Van Dorn despised
+Pike's Indians [Ibid., vol. xiii, 814-816]. The entire Arkansas
+delegation in Congress, with the exception of A.H. Garland, testified
+to Van Dorn's aversion for the Indians [Ibid., 815].]
+
+[Footnote 395: How great was that stigma can be best understood from
+the following: "The horde of Indians scampered off to the mountains
+from whence they had come, having murdered and scalped many of the
+Union wounded. General Pike, their leader, led a feeble band to the
+heights of Big Mountain, near Elk Horn, where he was of no use to
+the battle of the succeeding day, and whence he fled, between roads,
+through the woods, disliked by the Confederates and detested by the
+Union men; to be known in history as a son of New Hampshire--a poet
+who sang of flowers and the beauties of the sunset skies, the joys of
+love and the hopes of the soul--and yet one who, in the middle of the
+19th century, led a merciless, scalping, murdering, uncontrollable
+horde of half-tame savages in the defense of slavery--themselves
+slave-holders--against that Union his own native State was then
+supporting, and against the flag of liberty. He scarcely struck a blow
+in open fight.... His service was servile and corrupt; his flight
+was abject, and his reward disgrace."--_War Papers and Personal
+Recollections of the Missouri Commandery_, 232.]
+
+by white troops, the need of which, for moral as well as for physical
+strength, he had always insisted upon.
+
+It is quite believable that Van Dorn was the person most responsible
+for Hindman's interference with Pike, although, of course, the very
+seriousness and desperateness of Hindman's situation would have
+impelled him to turn to the only place where ready help was to be had.
+Three days prior to the time that Hindman had been assigned to the
+Trans-Mississippi Department, Roane, an old antagonist of Pike[396]
+and the commander to whose immediate care Van Dorn had confided
+Arkansas,[397] had asked of Pike at Van Dorn's suggestion[398] all the
+white forces he could spare, Roane having practically none of his own.
+Pike had refused the request, if request it was, and in refusing it,
+had represented how insufficient his forces actually were for purposes
+of his own department and how exceedingly difficult had been the task,
+which was his and his alone, of getting them together. At the time of
+writing he had not a single dollar of public money for his army and
+only a very limited amount of ammunition and other supplies.[399]
+
+Pike received Hindman's communication of May 31 late in the afternoon
+of June 8 and he replied to it that same evening immediately after
+he had made arrangements[400] for complying in part with its
+requirements.
+
+The reply[401] as it stands in the records today is a strong
+indictment of the Confederate management of Indian
+
+[Footnote 396: Pike had fought a duel with Roane, Roane having
+challenged him because he had dared to criticize his conduct in
+the Mexican War [Hallura, _Biographical and Pictorial History of
+Arkansas_, vol. i, 229; _Confederate Military History_, vol.
+x, 99].]
+
+[Footnote 397: Maury to Roane, May 11, 1862, _Official Records_,
+vol. xiii, 827.]
+
+[Footnote 398: Maury to Pike, May 19, 1862, Ibid.]
+
+[Footnote 399: Pike to Roane, June 1, 1862, Ibid., 935-936.]
+
+[Footnote 400: General Orders, June 8, 1862, Ibid., 943.]
+
+[Footnote 401: Pike to Hindman, June 8, 1862, Ibid., 936-943.]
+
+affairs in the West and should be dealt with analytically, yet also as
+a whole; since no paraphrase, no mere synopsis of contents could ever
+do the subject justice. From the facts presented, it is only too
+evident that very little had been attempted or done by the Richmond
+authorities for the Indian regiments. Neither officers nor men had
+been regularly or fully paid. And not all the good intentions, few as
+they were, of the central government had been allowed realization.
+They had been checkmated by the men in control west of the
+Mississippi. In fact, the army men in Arkansas had virtually exploited
+Pike's command, had appropriated for their own use his money, his
+supplies, and had never permitted anything to pass on to Indian
+Territory, notwithstanding that it had been bought with Indian funds,
+"that was fit to be sent anywhere else." The Indian's portion was the
+"refuse," as Pike so truly, bitterly, and emphatically put it, or, in
+other words of his, the "crumbs" that fell from the white man's table.
+
+Pike's compliance with Hindman's orders was only partial and he
+offered not the vestige of an apology that it was so. What he did send
+was Dawson's[402] infantry regiment and Woodruff's battery which went
+duly on to Little Rock with the requisite thirty days' subsistence and
+the caution that not a single cartridge was to be fired along the way.
+The caution Pike must have repeated in almost ironical vein; for the
+way to Little Rock lay through Indian Territory and cartridges like
+everything else under Pike's control had been collected solely for its
+defense.
+
+Respecting the forward movement of the Indian troops, Pike made not
+the slightest observation in his
+
+[Footnote 402: C.L. Dawson of the Nineteenth Regiment of Arkansas
+Volunteers had joined Pike at Fort McCulloch in April [_Fort Smith
+Papers_].]
+
+reply. His silence was ominous. Perhaps it was intended as a warning
+to Hindman not to encroach too far upon his department; but that is
+mere conjecture; inasmuch as Pike had not yet seen fit to question
+outright Hindman's authority over himself. As if anticipating an echo
+from Little Rock of criticisms that were rife elsewhere, he ventured
+an explanation of his conduct in establishing himself in the extreme
+southern part of Indian Territory and towards the west and in
+fortifying on an open prairie, far from any recognized base.[403] He
+had gone down into the Red River country, he asserted, in order to be
+near Texas where supplies might be had in abundance and where, since
+he had no means of defence, he would be safe from attack. He deplored
+the seeming necessity of merging his department in another and larger
+one. His reasons were probably many but the one reason he stressed
+was, for present purposes, the best he could have offered. It
+was, that the Indians could not be expected to render to him as a
+subordinate the same obedience they had rendered to him as the chief
+officer in command. Were his authority to be superseded in any degree,
+the Indians would naturally infer that his influence at Richmond had
+declined, likewise his power to protect them and their interests.
+
+During the night Pike must have pondered deeply
+
+[Footnote 403: His enemies were particularly scornful of his work
+in this regard. They poked fun at him on every possible occasion.
+Edwards, in _Shelby and His Men_, 63, but echoed the general
+criticism,
+
+"Pike, also a Brigadier, had retreated with his Indian contingent out
+of North West Arkansas, unpursued, through the Cherokee country, the
+Chickasaw country, and the country of the Choctaws, two hundred and
+fifty miles to the southward, only halting on the 'Little Blue', an
+unknown thread of a stream, twenty miles from Red river, where he
+constructed fortifications on the open prairie, erected a saw-mill
+remote from any timber, and devoted himself to gastronomy and poetic
+meditation, with elegant accompaniments..."]
+
+over things omitted from his reply to Hindman and over all that was
+wanting to make his compliance with Hindman's instructions full and
+satisfactory. On the ninth, his assistant-adjutant, O.F. Russell,
+prepared a fairly comprehensive report[404] of the conditions in and
+surrounding his command. Pike's force,[405] so the report stated, was
+anything but complete. With Dawson gone, there would be in camp, of
+Arkansas troops, one company of cavalry and one of artillery and, of
+Texas, two companies of cavalry. When men, furloughed for the wheat
+harvest, should return, there would be "in addition two regiments
+and one company of cavalry, and one company of artillery, about 80
+strong."[406] The withdrawal of white troops from the Territory would
+be interpreted by the Indians to mean its abandonment.
+
+Of the Indian contingent, Russell had this to say:
+
+    The two Cherokee regiments are near the Kansas line, operating on
+    that frontier. Col. Stand Watie has recently had a skirmish there,
+    in which, as always, he and his men fought gallantly, and were
+    successful. Col. D.N. McIntosh's Creek Regiment is under orders to
+    advance up the Verdigris, toward the Santa Fé road. Lieut. Col.
+    Chilly McIntosh's Creek Battalion, Lieut. Col. John Jumper's
+    Seminole Battalion, and Lieut. Col. J.D. Harris' Chickasaw
+    Battalion are under orders, and part of them now in motion toward
+    the Salt Plains, to take Fort Larned, the post at Walnut Creek,
+    and perhaps Fort Wise, and intercept trains going to New Mexico.
+    The First Choctaw (new)[407] Regiment, of Col. Sampson Folsom,
+    and the Choctaw Battalion (three companies), of Maj. Simpson (N.)
+    Folsom, are at Middle Boggy, 23 miles northeast of this point.
+    They were under orders to march northward to
+
+[Footnote 404: _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 943-945.]
+
+[Footnote 405: For tabulated showing of Pike's brigade, see
+Ibid., 831.]
+
+[Footnote 406: Compare Russell's statement with Hindman's
+[Ibid., 30]. See also Maury to Price, March 22, 1862
+[Ibid., vol. viii, 798].]
+
+[Footnote 407: The parentheses appear here as in the original.]
+
+    the Salt Plains and Santa Fé road; but the withdrawal of Colonel
+    Dawson's regiment prevents that, and the regiment is now ordered
+    to take position here, and the battalion to march to and take
+    position at Camp McIntosh, 17 miles this side of Fort Cobb, where,
+    with Hart's Spies, 40 in number, it will send out parties to
+    the Wichita Mountains and up the False Wichita, and prevent, if
+    possible, depredations on the frontier of Texas.
+
+    The First Choctaw and Chickasaw Regiment, of Col. Douglas H.
+    Cooper, goes out of service on the 25th and 26th of July. It is
+    now encamped 11 miles east of here.... The country to the westward
+    is quiet, all the Comanches this side of the Staked Plains being
+    friendly, and the Kiowas[408] having made peace, and selected
+    a home to live at on Elk Creek, not far from the site of Camp
+    Radziwintski, south of the Wichita Mountains.
+
+    The Indian troops have been instructed, if the enemy[409] invades
+    the country, to harass him, and impede his progress by every
+    possible means, and, falling back here as he advances, to assist
+    in holding this position against him.
+
+Included in Russell's report there might well have been much
+interesting data respecting the condition of the troops that Pike
+was parting with; for it can scarcely be said that he manifested any
+generosity in sending them forth. He obeyed the letter of his order
+and ignored its spirit. He permitted no guns to be taken out of the
+Territory that had been paid for with money that he had furnished.
+Dawson's regiment had not its full quota of men, but that was scarcely
+Pike's fault. Neither was it his fault that its equipment was so
+sadly below par that it could make but very slow progress on the nine
+hundred mile march between Fort McCulloch and Little Rock. Moreover,
+the health of the
+
+[Footnote 408: Pike had just received assurances of the friendly
+disposition of the Kiowas [Bickel to Pike, June 1, 1862, _Official
+Records_, vol. xiii, 936].]
+
+[Footnote 409: The enemy in mind was the Indian Expedition. Pike had
+heard that Sturgis had been removed "on account of his tardiness in
+not invading the Indian country...." [Ibid., 944].]
+
+men was impaired, their duties, especially the "fort duties, throwing
+up intrenchments, etc.,"[410] had been very fatiguing. Pike had no
+wagons to spare them for the trip eastward. So many of his men had
+obtained furloughs for the harvest season and every company, in
+departing, had taken with it a wagon,[411] no one having any thought
+that there would come a call decreasing Pike's command.
+
+So slowly and laboriously did Dawson's regiment progress that Hindman,
+not hearing either of it or of Woodruff's battery, which was slightly
+in advance, began to have misgivings as to the fate of his orders of
+May 31. He, therefore, repeated them in substance, on June 17, with
+the additional specific direction that Pike should "move at once to
+Fort Gibson." That order Pike received June 24, the day following his
+issuance of instructions to his next in command, Colonel D.H. Cooper,
+that he should hasten to the country north of the Canadian and there
+take command of all forces except Chief Jumper's.
+
+The receipt of Hindman's order of June 17 was the signal for Pike
+to pen another lengthy letter[412] of description and protest.
+Interspersed through it were his grievances, the same that were
+recited in the letter of June 8, but now more elaborately dwelt upon.
+Pike was getting irritable. He declared that he had done all he could
+to expedite the movement of his troops. The odds were unquestionably
+against him. His Indians were doing duty in different places. Most
+of the men of his white cavalry force were off on furlough. Their
+furloughs would not expire until the
+
+[Footnote 410: Dawson to Hindman, June 20, 1862, _Official
+Records_, vol. xiii, 945-946.]
+
+[Footnote 411: Dawson had allowed his wagons to go "of his own motion"
+[Pike to Hindman, June 24, 1862, Ibid., 947].]
+
+[Footnote 412:--Ibid., 947-950.]
+
+twenty-fifth and not until the twenty-seventh could they be
+proceeded against as deserters. Not until that date, too, would the
+reorganization, preliminary to marching, be possible. He was short of
+transportation and half of what he had was unserviceable.
+
+Of his available Indian force, he had made what disposition to
+him seemed best. He had ordered the newly-organized First Choctaw
+Regiment, under Colonel Sampson Folsom, to Fort Gibson and had
+assigned Cooper to the command north of the Canadian, which meant,
+of course, the Cherokee country. Cooper's own regiment was the First
+Choctaw and Chickasaw, of which, two companies, proceeding from
+Scullyville, had already posted themselves in the upper part of the
+Indian Territory, where also were the two Cherokee regiments, Watie's
+and Drew's. The remaining eight companies of the First Choctaw and
+Chickasaw were encamped near Fort McCulloch and would have, before
+moving elsewhere, to await the reorganization of their regiment, now
+near at hand. However, Cooper was not without hope that he could
+effect reorganization promptly and take at least four companies
+to join those that had just come from Scullyville. There were six
+companies in the Chickasaw Battalion, two at Fort Cobb and four on the
+march to Fort McCulloch; but they would all have to be left within
+their own country for they were averse to moving out of it and were
+in no condition to move. The three companies of the Choctaw Battalion
+would also have to be left behind in the south for they had no
+transportation with which to effect a removal. The Creek commands,
+D.N. McIntosh's Creek Regiment, Chilly McIntosh's Creek Battalion, and
+John Jumper's Seminole Battalion, were operating in the west, along
+
+the Santa Fé Trail and towards Forts Larned and Wise.
+
+June 17 might be said to mark the beginning of the real controversy
+between Pike and Hindman; for, on that day, not only did Hindman
+reiterate the order to hurry that aroused Pike's ire but he encroached
+upon Pike's prerogative in a financial particular that was bound,
+considering Pike's experiences in the past, to make for trouble.
+Interference with his commissary Pike was determined not to brook,
+yet, on June 17, Hindman put N. Bart Pearce in supreme control at
+Fort Smith as commissary, acting quartermaster, and acting ordnance
+officer.[413] His jurisdiction was to extend over northwestern
+Arkansas and over the Indian Territory. Now Pike had had dealings
+already with Pearce and thought that he knew too well the limits of
+his probity. Exactly when Pike heard of Pearce's promotion is not
+quite clear; but, on the twenty-third, Hindman sent him a conciliatory
+note explaining that his intention was "to stop the operations of the
+commissaries of wandering companies in the Cherokee Nation, who"
+were "destroying the credit of the Confederacy by the floods of
+certificates they" issued and not "to restrict officers acting under"
+Pike's orders.[414] All very well, but Pearce had other ideas as to
+the functions of his office and lost no time in apprising various
+people of them. His notes[415] to Pike's officers were most
+impertinently prompt. They were sent out on the twenty-fourth of June
+and on the twenty-sixth Pike reported[416] the whole history of his
+economic embarrassments to the Secretary of War.[417]
+
+[Footnote 413: _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 967.]
+
+[Footnote 414:--Ibid., 946.]
+
+[Footnote 415:--Ibid., 968, 968-969, 969.]
+
+[Footnote 416:--Ibid., 841-844.]
+
+[Footnote 417: George W. Randolph.]
+
+His indignation must have been immense; but whether righteously so or
+not, it was for others higher up to decide. That Pike had some sort of
+a case against the men in Arkansas there can be no question. The tale
+he told Secretary Randolph was a revelation such as would have put
+ordinary men, if involved at all, to deepest shame. Hindman, perforce,
+was the victim of accumulated resentment; for he, personally, had
+done only a small part of that of which Pike complained. In the main,
+Pike's report simply furnished particulars in matters, such as the
+despoiling him of his hard-won supplies, of which mention has already
+been made; and his chief accusation was little more than hinted at,
+the gist of it being suggested in some of his concluding sentences:
+
+    ... I struggled for a good while before I got rid of the curse of
+    dependence for subsistence, transportation, and forage on officers
+    at Fort Smith. I cannot even get from that place the supplies I
+    provide myself and hardly my own private stores. My department
+    quartermaster and commissary are fully competent to purchase what
+    we need, and I mean they shall do it. I have set my face against
+    all rascality and swindling and keep contractors in wholesome
+    fear, and have made it publicly known by advertisement that I
+    prefer to purchase of the farmer and producer and do not want any
+    contractors interposed between me and them. My own officers will
+    continue to purchase subsistence, transportation, forage, and
+    whatever else I need until I am ordered to the contrary by you,
+    and when that order comes it will be answered by my resignation.
+    Mr. White's[418] contract will not be acted under here. I have
+    beef enough on hand and engaged, and do not want any from him. I
+    have had to buy bacon at 20 to 26 cents, and he ought to be made
+    to pay every cent of the difference between that price and fifteen
+    cents. I also strenuously object to receiving mules or anything
+    else purchased at Fort Smith.
+
+[Footnote 418: "George E. White, formerly a partner, I believe, of
+Senator Oldham of Texas..."--_Official Records_, vol. xiii, 842.]
+
+    I could get up a mule factory now with the skeletons I have,
+    and there are a few miles from here 600 or 800 sent up by Major
+    Clark[419] in even a worse plight.
+
+    I know nothing about Major Pearce as a quartermaster nor of
+    any right Major-General Hindman has to make him one. He is an
+    assistant commissary of subsistence, with the rank of major, and
+    Major Quesenbury, my brigade or department quartermaster, is major
+    by an older commission....
+
+    While I am here there will be no fine contracts for mules, hay,
+    keeping of mules, beef on the hoof at long figures, or anything of
+    the kind. Fort Smith is very indignant at this, and out of this
+    grief grows the anxious desire of many patriots to see me resign
+    the command of this country or be removed....[420]
+
+Subsequent communications[421] from Pike to Randolph reported the
+continued despoiling of his command and the persistent infringement of
+Pearce upon his authority, in consequence of which, the Indians were
+suffering from lack of forage, medicines, clothing, and food.[422]
+Pearce, in his turn, reported[423] to Hindman Pike's obstinacy and
+intractability and he even cast insinuations against his honesty. Pike
+was openly defying the man who claimed to be his superior officer,
+Hindman. He was resisting his authority at every turn and had already
+boldly declared,[424] with special reference to Clarkson, of course,
+that
+
+    No officer of the Missouri State Guard, whatever his rank, unless
+    he has a command adequate to his rank, can ever exercise or assume
+    any military authority in the Indian country, and much less assume
+    command of any Confederate troops or
+
+[Footnote 419: George W. Clark, _Official Records_, vol. xiii.]
+
+[Footnote 420: For an equally vigorous statement on this score, see
+Pike to Randolph, June 30, 1862 [Ibid., 849].]
+
+[Footnote 421:--Ibid., 846-847, 848-849, 850-851, 852.]
+
+[Footnote 422: Chilly McIntosh to Pike, June 9, 1862, Ibid.,
+853; Pike to Chilly McIntosh, July 6, 1862, Ibid., 853-854.]
+
+[Footnote 423: July 5, 1862 [Ibid., 963-965]; July 8, 1862
+[Ibid., 965-967].]
+
+[Footnote 424:--Ibid., 844-845.]
+
+    compare rank with any officer in the Confederate service. The
+    commissioned colonels of Indian regiments rank precisely as if
+    they commanded regiments of white men, and will be respected and
+    obeyed accordingly.
+
+With the same confidence in the justness of his own cause, he
+called[425] Pearce's attention to an act of Congress which seemed "to
+have escaped his observation," and which Pike considered conclusively
+proved that the whole course of action of his enemies was absolutely
+illegal.
+
+In some of his contentions, General Pike was most certainly on strong
+ground and never on stronger than when he argued that the Indians were
+organized, in a military way, for their own protection and for the
+defence of their own country. Since first they entered the Confederate
+service, many had been the times that that truth had been brought home
+to the authorities and not by Pike[426] alone but by several of his
+subordinates and most often by Colonel Cooper.[427] The Indians had
+many causes of dissatisfaction and sometimes they murmured pretty
+loudly. Not even Pike's arrangements satisfied them all and his
+inexplicable conduct in establishing his headquarters at Fort
+McCulloch was exasperating beyond measure to the Cherokees.[428] Why,
+if he were really sincere in saying that his supreme duty was the
+defence of Indian Territory, did he not place himself where he could
+do something, where, for instance, he could take precautions against
+invasions from
+
+[Footnote 425: Pike to Pearce, July 1, 1862, _Official Records_,
+vol. xiii, 967.]
+
+[Footnote 426: One of the best statements of the case by Pike is to
+be found in a letter from him to Stand Watie, June 27, 1862
+[Ibid., 952].]
+
+[Footnote 427: For some of Cooper's statements, illustrative of his
+position, see his letter to Pike, February 10, 1862 [Ibid.,
+896] and that to Van Dorn, May 6, 1862 [ibid., 824].]
+
+[Footnote 428: It was at the express wish of Stand Watie and Drew that
+Hindman placed Clarkson in the Cherokee country [Carroll to Pike, June
+27, 1862, ibid., 952].]
+
+Kansas? And why, when the unionist Indian Expedition was threatening
+Fort Gibson, Tahlequah, and Cherokee integrity generally, did he not
+hasten northward to resist it? Chief Ross, greatly aggrieved because
+of Pike's delinquency in this respect, addressed[429] himself to
+Hindman and he did so in the fatal days of June.
+
+In addressing General Hindman as Pike's superior officer, John Ross
+did something more than make representations as to the claims, which
+his nation in virtue of treaty guaranties had upon the South. He urged
+the advisability of allowing the Indians to fight strictly on the
+defensive and of placing them under the command of someone who would
+"enjoy their confidence." These two things he would like to have done
+if the protective force, which the Confederacy had promised, were not
+forthcoming. The present was an opportune time for the preferring
+of such a request. At least it was opportune from the standpoint of
+Pike's enemies and traducers.[430] It fitted into Hindman's scheme of
+things exactly; for he had quite lost patience, granting he had ever
+had any, with the Arkansas poet. It was not, however, within his
+province to remove him; but it was within his power so to tantalize
+him that he could render his position as brigade and department
+commander, intolerable. That he proceeded to do. Pike's quick
+sensibilities were not proof against such treatment and he soon lost
+his temper.
+
+His provocations were very great. As was perfectly
+
+[Footnote 429: Ross to Hindman, June 25, 1862, _Official
+Records_, vol. xiii, 950-951. A little while before, Ross had
+complained, in a similar manner, to President Davis [Ibid.,
+824-825].]
+
+[Footnote 430: Pike had his traducers. The Texans and Arkansans
+circulated infamous stories about him. See his reference to the same
+in a letter to Hindman, July 3, 1862 [Ibid., 955].]
+
+natural, the Confederate defeat at Locust Grove counted heavily
+against him.[431] On the seventh of July, Hindman began a new attack
+upon him by making requisition for his ten Parrott guns.[432] They
+were needed in Arkansas. On the eighth of July came another attack in
+the shape of peremptory orders, two sets of them, the very tone of
+which was both accusatory and condemnatory. What was apparently the
+first[433] set of orders reached Pike by wire on the eleventh of July
+and commanded him to hurry to Fort Smith, travelling night and day,
+there to take command of all troops in the Indian Territory and in
+Carroll's district.[434] Almost no organization, charged Hindman, was
+in evidence among the Confederate forces in the upper Indian country
+and a collision between the two Cherokee regiments was impending. Had
+he been better informed he might have said that there was only one of
+them now in existence.
+
+The second[435] set of orders, dated July 8, was of a tenor much the
+same, just as insulting, just as peremptory. The only difference of
+note was the substitution of the upper Indian country for Fort Smith
+as a point for headquarters. In the sequel, however, the second
+set proved superfluous; for the first so aroused Pike's ire that,
+immediately upon its receipt, he prepared his resignation and sent it
+to Hindman for transmission to Richmond.[436]
+
+Hindman's position throughout this affair was not
+
+[Footnote 431: July 3.]
+
+[Footnote 432: _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 854.]
+
+[Footnote 433: First, probably only in the sense that it was the first
+to be received.]
+
+[Footnote 434: _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 857.]
+
+[Footnote 435:--Ibid., 856-857.]
+
+[Footnote 436: Pike to Hindman, July 15, 1862 [Ibid., 858];
+Pike to Secretary of War, July 20, 1862 [Ibid., 856].]
+
+destitute of justification.[437] One has only to read his general
+reports to appreciate how heavy was the responsibility that rested
+upon him. It was no wonder that he resorted to questionable expedients
+to accomplish his purposes, no wonder that he instituted martial
+law[438] in a seemingly refractory country, no wonder that he took
+desperate measures to force Pike to activity. Pike's leisurely way of
+attending to business was in itself an annoyance and his leisurely way
+of moving over the country was a positive offence. He had been ordered
+to proceed with dispatch to Fort Gibson. The expiration of a month and
+a half found him still at Fort McCulloch. He really did not move from
+thence until, having sent in his resignation, he made preparations for
+handing over his command to Colonel Cooper. That he intended to do at
+some point on the Canadian and thither he wended his way.[439] By the
+twenty-first of July, "he had succeeded in getting as far as Boggy
+Depot, a distance of 25 miles;[440] but then he had not left Fort
+McCulloch until that very morning.[441]
+
+Pike's definite break with Hindman was, perhaps, more truly a
+consummation of Hindman's wishes than of Pike's own. On the third
+of July, as if regretting his previous show of temper, he wrote to
+Hindman a long letter,[442] conciliatory in tone throughout. He
+discussed the issues between them in a calm and temperate spirit,
+
+[Footnote 437: In September, Hindman declared he had never had any
+knowledge of the order creating Pike's department [_Official
+Records_, vol. xiii, 978].]
+
+[Footnote 438: He instituted martial law, June 30, 1862 and, although
+he believed he had precedent in Pike's own procedure, Pike criticized
+him severely. See Pike to J.S. Murrow, Seminole Agent, October 25,
+1862, Ibid., 900-902. Hindman had authorized Pearce, June 17,
+1862, to exercise martial law in the cities of Fort Smith and Van
+Buren and their environs [Ibid., 835].]
+
+[Footnote 439: Pike to Hindman, July 15, 1862.]
+
+[Footnote 440: Hindman's Report [_Official Records_, vol. xiii,
+40].]
+
+[Footnote 441: Pike to the Secretary of War, July 20, 1862
+[Ibid., 859].]
+
+[Footnote 442:--Ibid., 954-962.]
+
+changing nothing as regarded the facts but showing a willingness to
+let bygones be bygones. Considering how great had been his chagrin,
+his indignation, and his poignant sense of ingratitude and wrong, he
+rose to heights really noble. He seemed desirous, even anxious, that
+the great cause in which they were both so vitally interested should
+be uppermost in both their minds always and that their differences,
+which, after all, were, comparatively speaking, so very petty, should
+be forgotten forever. It was in the spirit of genuine helpfulness that
+he wrote and also in the spirit of great magnanimity. Pike was a man
+who studied the art of war zealously, who knew the rules of European
+warfare, and a man, who, even in war times, could read Napier's
+_Peninsular War_ and succumb to its charm. He was a classicist
+and a student very much more than a man of action. Could those around
+him, far meaner souls many of them than he, have only known and
+remembered that and, remembering it, have made due allowances for his
+vagaries, all might have been well. His generous letter of the third
+of July failed utterly of its mission; but not so much, perhaps,
+because of Hindman's inability to appreciate it or unwillingness
+to meet its writer half-way, as because of the very seriousness
+of Hindman's own military situation, which made all compromises
+impossible. The things he felt it incumbent upon him to do must be
+done his way or not at all. The letter of July 3 could scarcely have
+been received before the objectionable orders of July 8 had been
+planned.
+
+The last ten days of July were days of constant scouting on the part
+of both the Federal and Confederate Indians but nothing of much
+account resulted. Colonel W.A. Phillips of the Third Indian Home
+Guard,
+
+whose command had been left by Furnas to scout around Tahlequah and
+Fort Gibson, came into collision with Stand Watie's force on the
+twenty-seventh at Bayou Bernard, seven miles, approximately, from the
+latter place. The Confederate Cherokees lost considerably in dead
+and prisoners.[443] Phillips would have followed up his victory by
+pursuing the foe even to the Verdigris had not Cooper, fearing that
+his forces might be destroyed in detail, ordered them all south of the
+Arkansas and thereby circumvented his enemy's designs. Phillips
+then moved northward in the direction of Furnas's main camp on Wolf
+Creek.[444]
+
+Pike had his own opinion of Cooper and Watie's daring methods of
+fighting and most decidedly disapproved of their attempting to meet
+the enemy in the neighborhood of Fort Gibson. That part of the Indian
+Territory, according to his view of things, was not capable of
+supporting an army. He discounted the ability of his men to conquer,
+their equipment being so meagre. He, therefore, persisted in advising
+that they should fight only on the defensive. He advised that,
+notwithstanding he had a depreciatory[445] regard for the Indian
+Expedition, and, both before and after the retrograde movement
+of Colonel Salomon, underestimated its size and strength. He Was
+confident that Cooper would have inevitably to fall back to the
+Canadian, where, as he said, "the defensible country commences." Pike
+objected strenuously to the courting of an open battle and, could he
+have followed the bent of his own inclinations, "would have sent only
+
+[Footnote 443: Phillips to Furnas, July 27, 1862, _Official
+Records_, vol. xiii, 181-182.]
+
+[Footnote 444: Same to same, August 6, 1862, Ibid., 183-184.]
+
+[Footnote 445: Cooper reported that Pike regarded the Indian
+Expedition as only a "jayhawking party," and "no credit due" "for
+arresting its career" [Cooper to Davis, August 8, 1862, Ibid.,
+vol liii, supplement, 821].]
+
+small bodies of mounted Indians and white troops to the
+Arkansas."[446]
+
+No doubt it was in repudiation of all responsibility for what Cooper
+and Watie might eventually do that he chose soon to bring himself,
+through a mistaken notion of justice and honor, into very disagreeable
+prominence. Discretion was evidently not Pike's cardinal virtue. At
+any rate, he was quite devoid of it when he issued, July 31, his
+remarkable circular address[447] "to the Chiefs and People of the
+Cherokees, Creeks, Seminoles, Chickasaws, and Choctaws." In that
+address, he notified them that he had resigned his post as department
+commander and dilated upon the causes that had moved him to action. He
+shifted all blame for failure to keep faith with the Indian nations
+from himself and from the Confederate government to the men upon whom
+he steadfastly believed it ought to rest. He deprecated the plundering
+that would bring its own retribution and begged the red men to be
+patient and to keep themselves true to the noble cause they had
+espoused.
+
+    Remain true, I earnestly advise you, to the Confederate States
+    and yourselves. Do not listen to any men who tell you that the
+    Southern States will abandon you. They will not do it. If the
+    enemy has been able to come into the Cherokee country it has not
+    been the fault of the President; and it is but the fortune of war,
+    and what has happened in Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee,
+    and even Arkansas. We have not been able to keep the enemy from
+    our frontier anywhere; but in the interior of our country we can
+    defeat them always.
+
+    Be not discouraged, and remember, above all things, that you can
+    have nothing to expect from the enemy. They will have no mercy on
+    you, for they are more merciless than wolves and more rapacious.
+    Defend your country with what help you
+
+[Footnote 446: Pike to the Secretary of War, July 20, 1862,
+_Official Records_, vol. xiii, 859-860.]
+
+[Footnote 447:--Ibid., 869-871.]
+
+    can get until the President can send you troops. If the enemy ever
+    comes to the Canadian he cannot go far beyond that river. The war
+    must soon end since the recent victories near Richmond, and no
+    treaty of peace will be made that will give up any part of your
+    country to the Northern States. If I am not again placed in
+    command of your country some other officer will be in whom you
+    can confide. And whatever may be told you about me, you will soon
+    learn that if I have not defended the whole country it was because
+    I had not the troops with which to do it; that I have cared for
+    your interest alone; that I have never made you a promise that I
+    did not expect, and had not a right to expect, to be able to keep,
+    and that I have never broken one intentionally nor except by the
+    fault of others.
+
+The only fair way to judge Pike's farewell address to his Indian
+charges is to consider it in the light of its effect upon them,
+intended and accomplished.[448] So little reason has the red man had,
+in the course of his long experience with his white brother, to trust
+him that his faith in that white brother rests upon a very slender
+foundation. Pike knew the Indian character amazingly well and knew
+that he must retain for the Confederacy the Indian's confidence at all
+cost. Were he to fail in that, his entire diplomatic work would have
+been done in vain. To stay the Cherokees in their desertion to
+the North was of prime necessity. They had already gone over in
+dangerously large numbers and must be checked before other tribes
+followed in their wake. Very possibly Pike had been made aware
+
+[Footnote 448: Pike gives this as the effect of his proclamation:
+
+"... it effected what I desired. The Choctaw force was immediately
+increased to two full regiments; the Creek force to two regiments
+and two companies; the Seminole force was doubled; the Chickasaws
+reorganized five companies and a sixth is being made up. The Indians
+looked to me alone, and for me to vindicate myself was to vindicate
+the Government. We lost half the Cherokees solely because their moneys
+and supplies were intercepted..."--Ibid., 904-905. See also
+Pike to Holmes, December 30, 1862. Another effect was, the creation of
+a prejudice self-confessed in General Holmes's mind against Pike.]
+
+of Chief Ross's complaint to Hindman. If so, it was all important
+that he should vindicate himself. So maligned had he been that his
+sensitiveness on the score of the discharge of his duties was very
+natural, very pardonable. After all he had done for the Confederacy
+and for the Indians, it seemed hardly right that he should be blamed
+for all that others had failed to do. His motives were pure and could
+not be honestly impugned by anybody. The address was an error of
+judgment but it was made with the best of intentions.
+
+And so the authorities at Richmond seem to have regarded it; that is,
+if the reference in President Davis's letter[449] to Pike of August 9
+is to this affair. Pike wrote to the president on the same day that he
+started his address upon its rounds, but that letter,[450] in which
+he rehearsed the wrongs he had been forced to endure, also those more
+recently inflicted upon him, did not reach Richmond until September
+20. His address was transmitted by Colonel D.H. Cooper, who had
+taken great umbrage at it and who now charged the author with having
+violated an army regulation, which prohibited publications concerning
+Confederate troops.[451] Davis took the matter under advisement and
+wrote to Pike a mild reprimand. It was as follows:
+
+    Richmond, Va., August 9, 1862.
+
+    Brig. Gen. Albert Pike,
+
+    Camp McCulloch, Choctaw Nation:
+
+    General: Your communication of July 3 is at hand. I regret the
+    necessity of informing you that it is an impropriety for an
+    officer of the Army to address the President through a printed
+    circular.[452] Under the laws for the government of
+
+[Footnote 449: Official Records, vol. liii, supplement, 822.]
+
+[Footnote 450:--Ibid., vol. xiii, 860-869.]
+
+[Footnote 451:--Ibid., vol. liii, supplement, 820-821.]
+
+[Footnote 452: It is possible that the printed circular here referred
+to was some other one that was directly addressed to the president but
+none such has been found.]
+
+    the Army the publication of this circular was a grave military
+    offense, and if the purpose was to abate an evil, by making an
+    appeal that would be heeded by me, the mode taken was one of the
+    slowest and worst that could have been adopted.
+
+    Very respectfully, yours, Jefferson Davis.
+
+The sympathy of Secretary Randolph was conceivably with Pike; for, on
+the fourteenth of July, he wrote assuring him that certain general
+orders had been sent out by the Adjutant and Inspector General's
+Office which were "intended to prevent even the major-general
+commanding the Trans-Mississippi Department from diverting from their
+legitimate destination (the Department of Indian Territory) munitions
+of war and supplies procured by 'him' for that department."[453]
+That did not prevent Hindman's continuing his pernicious practices,
+however. On the seventeenth he demanded[454] that Pike deliver to
+him his best battery and Pike, discouraged and yet thoroughly beside
+himself with ill-suppressed rage,[455] sent it to him.[456] At
+the same time he insisted that he be immediately relieved of his
+command.[457] He could endure the indignities to which he was
+subjected no longer. The order for his relief arrived in due course
+and also directions for him to report in person at Hindman's
+headquarters.[458] He had not then issued his circular; but, as
+
+[Footnote 453: _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 903; Pike to
+Holmes, December 30, 1862, Pike _Papers_, Library of the
+Supreme Council, 33º. Pike did not receive Randolph's letter of July
+fourteenth until some time in August and not until after he had had an
+interview with Holmes. See Pike to Holmes, December 30, 1862.]
+
+[Footnote 454: Official Records, vol. xiii, 970.]
+
+[Footnote 455: This is inferred from the very peculiar _General
+Orders_ that issued from Fort McCulloch that selfsame day. They
+were sarcastic in the extreme. No general in his right senses would
+have issued them. They are to be found, Ibid., 970-973.]
+
+[Footnote 456:--Ibid., 973, 974.]
+
+[Footnote 457:--_Ib id_., 973.]
+
+[Footnote 458: Pike to Hindman, July 31, 1862, Ibid., 973.]
+
+soon as he had, the whole situation changed. He had deliberately put
+himself in the wrong and into the hands of his enemies. The address
+was, in some respects, the last act of a desperate[459] man. And there
+is no doubt that General Pike was desperate. Reports were spreading in
+Texas that he was a defaulter to the government and, as he himself in
+great bitterness of spirit said, "The incredible villainy of a slander
+so monstrous, and so without even any ground for suspicion," was
+"enough to warn every honest man not to endeavor to serve his
+country."[460]
+
+Not until August 6 did General Pike's circular address reach Colonel
+D.H. Cooper, who was then at Cantonment Davis. Cooper wisely
+suppressed all the copies he could procure and then, believing Pike to
+be either insane or a traitor, ordered his arrest,[461] sending out
+an armed force for its accomplishment. Hindman, as soon as notified,
+"indorsed and approved" his action.[462] This is his own account of
+what he did:
+
+    ... I approved his action, and ordered General Pike sent to Little
+    Rock in custody. I also forwarded Colonel Cooper's letter to
+    Richmond, with an indorsement, asking to withdraw my approval
+    of General Pike's resignation, that I might bring him before a
+    court-martial on charges of falsehood, cowardice, and treason. He
+    was also liable to the penalties prescribed by section 29 of the
+    act of Congress regulating intercourse with the Indians and to
+    preserve peace on the frontiers, approved April 8, 1862....
+
+    But his resignation had been accepted....[463]
+
+[Footnote 459: And yet, August 1, 1862, Pike wrote to Davis one of the
+sanest papers he ever prepared. It was full of sage advice as to the
+policy that ought to be pursued in Indian Territory [_Official
+Records_, vol. xiii, 871-874].]
+
+[Footnote 460: Pike to S. Cooper, August 3, 1862, Ibid., 975.
+See also Pike to Newton, August 3, 1862, Ibid., 976.]
+
+[Footnote 461: D.H. Cooper to Hindman, August 7, 1862, ibid., 977.]
+
+[Footnote 462: Pike to Anderson, October 26, 1862, Ibid., 903.]
+
+[Footnote 463: Hindman's Report, Ibid., 41.]
+
+
+
+
+VII. ORGANIZATION OF THE ARKANSAS AND RED RIVER SUPERINTENDENCY
+
+
+The mismanagement of southern Indian affairs of which General Pike so
+vociferously complained was not solely or even to any great degree
+attributable to indifference to Indian interests on the part of
+the Confederate government and certainly not at all to any lack of
+appreciation of the value of the Indian alliance or of the strategic
+importance of Indian Territory. The perplexities of the government
+were unavoidably great and its control over men and measures, removed
+from the seat of its immediate influence, correspondingly small.
+It was not to be expected that it would or could give the same
+earnestness of attention to events on the frontier as to those nearer
+the seaboard, since it was, after all, east of the Mississippi that
+the great fight for political separation from the North would have to
+be made.
+
+The Confederate government had started out well. It had dealt with the
+Indian nations on a basis of dignity and lofty honor, a fact to be
+accounted for by the circumstance that Indian affairs were at first
+under the State Department with Toombs at its head;[464] and, in this
+connection, let it be recalled that it was under authority of the
+State Department that Pike had
+
+[Footnote 464: Toombs did not long hold the portfolio. Among the
+Pickett _Papers_, is a letter from Davis to Toombs, July 24,
+1861, accepting with regret his resignation [Package 89].]
+
+entered upon his mission as diplomatic agent to the tribes west of
+Arkansas.[465] Subsequently, and, indeed, before Pike had nearly
+completed his work, Indian affairs were transferred[466] to the
+direction of the Secretary of War and a bureau created in his
+department for the exclusive consideration of them, Hubbard receiving
+the post of commissioner.[467]
+
+The Provisional Congress approached the task of dealing with Indian
+matters as if it already had a big grasp on the subject and intended,
+at the outset, to give them careful scrutiny and to establish, with
+regard to them, precedents of extreme good faith. Among the
+
+[Footnote 465: In evidence of this, note, in addition to the material
+published in Abel, _The American Indian as Slaveholder and
+Secessionist_, the following letters, the first from Robert Toombs
+to L.P. Walker, Secretary of War, dated Richmond, August 7, 1861;
+and the second from William M. Browne, Acting Secretary of State, to
+Walker, September 4, 1861:
+
+1. "I have the honor to inform you that under a resolution of
+Congress, authorizing the President to send a Commissioner to the
+Indian tribes west of Arkansas and south of Kansas, Mr. Albert Pike of
+Arkansas was appointed such Commissioner under an autograph letter of
+the President giving him very large discretion as to the expenses
+of his mission. Subsequent to the adoption of the resolution, above
+named, Congress passed a law placing the Indian Affairs under the
+control of your Department and consequently making the expenses of
+Mr. Pike and all other Indian Agents, properly payable out of
+the appropriation at your disposal for the service of the Indian
+Bureau."--Pickett _Papers_, Package 106, Domestic Letters,
+Department of State, vol. i, p.86.
+
+2. "The accompanying letters and reports from Commissioner Albert Pike
+addressed to your Department are respectfully referred to you,
+the affairs to which they relate being under your supervision and
+control."--Ibid., P-93.]
+
+[Footnote 466: A re-transfer to the State Department was proposed
+as early as the next November [_Journal of the Congress of the
+Confederate States_, 489].]
+
+[Footnote 467: President Davis recommended the creation of the
+bureau, March 12, 1861 [Richardson, _Messages and Papers of the
+Confederacy_, vol. i, p. 58: Journal of the Congress of the
+Confederate States, vol. i, p. 142]. On the sixteenth, he nominated
+David Hubbard of Alabama for commissioner [Pickett Papers, Package
+88]. The bill for the creation of the bureau of Indian Affairs was
+signed the selfsame day [Journal, vol. i, 151]. S.S. Scott became
+Acting Commissioner of Indian Affairs before the year was out.]
+
+things[468] it considered and in some cases favorably disposed of
+were, the treaties of amity and alliance negotiated by Albert Pike,
+the transfer of Indian trust
+
+[Footnote 468: The preliminaries of the negotiations with the Indians
+have not been enumerated here, although they might well have been. On
+the twentieth of February, 1861, W.P. Chilton of Alabama offered a
+resolution to inquire into the expediency of opening negotiations
+[_Journal_, vol. i, 70]. March 4, Toombs urged that a special
+agent be sent and offered a resolution to that effect [Ibid.,
+105]. The day following, Congress passed the resolution [Ibid.,
+107]: but left the powers and duties of the special agent, or
+commissioner, undefined. Davis appointed Pike to the position and,
+after Congress had expressed its wishes regarding the mission in the
+act of May 21, 1861, had a copy of the act transmitted to him as his
+instructions [Richardson, vol. i, 149].
+
+The act of May 21, 1861, carried a blanket appropriation of $100,000,
+which was undoubtedly used freely by Pike for purposes connected
+with the successful prosecution of his mission. In December, the
+Provisional Congress appropriated money for carrying into effect the
+Pike treaties. The following letter is of interest in connection
+therewith:
+
+Richmond, Va., 9" December 1861.
+
+Sir: On the 1st or 2nd of August 1861, after I had made Treaties with
+the Creeks and Seminoles, I authorized James M.C. Smith, a resident
+citizen of the Creek Nation, to raise and command a company of Creek
+Volunteers, to be stationed at the North Fork Village, in the Creek
+country, on the North Fork of the Canadian, where the great road from
+Missouri to Texas crosses that river, to act as a police force, watch
+and apprehend disaffected persons, intercept improper communications,
+and prevent the driving of cattle to Kansas.
+
+The Company was soon after raised, and has remained in the service
+ever since. At my appointment George W. Stidham acted as Quartermaster
+and Commissary for it, and without funds from the Government, has
+supplied it.
+
+By the Treaty with the Seminoles, made on the 1st of August, they
+agreed to furnish, and I agreed to receive, five companies of mounted
+volunteers of that Nation. Two companies, and perhaps more, were
+raised, and have since been received, I understand, by Col. Cooper,
+and with Captain Smith's company employed in putting down the
+disaffected party among the Creeks. Under my appointment, Hugh
+McDonald has acted as Quartermaster and Commissary for the Seminole
+companies, and made purchases without funds from the Government. After
+I had made the Treaties with the Reserve Indians and Comanches, in
+August 1861, Fort Cobb being about to be abandoned by the Texan
+Volunteers who had held it, I authorized M. Leeper, the Wichita
+agent, to enlist a small force, of twenty or twenty-five men, under a
+Lieutenant, for the security of the Agency. He enlisted, (cont.)]
+
+funds from the United to the Confederate States government,[469] the
+payment of Indian troops and their pensioning.[470] Its disposition to
+be grateful and generous came out in the honor which it conferred upon
+John Jumper, the Seminole chief.[471]
+
+A piece of very fundamental work the Provisional Congress did not have
+time or opportunity to complete.
+
+[Footnote 468: (cont.) I learn, only some fifteen, and he has had them
+for some time in the service.
+
+I also appointed a person named McKuska, formerly a soldier, to take
+charge of what further property remained at Fort Cobb, and employed
+another person to assist him, agreeing that the former should be paid
+as Ordnance Sergeant, and the latter as private; and directing the
+Contractor for the Indians to issue to the former two rations, and to
+the latter one.
+
+In consequence of the collection of some force of disaffected Creeks
+and others, and an apprehended attack by them, Col. Douglas H. Cooper
+called for troops from all the Nations, and I understand that several
+companies were organized and marched to join his regiment. I think
+they are still in the service.
+
+I am now empowered to receive all the Indians who offer to enter the
+service. To induce them to enlist, what is already owing them must be
+paid; and I earnestly hope that Congress will pass the bill introduced
+for that purpose. Respectfully your obedient servant
+
+Albert Pike, _Brig. Genl Commd Dept of Ind. Terr'y_.
+Hon. W. Miles, Chairman Com. on Mil. Affs.
+
+[War Department, Office of the Adjutant-General, Archives Division,
+_Confederate Records_.]]
+
+[Footnote 469: Journal, vol. i, 650, 743, 761. The Confederate
+government took, in the main, a just, reasonable, and even charitable
+view on the subject of the assumption of United States obligations.
+Pike had exceeded his instructions in promising the Indians that
+monetary obligations would be so assumed. See his letter to Randolph,
+June 30, 1862.]
+
+[Footnote 470: This matter went over into the regular Congress,
+which began its work, February 18, 1862. For details of the bill for
+pensions see _Journal_, vol. i, 43, 79.]
+
+[Footnote 471: "_The Congress of the Confederate States of America
+do enact_, That the President of the Confederate States be
+authorized to present to Hemha Micco, or John Jumper, a commission,
+conferring upon him the honorary title of Lieutenant Colonel of the
+army of the Confederate States, but without creating or imposing the
+duties of actual service or command, or pay, as a complimentary mark
+of honor, and a token of good will and confidence in his friendship,
+good faith, and loyalty to this government...."--_Statutes at Large
+of the Provisional Government_, 284.]
+
+That work was, the establishment of a superintendency of Indian
+Affairs in the west that should be a counterpart, in all essentials,
+of the old southern superintendency, of which Elias Rector had been
+the incumbent. Elias Rector and the agents[472] under him, all
+of whom, with scarcely a single exception, had gone over to the
+Confederacy, had been retained, not under authority of law, but
+provisionally. The intention was to organize the superintendency
+as soon as convenient and give all employees their proper official
+status. Necessarily, a time came when it was most expedient for army
+men to exercise the ordinary functions of Indian agents;[473] but
+even that arrangement was to be only temporary. Without doubt, the
+enactment of a law for the establishment of a superintendency of
+Indian affairs was unduly delayed by the prolonged character of Pike's
+diplomatic mission. The Confederate government evidently did not
+anticipate that the tribes with which it sought alliance would be so
+slow[474] or so wary in accepting the protectorate it offered. Not
+until January 8, 1862, did the Provisional Congress have before it
+the proposition for superintendency organization. The measure was
+introduced by Robert W. Johnson of Arkansas and it
+
+[Footnote 472: Quite early a resolution was submitted that had in
+view "the appointment of agents to the different tribes of Indians
+occupying territory adjoining this Confederacy..." [_Journal_,
+vol. i, 81.]]
+
+[Footnote 473: _Journal_, vol. i, 245.]
+
+[Footnote 474: Pike was not prepared beforehand for so extended a
+mission. In November, he wrote to Benjamin, notifying him that he was
+enclosing "an account in blank for my services as commissioner to the
+Indian nations west of Arkansas.
+
+"It was not my intention to accept any remuneration, but the great
+length of time during which I found it necessary to remain in the
+Indian Country caused me such losses and so interfered with my
+business that I am constrained unwillingly to present this account. I
+leave it to the President or to Congress to fix the sum that shall
+be paid me...."--Pike to Benjamin, November 25, 1861, Pickett
+_Papers_, Package 118.]
+
+went in succession to the Judiciary and Indian Affairs committees; but
+never managed to get beyond the committee stage.[475]
+
+February 18, 1862, saw the beginning of the first session of the
+first congress that met under the Confederate constitution. Six
+days thereafter, Johnson, now senator from Arkansas, again took
+the initiative in proposing the regular establishment of an Indian
+superintendency.[476] As Senate Bill No. 3, his measure was referred
+to the Committee[477] on Indian Affairs and, on March 11, reported
+back with amendments.[478] Meanwhile, the House was considering a
+bill of similar import, introduced on the third by Thomas B. Hanly,
+likewise from Arkansas.[479] On the eighteenth, it received Senate
+Bill No. 3 and substituted it for its own, passing the same on April
+Fool's day. The bill was signed by the president on April 8.[480]
+
+The information conveyed by the journal entries is unusually meagre;
+nevertheless, from the little that is given, the course of debate on
+the measure can be inferred to a certain extent. The proposition as
+a whole carried, of course, its own recommendation, since the
+Confederacy was most anxious to retain the Indian friendship and it
+certainly could not be retained were not some system introduced into
+the service. In matters of detail, local interests, as always in
+American legislation, had full play. They asserted themselves most
+prominently, for example, in the endeavor made
+
+[Footnote 475: _Journal_, vol. i, 640, 672, 743.]
+
+[Footnote 476:--Ibid., vol. ii, 19.]
+
+[Footnote 477: The Committee on Indian Affairs, at the time, consisted
+of Johnson, chairman, Clement C. Clay of Alabama, Williamson S. Oldham
+of Texas, R.L.Y. Payton of Missouri, and W.E. Simms of Kentucky.]
+
+[Footnote 478: _Journal_, vol. ii, 51-52.]
+
+[Footnote 479: _Journal_, vol. v, 47.]
+
+[Footnote 480:--Ibid., 210.]
+
+to make Fort Smith, although quite a distance from all parts of the
+Indian Territory except the Cherokee and Choctaw countries, the
+permanent headquarters, also in that to compel disbursing agents to
+make payments in no other funds than specie or treasury notes. The
+amendment of greatest importance among those that passed muster was
+the one attaching the superintendency temporarily to the western
+district of Arkansas for judicial purposes. It was a measure that
+could not fail to be exceedingly obnoxious to the Indians; for they
+had had a long and disagreeable experience, judicially, with Arkansas.
+They had their own opinion of the white man's justice, particularly
+as that justice was doled out to the red man on the white man's
+ground.[481] Taken in connection with regulations[482] made by the War
+Department for the conduct of Indian affairs, the Act of April 8 most
+certainly exhibited an honest intention on the part of the Confederate
+government to carry out the provisions of the Pike treaties. The
+following constituted its principal features: With headquarters at
+either Fort Smith or Van Buren, as the president might see fit to
+direct, the superintendency was to embrace "all the Indian country
+annexed to the Confederate States, that lies west of Arkansas and
+Missouri, north of Texas, and east of Texas and New Mexico." A
+superintendent and six agents were immediately provided for,
+individually bonded and obligated to continue resident during the term
+of office, to engage in no mercantile pursuit or gainful occupation
+
+[Footnote 481: The Confederacy, as a matter of fact, never did keep
+its promise regarding the establishment of a judiciary in Indian
+Territory. Note Commissioner Scott's remarks in criticism, December i,
+1864 [_Official Records_, vol. xli, part iv, 1088-1089].]
+
+[Footnote 482: The regulations referred to can be found in
+_Confederate Records_, chap. 7, no. 48.]
+
+whatsoever, and to prosecute no Indian claims against the government.
+In the choice of interpreters, preference was to be given to
+applicants of Indian descent. Indian trade privileges were to be
+greatly circumscribed and, in the case of the larger nations, the
+complete control of the trade was to rest with the tribal authorities.
+In the case, also, of those same larger nations, the restrictions
+formerly placed upon land alienations were to be removed. Intruders
+and spirituous liquors were to be rigidly excluded and all payments
+to Indians were to be carefully safeguarded against fraud and graft.
+Indian customs of citizenship and adoption were to be respected. No
+foreign interference was to be permitted. Foreign emissaries were to
+be dealt with as spies and as such severely punished. The Confederate
+right of eminent domain over agency sites and buildings, forts, and
+arsenals was to be recognized, as also the operation of laws against
+counterfeiting and of the fugitive slave law. In default of regular
+troops, the Confederacy was to support an armed police for protection
+and the maintenance of order. The judicial rights of the Indians were
+to be very greatly extended but the Confederacy reserved to itself the
+right to apprehend criminals other than Indian.
+
+The intentions of the Confederate government were one thing, its
+accomplishments another. The act of April 8 was not put into immediate
+execution, and might have been allowed to become obsolete had it not
+been for the controversy between Pike and Hindman. On the first of
+August, while the subject-matter of the address, which he had so
+imprudently issued to the Indians, was yet fresh in his mind, General
+Pike wrote a letter of advice, eminently sound advice, to President
+Davis.[483] Avoiding all captiousness, he set forth a
+
+[Footnote 483: _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 871-874.]
+
+programme of what ought to be done for Indian Territory and for the
+Indians, in order that their friendly alliance might be maintained. He
+urged many things and one thing very particularly. It was the crux
+of them all and it was that Indian Territory should be absolutely
+separated from Arkansas, in a military way, and that no troops
+from either Arkansas or Texas should be stationed within it. Other
+suggestions of Pike's were equally sound. Indeed, the entire letter of
+the first of August was sound and in no part of it more sound than in
+that which recommended the immediate appointment of a superintendent
+of Indian affairs for the Arkansas and Red River Superintendency, also
+the appointment of Indian agents for all places that had none.[484] It
+was high time that positions in connection with the conduct of Indian
+affairs should be something more than sinecures.
+
+Aspirants for the office of superintendent had already made their
+wants known. Foremost among them was Douglas H. Cooper. It was not in
+his mind, however, to separate the military command from the civil
+and he therefore asked that he be made brigadier-general and _ex
+officio_ superintendent of Indian affairs in the place of Pike
+removed.[485] His own representations of Pike's grievous offence had
+fully prepared him for the circumstance of Pike's removal and he
+anticipated it in making his own application for office. Subsequent
+knowledge of Pike's activities and of his standing at Richmond must
+have come to Cooper as a rude awakening.
+
+Nevertheless, Cooper did get his appointment. It
+
+[Footnote 484: In his message of August 18, 1862 [Richardson, vol. i,
+238], President Davis remarked upon the vacancies in these offices and
+said that, in consequence of them, delays had occurred in the payment
+of annuities and allowances to which the Indians were entitled.]
+
+[Footnote 485: _Official Records_, vol. liii, supplement, 821.]
+
+came the twenty-ninth of September in the form of special orders from
+the adjutant-general's office.[486] Pike was still on the ground, as
+will be presently shown, and Cooper's moral unfitness for a position
+of so much responsibility was yet to be revealed. The moment was
+one when the Confederacy was taking active steps to keep its most
+significant promise to the Indian nations, give them a representation
+in Congress. The Cherokees had lost no time in availing themselves of
+the privilege of electing a delegate, neither had the Choctaws
+and Chickasaws. Elias C. Boudinot had proved to be the successful
+candidate of the former and Robert M. Jones[487] of the latter. Over
+the credentials of Boudinot, the House of Representatives made some
+demur; but, as there was no denying his constitutional right, under
+treaty guarantee, to be present, they were accepted and he was given
+his seat.[488] Provisions had, however, yet to be determined for
+regulating Indian elections and fixing the pay and mileage, likewise
+also, the duties and privileges of Indian delegates.[489] Perhaps it
+is unfair to intimate that the provisions would have been determined
+earlier, had congress not preferred to go upon the assumption that
+they would never be needed, since it was scarcely likely that the
+Indians would realize the importance of their rights and act upon
+them.[490]
+
+[Footnote 486: War Department, _Confederate Records, Special Orders
+of the Adjutant and Inspector General's Office_, C.S.A., 1862, p.
+438; _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 885.]
+
+[Footnote 487: See document of date, October 7, 1861, signed by
+Douglas H. Cooper, certifying that Robert M. Jones had received the
+"greatest number of votes cast" as delegate in Congress for the
+Choctaws and Chickasaws [Pickett _Papers_, Package 118].]
+
+[Footnote 488: _Journal_, vol. v, 513, 514.]
+
+[Footnote 489:--Ibid., vol. ii, 452, 457, 480; vol. v, 514,
+523, 561.]
+
+[Footnote 490: Davis had thrown the responsibility of the whole matter
+upon Congress, when he insisted that the "delegate" clauses in the
+treaties should (cont.)]
+
+While Congress was debating the question of Indian delegate
+credentials and their acceptance, a tragedy took place in
+Indian Territory that more than confirmed General Pike's worst
+prognostications and proved his main contention that Indian affairs
+should be considered primarily upon their own merits, as an end in
+themselves, and dealt with accordingly. Had the Arkansas and Red River
+Superintendency been regularly established, the tragedy referred to
+might never have occurred; but it was not yet established and for
+many reasons, one of them being that, although Douglas H. Cooper's
+appointment had been resolved upon, he had not yet been invested with
+the office of superintendent.[491] His commission was being withheld
+because charges of incapacity and drunkenness had been preferred
+against him.[492]
+
+General Pike's disclosures had aroused suspicion and grave
+apprehension in Richmond, so much so, indeed, that the War Department,
+convinced that conditions in Indian Territory were very far from being
+what they should be, decided to undertake an investigation of its own
+through its Indian bureau. Promptly, therefore, S.S. Scott, acting
+commissioner, departed for the West. General Pike was in Texas.
+
+Now one of the contingencies that Pike had most constantly dreaded was
+tribal disorder on the Leased
+
+[Footnote 490: (cont.) be so modified as to make the admission of the
+Indians dependent, not upon the treaty-making power, but upon the
+legislative. See his message of December 12, 1861, Richardson, vol. i,
+149-151.]
+
+[Footnote 491: Elias Rector, who had been retained as superintendent
+under the Confederate government, seems never to have exercised the
+functions of the office subsequent to the assumption by Pike of his
+duties as commander of the Department of Indian Territory. He
+was probably envious of Pike and resigned rather than serve in a
+subordinate capacity. He seems to have made some troube for Pike
+[_Official Records_, vol. xiii, 964, 976].]
+
+[Footnote 492:--Ibid., 906, 908, 910-911, 927-928.]
+
+District,[493] a disorder that might at any moment extend itself to
+Texas and to other parts of the Indian Territory, imperiling the whole
+Confederate alliance. So long as there was a strong force at Fort
+McCulloch and at the frontier posts of longer establishment,
+particularly at Fort Cobb, the Reserve Indians could be held in check
+with comparative ease. Hindman, ignorant of or indifferent to the
+situation, no matter how serious it might be for others, had ordered
+the force to be scattered and most of it withdrawn from the Red River
+Valley.
+
+The so-called Wichita, or Reserve, Indians, to call them by a
+collective term only very recently bestowed, had ever constituted a
+serious problem for the neighboring states as well as for the central
+government. It was with the Confederacy as with the old Union. The
+Reserve Indians were a motley horde, fragments of many tribes that
+had seen better days. They were all more or less related, either
+geographically or linguistically. Some of them, it is difficult
+to venture upon what proportion, had been induced to enter into
+negotiations with Pike and through him had formed an alliance with
+the Confederacy. Apparently, those who had done this were chiefly
+Tonkawas. Other Reserve Indians continued true to the North. As time
+went on hostile feelings, engendered by living in opposite camps,
+gained in intensity, the more especially because white men, both north
+and south, encouraged them to go upon the war-path, either against
+their own associates or others. Reprisals, frequently bloody, were
+regularly instituted. With Pike's departure from Fort McCulloch an
+opportunity for greater vindictiveness offered, notwithstanding the
+fact that the Choctaw and Chickasaw
+
+[Footnote 493: _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 868.]
+
+troops had been left behind and were guarding the near-by country,
+their own.
+
+Sometime in the latter part of August or the early part of September,
+Matthew Leeper, the Wichita agent under the Confederate government, a
+left-over from Buchanan's days, went from the Leased District,[494]
+frightened away, some people thought, perhaps afraid of the inevitable
+results of the mischief his own hands had so largely wrought, and
+sojourned in Texas, his old home. The sutler left also and a man named
+Jones was then in sole charge of the agency. The northern sympathizers
+among the Indians thereupon aroused themselves. They had gained
+greatly of late in strength and influence and their numbers had
+been augmented by renegade Seminoles from Jumper's battalion and by
+outlawed Cherokees. They warned Jones that Leeper would be wise not to
+return. If he should return, it would be the worse for him; for they
+were determined to wreak revenge upon him for all the misery his
+machinations in favor of the Confederacy and for his own gain had cost
+them. Presumably, Jones scorned to transmit the warning and, in course
+of time, Leeper returned.
+
+The twenty-third of October witnessed one of the bloodiest scenes ever
+enacted on the western plains. The northern Indians of the Reserve
+together with a lot of wandering Shawnees, Delawares, and Kickapoos,
+many of them good-for-nothing or vicious, some Seminoles and Cherokees
+attacked Leeper unawares, killed him,[495] as also three white male
+employees of the agency.
+
+[Footnote 494: _Official Records_, vol. liii, supplement, 828.]
+
+[Footnote 495: On the murder of Agent Leeper, see Scott to Holmes,
+November 2, 1862, _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 919-921; Holmes
+to Secretary of War, November 15, 1862, Ibid., 919: F. Johnson
+to Dole, January 20, 1863, Abel, _American Indian as Slaveholder and
+Secessionist_, 329-330, _footnote_; (cont.)]
+
+They then put "the bodies into the agency building and fired it." The
+next morning they made an equally brutal attack upon the Tonkawas and
+with most telling effect. More than half of them were butchered. The
+survivors, about one hundred fifty, fled to Fort Arbuckle.[496] Their
+condition was pitiable. The murderers, for they were nothing less than
+that, fled northward, they and their families, to swell the number of
+Indian refugees already living upon government bounty in Kansas.
+
+Commissioner Scott then at Fort Washita hurried to the Leased District
+to examine into the affair. He had made many observations since
+leaving Richmond, had talked with Pike, now returned from Texas,
+and had come around pretty much to his way of thinking. His
+recommendations to the department commander that were intended to
+reach the Secretary of War as well were in every sense a corroboration
+of Pike's complaints in so far as the woeful neglect of the Indians
+was concerned. Better proof that Hindman's conduct had been highly
+reprehensible could scarcely be asked for.
+
+[Footnote 495: (cont.) Moore, _Rebellion Record_, vol. vi, 6;
+W.F. Cady to Cox, February 16, 1870, Indian Office _Report Book_,
+no. 19, 186-188; Coffin to Dole, September 24, 1863, Commissioner of
+Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1863, 177.]
+
+[Footnote 496: S.S. Scott asked permission of Governor Winchester
+Colbert, November 10, 1862, to place the fugitive Tonkawas
+"temporarily on Rocky or Clear Creek, near the road leading from Fort
+Washita to Arbuckle." Colbert granted the permission, "provided they
+are subject to the laws of the Chickasaw Nation, and will furnish
+guides to the Home Guards and the Chickasaw Battalion, when called
+upon to do so."]
+
+
+
+
+VIII. THE RETIREMENT OF GENERAL PIKE
+
+
+The tragedy at the Wichita agency brought General Pike again to the
+fore. His resignation had not been accepted at Richmond as Hindman
+supposed was the case at the time he released him from custody. In
+fact, as events turned out, it looked as though Hindman were decidedly
+more in disrepute there than was Pike. His arbitrary procedure in the
+Trans-Mississippi District had been complained of by many persons
+besides the one person whom he had so unmercifully badgered.
+Furthermore, the circumstances of his assignment to command were being
+inquired into and everything divulged was telling tremendously against
+him.
+
+The irregularity of Hindman's assignment to command has been already
+commented upon in this narrative. Additional details may now be given.
+Van Dorn had hopes, on the occasion of his own summons to work farther
+east, that Sterling Price would be the one chosen eventually to
+succeed him or, at all events, the one to take the chief command of
+the Confederate forces in the West. He greatly wished that upon him
+and upon him alone his mantle should fall.[497] The filling of the
+position by Hindman was to be but tentative, to last only until
+Price,[498] perhaps also Van Dorn,
+
+[Footnote 497: Van Dorn to President Davis, June 9, 1862, _Official
+Records_, vol. xiii, 831-832.]
+
+[Footnote 498: Price was preferred to H.M. Rector; because Van Dorn
+felt that Rector's influence with the people of Arkansas had greatly
+declined. The truth was, Governor Rector had become incensed at the
+disregard shown for Arkansas by Confederate commanders. In a recent
+proclamation, he had announced that the state would henceforth look
+out for herself.]
+
+could discuss matters personally with the president and remove the
+prejudice believed to be existing in his mind against Price; but the
+War Department had quite other plans developed, a rumor of which soon
+reached the ears of Van Dorn. It was then he telegraphed, begging
+Davis to make no appointment for the present to the command of the
+Trans-Mississippi District and informing him that Hindman had been
+sent there temporarily.[499] The request came to Richmond too late. An
+appointment had already been resolved upon and made. The man chosen
+was John Bankhead Magruder, a major-general in the Army of Northern
+Virginia. However, as he was not yet ready to take up his new duties,
+Hindman was suffered to assume the command in the West; but Magruder's
+rights held over. They were held in abeyance, so to speak, temporarily
+waived.[500]
+
+The controversy between Pike and Hindman would seem to have impelled
+Secretary Randolph to wish to terminate early Magruder's delay; but
+Magruder was loath to depart. His lack of enthusiasm ought to have
+been enough to convince those sending him that he
+
+[Footnote 499: The orders for Hindman to repair west, issuing from
+Beauregard's headquarters, were explicit, not upon the point of the
+temporary character of his appointment, but upon that of its having
+been made "at the earnest solicitation of the people of Arkansas."
+[_Official Records_, vol. x, part ii, 547].]
+
+[Footnote 500: Price, nothing daunted, continued to seek the position
+and submitted plans for operations in the West. His importunities
+finally forced the inquiry from Davis as to whether Magruder's
+appointment had ever been rescinded and whether, since he seemed in
+no hurry to avail himself of it, he really wanted the place. Randolph
+reported that Magruder had no objection to the service to which he had
+been ordered but desired to remain near Richmond until the expected
+battle in the neighborhood should have occurred. Randolph then
+suggested that Price be tendered the position of second in command
+[Randolph to Davis, June 23, 1862, _Official Records_, vol.
+xiii, 837], an arrangement that met with Magruder's hearty approval
+[Magruder to R.E. Lee, June 26, 1862, Ibid., 845].]
+
+was hardly the man for the place. His acquaintance with
+Trans-Mississippi conditions was very superficial, yet even he found
+out that they were of a nature to admonish those concerned of their
+urgency, especially in the matter of lack of arms.[501] By the
+fourteenth of July his indecision was apparently overcome. At any
+rate, on that day Randolph wrote Pike that Magruder, the real
+commander of the Trans-Mississippi District, would soon arrive at
+Little Rock and that the offences of which Pike had had reason to
+complain would not be repeated.
+
+Letters travelled slowly in those days and Randolph's comforting
+intelligence did not reach Pike in time to avert the catastrophe of
+his proclamation and consequent arrest. And it was just as well, all
+things considered, for Magruder never reached Little Rock. He was a
+man of intemperate habits and, while _en route_, was ordered back
+to Richmond to answer "charges of drunkenness and disobedience of
+orders."[502] His appointment was thereupon rescinded. The man
+selected in his place, to the total ignoring of Price's prior claims,
+was Theophilus H. Holmes, a native of North Carolina.[503] President
+Davis was still possessed of the notion that frontier affairs could be
+best conducted by men who had no local attachments there. Late events
+had all too surely lent weight to his theory. Nevertheless, in holding
+it, Davis was strictly inconsistent and illogical; for loyalty to
+the particular home state constituted the strongest asset that the
+Confederacy had. It was the lode-star that had drawn Lee and
+
+[Footnote 501: Magruder to Randolph, July 5, 1862, _Official
+Records_, vol. xiii, 851-852.]
+
+[Footnote 502: Clark to Price, July 17, 1862, _Official Records_,
+vol. liii, supplement, 816-817.]
+
+[Footnote 503: Wright, _General Officers of C.S.A_., 15-16.]
+
+many another, who cared not a whit for political principles in and
+for themselves, from their allegiance to the Union. It was the great
+bulwark of the South.
+
+Holmes was ordered west July 16;[504] but, as he had the necessary
+preparations to make and various private matters to attend to, August
+had almost begun before it proved possible for him to reach Little
+Rock.[505] The interval had given Hindman a new lease of official life
+and a further extension of opportunity for oppression, which he had
+used to good advantage. The new department commander, while yet in
+Richmond, had discussed the Pike-Hindman controversy with his superior
+officers and had arrived at a conclusion distinctly favorable to Pike.
+He frankly confessed as much weeks afterwards. Once in Little Rock,
+however, he learned from the Hindman coterie of Pike's Indian
+proclamation and immediately veered to Hindman's side.[506] Pike
+talked with him, recounted his grievances in a fashion that none could
+surpass, but made absolutely no impression upon him. So small a thing
+and so short a time had it taken to develop a hostile prejudice in
+Holmes's mind, previously unbiased, so deep-seated that it never,
+in all the months that followed, knew the slightest diminution.
+Conversely and most fortuitously, a friendliness grew up between
+Holmes and the man whom he had supplanted that made the former, either
+forget the orders given him in Richmond or put so new a construction
+upon them that they were rendered nugatory. It was a situation,
+exceedingly fortunate for
+
+[Footnote 504: _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 855.]
+
+[Footnote 505: He had reached Vicksburg by the thirtieth of July and
+from that point he issued his orders assuming the command [ibid.,
+860].]
+
+[Footnote 506: Pike to Holmes, December 30, 1862 (Appendix);
+_Confederate Military History_, vol. x, 121-122.]
+
+the service as a whole, no doubt, but most unhappy for Indian
+Territory.
+
+It finally dawned upon Pike that it was useless to argue any longer
+upon the matters in dispute between him and Hindman, for Holmes had
+pre-judged the case. Moreover, Holmes was beginning to appreciate the
+advantage of being in a position where he could, by ignoring Pike's
+authority and asserting his own, be much the gainer in a material way.
+How he could have reconciled such an attitude with the instructions
+he had received from Randolph it is impossible to surmise. The
+instructions, whether verbal or written, must have been in full accord
+with the secretary's letter to Pike of the fourteenth of July, which,
+although Pike was as yet ignorant of it, had explicitly said that no
+supplies for Indian Territory should be diverted from their course and
+that there should be no interference whatever with Pike's somewhat
+peculiar command.[507] All along the authorities in Richmond, their
+conflicting departmental regulations to the contrary notwithstanding,
+had insisted that the main object of the Indian alliance had been
+amply attained when the Indians were found posing as a Home Guard.
+Indians were not wanted for any service outside the limits of their
+own country. Service outside was to be deprecated, first, last, and
+always. Indeed, it was in response to a suggestion from Pike, made in
+the autumn of 1861, that the Indian Territory ought to be regarded as
+a thing apart, to be held for the Confederacy most certainly but not
+to be involved in the warfare outside, that Pike's department had been
+created and no subsequent
+
+[Footnote 507: Pike to Holmes, December 30, 1862. The same assurance
+had apparently been given to Pike in May [_Official Records_,
+vol. xiii, 863].]
+
+arrangements for the Trans-Mississippi Department or District,
+whichever it may have been at the period, were intended to militate
+against that fundamental fact.[508]
+
+Despairing of accomplishing anything by lingering longer in Little
+Rock, Pike applied to Holmes for a leave of absence and was granted
+it for such time as might have to elapse before action upon his
+resignation could be secured.[509] The circumstance of Hindman's
+having relieved Pike from duty was thus ignored or passed over in
+silence. General Pike had come to Little Rock to see his family[510]
+but he now decided upon a visit to Texas. Exactly what he expected to
+do there nobody knows; but he undoubtedly had at heart the interests
+of his department. He went to Warren first and later to Grayson
+County. At the latter place, he made Sherman his private headquarters
+and it was from there that he subsequently found it convenient to pass
+over again into Indian Territory.
+
+Pike was in Arkansas as late as the nineteenth of August and probably
+still there when Randolph's letter of the fourteenth of July, much
+delayed, arrived.[511] If angry before, he was now incensed; for he
+knew for a certainty at last that Hindman had been a sort of usurper
+in the Trans-Mississippi District and, with power emanating from no
+one higher than Beauregard, had never legally possessed a flicker of
+authority for doing the many insulting things that he had arrogantly
+done to him.[512] Next, from some source, came the
+
+[Footnote 508: _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 861, 864, 868.]
+
+[Footnote 509: Holmes to the Secretary of War, November 15, 1862
+[ibid., 918].]
+
+[Footnote 510: For an account of Pike's movements, see _Confederate
+Military History_, vol. x, 126.]
+
+[Footnote 511: Abel, _American Indian as Slaveholder and
+Secessionist_, 356.]
+
+[Footnote 512: Pike to Holmes, December 30, 1862, "Appendix."]
+
+news that President Davis had refused positively to accept Pike's
+resignation.[513] What better proof could anyone want that Pike was
+sustained at headquarters? What that view of the matter may have meant
+in emboldening him to his later excessively independent actions must
+be left to the reader's conjecture. It never occurred to Pike that if
+his resignation had been refused, it had probably been refused upon
+the supposition that, with Hindman out of the way, all would be well.
+One good reason for thinking that that was the Richmond attitude
+towards the affair is the fact that no record of anything like
+immediate and formal action upon the resignation is forthcoming.
+Pike heard that it had been refused and positively, which was very
+gratifying; but it is far more likely that it had been put to one side
+and purposely; in order that, since Pike was unquestionably the best
+man for Indian Territory, all difficulties might be left to adjust
+themselves, the less said about Hindman's autocracy the better it
+would be for all concerned.
+
+But it was soon apparent that Hindman was not to be put out of the
+way. It was to be still possible for him to work mischief in Indian
+Territory. With some slight modifications, the Trans-Mississippi
+District had been converted into the Trans-Mississippi Department and,
+on the twentieth of August, orders[514] issued from
+
+[Footnote 513: There is something very peculiar about the acceptance
+or non-acceptance of Pike's resignation. Randolph wrote to Holmes,
+October 27, 1862, these words: "... General Pike's resignation having
+been accepted, you will be left without a commanding officer in the
+Indian Territory..." [_Official Records_, vol. xiii, 906]. A
+letter endorsement, made by Randolph, on or later than September 19th,
+was to this effect: "General Pike's resignation has not yet been
+accepted" [Ibid., liii, supplement, 821], and another, made by
+him, November 5th, to this: "Accept General Pike's resignation, and
+notify him of it" [Ibid., 822].]
+
+[Footnote 514: _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 877.]
+
+Little Rock, arranging for an organization into three districts, the
+Texas, the Louisiana,[515] and the Arkansas. The last-named district
+was entrusted to General Hindman and made to embrace Arkansas,
+Missouri, and the Indian Territory. Hindman took charge at Fort Smith,
+August twenty-fourth and straightway planned such disposition of his
+troops as would make for advancing the Confederate line northward of
+the Boston Mountains, Fort Smith, and the Arkansas River. The Indian
+forces that were concentrated around Forts Smith and Gibson were
+shifted to Carey's Ferry that they might cover the military road
+southward from Fort Scott. To hold the Cherokee country and to help
+maintain order there, a battalion of white cavalry was posted at
+Tahlequah and, in each of the nine townships, or districts, of the
+country, the formation of a company of home guard, authorized.[516]
+
+The maintaining of order in the Cherokee Nation had come to be
+imperatively necessary. John Ross, the Principal Chief, was now
+a prisoner within the Federal lines.[517] His capture had been
+accomplished by strategy only a short time before and not without
+strong suspicion that he had been in collusion with his captors. Early
+in August, General Blunt, determined that the country north of the
+Arkansas should not be abandoned, notwithstanding the retrograde
+movement of Colonel Salomon, had ordered Salomon, now a brigadier in
+command of the Indian Expedition, to send
+
+[Footnote 515: Not all of Louisiana was in Holmes's department and
+only that part of it west of the Mississippi constituted the District
+of Louisiana. Governor Moore had vigorously protested against a
+previous division, one that "tacked" "all north of Red River" "onto
+Arkansas" [_Official Records_, vol. liii, supplement, 819].]
+
+[Footnote 516:--Ibid., vol. xiii, 46-47.]
+
+[Footnote 517: Nominally, Ross was yet a prisoner, although, as a
+matter of fact, he had started upon a mission to Washington, his
+desire being to confer with President Lincoln in person regarding the
+condition of the Cherokees [Blunt to Lincoln, August 13, 1862, ibid.,
+565-566].]
+
+back certain white troops in support of the Indian.[518] Dr.
+Gillpatrick, who was the bearer of the orders, imparted verbal
+instructions that the expeditionary force so sent should proceed to
+Tahlequah and complete what Colonel Phillips had confessed he had not
+had sufficient time for, the making of diplomatic overtures to the
+Cherokee authorities.[519]
+
+Blunt's expeditionary force had proceeded to Tahlequah and to Park
+Hill and there, under the direction of Colonel William F. Cloud, had
+seized John Ross and his family, their valuables, also official papers
+and the treasury of the Cherokee Nation.[520] The departure of the
+Principal Chief had had a demoralizing effect upon the Cherokees;
+for, when his restraining influence was removed, likewise the Federal
+support, political factions, the Pins, or full-bloods, and the
+Secessionists, mostly half-breeds, had been able to indulge their
+thirst for vengeance uninterruptedly.[521] Chaos had well-nigh
+resulted.
+
+The departure of the expeditionary force had meant more than mere
+demoralization among the Indians. It had meant the abandonment of
+their country to the Confederates and the Confederates, once realizing
+that, delaying nothing, took possession. The secessionist Cherokees
+then called a convention, formally deposed John Ross, and elected
+Stand Watie as Principal Chief in his stead.[522] Back of all such
+revolutionary work, was General Hindman and it was not long before
+Hindman himself was in Tahlequah.[523] Once there, he proceeded to set
+his stamp upon things with customary
+
+[Footnote 518: _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 531-532.]
+
+[Footnote 519:--Ibid., 182.]
+
+[Footnote 520:--Ibid., 552.]
+
+[Footnote 521:--Ibid., 623, 648.]
+
+[Footnote 522: _Confederate Military History_, vol. x, 129.]
+
+[Footnote 523: _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 42.]
+
+vigor and order was shortly restored both north and south of the
+Arkansas. Guerrilla warfare was summarily suppressed, marauding
+stopped, and the perpetrators of atrocities so deservedly punished
+that all who would have imitated them lost their taste for such
+fiendish sport. As far north as the Moravian Mission, the Confederates
+were undeniably in possession; but, at that juncture, Holmes called
+Hindman to other scenes. A sort of apathy then settled like a cloud
+upon the Cherokee Nation[524]. Almost lifeless, it awaited the next
+invader.
+
+One part of the programme, arranged for at the time of the
+re-districting of the Trans-Mississippi Department, had called for a
+scheme to reënter southwest Missouri. Hindman was to lead but Rains,
+Shelby, Cooper, and others were to constitute a sort of outpost and
+were to make a dash, first of all, to recover the lead mines at
+Granby. The Indians of both armies were drawn thitherward, the one
+group to help make the advance, the other to resist it. At Newtonia on
+September 30 the first collision of any moment came and it came and it
+ended with victory for the Confederates[525]. Cooper's Choctaws and
+Chickasaws fought valiantly but so also did Phillips's Cherokees. They
+lost heavily in horses[526], their own poorly shod ponies; but they
+themselves stood fire well. To rally them after defeat proved,
+however, a difficult matter. Their
+
+[Footnote 524: Report of M.W. Buster to Cooper, September 19, 1862,
+_Official Records_, vol. xiii, 273-277.]
+
+[Footnote 525: For detailed accounts of the Battle of Newtonia, see
+Ibid., 296-307; Edwards, _Shelby and his Men_, 83-89;
+Britton, _Civil War on the Border_, vol. i, 355-363; Anderson,
+_Life of General Stand Watie_, 20; Crawford, _Kansas in the
+Sixties_, 54; _Confederate Military History_, vol. x, 132.]
+
+[Footnote 526: Evan Jones to Dole, January 8, 1864, Indian Office
+General Files, Cherokee, 1859-1865, J 401.]
+
+disciplining had yet left much to be desired.[527] Scalping[528] of
+the dead took place as on the battle-field of Pea Ridge; but, in other
+respects, the Indians of both armies acquitted themselves well and far
+better than might have been expected.
+
+The participation of the Indians in the Battle of Newtonia was
+significant. Federals and Confederates had alike resorted to it for
+purposes other than the red man's own. The Indian Expedition had now
+for a surety definitely abandoned the intention for which it was
+originally organized and outfitted. As a matter of fact, it had long
+since ceased to exist. The military
+
+[Footnote 527: "Since leaving the Fugitive Indians on Dry Wood Creek,
+nothing has occurred of material interest other than you will receive
+through official Dispatches from the Officers of our Army. The Indians
+under Col. Phillips fought well at the Battle Newtonia, they have at
+all times stood fire. The great difficulty of their officers is in
+keeping them together in a retreat, and should such be necessary on
+the field in presence of an enemy in their present state of discipline
+it would be almost impossible to again return them to the attack in
+good order--Another Battle was fought at this place in which the enemy
+were defeated with considerable loss, four of their guns being taken
+by a charge of the 2d Kansas.
+
+"In this Contest the Indians behaved well, the officers and soldiers
+of our own regiments now freely acknowledge them to be valuable Allies
+and in no case have they as yet faltered, untill ordered to retire,
+the prejudice once existing against them is fast disappearing from our
+Army and it is now generaly conceded that they will do good service
+in our border warfare. This we have never doubted and confident as we
+have been of their fitness for border warfare we have been content to
+await, untill they had proven to the country not only their loyalty
+but their ability to fight. Since their organization they have been
+engaged in several battles and in every case successfully, one of us
+will start in a day or two for Tahlequah and may find something of
+interest on the march. We are now in the Cherokee Nation. An effort
+is now being made by Gen'l Blunt to punish plundering in the country.
+Union People have suffered from this as much as rebels. We have before
+called the attention of our Army Officers to this fact; with our
+Fifteen Hundred Cherokee Warriors in the service of our government--we
+feel that every possible protection should be extended to them as a
+people" [Carruth to Coffin, October 25, 1862, enclosed in Coffin to
+Dole, November 16, 1862, Indian Office General Files, _Southern
+Superintendency_ 1859-1862].]
+
+[Footnote 528: _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 894.]
+
+organization, of which the Indian regiments in the Federal service now
+formed a part, was Blunt's division of the Army of the Frontier and
+it had other objects in view, other tasks to perform, than the simple
+recovery of Indian Territory.
+
+It is true General Blunt had set his heart upon that particular
+accomplishment but he was scarcely a free agent in the matter. Men
+above him in rank had quite other aims and his, perforce, had to be
+subordinated to theirs. In August, Blunt had planned a kind of second
+Indian Expedition to go south to Fort Gibson and to restore the
+refugees to their homes.[529] It had started upon its way when the
+powers higher up interposed.
+
+General Schofield, anticipating the renewed endeavor of the
+Confederates to push their line forward, had called upon Blunt for
+assistance and Blunt had responded with such alacrity as was possible,
+considering that many of the troops he summoned for Schofield's use
+were those that had been doing hard service within and on the border
+of the Indian country for full two months. During all that time their
+horses had been deprived entirely of grain feed and had been compelled
+to subsist upon prairie grass. They were in a bad way.[530] Once
+outside the Indian Territory, the Indian regiments, begrudging the
+service demanded of them, were kept more fully occupied than were the
+white; for there was
+
+[Footnote 529: "Orders have been given by General Blunt for the Indian
+Expedition to go South soon; he says the families of the Indians may
+go"--CARRUTH to Coffin, August 29, 1862, enclosed in Coffin to
+Mix, August 30, 1862, Indian Office General Files, _Southern
+Superintendence_, 1859-1862.
+
+"Enclosed you will find an order from General James G. Blunt in
+regard to the removal of the Indian families to their homes. I start
+to-morrow for Fort Scott, Kansas, to overtake the second Indian
+expedition, commanded by General Blunt in person."--Carruth to Coffin,
+September 19, 1862, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Report, 1862, p.
+166.]
+
+[Footnote 530: Britton, _Civil War on the Border_, vol. i, 337.]
+
+always scouting[531] for them to do and frequently skirmishing. On
+Cowskin River, Phillips's Third Indian and, near Shirley's Ford on
+Spring River, Ritchie's Second had each engaged the Confederates with
+success, although not entirely with credit. Ritchie had allowed his
+men to run amuck even to the extent of attacking their comrades in
+Colonel Weer's brigade, which was the second in Blunt's reorganized
+army. On account of his lack of control over his troops, Ritchie was
+reported upon for dismissal from the service.[532]
+
+The Battle of Newtonia was inconclusive. Subsequent to it, the
+Federals were greatly reënforced and, in the first days of October,
+Schofield and Blunt, who had both arrived recently upon the scene,
+coming to the aid of Salomon, who had been the vanquished one at
+Newtonia, were able, in combination with Totten, to deprive Cooper of
+all the substantial fruits of victory. He was obliged to fall back
+into Arkansas, whither a part of Blunt's division pursued him and
+encamped themselves on the old battle-field of Pea Ridge.[533]
+
+Cooper was far from being defeated, however, and, under orders from
+Rains, soon made plans for attempting an invasion of Kansas; but
+Blunt, ably seconded by Crawford of the Second Kansas, was too quick
+for him. He followed him to Maysville and then a little beyond the
+Cherokee border to old Fort Wayne in the present Delaware District of
+the Nation. There, on the open prairie, a battle was fought,[534] on
+October 22, so
+
+[Footnote 531: Phillips to Blunt, September 5, 1862, _Official
+Records_, vol. xiii, 614-615.]
+
+[Footnote 532: Weer to Moonlight, September 12, 1862, ibid., 627; Weer
+to Blunt, September 24, 1862, ibid., 665-666; Britton, _Civil War on
+the Border_, vol. i, 352.]
+
+[Footnote 533: Britton, _Civil War on the Border_, vol. i, 366;
+Crawford, _Kansas in the Sixties_, 54.]
+
+[Footnote 534: Anderson, _Life of General Stand Watie_, 20;
+Crawford, _Kansas in the_ (cont.)]
+
+disastrous to the Confederates, who, by the by, were greatly
+outnumbered, that they fled, a demoralized host, by way of Fort Gibson
+across the Arkansas River to Cantonment Davis,[535] Stand Watie and
+his doughty Cherokees covering their retreat. The Federals had then
+once again an undisputed possession of Indian Territory north of the
+Arkansas.[536]
+
+Such was the condition of affairs when Pike emerged from his
+self-imposed retreat in Texas. The case for the Confederate cause
+among the Indians was becoming desperate. So many things that called
+for apprehension were occurring. Cooper and Rains were both in
+disgrace, the failure of the recent campaign having been attributed
+largely to their physical unfitness for duty. Both were now facing an
+investigation of charges for drunkenness. Moreover, the brutal attack
+upon and consequent murder of Agent Leeper had just shocked the
+community. Hearing of that murder and considering that he was still
+the most responsible party in Indian Territory, General Pike made
+preparations to proceed forthwith to the Leased District. His plans
+were frustrated by his own arrest at the command of General Holmes.
+
+His unfriendliness to Pike was in part due to Holmes's own
+necessities. It was to his interest to assert authority over the man
+who could procure supplies for Indian Territory and when occasion
+offered, if that man should dare to prove obdurate, to ignore his
+position altogether. Nevertheless, Holmes had not seen fit in early
+October to deny Pike his title of
+
+[Footnote 534: (cont.) _Sixties_, 56-62; Edwards, _Shelby and
+his Men, 90; Official Records, vol. xiii, 43, 324. 325, 325-328,
+329-331, 331-332, 332-336, 336-337, 759_; Britton, _Civil War on
+the Border_, vol. i, _364-375_.]
+
+[Footnote 535: _Official Records, vol. xiii, 765_.]
+
+[Footnote 536: Blunt was ordered "to clean out the Indian country"
+[Ibid., 762].]
+
+commander and had personally addressed him by it.[537] Yet all the
+time he was encroaching upon that commander's prerogatives, was
+withholding his supplies, just as Hindman had done, and was exploiting
+Indian Territory, in various ways, for his own purposes. Rumors came
+that Pike was holding back munition trains in Texas and then that
+he was conspiring with Texan Unionists against the Confederacy. To
+further his own designs, Holmes chose to credit the rumors and
+made them subserve the one and the same end; for he needed Pike's
+ammunition and he wanted Pike himself out of the way. He affected to
+believe that Pike was a traitor and, when he reappeared as brigade
+commander, to consider that he had unlawfully reassumed his old
+functions. Accordingly, he issued an order to Roane,[538] to whom
+he had entrusted the Indians, for Pike's arrest; but he had already
+called Pike to account for holding back the munition trains and had
+ordered him, if the charge were really true, to report in person at
+Little Rock.[539]
+
+The order for General Pike's arrest bore date of November 3. Roane,
+the man to whom the ungracious task was assigned, was well suited to
+it. He had been adjudged by Holmes himself as absolutely worthless
+as a commander and, being so, had been sent to take care of the
+Indians,[540] a severe commentary upon Holmes's own fitness for
+the supreme control of anything that had to do with them or their
+concerns. Others had an equally poor opinion of Roane's generalship
+and character. John S. Phelps, indeed, was writing at this very time,
+the autumn of 1862, to Secretary
+
+[Footnote 537: _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 924.]
+
+[Footnote 538:--Ibid., 923, 980, 981.]
+
+[Footnote 539:--Ibid., 904.]
+
+[Footnote 540:--Ibid., 899.]
+
+Stanton in testimony of Roane's unsavory reputation.[541]
+
+The arrest of Pike took place November 14 at Tishomingo in the
+Chickasaw country and a detachment of Shelby's brigade was detailed
+to convey him to Little Rock.[542] Then, as once before, his reported
+resignation saved him from long confinement and from extreme
+ignominy. On the fifth of November, President Davis instructed the
+adjutant-general to accept Pike's resignation forthwith and five days
+thereafter,[543] before the arrest had actually taken place, Holmes
+advised Hindman that he had better let Pike go free so soon as he
+should leave the Indian country; inasmuch as his resignation was now
+an assured thing.[544] Holmes evidently feared to let the release take
+place within the limits of Pike's old command; for some of the Indians
+were still devotedly attached to him and were still pinning their
+faith upon his plighted word. John Jumper and his Seminole braves were
+among those most loyal to Pike; and Holmes was afraid that wholesale
+desertions from their ranks would follow inevitably Pike's
+degradation. Many desertions had already occurred, ostensibly because
+of lack of food and raiment. Commissioner Scott had complained to
+Holmes of the Indian privations[545] and Holmes had been forced to
+concede, although only at the eleventh hour, the Indian claim to some
+consideration. He had arbitrarily shared tribal quota of supplies,
+bought with tribal money, with white troops and had lamely excused
+himself by saying that he had done it to prevent
+
+[Footnote 541: _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 752.]
+
+[Footnote 542:--Ibid., 921.]
+
+[Footnote 543:--Ibid., vol. liii, supplement, 821.]
+
+[Footnote 544:--Ibid., vol. xiii, 913.]
+
+[Footnote 545:--Ibid., 920.]
+
+grumbling[546] and the charge of favoritism. One other offence of
+which Holmes was guilty he did not attempt to palliate, the taking of
+the Indians out of their own country without their consent. To the
+very last Pike had expostulated[547] against such violation of treaty
+promises; but Holmes and Hindman were deaf alike to entreaty and to
+reprimand.
+
+General Pike, poet and student, was now finally deprived of his
+command and the Indians left to their own devices or at the mercy of
+men, who could not be trusted or were not greatly needed elsewhere. No
+one attempted any longer to conceal the truth that alliance with the
+Indians was a supremely selfish consideration, and nothing more,
+on the part of those who coveted Indian Territory because of its
+geographical position, its strategic and economic importance. For a
+little while longer, Pike contended with his enemies by means of the
+best weapon he had, his facile pen. His acrimonious correspondence
+with the chief of those enemies, Hindman and Holmes, reached its
+highest point of criticism in a letter of December 30 to the latter.
+That letter summed up his grievances and was practically his last
+charge. Having made it, he retired from the scene, not to reappear
+until near the close of the war, when Kirby Smith found it
+advantageous to reëmploy him for service among the red men.
+
+[Footnote 546: _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 928.]
+
+[Footnote 547:--Ibid., 905, 963.]
+
+
+
+
+IX. THE REMOVAL OF THE REFUGEES TO THE SAC AND FOX AGENCY
+
+
+General Blunt's decision to restore the Indian refugees in Kansas to
+their own country precipitated a word war of disagreeable significance
+between the civil and military authorities. The numbers of the
+refugees had been very greatly augmented in the course of the summer,
+notwithstanding the fact that so large a proportion of the men had
+joined the Indian Expedition. It is true they had not all stayed with
+it. The retrograde movement of Colonel Salomon and his failure later
+on to obey Blunt's order to the letter[548] that he should return
+to the support of the Indians had disheartened them and many of the
+enlisted braves had deserted the ranks, as chance offered, and had
+strayed back to their families in the refugee camps of southern
+Kansas.[549]
+
+[Footnote 548: Blunt to Caleb Smith, November 21, 1862 [Indian Office
+General Files, _Southern Superintendency_, 1859-1862, I 860].]
+
+[Footnote 549: One of the first notices of their desertion was the
+following:
+
+"We are getting along well, very well. The Indians seem happy and
+contented, and seemingly get enough to eat and wear. At least I hear
+no complaint. For the last two or three days the Indian soldiers have
+been stragling back, until now there are some three or four hundred
+in, and they are still coming. I held a council with them to-day to
+try and find out why they are here. But they don't seem to have any
+idea themselves. All I could learn was that Old George started and the
+rest followed. The Col. it seems told them to go some where else. I
+shall send an express to Col. Furness in the morning to find out if
+possible what it means. It seems to me it will not do to give the
+provisions purchased for the women and children to the soldiers....
+
+"The soldiers look clean and hearty, and complain of being
+treated like dogs, starved etc, which I must say their looks
+belie...."--GEO.A. CUTLER to Wm. G. Coffin, August 13, 1862,
+Ibid.]
+
+Then the numbers had been augmented in other ways. The Quapaws, who
+had been early driven from their homes and once restored,[550] had
+left them again when they found that their country had been denuded of
+all its portable resources. It was exposed to inroads of many sorts.
+Even the Federal army preyed upon it and, as all the able-bodied male
+Quapaws were gradually drawn into that army, there was no way of
+defending it. Its inhabitants, therefore, returned as exiles to the
+country around about Leroy.[551]
+
+It was much the same with near neighbors of the Quapaws, with the
+Senecas and the Seneca-Shawnees. These Indians had been induced to
+accept one payment of their annuities from the Confederate agent[552]
+but had later repented their digression from the old allegiance to
+the United States and had solicited its protection in order that they
+might remain true. Some of them stayed with Agent Elder near Fort
+Scott,[553] others moved northward and lived upon the charity of the
+Shawnees near Lawrence.[554] But those Shawnees were doomed themselves
+to be depredated upon, especially that group of them known as Black
+Bob's Band, a band that had been assigned a settlement in Johnson
+
+[Footnote 550: Coffin to Elder, August 9, 1862; Coffin to Mix, August
+16, 1862, Indian Office General Files, _Neosho_, C 1745 of 1862.]
+
+[Footnote 551: Some of the Quapaws that went to Leroy were not _bona
+fide_ refugees. Elder reported them as lured thither by the idea
+of getting fed [Elder to Dole, July 9, 1862, Ibid., E 114 of
+1862].]
+
+[Footnote 552: Coffin to Dole, May 31, 1862, Indian Office General
+Files, _Neosho_.]
+
+[Footnote 553: Coffin to Mix, July 30, 1862, Ibid., C 1732 of
+1862.]
+
+[Footnote 554: J.J. Lawler to Mix, August 2, 1862, Ibid.,
+_Shawnee_, 1855-1862; Abbott to Branch, July 26, 1862,
+Ibid. Some of the Senecas, about one hundred twenty-three, went
+as far as Wyandot City. For them and their relief, the Senecas in
+New York interceded. See Chief John Melton to Commissioner of Indian
+Affairs, September 2, 1862, Ibid., _Neosho_, H 541; Mix to
+Coffin, September 11, 1862, Indian Office _Letter Book_, no. 69,
+99.]
+
+County, adjoining the Missouri border.[555] In August[556] and again
+in the first week of September[557] guerrillas under Quantrill,[558]
+crossed over the line and raided the Black Bob lands, robbing the
+Indians of practically everything they possessed, their clothing,
+their household goods, their saddles, their ponies, their provisions,
+and driving the original owners quite away. They fired upon them as
+they fled and committed atrocities upon the helpless ones who lagged
+behind. They then raided Olathe.[559] Somewhat earlier, guerrillas
+had similarly devastated the Kansas Agency, although not to the same
+extent.[560] The Black Bob Shawnees found a refuge in the western part
+of the tribal reserve.[561]
+
+[Footnote 555: This group of Shawnee refugees must be distinguished
+from the so-called _Absentee Shawnees_, who also became refugees.
+The Shawnees had been very much molested and disturbed during the
+period of border strife following the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska
+Bill. Black Bob's Band was then exceedingly desirous of going south to
+dwell with the Seneca-Shawnees [Rector to Greenwood, January 6, 1860,
+enclosing Dorn to Greenwood, December 30, 1859, Indian Office General
+Files, _Neosho_, R 463 of 1860]. The Absentee Shawnees had
+taken refuge in Indian Territory prior to the war, but were expelled
+immediately after it began. They obtained supplies for a time from the
+Wichita Agent and lived as refugees on Walnut Creek [Paschal Fish and
+other Shawnee delegates to Cooley, December 5, 1865, Indian Office
+Land Files, _Shawnee_, 1860-1865]. Later on, they seem, at least
+some of them, to have gone up to the Shawnee Reserve [Dole to Coffin,
+July 27, 1863, Indian Office _Letter Book_, no. 71, 195; Dole
+to Usher, July 27, 1863, Ibid., _Report Book_, no. 13,
+208-209].]
+
+[Footnote 556: H.B. Branch to Dole, June 19, 1863, enclosing
+various letters from Agent Abbott, Indian Office General Files,
+_Shawnee_, 1863-1875, B 343.]
+
+[Footnote 557: Branch to Dole, October 3, 1862, transmitting
+letter from Abbott to Branch, September 25, 1862, Ibid.,
+_Shawnee_, 1855-1862, B 1583.]
+
+[Footnote 558: Connelley, _Quantrill and the Border Wars_, 269,
+says that, from' August 15, 1863, the Confederate government was
+directly responsible for the work of Quantrill. From that day, the
+guerrillas were regular Confederate soldiers. They were not generally
+regarded as such, however; for, in November, 1863, Price was trying
+to prevail upon Quantrill and his men to come into the regular army
+[_Official Records_, vol. liii, supplement, 907-908].]
+
+[Footnote 559: Governor Robinson issued a proclamation, on the
+occasion of this emergency for volunteers against guerrillas.]
+
+[Footnote 560: Farnsworth to Dole, July 23, 1862 [Indian Office
+General Files, _Kansas_, 1855-1862, F 386].]
+
+[Footnote 561: Letter of Agent Abbott, June 5, 1863, Ibid.,
+_Shawnee_, 1863-1875, B 343.]
+
+Some Wyandot Indians, who before the war had sought and found homes
+among the Senecas,[562] were robbed of everything they possessed by
+secessionist Indians,[563] who would not, however, permit them to go
+in search of relief northward.[564] When all efforts to induce them to
+throw in their lot with the Confederacy proved unavailing, the strict
+watch over them was somewhat relaxed and they eventually managed to
+make their escape. They, too, fled into Kansas. And so did about one
+hundred Delawares, who had been making their homes in the Cherokee
+country. In the spring of 1862, they had begun to return destitute to
+the old reservation[565] but seem not to have been counted refugees
+until much later in the year.[566] The Delaware Reservation on the
+northern bank of the Kansas River and very near to Missouri was
+peculiarly exposed
+
+[Footnote 562: Indian Office General Files, _Neosho_, I 81 of
+1860.]
+
+[Footnote 563: Lawrence and others, Wyandots, to Dole, December 23,
+1862, ibid., Land Files, _Shawnee_, 1860-1865, L 12 of 1862. This
+letter was answered January 20, 1863, and, on the same day, Coffin was
+instructed to relieve their distress.]
+
+[Footnote 564: "Being personally acquainted with the condition of the
+Wyandots ... would here state, that a portion of them are living among
+the Senecas bordering on the Cherokee Country, and they are in a
+suffering condition. The rebel portion of the Senecas and Cherokees
+have robbed them of all of their ponies, and in fact all the property
+they had, and will not allow them to leave to come to Wyandott, which
+is about 2 hundred miles in distance, and their friends in Wyandott
+are unable to relieve them (on account of the rebel forces) without
+protection of our armies. The Wyandotts that are here are anxious to
+go and relieve their friends, and would respectfully request that they
+be allowed to form into a military company and be mustered into Gov'nt
+service and go with the expedition south to relieve their friends and
+assist in reclaiming the rebel Indians. A few of the Wyandotts are in
+service ... They are all very anxious to be transferred into a company
+by themselves for the purpose above stated...."--CHARLES MOORE to
+Dole, February 9, 1862, Indian Office Special Files, no. 201, D 576.]
+
+[Footnote 565: Johnson to Dole, April 2, 1862, Indian Office General
+Files, _Delaware_, 1862-1866.]
+
+[Footnote 566: Johnson to Dole, November 5, 1862, ibid., _Southern
+Superintendency_, 1859-1862.]
+
+to ravages, horses and cattle being frequently stolen.[567] For that
+reason and because so much urged thereto by Agent Johnson,[568] who
+was himself anxious for service, the Delawares were unusually eager to
+enlist.
+
+The Osages had been induced by Ritchie and others to join the Indian
+Expedition or to serve as independent scouts.[569] Their families,
+consequently, found it safe and convenient to become refugees.[570]
+In July, they formed much the larger part of some five hundred from
+Elder's agency, who sought succor at Leroy. That did not deter the
+Osages, however, from offering a temporary abiding-place, within their
+huge reserve, to the homeless Creeks under Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la.[571]
+
+[Footnote 567: Johnson to Dole, May 28, 1862, Indian Office General
+Files, _Delaware_, I 667 of 1862.]
+
+[Footnote 568: Johnson wished to retain his agency and also hold a
+commission as colonel of volunteers, Department of the Interior,
+_Register of Letters Received_, no. 4, pp. 214, 357. James H.
+Lane endorsed his request and it was granted.]
+
+[Footnote 569: The Osages rendered occasionally some good service.
+They and the Comanches plundered the Chickasaws very considerably
+[Holmes Colbert to N.G. Taylor, April 14, 1868, Indian Office
+Consolidated Files, _Chickasaw_, C 716 of 1868. See also Office
+letter to Osage treaty commissioners, May 4, 1868]. In October, the
+Osage force advanced as far as Iola and then retreated [Henning to
+Blunt, October 11, 1862, _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 726].
+Soon after that they were mustered out and in a very disgruntled
+condition. They claimed that the government had used them very badly
+and had never paid them anything [Henning to Chipman, November 13,
+1862, Ibid., 790]. They knew little of the discipline of war
+and left the army whenever they had a mind to.]
+
+[Footnote 570: The Osages joined the Indian Expedition only upon
+condition that their families would be supported during their absence
+[Coffin to Dole, June 4, 1862, Indian Office Consolidated Files,
+_Neosho_, C 1662 of 1862]. The families were soon destitute.
+Coffin ordered Elder to minister to them at Leroy; but he seems to
+have distrusted the southern superintendent and to have preferred to
+keep aloof from him. Coffin then appointed a man named John Harris as
+special Osage agent [Coffin to Dole, July 7, 1862, Ibid., C
+1710]. Elder tried to circumvent Coffin's plans for the distribution
+of cattle [Coffin to Elder, July 16, 1862, ibid., C 1717] and Coffin
+lodged a general charge of neglect of duty against him [Coffin to
+Dole, July 19, 1862, Ibid.].]
+
+[Footnote 571: The invitation was extended by White Hair and Charles
+Mograin [Coffin to Dole, November 16, 1862, Ibid., C 1904].
+Coffin was anxious for (cont.)]
+
+During the summer the wretched condition of the Indian refugees
+had, thanks to fresh air, sunlight, and fair weather, been much
+ameliorated. Disease had obtained so vast a start that the medical
+service, had it been first-class, which it certainly was not, would
+otherwise have proved totally inadequate. The physicians in attendance
+claimed to have from five to eight thousand patients,[572] yet one
+of them, Dr. S.D. Coffin, found it possible to be often and for
+relatively long periods absent from his post. Of this the senior
+physician, Dr. William Kile, made complaint [573] and that
+circumstance marked the beginning of a serious estrangement between
+him and Superintendent Coffin.[574]
+
+In August, General Blunt announced his intention of returning the
+Indian families to their homes.[575] He was convinced that some of the
+employees of the Indian Office and of the Interior Department were
+personally profiting by the distribution of supplies to the refugees
+and that they were conniving with citizens of Kansas in perpetrating
+a gigantic fraud against the government. The circumstances of the
+refugees had been well aired
+
+[Footnote 571: (cont.) Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la who had been rather
+obstreperous, to accept [Coffin to Dole, November 14, 1862, Indian
+Office General Files, Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862].]
+
+[Footnote 572: Dr. S.D. Coffin, to Dole, July 5, 1862, ibid., General
+Files, Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862; J.C. Carter to Dole July
+22, 1862, ibid.]
+
+[Footnote 573: Kile to Dole, ibid.]
+
+[Footnote 574: The estrangement resulted in the retirement of Kile
+from the service. In September, Dr. Kile asked for a leave of absence.
+Shortly afterwards, Secretary Smith instructed Charles E. Mix, the
+acting commissioner, that the services of Kile were no longer
+needed, since the superintendent could attend to the purchasing and
+distributing of supplies [Smith to Mix, September 22, 1862, Indian
+Office General Files, Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862]. Mix
+promptly informed Kile that his resignation was accepted [Mix to Kile,
+September 22, 1862, ibid., Letter Book, no. 69, p. 133].]
+
+[Footnote 575: "Orders have been given by General Blunt for the Indian
+Expedition to go South soon; he says the families of the Indians may
+go. They wish to do so but no provision is made for their
+subsistence or conveyance. We wish immediate instructions in this
+particular."--Carruth to Coffin, August 29, 1862, ibid., General
+Files, Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862.]
+
+in Congress, first in connection with a Senate resolution for their
+relief.[576] On July fifth, Congress had passed an act suspending
+annuity appropriations to the tribes in hostility to the United States
+government and authorizing the president to expend, at discretion,
+those same annuities in behalf of the refugees.[577] At once, the
+number[578] of refugees increased and white men rushed forward to
+obtain contracts for furnishing supplies.
+
+There was a failure of the corn crop in southern Kansas that year and
+Dr. Kile, appreciating certain facts, that the Indian pony is dear,
+as is the Arabian horse, to his master, that the Indian ponies were
+pretty numerous in spite of the decimation of the past winter, and
+that they would have to be fed upon corn, advised a return to Indian
+Territory before the cold weather should set in.[579] He communicated
+with Blunt[580] and found Blunt of the same opinion, so also
+Cutler[581] and Coleman.[582] Contrariwise was Superintendent
+Coffin,[583] whose view of the case was strengthened by E.H. Carruth,
+H.W. Martin,[584] and A.C. Ellithorpe.[585]
+
+[Footnote 576: _U.S. Congressional Globe_, 37th congress, second
+session, part i, 815, 849, 875, 891, 940.]
+
+[Footnote 577: _U.S. Statutes at Large_, vol. xii, 528.]
+
+[Footnote 578: In October, Coffin put the number of refugees,
+inclusive of the Cherokees on Drywood Creek, at almost seven thousand
+five hundred [Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_ 1862,
+p. 137] and asked for sixty-nine thousand dollars for their support
+during the third quarter of 1862 [Coffin to Mix, September 16,
+1862, Indian Office General Files, _Southern Superintendency_,
+1859-1862].]
+
+[Footnote 579: Kile to Dole, July 25, 1862, Ibid.]
+
+[Footnote 580: Kile to Blunt, September 2, 1862, Ibid.]
+
+[Footnote 581: Cutler to Coffin, September 30, 1862, Commissioner of
+Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1862, 139.]
+
+[Footnote 582: Coleman to Coffin, September 30, 1862, Ibid.,
+141.]
+
+[Footnote 583: Coffin to Mix, August 30, 1862, Indian Office General
+Files, _Southern Superintendency_, 1859-1862: same to same,
+September 13, 1862, Ibid.]
+
+[Footnote 584: Carruth and Martin to Coffin, September 28, 1862,
+Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1862, 167.]
+
+[Footnote 585: "In replying to the several interrogatorys contained in
+your letter of the 11th inst, I shall base my answer entirely upon my
+own (cont.)]
+
+In the contest that ensued between the military and civil authorities
+or between Blunt and Coffin,[586] Coffin triumphed, although Blunt
+made no concealment of his
+
+[Footnote 585: (cont.) observations and experience, obtained during a
+six months campaign with the Indians, and in the Creek and Cherokee
+countries. Taking a deep interest in the welfare of these loyal
+refugee Indians, who have sacrificed _all_, rather than fight
+against our Flag, I shall be cautious and advise no policy but that
+which will insure their safe restoration to their homes.
+
+"The important question in your letter and that which embodies the
+whole subject matter is the following--'Would it be safe in the
+present condition of the country to restore the southern refugee
+Indians now in southern Kansas, the women and children, the old,
+feeble and infirm to their homes in the Indian country?'
+
+"I answer--It would not be safe to take the women and children to the
+Creek or Cherokee countries this fall for the following reasons, 1st
+The corn and vegetable crop north of the Arkansas River will not
+afford them subsistence for a single month. The excessive drouth has
+almost completely destroyed it, and what little would have matured is
+laid waste by the frequent foraging parties of our own Army, or those
+of the Rebels.
+
+"The amount of Military force necessary to restore and safely protect
+this people in their homes would far exceed what is at present at the
+disposal of the Department of Kansas; and should they be removed to
+the Indian country, and our forces again be compelled to fall back for
+the protection of Missouri or Kansas, it would again involve their
+precipitate flight, or insure their total destruction.
+
+"Again--the effectiveness of our troops would be materially embarased
+by the presence of such a vast number of timid and helpless
+creatures--I base my judgment upon the following facts--viz.:
+
+"The expedition which I have been with during the summer, exploring
+this country, consisted of three Brigades but containing actually only
+about 6 thousand men. We routed, captured, and pursued the fragments
+of several Rebel commands, driving them south of the Arkansas River,
+opposite to, and in the vicinity of Fort Gibson. This done, we found
+the whole of Western Arkansas alive, and the numerous rebel squads
+were at once reinforced from the guerila parties of Missouri,
+Arkansas, Texas, and the various rebel Indian tribes, until they now
+number a force of from 30 to 40 thousand strong, under the command of
+Pike, Drew, McIntosh, Rains, Stand Watie and others, ready to contest
+the passage of the Arkansas River at any point and in fact capable of
+crossing to the north side of the river and possessing the country we
+have twice passed over. Why did our command fall back? Simply because
+we had not force sufficient to cross the Arkansas River and maintain
+our position and because we were to remote from our dipo of supplies.
+
+"The Creek country west of the Verdigris River is almost destitute
+(cont.)]
+
+[Footnote 586: A dispute between Blunt and Coffin had been going on
+for some time. In August, Coffin wrote to Mix that "The contrariness
+and (cont.)]
+
+suspicions of graft and peculation[587] and the moment, following the
+defeat of the Confederates at old Fort Wayne, seemed rather auspicious
+for the return of the refugees. In reality, it was not, however; for
+the Federals were far from possessing Indian Territory and they had no
+force that they could devote to it exclusively.
+
+[Footnote 585: (cont.) of forage for man or beast, owing to the
+drouth--Hence to remove these families would involve to the gov't
+great additional expense, not only to subsist but to protect
+them--Where they are they need no military protection and food is
+abundant.
+
+"You will bear in mind that a large portion of the Indian country is
+south of the Arkansas River and is at present the stronghold of the
+Rebels. Many portions of it mountainous and rugged, affording secure
+retreats that will require a powerful army to dislodge."--A.C.
+ELLITHORPE to Coffin, September 12, 1862, Indian Office General Files,
+_Southern Superintendency_, 1859-1862.]
+
+[Footnote 586: (cont.) interference manifested by the military
+authorities in the Indian Country towards those who are having
+charge of the Indians within the Cherokee Nation is so annoying and
+embarrassing that it has become unpleasant, difficult, and almost
+impossible for them to attend to the duties of their official
+capacities with success. If the Military would only make it
+their business to rid the Indian Territory of Rebels instead of
+intermeddling with the affairs of the Interior Department or those
+connected with or acting for the same, the Refugee Indians in
+Kansas might have long since been enabled to return to their homes
+..."--Indian Office General Files, _Southern Superintendency_,
+1863-1864, C 466.]
+
+[Footnote 587: It was not long before the Indians were complaining
+of the very things that General Blunt suspected. For instance, in
+December, the Delawares begged President Lincoln to remove Agent
+Johnson because of his peculations and ungovernable temper. They also
+asked that the store of Thomas Carney and Co. be ordered away from
+their reservation. The latter request had been made before, the
+Delawares believing that Leavenworth and Lawrence were sufficiently
+near for them to trade independently [Indian Office General Files,
+_Delaware_, 1862-1866]. Coffin made a contract with Stettaner
+Bros. November 29, 1862, and Dole confirmed it by letter, December 13,
+1862 [ibid., _Southern Superintendency_, 1863-1864]. Secretary
+Smith was not very well satisfied with the Stettaner bids. They were
+too indefinite [Ibid., 1859-1862, 1837]. Nevertheless, Dole,
+who was none too scrupulous himself, recommended their acceptance
+[Dole to Smith, December 11, 1862]. Number 201 of Indian Office
+_Special Files_ is especially rich in matter relating to
+transactions of Stettaner Bros., Carney and Stevens, and Perry
+Fuller, so also are the files of the Indian Division of the Interior
+Department, and also, to some extent, the House Files in the Capitol
+Building at Washington, D.C.]
+
+Aside from pointing out the military inadequacy, Coffin had chiefly
+argued that provisions could easily be obtained where the refugees
+then were; but his opposition to Blunt's suggestion was considerably
+vitiated by recommendations of his own, soon given, for the removal of
+the refugees to the Sac and Fox Agency upon the plea that they could
+not be supported much longer to advantage in southern Kansas. The
+drouth was the main reason given; but, as Kile had very truly said,
+the settlers were getting pretty tired of the Indian exiles, whose
+habits were filthy and who were extremely prodigal in their use of
+timber. The Sac and Fox Agency was headquarters for the Sacs and Foxes
+of Mississippi, for the Ottawas, and for the confederated Chippewas
+and Munsees. C.C. Hutchinson was the agent there and there Perry
+Fuller, Robert S. Stevens, and other sharpers had their base of
+operations.
+
+The removal northward was undertaken in October and consummated in a
+little less than two months; but at an expense that was enormous and
+in spite of great unwillingness on the part of most of the Indians,
+who naturally objected to so greatly lengthening the distance between
+them and their own homes.[588] The refugees were distributed in tribal
+groups rather generally over the reserves included within the Sac and
+Fox Agency. At the request of Agent Elder, the Ottawas consented to
+accommodate the Seneca-Shawnees and the Quapaws, although not without
+expressing their fears that the dances and carousals of the Quapaws
+would demoralize their young men[589] and, finally, not without
+insisting upon a mutual agreement that no
+
+[Footnote 588: Coffin to Dole, November 14, 1862, Ibid., Indian
+Office General Files, _Southern Superintendency_, 1859-1862.]
+
+[Footnote 589: C.C. Hutchinson to Dole, August 21, 1863, Indian Office
+General Files, _Ottawa_, 1863-1872, D 236.]
+
+spirituous liquors should be brought within the limits of their
+Reserve under any circumstances whatsoever.[590] The Creeks, Choctaws,
+and Chickasaws found a lodgment on the Sac and Fox Reservation and the
+Seminoles fairly close at hand, at Neosho Falls. That was as far north
+as they could be induced to go.
+
+Of the Cherokees, more needs to be said for they were not so easily
+disposed of. At various times during the past summer, Cherokees,
+opposed to, not identified with, or not enthusiastic in the
+Confederate cause, had escaped from Indian Territory and had collected
+on the Neutral Lands. Every Confederate reverse or Federal triumph,
+no matter how slight, had proved a signal for flight. By October, the
+Cherokee refugees on the Neutral Lands were reported to be nearly two
+thousand in number, which, allowing for some exaggeration for the sake
+of getting a larger portion of relief, was a goodly section of the
+tribal population.[591] At the end of October, Superintendent Coffin
+paid them a visit and urged them to remove to the Sac and Fox Agency,
+whither the majority of their comrades in distress were at that very
+moment going.[592] The Cherokees refused; for General Blunt had given
+them his word that, if he were successful in penetrating the Indian
+Territory, they should at once go home.[593] Not long after Coffin's
+departure, their camp on Drywood
+
+[Footnote 590: J.T. Jones to Dole, December 30, 1862, Indian Office
+General Files, _Sac and Fox_, 1862-1866. The precautions proved
+of little value. Whiskey was procured by both the hosts and their
+guests and great disorders resulted. Agent Hutchinson did his best
+to have the refugees removed, but, in his absence, the Ottawas were
+prevailed upon by Agent Elder to extend their hospitality for a while
+longer.]
+
+[Footnote 591: Commissioner of Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1862,
+137.]
+
+[Footnote 592:--Ibid., 1863, 175.]
+
+[Footnote 593: Coffin to Dole, November 10, 1862, enclosing copies of
+a correspondence between him and a committee of the Cherokee refugees,
+October 31, 1862, Indian Office General Files, _Cherokee_,
+1859-1865, C 1892.]
+
+Creek, about twelve miles south of Fort Scott, was raided by
+guerrillas;[594] but even that had no effect upon their determination
+to remain. The Neutral Lands, although greatly intruded upon by white
+people, were legally their own and they declined to budge from them at
+the instance of Superintendent Coffin.
+
+Arrangements were undertaken for supplying the Cherokee refugees with
+material relief;[595] but scarcely had anything been done to that end
+when, to Coffin's utter surprise, as he said, the military authorities
+"took forcible possession of them" and had them all conveyed to
+Neosho, Missouri, presumably out of his reach. But Coffin would
+not release his hold and detailed the new Cherokee agent, James
+Harlan,[596] and Special Agent A.G. Proctor to follow them there.
+
+John Ross, his family, and a few friends were, meanwhile, constituting
+another kind of refugee in the eastern part of the United States.[597]
+and were criticized by some
+
+[Footnote 594: Coffin to Dole, November 14, 1862, Indian Office
+General Files, _Southern Superintendency_, 1859-1862.]
+
+[Footnote 595: Coffin to Mix, August 31, 1863, Indian Office General
+Files, _Southern Superintendency_, 1863-1864, C 466. A.M. Jordan,
+who acted as commissary to the Cherokees at Camp Drywood, reported to
+Dole, December 6, 1862, that he was feeding about a thousand who were
+then there [ibid., _Cherokee_, I 847 of 1862].]
+
+[Footnote 596: Charles W. Chatterton, of Springfield, Illinois, who
+had been appointed Cherokee agent in the place of John Crawford,
+removed [Dole to Coffin, March 18, 1862, ibid., _Letter Book_,
+no. 67 pp. 492-493] had died, August 31, at the Sac and Fox Agency
+[Hutchinson to Mix September 1, 1862, Ibid., General Files,
+_Cherokee_, H 538 of 1862]; [Coffin to Dole, September 13,
+1862, Ibid., C 1827: W.H. Herndon to Dole, November 15, 1862,
+Ibid., H 605]. Harlan was not regularly commissioned as
+Cherokee agent until January, 1863 [Coffin to Dole, April 7, 1863,
+Ibid., C 143 of 1863; Harlan to Dole, January 26, 1863,
+Ibid., H 37 of 1863].]
+
+[Footnote 597: John Ross asked help for his own family and for the
+families of various relations, thirty-four persons in all. He wanted
+five hundred dollars for each person [Ross to Dole, October 13, 1862,
+Ibid., R 1857 of 1862]. Later, he asked for seventeen thousand
+dollars, likewise for maintenance [Ross to Dole, November 19, 1862,
+Ibid.]. The beginning of the next year, he notified the
+department that some of his party were about to return home (cont.)]
+
+of their opponents for living in too sumptuous a manner.[598]
+
+The removal, under military supervision, of the Cherokee refugees,
+had some justification in various facts, Blunt's firm conviction that
+Coffin and his instigators or abettors were exploiting the Indian
+service, that the refugees at Leroy were not being properly cared for,
+and that those on the Neutral Lands had put themselves directly under
+the protection of the army.[599] His then was the responsibility. When
+planning his second Indian Expedition, Blunt had discovered that the
+Indian men were not at all inclined to accompany it unless they could
+have some stronger guarantee than any yet given that their families
+would be well looked after in their absence. They had returned from
+the first expedition to find their women and children and aged men,
+sick, ill-fed, and unhappy.
+
+It was with knowledge of such things and with the hope that they would
+soon be put a stop to and their repetition prevented by a return of
+the refugees to Indian Territory, that John Ross, in October, made a
+personal appeal to President Lincoln and interceded with him to send
+a military force down, sufficient to over-awe the Confederates and to
+take actual possession
+
+[Footnote 597: (cont.) [Ibid., R 14 of 1863] and requested that
+transportation from Leavenworth and supplies be furnished them [Indian
+Office General Files, _Cherokee_, R 13 of 1863]. Dole informed
+Coffin that the request should be granted [see Office letter of
+January 6, 1863] and continued forwarding to John Ross his share of
+the former remittance [Indian Office _Letter Book_, no. 69, 503].
+To make the monetary allowance to John Ross, Cherokee chief, the
+Chickasaw funds were drawn upon [Second Auditor, E.B. Trench, to Dole,
+June 19, 1863, Ibid., General Files, _Cherokee_, A 202 of
+1863; Office letter of June 20, 1863].]
+
+[Footnote 598: Ross and others to Dole, July 29, 1864 [Ibid.,
+General Files, _Cherokee_, 1859-1865, R 360]; Secretary of the
+Interior to Ross, August 25, 1864 [Ibid., I 651]; John Ross
+and Evan Jones to Dole, August 26, 1864 [Ibid., R 378]; Office
+letter of October 14, 1864; Coffin's letter of July 8, 1864.]
+
+[Footnote 599: Blunt to Smith, November 21, 1862.]
+
+of the land. Lincoln's sympathies and sense of justice were
+immediately aroused and he inquired of General Curtis, in the
+field, as to the practicability of occupying "the Cherokee country
+consistently with the public service."[600] Curtis evaded the direct
+issue, which was the Federal obligation to protect its wards, by
+boasting that he had just driven the enemy into the Indian Territory
+"and beyond" and by doubting "the expediency of occupying ground so
+remote from supplies."[601]
+
+General Blunt's force continued to hold the northeastern part of the
+Cherokee country until the end of October when it fell back, crossed
+the line, and moved along the Bentonville road in order to meet its
+supply train from Fort Scott.[602] Blunt's division finally took its
+stand on Prairie Creek[603] and, on the twelfth of November, made its
+main camp on Lindsay's prairie, near the Indian boundary.[604] The
+rout of Cooper at Fort Wayne had shaken the faith of many Indians in
+the invincibility of the Confederate arms. They had disbanded and gone
+home, declaring "their purpose to join the Federal troops the first
+opportunity" that presented itself.[605] To secure them and to
+reconnoitre once more, Colonel Phillips had started out near the
+beginning of November and, from the third to the fifth, had made his
+way down through the Cherokee Nation, by way of Tahlequah and Park
+Hill, to Webber's Falls on the Arkansas.[606] His return was by
+
+[Footnote 600: Lincoln to Curtis, October 10, 1862, _Official
+Records_, vol. xiii, 723.]
+
+[Footnote 601: Curtis to Lincoln, October 10, 1862, Ibid.]
+
+[Footnote 602: Britton, _Civil War on the Border_, vol. i,
+376-377.]
+
+[Footnote 603:--Ibid., 379.]
+
+[Footnote 604:--Ibid., 380; Bishop, _Loyalty on the
+Frontier_, 56.]
+
+[Footnote 605: Blunt to Schofield, November 9, 1862, _Official
+Records_, vol. xiii, 785.]
+
+[Footnote 606: H.W. Martin to Coffin, December 20, 1862, Indian Office
+General Files, _Southern Superintendency_, 1859-1862, C 1950.]
+
+Dwight's Mission. His view of the country through which he passed must
+have been discouraging.[607] There was little to subsist upon and the
+few Indians lingering there were in a deplorable state of deprivation,
+little food, little clothing[608] and it was winter-time.
+
+So desolate and abandoned did the Cherokee country appear that General
+Blunt considered it would be easily possible to hold it with his
+Indian force alone, three regiments, yet he said no more about the
+immediate return of the refugees,[609] but issued an order for their
+removal to Neosho. The wisdom of his action might well be questioned
+since the expense of supporting them there would be immeasurably
+greater than in Kansas[610] unless, indeed, the military authorities
+intended to assume the entire charge of them.[611] Special Agent
+Martin regarded some talk that was rife of letting them forage upon
+the impoverished people of Missouri as
+
+[Footnote 607: It was not discouraging to Blunt, however. His letter
+referring to it was even sanguine [_Official Records_, vol. xiii,
+785-786].]
+
+[Footnote 608: Martin to Coffin, December 20, 1862.]
+
+[Footnote 609: The Interior Department considered it, however, and
+consulted with the War Department as late as the twenty-sixth. See
+_Register of Letters Received_, vol. D., p. 155.]
+
+[Footnote 610: Coffin to Henning, December 28, 1862, Indian Office
+Consolidated Files, _Cherokee_, C 17 of 1863.]
+
+[Footnote 611: Coffin's letter to Dole of December 20 [Indian Office
+General Files, _Southern Superintendency_, 1859-1862, C 1950]
+would imply that the superintendent expected that to be the case. He
+said, having reference to Martin's report, "... The statement of facts
+which he makes, from all the information I have from other sources, I
+have no doubt are strictly true and will no doubt meet your serious
+consideration.
+
+"If the Programme as fixed up by the Military Officers, and which I
+learn Dr. Gillpatrick is the bearer to your city and the solicitor
+general to procure its adoption is carried out, the Indian Department,
+superintendent, and agents may all be dispensed with. The proposition
+reminds me of the Fable of the Wolves and the Shepherds, the wolves
+represented to the shepherds that it was very expensive keeping dogs
+to guard the sheep, which was wholly unnecessary; that if they would
+kill off the dogs, they, the wolves, would protect the sheep without
+any compensation whatever."]
+
+sheer humbug. The army was not doing that and why should the
+defenceless Indians be expected to do it. As it was, they seem to
+have been reduced to plundering in Kansas.[612] On the whole, it
+is difficult to explain Blunt's plan for the concentration of the
+Cherokee refugees at Neosho, since there were, at the time, many
+indications that Hindman was considering another advance and an
+invasion of southwest Missouri.
+
+The November operations of the Federals in northeastern Arkansas
+were directed toward arresting Hindman's progress, if progress were
+contemplated. Meanwhile, Phillips with detachments of his Indian
+brigade was continuing his reconnoissances and, when word came that
+Stand Watie had ventured north of the Arkansas, Blunt sent him to
+compel a recrossing.[613] Stand Watie's exploit was undoubtedly
+a preliminary to a general Confederate plan for the recovery of
+northwestern Arkansas and the Indian Territory, a plan, which Blunt,
+vigorous and aggressive, was determined to circumvent. In the action
+at Cane Hill,[614] the latter part of November, and in the Battle of
+Prairie Grove,[615] December seventh, the mettle of the Federals was
+put to a severe test which it stood successfully and Blunt's cardinal
+purpose was fully accomplished.[616] In both engagements, the Indians
+played a part and played it
+
+[Footnote 612: These Indians must have been the ones referred to in
+Richard C. Vaughn's letter to Colonel W.D. Wood, December i, 1862
+[_Official Records_, vol. xxii, part i, 796].]
+
+[Footnote 613: Britton, _Civil War on the Border_, vol. i, p.
+382.]
+
+[Footnote 614:--Ibid., vol. i, chapter xxix.]
+
+[Footnote 615:--Ibid., vol. i, chapter xxx; _Official
+Records_, vol. xxii, part i, 66-82, 82-158, vol. liii, supplement,
+458-461, 866, 867; Livermore, _The Story of the Civil War_, part
+iii, bk. 1, 84-85.]
+
+[Footnote 616: One opinion is to the effect that the result of
+the Battle of Prairie Grove, Fayetteville, or Illinois Creek, was
+virtually to end the war north of the Arkansas River [Ibid., p.
+85; _Official Records_, vol. xxii, part i, 82]. (cont.)]
+
+conspicuously and well, the northern regiments so well,[617] indeed,
+that shortly afterwards two additional ones, the Fourth and the Fifth,
+were projected.[618] Towards the end of the year, Phillips, whom Blunt
+had sent upon another excursion into Indian Territory,[619] could
+report
+
+[Footnote 616: (cont.) Bishop wrote, "After the battle of Prairie
+Grove, and the gradual retrogression of the Army of the Frontier into
+Missouri, Fayetteville was still held as a military post, and those of
+us who remained there were given to understand that the place would
+not be abandoned ... The demoralized enemy had fallen back to Little
+Rock, with the exception of weak nomadic forces that, like Stygian
+ghosts, wandered up and down the Arkansas from Dardanelle to Fort
+Smith...." [_Loyalty on the Frontier_, 205]. Schofield was of
+the opinion, however, that the Battle of Prairie Grove was a hard-won
+victory. "Blunt and Herron were badly beaten in detail, and owed
+their escape to a false report of my arrival with re-enforcements."
+[_Official Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, p. 6].]
+
+[Footnote 617: And yet it was only a short time previously that Major
+A.C. Ellithorpe, commanding the First Regiment Indian Home Guards, had
+had cause to complain seriously of the Creeks of that regiment. On
+November 7, he wrote from Camp Bowen that Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la was
+enticing the Indians away from the performance of their duties. "You
+will now perceive that we are on the border of the Indian country and
+a very large portion of the Indians are now scouting through their own
+Territory. What I now desire is that every man who was enlisted as a
+soldier shall at once return to his command by the way of Fort Scott
+unless otherwise ordered by competent authority...." [Indian Office
+Land Files, _Southern Superintendency_, 1855-1870, C 1933].
+Coffin, as usual, appeared as an apologist for the Indians and
+attempted to exonerate Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la from all blame [Letter to
+Dole, December 3, 1862, Ibid.]. He called the aged chief, "that
+noble old Roman of the Indians," and the chief himself protested
+against the injustice and untruth of Ellithrope's accusation
+[Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la to Coffin, November 24, 1862, Ibid.].]
+
+[Footnote 618: Officers for these two regiments were appointed by the
+president, December 26, 1862, and ordered to report to Blunt, who, in
+turn ordered them to report to Phillips. When the officers arrived in
+Indian Territory, they found no such regiments as the Fourth and Fifth
+Indian [_U.S. Senate Report_, 41st congress, third session, no.
+359]. They never did materialize as a matter of fact; but the officers
+did duty, nevertheless, and were regularly mustered out of the service
+in 1863. In 1864, Congress passed an act for the adjudication of their
+claim for salary [_U.S. Statutes at Large_, vol. xiii, 413]. It
+is rather surprising that the regiments were not organized; inasmuch
+as many new recruits were constantly presenting themselves.]
+
+[Footnote 619: Phillips to Blunt, December 25, 1862 [_Official
+Records_, vol. xxii, part i, 873-874].]
+
+that Stand Watie and Cooper had been pushed considerably below
+the Arkansas, that many of the buildings at Fort Davis had been
+demolished,[620] that one of the Creek regiments was about to retire
+from the Confederate service, and that the Choctaws, once so deeply
+committed, were wavering in their allegiance to the South.[621]
+
+[Footnote 620: The buildings at Fort Davis were burnt, and
+deliberately, by Phillips's orders. [See his own admission,
+Ibid., part ii, 56, 62].]
+
+[Footnote 621: Blunt to Weed, December 30, 1862, Ibid., part i,
+168.]
+
+
+
+
+X. NEGOTIATIONS WITH UNION INDIANS
+
+
+As though the Indians had not afflictions enough to endure merely
+because of their proximity to the contending whites, life was made
+miserable for them, during the period of the Civil War, as much as
+before and after, by the insatiable land-hunger of politicians,
+speculators, and would-be captains of industry, who were more often
+than not, rogues in the disguise of public benefactors. Nearly all
+of them were citizens of Kansas. The cessions of 1854, negotiated
+by George W. Manypenny, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, were but a
+prelude to the many that followed. For years and years there was in
+reality never a time when some sort of negotiation, _sub rosa_
+or official, was not going on. The order of procedure was pretty much
+what it had always been: a promise that the remaining land should be
+the Indian's, undisturbed by white men and protected by government
+guarantee, forever; encroachment by enterprising, covetous, and
+lawless whites; conflict between the two races, the outraged and the
+aggressive; the advent of the schemer, the man with political capital
+and undeveloped or perverted sense of honor, whose vision was such
+that he saw the Indian owner as the only obstacle in the way of
+vast material and national progress; political pressure upon the
+administration in Washington, lobbying in Congress; authorization of
+negotiations with the bewildered Indians; delimitation of the meaning
+of the solemn and grandly-sounding word, _forever_.
+
+When the war broke out, negotiations, begun in the
+
+border warfare days, were still going on. This was most true as
+regarded the Osages, whose immense holding in southern Kansas
+was something not to be tolerated, so the politicians reasoned,
+indefinitely. Petitions,[622] praying that the lands be opened to
+white settlement were constantly being sent in and intruders,[623] who
+intended to force action, becoming more and more numerous and more
+and more recalcitrant. One of the first official communications of
+Superintendent Coffin embodied a plea for getting a treaty of cession
+for which the signs had seemed favorable the previous year.
+Coffin, however, discredited[624] a certain Dr. J.B. Chapman, who,
+notwithstanding he represented white capitalists,[625] had yet found
+favor with the Osages. To their
+
+[Footnote 622: For example, take the petitions forwarded by M.W.
+Delahay, surveyor-general of Kansas [Indian Office Consolidated Files,
+_Neosho_, D 455 of 1861]. One of the petitions contains this
+statement: "... The lands being largely settled upon and improved and
+those adjacent being all claimed and settled upon by residents--while
+a large emigration from Texas and other rebellious States are forced
+to seek homes in a more northern and uncongenial climate greatly
+against their interests and inclinations...."]
+
+[Footnote 623: Intruders upon the Osage lands, as upon the Cherokee
+Neutral, were numerous for years before the war. Agent Dorn was
+continually complaining of them, chiefly because they were free-state
+in politics. He again and again asked for military assistance in
+removing them. See his letter to Greenwood, February 26, 1860,
+_Neosho_, 1833-1865, D 107. Buchanan's administration had
+conceived the idea of locating other Kansas Indians upon the huge
+Osage Reserve. See Dorn to Greenwood, March 26, 1860, Ibid., D
+119. Apparently, the fragments of tribes in the northeastern corner of
+Indian Territory had been approached on the same subject, but they did
+not favor it and Agent Dorn was doubtful if the Osages would [Dorn to
+Greenwood, April 17, 1860, Ibid., D 129].]
+
+[Footnote 624: He described him as a self-appointed guardian of the
+Osages, as a scamp and a nuisance [Coffin to Dole, June 17, 1861,
+Ibid., C 1223 of 1861].]
+
+[Footnote 625: Chapman, August 26, 1860, inquired of Greenwood whether
+there was any prospect of a treaty being negotiated with the Osages
+and whether the capitalists he represented would be likely to secure
+railroad rights to the South by it. He asserted that the Delawares had
+been "humbugged" by their treaty, it having been negotiated "in the
+interests of the Democrats at Leavenworth" [Ibid., C 702 of
+1860].]
+
+everlasting sorrow and despoliation, the Indians have been fated to
+place a child-like trust in those least worthy.
+
+The defection of portions of the southern tribes offered an undreamed
+of opportunity for Kansas politicians to accomplish their purposes.
+They had earlier thought of removing the Kansas tribes, one by one,
+to Indian Territory; but the tribes already there had a lien upon
+the land, titles, and other rights, that could not be ignored. Their
+possession was to continue so long as the grass should grow and the
+water should run. It was not for the government to say that they
+should open their doors to anybody. An early intimation that the
+Kansans saw their opportunity was a resolution[626] submitted by James
+H. Lane to the Senate, March 17, 1862, proposing an inquiry into "the
+propriety and expediency of extending the southern boundary of Kansas
+to the northern boundary of Texas, so as to include within the
+boundaries of Kansas the territory known as the Indian territory."
+Obviously, the proposition had a military object immediately in view;
+but Commissioner Dole, to whom it was referred, saw its ulterior
+meaning and reported[627] adversely upon it as he had upon an earlier
+proposition to erect a regular territorial form of government in the
+Indian country south of Kansas.[628] He was "unable to perceive any
+advantage to be derived from the adoption of such a measure, since the
+same military power that would be required to enforce the authority
+of territorial officers is all-sufficient to protect and enforce the
+authority of such officers as are required in the management of our
+present system
+
+[Footnote 626: _United State Congressional Globe_, 37th congress,
+second session, part ii, p. 1246.]
+
+[Footnote 627: Dole to Smith, April 2, 1862, Indian Office _Report
+Book_, no. 12, 353-354.]
+
+[Footnote 628: Dole to Smith, March 17, 1862, Ibid., 335-337.]
+
+of Indian relations."[629] And he insisted that the whole of the
+present Indian country should be left to the Indians.[630] The honor
+of the government was pledged to that end. Almost coincidently he
+negatived[631] another suggestion, one advocated by Pomeroy for the
+confiscation of the Cherokee Neutral Lands.[632] For the time being,
+Dole was strongly opposed to throwing either the Neutral Lands or the
+Osage Reserve open to white settlers.
+
+Behind Pomeroy's suggestion was the spirit of retaliation, of meting
+out punishment to the Indians, who, because they had been so basely
+deserted by the United States government, had gone over to the
+Confederacy; but the Kansas politicians saw a chance to kill two birds
+with one stone, vindictively punish the southern Indians for their
+defection and rid Kansas of the northern Indians, both emigrant and
+indigenous. The intruders upon Indian lands, the speculators and the
+politicians, would get the spoils of victory. Against the idea of
+punishing the southern Indians for what after all was far from being
+entirely their fault, the friends of justice marshaled their forces.
+Dole was not exactly of their number; for he had other ends to serve
+in resisting measures advanced by the Kansans, yet, to his credit be
+it said that he did always hold firmly to the notion that tribes like
+the Cherokee were more sinned against than sinning. The government
+had been the first to shirk responsibility and to violate sacred
+obligations. It had failed to give the protection guaranteed by
+treaties and it was not giving it yet adequately.
+
+[Footnote 629: Dole to Smith, March 17, 1862, Indian Office _Report
+Book_, no. 12, 335.]
+
+[Footnote 630: Report of April 2, 1862.]
+
+[Footnote 631: Dole to Smith, March 20, 1862, Indian Office _Report
+Book_, no. 12, 343-344.]
+
+[Footnote 632: _Daily Conservative_, May 10, 1862. Note the
+arguments in favor of confiscation as quoted from the _Western
+Volunteer_.,]
+
+The true friends of justice were men of the stamp of W.S.
+Robertson[633] and the Reverend Evan Jones,[634] who went out of
+their way to plead the Indian's cause and to detail the extenuating
+circumstances surrounding his lamentable failure to keep faith.
+Supporting the men of the opposite camp was even the Legislature of
+Kansas. In no other way can a memorial from the General Assembly,
+urging the extinguishment of the title of certain Indian lands in
+Kansas, be interpreted.[635]
+
+It is not easy to determine always just what motives did actuate
+Commissioner Dole. They were not entirely above suspicion and his
+name is indissolubly connected with some very nefarious Indian
+transactions; but fortunately they have not to be recounted here. At
+the very time when he was offering unanswerable arguments against
+the propositions of Lane and Pomeroy, he was entertaining something
+similar to those propositions in his own mind. A special agent,
+Augustus Wattles, who had been sufficiently familiar and mixed-up with
+the free state and pro-slavery controversy to be called upon to give
+testimony before the Senate
+
+[Footnote 633: Robertson wrote to the Secretary of the Interior,
+January 7, 1862, asking most earnestly "that decisive measures be
+not taken against the oppressed and betrayed people of the Creek and
+Cherokee tribes, until everything is heard about their struggle in the
+present crisis" [Department of the Interior, _Register of Letters
+Received_, "Indians," no. 4]. The letter was referred to the
+Indian Office and Mix replied to it, February 14, 1862 [Indian Office
+_Letter Book_, no. 67, p. 357]. The concluding paragraph of
+the letter is indicative of the government feeling, "... In reply
+I transmit herewith for your information the Annual Report of this
+Office, which will show ... what policy has governed the Office as to
+this matter, and that it is in consonance with your wish...."]
+
+[Footnote 634: Jones wrote frequently and at great length on the
+subject of justice to the Cherokees. One of his most heartfelt appeals
+was that of January 21, 1862 [Indian Office Consolidated Files,
+_Cherokee_, J 556 of 1862].]
+
+[Footnote 635: Cyrus Aldrich, representative from Minnesota and
+chairman of the House Committee on Indian Affairs referred the
+memorial to the Indian Office [_Letters Registered_, vol. 58,
+_Southern Superintendency_, A. 484 of 1862].]
+
+Harper's Ferry Investigating Committee[636] and who had been on the
+editorial staff of the New York Tribune,[637] had, in 1861, been sent
+by the Indian Office to inspect the houses that Robert S. Stevens had
+contracted to build for the Sacs and Foxes of Mississippi and for the
+Kaws.[638] The whole project of the house-building was a fraud upon
+the Indians, a scheme for using up their funds or for transferring
+them to the pockets of promoters like Stevens[639] and M.C.
+Dickey[640] without the trouble of giving value received.
+
+From a letter[641] of protest, written by Stevens against Wattles's
+mission of inspection, it can be inferred that there was a movement on
+foot to induce the Indians to emigrate southward. Stevens, not wholly
+disinterested, thought it a poor time to attempt changes in tribal
+
+[Footnote 636: Robinson, _Kansas Conflict_, 358.]
+
+[Footnote 637:--Ibid., 370. For other facts touching Wattles
+and his earlier career, see Villard, _John Brown_, index; Wilson,
+_John Brown: Soldier of Fortune_, index.]
+
+[Footnote 638; On the entire subject of negotiations with the Indians
+of Kansas, see Abel, _Indian Reservations in Kansas and the
+Extinguishment of Their Titles_. The house-building project is
+fully narrated there.]
+
+[Footnote 639: For additional information about Stevens, see _Daily
+Conservative_, February 11, 12, 13, 28, 1862. Senator Lane
+denounced him as a defaulter to the government in the house-building
+project. See _Lane_ to Dole, April 22, 1862; Smith to Dole, May
+13 1862; Dole to Lane, May 5, 1862, _Daily Conservative_, May 21,
+1862. In July, Lane, hearing that certificates of indebtedness were
+about to be issued to Stevens on his building contract for the
+Sacs and Foxes, entered a "solemn protest against such action" and
+requested that the Department would let the matter lie over until the
+assembling of Congress [Interior Department, _Register of Letters
+Received_, January 2, 1862 to December 27, 1865, "Indians," no. 4].
+Governor Robinson's enemies regarded him as the partner of Stevens
+[_Daily Conservative_, November 22, 1861] in the matter of some
+other affairs, and that fact may help to explain Senator Lane's bitter
+animosity. The names of Robinson and Stevens were connected in the
+bond difficulty, which lay at the bottom of Robinson's impeachment.]
+
+[Footnote 640: Dickey's interest in the house-building is seen in
+the following: Dickey to Greenwood, February 26, 1861, Indian Office
+General Files, _Kansas_, 1855-1862, D250; same to same, March 1,
+1861, Ibid., D 251.]
+
+[Footnote 641: Stevens to Mix, August 24, 1861, Indian Office Special
+Files, no. 201, _Sac and Fox_, S439 of 1861.]
+
+policy. His conclusions were right, his premises, necessarily
+unrevealed, were false. Wattles became involved in the emigration
+movement, if he did not initiate it, and, subsequent to making his
+report upon the house-building, received a private communication from
+Dole, asking his opinion "of a plan for confederating the various
+Indian tribes, in Kansas and Nebraska, into one, and giving them
+a Territory and a Territorial Government with political
+privileges."[642] This was in 1861, long before any scheme that Lane
+or Pomeroy had devised would have matured. Wattles started upon a tour
+of observation and inquiry among the Kansas tribes and discovered
+that, with few exceptions, they were all willing and even anxious to
+exchange their present homes for homes in Indian Territory. Some had
+already discussed the matter tentatively and on their own account
+with the Creeks and Cherokees. On his way east, after completing his
+investigations, Wattles stopped in New York and "consulted with our
+political friends" there "concerning this movement, and they not only
+gave it their approbation, but were anxious that this administration
+should have the credit of originating and carrying out so wise and so
+noble a scheme for civilizing and perpetuating the Indian race."
+Would Wattles and his friends have said the same had they been fully
+cognizant of the conditions under which the emigrant tribes had been
+placed in the West?
+
+In February of 1862, the House of Representatives called[643] for the
+papers relating to the Wattles mission[644] and, in March, Wattles
+expatiated upon the
+
+[Footnote 642: Wattles to Dole, January 10, 1862, Indian Office
+Special Files, no. 201, _Central Superintendency_, W 528 of
+1862.]
+
+[Footnote 643: Department of the Interior, _Register of Letters
+Received_, "Indians," no. 4, p. 439.]
+
+[Footnote 644: The papers relating to the mission are collected in
+Indian Office Special Files, no. 201.]
+
+emigration and consolidation scheme in a report to Secretary
+Smith.[645] Then, yet in advance of congressional authorization, began
+a systematic course of Indian negotiation, all having in view the
+relieving of Kansas from her aboriginal encumbrance. No means were too
+underhand, too far-fetched, too villainous to be resorted to. Every
+advantage was taken of the Indian's predicament, of his pitiful
+weakness, political and moral. The reputed treason of the southern
+tribes was made the most of. Reconstruction measures had begun for the
+Indians before the war was over and while its issue was very far from
+being determined in favor of the North.
+
+As if urged thereto by some influence malign or fate sinister, the
+loyal portion of two of the southern tribes, the Creeks and the
+Seminoles, took in April, 1862, a certain action that, all unbeknown
+to them, expedited the northern schemes for Indian undoing. The action
+referred to was tribal reörganization. Each of the two groups of
+refugees elected chiefs and headmen and notified the United States
+government that it was prepared to do business as a nation.[646] The
+business in mind had to do with annuity payments[647] and other dues
+but the Indian Office soon extended it to include treaty-making.
+
+[Footnote 645: Indian Office Consolidated Files, _Central
+Superintendency_, W 528 of 1862; Department of the Interior,
+_Register of Letters Received_, "Indians," no. 4, p. 517.]
+
+[Footnote 646: Ok-ta-ha-ras Harjo and others to Dole, April 5, 1862,
+Indian Office General Files, _Creek_, 1860-1869, O 45; Coffin to
+Dole, April 15, 1862, transmitting communication of Billy Bowlegs
+and others, April 14, 1862 ibid., _Seminole_, 1858-1869, C1594;
+_Letters Registered_, vol. 58.]
+
+[Footnote 647: On the outside of the Seminole petition, the office
+instruction for its answer of May 7, 1862, reads as follows: "Say that
+by resolution of Congress the annuities were authorized to be used to
+prevent starvation and suffering amongst them and that being the only
+fund in our hands must not be diverted from that purpose at present."]
+
+Negotiations with the Osages had been going on intermittently all this
+time. No opportunity to press the point of a land cession had ever
+been neglected and much had been made, in connection with the project
+for territorial organization, of the fact that the Osages had
+memorialized Congress for a civil government, they thinking by means
+of it to prevent further frauds and impositions being practiced upon
+them.[648] Coffin and Elder, suspicious of each other, jealously
+watched every avenue of approach to Osage confidence. On the ninth of
+March, Elder inquired if Coffin had been regularly commissioned to
+open up negotiations anew and asked to be associated with him if he
+had.[649] A treaty was started but not finished for Elder received a
+private letter from Dole that seemed to confine the negotiations to
+a mere ascertaining of views.[650] Then the Indians grown weary of
+uncertainty took matters into their own hands and appointed several
+prominent tribesmen for the express purpose of negotiating a treaty
+that would end the "suspense as to their future destiny."[651] From
+the treaty of cession that Coffin drafted, he having taken a miserably
+unfair advantage of Osage isolation and destitution, the Osages turned
+away in disgust.[652] In November, some of their leading men journeyed
+up to Leroy to invite the dissatisfied Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la to winter
+with them.[653] Coffin seized the occasion to reopen the subject of a
+cession and the Indians manifested
+
+[Footnote 648: Indian Office Consolidated Files, _Neosho_, A
+476 of 1862. See also Indian Office report to the Secretary of the
+Interior, May 6, 1862. The Commissioner's letter and the memorial were
+sent to Aldrich, May 9, 1862.]
+
+[Footnote 649: Indian Office Consolidated Files, _Neosho_, E 94.
+of 1862.]
+
+[Footnote 650: Coffin to Dole, April 5, 1862, Ibid., C 1583.]
+
+[Footnote 651: Communication of April 10, 1862, transmitted by Chapman
+to Dole, Ibid., C 1640.]
+
+[Footnote 652: Elder to Coffin, July 9, 1862, Ibid., E 114.]
+
+[Footnote 653: Coffin to Dole, November 16, 1862, Ibid., C
+1904.]
+
+a willingness to sell a part of their Reserve; but again Coffin was
+too grasping and another season of waiting intervened.
+
+With slightly better success the Kickapoos were approached. Their
+lands were coveted by the Atchison and Pike's Peak Railway Company
+and Agent O.B. Keith used his good offices in the interest of that
+corporation.[654] Good offices they were, from the standpoint of
+benefit to the grantees, but most disreputable from that of the
+grantors. He bribed the chiefs outrageously and the lesser men
+among the Kickapoos indignantly protested.[655] Rival political and
+capitalistic concerns, emanating from St. Joseph, Missouri, and from
+the northern tier of counties in Kansas,[656] took up the quarrel and
+never rested until they had forced a hearing from the government. The
+treaty was arrested after it had reached the presidential proclamation
+stage and was in serious danger of complete invalidation.[657] It
+passed muster only when a Senate amendment had rendered it reasonably
+acceptable to the Kickapoos.
+
+Not much headway was made with Indian treaty-making in 1862.[658] In
+March, 1863, an element
+
+[Footnote 654: Indian Office Consolidated Files, _Kickapoo_, I
+655 of 1862 and I 361 of 1864.]
+
+[Footnote 655:--Ibid., B 355 of 1863 and I 361 of 1864.]
+
+[Footnote 656: Albert W. Horton to Pomeroy, June 20, 1863 and O.B.
+Keith to Pomeroy, June 20, 1863, Indian Office Consolidated Files,
+_Kickapoo_, G 59 and P 64 of 1863.]
+
+[Footnote 657: Lane and A.C. Wilder requested the Interior Department,
+September 1, 1863, "that no rights be permitted to attach to R.R.
+Co. until charges of fraud in connection with Kickapoo Treaty are
+settled." Their request was replied to, September 12, 1863 [Interior
+Department, _Register of Letters Received_, January 2, 1862 to
+December 27, 1865, "Indians," no. 4, 361].]
+
+[Footnote 658: Dole, however, seems to have become thoroughly
+reconciled to the idea. He submitted his views upon the subject once
+more in connection with a memorial that Pomeroy referred to the
+Secretary of the Interior "for the concentration of the Indian tribes
+of the West and especially those of Kansas, in the Indian country ...
+" [Dole to Smith, November 22, 1862, Indian Office _Report Book_,
+no. 12, pp. 505-506; Department of the Interior, _Register of
+Letters Received_, vol. D, November 22, 1862]. (cont.)]
+
+conditioning a greater degree of success was introduced into the
+government policy.[659] That was by the Indian appropriation act,
+which, in addition to continuing the practice of applying tribal
+annuities to the relief of refugees, authorized the president to
+negotiate with Kansas tribes for their removal from Kansas and with
+the loyal portion of Indian Territory tribes for cessions of land
+on which to accommodate them.[660] As Dole pertinently remarked to
+Secretary Usher, the measure was all very well as a policy in prospect
+but it was one that most certainly could not be carried out until
+Indian Territory was in Federal possession. Blunt was still striving
+after possession or re-possession but his force was not "sufficient to
+insure beyond peradventure his success."[661]
+
+Scarcely had the law been enacted when John Ross and other Cherokees,
+living in exile and in affluence, offered to consider proposals for
+a retrocession to the United States public domain of their Neutral
+Lands. The Indian Office was not yet prepared to treat and not until
+November did Ross and his associates[662] get any
+
+[Footnote 658: (cont.) December 26, 1862, Dole wrote to Smith thus:
+"... It being in contemplation to extinguish the Indian title to lands
+... in Kansas and provide them with homes in the Indian Territory ...
+I would recommend that a commissioner should be appointed to negotiate
+... I would accordingly suggest that Robt. S. Corwin be appointed ..."
+[Indian Office _Report Book_, no. 13, pp. 12-13]. Now Corwin's
+reputation was not such as would warrant his selection for the post.
+He was not a man of strict integrity. His name is connected with many
+shady transactions in the early history of Kansas.]
+
+[Footnote 659: Presumably, Lane was the chief promoter of it. See
+Baptiste Peoria to Dole, February 9, 1863, Indian Office General
+Files, _Osage River_, 1863-1867.]
+
+[Footnote 660: _U.S. Statutes at Large_, vol. xii, 793.]
+
+[Footnote 661: Dole to Usher, July 29, 1863, Indian Office _Report
+Book_, no. 13, p. 211.]
+
+[Footnote 662: His associates were then the three men, Lewis Downing,
+James McDaniel, and Evan Jones, who had been appointed delegates with
+him, (cont.)]
+
+real encouragement[663] to renew their offer, yet the Cherokees had
+as early as February repudiated their alliance with the southern
+Confederacy. That the United States government was only awaiting a
+time most propitious for itself is evident from the fact that, when,
+in the spring following, refugees from the Neutral Lands were given
+an opportunity to begin their backward trek, they were told that they
+would not be permitted to linger at their old homes but would have to
+go on all the way to Fort Gibson, one hundred twenty miles farther
+south.[664] That was one way of ridding Kansas of her Indians and a
+way not very creditable to a professed and powerful guardian.
+
+Almost simultaneously with Ross's first application came an offer from
+the oppressed Delawares to look for a new home in the far west, in
+Washington Territory. The majority preferred to go to the Cherokee
+country.[665] Some of the tribe had already lived there and wanted to
+return. Had the minority gained their point, the Delawares would have
+traversed the whole continent within the space of about two and a half
+centuries. They would have wandered from the Atlantic to the Pacific,
+from the Susquehanna River to the Willamette, in a desperate effort to
+escape the avaricious pioneer, and, to their own chagrin, they would
+have found him on the western coast also. Never again would there be
+any place for them free from his influence.
+
+In the summer of 1863, negotiations were undertaken
+
+[Footnote 662: (cont.) by the newly-constructed national council, for
+doing business with the United States government [Commissioner of
+Indian Affairs, _Report_, 1863, p. 23].]
+
+[Footnote 663: See Office letter of November 19, 1863.]
+
+[Footnote 664: David M. Harlan to Dole, December 20, 1864, Indian
+Office General Files, Cherokee 1859-1865, H 1033.]
+
+[Footnote 665: Johnson to Dole, May 24, 1863, ibid., _Delaware_,
+1862-1866.]
+
+in deadly earnest. A commencement was made with the Creeks in May,
+Agent Cutler calling the chiefs in council and laying before them
+the draft of a treaty that had been prepared, upon the advice
+of Coffin,[666] in Washington and that had been entrusted for
+transmission to the unscrupulous ex-agent, Perry Fuller.[667] The
+Creek chiefs consented to sell a tract of land for locating other
+Indians upon, but declared themselves opposed to any plan for
+"sectionizing" their country and asked that they might be consulted as
+to the Indians who were to share it with them. The month before they
+had prayed to be allowed to go back home. Well fed and clothed though
+they were, and quite satisfied with their agent, they were terribly
+homesick.[668] Might they not go down and clean out their country for
+themselves? It seemed impossible for the army to do it.[669]
+
+Coffin next came forward with a suggestion that Indian colonization in
+Texas would be far preferable to colonization elsewhere, although if
+nothing better could be done, he would advocate the selection of the
+Osage land on the Arkansas and its tributaries.[670] Why he wanted to
+steer clear of the Indian Territory is not
+
+[Footnote 666: "... I would most respectfully suggest that a Treaty be
+gotten up by you and the Sec. of the Interior, and sent to me and Gov.
+Carney and some other suitable com. to have ratified in due form and
+returned. And you will pardon me for saying that the Treaty should
+be a model for all that are to follow with the broken and greatly
+reduced, and fragmental tribes in the Indian Territory, and may
+be made greatly to promote the interests of the Indians and the
+Government especially in view of the removal of the Indians
+from Kansas and Nebraska as contemplated by recent Act of
+Congress."--COFFIN to Dole, March 22, 1863, Ibid., Land Files,
+_Southern Superintendency_, 1855-1870, C 117.]
+
+[Footnote 667: Cutler to Dole, May, 1863, Ibid., General Files,
+_Creek_, 1860-1869, C 240.]
+
+[Footnote 668: Ok-ta-ha-ras Harjo and others to "Our Father," April 1,
+1863, (Indian Office General Files, _Creek_, 1860-1869).]
+
+[Footnote 669: Same to same, May 16, 1863, Ibid., O 6.]
+
+[Footnote 670: Coffin to Dole, May 23, 1863, Ibid., Land Files,
+_Southern Superintendency_, 1855-1870.]
+
+evident. The Pottawatomies[671] asked to be allowed to settle on the
+Creek land,[672] but the Creeks were letting their treaty hang fire.
+They wanted it made in Washington, D.C., and they wanted one of their
+great men, Mik-ko-hut-kah, then with the army, to assist in its
+negotiation.[673] Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la had died in the spring[674] and
+they were seemingly feeling a little helpless and forlorn.
+
+Thinking to make better progress with the treaties and better terms
+if he himself controlled the government end of the negotiations,
+Commissioner Dole undertook a trip west in the late summer.[675] By
+the third of September the Creek treaty was an accomplished fact.[676]
+Aside from the cession of land for the accommodation of Indian
+emigrants, its most important provision was a recognition of the
+binding force of Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation. In due course,
+the treaty went to the Senate and, in March, was accepted by that body
+with amendments.[677] It went back to the
+
+[Footnote 671: A treaty had been made with the Pottawatomies by W.W.
+Ross, their agent, November 15, 1861 [ibid., _Pottawatomie_,
+I 547 of 1862]. Its negotiation was so permeated by fraud that the
+Indians refused to let it stand [Dole to Smith, January 15, 1862].
+At this time, 1863, Superintendent Branch, against whom charges of
+gambling, drunkenness, licentiousness, and misuse of annuity funds
+had been preferred by Agent Ross [Indian Office General Files,
+_Pottawatomie_, R 21 and 143 of 1863], was endeavoring to
+persuade Father De Smet to establish a Roman Catholic Mission on their
+Reserve. De Smet declined because of the exigencies of the war. His
+letter of January 5, 1863, has no file mark.]
+
+[Footnote 672: Cutler to Dole, June 6, 1863, Indian Office General
+Files, _Creek_, 1860-1869.]
+
+[Footnote 673:--Ibid.]
+
+[Footnote 674: Coffin to Dole, March 22, 1863.]
+
+[Footnote 675: Proctor's letter of July 31, 1863 would indicate that
+Dole went to the Cherokee Agency before the Sac and Fox. Proctor was
+writing from the former place and he said, "Mr. Dole leaves to-day
+for Kansas ..." [Indian Office General Files, _Southern
+Superintendency_, 1863-1864, C 466].]
+
+[Footnote 676: Indian Office Land Files, _Treaties_, Box 3,
+1864-1866.]
+
+[Footnote 677: Usher to Dole, March 23, 1864, Ibid.,]
+
+Indians but they rejected it altogether.[678] The Senate amendments
+were not such as they could conscientiously and honorably submit
+to and maintain their dignity as a preëminently loyal and
+semi-independent people.[679] One of the amendments was particularly
+obnoxious. It affected the provision that deprived the southern Creeks
+of all claims upon the old home.[680] Dole's Creek treaty of 1863 was
+never ratified.
+
+Other treaties negotiated by Dole were with the Sacs and Foxes of
+Mississippi,[681] the Osages, the Shawnees,[682]
+
+[Footnote 678: Its binding force upon them was, however, a subject
+of discussion afterwards and for many years [Superintendent Byers
+to Lewis V. Bogy, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, February 7, 1867,
+Ibid., General Files, _Creek_, 1860-1869, B 94].]
+
+[Footnote 679: For an interpretation of the treaty relative to the
+claims of the loyal Creeks, see Dole to Lane, January 27, 1864
+[ibid., _Report Book_, no. 13, pp. 287-291]. It is interesting to
+note that a certain Mundy Durant who had been sixty years in the Creek
+Nation, put in a claim, February 23, 1864, in behalf of the "loyal
+Africans." He asked "that they have guaranteed to them equal rights
+with the Indians ..." "All of our boys," said he, "are in the army and
+I feel they should be remembered ..." [Ibid., General Files,
+_Creek_, 1860-1869, D 362].]
+
+[Footnote 680: Article IV. Both the Creeks and the Seminoles, in
+apprising the Indian Office of the fact that they had organized as a
+nation, had voiced the idea that the southern Indians had forfeited
+all their rights "to any part of the property or annuities ..."]
+
+[Footnote 681: The Sacs and Foxes brought forward a claim against
+the southern refugees, for the "rent of 204 buildings," amounting to
+$14,688.00 [Indian Office Land Files, _Southern Superintendency_,
+1855-1870, Letter of May 14, 1864. See also Dole to Usher, March 25,
+1865, Ibid., also I 952, C 1264, and C 1298, Ibid.,].
+Coffin thought the best way to settle their claim was to give them a
+part of the Creek cession [Coffin to Martin, May 23, 1864, and Martin
+to Dole, May 26, 1864, Ibid., General Files, _Sac and
+Fox_, 1862-1866, M 284]. The Sac and Fox chiefs were willing to
+submit the case to the arbitrament of Judge James Steele. Martin was
+of the opinion that should their treaty, then pending, fail it would
+be some time before they would consent to make another. This treaty
+had been obtained with difficulty, only by Dole's "extraordinary
+exertions with the tribe" [Martin to Dole, May 2, 1864, Ibid.,
+M 270].]
+
+[Footnote 682: Negotiations with the Shawnees had been undertaken in
+1862. In June, Black Bob, the chief of the Shawnees on the Big Blue
+Reserve in Johnson County, Kansas, protested against a treaty then
+before Congress. He claimed it was a fraud (cont.)]
+
+and the New York Indians. He attempted one with the Kaws but
+failed.[683] The Osages, who had
+
+[Footnote 682: (cont.) [Telegram, A.H. Baldwin to Dole, June 4, 1862,
+ibid., _Shawnee_, 1855-1862, B 1340 of 1862], which was the red
+man's usual appraisement of the white man's dealings. A rough draft
+of another treaty seems to have been sent to Agent Abbott for the
+Shawnees on July 18 and another, substantially the same, December 29.
+One of the matters that called for adjustment was the Shawnee contract
+with the Methodist Episcopal Church South, Dole affirming that "as the
+principal members of that corporation, and those who control it are
+now in rebellion against the U.S. Government, the said contract is
+to be regarded as terminated...." [Indian Office Land Files,
+_Shawnee_, 1860-1865, I 865]. Usher's letter to Dole of December
+27, 1862 was the basis of the instruction. Dole's negotiations of 1863
+were impeached as were all the previous, Black Bob and Paschal Fish,
+the first and second chiefs of the Chillicothe Band of Shawnees,
+leading the opposition. Agent Abbott was charged with using
+questionable means for obtaining Indian approval [Ibid.,
+General Files, _Shawnee_, 1863-1875]. Conditions at the Shawnee
+Agency had been in a bad state for a long time, since before the
+war. Guerrilla attacks and threatened attacks had greatly disturbed
+domestic politics. They had interfered with the regular tribal
+elections.
+
+"Last fall (1862), owing to the constant disturbance on the border of
+Mo., the election was postponed from time to time, until the 12th of
+January. Olathe had been sacked, Shawnee had been burned, and the
+members of the Black Bob settlement had been robbed and driven from
+their homes, and it had not been considered safe for any considerable
+number to congregate together from the fact that the Shawnees usually
+all come on horseback, and the bushwhackers having ample means to know
+what was going on, would take the opportunity to make a dash among
+them, and secure their horses.
+
+"De Soto was designated as the place to hold the election it being
+some twenty miles from the border ..."--Abbott to Dole, April 6, 1863,
+Ibid., Land Files, _Shawnee_, 1860-1865, A 158. In the
+summer, the Shawnees made preparations for seeking a new home. Their
+confidence in Abbott must have been by that time somewhat restored,
+since the prospecting delegation invited him to join it [ibid.,
+_Shawnee_, A 755 of 1864]. A chief source of grievance against him
+and cause for distrust of him had reference to certain depredation
+claims of the Shawnees [Ibid., General Files, _Shawnee_,
+1855-1862, I 801].]
+
+[Footnote 683: The Kaw lands had been greatly depredated upon and
+encroached upon [Ibid., Land Files, _Kansas_, 1862]. Dole
+anticipated that troubles were likely to ensue at any moment. He,
+therefore, desired to put the Kaws upon the Cherokee land just as soon
+as it was out of danger [Dole to H.W. Farnsworth, October 24, 1863,
+ibid., _Letter Book_, no. 72, p. 57]. Jeremiah Hadley, the agent
+for a contemplated Mission School among the Kaws, was much exercised
+as to how a removal might affect his contract and work. See his letter
+to Dole, November 17, 1863.
+
+An abortive treaty was likewise made with the Wyandots, whom Dole
+(cont.)]
+
+recently[684] so generously consented to receive the unwelcome
+
+[Footnote 683: (cont.) designed to place upon the Seneca-Shawnee
+lands. Both the Wyandots and the Seneca-Shawnees objected to the
+ratification of the treaty [Coffin to Dole, January 28, 1864, Indian
+Office Consolidated Files, _Neosho_, C 639 of 1864].]
+
+[Footnote 684: They had recently done another thing that, at the time
+of occurrence, the Federals in Kansas deemed highly commendable. They
+had murderously attacked a group of Confederate recruiting officers,
+whom they had overtaken or waylaid on the plains. The following
+contemporary documents, when taken in connection with Britton's
+account [_Civil War on the Border_, vol. ii, 228], W.L. Bartles's
+address [Kansas Historical Society, _Collections_, vol. viii,
+62-66], and Elder's letter to Blunt, May 17, 1863, _Official
+Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 286, amply describe the affair:
+
+(a)
+
+"I have just returned to this place from the Grand Council of the
+Great and Little Osage Indians. I found them feeling decidedly fine
+over their recent success in destroying a band of nineteen rebels
+attempting to pass through their country. A band of the Little Osages
+met them first and demanded their arms and that they should go with
+them to Humboldt (as we instructed them to do at the Council at
+Belmont). The rebels refused and shot one of the Osages dead. The
+Osages then fired on them. They ran and a running fight was kept up
+for some 15 miles. The rebel guide was killed early in the action.
+After crossing Lightning Creek, the rebels turned up the creek toward
+the camp of the Big Hill Camp. The Little Osages had sent a runner
+to aprise the Big Hills of the presence of the rebels and they were
+coming down the creek 400 strong, and met the rebels, drove them to
+the creek and surrounded them. The rebels displayed a white flag but
+the Indians disregarded it. They killed all of them as they supposed;
+but afterwards learned that two of them, badly wounded, got down a
+steep bank of the creek and made their escape down the creek. They
+scalped them all and cut their heads off. They killed 4 of their
+horses (which the Indians greatly regretted) and captured 13, about 50
+revolvers, most of the rebels having 4 revolvers, a carbine and
+saber. There were 3 colonels, one lieutenant-colonel, one major and 4
+captains. They had full authority to organise enroll and muster into
+rebel service all the rebels in Colorado and New Mexico where they
+were doubtless bound. Major Dowdney [Doudna] in command of troops at
+Humboldt went down with a detachment and buried them and secured the
+papers, letting the Indians keep all the horses, arms, etc. I have no
+doubt that this will afford more protection to the frontiers of Kansas
+than anything that has yet been done and from the frequency and
+boldness of the raids recently something of the kind was very much
+needed. The Indians are very much elated over it. I gave them all
+the encouragement I could, distributed between two and three hundred
+dollars worth of goods amongst them. There was a representative at the
+Council from the Osages that have gone South, many of them now in the
+army. He stated that they were all now very anxious to get back, and
+wished to know if they should meet the loyal Osages on the hunt on the
+Plains and come in with them if they could be suffered to stay. I gave
+him a letter to them promising them if they returned immediately and
+(cont.)]
+
+refugees on the Ottawa Reserve,[685] were distinctly overreached by
+the government representatives, working in the interest of corporate
+wealth. In August, the chief men of the Osages had gone up to the Sac
+and Fox Agency to confer with Dole,[686] but Dole was being
+
+[Footnote 684: (cont.) joined their loyal brethren in protecting the
+frontiers, running down Bushwhackers, and ridding the country of
+rebels, they should be protected. I advised them to come immediately
+to Humboldt and report to Major Dowdney and he would furnish them
+powder and lead to go on the hunt. This seemed to give great
+satisfaction to all the chiefs as they are exceedingly desirous to
+have them back and the representative started immediately back with
+the letter, and the Indians as well as the Fathers of the Mission have
+no doubt but they will return. If so, it will very materially weaken
+the rebel force now sorely pressing Col. Phillips' command at Fort
+Gibson.
+
+"The Osages are now very desirous to make a treaty are willing to sell
+25 miles in width by 50 off the east end of their reservation and 20
+miles wide off the north side, but I will write more fully of this
+in a day or two."--COFFIN to Dole, June 10, 1863, Indian Office
+Consolidated Files, _Neosho_, C 299 of 1863.
+
+(b)
+
+"It will be remembered that sometime in the month of May last a party
+consisting of nineteen rebel officers duly commissioned and authorised
+to organise the Indians and what rebels they might find in Colorado
+and New Mexico against the Government of the United States while
+passing through the country of the Great and Little Osages were
+attacked and the whole party slaughtered by these Indians. As an
+encouragement to those Indians to continue their friendship and
+loyalty to our Government, I would respectfully recommend that medals
+be given to the Head Chief of the combined tribes, White Hair, and the
+Head Chief of the Little Bear and the chiefs of the Big Hill bands,
+Clarimore and Beaver, four in all who were chiefly instrumental in the
+destruction of those emissaries.
+
+"I believe the bestowal of the medals would be a well deserved
+acknowledgment to those chiefs for an important service rendered and
+promotive of good."--COFFIN to Dole, Indian Office Consolidated Files,
+_Neosho_. C 596.]
+
+[Footnote 685: Coffin to Dole, July 13, 1863, Ibid., General
+Files, _Southern Superintendency_, 1863-1864. Coffin had been
+directed, by an office letter of June 24 to have the refugees removed.
+See also, Dole to Hutchinson, June 24, 1863, ibid., _Letter
+Book_, no. 71, p. 69. Other primary sources bearing upon this
+matter are, Hutchinson to ?, June 11, 1863, ibid., _Ottawa_,
+1863-1873, H 230; Elder to Dole, August 10, 1863, _Neosho_, E 22
+of 1863; Hutchinson to Dole, August 21, 1863, _Ottawa_, D 236 of
+1863; Mix to Elder, September 11, 1863, ibid., _Letter Book_, no.
+71, p. 383.]
+
+[Footnote 686: "About 100 of the Osages with their Chiefs and headmen
+visited the Sac and Fox agency to meet me on the 20th to Council and
+probably make a treaty to dispose of a part of their reserve. I was
+detained with the Delawares and Quantrels raid upon Lawrence and did
+not reach the reserve (cont.)]
+
+unavoidably detained by the Delawares and by Quantrill's raid upon
+Lawrence,[687] so, becoming impatient, they left. The commissioner
+followed them to Leroy and before the month was out, he was able to
+report a treaty as made.[688] It was apparently done over-night and
+yet
+
+[Footnote 686: (cont.) until the 25th and found the Osages had left
+that day for their homes. I followed them to this place [Leroy] 40
+miles south of the Sac and Fox agency and have been in Council with
+them for two days. I have some doubt about succeeding in a treaty as
+the Indians do not understand parting with their lands in trust. I
+could purchase all we want at present for not exceeding 25 cts pr acre
+but doubt whether the Senate would ratify such a purchase--as they
+have adopted the Homestead policy with the Gov't lands and would not
+wish to purchase of the Indians to give to the whites. I propose to
+purchase 25 miles by 40 in the S.E. corner of their reserve @ 5 pr.
+ct making a dividend of 10,000 annually. I have two reasons for this
+purchase. 1st I want the land for other Kansas tribes and 2nd The
+Indians are paupers now and must have this much money any way or
+starve. Then I propose to take in trust the north half of their
+reserve--to be sold for their benefit as the Sac and Fox and other
+tribes dispose of their lands. To this last the Indians object they
+want to sell outright and I may fail in consequence. We shall not
+differ much about the details--if we can agree on the main points--I
+shall know to-day--
+
+"From here I return to the Sac and Fox agency where I have some hopes
+of making a treaty with them or at least agree upon the main points so
+soon as they can be provided with another home--The fact that we have
+failed to drive the traitors out of the Indian Country interfers very
+much with my operations here--from the Sac and Fox Reserve I may go to
+the Pottawatamies but rather expect that I will return to Leavenworth
+where I shall again council with the Delawares and from there go to
+the Kickapoos--Senator Pomeroy is here with me and will probably
+remain with me--Judge Johnston is also with me and assisting me as
+Clerk since Mr. Whiting left. This is not considered as a very safe
+country as Bush Whackers are plenty and bold--You may show this to Sec
+Usher--"--Indian Office Consolidated Files, _Neosho_, D 195 of
+1863.]
+
+[Footnote 687: Connelley, _Quantrill and the Border Wars_,
+335-420.]
+
+[Footnote 688: "I arrived here last night from Leroy, after having
+succeeded in effecting a treaty with the Osage Indians by which the
+Govt. obtain of them by purchase thirty miles in extent off the East
+end of their reserve (at a cost of 300,000$ to remain on interest
+_forever_ at _5 pr ct_--which gives them an annuity of
+15000$ annually)--They also cede to the U.S. _in trust_ twenty
+miles off the North side of the Bal. of their reserve the full extent
+east and west--to be disposed of as the Sec. Int. shall direct for
+their benefit--with the usual reserves to half breeds--provision for
+schools etc.--I have been all this afternoon in Council with the
+Delewares who have to the No. of 30 or 40 followed me out here for the
+purpose of again talking over (cont.)]
+
+it was not a conclusive thing; for, in October, the Osage chiefs were
+still making propositions[689] and
+
+[Footnote 688: (cont.) the proposed treaty with them. They had trouble
+after I left them at Leavenworth, but our council today has done good
+and they have just left for home with the agreement to call a council
+and send a delegation to the Cherokees to look up a new home--When
+will Jno. Ross leave for his people. I wish he could be there when the
+Delaware delegation goes down--as I am exceedingly anxious that they
+get a home of the Cherokees.
+
+"I think there is but little doubt but I shall make a treaty with the
+Sac and Foxes as they say they are _satisfied_ to remove to a
+part of the Land I have purchased of the Osages--on the line next the
+Cherokees--I can make a treaty with the Creeks and may do so but I
+think I will make it _conditional_ upon the signatures of some of
+the Chiefs now in the army--Those here are very anxious to treat and
+sell us a large tract of the country The trouble with the Southern
+Indians is their claims for losses by the war I will have to put in
+a clause of some kind to satisfy them on that subject--That they are
+entitled to it I have no doubt--but what view Congress will take
+of it--or the Senate in ratifying the treaty of course I cannot
+tell--Some of the Wyandots are here--
+
+"I have just closed a Council with the Sac and Foxes and have heard
+many fine speeches. We meet again day after tomorrow--as tomorrow
+must be appropriated to the Creeks--I think I shall have a success
+here--The Sack and Foxes to the No of say two hundred have a dance out
+on the green They are dressed and painted for the occasion and as it
+is in honor of my visit I must go out and witness it * * * Well we
+have had an extensive dance which cost me a beef and while waiting for
+a Chipaway Chief who comes as I learn to complain of his agent I go on
+with my Letter--The New York Indians are tolerably well represented
+and I shall talk with them tonight--This is a grand jubilee amongst
+the Indians here. So many tribes and parts of tribes or their Chiefs
+gathered here to see the Comr. Paint and feathers are in great demand
+and singing, whooping--and the Drum is constantly ringing in my
+ears. I am satisfied that it is a good arrangement to have them here
+together it is cheaper and better and saves much time.
+
+"I made a great mistake that I did not bring maps of the reserves
+and especially of the Indian Territory--I do the best I can from the
+Treaties.
+
+"I have had no mail for Eight Days as my mail is at Leavenworth. I
+expect my letters day after tomorrow when I hope to have a late letter
+from you as well as one from the Sec.--Will you please send Hutchinson
+some money he must have funds to pay for surveying and alloting the
+Ottawa reserve The survey is finished and pay demanded."
+
+[Indian Office Consolidated Files, _Neosho_, D 198 of 1863].]
+
+[Footnote 689: The propositions were in the form of a memorandum,
+drawn up by White Hair, principal chief of the Great and Little
+Osages, and Little Bear, principal chief of the Little Osages, who, in
+conjunction with Charles Mograin, assistant head chief of the Great
+and Little Osages, had been (cont.)]
+
+making them after the fashion of the Creeks long before at Indian
+Springs.[690] Dole had finally to be told that the rank and file of
+the Osages would not allow their chiefs to confer with him except
+in general council.[691] As a matter of fact, not one of the Dole
+treaties could run the gauntlet of criticism and, consequently, the
+whole project of treaty-making in 1862 and 1863 accomplished nothing
+beneficial. It only served to complicate a situation already serious
+and to forecast that when the great test should come, as come it
+surely would, the government would be found wanting, lacking in
+magnanimity, lacking in justice, and all too willing to sacrifice its
+honor for big interests and transient causes.
+
+[Footnote 689: (cont.) solicited by their people, when in council at
+Humboldt, July 4, to proceed to Washington and interview their Great
+Father [Coffin to Dole, July 16, 1863, Indian Office Consolidated
+Files, _Neosho_, C 365 of 1863]. The propositions were to the
+effect that the Osages would gladly sell thirty miles by twenty miles
+off the southeast corner of their Reserve and one-half of the Reserve
+on the north for $1,350,000, which should draw six per cent interest
+until paid [Ibid., D 239 of 1863]. John Schoenmaker of the
+Osage Mission was apprehensive that the Roman Catholic interests would
+be disregarded as in the Potawatomi Treaty. See letter to Coffin, June
+25th.]
+
+[Footnote 690: Abel, _Indian Consolidation West of the
+Mississippi_.]
+
+[Footnote 691: Charles Mograin warned Dole of this.]
+
+
+
+
+XI. INDIAN TERRITORY IN 1863, JANUARY TO JUNE INCLUSIVE
+
+
+As with the war as a whole, so with that part of it waged on the
+Arkansas frontier, the year 1863 proved critical. Its midsummer season
+saw the turning-point in the respective fortunes of the North and the
+South, both in the east and in the west. The beginning of 1863 was a
+time for recording great depletion of resources in Indian Territory,
+as elsewhere, great disorganization within Southern Indian ranks, and
+much privation, suffering, and resultant dissatisfaction among the
+tribes generally. The moment called for more or less sweeping changes
+in western commands. Those most nearly affecting the Arkansas frontier
+were the establishment of Indian Territory as a separate military
+entity[692] and the detachment of western Louisiana
+
+[Footnote 692: The establishment of a separate command for Indian
+Territory was not accomplished all at once. In December, 1862, Steele
+had been ordered to report to Holmes for duty and, in the first
+week of January, he was given the Indian Territory post, subject to
+Hindman. On or about the eighth, he assumed command [_Official
+Records_, vol. xxii, part i, 28] at Fort Smith. In less than a
+week thereafter, his command was separated from that of Hindman
+[Ibid., part ii, 771]. The following document shows exactly
+what had been the previous relation between the two:
+
+  Head Qrs. Dept. Indn. Terry.
+  Ft. Smith, Jan. 31st, 1863.
+
+COLONEL: Your special No. 22, par. viii has been recd. I would
+respectfully suggest that when assigned to this command by Maj. Gen'l
+Hindman the command was styled in orders, "1st Div'n 1st Corps Trans.
+Miss. Army." The special order referred to, it is respectfully
+suggested, may be susceptible of misconstruction as there are under my
+command two separate Brigades, one under the command (cont.)]
+
+and Texas from the Trans-Mississippi Department.[693] Both were
+accomplished in January and both were directly due to a somewhat tardy
+realization of the vast strategic importance of the Indian country.
+Unwieldy, geographically, the Trans-Mississippi Department had long
+since shown itself to be. Moreover, it was no longer even passably
+safe to leave the interests of Indian Territory subordinated to those
+of Arkansas.[694]
+
+The man chosen, after others, his seniors in rank, had declined the
+dubious honor,[695] for the command of Indian Territory was William
+Steele, brigadier-general, northern born, of southern sympathies. Thus
+was ignored whatever claim Douglas H. Cooper might have been thought
+to have by reason of his intimate and long acquaintance with Indian
+affairs and his influence, surpassingly great, with certain of the
+tribes. Cooper's unfortunate weakness, addiction to intemperance, had
+stood more or less in the way of his promotion right along just as
+it had decreased his military efficiency on at least one memorable
+occasion and had hindered the confirmation of his appointment as
+superintendent of Indian affairs in the Arkansas and Red River
+constituency. In this narrative, as events are divulged, it will be
+seen that the preference for Steele exasperated Cooper, who was not a
+big enough man to put love of country before the gratification of his
+own
+
+[Footnote 692: (cont.) of Gen'l D.H. Cooper and one under command of
+Col. J.W. Speight.
+
+I am, Col., Very Res'py W. STEELE, _Brig. Gen'l_.,
+Col. S.S. Anderson, A.A.G.
+
+P.S. Please find enclosed printed Gen. Order, no. 4, which I have
+assumed the responsibility of issuing on receipt of Lt. Gen'l Holmes'
+order declaring my command in the Ind'n country independent.
+
+(Sd) W. STEELE, _Brig. Gen'l_.
+
+[A.G.O., _Confederate Records_, chap. 2, no. 270, p. 65].]
+
+[Footnote 693: _Official Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 771-772.]
+
+[Footnote 694:--Ibid., 771.]
+
+[Footnote 695:--Ibid., 843; _Confederate Records_, chap.
+2, no. 270, pp. 25-27.]
+
+[Illustration: FACSIMILE OF MONTHLY INSPECTION REPORT OF THE SECOND
+CREEK REGIMENT OF MOUNTED VOLUNTEERS.]
+
+ambition, consequently friction developed between him and his rival
+highly detrimental to the service to which each owed his best thought,
+his best endeavor.[696]
+
+Conditions in Indian Territory, at the time Steele took command, were
+conceivably the worst that could by any possibility be imagined. The
+land had been stripped of its supplies, the troops were scarcely
+worthy of the name.[697] Around Fort Smith, in Arkansas, things
+were equally bad.[698] People were clamoring for protection against
+marauders, some were wanting only the opportunity to move themselves
+and their effects far away out of the reach of danger, others were
+demanding that the unionists be cleaned out just as secessionists had,
+in some cases, been. Confusion worse confounded prevailed. Hindman
+had resorted to a system of almost wholesale furloughing to save
+expense.[699] Most of the Indians had taken advantage of it and
+were off duty when Steele arrived. Many had preferred to subsist at
+government cost.[700] There was so little in their own homes for them
+to get. Forage was practically non-existent and Steele soon had it
+impressed [701] upon him that troops in the Indian Territory ought, as
+Hindman had come to think months before,[702] to be all unmounted.
+
+Although fully realizing that it was incumbent upon him to hold Fort
+Smith as a sort of key to his entire command, Steele knew it would be
+impossible to
+
+[Footnote 696: It might as well be said, at the outset, that Cooper
+was not the ranking officer of Steele. He claimed that he was
+[_Official Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 1037-1038]; but the
+government disallowed the contention [Ibid., 1038].]
+
+[Footnote 697:--Ibid., part i, 28; part ii, 862, 883, 909.]
+
+[Footnote 698: _Confederate Records_, chap. 2, no. 270, pp.
+29-30.]
+
+[Footnote 699: _Official Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 895, 909.]
+
+[Footnote 700:--Ibid., part i, 30.]
+
+[Footnote 701: _Confederate Records_, chap. 2, no. 270, p. 31.]
+
+[Footnote 702: _Official Records_, vol. xiii, 51.]
+
+maintain any considerable force there. He, therefore, resolved to
+take big chances and to attempt to hold it with as few men as his
+commissary justified, trusting that he would be shielded from attack
+"by the inclemency of the season and the waters of the Arkansas."[703]
+The larger portion of his army[704] was sent southward, in the
+direction of Red River.[705] But lack of food and forage was, by no
+manner of means, the only difficulty that confronted Steele. He was
+short of guns, particularly of good guns,[706] and distressingly short
+of money.[707] The soldiers had not been paid for months.
+
+The opening of 1863 saw changes, equally momentous, in Federal
+commands. Somewhat captiously, General Schofield discounted recent
+achievements of Blunt and advised that Blunt's District of Kansas
+should be completely disassociated from the Division of the Army of
+the Frontier,[708] which he had, at Schofield's own earlier request,
+been commanding. It was another instance of personal jealousy,
+interstate rivalry, and local
+
+[Footnote 703: _Official Records_, vol. xxii, part i, 30.]
+
+[Footnote 704: Perhaps the word, _army_, is inapplicable here.
+Steele himself was in doubt as to whether he was in command of an army
+or of a department [_Confederate Records_, chap. 2, no. 270, p.
+54].]
+
+[Footnote 705: _Confederate Records_, chap. 2, no. 270, p. 36.
+See also, Steele to Anderson, January 22, 1863 [ibid., 50-51], which
+besides detailing the movements of Steele's men furnishes, on the
+authority of "Mr. Thomas J. Parks of the Cherokee Nation," evidence
+of brutal murders and atrocities committed by Blunt's army "whilst
+on their march through the northwestern portion of this State in the
+direction of Kansas."]
+
+[Footnote 706: Crosby's telegram, February first, to the Chief of
+Ordnance is sufficient attestation,
+
+"Many of Cooper's men have inferior guns and many none at all. Can you
+supply?" [Ibid., 65-66].]
+
+[Footnote 707: The detention and the misapplication of funds by
+William Quesenbury seem to have been largely responsible for Steele's
+monetary embarrassment [ibid., 28, 63-64, 75, 76, 77, 79-81, 101,
+147]. Cotton speculation in Texas was alluring men with ready money
+southward [ibid., 94, 104].]
+
+[Footnote 708: _Official Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 6.]
+
+conflict of interests.[709] So petty was Schofield and so much in a
+mood for disparagement that he went the length of condemning the work
+of Blunt and Herron[710] in checking Hindman's advance as but a series
+of blunders and their success at Prairie Grove as but due to an
+accident.[711] General Curtis, without, perhaps, having any particular
+regard for the aggrieved parties himself, resented Schofield's
+insinuations against their military capacity, all the more so, no
+doubt, because he was not above making the same kind of criticisms
+himself and was not impervious to them. In the sequel, Schofield
+reorganized the divisions of his command, relieved Blunt altogether,
+and personally resumed the direction of the Army of the Frontier.[712]
+Blunt went back to his District of Kansas and made his headquarters at
+Fort Leavenworth.
+
+In some respects, the reorganization decided upon by Schofield proved
+a consummation devoutly to be wished; for, within the reconstituted
+First Division was placed an Indian Brigade, which was consigned to
+the charge of a man the best fitted of all around to have it, Colonel
+William A. Phillips.[713] And that was not all; inasmuch as the Indian
+Brigade, consisting of the three regiments of Indian Home Guards, a
+battalion of the Sixth Kansas Cavalry, and a four-gun battery that had
+been captured at the Battle of Old
+
+[Footnote 709: It seems unnecessary and inappropriate to drag into the
+present narrative the political squabbles that disgraced Missouri,
+Kansas, Arkansas, and Colorado during the war. Lane was against
+Schofield, Gamble against Curtis.]
+
+[Footnote 710: Yet both Blunt and Herron were, at this very time, in
+line for promotion, as was Schofield, to the rank of major-general
+[_Official Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, II, 95.]]
+
+[Footnote 711:--Ibid., 6, 12, 95; _Confederate Military
+History_, vol. x, 195.]
+
+[Footnote 712:--Ibid., 22.]
+
+[Footnote 713: Britton, _Civil War on the Border_ vol. ii,
+18-19.]
+
+Fort Wayne,[714] was almost immediately detached from the rest of
+Schofield's First Division and assigned to discretionary "service in
+the Indian Nation and on the western border of Arkansas."[715] It
+continued so detached even after Schofield's command had been deprived
+by Curtis of the two districts over which the brigade was to range,
+the eighth and the ninth.[716] Thus, at the beginning of 1863, had the
+Indian Territory in a sense come into its own. Both the Confederates
+and the Federals had given it a certain measure of military autonomy
+or, at all events, a certain opportunity to be considered in and for
+itself.
+
+Indian Territory as a separate military entity came altogether too
+late into the reckonings of the North and the South. It was now a
+devastated land, in large areas, desolate. General Curtis and many
+another like him might well express regret that the red man had to be
+offered up in the white man's slaughter.[717] It was unavailing regret
+and would ever be. Just as with the aborigines who lay athwart the
+path of empire and had to yield or be crushed so with the civilized
+Indian of 1860. The contending forces of a fratricidal war had little
+mercy for each other and none at all for him. Words of sympathy were
+empty indeed. His fate was inevitable. He was between the upper and
+the nether mill-stones and, for him, there was no escape.
+
+Indian Territory was really in a terrible condition. Late in 1862, it
+had been advertised even by southern men as lost to the Confederate
+cause and had been
+
+[Footnote 714: It is not very clear whether or not the constituents of
+the Indian Brigade were all at once decided upon. They are listed as
+they appear in Britton, _Civil War on the Border_, vol. ii,
+3. Schofield seems to have hesitated in the matter [_Official
+Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 26].]
+
+[Footnote 715:--Ibid., 33.]
+
+[Footnote 716: On the subject of the reduction of Schofield's command,
+see Ibid., 40.]
+
+[Footnote 717: Curtis to Phillips, February 17, 1863, Ibid.,
+113-114.]
+
+practically abandoned to the jayhawker. Scouting parties of both
+armies, as well as guerrillas, had preyed upon it like vultures.
+Indians, outside of the ranks, were tragic figures in their utter
+helplessness. They dared trust nobody. It was time the Home Guard was
+being made to justify its name. Indeed, as Ellithorpe reported, "to
+divert them to any other operations" than those within their own gates
+"will tend to demoralize them to dissolution."[718]
+
+The winter of 1862-1863 was a severe one. Its coming had been long
+deferred; but, by the middle of January, the cold weather had set
+in in real earnest. Sleet and snow and a constantly descending
+thermometer made campaigning quite out of the question. Colonel
+Phillips, no more than did his adversary, General Steele, gave any
+thought to an immediate offensive. Like Steele his one idea was to
+replenish resources and to secure an outfit for his men. They had been
+provided with the half worn-out baggage train of Blunt's old division.
+It was their all and would be so until their commander could
+supplement it by contrivances and careful management. Incidentally,
+Phillips expected to hold the line of the Arkansas River; but not to
+attempt to cross it until spring should come. It behooved him to look
+out for Marmaduke whose expeditions into Missouri[719] were cause for
+anxiety, especially as their range might at any moment be extended.
+
+The Indian regiments of Phillips's brigade were soon reported[720]
+upon by him and declared to be in a sad state. The first regiment was
+still, to all intents and purposes, a Creek force, notwithstanding
+that its fortunes had been varied, its desertions, incomparable.
+
+[Footnote 718: _Official Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 49.]
+
+[Footnote 719: _Confederate Military History_, vol. x, 161, 162.]
+
+[Footnote 720: _Official Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 56-58.]
+
+The second regiment, after many vicissitudes, and after having gotten
+rid of its unmanageable elements, notably, the Osages and the Quapaws,
+had become a Cherokee and the third was largely so. That third
+regiment was Phillips's own and was the only one that could claim the
+distinction of being disciplined and even it was exposed occasionally
+to the chronic weakness of all Indian soldiers, absence without leave.
+The Indian, on his own business bent, was disposed to depart whenever
+he pleased, often, too, at times most inopportune, sometimes, when he
+had been given a special and particular task. He knew not the usages
+of army life and really meant no offence; but, all the same, his utter
+disregard of army discipline made for great disorder.
+
+It was not the chief cause of disorder, however, for that was the
+unreliability of the regimental officers. The custom, from the first,
+had been to have the field officers white men, a saving grace; but the
+company officers, with few exceptions, had been Indians and totally
+incompetent. Strange as it may seem, drilling was almost an unknown
+experience to the two regiments that had been mustered in for the
+First Indian Expedition. To obviate some of the difficulties already
+encountered, Phillips had seen to it that the third regiment had
+profited by the mistakes of its forerunners. It had, therefore, been
+supplied with white first lieutenants and white sergeants, secured
+from among the non-commissioned men of other commands. The result had
+fully justified the innovation. After long and careful observation,
+Phillips's conclusion was that it was likely to be productive of
+irretrievable disaster and consequently an unpardonable error of
+judgment "to put men of poor ability in an Indian regiment." Primitive
+man has an inordinate respect for a strong
+
+character. He appreciates integrity, though he may not have it among
+his own gifts of nature. "An Indian company improperly officered" will
+inevitably become, to somebody's discomfiture, "a frightful mess."
+
+If any one there was so foolish as to surmise that the independent
+commands, northern and southern, would be given free scope to
+solve the problems of Indian Territory, unhampered by contingent
+circumstances, he was foreordained to grevious disappointment.
+Indian Territory had still to subserve the interests of localities,
+relatively more important. It would be so to the very end. In and for
+herself, she would never be allowed to do anything and her commanders,
+no matter how much they might wish it otherwise--and to their lasting
+honor, be it said, many of them did--would always have to subordinate
+her affairs to those of the sovereign states around her; for even
+northern states were sovereign in practice where Indians were
+concerned. General Steele was one of the men who endeavored nobly to
+take a large view of his responsibilities to Indian Territory. Colonel
+Phillips, his contemporary in the opposite camp, was another; but both
+met with insuperable obstacles. The attainment of their objects was
+impossible from the start. Both men were predestined to failure.
+
+Foraging or an occasional scouting when the weather permitted was the
+only order of the winter days for Federals and Confederates. With
+the advent of spring, however, Phillips became impatient for
+more aggressive action. He had been given a large programme, no
+insignificant part of which was, the restoration of refugees to their
+impoverished homes; but his first business would necessarily have to
+be, the occupancy of the country. Not far was he allowed to venture
+within
+
+it during the winter; because his superior officers wished him to
+protect, before anything else, western Arkansas. Schofield and, after
+Schofield's withdrawal from the command of southwestern Missouri,
+Curtis had insisted upon that, while Blunt, to whom Phillips, after a
+time, was made immediately accountable, was guardedly of another way
+of thinking and, although not very explicit, seemed to encourage
+Phillips in planning an advance.
+
+Phillips's inability to progress far in the matter of occupancy of
+Indian Territory did not preclude his keeping a close tab on Indian
+affairs therein, such a tab, in fact, as amounted to fomenting an
+intrigue. It will be recalled that on the occasion of his making
+the excursion into the Cherokee Nation, which had resulted in his
+incendiary destruction of Fort Davis, he had gained intimations of
+a rather wide-spread Indian willingness to desert the Confederate
+service. He had sounded Creeks and Choctaws and had found them
+surprisingly responsive to his machinations. They were nothing loath
+to confess that they were thoroughly disgusted with the southern
+alliance. It had netted them nothing but unutterable woe. Among
+those that Phillips approached, although not personally, was Colonel
+McIntosh, who communicated with Phillips through two intimate friends.
+McIntosh was persuaded to attempt no immediate demonstration in favor
+of the North; for that would be premature, foolhardy; but to bide the
+time, which could not be far distant, when the Federal troops would be
+in a position to support him.[721] The psychological moment was not
+yet. Blunt called Phillips back for operations outside of Indian
+
+[Footnote 721: _Official Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 61-62.]
+
+Territory; but the seed of treason had been sown and sown in fertile
+soil, in the heart of a McIntosh.[722]
+
+In January, 1863, Phillips took up again the self-imposed task of
+emissary.[723] The unionist Cherokees, inclusive of those in the
+Indian Brigade, were contemplating holding a national council on
+Cowskin Prairie, which was virtually within the Federal lines.
+Secessionist Cherokees, headed by Stand Watie, were determined that
+such a council should not meet if they could possibly prevent it and
+prevent it they would if they could only get a footing north of the
+Arkansas River. Their suspicion was, that the council, if assembled,
+would declare the treaty with the Confederate States abrogated. To
+circumvent Stand Watie, to conciliate some of the Cherokees by making
+reparation for past outrages, and to sow discord among others,
+Phillips despatched Lieutenant-colonel Lewis Downing on a scout
+southward. He was just in time; for the Confederates were on the
+brink of hazarding a crossing at two places, Webber's Falls and Fort
+Gibson.[724] Upon the return of Downing, Phillips himself moved across
+the border with the avowed intention of rendering military support,
+if needed, to the Cherokee Council, which convened on the fourth of
+February.[725] From Camp Ross, he continued to send out scouting
+parties, secret agents,[726] and agents of distribution.
+
+The Cherokee Council assembled without the preliminary formality of a
+new election. War conditions
+
+[Footnote 722: This remark would be especially applicable if the
+Colonel McIntosh, mentioned by Phillips, was Chilly, the son of
+William McIntosh of Indian Springs Treaty notoriety.]
+
+[Footnote 723: _Official Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 100.]
+
+[Footnote 724:--Ibid., 85.]
+
+[Footnote 725:--Ibid., 96-97.]
+
+[Footnote 726:--Ibid., 100, 108.]
+
+had made regular pollings impossible. Consequently, the council that
+convened in February, 1863 was, to all intents and purposes, the
+selfsame body that, in October, 1861, had confirmed the alliance with
+the Confederate States. It was Phillips's intention to stand by, with
+military arm upraised, until the earlier action had been rescinded.
+While he waited, word came that the harvest of defection among the
+Creeks had begun; for "a long line of persons"[727] was toiling
+through the snow, each wearing the white badge on his hat that
+Phillips and McIntosh had agreed should be their sign of fellowship.
+Then came an order for Phillips to draw back within supporting
+distance of Fayetteville, which, it was believed, the Confederates
+were again threatening.[728] Phillips obeyed, as perforce, he had to;
+but he left a detachment behind to continue guarding the Cherokee
+Council.[729]
+
+The legislative work of the Cherokee Council, partisan body that it
+was, with Lewis Downing as its presiding officer and Thomas Pegg as
+acting Principal Chief, was reactionary, yet epochal. It comprised
+several measures and three of transcendant importance, passed between
+the eighteenth and the twenty-first:
+
+1. An act revoking the alliance with the Confederate States and
+re-asserting allegiance to the United States.
+
+2. An act deposing all officers of any rank or character whatsoever,
+inclusive of legislative, executive, judicial, who were serving in
+capacities disloyal to the United States and to the Cherokee Nation.
+
+[Footnote 727: _Official Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 101.]
+
+[Footnote 728:--Ibid., 111-112.]
+
+[Footnote 729:--Ibid., 115.]
+
+3. An act emancipating slaves throughout the Cherokee country.[730]
+
+His detention in Arkansas was not at all to Phillips's liking. It
+tried his patience sorely; for he felt the crying need of Indian
+Territory for just such services as his and, try as he would, he could
+not visualize that of Arkansas. Eagerly he watched for a chance to
+return to the Cherokee country. One offered for the fifth of March but
+had to be given up. Again and yet again in letters[731] to Curtis
+and Blunt he expostulated against delay but delay could not well be
+avoided. The pressure from Arkansas for assistance was too great.
+Blunt sympathized with Phillips more than he dared openly admit and
+tacitly sanctioned his advance. Never at any time could there
+have been the slightest doubt as to the singleness of the virile
+Scotchman's purpose. In imagination he saw his adopted country
+repossessed of Indian Territory and of all the overland approaches to
+Texas and Mexico from whence, as he supposed, the Confederacy expected
+to draw her grain and other supplies. Some regard for the Indian
+himself he doubtless had; but he used it as a means to the greater
+end. His sense of justice was truly British in its keenness.
+
+[Footnote 730: Ross to Dole, April 2, 1863 [Indian Office General
+Files, _Cherokee_, 1859-1865, R 87]; Commissioner of Indian
+Affairs, _Report_, 1863, p. 23; Britton, _Civil War on the
+Border_, vol. ii, 24-25; Moore, _Rebellion Record_, vol. vi,
+50; Eaton, _John Ross and the Cherokee Indians_, 196.]
+
+[Footnote 731: Britton [_Civil War on the Border_, vol. ii, 27]
+conveys the idea that, while Phillips, truly enough, wished to enter
+the Indian country at the earliest day practicable, he did not care to
+go there before the Indian ponies could "live on the range." He knew
+that the refugees at Neosho would insist upon following in his wake.
+It would be heartless to expose them to starvation and to the ravages
+of diseases like the small-pox. Nevertheless, the correspondence of
+Phillips, scattered through the _Official Records_, vol. xxii,
+part ii, 121-367, shows conclusively that the weeks of waiting were
+weary ones.]
+
+His Indian soldiers loved him. They believed in him. He was able to
+accomplish wonders in training them. He looked after their welfare and
+he did his best to make the government and its agents of the Indian
+Office keep faith with the refugees. Quite strenuously, too, he
+advocated further enlistments from among the Indians, especially from
+among those yet in Indian Territory. If the United States did not take
+care, the Confederates would successfully conscript where the Federals
+might easily recruit. In this matter as in many another, he had
+Blunt's unwavering support; for Blunt wanted the officers of the
+embryo fourth and fifth regiments to secure their commands. Blunt's
+military district was none too full of men.
+
+March was then as now the planting season in the Arkansas Valley and,
+as Phillips rightly argued, if the indigent Indians were not to be
+completely pauperized, they ought to be given an opportunity to be
+thrown once more upon their own resources, to be returned home in time
+to put in crops. When the high waters subsided and the rivers became
+fordable, he grew more insistent. There was grass in the valley of the
+Arkansas and soon the Confederates would be seizing the stock that
+it was supporting. He had held the line of the Arkansas by means of
+scouts all winter, but scouting would not be adequate much longer. The
+Confederates were beginning, in imitation of the Federals, to attach
+indigents to their cause by means of relief distribution and the
+"cropping season was wearing on."
+
+At the end of March, some rather unimportant changes were made by
+Curtis in the district limits of his department and coincidently
+Phillips moved over the border. The first of April his camp was at
+Park Hill. His great desire was to seize Fort Smith; for he
+
+realized that not much recruiting could be done among the Choctaws
+while that post remained in Confederate hands. Blunt advised caution.
+It would not even do to attempt as yet any permanent occupation south
+of the Arkansas. Dashes at the enemy might be made, of course,
+but nothing more; for at any moment those higher up might order a
+retrograde movement and anyhow no additional support could be counted
+upon. Halleck was still calling for men to go to Grant's assistance
+and accusing Curtis of keeping too many needlessly in the West. The
+Vicksburg campaign was on.
+
+The order that Blunt anticipated finally came and Curtis called for
+Phillips to return. La Rue Harrison, foraging in Arkansas,[732] was
+whining for assistance. Phillips temporized, having no intention
+whatsoever of abandoning his appointed goal. His arguments were
+unanswerable but Curtis like Halleck could never be made to appreciate
+the plighted faith that lay back of Indian participation in the war
+and the strategic importance of Indian Territory. The northern Indian
+regiments, pleaded Phillips, were never intended for use in Arkansas.
+Why should they go there? It was doubtful if they could ever be
+induced to go there again. They had been recruited to recover the
+Indian Territory and now that they were within it they were going to
+stay until the object had been attained. Phillips solicited Blunt's
+backing and got it, to the extent, indeed, that Blunt informed Curtis
+that if he wanted Indian Territory given up he must order it himself
+and take the consequences. It was not given up but Phillips suffered
+great embarrassments in holding it. The only support Blunt could
+render him was to send a negro regiment to Baxter Springs to protect
+supply
+
+[Footnote 732: _Confederate Military History_, vol. x, 166-168.]
+
+trains. Guerrillas and bushwhackers were everywhere and Phillips's
+command was half-starved. Smallpox[733] broke out and, as the men
+became more and more emaciated, gained ground. Phillips continued to
+make occasional dashes at the enemy and in a few engagements he was
+more than reasonably successful. Webber's Falls was a case in point.
+
+As May advanced, the political situation in Missouri seemed to call
+loudly for a change in department commanders and President Lincoln,
+quite on his own initiative apparently, selected Schofield to succeed
+Curtis,[734] Curtis having identified himself with a faction opposed
+to Governor Gamble. The selection was obnoxious to many and to none
+more than to Herron and to Blunt, whose military exploits Schofield
+had belittled. The former threatened resignation if Schofield were
+appointed but the latter restrained himself and for a brief space all
+went well, Schofield even manifesting some sympathy for Phillips at
+Fort Gibson, or Fort Blunt, as the post, newly fortified, was now
+called. He declared that the Arkansas River must be secured its
+entire length; but the Vicksburg campaign was still demanding men and
+Phillips had to struggle on, unaided. Indeed, he was finally told
+that if he could not hold on by himself he must fall back and let
+the Indian Territory take care of itself until Vicksburg should have
+fallen.
+
+[Footnote 733: Britton, _Civil War on the Border_, vol. ii, 26.]
+
+[Footnote 734: A change had been resolved upon in March, E.V. Sumner
+being the man chosen; but he died on the way out [Livermore, _Story
+of the Civil War_, part iii, book i, 256]. Sumner had had a wide
+experience with frontier conditions, first, in the marches of the
+dragoons [Pelzer, _Marches of the Dragoons in the Mississippi
+Valley_] later, in New Mexico [Abel, _Official Correspondence of
+James S. Calhoun_], and, still later, in ante-bellum Kansas. His
+experience had been far from uniformly fortunate but he had learned a
+few very necessary lessons, lessons that Schofield had yet to con.]
+
+The inevitable clash between Schofield and Blunt was not long
+deferred. It came over a trifling matter but was fraught with larger
+meanings.[735] It was probably as much to get away from Schofield's
+near presence as to see to things himself in Indian Territory that led
+Blunt to go down in person to Fort Gibson. He arrived there on the
+eleventh of July, taking Phillips entirely by surprise. Vicksburg had
+fallen about a week before.
+
+The difficulties besetting Colonel Phillips were more than matched by
+those besetting General Steele. He, too, struggled on unaided, nay,
+more, he was handicapped at every turn. Scarcely had he taken command
+at Fort Smith when he was apprised of the fact that the chief armorer
+there had been ordered to remove all the tools to Arkadelphia.[736]
+Steele was hard put to it to obtain any supplies at all.[737] Many
+that he did get the promise of were diverted from their course,[738]
+just as were General Pike's. This was true even in the case of
+shoes.[739] He tried to fit his regiments out one by one with the
+things the men required in readiness for a spring campaign[740] but it
+was up-hill work. And what was perfectly incomprehensible to him was,
+that when his need was so great there was yet corn available for
+private parties to speculate in and to realize enormous profits
+on.[741] In April, the Indian regiments, assembling and reforming
+in expectation of a call to action, made special demands upon his
+granaries but they were
+
+[Footnote 735: June 9, orders issued redistricting Schofield's
+Department of Missouri [_Official Records_, vol. xxii, part ii,
+315].]
+
+[Footnote 736: _Confederate Records_, chap. 2, no. 270, p. 34.]
+
+[Footnote 737: Steele to Blair, February 10, 1863, Ibid.,
+87-88.]
+
+[Footnote 738: Steele to Anderson, February 8, 1863, Ibid.,
+81-82.]
+
+[Footnote 739: Duval to Cabell, May 15, 1863, Ibid., 244-245.]
+
+[Footnote 740: Steele to Cabell, March 19, 1863, Ibid., 148.]
+
+[Footnote 741: Steele to Anderson, March 22, 1863, Ibid., 158.]
+
+nearly empty.[742] It was not possible for him to furnish corn for
+seed or, finally, the necessaries of life to indigent Indians. Indian
+affairs complicated, his situation tremendously.[743] He could get no
+funds and no
+
+[Footnote 742: Steele to Anderson, April 3, 1863, _Confederate
+Records_, 179-180.]
+
+[Footnote 743: For instance the officers of the First Cherokee
+regiment had a serious dispute as to the ranking authority among
+them [Ibid., Letter from Steele, March 14, 1863, p. 143]. The
+following letters indicate that there were other troubles and other
+tribes in trouble also:
+
+(a)
+
+"Your communication of 13 Inst. is to hand. I am directed by the
+Commanding Gen'l to express to you his warmest sympathy in behalf of
+your oppressed people, and his desire and determination to do all
+that may be in his power to correct existing evils and ameliorate the
+condition of the loyal Cherokees. The Gen'l feels proud to know that a
+large portion of your people, actuated by a high spirit of patriotism,
+have shown themselves steadfast and unyielding in their allegiance to
+our Government notwithstanding the bitter hardships and cruel ruthless
+outrages to which they have been subjected.
+
+"It is hoped that the time is not very far distant, when your people
+may again proudly walk their own soil, exalted in the feeling, perhaps
+with the consciousness that our cruel and cowardly foe has been
+adequately punished and humiliated.
+
+"Your communication has been ford. to Lt Gen'l Holmes with the urgent
+request that immediate steps be taken to bring your people fully
+within the pale of civilized warfare.
+
+"It is hoped that there may be no delay in a matter so vitally
+important.
+
+"We are looking daily for the arrival of Boats from below with corn,
+tis the wish of the Gen'l that the necessitous Indians sh'd be
+supplied from this place. Boats w'd be sent farther up the river, were
+we otherwise circumstanced. As it is the Boats have necessarily to run
+the gauntlet of the enemy--The Gen'l however hopes to be able to keep
+the River free to navigation until a sufficient supply of corn to
+carry us through the winter can be accumulated at this place.
+
+"You will receive notice of the arrival of corn so that it may
+be conveyed to the Indians needing it."--CROSBY to Stand Watie,
+commanding First Cherokee Regiment, February 16, 1863, Ibid.,
+pp. 91-93.
+
+(b)
+
+"I am directed by Gen'l Steele to say that a delegation from the
+Creeks have visited him since your departure and a full discussion has
+been had of such matters as they are interested in.
+
+"They brought with them a letter from the Principal Chief Moty Kennard
+asking that the Cattle taken from the refugee Creeks be turned over to
+the use of the loyal people of the nation. The Gen. Com'dg has ordered
+a disposition of these Cattle to be made in accordance with the wishes
+of the chief. If necessary please give such instructions as will
+attain this object. (cont.)]
+
+instructions from Richmond so he dealt with the natives as best he
+could.[744] Small-pox became epidemic
+
+[Footnote 743: (cont.) No Boats yet. Will endeavor to send one up the
+river should more than one arrive."--Crosby to D.H. Cooper, February
+19, 1863, Ibid., p. 97.
+
+(c)
+
+"I enclose, herewith, a letter from the agent of the Seminoles. You
+will see from that letter the danger we are in from neglecting the
+wants of the Indians. I have never had one cent of money pertaining
+to the Indian superintendency, nor have I received any copies of
+treaties, nor anything else that would give me an insight into the
+affairs of that Department. I wrote, soon after my arrival at this
+place, to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs but have received
+no reply. If you have any knowledge of the whereabouts of the
+superintendent who has been lately appointed I hope you will urge
+upon him the necessity of coming at once and attending to these
+matters."--STEELE to Anderson, April 6, 1863, Ibid., 180.
+
+(d)
+
+"I have today received a long letter from the Chief of the Osages,
+which I enclose for your perusal. Maj. Dorn came in from Texas a few
+days since, and has, I understand, gone down to Little Rock on the
+steamer 'Tahlequah.' It is certainly represented that a portion of
+the funds in his hands is in specie. Please have the latter surely
+delivered. Please return Black Dog's letter unless you wish to forward
+it."--STEELE to Holmes, May 16, 1863, Ibid., 249.
+
+(e)
+
+"Letters, received today, indicate a great necessity for your presence
+with the tribe for whom you are Agent. I wish you, therefore, to visit
+them, and relieve the discontent, as far as the means in your hands
+will permit. The Osage Chief, 'Black Dog,' now acting as 1st Chief,
+claims that certain money has been turned over to you for certain
+purposes, for which they have received nothing."--STEELE to A.J. Dorn,
+May 16, 1863, Ibid., 249.]
+
+[Footnote 744: "Your letter of May 6th, with letter of Black Dog
+enclosed, has been received and the enclosure forwarded to Lieut. Gen.
+Holmes for his information. The General Com'dg desires me to express
+his regrets that the affairs of the Osage and Seminole tribes should
+be in such a deplorable condition, but he is almost powerless, at
+present, to remedy the evils you so justly complain of. He has written
+again and again to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs at Richmond
+requesting instructions in the discharge of his duties as ex-officio
+Superintendent of Indian Affairs, but not a word has ever been
+received in reply to his reiterated requests, owing probably to the
+difficulty of communication between this point and the Capital. He has
+also requested that funds be sent him to liquidate the just demands of
+our Indian Allies, but from the same cause his requests have met with
+no response. You must readily appreciate the difficulties under which
+Gen. Steele necessarily labors. In fact his action is completely
+paralized by the want of instructions and funds. In connection with
+this he has been compelled to exert every faculty in defending the
+line of the Arkansas River against an enemy, vastly his superior in
+arms, numbers, artillery and everything that adds to the efficiency of
+an army, and consequently has not been able to pay (cont.)]
+
+among his men,[745] as among Phillips's--and from like causes.
+
+Then General Steele had difficulty in getting his men and the right
+kind of men together. Lawless Arkansans were unduly desirous of
+joining the Indian regiments, thinking that discipline there would be
+lax enough to suit their requirements.[746] Miscellaneous conscripting
+by ex-officers of Arkansan troops gave much cause for annoyance[747]
+as did also Cooper's unauthorized commissioning of officers to a
+regiment made
+
+[Footnote 744: (cont.) that attention to the business of the
+superintendency that he would under other circumstances.
+
+"It was stated, some time ago, in the newspapers, that a
+superintendent had been appointed in Richmond, and the General Com'dg
+has been anxiously expecting his arrival for several weeks. He
+earnestly hopes that the superintendent may soon reach the field of
+his labors, provided with instructions, funds and everything necessary
+to the discharge of his important duties.
+
+"Major Dorn, the Agent for the Osages, was here, a few days ago, but
+he is now in Little Rock. The General has written to him, requiring
+him to come up immediately, visit the tribe for which he is the Agent
+and relieve their necessities as far as the means in his hands will
+permit.
+
+"The General has been offically informed that Major D. has in his
+possession, for the use of the Osages twenty odd thousand dollars.
+
+"I have to apologize, on the part of Gen'l Steele, for the various
+letters which have been received from you, and which still remain
+unanswered, but his excuse must be that, in the absence of proper
+instructions etc. he was really unable to answer your questions or
+comply with your requests, and he cannot make promises that there is
+not, at least, a _very strong probability_ of his being able
+to fulfil. Too much harm has already been occasioned in the Indian
+Country by reckless promises, and he considers it better, in every
+point of view, to deal openly and frankly with the Indians than to
+hold out expectations that are certain not to be realized.
+
+"It is not possible, however, to say in a letter what could be so much
+better said in a personal interview, and the Gen'l therefore, desires
+me to say that as soon as your duties will admit of your absence, he
+will be happy to see and converse with you fully and freely at his
+Head Quarters" [Ibid., no. 268, pp. 27-29].
+
+On this same subject, see also Steele to Wigfall, April 15, 1863,
+_Official Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 819-821.]
+
+[Footnote 745: _Confederate Records_, chap. 2, no. 270, p. 220.]
+
+[Footnote 746: Steele to Anderson, May 9, 1863, Ibid.,
+233-234.]
+
+[Footnote 747: Same to same, March 1, and 3, 1863, Ibid.,
+112-113, 113-114.]
+
+out of odd battalions and independent companies.[748] Cooper, in fact,
+seemed bent upon tantalizing Steele and many of the Indians were
+behind him.[749] Colonel Tandy Walker was especially his supporter.
+Cooper had been Walker's choice for department commander[750] and
+continued so, in spite of all Steele's honest attempts to propitiate
+him and in spite of his promise to use every exertion to satisfy
+Choctaw needs generally.[751] To Tandy Walker Steele entrusted the
+business of recruiting anew among the Choctaws.[752]
+
+[Footnote 748: Steele to Anderson, February 13, 1863, _Confederate
+Records_, chap 2, no. 270, p. 89.]
+
+[Footnote 749: It was not true, apparently, that the Chickasaws were
+dissatisfied with Cooper. See the evidence furnished by themselves,
+_Official Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 1116-1117.]
+
+[Footnote 750: _Confederate Military History_, vol. x, 134,
+_footnote_.]
+
+[Footnote 751: Steele to Tandy Walker, February 25, 1863,
+_Confederate Records_, chap. 2; no. 270, p. 109.]
+
+[Footnote 752: Crosby to Walker, March 11, 1863, Ibid., p.
+136. Steele thought that the Indians might as well be employed in a
+military way since they were more than likely to be a public charge.
+To Colonel Anderson he wrote, March 22, 1863 [Ibid., p. 155],
+"I forward the above copy of a letter from Gen'l Cooper for Gen'l
+Holmes' information. I purpose if not otherwise directed to call out
+all the available force of the Nations within the conscript age....
+They have to be fed and might as well be organized and put into a
+position to be useful." From the correspondence of Steele, it would
+seem that there was some trouble over Walker's promotion. April 10,
+Steele wrote again to Anderson on the subject of Indian enrollment in
+the ranks and referred to the other matter.
+
+"The enclosed copy of some articles in the Treaty between the C.S.
+Govt and the Choctaws with remarks by Gen'l Cooper are submitted for
+the consideration of the Lt. Gen'l.
+
+"It appears that Col. Walker was recommended to fill the vacancy made
+by the promotion of Col. Cooper, the right being given by the treaty
+to appoint to the office of Col., the other offices being filled by
+election, and that at the time, the enemy were at Van Buren. Col.
+Walker being at the convenient point was put upon duty by Col. Cooper
+and has since been recognized by several acts of my own, not however
+with a full knowledge of the circumstances. That under instructions
+from Gen'l Hindman a Regt was being organized which it was expected
+would be commanded by Col. Folsom, the whole of which appears to be a
+very good arrangement. The necessity that exists of feeding nearly all
+the Indians would seem to present an (cont.)]
+
+Furloughs and desertions were the bane of Steele's existence.[753] In
+these respects Alexander's brigade,
+
+[Footnote 752: (cont.) additional reason for having them in service.
+Companies are also being organized from the Reserve Indians, with the
+view to replace white troops with them who are now engaged protecting
+the frontier from the incursions of the wild tribes. Moreover the
+enemy's forces being composed partially of Indians, the troops would
+be effective against them, when they might not be against other
+troops..." [Ibid., pp. 186-187]. Appointments, as well as
+promotions, within the Indian service caused Steele much perplexity.
+See Steele to Anderson, April 13, 1863, Ibid., pp. 190-191.]
+
+[Footnote 753: Steele thought it desirable to arrest all men, at
+large, who were subject to military duty under the conscript act,
+unless they could produce evidence "of a right to remain off duty"
+[Crosby to Colonel Newton, January 12, 1863, Ibid., p. 32].
+Presumably whole companies were deserting their posts [Crosby to
+Cooper, February 1, 1863, Ibid., pp. 66-67]. It was suggested
+that some deserters should be permitted to organize against jayhawkers
+as, under sanction from Holmes, had been the case with deserters
+in the Magazine Mountains [Steele to Anderson, February 1, 1863,
+Ibid., p. 67]. When word came that the Federals were about to
+organize militia in northwestern Arkansas, Steele ordered that
+all persons, subject to military duty, who should fail to enroll
+themselves before February 6, should be treated as bushwhackers [same
+to same, February 3, 1863, Ibid., pp. 69-70]. Colonel Charles
+DeMorse, whose Texas regiment had been ordered, February 15, to report
+to Cooper [Crosby to DeMorse, February 15, 1863, Ibid.,], asked
+to be allowed to make an expedition against the wild tribes. Some two
+hundred fifty citizens would be more than glad to accompany it. Steele
+was indignant and Duval, at his direction, wrote thus to Cooper, April
+19: "... Now if these men were so anxious to march three or four
+hundred miles to _find_ the enemy, they could certainly be
+induced to take up arms _temporarily_ in defence of their
+immediate homes" [Ibid., p. 203]. It was not that Steele
+objected to expeditions against the wild tribes but he was disgusted
+with the lack of patriotism and military enthusiasm among the Texans
+and Arkansans. Colonel W.P. Lane's regiment of Texas Partizan Rangers
+was another that had to be chided for its dilatoriness [Ibid.,
+pp. 168-169, 199, 234]. Deficient means of transportation was
+oftentimes the excuse given for failure to appear but Steele's
+complaint to Anderson, April 10 [Ibid., 185-186], was very much
+more to the point. He wrote,
+
+"... I find that men are kept back upon every pretext; that QrMasters
+and Govt Agents or persons calling themselves such have detailed them
+to drive teams hauling cotton to Mexico, and employed them about the
+Gov't agencies. This cotton speculating mania is thus doing us great
+injury besides taking away all the transportation in the country...."
+Public feeling in Texas was on the side of deserters to a very great
+extent and in one instance, at least, Steele was forced to defer to
+it, "You will desist from the attempt to take the deserters from
+Hart's Company or any other in northern Texas if the state of public
+feeling is such that it cannot be done without (cont.)]
+
+within which Colonel Phillips had detected traitors to the Confederate
+cause,[754] was, perhaps, the most incorrigible.[755] From department
+headquarters came impassioned appeals[756] for activity and for
+loyalty but
+
+[Footnote 753: (cont.) danger of producing a collision with the
+people. The men are no doubt deserters, but we have no men to spare,
+to enforce the arrest at the present time" [Steele to Captain
+Randolph, July i, 1863, Ibid., p. 116. See also Steele to
+Borland, July 1, 1863, Ibid., no. 268, p. 117]. When West's
+Battery was ordered to report at Fort Smith it was discovered going
+in the opposite direction [Steele to J.E. Harrison, April 25, 1863,
+Ibid., no. 270, p. 213; Duval to Harrison, May 1, 1863,
+Ibid., p. 221; Steele to Anderson, May 9, 1863, Ibid.,
+p. 233; Steele to Cooper, May 11 1863, Ibid., pp. 237-238].
+
+One expedition to the plains that Steele distinctly encouraged was
+that organized by Captain Wells [Steele to Cooper, March 16, 1863,
+Ibid., pp. 145-146]. It was designed that Wells's command
+should operate on the western frontier of Kansas and intercept
+trains on the Santa Fé trail [Steele to Anderson, April 17, 1863,
+Ibid., p. 197].]
+
+[Footnote 754: _Official Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, p. 62.]
+
+[Footnote 755: For correspondence with Alexander objecting to further
+furloughing and urging the need of promptness, see _Confederate
+Records_, chap. 2, no. 270, pp. 121-122, 163-164, 170, 178-179,
+210-211.]
+
+[Footnote 756: The following are illustrations:
+
+"... Every exertion is being made and the Gen'l feels confident that
+the means will be attained of embarking in an early spring campaign.
+It only remains for the officers and men to come forward to duty in
+a spirit of willingness and cheerfulness to render the result of
+operations in the Dept (or beyond it as the case may be) not only
+successful but to add fresh renown to the soldiers whom he has the
+honor to command ..."--CROSBY to Talliaferro, February 24, 1863,
+_Confederate Records_, chap. 2, no. 270, pp. 105-106.
+
+"The Commanding Gen'l would be gratified to grant the within petition
+were it compatible with the interests of the service and the cause
+which petitioners 'Hold dearer than life.' He is fully aware of the
+many urgent reasons which a number of officers and men have for
+visiting their homes, providing for their families, etc., etc.
+
+"The Enemy conscious of his superior strength is constantly
+threatening the small force that now holds him in check on the line
+of the Arkansas river. Speight's Brigade was sent to their present
+position--not because they were not needed here--but for the reason
+that it was an utter impossibility to subsist it in this region.
+
+"Every consideration of patriotism and duty imperiously demands the
+presence of every officer and soldier belonging to this command. The
+season of active operations is at hand. The enemy in our front is
+actively employed in accumulating supplies and transportation and in
+massing, drilling, and disciplining his troops. His advance cannot be
+expected to be long (cont.)]
+
+without telling or lasting effect. The Confederate service in Indian
+Territory was honeycombed with fraud and corruption.[757] Wastrels,
+desperadoes, scamps of every sort luxuriated at Indian expense. It was
+no wonder that false muster rolls had to be guarded against.[758]
+The Texans showed throughout so great an aversion to the giving of
+themselves or of their worldly goods[759] to the salvation of the
+country that
+
+[Footnote 756: (cont.) delayed. This enemy is made up of Kansas
+Jayhawkers, 'Pin Indians,' and Traitors from Missouri, Arkansas and
+Texas. The ruin, devastation, oppression, and tyranny that has marked
+his progress has no parallel in history. The last official Report from
+your Brigade shews a sad state of weakness. Were the enemy informed on
+this point _our line of defence would soon be transferred from the
+Arkansas to Red river_. In the name of God, our country and all
+that is near and dear to us, let us discard from our minds every other
+consideration than that of a firm, fixed, and manly determination to
+do our duty and our whole duty to our country in her hour of peril and
+need. The season is propitious for an advance. Let not supineness,
+indifference and a lack of enthusiasm in a just and holy cause, compel
+a retreat Texas is the great Commissary Depot west of the Mississippi.
+The enemy must be kept as far from her rich fields and countless
+herds, as possible. Let us cheerfully, harmoniously, and in a
+spirit of manly sacrifice bend every energy mental and physical to
+preparations for a forward movement. The foregoing reasons for a
+refusal to grant leave of absence will serve as an answer in all
+similar cases and will be disseminated among the officers and men of
+the Brigade by the Commanders thereof."--CROSBY, by command of Steele,
+March 20, 1863, _Confederate Records_, chap. 2, no. 270, pp.
+151-152.]
+
+[Footnote 757: J.A. Scales to Adair, April 12, 1863, _Official
+Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 821-822.]
+
+[Footnote 758: _Confederate Records_, chap. 2, no. 270, p. 224.]
+
+[Footnote 759: Holmes, as early as March, warned Steele that he would
+have to get his supplies soon from Texas. It would not be possible to
+draw them much longer from the Arkansas River. He was told to prepare
+to get them in Texas "at all hazard," which instruction was construed
+by Steele to mean, "take it, if you cant buy it" [Ibid.,
+145-146]. It was probably the prospect of having to use force or
+compulsion that made Steele so interested, late in May, in finding
+out definitely whether Hindman's acts in Arkansas had really been
+legalized [Steele to Blair, May 22, 1863, Ibid., 34].
+Appreciating that it was matter of vital concern that the grain crop
+in northern Texas should be harvested, Steele was at a loss to know
+how to deal with petitions that solicited furloughs for the purpose
+[Steele to Anderson, May 4, 1863, Ibid., 227; Duval to Cabell,
+May 7, 1863, Ibid., 230-231]. Perhaps, it was a concession
+to some such need that induced him, in June, to permit seven day
+furloughs [Duval to Cooper, June 27, 1863, Ibid., no. 268, p.
+100].]
+
+Steele in despair cried out, "... it does appear as if the Texas
+troops on this frontier were determined to tarnish the proud fame that
+Texans have won in other fields."[760] The Arkansans were no better
+and no worse. The most fitting employment for many, the whole length
+and breadth of Steele's department, was the mere "ferreting out of
+jayhawkers and deserters."[761]
+
+The Trans-Mississippi departmental change, effected in January, was of
+short duration, so short that it could never surely have been intended
+to be anything but transitional. In February the parts were re-united
+and Kirby Smith put in command of the whole,[762] President Davis
+explaining, not very candidly, that no dissatisfaction with Holmes was
+thereby implied.[763] Smith was the ranking officer and entitled to
+the first consideration. Moreover, Holmes had once implored that a
+substitute for himself be sent out. As a matter of fact, Holmes had
+become too much entangled with Hindman, too much identified with all
+that Arkansans objected to in Hindman,[764] his intolerance, his
+arrogance, his illegalities, for him to be retained longer, with
+complacency, in chief command. Hindman and he were largely to blame
+for the necessity[765] of suspending the privilege of the writ of
+_habeas corpus_ in Arkansas and the adjacent Indian country,
+which had just been done. Strong
+
+[Footnote 760: Steele to Alexander, April 23, 1863, _Confederate
+Records_, no. 270, pp. 210-211.]
+
+[Footnote 761: Duval to Colonel John King, June 30, 1863,
+Ibid., no. 268, p. 110.]
+
+[Footnote 762: Livermore, _Story of the Civil War_, part iii,
+book i, p. 255.]
+
+[Footnote 763: Davis to Holmes, February 26, 1863, _Official
+Records_, vol. liii, supplement, 849-850.]
+
+[Footnote 764: Davis to Holmes, January 28, 1863, Ibid.,
+846-847.]
+
+[Footnote 765: The necessity was exceedingly great. Take, for
+instance, the situation at Fort Smith, where the citizens themselves
+asked for the establishment of martial law in order that lives and
+property might be reasonably secure [Crosby to Mayor Joseph Bennett,
+January 10, 1863, _Confederate Records_, chap. 2, no. 270, pp.
+33-34].]
+
+political pressure was exerted in Richmond[766] and the Arkansas
+delegation in Congress demanded Hindman's recall,[767] Holmes's
+displacement, and Kirby Smith's appointment. The loss of that historic
+fort, Arkansas Post,[768] also a tardy appreciation of the economic
+value of the Arkansas Valley and, incidentally, of the entire
+Trans-Mississippi Department,[769] had really determined matters; but,
+fortunately, the supersedure of Holmes by Smith did not affect the
+position of Steele.
+
+Steele divined that the Federals would naturally make an early attempt
+to occupy in force the country north of the Arkansas River and beyond
+it to the southward in what had hitherto been a strictly Confederate
+stronghold. It was his intention to forestall them. The two Cherokee
+regiments constituted, for some little time, his best available troops
+and them he kept in almost constant motion.[770] His great reliance,
+and well it might be, was upon Stand Watie, whom he had
+
+[Footnote 766: Davis to Garland, March 28, 1863, _Official
+Records_, vol. liii, supplement, 861-863; Davis to the Arkansas
+delegation, March 30, 1863, Ibid., 863-865.]
+
+[Footnote 767: Hindman was not immediately recalled; but he soon
+manifested an unwillingness to continue under Holmes [Ibid.,
+848]. He had very pronounced opinions about some of his associates.
+Price he thought of as a breeder of factions and Holmes as an honest
+man but unsystematic. In the summer, he actually asked for an
+assignment to Indian Territory [Ibid., vol. xxii, part ii,
+895].]
+
+[Footnote 768: Livermore, _Story of the Civil War_, part iii,
+book i, 85. Davis would fain have believed that so great a disaster
+had not befallen the Confederate arms [Letter to Holmes, January 28,
+1863, _Official Records_, vol. liii, supplement, 847].]
+
+[Footnote 769: Perhaps, it is scarcely fair to intimate that the
+Trans-Mississippi Department was regarded as unimportant at this
+stage. It was only relatively so. In proof of that, see Davis to
+Governor Flanagin, April 3, 1863, Ibid., 865-866; Davis to
+Johnson, July 14, 1863, Ibid., 879-880. When Kirby Smith
+tarried late in the assumption of his enlarged duties, Secretary
+Seddon pointed out the increasingly great significance of them [Letter
+to Smith, March 18, 1863, Ibid., vol. xxii, part ii, pp.
+802-803].]
+
+[Footnote 770: Steele to Cabell, April 18, 1863, _Confederate
+Records_, no. 270, p. 199.]
+
+brought up betimes within convenient distance of Fort Smith[771] and
+with whom, in April, Phillips's men had two successful encounters, on
+the fourteenth[772] and the twenty-fifth. The one of the twenty-fifth
+was at Webber's Falls and especially noteworthy, since, as a Federal
+victory, it prevented a convening of the secessionist Cherokee
+Council,[773] for which, so important did he deem it, Steele had
+planned an extra protection.[774] The completeness of the Federal
+victory was marred by the loss of Dr. Gillpatrick,[775] who had so
+excellently served the ends of diplomacy between the Indian Expedition
+and John Ross.
+
+Through May and June, engagements, petty in themselves but
+contributing each its mite to ultimate success or failure, occupied
+detachments of the opposing Indian forces with considerable
+frequency.[776] Two, devised by Cooper, those of the fourteenth[777]
+and twentieth[778] of May may be said to characterize the entire
+
+[Footnote 771: "You will order Colonel Stand Watie to move his
+command down the Ark. River to some point in the vicinity of Fort
+Smith."--CROSBY to Cooper, February 14, 1863, Ibid., p. 90.]
+
+[Footnote 772: Britton, _Civil War on the Border_, vol. ii, 37.]
+
+[Footnote 773: Phillips to Curtis, April 26, 1863, _Official
+Records_, vol. xxii, part i, 314-315; Britton, _Civil War on the
+Border_, vol. ii, 40-41. Mrs. Anderson, in her _Life of General
+Stand Watie_, denies categorically that the meeting of the council
+was interrupted on this occasion [p. 22] and cites the recollections
+of "living veterans" in proof.]
+
+[Footnote 774: "I am directed by the General Com'dg to say that he
+deems it advisable that you should move your Hd. Qrs. higher up the
+river, say in the vicinity of Webber's Falls or Pheasant Bluff. He is
+desirous that you should be somewhere near the Council when that
+body meets, so that any attempt of the enemy to interfere with their
+deliberations may be thwarted by you."--DUVAL to Cooper, April 22,
+1863, _Confederate Records_, chap. 2, no. 270, p. 209.]
+
+[Footnote 775: Britton, _Civil War on the Border_, vol. ii, 42.]
+
+[Footnote 776:--Ibid., vol. ii, chapters vi and vii.]
+
+[Footnote 777: _Official Records_, vol. liii, supplement, 469.]
+
+[Footnote 778:--Ibid., vol. xxii, part i, 337-338;
+_Confederate Records_, chap. 2, no. 268, p. 34.]
+
+series and were nothing but fruitless demonstrations to seize the
+Federal grazing herds. A brilliant cavalry raid, undertaken by Stand
+Watie and for the same purpose, a little later, was slightly more
+successful;[779] but even its fair showing was reversed in the
+subsequent skirmish at Greenleaf Prairie, June 16.[780] To the
+northward, something more serious was happening, since actions, having
+their impetus in Arkansas,[781] were endangering Phillips's line of
+communication with Fort Scott, his base and his depot of supplies. In
+reality, Phillips was hard pressed and no one knew better than he how
+precarious his situation was. Among his minor troubles was the refusal
+of his Creeks to charge in the engagement of May 20.
+
+The refusal of the Creeks to charge was not, however, indicative of
+any widespread disaffection.[782] So
+
+[Footnote 779: Anderson, 20-21. Interestingly enough, about this time
+Cooper reported that he could get plenty of beef where he was and at a
+comparatively low price, _Confederate Records_, chap. 2, no. 268,
+pp. 60-61.]
+
+[Footnote 780: _Official Records_, vol. xxii, part i, 348-352.]
+
+[Footnote 781: Not all got their impetus there. The following letter
+although not sent, contains internal evidence that Cooper was
+concocting some of them:
+
+"I learn unofficially that Gen'l Cooper, having received notice of the
+approach of a train of supplies for Gibson, was about crossing the
+Arkansas with the largest part of his force, to intercept it. It is
+reported that the train would have been in 15 miles of Gibson last
+night. If Gen'l Cooper succeeds Phillips will leave soon, if not he
+will probably remain some time longer. Be prepared to move in case he
+leaves."--STEELE to Cabell, June 24, 1863, _Confederate Records_,
+chap. 2, no. 268, p. 96.]
+
+[Footnote 782: The following letter shows the nature of the Creek
+disaffection:
+
+DEAR GREAT FATHER: Sir, The wicked rebellion in the United States has
+caused a division in the Nation. Some of our many loving leaders have
+joined the rebels merely for speculation and consequently divided our
+people and that brought ruin in our Nation. They had help near and
+ours was far so that our ruin was sure. We saw this plain beforehand.
+Therefore we concluded to go to you our great father, remembering the
+treaty that you have made with us long ago in which you promised us
+protection. This was the cause that made us to go and meet you in your
+white house about eighteen months ago and there laid our complaint
+before you, as a weaker brother wronged of his rights by a stronger
+brother and you promised us your protection; but before we got back to
+our people they were (cont.)]
+
+honorably had Phillips been conducting himself with reference to
+Indian affairs, so promptly and generously had he discharged his
+obligations to the refugees who had been harbored at Neosho--they had
+all returned now from exile[783]--so successfully had he everywhere
+encountered the foe that the Indians, far and wide, were beginning to
+look to him for succor,[784] many of them to
+
+[Footnote 782: (cont.) made to leave their humble and peaceful home
+and also all their property and traveled towards north in the woods
+without roads not only that but they were followed, so that they had
+to fight three battles so as to keep their families from being taken
+away from them. In the last fight they were overpowered by a superior
+force so they had to get away the best way they can and most every
+thing they had was taken away from them ... Now this was the way we
+left our country and this was the condition of our people when we
+entered within the bounds of the State of Kansas ...
+
+Now Great Father you have promised to help us in clearing out our
+country so that we could bring back our families to their homes and
+moreover we have enlisted as home guards to defend our country and it
+will be twelve months in a few weeks ... but there is nothing done as
+yet in our country. We have spent our time in the states of Mo. and
+Arks. and in the Cherokee Nation. We are here in Ft. Gibson over a
+month. Our enemies are just across the river and our pickets and
+theirs are fighting most every day ...
+
+There is only three regts. of Indians and a few whites are here. Our
+enemy are gathering fast from all sides ...
+
+A soldier's rights we know but little but it seems to us that our
+rations are getting shorter all the time but that may be on account
+of the teams for it have to be hauled a great ways.--CREEKS to the
+President of the United States, May 16, 1863, Office of Indian
+Affairs, General Files, _Creek_, 1860-1869, O 6 of 1863.]
+
+[Footnote 783: Britton's account of the return of the Cherokee exiles
+is recommended for perusal. It could scarcely be excelled. See,
+_Civil War on the Border_, vol. ii, 34-37.]
+
+[Footnote 784: Certain proceedings of Carruth and Martin would seem to
+suggest that they were endeavoring to reap the reward of Phillips's
+labors, by negotiating, somewhat prematurely, for an inter-tribal
+council. Coffin may have endorsed it, but Dole had not [Dole to
+Coffin, July 8, 1863, Indian Office _Letter Book_, no. 71, p.
+116]. The pretext for calling such a council lay in fairly recent
+doings of the wild tribes. The subjoined letters and extracts of
+letters will elucidate the subject: February 7, Coffin reported to
+Dole [General Files, _Southern Superintendency_, 1863-1864] that
+the wild Indians had been raiding on the Verdigris and Fall Rivers
+into the Creek and Cherokee countries, "jayhawking property," and
+bringing it into Kansas and selling it to the settlers. Some of the
+cattle obtained in this way had been (cont.)]
+
+wonder, whether in joining the Confederacy, they had not made a
+terrible mistake, a miscalculation beyond all remedying.
+
+To the Confederates, tragically enough, the Indian's tale of woe and
+of regret had a different meaning. The
+
+[Footnote 784: (cont.) sold by a settler to the contractor and fed to
+the Indians. Jim Ned's band of wild Delawares, returning from such a
+jayhawking expedition, had stolen some Osage ponies and had become
+involved in a fight in which two Delawares had been killed [Coffin to
+Dole, February 12, 1863, ibid., _Neosho_, C 73 of 1863]. Coffin
+prevailed upon Jim Ned to stop the jayhawking excursions; inasmuch
+as "Considerable bad feeling exists on the part of the Cherokees in
+consequence of the bringing up ... a great many cattle, ponies, and
+mules, which they allege belong to the Cherokee refugees ..." [Coffin
+to Dole, February 24, 1863, Indian Office General Files, _Southern
+Superintendency_, 1863-1864].
+
+Feelings of hostility continued to exist, notwithstanding, between the
+civilized and uncivilized red men and "aided materially the emissaries
+of the Rebellion in fomenting discords and warlike raids upon whites
+as well as Indians ..." [Coffin to Dole, June 25, 1863, Ibid.,
+C 325]. It was under such circumstances that Carruth took it upon
+himself to arrange an inter-tribal council. This is his report
+[Carruth to Coffin, June 17, 1863, Ibid.,]. His action was
+seconded by Martin [Martin to Coffin, June 18, 1863, Ibid.,]:
+
+"I left Belmont (the temporary Wichita agency) May 26th to hold a
+Council with the Indians of the Wichita Agency, who have not as yet
+reached Kansas ... I found ... upon reaching Fall River ... that the
+Wichitas alone had sent over 100 men. We reached the Ark. River May
+31st. After having been compelled to purchase some provisions for the
+number of people, who have come, that were not provided for. The next
+day we were joined by the Kickapoos and Sacs, and here I was informed
+by the Kickapoos, that no runner had gone through to the Cadoes and
+Comanches from them, as we had heard at Belmont, yet I learned, that
+these tribes were then camped at the Big Bend, some sixty miles above
+and waiting at this point: I sent three Wichitas--among them the
+Chief--some Ionies, Wacoes, and Tawa Kuwus through to them calling on
+their Chiefs to come and have a 'talk.'
+
+"They reached us on the 8th of June, and after furnishing the presents
+I had taken to them all the different tribes were called to Council.
+Present were, Arapahoes, Lipans, Comanches, Kioways, Sac and Foxes,
+Kickapoos and Cadoes besides the Indians who went out with me.
+
+"All of them are true to the Government of the United States, but some
+are at war with each other. I proposed to them to make peace with all
+the tribes friendly to our Government, so that their 'Great Father'
+might view all of them alike.
+
+"To this they agreed, and a Council was called to which the Osages,
+Potawatomies, Shians, Sac and Foxes, in fact all the tribes at
+variance, are (cont.)]
+
+tale had been told many times of late and every time with a new
+emphasis upon that part of it that recounted delusion and betrayal.
+For quite a while now the Indians had been feeling themselves
+neglected. Steele was aware of the fact but helpless. When told of
+treaty rights he had to plead ignorance; for he had never seen the
+treaties and had no official knowledge of their contents. He was
+exercising the functions of superintendent _ex officio_, not
+because the post had ever been specifically conferred upon him or
+instructions sent, but because he had come to his command to find it,
+in nearly every aspect, Indian and no agent or superintendent at hand
+to take charge [785] of affairs that were
+
+[Footnote 784: (cont.) to be invited, to hold a grand peace Council
+near the mouth of the Little Arkansas River within six weeks.
+Meanwhile they are to send runners to notify these tribes to gather on
+the Arkansas, sixty miles above, that they may be within reach of our
+call when we get to the Council ground. Subsistence will have to be
+provided for at least 10000 Indians at that time. They will expect
+something from the Government to convince them of its power to carry
+through its promises. Some of the Cadoes and Comanches connected with
+this Agency, after coming to the Arkansas, returned to Fort Cobb.
+These will all come back to this Council. Their desire is to be
+subsisted on the Little Arkansas, some 70 miles from Emporia until the
+war closes.
+
+"They argue like this, 'The Government once sent us our provisions to
+Fort Cobb over 300 miles from Fort Smith. We do not want to live near
+the whites, because of troubles between them and us in regard to
+ponies, timber, fields, green corn, etc. Our subsistence can be hauled
+to the mouth of the Little Arkansas, easier by far, than it was
+formerly from Fort Smith, and by being at this point we shall be
+removed from the abodes of the whites, so they cannot steal our
+ponies, nor can our people trouble them.'
+
+"I believe they are right. I have had more trouble the past winter in
+settling difficulties between the Indians and whites on account of
+trades, stolen horses, broken fences, etc. than from all other causes
+combined.
+
+"I cannot get all the Indians of this Agency together this side of the
+Little Arkansas. That point will be near enough the Texan frontier for
+the Indians to go home easily when the war closes. It is on the direct
+route to Fort Cobb. They are opposed to going via Fort Gibson ..."]
+
+[Footnote 785: Without legislating on the subject, and without
+intending it, the Confederacy had virtually put into effect, a
+recommendation of Hindman's that "The superintendencies, agencies,
+etc., should be abolished, and a purely military establishment
+substituted ..." [_Official Records_, vol. xiii, p. 51.].]
+
+ordinarily not strictly within the range of military cognizance.
+
+General Steele, like many another, was inclined to think that the red
+men greatly over-estimated their own importance; for they failed to
+"see and understand how small a portion of the field"[786] they really
+occupied. To Steele, it was not Indian Territory that was valuable but
+Texas. For him the Indian country, barren by reason of the drouth,
+denuded of its live stock, a prey to jayhawker, famine, and
+pestilence, did nothing more than measure the distance between the
+Federals and the rich Texan grain-fields, from whence he fondly hoped
+an inexhaustible supply of flour[787] for the Confederates was to
+come. In short, the great and wonderful expanse that had been given to
+the Indian for a perpetual home was a mere buffer.
+
+But it was a buffer, throbbing with life, and that was something
+Steele dared not ignore and could not if he would. With such
+a consciousness, when the secessionist Cherokees were making
+arrangements for their council at Webber's Falls in April, he hastened
+to propitiate them ahead of time by addressing them "through the
+medium of their wants" for he feared what might be their action[788]
+should they assemble with a
+
+[Footnote 786: Steele to Wigfall, April 15, 1863, _Official
+Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 820.]
+
+[Footnote 787: Steele's letter books furnish much evidence on
+this score. A large portion has been published in the _Official
+Records_. During the period covered by this chapter, he was drawing
+his supply of flour from Riddle's Station, "on the Fort Smith and
+Boggy Road" [_Confederate Records_, chap. 2, no. 270, p. 252]
+in charge of which was Captain Hardin of Bass's Texas Cavalry. He
+expected to draw from Arkansas likewise [Steele to Major S.J. Lee,
+June 9, 1863, _Confederate Records_, chap. 2, no. 268, pp. 70-71;
+Duval to Hardin, June 16, 1863, Ibid., p. 81; Steele to Lee,
+June 17, 1863, Ibid., pp. 87-88].]
+
+[Footnote 788: "Enclosed please find a letter to Col. Adair, and
+a note from him forwarding it. I send it for the consideration of
+General Holmes. The (cont.)]
+
+grievance[789] against the Confederacy in their hearts. Protection
+against the oncoming enemy and relief from want were the things the
+Indians craved, so, short though his own supplies were, Steele had to
+make provision for the helpless and indigent natives, the feeding
+of whom became a fruitful and constantly increasing source of
+embarrassment.[790]
+
+Just and generous as General Steele endeavored to
+
+[Footnote 788: (cont.) subject is one of grave importance. If a
+regiment of infantry could be spared to take post at this place and
+General Cabell could be permitted to include it in his command, I
+would go more into the nation and would be able soon to give the
+required protection. The troops from Red River have been ordered up
+and should be some distance on the way before this. I fear the meeting
+of the Cherokee Council which takes place on the 20th ... unless more
+troops arrive before they act."--STEELE to Anderson, April 15, 1863,
+_Confederate Records_, no. 270, p. 194.
+
+This was not the first time Steele had expressed a wish to go into the
+Nation. March 20th, when writing to Anderson [Ibid., p. 150],
+he had thought it of "paramount importance" that he visit all parts of
+his command. Concerning his apprehension about the prospective work of
+the Cherokee Council, he wrote quite candidly to Wigfall [_Official
+Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 821].]
+
+[Footnote 789: The letter to Colonel W.P. Adair, written by one of his
+adjutants, J.A. Scales, April 12, 1863 [Ibid., 821-822], is a
+creditable presentation of the Cherokee grievance.]
+
+[Footnote 790: Steele here presents certain phases of the
+embarrassment,
+
+"... The matter of feeding destitute Indians has been all through a
+vexatious one, the greatest trouble being to find in each neighborhood
+a reliable person to receive the quota for that neighborhood. These
+people seem more indifferent to the wants of others than any I have
+seen; they are not willing to do the least thing to assist in helping
+their own people who are destitute. I have, in many instances, been
+unable to get wagons to haul the flour given them. I have incurred
+a great responsibility in using army rations in this way and to the
+extent that I have. I have endeavored to give to all destitute and to
+sell at cost to those who are able to purchase. In this matter the
+Nation has been more favored than the adjacent States. I am told by
+Mr. Boudinot that a bill was passed by the Cherokee Council, taking
+the matter into their own hands. I hope it is so. In which case I
+shall cease issuing to others who have not, like them, been driven
+from their homes. Dr. Walker was appointed to superintend this matter,
+some system being necessary to prevent the same persons from drawing
+from different commissaries ..."--STEELE to D.H. Cooper, June 15,
+1863, _Confederate Records_, chap. 2, no. 268, pp. 80-81.]
+
+be in the matter of attention to Indian necessities, his efforts were
+unappreciated largely because of evil influences at work to undermine
+him and to advance Douglas H. Cooper. Steele had his points of
+vulnerability, his inability to check the Federal advance and his
+remoteness from the scene of action, his headquarters being at Fort
+Smith. Connected with the second point and charged against him were
+all the bad practices of those men who, in their political or military
+control of Indian Territory, had allowed Arkansas to be their chief
+concern. Such practices became the foundation stone of a general
+Indian dissatisfaction and, concomitantry, Douglas H. Cooper, of
+insatiable ambition, posed as the exponent of the idea that the safety
+of Indian Territory was an end in itself.
+
+The kind of separate military organization that constituted Steele's
+command was not enough for the Indians. Seemingly, they desired the
+restoration of the old Pike department, but not such as it had been in
+the days of the controversy with Hindman but such as it always was in
+Pike's imagination. The Creeks were among the first to declare that
+this was their desire. They addressed[791] themselves to President
+Davis[792] and
+
+[Footnote 791: Mory Kanard and Echo Harjo to President Davis, May 18,
+1863, _Official Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 1118-1119.]
+
+[Footnote 792: Davis, in his message of January 12, 1863 [Richardson,
+_Messages and Papers of the Confederacy_, vol. i, 295] had
+revealed an acquaintance with some Indian dissatisfaction but
+intimated that it had been dispelled, it having arisen "from a
+misapprehension of the intentions of the Government ..." It was
+undoubtedly to allay apprehension on the part of the Indians that
+Miles, in the house of Representatives, offered the following
+resolution, February 17, 1863:
+
+"_Resolved_, That the Government of the Confederate States has
+witnessed with feelings of no ordinary gratification the loyalty and
+good faith of the larger portion of its Indian allies west of the
+State of Arkansas.
+
+"_Resolved further_, That no effort of the Confederate Government
+shall be spared to protect them fully in all their rights and to
+assist them in defending their country against the encroachments
+of all enemies." [_Journal of the Congress of the Confederate
+States_, vol. vi, 113].]
+
+boldly said that their country had "been treated as a mere appendage
+of Arkansas, where needy politicians and _protégés_ of Arkansas
+members of Congress must be quartered." The Seminoles followed
+suit,[793] although in a congratulatory way, after a rumor had reached
+them that the Creek request for a separate department of Indian
+Territory was about to be granted. The rumor was false and in
+June Tandy Walker, on behalf of the Choctaws, reopened the whole
+subject.[794] A few days earlier, the Cherokees had filed their
+complaint but it was of a different character, more fundamental, more
+gravely portentous.
+
+The Cherokee complaint took the form of a deliberate charge of
+contemplated bad faith on the part of the Confederate government. E.C.
+Boudinot, the Cherokee delegate in the Southern Congress, had recently
+returned from Richmond, empowered to submit a certain proposal to his
+constituents. The text of the proposal does not appear in the records
+but its nature,[795] after account be taken of some exaggeration
+attributable to the extreme of indignation, can be inferred from the
+formal protest[796] against it, which was drawn up at Prairie Springs
+in the Cherokee Nation about fifteen miles from Fort Gibson on the
+twenty-first of June and signed by Samuel M. Taylor, acting assistant
+chief, John Spears of the Executive Council, and Alexander Foreman,
+president of the convention. To all intents and purposes the Cherokees
+were asked, in return for some paltry offices chiefly military, to
+institute a sort of system of military land grants. White people were
+to be induced to enlist in their behalf and were then to
+
+[Footnote 793: June 6, 1863, _Official Records_, vol. xxii, part
+ii, 1120.]
+
+[Footnote 794: June 24, 1863, Ibid., 1122-1123.]
+
+[Footnote 795: Steele's letter to Kirby Smith, June 24, 1863
+[Ibid., 883-884], gives some hint of its nature also.]
+
+[Footnote 796:--Ibid., 1120-1122.]
+
+be allowed to settle, on equal terms with the Cherokees, within the
+Cherokee country. The proposal, as construed by Taylor and his
+party, was nothing more or less than a suggestion that the Cherokees
+surrender their nationality, their political integrity, the one thing
+above everything else that they had sought to preserve when they
+entered into an active alliance with the Confederate States. So sordid
+was the bargain proposed, so unequal, that the thought obtrudes
+itself that a base advantage was about to be taken of the Cherokee
+necessities and that the objectors were justified in insinuating that
+Boudinot and his political friends were to be the chief beneficiaries.
+The Cherokee country was already practically lost to the Confederacy.
+Might it not be advisable to distribute the tribal lands, secure
+individual holdings, while vested rights might still accrue; for,
+should bad come to worse, private parties could with more chance
+of success prosecute a claim than could a commonalty, which in its
+national or corporate capacity had committed treason and thereby
+forfeited its rights. One part of the Cherokee protest merits
+quotation here. Its noble indignation ought to have been proof enough
+for anybody.
+
+    ... We were present when the treaty was made, were a party to it,
+    and rejoiced when it was done. In that treaty our rights to
+    our country as a Nation were guaranteed to us forever, and the
+    Confederate States promised to protect us in them. We enlisted
+    under the banner of those States, and have fought in defense of
+    our country under that treaty and for the rights of the South for
+    nearly two years. We have been driven from our homes, and suffered
+    severe hardships, privations, and losses, and now we are informed,
+    when brighter prospects are before us, that you think it best for
+    us to give part of our lands to our white friends; that, to defend
+    our country and keep troops for our protection, we must raise and
+    enlist them from
+
+    our own territory, and that it is actually necessary that they are
+    citizens of our country to enable us to keep them with us. To do
+    this would be the end of our national existence and the ruin of
+    our people. Two things above all others we hold most dear, our
+    nationality and the welfare of our people. Had the war been our
+    own, there would have been justice in the proposition, but it is
+    that of another nation. We are allies, assisting in establishing
+    the rights and independence of another nation. We, therefore, in
+    justice to ourselves and our people, cannot agree to give a part
+    of our domain as an inducement to citizens of another Government
+    to fight their own battles and for their own country; besides, it
+    would open a door to admit as citizens of our Nation the worst
+    class of citizens of the Confederate States ...
+
+
+
+
+XII. INDIAN TERRITORY IN 1863, JULY TO DECEMBER INCLUSIVE
+
+
+Independence Day, 1863, witnessed climacteric scenes in the war
+dramas, east and west. The Federal victories of Gettysburg and
+Vicksburg, all-decisive in the history of the great American conflict,
+when considered in its entirety, had each its measure of immediate
+and local importance. The loss of all control of the Mississippi
+navigation meant for the Confederacy its practical splitting in twain
+and the isolation of its western part. For the Arkansas frontier and
+for the Missouri border generally, it promised, since western commands
+would now recover their men and resume their normal size, increased
+Federal aggressiveness or the end of suspended. Initial preparation
+for such renewed aggressiveness was contemporary with the fall of
+Vicksburg and lay in the failure of the Confederate attack upon
+Helena, an attack that had been projected for the making of a
+diversion only. The failure compelled Holmes to draw his forces back
+to Little Rock.
+
+Confederate operations in Indian Territory through May and June had
+been, as already described, confined to sporadic demonstrations
+against Federal herds and Federal supply trains, all having for their
+main object the dislodgment of Phillips from Fort Gibson. What proved
+to be their culmination and the demonstration most energetically
+conducted occurred at Cabin Creek,[797] while far away Vicksburg was
+falling and
+
+[Footnote 797: For an official report of the action at Cabin Creek,
+see _Official Records_, vol. xxii, part i, 378-382. While, as
+things eventuated, it was an endeavor (cont.)]
+
+Gettysburg was being fought. A commissary train from Fort Scott was
+expected. It was to come down, escorted by Colonel Williams who was
+in command of the negro troops that Blunt had stationed at Baxter
+Springs. To meet the train and to reinforce Williams, Phillips
+despatched Major Foreman from Fort Gibson. Cooper had learned of the
+coming of the train and had made his plans to seize it in a fashion
+now customary.[798] The plans were quite elaborate and involved the
+coöperation[799] of Cabell's Arkansas brigade,[800] which was to come
+from across the line and proceed down the east side of the Grand
+River. Thither also, Cooper sent a
+
+[Footnote 797: (cont.) to cut off the supply train, there was
+throughout the possibility that it might also result in heading off
+Blunt, who was known to be on his way to Fort Gibson [Steele to
+Cooper, June 29, 1863; Duval to Cooper, June 29, 1863; Duval to
+Cabell, June 29, 1863].]
+
+[Footnote 798: Steele to Cabell, June 25, 1863 [_Confederate
+Records_, chap. 2, no. 268, p. 97; _Official Records_, vol.
+xxii, part ii, 885].]
+
+[Footnote 799: Steele to Cabell, June 29, 1863 [_Confederate
+Records_, chap. 2, no. 268, p. 105; _Official Records_, vol.
+xxii, part ii, 893-894].]
+
+[Footnote 800: Of W.L. Cabell, the _Confederate Military
+History_, vol. x, has this to say: "Maj. W.L. Cabell, who had been
+sent to inspect the accounts of quartermasters in the department,
+having well acquitted himself of this duty, was, in March 1863,
+commissioned brigadier-general and requested to collect absentees from
+the service in northwestern Arkansas. Given Carroll's and Monroe's
+regiments, he was directed to perfect such organizations as he could
+..." He collected his brigade with great rapidity and it soon numbered
+about four thousand men. Even, in April, Steele was placing much
+reliance upon it, although he wished to keep its relation to him a
+secret. He wrote to Cooper to that effect.
+
+"Who will be in command of the Choctaws when you leave? Will they be
+sufficient to picket and scout on the other side of the river far
+enough to give notice of any advance of the enemy down the river? I do
+not wish it to be generally known that Cabell's forces are under my
+command, but prefer the enemy should think them a separate command;
+for this reason I do not send these troops west until there is a
+necessity for it; in the meantime the other troops can be brought
+into position, where if we can get sufficient ammunition all can be
+concentrated. I cannot direct positively, not having the intimate
+knowledge of the country, but you should be in a position which would
+enable you to move either down the Ark. River or on to the road
+leading from Boggy Depot to Gibson as circumstances may indicate.
+Let me hear from you frequently."--STEELE to Cooper, April 28, 1863,
+_Confederate Records_, chap. 2, no. 270, pp. 217-218.]
+
+part of his own brigade and at the same time ordered another part
+under Stand Watie to go to Cabin Creek and to take such position on
+its south bank as to command the crossing. It was a time when the
+rivers were all in flood, a circumstance that greatly affected the
+outcome since it prevented the forces on the east side of the Grand
+from coming to Stand Watie's support. As Foreman proceeded northward
+to effect a junction with Williams, he detached some Cherokees from
+the Third Indian, under Lieutenant Luke F. Parsons, to reconnoitre. In
+that way he became apprised of Watie's whereabouts and enabled to put
+himself on his guard. The commissary train, in due time, reached
+Cabin Creek and, after some slight delay caused, not by Stand
+Watie's interposition, but by the high waters, crossed. Federals
+and Confederates then collided in a somewhat disjointed but lengthy
+engagement with the result that Stand Watie retired and the train,
+nothing the worse for the hold-up, moved on without further
+molestation to Fort Gibson.[801]
+
+The action at Cabin Creek, July 1 to 3, was the last attempt of any
+size for the time being to capture Federal supplies en route. The
+tables were thenceforth turned and the Confederates compelled to keep
+a close
+
+[Footnote 801: In describing what appears to be the action at Cabin
+Creek, Steele refers to "bad conduct of the Creeks," and holds it
+partly responsible for the failure [_Official Records_, vol.
+xxii, part ii, 910]. It is possible that he had in mind, however, a
+slightly earlier encounter, the same that he described, adversely
+to D.N. McIntosh's abilities as a commander, in his general report
+[Ibid., part i, 32]. Steele had little faith in the Indian
+brigade and frankly admitted that he expected it in large measure,
+to "dissolve," if the Confederates were to be forced to fall back at
+Cabin Creek [Steele to Blair, July 1, 1863, _Official Records_,
+vol. xxii, part ii, 902]. Nevertheless, he anticipated a victory for
+his arms there [Steele to Blair, July 3, 1863, Ibid., 903].
+From his general report, it might be thought that Stand Watie
+disappointed him at this time, as later; but the Confederate failure
+was most certainly mainly attributable to the high waters, which
+prevented the union of their expeditionary forces [Steele to Blair,
+July 5, 1863, Ibid., 905].]
+
+watch on their own depots and trains. Up to date, since his first
+arrival at Fort Gibson, Colonel Phillips had been necessarily on the
+defensive because of the fewness of his men. Subsequent to the Cabin
+Creek affair came a change, incident to events and conditions farther
+east. The eleventh of July brought General Blunt, commander of the
+District of the Frontier, to Fort Gibson. His coming was a surprise,
+as has already been casually remarked, but it was most timely. There
+was no longer any reason whatsoever why offensive action should not
+be the main thing on the Federal docket in Indian Territory, as
+elsewhere.
+
+To protect its own supplies and to recuperate, the strength of
+the Confederate Indian brigade was directed toward Red River,
+notwithstanding that Steele had still the hope of dislodging the
+Federals north of the Arkansas.[802] His difficulties[803] were no
+less legion than before, but he thought it might be possible to
+accomplish the end desired by invading Kansas,[804] a plan that seemed
+very feasible after S.P. Bankhead assumed command of the Northern
+Sub-District of Texas.[805] Steele himself had "neither the artillery
+nor the kind of force necessary to take a place" fortified as was
+Gibson; but to the westward of the Federal stronghold Bankhead might
+move. He might attack Fort Scott, Blunt's headquarters but greatly
+weakened now, and possibly also some small posts in southwest
+Missouri, replenishing his resources from time to time in the fertile
+and well settled Neosho River Valley. Again
+
+[Footnote 802: Steele took umbrage at a published statement of Pike
+that seemed to doubt this and to intimate that the line of the
+Arkansas had been definitely abandoned [Steele to Pike, July 13, 1863,
+_Official Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 925].]
+
+[Footnote 803: For new aspects of his difficulties, see Steele to
+Boggs, chief of staff, July 7, 1863, Ibid., 909-911.]
+
+[Footnote 804:--Ibid., p. 910.]
+
+[Footnote 805: Steele to Bankhead, July 11, 1863, Ibid.,
+921-922.]
+
+local selfishness rose to the surface[806] and Bankhead, surmising
+Steele's weakness and that he would almost inevitably have to fall
+back, perhaps vacating Indian Territory altogether, became alarmed for
+the safety of Texas.[807]
+
+Steele's recognition and admission of material incapacity for taking
+Fort Gibson in no wise deterred him from attempting it. The idea was,
+that Cooper should encamp at a point within the Creek Nation, fronting
+Fort Gibson, and that Cabell should join him there with a view
+to their making a combined attack.[808] As entertained, the idea
+neglected to give due weight to the fact that Cabell's men were in no
+trim for immediate action,[809] notwithstanding that concerted action
+was the only thing likely to induce success. Blunt, with
+
+[Footnote 806: Arkansas betrayed similar selfishness. President
+Davis's rejoinder to a protest from Flanagin against a tendency to
+ignore the claims of the West struck a singularly high note. Admitting
+certain errors of the past, he prayed for the generous coöperation of
+the future; for "it is to the future, not to the past, that we must
+address ourselves, and I wish to assure you, though I hope it is
+unnecessary, that no effort shall be spared to promote the defense of
+the Trans-Mississippi Department, and to develop its resources so
+as to meet the exigencies of the present struggle" [_Official
+Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 932]. Five days afterwards, Governor
+Reynolds, in commending Secretary Seddon for a very able ministry,
+expressed confidence that his gubernatorial colleagues in Arkansas,
+Texas, and Louisiana would, with himself, "act in no sectional or
+separatist spirit." It was saying a good deal, considering how strong
+the drift of popular opinion had been and was to be in the contrary
+direction. However, in August, the four governors appealed
+collectively to their constituents and to "the Allied Indian Nations,"
+proving, if proof were needed, that they personally were sincere
+[Ibid., vol. liii, supplement, 892-894; Moore's _Rebellion
+Record_, vol. vii, 406-407].]
+
+[Footnote 807: _Official Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 922.]
+
+[Footnote 808: The plans for such concerted action were made as early
+as July 8 [Steele to Cooper, July 8, 1863, _Official Records_,
+vol. xxii, part ii, 911-912]. Cabell was instructed to take position
+between Webber's Falls and Fort Gibson [Duval to Cabell, July 10,
+1863, Ibid., 916-917] and more specifically, two days before
+the battle, "within 15 or 20 miles of Gibson and this side of where
+Gen. Cooper is now encamped on Elk Creek" [Steele to Cabell, July 15,
+1863, _Confederate Records_, chap. 2, no. 268, p. 145].]
+
+[Footnote 809: Steele knew of the deficiencies in their equipment,
+however, and of their exhausted state (cont.)]
+
+scouts out in all directions and with spies in the very camps of his
+foes, soon obtained an inkling of the Confederate plan and resolved
+to dispose of Cooper before Cabell could arrive from Arkansas.[810]
+Cooper's position was on Elk Creek, not far from present
+Muskogee,[811] and near Honey Springs on the seventeenth of July the
+two armies met, Blunt forcing the engagement, having made a night
+march in order to do it. The Indians of both sides[812] were on hand,
+in force, the First and Second Home Guards, being dismounted as
+infantry and thus fighting for once as they had been mustered in. Of
+the Confederate, or Cooper, brigade Stand Watie, the ever reliable,
+commanded the First and Second Cherokee, D.N. McIntosh, the First
+and Second Creek, and Tandy Walker, the regiment of Choctaws and
+Chickasaws. The odds were all against Cooper from the start and, in
+ways that Steele had not specified, the material equipment proved
+itself inadequate indeed. Much of the ammunition was worthless.[813]
+Nevertheless, Cooper stubbornly contested every inch of the ground and
+finally gave way only when large numbers of his Indians, knowing their
+guns to be absolutely useless to them, became disheartened and then
+demoralized. In confusion, they led the van in
+
+[Footnote 809: (cont.) [Duval to W.H. Scott, Commanding Post at
+Clarksville, Ark., July 8, 1863, _Confederate Records_, p. 133;
+Steele to Blair, July 10, 1863, _Official Records_, vol. xxii,
+part ii, 917; same to same, July 13, 1863, Ibid., 925].]
+
+[Footnote 810: See Blunt's official report, dated July 26, 1863
+[Ibid., part i, 447-448].]
+
+[Footnote 811: Anderson, _Life of General Stand Watie_, 21.]
+
+[Footnote 812: With respect to the number of white troops engaged on
+the Federal side there seems some discrepancy between Blunt's report
+[_Official Records_, vol. xxii, part i, 448] and Phisterer's
+statistics [_Statistical Record_, 145].]
+
+[Footnote 813: See Cooper's report, dated August 12, 1863 [_Official
+Records_, vol. xxii, part i, 457-461]. The following references are
+to letters that substantiate, in whole or in part, what Cooper said in
+condemnation of the ammunition: Duval to Du Bose, dated Camp Prairie
+Springs, C.N., July 27, 1863 [_Confederate Records_, chap. 2, no.
+268, p. 159]; Steele to Blair, dated Camp Imochiah, August 9, 1863
+[Ibid., 185-187; _Official Records_, vol. xxii, part ii,
+961].]
+
+flight across the Canadian; but enough of those more self-contained
+went thither in an easterly or southeasterly direction so as to create
+the impression among their enemies that they were retiring to meet the
+expected reinforcements from Fort Smith.[814]
+
+But the reinforcements were yet far away. Indeed, it was not until
+all was over and a day too late that Cabell came up. A tragic sight
+confronted him; but his own march had been so dismal, so inauspicious
+that everything unfortunate that had happened seemed but a part of
+one huge catastrophe. He had come by the "old Pacific mail route,
+the bridges of which, in some places, were still standing in the
+uninhabited prairies."[815] The forsaken land broke the morale of his
+men--they had never been enthusiastic in the cause, some of them were
+conscripted unionists, forsooth, and they deserted his ranks by the
+score, by whole companies. The remnant pushed on and, in the far
+distance, heard the roaring of the cannon. Then, coming nearer, they
+caught a first glimpse of Blunt's victorious columns; but those
+columns were already retiring, it being their intention to recross to
+the Fort Gibson side of the Arkansas. "Moving over the open, rolling
+prairies,"[816] Nature's vast meadows, their numbers seemed great
+indeed and Cabell made no attempt to pursue or to court further
+conflict. The near view of the battle-field dismayed[817] him; for
+its gruesome records all too surely told him of another Confederate
+defeat.
+
+[Footnote 814: Cooper intended to create such an impression
+[_Official Records_, vol. xxii, part i, 460] and he did
+[Schofield to McNeil, July 26, 1863, Ibid., part ii, 399-400].]
+
+[Footnote 815: _Confederate Military History_, vol. x, 199.]
+
+[Footnote 816: Ibid., 200.]
+
+[Footnote 817: Cabell might well be dismayed. Steele had done his
+best to hurry him up. A letter of July 15 was particularly urgent
+[_Official Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 933].]
+
+In the fortunes of the Southern Indians, the Battle of Honey Springs
+was a decisive event. Fought and lost in the country of the Creeks, it
+was bound to have upon them a psychological effect disastrous to the
+steady maintenance of their alliance with the Confederacy, so also
+with the other great tribes; but more of that anon. In a military
+way, it was no less significant than in a political; for it was the
+beginning of a vigorously offensive campaign, conducted by General
+Blunt, that never ended until the Federals were in occupation of Fort
+Smith and Fort Smith was at the very door of the Choctaw country. No
+Indian tribe, at the outset of the war, had more completely gone over
+to the South than had the Choctaw. It had influenced the others but
+had already come to rue the day that had seen its own first defection.
+Furthermore, the date of the Confederate rout at Honey Springs marked
+the beginning of a period during which dissatisfaction with General
+Steele steadily crystallized.
+
+Within six weeks after the Battle of Honey Springs, the Federals were
+in possession of Fort Smith, which was not surprising considering
+the happenings of the intervening days. The miscalculations that had
+eventuated in the routing of Cooper had brought Steele to the decision
+of taking the field in person; for there was just a chance that he
+might succeed where his subordinates, with less at stake than he, had
+failed. Especially might he take his chances on winning if he could
+count upon help from Bankhead to whom he had again made application,
+nothing deterred by his previous ill-fortune.
+
+It was not, by any means, Steele's intention to attempt the reduction
+of Fort Gibson;[818] for, with such artillery
+
+[Footnote 818: Steele to Blair, July 22, 1863 [_Official
+Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 940-941].]
+
+as he had, the mere idea of such an undertaking would be preposterous.
+The defensive would have to be, for some time to come, his leading
+role; but he did hope to be able to harry his enemy, somewhat,
+to entice him away from his fortifications and to make those
+fortifications of little worth by cutting off his supplies. Another
+commissary train would be coming down from Fort Scott via Baxter
+Springs about the first of August.[819] For it, then, Steele would lie
+in wait.
+
+When all was in readiness, Fort Smith was vacated, not abandoned;
+inasmuch as a regiment under Morgan of Cabell's brigade was left in
+charge, but it was relinquished as department headquarters. Steele
+then took up his march for Cooper's old battle-ground on Elk Creek.
+There he planned to mass his forces and to challenge an attack. He
+went by way of Prairie Springs[820] and lingered there a little while,
+then moved on to Honey Springs, where was better grazing.[821] He felt
+obliged thus to make his stand in the Creek country; for the Creeks
+were getting fractious and it was essential for his purposes that they
+be mollified and held in check. Furthermore, it was incumbent upon him
+not to expose his "depots in the direction of Texas."[822]
+
+As the summer days passed, Cabell and Cooper drew into his vicinity
+but no Bankhead, notwithstanding that Magruder had ordered him to
+hurry to Steele's
+
+[Footnote 819: Steele to Bankhead, July 22, 1863 [_Official
+Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 940]]
+
+[Footnote 820: Duval to A.S. Morgan, July 18, 1863 [Ibid.,
+933]; Steele to Blair, July 22, 1863 [Ibid., 940-941].]
+
+[Footnote 821: Steele arrived at Prairie Springs on the twenty-fourth
+[Steele to Blair, July 26, 1863, Ibid., 948] and moved to Honey
+Springs two days later [same to same, July 29, 1863, Ibid.,
+950-951]. On August 7, his camp was at Soda Springs, whither he had
+gone "for convenience of water and grass" [same to same, August 7,
+1863, Ibid., 956].]
+
+[Footnote 822:--Ibid., 951.]
+
+support.[823] Bankhead had not the slightest idea of doing anything
+that would put Texas in jeopardy. In northern Texas sympathy for the
+Federal cause, or "rottenness" as the Confederates described it, was
+rife.[824] It would be suicidal to take the home force too far away.
+Moreover, it was Bankhead's firm conviction that Steele would never be
+able to maintain himself so near to Fort Gibson, so he would continue
+where he was and decide what to do when time for real action
+came.[825] It would be hazarding a good deal to amalgamate his
+command,[826] half of which would soon be well disciplined, with
+Steele's, which, in some of its parts, was known not to be.
+
+As a matter of fact, Steele's command was worse than undisciplined. It
+was permeated through and through with defection in its most virulent
+form, a predicament not wholly unforeseen. The Choctaws had pretty
+well dispersed, the Creeks were sullen, and Cabell's brigade of
+Arkansans was actually disintegrating. The prospect of fighting
+indefinitely in the Indian country had no attractions for men who were
+not in the Confederate service for pure love of the cause. Day by day
+desertions[827] took place until the number became alarming and, what
+was worse, in some cases, the officers were in collusion with the
+men in delinquency. Cabell himself was not above suspicion.[828] To
+prevent the spread of
+
+[Footnote 823: By August third, Bankhead had not been heard from at
+all [Steele to Blair, August 3, 1863, _Official Records_, vol.
+xxii, part ii, 953]. The following communications throw some light
+upon Bankhead's movements [Ibid., 948, 956, 963].]
+
+[Footnote 824: Crosby to G.M. Bryan, August 30, 1863, Ibid.,
+984.]
+
+[Footnote 825: Bankhead to E.P. Turner, August 13, 1863, Ibid.,
+965-966.]
+
+[Footnote 826: Bankhead to Boggs, August 10, 1863, Ibid., 966.]
+
+[Footnote 827: There is an abundance of material in the _Confederate
+Records_ on the subject of desertions in the West. Note
+particularly pp. 167, 168, 173-174, 192-193, 198, 204-205 of chap.
+2, no. 268. Note, also, _Official Records_, vol. xxii, part ii,
+956.]
+
+[Footnote 828: Duval to Cabell, August 17, 1863, _Official
+Records_, vol. xxii, part ii 969-970.]
+
+contagion among the Indians, his troops were moved to more and more
+isolated camps[829] across the Canadian[830] and, finally, back in the
+direction of Fort Smith. Ostensibly they were moved to the Arkansas
+line to protect Fort Smith; for Steele knew well that his present hold
+upon that place was of the frailest. It might be threatened at any
+moment from the direction of Cassville and Morgan had been instructed,
+in the event of an attack in prospect, to cross the boundary line and
+proceed along the Boggy road towards Riddle's station.[831] Steele was
+evidently not going to make any desperate effort to hold the place
+that for so long had been the seat of the Confederate control over the
+Southern Indians.
+
+All this time, General Blunt had been patrolling the Arkansas for some
+thirty miles or so of its course[832] and had been thoroughly
+well aware of the assembling of Steele's forces, likewise of the
+disaffection of the Indians, with which, by the way, he had had quite
+a little to do. Not knowing exactly what Steele's intentions might be
+but surmising that he was meditating an attack, he resolved to assume
+the offensive himself.[833] The full significance of his resolution
+can be fully appreciated only by the noting of the fact that,
+subsequent to the Battle of Honey Springs, he had been instructed by
+General Schofield, his superior officer, not only not to advance
+but to fall back. To obey the order was inconceivable and Blunt had
+deliberately disobeyed it.[834] It was now his determination to do
+more. Fortunately, Schofield had recently changed his mind; for word
+had
+
+[Footnote 829: _Confederate Military History_, vol. x, 202.]
+
+[Footnote 830: Steele to Scott, August 7, 1863, _Official
+Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 957.]
+
+[Footnote 831: Steele to Morgan, August, 1863, Ibid., 951;
+August 8, 1863, Ibid., 957.]
+
+[Footnote 832: Steele to Blair, August 7, 1863, Ibid., 956.]
+
+[Footnote 833: Blunt to Schofield, July 30, 1863, Ibid., 411.]
+
+[Footnote 834: Blunt to Lincoln, September 24, 1863, Ibid.,
+vol. liii, supplement, 572.]
+
+come to him that Congress had decided to relieve Kansas of her Indian
+encumbrance by compassing the removal of all her tribes, indigenous
+and immigrant, to Indian Territory. It mattered not that the former
+had a title to their present holdings by ancient occupation and long
+continued possession and the latter a title in perpetuity, guaranteed
+by the treaty-making power under the United States constitution. All
+the tribes were to be ousted from the soil of the state that had been
+saved to freedom; but it would be first necessary to secure the Indian
+Territory and the men of the Kansas tribes were to be organized as
+soldiers to secure it. It is difficult to imagine a more ironical
+proceeding. The Indians were to be induced to fight for the recovery
+of a section of the country that would make possible their own
+banishment. Blunt strenuously objected, not because he was averse
+to ridding Kansas of the Indians, but because he had no faith in an
+Indian soldiery. Said he,
+
+    There are several reasons why I do not think such a policy
+    practicable or advisable. It would take several months under the
+    most favorable circumstances to organize and put into the field
+    the Indians referred to, even were they ready and willing to
+    enlist, of which fact I am not advised, but presume they would be
+    very slow to enlist; besides my experience thus far with Indian
+    soldiers has convinced me that they are of little service to the
+    Government compared with other soldiers. The Cherokees, who are
+    far superior in every respect to the Kansas Indians, did very good
+    service while they had a specific object in view--the possession
+    and occupation of their own country; having accomplished that,
+    they have become greatly demoralized and nearly worthless as
+    troops. I would earnestly recommend that (as the best policy
+    the Government can pursue with these Indian regiments) they be
+    mustered out of service some time during the coming winter, and
+    put to work raising their subsistence, with a few white troops
+    stationed among them for their protection.
+
+    I would not exchange one regiment of negro troops for ten
+    regiments of Indians, and they can be obtained in abundance
+    whenever Texas is reached.
+
+    In ten days from this date, if I have the success I expect, the
+    Indian Territory south of the Arkansas River will be in our
+    possession ...[835]
+
+Blunt's mind was made up. He was determined to go forward with the
+force he already had. Ill-health[836] retarded his movements a trifle;
+but on the twenty-second of August, two days after the massacre by
+guerrillas had occurred at Lawrence, he crossed the Arkansas. He was
+at length accepting General Steele's challenge but poor Steele was
+quite unprepared for a duel of any sort. If Blunt distrusted the
+Indians, how very much more did he and with greater reason! With
+insufficient guns and ammunition, with no troops, white or red, upon
+whom he could confidently rely, and with no certainty of help from
+any quarter, he was compelled to adopt a Fabian policy, and he moved
+slowly backward, inviting yet never stopping to accept a full and
+regular engagement. Out of the Creek country he went and into the
+Choctaw.[837] At Perryville, on the road[838] to
+
+[Footnote 835: Blunt to Schofield, August 22, 1863, _Official
+Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 465.]
+
+[Footnote 836:--Ibid., 466. There seems to have been a good
+deal of sickness at Fort Gibson and some mortality, of which
+report was duly made to Steele [Ibid., 956; _Confederate
+Records_, chap. 2, no. 268, pp. 192-193].]
+
+[Footnote 837: Steele had crossed the line between the Creeks and
+Choctaws, however, before Blunt crossed the Arkansas. On August
+sixteenth, he had his camp on Longtown Creek and was sending a
+detachment out as far south as within about ten miles of Boggy Depot
+[_Official Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 968]. A few days
+later, he made his camp on Brooken Creek, a little to the eastward
+[Ibid., 972]. By that time, Steele was evidently quite
+reconciled to the thought that Fort Smith might at any moment be
+attacked and, perhaps, in such force that it would be needless to
+attempt to defend it. Cabell was to move to a safe distance, in the
+neighborhood of Scullyville, from whence, should there be reasonable
+prospect of success, he might send out reënforcements. In the event of
+almost certain failure, he was to draw off betimes in the direction of
+Riddle's station, where flour was stored [Ibid.,].]
+
+[Footnote 838: On the subject of roads and highways in Indian
+Territory, see Ibid., (cont.)]
+
+Texas, his men did have a small skirmish with Blunt's and at both
+Perryville and North Fork, Blunt destroyed some of his stores.[839]
+At North Fork, Steele had established a general hospital, which now
+passed from his control.
+
+Following the unsuccessful skirmish at Perryville, the evening of
+August 25, Steele was "pushed rapidly down the country,"[840] so
+observed the wary Bankhead to whom fresh orders to assist Steele had
+been communicated.[841] Boggy Depot to the Texan commander seemed the
+proper place to defend[842] and near there he now waited; but Steele
+on East Boggy, full sixty miles from Red River and from comparative
+safety, begged him to come forward to Middle Boggy, a battle was
+surely impending.[843] No battle occurred, notwithstanding; for Blunt
+had given up the pursuit. He had come to know that not all of Steele's
+command was ahead of him,[844] that McIntosh with the Creeks had gone
+west within the Creek country, the Creeks having refused to leave
+it,[845] and that Cabell had gone east,
+
+[Footnote 838: (cont.) vol. xxxiv, part ii, 859; vol. xii, part ii,
+997; Sheridan, _Memoirs_, vol. ii, 340.]
+
+[Footnote 839: Blunt to Schofield, August 27, 1863, _Official
+Records_, vol. xxii, part i. 597-598; Steele to Snead, September 8,
+1863, _Confederate Records_, chap. 2, no. 268, p. 223.]
+
+[Footnote 840: _Official Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 983.]
+
+[Footnote 841: W.T. Carrington to Bankhead, August 22, 1863,
+Ibid., 975.]
+
+[Footnote 842: Bankhead to Turner, August 23, 1863, Ibid., 977.
+Near Boggy Depot, "the Fort Gibson and Fort Smith roads" forked. At
+Boggy Depot, moreover, were "all the stores of the Indian Department."
+With Boggy Depot in the hands of the enemy, Bankhead's whole front
+would be uncovered [Bankhead to Turner August 20, 1863, Ibid.,
+972].]
+
+[Footnote 843: Duval to Bankhead and other commanders, August 27,
+1863, Ibid., 981.]
+
+[Footnote 844: Blunt to Schofield, August 27, 1863, Ibid., part
+i, 597. He thought, however, that Stand Watie was with Steele but he
+was not. He was absent on a scout [Steele to Boggs, August 30, 1863,
+Ibid., part ii, 984].]
+
+[Footnote 845: Steele to Snead, September 11, 1863, Ibid., part
+ii, 1012.]
+
+towards Fort Smith.[846] It was Fort Smith that now engaged Blunt's
+attention and thither he directed his steps, Colonel W.F. Cloud[847]
+of the Second Kansas Cavalry, who, acting under orders from General
+McNeil,[848] had coöperated with him at Perryville, being sent on in
+advance. Fort Smith surrendered with ease, not a blow being struck in
+her defence;[849] but there was Cabell yet to be dealt with.
+
+Steele's conduct, his adoption of the Fabian policy, severely
+criticized in some quarters, in Indian Territory, in Arkansas, in
+Texas, had yet been condoned and, indeed, approved[850] by General
+Kirby Smith, the
+
+[Footnote 846: Cabell's brigade, as already indicated, had had to be
+sent back "to avoid the contagion of demoralization." [_Official
+Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 983; Steele to Snead, September 11,
+1863, Ibid., 1012].]
+
+[Footnote 847: Cloud had arrived at Fort Gibson, August 21 [Cloud to
+McNeil, August 22, 1863, Ibid., 466].]
+
+[Footnote 848: John McNeil was commanding the District of Southwestern
+Missouri. The orders originated with Schofield [Ibid., part i,
+15].]
+
+[Footnote 849: Cabell had taken a position on the Poteau. Steele had
+been much averse to his running the risk of having himself shut up in
+Fort Smith [Steele to Cabell, September 1, 1863, Ibid., part
+ii, 987].]
+
+[Footnote 850: "The general commanding is satisfied that the Fabian
+policy is the true one to adopt when not well satisfied that
+circumstances warrant a different course..." [G.M. Bryan to Steele,
+September 8, 1863, Ibid., 999]. Smith believed in "abandoning
+a part to save the whole" [Letter to General R. Taylor, September 3,
+1863, Ibid., 989]; but President Davis and men of the states
+interested had impressed it upon him that that would never do. It must
+have been with some idea of justifying Steele's procedure in mind that
+Smith wrote to Stand Watie, September 8th [Ibid., 999-1000].
+Watie had lodged a complaint with him, August 9th, against the
+Confederate subordination of the Indian interests. To that Smith
+replied in words that must have made a powerful appeal to the Cherokee
+chief, who had already, in fact on the selfsame day that he wrote to
+Smith, made an equally powerful one to his own tribe and to other
+tribes. Watie's appeal will be taken up later, the noble sounding part
+of Smith's may as well find a place for quotation here.
+
+"I know that your people have cause for complaint. Their sufferings
+and the apparent ill-faith of our Government would naturally produce
+dissatisfaction. That your patriotic band of followers deserve the
+thanks of our Government I know. They have won the respect and esteem
+of our people (cont.)]
+
+person most competent to judge fairly; because he possessed a full
+comprehension of the situation in Steele's command. Smith knew and
+others might have known that the situation had been largely created by
+envy, hatred, and malice, by corruption in high places, by peculation
+in low, by desertions in white regiments and by defection in Indian.
+
+The Confederate government was not unaware of the increasing
+dissatisfaction among its Indian allies. It had innumerable sources of
+information, the chief of which and, perhaps, not the most reliable or
+the least factional, were the tribal delegates[851] in Congress. Late
+
+[Footnote 850: (cont.) by their steadfast loyalty and heroic bravery.
+Tell them to remain true; encourage them in their despondency; bid
+them struggle on through the dark gloom which now envelops our
+affairs, and bid them remember the insurmountable difficulties with
+which our Government has been surrounded; that she has never been
+untrue to her engagements, though some of her agents may have been
+remiss and even criminally negligent. Our cause is the same--a just
+and holy one; we must stand and struggle on together, till that just
+and good Providence, who always supports the right, crowns our efforts
+with success. I can make you no definite promises. I have your
+interest at heart, and will endeavor faithfully and honestly to
+support you in your efforts and in those of your people to redeem
+their homes from an oppressor's rule...
+
+"What might have been done and has not is with the past; it is
+needless to comment upon it, and I can only assure you that I feel the
+importance of your country to our cause..."
+
+That Smith was no more sincere than other white men had been, when
+addressing Indians, goes almost without saying. It was necessary to
+pacify Stand Watie and promises would no longer suffice. Candor was a
+better means to the end sought. Had Smith only not so very recently
+had his interview with the governors of the southwestern states, his
+tone might not have been so conciliatory. In anticipation of that
+interview and in advance of it, for it might come too late, some
+Arkansans, with R.W. Johnson among them, had impressed it upon
+Governor Flanagin that both Arkansas and Indian Territory were
+necessary to the Confederacy. In their communication, appeared these
+fatal admissions, fatal to any claim of disinterestedness:
+
+"Negro slavery exists in the Indian Territory, and is profitable
+and desirable there, affording a practical issue of the right of
+expansion, for which the war began..." [July 25, 1863, _Official
+Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 945].]
+
+[Footnote 851: Only two of the tribes, entitled to a delegate in the
+Confederate Congress, seem to have availed themselves of the privilege
+in 1863, the (cont.)]
+
+in May, Commissioner Scott[852] set out upon a tour of inspection,
+similar to the one he had made during the days of the Pike regime. On
+his way through Arkansas, he stopped at Little Rock to consult with
+General Holmes and to get his bearings before venturing again among
+the tribes; but Holmes was ill, too ill to attend to business,[853]
+and no interview with him was likely to be deemed advisable for some
+time to come. Scott had, therefore, to resume his journey without
+instructions or advice from the district commander, not regrettable
+from some points of view since it enabled
+
+[Footnote 851: (cont.) Cherokee and the Choctaw, which may account
+for the persistence with which, in one form or another, a measure for
+filling vacancies in the Indian representation came up for discussion
+or for reference [See _Journal_, vols. iii, vi]. It became law in
+January, 1864 [Ibid., vol. iii, 521]. A companion measure, for
+the regulation of Indian elections, had a like bearing. It became law
+earlier, in May, 1863 [Ibid., 420, vi, 459]. In the _Official
+Records_, fourth ser. vol. in, 1189, _footnote o_, the
+statement is made that the name of Elias C. Boudinot appeared first on
+the roll, January 8, 1864; but it must be erroneous, since Boudinot,
+as the delegate from the Cherokee Nation, was very active in Congress
+all through the year 1863. His colleague from the Choctaw Nation
+was Robert M. Jones. On December 10, when Indian affairs had become
+exceedingly critical, Representative Hanly moved that one of the
+Indian delegates should be requested to attend the sessions of the
+Committee on Indian Affairs (_Journal_, vol. vi, 520). This
+proposition eventually developed into something very much more
+important,
+
+"_Resolved_, First, That each Delegate from the several Indian
+nations with whom treaties have been made and concluded by the
+Confederate States of America shall have and be entitled to a seat
+upon the floor of this House, may propose and introduce measures being
+for the benefit of his particular nation, and be heard in respect
+and regard thereto, or other matters in which his nation may be
+particularly interested.
+
+"Second. That, furthermore, it shall be the duty of the Speaker of
+this House to appoint one Delegate from one of the Indian nations upon
+the Committee on Indian Affairs, and the Delegate so appointed shall
+have and possess all the rights and privileges of other members of
+such committee, except the right to vote on questions pending before
+such committee"--_Journal_, vol. vi, 529. The Speaker appointed
+Boudinot to the position thus created.]
+
+[Footnote 852: In February, upon the nomination of President Davis and
+the recommendation of Secretary Seddon, Scott had been appointed to
+the position of full commissioner [Ibid., vol. iii, 69].]
+
+[Footnote 853: During the illness of Holmes, which was protracted,
+Price commanded in the District of Arkansas.]
+
+him to approach his difficult and delicate task with an open mind and
+with no preconceived notions derived from Holmes's prejudices.
+
+Scott entered the Indian Territory in July and was at once beset
+with complaints and solicitations, individual and tribal. On his own
+account, he made not a few discoveries. On the eighth of August he
+reported[854] to Holmes upon things that have already been considered
+here, defective powder, deficient artillery, and the like; but not a
+word did he say about the Cooper[855] and Boudinot intrigues. It
+was too early to commit himself on matters so personal and yet so
+fundamental. The Indians were not so reticent. The evil influence
+that Cooper had over them, due largely to the fact that he professed
+himself to be interested in Indian Territory to the exclusion of
+all other parts of the country, was beginning to find expression in
+various communications to President Davis and others in authority.
+Just how far Stand Watie was privy to Cooper's schemes and in sympathy
+with them, it is impossible to say. Boudinot was Cooper's able
+coadjutor, fellow conspirator, while Boudinot and Watie were relatives
+and friends.
+
+Watie's energies, especially his intellectual, were apparently being
+exerted in directions far removed from the realm of selfish and petty
+intrigue. He was a man of vision, of deep penetration likewise, and he
+was a patriot. Personal ambition was not his besetting sin. If he
+had only had real military ability and the qualities that make for
+discipline and for genuine leadership
+
+[Footnote 854: _Official Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 1097.]
+
+[Footnote 855: On August 14, Cooper complained to Smith that Steele
+had been given the place that rightfully should have been his
+[Ibid., 987]. Smith looked into the matter and made his reply,
+strictly non-partisan, September 1st [Ibid., 1037]. The
+authorities at Richmond declared against Cooper's claims and
+pretensions, yet, in no wise, did he abandon them.]
+
+among men, he might have accomplished great things for Indian
+Territory and for the Confederacy. Almost simultaneously with the
+forwarding of Scott's first report to Holmes, he personally made
+reports[856] and issued appeals,[857] some of which, because of their
+grasp, because of their earnestness, and because of their spirit of
+noble self-reliance, call for very special mention. Watie's purpose in
+making and in issuing them was evidently nothing more and nothing less
+than to dispel despondency and to arouse to action.
+
+Watie's appeal may have had the effect designed but it was an effect
+doomed to be counteracted almost at once. Blunt's offensive had more
+of menace to the Creeks and their southern neighbors than had Steele's
+defensive of hope. The amnesty to deserters,[858] that issued under
+authority from Richmond on the twenty-sixth of August, even though
+conditional upon a return to duty, was a confession of weakness and
+it availed little when the Choctaws protested against the failure to
+supply them with arms and ammunition, proper in quality and quantity,
+for Smith to tell them that such things, intended to meet
+treaty requirements but diverted, had been lost in the fall of
+Vicksburg.[859] Had not white men been always singularly adept at
+making excuses for breaking their promises to red?
+
+In September, when everything seemed very dark for the Confederacy on
+the southwestern front, desperate efforts were made to rally anew the
+Indians.
+
+[Footnote 856: Watie's report to Scott, August 8, 1863 [_Official
+Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 1104-1105] was full of very just
+criticism, but not at all factional.]
+
+[Footnote 857: The appeal to the Creeks, through their governor, is to
+be found in _Official Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 1105-1106,
+and that to the Choctaws and Chickasaws, Ibid., 1106-1107.]
+
+[Footnote 858:--Ibid., 980.]
+
+[Footnote 859: Smith to Principal Chief, Choctaw Nation, August 13,
+1863, Ibid., 967; Bryan to Hon. R.M. Jones, September 19, 1863,
+Ibid., 1021.]
+
+Proposals[860] from Blunt were known to have reached both the Creeks
+and the Choctaws and were being considered, by the one, more or less
+secretly and, by the other, in open council. Israel G. Vore,[861]
+who had become the agent of the Creeks and whose influence was
+considerable, was called upon to neutralize the Federal advances. In a
+more official way, Commissioner Scott worked with the Choctaws, among
+whom there was still a strong element loyal to the Confederacy, loyal
+enough, at all events, to recruit for a new regiment to fight in its
+cause.
+
+Nothing was more likely to bring reassurance to the Indians than
+military activity; but military activity of any account was obviously
+out of the question unless some combination of commands could be
+devised, such a combination, for example, as Magruder had in mind when
+he proposed that the forces of Steele, Cooper, Bankhead, and Cabell
+should coöperate to recover Forts Smith and Gibson, something more
+easily said than done. It was no sooner said than brigade transfers
+rendered it quite impracticable, Cabell and Bankhead both being needed
+to give support to Price. In charge now of the Northern Sub-district
+of Texas was Henry E. McCulloch. From him Steele felt he had a right
+to expect coöperation, since their commands were
+
+[Footnote 860: Steele to Snead, September 11, 1863, _Official
+Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 1013; Bankhead to Steele, September
+15, 1863, Ibid., 1016.]
+
+[Footnote 861: In the spring of 1863, Vore was engaged in disbursing
+funds, more particularly, in paying the Indian troops [Steele to
+Anderson, April 17, 1863, _Confederate Records_, chap. 2, no.
+270, pp. 197-198]. In November, 1862, the Creeks had requested that
+Vore be made their agent and the appointment was conferred upon him
+the following May [Scott to Seddon, December 12, 1863, _Official
+Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 1095]. The Creeks were inclined to
+be displeased at the delay, especially as they later had no reason
+to regret their choice [Moty Kanard to Davis, August 17, 1863.
+Ibid., 1107]. It was Cooper, apparently, who suggested sending
+up Vore to have him work upon the Creeks [Ibid., 1000].]
+
+territorially in conjunction, and to consult with him he journeyed to
+Bonham.[862]
+
+Viewed in the light of subsequent events, the journey was productive
+of more evil than good. With Steele absent, the command in Indian
+Territory devolved upon Cooper[863] and Cooper employed the occasion
+to ingratiate himself with the Indians, to increase his influence with
+them, and to undermine the man who he still insisted had supplanted
+him. When Steele returned from Texas he noticed very evident signs of
+insubordination. There were times when he found it almost impossible
+to locate Cooper within the limits of the command or to keep in touch
+with him. Cooper was displaying great activity, was making plans
+to recover Fort Smith, and conducting himself generally in a very
+independent way. October had, however, brought a change in the status
+of Fort Smith; for General Smith had completely detached the commands
+of Indian Territory and Arkansas from each other.[864] It was not to
+Holmes that Steele reported thenceforth but to Smith direct. Taken in
+connection with the need that soon arose, on account of the chaos in
+northern Texas, for McCulloch[865] to become absorbed in home affairs,
+the
+
+[Footnote 862 His destination was apparently to be Shreveport, the
+department headquarters [Crosby to Bankhead, September 23, 1863.
+_Confederate Records_, chap. 2, no. 268. p. 251].]
+
+[Footnote 863: Cooper's headquarters, in the interval, were to be at
+Fort Washita [Ibid.,], where a company of Bass's regiment had
+been placed in garrison [Duval to Cooper, July 15, 1863, Ibid.,
+p. 145].]
+
+[Footnote 864: _Official Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 1045.]
+
+[Footnote 865: McCulloch was being greatly embarrassed by the rapid
+spread of unionist sentiment and by desertions from his army. The
+expedient of furloughing was restarted to. To his credit, be it said,
+that no embarrassments, no dawning of the idea that he was fighting
+in a failing cause, could make him forget the ordinary dictates of
+humanity. His scornful repudiation of Quantrill and his methods was
+characteristic of the man. For that repudiation, see, particularly,
+McCulloch to Turner, October 22, 1863, Ibid., vol. xxvi. part
+ii, 348.]
+
+separation from Arkansas left Indian Territory stranded.
+
+Fort Smith, moreover, was about to become Blunt's headquarters and it
+was while he was engaged in transferring his effects from Fort Scott
+to that place that the massacre of Baxter Springs occurred, Blunt
+arriving upon the scene too late to prevent the murderous surprise
+having its full effect. The Baxter Springs massacre was another
+guerrilla outrage, perpetrated by Quantrill and his band[866] who,
+their bloody work accomplished at the Federal outpost, passed on down
+through the Cherokee Nation, killing outright whatever Indians or
+negroes they fell in with. It was their boast that they never burdened
+themselves with prisoners. The gang crossed the Arkansas about
+eighteen miles above Fort Gibson[867] and arrived at Cooper's camp on
+the Canadian, October twelfth.[868]
+
+Scarcely had Blunt established his headquarters at Fort Smith,
+when political influences long hostile to him, Schofield at their
+head,[869] had accumulated force
+
+[Footnote 866: Quantrill's bold dash from the Missouri to the Canadian
+had been projected in a spirit of bravado, deviltry, and downright
+savagery, and had undoubtedly been incited by the execution of Ewing's
+notorious order, _Number Eleven_ [_Official Records_,
+vol. xxii, part ii, 473]. That order, as modified by Schofield, had
+authorized the depopulating of those counties of Missouri, Jackson,
+Cass, Bates, and a part of Vernon, where the guerrillas were believed
+to have their chief recruiting stations and where secessionist feeling
+had always been dominant. It was at once retaliatory and precautionary
+and on a par with the instructions for the removal of the Acadians on
+the eve of the breaking out of the French and Indian War. The
+banished Missourians have, however, as yet found no Longfellow
+to sentimentalize over them or to idealize, in a story of
+_Evangeline_, their misfortunes and their character. History has
+been spared the consequent and inevitable distortion.]
+
+[Footnote 867: Britton, _Civil War on the Border_, vol. ii, 224.]
+
+[Footnote 868: Quantrill to Price, October 13, 1863, _Official
+Records_, vol. xxii, part i, 700-701.]
+
+[Footnote 869: In the matter of domestic politics in Kansas,
+particularly as they were shaped by the excitement over the guerrilla
+outrages, Schofield belonged to the party of _Moderates_, "Paw
+Paws" as its members were called in derision, (cont.)]
+
+sufficient to effect his removal. He was relieved, under Schofield's
+orders of October 19, and Brigadier-general John McNeil then assumed
+command of the District of the Frontier.[870] Colonel Phillips
+continued in charge at Fort Gibson,[871] his presence being somewhat
+of a reassurance to the Cherokees, who, appreciating Blunt's energetic
+administration, regretted his recall.[872]
+
+Had the Federal Cherokees been authoritatively apprised of the real
+situation in the Indian Territory farther south, they need never have
+been anxious as to the safety of Fort Gibson. Steele's situation was
+peculiarly complex. As private personage and as commander he elicits
+commiseration. Small and incapable was his force,[873] intriguing and
+intractable were his
+
+[Footnote 869: (cont.) and Blunt, like Lane, Wilder, and others, to
+that of the _Extremists_, or _Radicals_. Of the Extremists
+the "Red Legs" were the active wing, those who indulged in retaliatory
+and provocative outrages. Schofield's animosity against Blunt, to
+some extent richly deserved, amounted almost to a persecution. He
+instituted an investigation of the District of the Frontier and it was
+upon the basis of the findings of the committee of investigation that
+he ordered Blunt's retirement [Schofield to Townsend, October 3, 1863,
+_Official Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 595-597; Blunt to Curtis,
+November 30, 1864, Ibid., vol. xli, part iv, 727-729]. For
+evidence of continued animosity see the correspondence of Champion
+Vaughan, Ibid., vol. xxii, part ii, 738, 742.]
+
+[Footnote 870: _Official Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 666.]
+
+[Footnote 871: For the condition and movements of the Indian
+Brigade from November 20, 1863, to December 20, 1863, see _Daily
+Conservative_, January 3, 1864.]
+
+[Footnote 872: The resolutions, commendatory of his work, to which
+Blunt refers in his letter to Curtis of November 30, were passed by
+the Cherokee National Council, October 20, 1863. The text of them
+is to be found, as also Chief Christie's letter of transmittal, in
+_Official Records_, vol. xxxiv, part ii, 790-791.]
+
+[Footnote 873: Steele reported that on October first he had
+"Seminoles, 106; Chickasaws, 208; Creeks, 305; Choctaws, 1,024;
+Choctaw militia, 200, and whites, 999" [_Official Records_, vol.
+xxii, part i, 34]. Concerning the condition of his entire command,
+the best understanding can be obtained from the inspection report of
+Smith's assistant inspector-general, W.C. Schaumburg, [Ibid.,
+part ii, 1049-1053], October 26, 1863. Schaumburg exhibits conditions
+as simply deplorable, Indians poorly mounted, ignorant of drill,
+destitute of suitable (cont.)]
+
+subordinates. Of the white force Magruder[874] was doing his utmost to
+deprive him, and of the Indian Steele found it next to impossible to
+keep account. Insignificant as it was, it was yet scattered here,
+there, and everywhere,[875] Cooper conniving at its desultory
+dispersion. Instead of strengthening his superior's hands, Cooper was,
+in fact, steadily weakening them and all for his own advancement. He
+disparaged Steele's work, discredited it with the Indians,[876] and,
+whenever possible, allowed a false construction to be put upon his
+acts. In connection with the movements of the white troops, is a
+case in point to be found. Rumor had it that Bankhead's brigade, now
+Gano's,[877] was to be called away for coast defence. Cooper knew
+perfectly well that such was not Steele's intention and yet he
+suffered
+
+[Footnote 873: (cont.) arms; posts dilapidated; and prominent
+tribesmen, like Colonel Tandy Walker, indulging in petty graft,
+drawing government rations for members of their families and for their
+negro slaves. McCulloch was also of the opinion that conditions in
+Indian Territory were pretty bad [_Official Records_, vol.
+xxii, part i, 1065], and that the red men were absolutely unreliable
+[Ibid., vol. xxvi, part ii, 378].]
+
+[Footnote 874: For Magruder's insolent and overbearing attitude
+towards Steele, see his correspondence in Ibid., part ii.
+Magruder wanted Indian Territory attached to the District of Texas [p.
+295] and was much disgusted that Gano's brigade was beyond his reach;
+inasmuch as Smith himself had placed it in Indian Territory and Steele
+could retain it there if he so pleased [pp. 349, 369, 371].]
+
+[Footnote 875: _Official Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 1063,
+1065, 1076, 1109.]
+
+[Footnote 876: Cooper's influence was greatest with the Choctaws and
+Chickasaws. The Choctaw wavering of which there were numerous signs
+[Ibid., 1019, 1024], the disposition of the Choctaw Council
+towards neutrality [Ibid., 1042, 1046], which Scott was called
+upon to check [Ibid., 1030-1031], and the Choctaw complaint
+about the absence or inadequacy of arms [Ibid., 1021] were all
+made the most of, in order to accentuate Steele's incapacity for
+his task. October 7, the Chickasaw Legislature petitioned for
+the elevation of Cooper to the full command in Indian Territory
+[Ibid., 1123-1124]. It was, of course, a covert attack upon
+Steele.]
+
+[Footnote 877: Dissatisfaction with Bankhead on the part of his men
+had been the chief cause of the transfer to Richard M. Gano. Steele
+had a good deal of trouble with Gano's brigade as also with Bass's
+regiment [See _Confederate Records_, chap. 2, nos. 267, 268].]
+
+the Indians to believe that it was; in order that they might with
+impunity charge Steele with having violated their treaty pledges.[878]
+To nothing did they hold so rigidly as to the promise that white
+troops were always to support Indian.
+
+In the role of Indian superintendent ex officio, Steele had no fewer
+difficulties and perplexities than in that of military chief. The
+feeding of indigents was a problem not easily solved, if solvable.
+In the absence of legislative provision, Hindman had instituted the
+questionable practice of furnishing relief to civilians at the cost of
+the army commissary and no other course had ever been deemed expedient
+by his successors. In July, 1863, Steele had ordered[879] practically
+all distribution agencies to be abolished, his reason being that only
+refugees,[880] Indians out of their own country, ought, in the
+season of ripened and ripening crops, to need subsistence and such
+subsistence, being limited in amount and derived altogether from
+the army supply, could be most economically handled by the regular
+commissaries. As winter approached and the necessity for feeding on a
+large scale became again pronounced,
+
+[Footnote 878: _Official Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 1063-1064,
+1064-1065.]
+
+[Footnote 879: "I am instructed by the Gen. Com'dg to direct that
+you issue an order abolishing all agencies in the Indian country for
+feeding 'Indigents.'
+
+"It is thought that the crops now coming in will be sufficient to
+support these people without any further drain upon Govt supplies.
+
+"What little issues are absolutely necessary will be made by
+post commissaries."--DUVAL to Lee, July 1, 1863, _Confederate
+Records_, chap. 2, no. 268, p. 119.]
+
+[Footnote 880: "I beg leave to recommend to your favorable
+consideration the accompanying letter from the Hon. E.C. Boudinot. The
+necessity of feeding not only the refugees, but to some extent during
+the winter the other Indians, has been recognized by all commanders,
+the drouth of last year having cut the crops very short. As the crops
+are now maturing I have in a great measure discontinued the issue
+except to refugee Cherokees and Osages, both of whom are out of their
+own country ..."--STEELE to Smith, July 13, 1863, Ibid., pp.
+142-143.]
+
+he was disposed to keep the whole matter still under army regulations
+so as to "avoid increasing competition."[881] The army exchequer could
+be subsequently reimbursed when specific appropriations for Indians
+should be made. Supplies of clothing had naturally to be otherwise
+provided for and for those he contracted[882] in northern Texas.
+Steele's whole policy with regard to the indigents was subjected to
+the severest criticism;[883] for it was based upon the idea that to be
+forewarned is to be forearmed. Disappointed speculators and grafters
+were chief among his critics and, in spite of all his precautions,
+they outwitted him. Peculation appeared on every hand, white sharpers
+abounded, and Indians, relatively affluent, subsisted at government
+expense.
+
+Another source of embarrassment was developed by the application of
+war measures, primarily intended for the states only, to the Indian
+country. Indian property was impressed[884] as occasion arose. Very
+
+[Footnote 881: Steele to Scott, August 7, 1863, _Confederate
+Records_, pp. 179-180.]
+
+[Footnote 882: Steele to Bryan, November 9, 1863, _Confederate
+Records_, chap. 2, no. 267, p. 31. The Reserve Indians had
+all along been fed by contract [Steele to Scott, August 7, 1863,
+Ibid., no. 268, pp. 179-180]. In the fall, Steele renewed the
+contract with Johnson and Grimes [Steele to S.A. Roberts, November 15,
+1863, Ibid., no. 267, p. 37] and detailed men from his command,
+from Martin's regiment, to assist in its execution [Steele to
+McCulloch, November 22, 1863, Ibid., p. 41].]
+
+[Footnote 883: The Creeks were particularly dissatisfied. They claimed
+that food and raiment had been promised them, but the source of the
+promises Steele was powerless to determine [Steele to Vore, November
+20, 1863, Ibid., p. 39]. Indian soldiers on leave seemed to
+expect their usual allowances and Cooper, although disclaiming that
+he had any desire to "pander to the prejudices" of the natives, was
+always to be found on their side in any contention with Steele. To all
+appearances, the Indians had Cooper's support, in demanding all the
+privileges and profits of regular troops and "all the latitude
+of irregular, or partisan" [Steele to Cooper, November 24, 1863,
+Ibid., pp. 44-45].]
+
+[Footnote 884: Concerning the request of Steele that cotton and teams
+be ordered exempt from impressment, see Steele to Bryan, November
+9, 1863. _Confederate Records_, chap. 2, no. 267, p. 31. The
+Choctaws had considerable cotton and the question was what was to be
+done with it in case of an advance of (cont.)]
+
+frequently was this the case in the matter of transportation
+facilities, in that also of negro labor. It was Steele's opinion that
+the impressment law and the grain tithe law were not operative as
+against the Indians[885] but his necessities forced the practice,
+and execution by the army, under his orders, only intensified Indian
+opposition to him.
+
+Indian opposition to Steele in tangible form took two directions,
+one of which, the advancement of Douglas H. Cooper, has already been
+frequently referred to. The other was the advancement of Stand Watie.
+During the summer, Stand Watie, as chief of the Confederate Cherokees,
+had authorized the formation of a Cherokee brigade,[886] the object
+being, the dislodgment of the Federals from Fort Gibson and their
+consequent retirement from the Cherokee country. The brigade had not
+materialized; but all Stand Watie's subsequent efforts were directed
+towards the accomplishment of its patriotic object. Love of country
+best explains his whole military endeavor. The enemy in the Cherokee
+country he harassed, the enemy elsewhere, he left for others to deal
+with. Generally speaking, in consequence, the autumn months of 1863
+found Watie hovering around the Arkansas, the Cherokees and their
+neighbors with him, while Cooper, almost equally particularistic
+because the Choctaws and Chickasaws were his main support, concerned
+himself with plans for the recovery of Fort Smith.
+
+[Footnote 884: (cont.) the enemy. Was it to be burnt and the owners
+were they to be indemnified [Steele to Anderson, December 9, 1863,
+_Confederate Records_, p. 68]? Steele peremptorily forbade
+confiscation of Indian property and discouraged any interference "with
+the duties of agents, or with the National Council or government of
+the tribes" [Steele to Captain J.L. Randolph, enrolling officer, July
+7, 1863, Ibid., no. 268, p. 132].]
+
+[Footnote 885: Crosby to A.S. Cabell, October 6, 1863, Ibid.,
+no. 267, p. 2.]
+
+[Footnote 886: _Official Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 1103.]
+
+The fervid patriotism of one leader and the overweening personal
+ambition of the other divided the Indians, then, into two camps and it
+was but natural that the idea should soon evolve that Indian interests
+could be best subserved by the formation of two distinct
+Indian brigades. To this idea General Smith, when appealed to,
+subscribed;[887] but General Steele was dubious about the propriety of
+putting Stand Watie in charge of one of the brigades. "He appears to
+exercise," said Steele, "no restraint over his men in keeping them
+together, and his requisitions upon the depots seem to be made with
+utter disregard of the numbers present or even on his rolls."[888]
+General Smith conceived it would be possible, by organizing the
+Indians into their own brigades and satisfying them that way, to draw
+off the white contingent and make of it a separate brigade, still
+operating, however, within the Indian country. To Cooper, the thought
+of a separate white brigade was most unwelcome. The Indians could be
+an effective force only in close conjunction with white troops. The
+separation of whites and Indians would inevitably mean, although not
+at present intended, the isolation of the latter and, perhaps, their
+ultimate abandonment.
+
+The various proposals and counter-proposals all converged in an
+opposition to Steele. His presence in the Indian country seemed to
+block the advancement of everybody. Cooper resented his authority
+over himself and Stand Watie interpreted his waiting policy as due to
+inertness and ineptitude. So small a hold did the Federals really have
+on the Indian country that if Steele would only exert himself it could
+easily be
+
+[Footnote 887: _Official Records_, vol. 22, part ii, 1055-1056.]
+
+[Footnote 888:--Ibid., 1065.]
+
+broken. But Steele was neither aggressive nor venturesome. His task
+was truly beyond him. Discouraged, he asked to be relieved and he
+was relieved, Brigadier-general Samuel B. Maxey being chosen as his
+successor.[889] Again Cooper had been passed over, notwithstanding
+that his Indian friends had done everything they could for him. They
+had made allegations against Steele; in order that a major-generalship
+might be secured for Cooper and brigadier-generalships for some of
+themselves.[890] Boudinot was believed by Steele to be at the bottom
+of the whole scheme; but it had been in process of concoction for a
+long time and Steele had few friends. General Smith was the stanchest
+of that few and even Holmes[891] was not among them.
+
+Obviously, with things in such a chaotic state, military operations
+in the Indian country, during the autumn and early winter were almost
+negligible.[892] Steele expected that the Federals would attempt a
+drive from Fort Smith to the Red River and he collected what forces he
+could for that contingency. Little reliance was to be placed upon the
+Cherokees since they were intent upon recovering Fort Gibson; but the
+Choctaws through whose country the hostile force would proceed, were
+the drive made, aroused themselves as in the first days of the war.
+They recruited their regiments anew
+
+[Footnote 889: Special Orders, no. 214, December 11, 1863, _Official
+Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 1094.]
+
+[Footnote 890: Steele to S. Cooper, December 19, 1863, Ibid.,
+1100-1101.]
+
+[Footnote 891: Boudinot to Davis, December 21, 1863, Ibid.,
+1103.]
+
+[Footnote 892: Steele contended that between the very natural fear
+that the Indians entertained that the white troops were going to be
+withdrawn from their country and Magruder's determination to get those
+same white troops, it was impossible to make any move upon military
+principles [Steele to Anderson, November 9, 1863, Ibid.,
+1064-1065]. Steele refused to recognize Magruder's right to interfere
+with his command [Steele to Cooper, November 8, 1863, Ibid.,
+1063-1064].]
+
+and they organized a militia; but the drive was never made.[893]
+
+The only military activity anywhere was in the Cherokee country and it
+was almost too insignificant for mention. Towards the end of November,
+the Federal force there was greatly reduced in numbers, the white and
+negro contingents being called away to Fort Smith.[894] The Indian
+Home Guards under Phillips were alone in occupation. With a detachment
+of the Third Indian, Watie had one lone skirmish, although about one
+half of Phillips's brigade was out scouting. The skirmish occurred
+on Barren Fork, a tributary of the Illinois, on the eighteenth of
+December.[895] Late in November, Watie had planned a daring cavalry
+raid into the Neosho Valley.[896] The skirmish on Barren Fork arrested
+him in his course somewhat; but, as the Federals, satisfied with a
+rather petty success, did not pursue him, he went on and succeeded in
+entering southwest Missouri. The raid did little damage and was only
+another of the disjointed individual undertakings that Steele deplored
+but that the Confederates were being more and more compelled to make.
+
+[Footnote 893: Steele to Gov. Samuel Garland, Nov. 30, 1863,
+_Official Records_, vol. xxii, part ii, 1082. Col. McCurtain
+of the Choctaw militia reported to Cooper that he expected to have
+fifteen hundred Choctaws assembled by December first [Steele to Cano,
+December 2, 1863, Ibid., 1085]. The Second Choctaw regiment
+continued scattered and out of ammunition [Steele to Cooper, December
+22, 1863, Ibid., 1109]. The Seminole battalion was ordered to
+report to Bourland for frontier defence [Duval to Cooper, December 20,
+1863, Ibid., 1102].]
+
+[Footnote 894: Britton, _Civil War on the Borde_, vol. ii, 236.]
+
+[Footnote 895: _Official Records_, vol. xxii, part i, 781-782.]
+
+[Footnote 896:--Ibid., part ii, 722, 746, 752.]
+
+
+
+
+XIII. ASPECTS, CHIEFLY MILITARY, 1864-1865
+
+
+The assignment of General Maxey to the command of Indian Territory
+invigorated Confederate administration north of the Red River, the
+only part of the country in undisputed occupancy. Close upon the
+assumption of his new duties, came a project[897] for sweeping
+reforms, involving army reorganization, camps of instruction for the
+Indian soldiery, a more general enlistment, virtually conscription, of
+Indians--this upon the theory that "Whosoever is not for us is against
+us"--the selection of more competent and reliable staff officers, and
+the adoption of such a plan of offensive operations as would mean the
+retaking of Forts Smith and Gibson.[898] To Maxey, thoroughly familiar
+with the geography of the region, the surrender of those two places
+appeared as a gross error in military technique; for the Arkansas
+River was a natural line of defence, the Red was not. "If the Indian
+Territory gives way," argued he, "the granary of the Trans-Mississippi
+Department, the breadstuffs, and beef of this and the Arkansas army
+are gone, the left flank of Holmes' army is turned, and with it not
+only the meat and bread, but the salt and iron of what is left of the
+Trans-Mississippi Department."[899]
+
+[Footnote 897: Maxey to Anderson, January 12, 1864, _Official
+Records_, vol. xxxiv, part ii, 856-858.]
+
+[Footnote 898: To this list might be added the proper fitting out of
+the troops, which was one of the first things that Maxey called to
+Smith's attention [Ibid., vol. xxii, part ii, 1112-1113].]
+
+[Footnote 899: This idea met with Smith's full approval [Ibid.,
+vol. xxxiv, part ii, 918].]
+
+Army reorganization was an immense proposition and was bound to be a
+difficult undertaking under the most favorable of auspices, yet it
+stood as fundamental to everything else. Upon what lines ought it to
+proceed? One possibility was, the formation of the two brigades, with
+Stand Watie and Cooper individually in command, which had already been
+suggested to General Smith and favored by him; but which had recently
+been found incompatible with his latest recommendation that all the
+Indian troops should be commanded, _in toto_, by Cooper.[900] One
+feature of great importance in its favor it had in that it did not
+ostensibly run counter to the Indian understanding of their treaties
+that white troops should be always associated with Indian in the
+guaranteed protection of the Indian country, which was all very well
+but scarcely enough to balance an insuperable objection, which Cooper,
+when consulted, pointed out.[901] The Indians had a strong aversion
+to any military consolidation that involved the elimination of their
+separate tribal characters. They had allied themselves with the
+Confederacy as nations and as nations they wished to fight. Moreover,
+due regard ought always to be given, argued Cooper, to their tribal
+prejudices, their preferences, call them what one will, and to their
+historical neighborhood alliances. Choctaws and Chickasaws might well
+stay together and Creeks and Seminoles; but woe betide the contrivance
+that should attempt the amalgamation of Choctaws and Cherokees.
+
+[Footnote 900: This is given upon the authority of Maxey [_Official
+Records_, vol. xxxiv, part ii, 857]. It seems slightly at variance
+with Smith's own official statements. Smith would appear to have
+entertained a deep distrust of Cooper, whose promotion he did not
+regard as either "wise or necessary" [Ibid., vol. xxii, part
+ii, 1102].]
+
+[Footnote 901: Cooper to T.M. Scott, January, 1864 [Ibid., vol.
+xxxiv, part ii, 859-862].]
+
+[Illustration: FACSIMILE OF MONTHLY INSPECTION REPORT OF THE FIRST
+CREEK REGIMENT OF MOUNTED VOLUNTEERS.]
+
+It seems a little strange that the Indians should so emphasize their
+national individualism at this particular time, inasmuch as six of
+them, the Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, and Caddo,
+professing to be still in strict alliance with the Southern States,
+had formed an Indian confederacy, had collectively re-asserted their
+allegiance, pledged their continued support, and made reciprocal
+demands. All these things they had done in a joint, or general,
+council, which had been held at Armstrong Academy the previous
+November. Resolutions of the council, embodying the collective pledges
+and demands, were even at this very moment under consideration by
+President Davis and were having not a little to do with his attitude
+toward the whole Maxey programme.
+
+In the matter of army reorganization, Smith was prepared to concede
+to Maxey a large discretion.[902] The brigading that would most
+comfortably fit in with the nationalistic feelings of the Indians and,
+at the same time, accord, in spirit, with treaty obligations and also
+make it possible for Cooper to have a supreme command of the Indian
+forces in the field was that which Cooper himself advocated, the same
+that Boudinot took occasion, at this juncture, to urge upon President
+Davis.[903] It was a plan for three distinct Indian brigades, a
+Cherokee, a Creek-Seminole, and a Choctaw-Chickasaw. Maxey thought "it
+would be a fine recruiting order,"[904] yet, notwithstanding, he gave
+his
+
+[Footnote 902: _Official Records_, vol. xxxiv, part ii, 917.]
+
+[Footnote 903: Boudinot to Davis, January 4, 1864 [Ibid., vol.
+liii, supplement, 920-921]. Boudinot also suggested other things, some
+good, some bad. He suggested, for instance, that Indian Territory be
+attached to Missouri and Price put in command. Seddon doubted if Price
+would care for the place [Ibid., 921].]
+
+[Footnote 904:--Ibid., vol. xxxiv, part ii, 858.]
+
+preference for the two brigade plan.[905] The promotion of Cooper,
+implicit in the three brigade plan, was not at all pleasing to General
+Smith; for he thought of it as reflecting upon Steele, whom he loyally
+described as having "labored conscientiously and faithfully in
+the discharge of his duties."[906] With Steele removed from the
+scene[907]--and he was soon removed for he had been retained in the
+Indian country only that Maxey might have for a brief season the
+benefit of his experience[908]--the case was altered and Boudinot
+again pressed his point,[909] obtaining, finally, the assurance of
+the War Department that so soon as the number of Indian regiments
+justified the organization of three brigades they should be
+formed.[910]
+
+The formation of brigades was only one of the Indian demands that had
+emanated from the general council. Another was, the establishment of
+Indian Territory as a military department, an arrangement altogether
+inadvisable and for better reasons than the one reason that Davis
+offered when he addressed the united nations through their principal
+chiefs on the twenty-second of February.[911] Davis's reason was that
+
+[Footnote 905: Maxey to Smith, January 15, 1864, _Official
+Records_, vol. xxxiv, part ii, 875.]
+
+[Footnote 906:--Ibid., vol. xxii, part ii, 1101-1102.]
+
+[Footnote 907:--Ibid., vol. xxxiv, part ii, 845, 848.]
+
+[Footnote 908: So Smith explained [Ibid., 845], when Steele
+objected to staying in the Indian Territory in a subordinate capacity
+[Ibid., vol. xxii, part ii, 1108]. Steele was transferred to
+the District of Texas [Ibid., vol. xxxiv, part ii, 961]. The
+withdrawal of Steele left Cooper the ranking officer and the person on
+whom such a command, if created, would fall [Ibid., vol. liii,
+supplement, 968-969].]
+
+[Footnote 909: Boudinot to Davis, February 11, 1864, Ibid.,
+968.]
+
+[Footnote 910: Seddon to Davis, February 22, 1864, Ibid.,
+968-969.]
+
+[Footnote 911: Richardson, _Messages and Papers of the
+Confederacy_, vol. i, 477-479; _Official Records_, vol. xxxiv,
+part iii, 824-825. Davis addressed the chiefs and not the delegation
+that had brought the resolutions [Ibid., vol. liii, supplement,
+1030-1031]. John Jumper, Seminole principal chief, was a member of the
+delegation.]
+
+as a separate department Indian Territory could not count upon the
+protection of the forces belonging to the Trans-Mississippi Department
+that was assured to her while she remained one of its integral parts.
+A distinct military district she should certainly be.
+
+When Davis wrote, the ambition of Cooper had, in a measure, been
+satisfied; for he had been put in command of all "the Indian troops in
+the Trans-Mississippi Department on the borders of Arkansas."[912] It
+was by no means all he wanted or all that he felt himself entitled to
+and he soon let it be known that such was the state of affairs. He
+tried to presume upon the fact that his commission as superintendent
+of Indian affairs had issued from the government, although never
+actually delivered to him, and, in virtue of it, he was in military
+command.[913] The quietus came from General Smith, who informed Cooper
+that his new command and he himself were under Maxey.[914]
+
+It was hoped that prospective Indian brigades would be a powerful
+incentive to Indian enlistment and so they proved. Moreover, much
+was expected in that direction from the reassembling of the general
+council at Armstrong Academy, and much had to be; for the times were
+critical. Maxey's position was not likely to be a sinecure. As a
+friend wrote him,
+
+    Northern Texas and the Indian Department have been neglected
+    so long that they have become the most difficult and the most
+    responsible commands in the Trans-Mississippi Department. I
+    tremble for you. A great name is in store for you or you fall into
+    the rank of failures; the latter may be your
+
+[Footnote 912: _Official Records_, vol. xxxiv, part ii, 848;
+Special Orders of the Adjutant and Inspector General's Office, 1864,
+_Confederate Records_, no. 7, p. 15.]
+
+[Footnote 913: Cooper to Davis, February 29, 1864, _Official
+Records_, vol. xxxiv, part ii, 1007.]
+
+[Footnote 914:--Ibid., 1008.]
+
+    fate, and might be the fate of any man, even after an entire and
+    perfect devotion of all one's time and talent, for want of
+    the proper means. In military matters these things are never
+    considered. Success is the only criterion--a good rule, upon the
+    whole, though in many instances it works great injustice. Good
+    and deserving men fall, and accidental heroes rise in the scale,
+    kicking their less fortunate brothers from the platform.[915]
+
+With a view to strengthening the Indian alliance and accomplishing
+all that was necessary to make it effective, Commissioner Scott was
+ordered by Seddon to attend the meeting of the general council.[916]
+Unfortunately, he did not arrive at Armstrong Academy in time, most
+unfortunately, in fact, since he was expected to bring funds with
+him and funds were sadly needed. Maxey attended and delivered an
+address[917] that rallied the Indians in spite of themselves. In
+council meeting they had many things to consider, whether or no they
+should insist upon confining their operations henceforth to their own
+country. Some were for making a raid into Kansas, some for forming an
+alliance with the Indians of the Plains,[918] who, during this year
+of 1864, were to prove a veritable thorn in the flesh to Kansas and
+Colorado.[919] As regarded some of the work of the general council,
+Samuel Garland, the principal chief of the Choctaws, proved a huge
+stumbling block,
+
+[Footnote 915: S.A. Roberts to Maxey, February 1, 1864, _Official
+Records_, vol. xxxiv, part ii, 936-937.]
+
+[Footnote 916: Seddon to Scott, January 6, 1864, Ibid.,
+828-829.]
+
+[Footnote 917: Moty Kanard, late principal chief of the Creek
+Nation, spoke of it as a _noble_ address and begged for a copy
+[Ibid., 960].]
+
+[Footnote 918: Vore to Maxey, January 29, 1864, Ibid., 928;
+Maxey to Anderson, February 9, 1864, Ibid., 958; same to same,
+February 7, 1864, Ibid., vol. liii, supplement, 963-966.]
+
+[Footnote 919: Inasmuch as the alliance with the Indians of the Plains
+was never fully consummated and inasmuch as these Indians harassed and
+devastated the frontier states for reasons quite foreign to the causes
+of the Civil War, the subject of their depredations and outrages is
+not considered as within the scope of the present volume.]
+
+and Cooper was forced, so he said, to "put the members of the grand
+council to work on" him.[920] It was Cooper's wish, evidently, that
+the council would "insist under the Indian compact that all Choctaw
+troops shall be put at once in the field as regular Confederate troops
+for the redemption and defense of the whole Indian Territory." The
+obstinacy of the Choctaw principal chief had to be overcome in order
+"to bring out the Third Choctaw Regiment speedily and on the proper
+basis." In general, the council reiterated its recommendations of
+November previous and so Boudinot informed President Davis,[921] it
+being with him the opportunity he coveted of urging, as already noted,
+the promotion of Cooper to a major-generalship.
+
+In January and so anterior to most of the foregoing incidents, the
+shaking of the political dice in Washington, D.C., had brought again
+into existence the old Department of Kansas, Curtis in command.[922]
+Its limits were peculiar for they included Indian Territory[923] and
+the military post of Fort Smith as well as Kansas and the territories
+of Nebraska and Colorado. The status of Fort Smith was a question for
+the future to decide; but, in the meantime, it was to be a bone of
+contention between Curtis and his colleague, Frederick Steele, in
+command of the sister Department of
+
+[Footnote 920: Cooper to Maxey, February, 1864, _Official
+Records_, vol. xxxiv, part ii, 959. The report reached Phillips
+that the Choctaws wanted a confederacy quite independent of the
+southern [Ibid., part i, 107].]
+
+[Footnote 921: Although Davis's address of February 22 could well,
+in point of chronology, have been an answer to the applications and
+recommendations of the second session of the general council, it
+has been dealt with in connection with those of the first session,
+notwithstanding that Boudinot made his appeal less than a fortnight
+before Davis wrote. In his address, Davis specifically mentioned the
+work of the first session and made no reference whatsoever to that of
+the second.]
+
+[Footnote 922: _Official Records_, vol. xxxiv, part ii, 10.]
+
+[Footnote 923: Ewing wanted the command of Indian Territory,
+Ibid., 89.]
+
+Arkansas; for Steele had control over all Federal forces within the
+political and geographical boundaries of the state that gave the name
+to his department except the Fort Smith garrison.[924] The termination
+of Schofield's career in Missouri[925] was another result of political
+dice-throwing, so also was the call for Blunt to repair to the
+national capital for a conference.[926]
+
+But politics had nothing whatever to do with an event more notable
+still. With the first of February began one of the most remarkable
+expeditions that had yet been undertaken in the Indian country. It
+was an expedition conducted by Colonel William A. Phillips and it was
+remarkable because, while it professed to have for its object the
+cleaning out of Indian Territory,[927] its incidents were as much
+diplomatic and pacific as military. Its course was only feebly
+obstructed and might have been extended into northern Texas had
+Moonlight of the Fourteenth Kansas Cavalry chosen to coöperate.[928]
+As it was, the course was southward almost to Fort Washita.
+Phillips carried with him copies of President Lincoln's Amnesty
+Proclamation[929] and he distributed them freely. His interpretation
+of the proclamation was his own and perhaps not strictly warranted by
+the phraseology but justice and generosity debarred his seeing why
+magnanimity and forgiveness should not be extended betimes to the poor
+deluded red man as much as to the deliberately rebellious white. To
+various prominent chiefs
+
+[Footnote 924: _Official Records_, vol. xxxiv, part ii, 167,
+187.]
+
+[Footnote 925:--Ibid., 188.]
+
+[Footnote 926: Lane, Wilder, and Dole, requested that Blunt be
+summoned to Washington [Ibid., 52].]
+
+[Footnote 927: See Phillips's address to his soldiers, January 30,
+1864, Ibid., 190.]
+
+[Footnote 928: Phillips to Curtis, February 16, 1864, Ibid.,
+part i, 106-108.]
+
+[Footnote 929: Richardson, _Messages and Papers of the
+Presidents_, vol. vi, 213-215.]
+
+of secessionist persuasion he sent messages of encouragement and
+good-will.[930] More sanguine than circumstances really justified, he
+returned to report that, for some of the tribes at least, the war was
+virtually over.[931] What his peace mission may have accomplished, the
+future would reveal; but there was no doubting what his raid had done.
+It had produced consternation among the weaker elements. The Creeks,
+the Seminoles, and the Chickasaws had widely dispersed, some into the
+fastnesses of the mountains. Only the Choctaws continued obdurate
+and defiant. It was strange that Phillips should have arrived at
+conclusions so sweeping; for his course[932] had led him within
+hearing range of the general council in session at Armstrong Academy
+and there the division of sentiment was not so much along tribal lines
+as along individual. Strong personalities triumphed; for, as Maxey so
+truly divined, the Indian nations were after all aristocracies. The
+minority really ruled. At Armstrong Academy, in spite of tendencies
+toward an isolation that, in effect, would have been neutrality and,
+on the part of a few, toward a definite retracing of steps, the
+southern Indians renewed their pledges of loyalty to the Confederacy.
+Phillips's olive branch was in their hands and they threw it aside.
+Months before they might have been secured for the North but not now.
+For them the hour of wavering was past. Maxey's vigor was stimulating.
+
+[Footnote 930: To Governor Colbert of the Chickasaw Nation
+[_Official Records_, vol. xxxiv, part i, 109-110], to the Council
+of the Choctaw Nation [Ibid., 110], to John Jumper of the
+Seminole Nation [Ibid., 111], to McIntosh, possibly D.N.
+[Ibid., part ii, 997]. For Maxey's comments upon Phillips and
+his letters, see Maxey to Smith, February 26, 1864, Ibid.,
+994-997.]
+
+[Footnote 931: Phillips to Curtis, February 24, 1864, Ibid.,
+part i, 108-109.]
+
+[Footnote 932: For the itinerary of the course, see Ibid.,
+111-112.]
+
+The explanation of Phillips's whole proceeding during the month of
+February is to be found in his genuine friendship for the Indian,
+which eventually profited him much, it is true, but, from this time
+henceforth, was lifelong. He stood in somewhat of a contrast to Blunt,
+whom General Steele thought unprincipled[933] and who in Southern
+parlance was "an old land speculator,"[934] and to Curtis, who was
+soon to show himself, as far as the Indians were concerned, in his
+true colors. While Phillips was absent from Fort Gibson, Curtis
+arrived there. He was making a reconnoissance of his command and, as
+he passed over one reservation after another, he doubtless coveted the
+Indian land for white settlement and justified to himself a scheme
+of forfeiture as a way of penalizing the red men for their
+defection.[935] Phillips was not encouraged to repeat his peace
+mission.
+
+Blunt's journey to Washington had results, complimentary and
+gratifying to his vanity because publicly vindicatory. On the
+twenty-seventh of February he was restored to his old command or, to
+be exact, ordered "to resume command of so much of the District of the
+Frontier as is included within the boundaries of the Department of
+Kansas."[936] His headquarters were at Fort Smith and immediately
+began the controversy between him and Thayer, although scornfully
+unacknowledged by Thayer, as to the status of Fort Smith. Thayer
+refused to admit that there could be any issue[937] between them for
+the law in the case was clear. What Blunt and Curtis really wanted was
+to get hold of the
+
+[Footnote 933: F. Steele to S. Breck, March 27, 1864, _Official
+Records_, vol. xxxiv, part ii, 751.]
+
+[Footnote 934: T.M. Scott to Maxey, April 12, 1864, Ibid., part
+iii, 762.]
+
+[Footnote 935: This matter is very much generalized here for the
+reason that it properly belongs in the volume on reconstruction that
+is yet to come.]
+
+[Footnote 936: February 23, 1864, _Official Records_, vol. xxxiv,
+part ii, 408.]
+
+[Footnote 937: John M. Thayer to Charles A. Dana, March 15, 1864,
+Ibid., 617.]
+
+western counties of Arkansas[938] so as to round out the Department of
+Kansas. To them it was absurd that Fort Smith should be within their
+jurisdiction and its environs within Steele and Thayer's. The upshot
+of the quarrel was, the reorganization of the frontier departments on
+the seventeenth of April which gave Fort Smith and Indian Territory to
+the Department of Arkansas[939] and sent Blunt back to Leavenworth.
+His removal from Fort Smith, especially as Curtis had intended, had
+no change in department limits been made, to transfer Blunt's
+headquarters to Fort Gibson,[940] was an immense relief to Phillips.
+Blunt and Phillips had long since ceased to have harmonious views with
+respect to Indian Territory. During his short term of power, Blunt had
+managed so to deplete Phillips's forces that two of the three Indian
+regiments were practically all that now remained to him since one, the
+Second Indian Home Guards, had been permanently stationed at Mackey's
+Salt Works on the plea that its colonel, John Ritchie, was Phillips's
+ranking officer and it was not expedient that he and Phillips "should
+operate together."[941] Blunt had detached also a part of the Third
+Indian and had placed it at Scullyville as an outpost to Fort Smith.
+There were to be no more advances southward for Phillips.[942] Instead
+of making them he was to occupy himself with the completion of the
+fortifications at Fort Gibson.[943]
+
+[Footnote 938: Thayer to Grant, March 11, 1864, _Official
+Records_, vol. xxxiv, part ii, 566.]
+
+[Footnote 939:--Ibid., part iii, 192, 196.]
+
+[Footnote 940:--Ibid., part ii, 651. Blunt would have preferred
+Scullyville [Ibid., part iii, 13].]
+
+[Footnote 941: Blunt to Curtis, March 30, 1864, Ibid., part ii,
+791.]
+
+[Footnote 942: Blunt to Phillips, April 3, 1864, Ibid., part
+iii, 32; Phillips to Curtis, April 5, 1864, Ibid., 52-53.]
+
+[Footnote 943: Curtis had ordered the completion of the fortifications
+which might be taken to imply that he too was not favoring a forward
+policy.]
+
+Among the southern Indians, Maxey's reconstruction policy was all this
+time having its effect. It was revitalizing the Indian alliance with
+the Confederacy, but army conditions were yet a long way from being
+satisfactory. In March Price relieved Holmes in command of the
+District of Arkansas.[944] A vigorous campaign was in prospect and
+Price asked for all the help the department commander could afford
+him. The District of Indian Territory had forces and of all the
+disposable Price asked the loan. Maxey, unlike his predecessors, was
+more than willing to coöperate but one difficulty, which he would fain
+have ignored himself--for he was not an Albert Pike--he was compelled
+to report. The Indians had to be free, absolutely free, to go or to
+stay.[945] The choice of coöperating was theirs but theirs also the
+power to refuse to coöperate, if they so desired, and no questions
+asked. The day had passed when Arkansans or Texans could decide the
+matter arbitrarily. Watie was expected to prefer to continue the
+irregular warfare that he and Adair, his colonel of scouts, had so
+successfully been waging for a goodly time now. Formerly, they
+had waged it to Steele's great annoyance;[946] but Maxey felt no
+repugnance to the services of Quantrill, so, of course, had nothing to
+say in disparagement of the work of Watie. It was the kind of work, he
+frankly admitted he thought the Indians best adapted to. The Choctaws
+under Tandy Walker were found quite willing to cross the line and
+they did excellent service in the Camden campaign, which, both in the
+cannonade near Prairie d'Ane on the thirteenth of April and in the
+Battle of Poison Spring on the
+
+[Footnote 944: _Official Records_, vol. xxxiv, part ii, 1034,
+1036.]
+
+[Footnote 945: Maxey to Smith, April 3, 1864, Ibid., part iii,
+728-729.]
+
+[Footnote 946: For Steele's opposition to Adair's predatory movements,
+see _Confederate Records_, chap. 2, nos. 267, 268.]
+
+eighteenth of April, offered a thorough test of what Indians could do
+when well disciplined, well officered, and well considered. The Indian
+reinforcement of Marmaduke was ungrudgingly given and ungrudgingly
+commended.[947] The Camden campaign was short and, when about over,
+Maxey was released from duty with Price's army. His own district
+demanded attention[948] and the Indians recrossed the line.
+
+Price's call for help had come before Maxey had taken more than the
+most preliminary of steps towards the reorganization of his forces and
+not much was he able to do until near the end of June. Two brigades
+had been formed without difficulty and Cooper had secured his
+division; but after that had come protracted delay. The nature of the
+delay made it a not altogether bad thing since the days that passed
+were days of stirring events. In the case of Stand Watie's First
+Brigade no less than of Tandy Walker's Second were the events
+distinguished by measurable success. The Indians were generally
+in high good humor; for even small successes, when coupled with
+appreciation of effort expended, will produce that. One adventure of
+Watie's, most timely and a little out of the ordinary, had been very
+exhilarating. It was the seizure of a supply boat on the Arkansas at
+Pheasant Bluff, not far from the mouth of the Canadian up which the
+boat was towed until its commissary stores had been extracted. The
+boat was the Williams, bound for Fort Gibson.[949]
+
+[Footnote 947: Williamson to Maxey, April 28, 1864, _Official
+Records_, vol. xxxiv, part i, 845.]
+
+[Footnote 948: It had not been Smith's intention that he should go
+out of his own district, where his services were indispensable, until
+Price's need should be found to be really urgent [Boggs to Maxey,
+April 12, 1864, Ibid., part iii, 760-761].]
+
+[Footnote 949: --Ibid., part i, 1011-1013; part iv, 686-687.]
+
+It was under the inspiration of such recent victories that the
+southern Indians took up for consideration the matter of reënlistment,
+the expiration "of the present term of service" being near at hand.
+Parts of the Second Brigade took action first and, on the twenty-third
+of June, the First Choctaw Regiment unanimously reenlisted for the
+war. Cooper was present at the meeting "by previous request."[950]
+Resolutions[951] were drawn up and adopted that reflected the new
+enthusiasm. Other Choctaw regiments were to be prevailed upon to
+follow suit and the leading men of the tribe, inclusive of Chief
+Garland who was not present, were to be informed that the First
+Choctaw demanded of them, in their legislative and administrative
+capacities "such co-operation as will force all able-bodied free
+citizens of the Choctaw Nation, between the ages of eighteen and
+forty-five years, and fitted for military service, to at once join the
+army and aid in the common defense of the Choctaw Nation, and give
+such other coöperation to the Confederate military authorities as will
+effectually relieve our country from Federal rule and ruin."
+
+The First Brigade was not behindhand except in point of time by a few
+days. All Cherokee military units were summoned to Watie's camp
+on Limestone Prairie.[952] The assemblage began its work on the
+twenty-seventh of June, made it short and decisive and indicated it in
+a single resolution:
+
+    Whereas, the final issue of the present struggle between the North
+    and South involves the destiny of the Indian Territory alike with
+    that of the Confederate States: Therefore,
+
+    _Resolved_, That we, the Cherokee Troops, C.S. Army, do
+
+[Footnote 950: _Official Records_, vol. xxxiv, part iv, 694.]
+
+[Footnote 951: --Ibid., 695.]
+
+[Footnote 952: Stand Watie to Cooper, June 27, 1864, Ibid.,
+part i, 1013.]
+
+    unanimously re-enlist as soldiers for the war, be it long or
+    short.[953]
+
+No action was taken on the policy of conscription; but, in July, the
+Cherokee National Council met and, to it, Chief Watie proposed the
+enactment of a conscription law.[954]
+
+As a corollary to reorganization, the three brigade plan was now put
+tentatively into operation. It was, in truth, "a fine recruiting
+order," and Commissioner Scott, when making his annual rounds in
+August, was able to report to Secretary Seddon,
+
+    It is proposed to organize them into three brigades, to be called
+    the Cherokee, Choctaw, and Creek Brigades; the Cherokee Brigade,
+    composed of Cherokees, Chickasaws, and Osages, has already been
+    organized; the Creek Brigade, composed of Creeks and Seminoles, is
+    about being so, and the Choctaws anticipate no difficulty in
+    being able to raise the number of men required to complete the
+    organization of the Choctaw Brigade.[955]
+
+Behind all this virility was General Maxey. Without him, it is safe to
+say, the war for the Indians would have ended in the preceding winter.
+In military achievements, others might equal or excel him but in
+rulings[956] that endeared him to the Indians and in
+
+[Footnote 953: _Official Records_, vol. xli, part ii, 1013.]
+
+[Footnote 954: --Ibid., 1046-1047. The general council of the
+confederated tribes had recommended an increase in the armed force of
+Indian Territory and that it was felt could best be obtained, in these
+days of wavering faith, only by conscription. The general council
+was expected to meet again, July 20, at Chouteau's Trading House
+[Ibid., 1047]. In October, the Chickasaws resorted to
+conscription. For the text of the conscription act, see Ibid.,
+vol. liii, supplement, 1024-1025.]
+
+[Footnote 955:--Ibid., vol. xli, part ii, 1078. For additional
+facts concerning the progress of reorganization, see Portlock to
+Marston, August 5, 1864, _Confederate Records_, chap. 2, no. 259,
+p. 37; Portlock to Captain E. Walworth, August 27, 1864, Ibid.,
+pp. 42-43.]
+
+[Footnote 956: The most significant of Maxey's rulings was that on
+official precedence. His position was that no race or color line
+should be drawn in determining (cont.)]
+
+propaganda work he had no peer. At Fort Towson, his headquarters,
+he had set up a printing press, from which issued many and many a
+document, the purpose of each and every one the same. The following
+quotation from one of Maxey's letters illustrates the purpose and, at
+the same time, exhibits the methods and the temper of the man behind
+it. The matter he was discussing when writing was the Camden campaign,
+in connection with which, he said,
+
+    ... In the address of General Smith the soldiers of Arkansas,
+    Missouri, Texas, and Louisiana are specially named. The soldiers
+    from this Territory bore an humbler part in the campaign, and
+    although they did not do a great deal, yet a fair share of the
+    killed, wounded, captured, and captured property and cannon can be
+    credited to them. I had a number of General Smith's address struck
+    off for circulation here, and knowing the omission would be
+    noticed and felt, I inserted after Louisiana, "and of the
+    Indian Territory," which I hope will not meet General Smith's
+    disapproval.
+
+    I would suggest that want of transportation in this Territory will
+    cripple movements very much....
+
+    During my absence General Cooper urged General McCulloch to help
+    him in this particular; General M. replies he can do "absolutely
+    nothing." I am not disposed to complain about anything, but I do
+    think this thing ought to be understood and regulated. Supplies
+    of breadstuffs and forage, as well as clothing, sugar, etc., all
+    having to be drawn from beyond the limits of this Territory, a
+    more than ordinary supply of transportation is necessary. To that
+    for the troops must be added that made necessary by the destitute
+    thrown on the hands of the Government and who must be taken care
+    of. I do not expect General Smith to investigate and study the
+    peculiar
+
+[Footnote 956: (cont.) the relative rank of officers [Maxey to Cooper,
+June 29, 1864, _Official Records_, vol. xxxiv, part iv, 698-699]
+and he held that Confederate law recognized no distinction between
+Indian and white officers of the same rank. Charles de Morse, a Texan,
+with whom General Steele had had several differences, took great
+exception to Maxey's decision. Race prejudice was strong in him. Had
+there been many like him, the Indians, with any sense of dignity,
+could never have continued long identified with the Confederate cause.
+For De Morse's letter of protest, see Ibid., 699-700.]
+
+    characteristics of command here so closely as I have. He hasn't
+    the time, nor is it necessary. In my opinion no effort should be
+    spared to hold this country. Its loss would work a more permanent
+    injury than the loss of any State in the Confederacy. States can
+    be recovered--the Indian Territory, once gone, never. Whites, when
+    exiled by a cruel foe, find friends amongst their race; Indians
+    have nowhere to go. Let the enemy once occupy the country to Red
+    River and the Indians give way to despair. I doubt whether many of
+    the highest officials in our Government have ever closely studied
+    this subject. It is the great barrier to the empire State of the
+    South from her foe now and in peace. Let Federalism reach the Red
+    River, the effects will not stop there. The doctrine of _uti
+    possidetis_ may yet play an important part.
+
+    I believe from what I have heard that Mr. Davis has a fair
+    knowledge of this subject, and I think from conversations with
+    General Smith he has, but his whole time being occupied with his
+    immense department--an empire--I trust he will pardon me when I
+    say that no effort of commissaries, quartermasters, or anybody
+    else should be spared to hold this country, and I only regret that
+    it has not fallen into abler hands than mine....[957]
+
+Military reorganization[958] for the Indian troops had, in reality,
+come too late. Confederate warfare all along the frontier, in the
+summer and autumn of 1864, was little more than a series of raids,
+of which Price's Missouri was the greatest. For raiding, the best of
+organization was never needed. Watie, Shelby, Price were all men of
+the same stamp. Watie was the greatest of Indian raiders and his mere
+name became almost as much of a terror as Quantrill's with which it
+was frequently found associated, rightly or wrongly. Around Fort Smith
+in July and farther north in August the Indian raided to good effect.
+Usually, when he raided in the upper part of his own country, Federal
+
+[Footnote 957: Maxey to Boggs, May 11, 1864, _Official Records_,
+vol. xxxiv, part iii, 820.]
+
+[Footnote 958: For progress reached in reorganization by October,
+see orders issued by direction of Maxey, Ibid., vol. liii,
+supplement, 1023.]
+
+supply trains were his objective, but not always. The refugees were
+coming back from Kansas and their new home beginnings were mercilessly
+preyed upon by their Confederate fellow tribesmen, who felt for the
+owners a vindictive hatred that knew no relenting.
+
+Watie's last great raid was another Cabin Creek affair that reversed
+the failure of two years before. It occurred in September and was
+undertaken by Watie and Gano together, the former waiving rank in
+favor of the latter for the time being.[959] A brilliant thing, it
+was, so Maxey, and Smith's adjutant after him, reported.[960] The
+booty taken was great in amount and as much as possible of it utilized
+on the spot. Maxey regretted that the Choctaws were not on hand
+also to be fitted out with much-needed clothing.[961] It was in
+contemplation that Watie should make a raid into Kansas to serve as
+a diversion, while Price was raiding Missouri.[962] The Kansans had
+probably much to be thankful for that circumstances hindered his
+penetrating far, since, at Cabin Creek, some of his men, becoming
+intoxicated, committed horrible excesses and "slaughtered
+indiscriminately."[963]
+
+Had the force at Fort Gibson been at all adequate to the needs of the
+country it was supposed to defend, such raids as Watie's would have
+been an utter impossibility. Thanks to Federal indifference and
+mismanagement, however, the safety of Indian Territory was
+
+[Footnote 959: Cooper to T.M. Scott, October 1, 1864, _Official
+Records_, vol. xli, part i, 783; Watie to T.B. Heiston, October 3,
+1864, Ibid., 785.]
+
+[Footnote 960:--Ibid., 793, 794. Cooper described it "as
+brilliant as any one of the war" [Ibid., 783] and Maxey
+confessed that he had long thought that movements of the raiding kind
+were the most valuable for his district [Ibid., 777].]
+
+[Footnote 961: Maxey to Boggs, October 9, 1864, Ibid., part
+iii, 990.]
+
+[Footnote 962: Cooper to Bell, October 6, 1864, Ibid.,
+982-984.]
+
+[Footnote 963: Curtis Johnson to W.H. Morris, September 20, 1864
+[Ibid., part i, 774].]
+
+of less consequence now than it had been before. The incorporation
+with the Department of Arkansas and the consequent separation from
+that of Kansas had been anything but a wise move. The relations of the
+Indian country with the state in which its exiles had found refuge
+were necessarily of the closest and particularly so at this time when
+their return from exile was under way and almost over. For reasons
+not exactly creditable to the government, when all was known, Colonel
+Phillips had been removed from command at Fort Gibson. At the time of
+Watie's raid, Colonel C.W. Adams was the incumbent of the post; but,
+following it, came Colonel S.H. Wattles[964] and things went rapidly
+from bad to worse. The grossest corruption prevailed and, in the
+midst of plenty, there was positive want. Throughout the winter,
+cattle-driving was indulged in, army men, government agents, and
+civilians all participating. It was only the ex-refugee that faced
+starvation. All other folk grew rich. Exploitation had succeeded
+neglect and Indian Territory presented the spectacle of one of the
+greatest scandals of the time; but its full story is not for recital
+here.
+
+Great as Maxey's services to Indian Territory had been and yet were,
+he was not without his traducers and Cooper was chief among them, his
+overweening
+
+[Footnote 964: _Official Records_, vol. xli, part iii, 301.
+Wattles was not at Fort Gibson a month before he was told to be
+prepared to move even his Indian Brigade to Fort Smith [Ibid.,
+part iv, 130]. The necessity for executing the order never arose,
+although all the winter there was talk off and on of abandoning Fort
+Gibson entirely, sometimes also there was talk of abandoning Fort
+Smith. So weak had the two places been for a long time that Cooper
+insisted there was no good reason why the Confederates should not
+attempt to seize them. It is interesting that Thayer notified Wattles
+to be prepared to move just when there was the greatest prospect of a
+Confederate Indian raid into Kansas.]
+
+ambition being still unsatisfied. In November, at a meeting of the
+general council for the confederated tribes, Maxey spoke[965] in his
+own defence and spoke eloquently; for his cause was righteous. General
+Smith was his friend[966] in the sense that he had been Steele's;
+but there soon came a time when even the department commander was
+powerless to defend him further. Early in 1865, Cooper journeyed to
+Richmond.[967] What he did there can be inferred from the fact that
+orders were soon issued for him to relieve Maxey.[968] He assumed
+command of the district he had so long coveted and had sacrificed
+honor to get, March first,[969] General Smith disapproving of the
+whole procedure. "The change," said he, "has not the concurrence of my
+judgment, and I believe will not result beneficially."[970]
+
+But Smith was mistaken in his prognostications. The change was not
+just but it did work beneficially. Cooper knew how to manage the
+Indians, none better, and the time was fast approaching when they
+would need managing, if ever. As the absolute certainty of Confederate
+defeat gradually dawned upon them, they became almost desperate.
+They had to be handled very carefully lest they break out beyond all
+restraint.[971]
+
+[Footnote 965: _Official Records_, vol. xli, part iv, 1035-1037;
+vol. liii, supplement, 1027.]
+
+[Footnote 966: In July, 1864, orders issued from Richmond for the
+retirement of Maxey and the elevation of Cooper [Ibid., part
+ii, 1019]; but Smith held them in abeyance [Ibid., part
+iii, 971]; for he believed that Maxey's "removal, besides being an
+injustice to him, would be a misfortune to the department." The
+suppression of the orders failed to meet the approval of the
+authorities at Richmond and some time subsequent to the first of
+October Smith was informed that the orders were "imperative and must
+be carried into effect" [Ibid.,].]
+
+[Footnote 967: _Official Records_, vol. xlviii, part i, 1382.]
+
+[Footnote 968:--Ibid., 1403.]
+
+[Footnote 969:--Ibid., 1408.]
+
+[Footnote 970:--Ibid.]
+
+[Footnote 971: The evidence for this is chiefly in Cooper's own letter
+book. One published letter is especially valuable in this connection.
+It is from Cooper (cont.)]
+
+Phillips was again in charge of their northern compatriots[972] and,
+at Fort Gibson, he, too, was handling Indians carefully. It was in a
+final desperate sort of a way that a league with the Indians of the
+Plains was again considered advisable and held for debate at the
+coming meeting of the general council. To effect it, when decided
+upon, the services of Albert Pike were solicited.[973] No other could
+be trusted as he. Apparently he never served or agreed to serve[974]
+and no alliance was needed; for the war was at an end. On the
+twenty-sixth of May, General E. Kirby Smith entered into a convention
+with Major-general E.R.S. Canby, commanding the Military Division
+of West Mississippi, by which he agreed to surrender the
+Trans-Mississippi Department and everything appertaining to it.[975]
+The Indians had made an alliance with the Southern Confederacy in
+vain. The promises of Pike, of Cooper, and of many another government
+agent had all come to naught.
+
+[Footnote 971: (cont.) confidentially to Anderson, May 15, 1865.
+_Official Records_, vol. xlviii, part ii, 1306.]
+
+[Footnote 972: For Phillips's own account of his reinstallment,
+see his letter to Herron, January 16, 1865, Ibid., part i,
+542-543.]
+
+[Footnote 973: Smith to Pike, April 8, 1864, Ibid., part ii,
+1266-1269. It was necessary to have someone else beside Throckmorton,
+who was a Texan, serve; because the Indians of the Plains had a deep
+distrust of Texas and of all Texans [Smith to Cooper, April 8, 1864,
+Ibid., 1270-1271; and Smith to Throckmorton, April 8, 1864,
+Ibid., 1271-1272].]
+
+[Footnote 974: Smith issued him a commission however. See
+Ibid., 1266.]
+
+[Footnote 975:--Ibid., 604-606.]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX
+
+
+  LITTLE ROCK,[976]
+  December 30, 1862.
+
+SIR: My letters, in respectful terms, addressed to your Adjutant
+General, when I re-assumed command of the Indian Country, late in
+October, have not been fortunate enough to be honored with a reply.
+This will reach you through another medium, and so that others besides
+yourself shall know its contents. I am no longer an officer under
+you, but a private citizen, and _free_, so far as any citizen of
+Arkansas can call himself free while he lives in this State; and
+I will see whether you are as impervious to _all_ other
+considerations, as you are to all sense of courtesy and justice.
+
+You were sent out to Arkansas with certain _positive_ orders,
+which you were _immediately_ to enforce. You _knew_
+that "Gen Hindman never was the commanding General of the Trans.
+Mississippi Department," and was not sent there by the War Department;
+and that, _therefore_ and _of course_, all his orders were
+illegal, for want of power. You _knew_ that he never had any
+right to interfere with my command in the Department of Indian
+Territory, to take away my troops and ordnance, or to send me
+_any_ orders whatever; and that _therefore_ I was
+_wholly_ in the right, in all my controversy with him. You
+_knew_, also, that in stripping the Indian Country of troops,
+artillery, arms and ammunition, he had been guilty of multiplied
+outrages, contrary to the will and policy of the President, forbidden
+by the Secretary of War for the future, and hostile to the interests
+of the Confederacy.
+
+I had been advised by the Secretary of War, on the 14th of July,
+before _you_ were unfortunately thought of [in] connection with
+the Trans. Mississippi Department, that Gen. Magruder was assigned to
+the command of it; and that although I would be under his command,
+it was not doubted that my relations with him would be pleasant and
+harmonious, and that I would have such latitude in command of the
+Indian country, as might be necessary for me to
+
+[Footnote 976: Scottish Rite Temple, Pike _Papers_.]
+
+act to the best advantage in its defence. And by the same letter I was
+advised, that it was regretted I had met with so many embarrassments
+in procuring supplies; and that an order had been issued from the
+Adjutant and Inspector General's Office, to prevent the pursuing of
+such courses as I had complained of, in the seizure of what I had
+procured; and the Secretary said it was to be hoped that neither I nor
+any other officer would hereafter have cause to complain of supplies
+being diverted from their legitimate destination. And that Gen.
+Magruder might fully understand my position, &c., a copy of my letter
+of 8th June, to General Hindman, stating in detail the plundering
+process to which the Indian Service had before then been subjected,
+was furnished to the former officer. Three several copies of this
+letter were sent me, that it might be certain to reach me.
+
+I do not repeat the substance of that letter, for _your_ benefit.
+You have known it, no doubt, ever since you left Richmond. You told me
+in August, that the War Department was fully informed in regard to the
+matters between myself and Generals Van Dorn and Hindman. You spoke
+it in the way of a taunt, and as if the Department justified them
+and condemned me. You _meant_ me so to understand it. You are a
+_very_ ingenious person; inasmuch as you _knew_ the exact
+contrary to be true. When I afterwards received the Secretary's
+letter, I remembered your remark, and did not doubt, and do not now
+doubt, that when you were substituted for Gen. Magruder, you received
+the same instructions that had been given _him_ and were yourself
+furnished with a copy of the same letter, for the same purpose.
+
+At all events, you were sent out to put an end to his outrages, and to
+avert, if you could, the mischiefs about to spring from them. But when
+you reached Little Rock, you found him there, and you found that the
+troops, artillery, ammunition and stores that had reached and were on
+their way there from the Indian Country, under his unrighteous orders,
+_and which it was your duty to restore to me_, were too valuable
+to be parted with, if that could be in any way avoided. Probably you
+foresaw that you might, by and by need to seize money and supplies
+procured by me. Twenty-six pieces of artillery, a supply of fixed
+ammunition and other trifles, on hand, with $1,350,000 in money, and
+over 6,000 suits of clothing in prospect, were the bait Hindman had to
+tempt you withal; and for it you
+
+sold your soul, as Faust sold his to Mephistopheles. Your Lieutenant
+became your master; you found it convenient to believe his version
+of every thing, and to justify him in every thing, and you ended in
+making all his devilments your own, and adopting the whole infernal
+spawn and brood, with additions of your own to the family.
+
+You told me in August, that you had been prepared to judge me
+favorably, until you read my address to the Indians on resigning my
+command, but after that, you could not judge me fairly. I did not in
+the least doubt the _fact_; but I did _not_ believe the
+_reason_. What, moreover, had _you_ to _judge_ in
+regard to _me_? You were not sent to _judge_ any body.
+Hindman was the criminal you _were_ to operate upon.
+
+And, if you were sent, or had otherwise any right, to judge _me_,
+you administered the sort of justice that is in vogue in hell. Before
+you _saw me, you heard him_. You adopted all his views, and never
+asked me a question in regard to our controversy, or as to my own
+action, or the condition of things in the Indian Country. I had been
+infamously and assiduously slandered, from the moment when I began to
+resist his illegal, impolitic and outrageous attempts to deprive the
+Indian Department of every thing, to make it a mere appanage of, and
+appendix to, North-Western Arkansas, to take the Indians again out
+of their own country, and to compel me to unite in that insane and
+miserable "expedition into Missouri," which was projected and planned
+by Folly, mis-managed and misconducted by Imbecility and ended, as I
+knew it would, in disaster and disgrace. Lies of all varieties were
+ingeniously and laboriously invented at and about Head Quarters, and
+despatches, by special and _fit_ agents, to be industriously
+circulated throughout the Indian Country and Texas, as well as
+Arkansas. The Indians were told that I had carried away into Texas the
+gold and silver belonging to _them_; while the Texans were made
+to believe that I was paying _their_ moneys to the Indians. It
+was reported, in Bonham, Texas, by officers sent from Hindman's Head
+Quarters, that I was defaulter to the amount of $125,000 and at last
+there crawled out from the sewer under the throne, and sneaked about
+the Indian Country and Texas, the damnable lie, that an Indian had
+been taken, bearing letters from me to the Northern Indians, or, to
+the enemy in Kansas; or, as another version had it, from Gen. James H.
+Lane to me; and
+
+three months ago it was whispered about that I was a member of the
+secret disloyal organization in Northern Texas. Such lies could have
+been counted by scores. Most of them are dead and rotten; but some
+still live, by means of assiduous nursing. And all these lies, and
+more either you or Hindman sent to the President at Richmond.
+
+I say, sir, you never _inquired_ into _any_ thing. You
+never wished to _hear_ any thing, whatever from _me_. You
+disobeyed the orders with which you were sent as a public curse and
+calamity into Arkansas, as if the State were not already sufficiently
+infested by Hindman. Is it true that he has lately, upon his single
+order, and without the ceremony of even a _mock_ trial, caused
+three men "suspected of disloyalty" to be shot; and that, two of them
+being proven to him to be true Southern men, he sent a reprieve,
+which, either setting out too late, or lagging on the way, reached the
+scene of murder after their blood had bathed the desecrated soil of
+Arkansas? It has come to me so, from officers direct from Fort Smith.
+At any rate, he has put to death nine or ten persons, without any
+legal trial. Who is _he_, that he should do these things in this
+nineteenth century? And who are _you_, sir, that you should
+suffer, and by suffering, _approve_ and adopt them? How many
+_more_ murders will suffice to awaken public vengeance?
+
+Was the Star Chamber any worse than Hindman's Military Commissions,
+that are ordered to preserve no records? Were the _Lettres de
+Cachet_ of Louis XV, any greater outrage on the personal liberty of
+_French subjects_, than Hindman's arrests and committal to the
+Penitentiary of _suspected_ persons? Was Tristan l'Hermite any
+more the minister of tyranny, than his Provost Marshals? or Caligula,
+Caesar Borgia or Colonel Kirke any more cruel and remorseless than he,
+that you have sustained all his acts, and made all his atrocities your
+own? Take care, sir! You are not so high, that you may not be reached
+by the arm of justice. The President is above you both, and God is
+above him, and _sometimes_ interferes in human affairs.
+
+Unless the late Secretary of War, through the President, sent an
+official falsehood to the Congress of the Confederate States, you
+were sent to Arkansas with _positive_ and _unconditional_
+instructions, that, if Gen. Hindman _had_ declared Martial Law in
+Arkansas, and adopted oppressive police regulations under it, _you
+should rescind the_
+
+_declarations of Martial Law, and the Regulations adopted to carry
+it into effect_. You have not done so. You have not only _not_
+rescinded _any_ thing; but you have, by a General Order, long
+ago, continued in force all orders of General Hindman, not specially
+revoked by you. That order could have no retroactive effect, to make
+_his_ orders _to have been valid_ in the _past_. It
+could only put them in force for the _future_; and you thereby
+made them _your_ orders, as fully as if you had re-issued them.
+In so doing, you became the enemy of your country, if not of the Human
+race, and outlawed yourself.
+
+You have _yourself_ established a tariff of prices exclusively on
+articles produced by the farmers, including the sweet potatoes raised
+by old women and superannuated negroes. You leave the Jews and
+extortioners, some of the former of whom go about in uniforms,
+claiming to be _officers_ and your agents to charge these same
+venders of produce, whatever infamous prices they please for wares
+they need to purchase with the pittances received according to your
+scale of prices, for the vegetables that supply your and other tables.
+
+You pretend, I learn, that the President gave you discretionary power,
+in regard to Martial Law, and the Regulations in question. I do not
+believe it; for, if he did, then he and the Secretary intentionally
+deceived Congress by the equivalent of a lie. Do you pretend that the
+President paltered with Congress in a double sense? I put you face
+to face. Is it _your_ act, in _defiance_ of orders, that
+continues Martial Law in force in Arkansas, stifles freedom of speech,
+muzzles the Press, tramples on all the rights at once of the People of
+that State, and makes the State itself only a congregation of Helots,
+incompetent to be represented in Congress? Is it merely a contest
+between you and Phelps, _which_ of the two shall be Military
+Governor? If it _is_ your act, then justice ought at once to be
+done upon you, lest the President, winking at the outrage, and not
+stripping from your back your uniform of Lieutenant General, should
+deserve to be impeached, as your accomplice.
+
+Or, do you dare assert that it is _his_ act, because he gave you
+discretionary power on the subject, after informing Congress that
+Hindman never was Commanding General of the Department, and that you
+had been ordered to rescind his declaration of Martial Law,--nay,
+after publicly proclaiming that _no_ General had any power to
+declare Martial Law? All the Confederacy thanked and applauded
+
+him for so striking at the root of an immense outrage and abuse and
+an unexpected public course; but if he has authorized or sanctions
+_your_ course, he is unworthy longer to be President. If he has
+not, you have defied his orders and justified men in judging yourself
+authorized and him guilty; and so you are unworthy longer to be
+General.
+
+When I saw you in August, you were greatly exercised on the subject of
+my printed address to the Indians, publication of which in Little Rock
+you had suppressed, _as if it could do any harm in Arkansas_. You
+suppressed it, because it exposed those whose acts were losing the
+Indian Country. You wanted to keep what had been taken from _me_,
+and to escape damnation for the probable _consequences_ of the
+acts, the _profit_ of which you were reluctant to part with. I do
+not wonder the letter troubled you; for it told _the truth_, and
+condemned and denounced in advance _more_ unjustifiable courses
+of conduct that you were about to pursue.
+
+You pretended that it had produced a great "ferment" among the
+Indians; and that even many of the Chickasaws had in consequence
+of it, left the service. It had produced _no_ ferment, and
+_none_ of the Chickasaws had left us. On the contrary, the
+Indians were quieted by it, the Creeks re-organized, in numbers, two
+regiments, and the Chickasaws five companies. That was its purpose,
+and such was its effect.
+
+But to _you_, its enormity consisted in its exposure of the
+conduct of two Major Generals. I told the Indians _plainly_, that
+it was not _my_ fault or the fault of the Government, but of
+these two Generals, that moneys, clothing, arms and ammunition,
+procured for them, had not reached them; that troops raised for
+service among them had never entered their country; and that, finally,
+troops, artillery and ammunition were carried out of it. This
+censure of my _superiors_, in vindication of the President and
+Government, shocked your tender sensibilities. You were ready to
+follow in their footsteps, and already _had_ the plunder; and you
+told me that "the act of the officer was the act of the Government."
+Did you really _mean_, that the Indians should have been led or
+left to suppose that these acts were the acts of the Government?
+That would have been _almost_ as great an infamy, as it was to
+_take_ the supplies, and so give them cause and reason to believe
+the robbery the act of the Government, _and thus excite them to
+revolt_. Moreover, when I told you that the act of
+
+the officer was _not_, in the case in question, the act of the
+Government; that, if I had permitted the Indians to suppose so,
+they would long have left us; and that, to quiet them, I had been
+compelled, for three months and more than a hundred times, to explain
+to them what had become of their supplies, and how and by whom
+they have been seized, you admitted that "that was right for local
+explanation." As there could be no objection to telling all, what I
+had often told part, that _they_ might tell the rest; and as it
+was no more a crime to _print_ than to _say_ it; I have
+the right to believe and I _do_ believe that your _real_
+objection to its publication was that it exposed _to our own people
+the actual_ conduct of other Generals, and the _intended_
+conduct of yourself. Have _you_ left the Indians to believe that
+the late seizure and appropriation, by _yourself_, of their
+clothing and moneys, is the act of the Government? If you have, you
+ought to be shot as a Traitor, for provoking them to revolt, and
+giving aid and comfort to the enemy.
+
+But you told me, that when you first read my letter, you held up your
+hands, and exclaimed, "What! is the man a Traitor?" And you said that
+not one of my friends in Little Rock, and I had, you said, a great
+many, pretended to justify the letter. You have never found a friend
+of mine, or an indifferent person, silly enough to think, like you,
+that it savored of treason. It is only rarely one meets a man so
+scantily furnished with sense as to misunderstand and pervert what is
+written in plain English. I was vindicating myself, and still more
+the Government, and persuading the Indians to remain loyal,
+notwithstanding the wrongs they had endured. I, too, was an officer;
+and _my_ acts _had_ been the acts of the Government.
+_My_ promises to them were _its_ promises. The procuring of
+supplies by _me_, was _its_ act; and when, reaching or not
+reaching the frontier, the supplies were like the unlucky traveler,
+who journeyed from Jerusalem to Jericho, _then_ the Government
+_ceased_ to act, and unlicensed outrage took its place. And,
+further, _my_ act was the act of the Government, when I told the
+Indians _why_ they had not received their supplies and money, and
+vindicated that Government at the expense of those who were guilty of
+the act; and who having done it and reaped the profit, should not be
+heard to object that all the world should know what they did, nor be
+allowed to escape the responsibility of _all_ the consequences.
+
+If to tell the Indians that other Generals had wrongfully stopped
+
+their supplies, in any degree _resembled_ Treason, that could
+only be so, because it _was_ treason to _do_ the act. It
+cannot be wrong to make known what it was right and proper to do. The
+truth is, that the acts done were outrages, which it was desirable for
+the doers to conceal from the Indians. I refused to become a party to
+those outrages, by concealing them. I would not agree in advance to
+be _silent_, when _you_ should repeat and improve on those
+outrages, and consummate what had been so felicitously begun.
+
+I do not doubt that there are assassins wearing uniforms, who are
+knaves enough to _pretend_ to read my letter as you do, and to
+see in it the desire of a disappointed man to be revenged, even by the
+ruin of his country. Power always has its pimps and catamites. These
+would no doubt gladly have made my letter the means of murdering me
+by that devilish engine of Military despotism, a Military commission,
+that is _ordered_ to preserve no records. You, I think really
+look upon it with alarm. It is, no doubt, _very_ desirable to
+_you_, that the blame of losing the Indian Country, which, if not
+already a fact accomplished, is a fact inevitable, should be made to
+fall upon me. You, as the pliant and useful implement of Gen. Hindman,
+are the cause of this loss; and you know I can prove it. You and he
+have left nothing _undone_, that _could_ be done, to lose
+it. And you may rest assured, that whether I live or die, you shall
+not escape one jot or tittle of the deep damnation to which you are
+richly entitled for causing a loss so irretrievable, so astounding, so
+unnecessary and so _fatal_, and one which it will be impossible
+to excuse as owing to ignorance and stupidity. No degree of
+_these_ misfortunes, can be pleaded in bar of judgment.
+_You_ will have _forced_ the Indians to go to the North for
+protection. _You_ will have _given away_ their country to
+the enemy. _You_ will have turned their arms against us. You will
+have done this by disobeying the orders of your Government, continuing
+the courses it condemned, and to put an end to which it sent you out
+here; by falsifying its pledges and promises, taking for others' uses
+the moneys which it sent out to pay the Indians, robbing them of the
+clothing sent by it to cover their nakedness, and thus thrusting aside
+all the considerations of common honesty, of justice, of humanity, and
+even of policy, expediency and common sense.
+
+When Mr. C.B. Johnson agreed, in September to loan your Quartermaster
+at Little Rock, $350,000 of the money he was
+
+conveying to Major Quesenbury, the Quartermaster of the Department of
+Indian Territory, _you promised_ him that it should be repaid to
+Major Quesenbury as soon as you should receive funds, and before he
+would have disposed of the remaining million. _You got the money by
+means of that promise; and you did not keep the promise_. On the
+contrary, by an order that reached Fort Smith three hours before Mr.
+Johnson did, you compelled Major Quesenbury, the moment he received
+the money, to turn every dollar of it, over to a _Commissary_ at
+Fort Smith; _and it was used to supply the needs of Gen. Hindman's
+troops_; when the Seminoles, fourteen months in the service have
+never been paid a dollar; and the Chickasaw and Choctaw Battalion, and
+Chilly McIntosh's Creeks, each corps a year and more in the service,
+have received only $45,000 each, and no clothing. Was this violation
+of your promise, the act of the Government?
+
+To replace the clothing I had procured for the Indians in December,
+1861, and which, with near 1,000 tents, fell into the hands of the
+troops of Generals Price and Van Dorn, I sent an agent, in June, to
+Richmond, who went to Georgia, and there procured some 6,500 suits,
+with about 3,000 shirts and 3,000 pairs of drawers, and some two or
+three hundred tents. These supplies were at Monroe early in September;
+and the Indians were informed that they and the moneys had been
+procured and were on the way. The good news went all over their
+country, as if on the wings of the wind; and universal content and
+rejoicing were the consequences.
+
+The clothing reached Fort Smith; and its issue to Gen. Hindman's
+people commenced immediately. I sent a Quartermaster for it and he was
+retained there. If _any_ of it has ever reached the Indians, it
+has been only recently, and but a small portion of it.
+
+You pretend to believe that the Indians were in a "ferment" and
+discontented; and you took this very opportune occasion to stop all
+the moneys due their troops and for debts in their country and take
+and appropriate to the use of other troops the clothing promised
+to and procured for _them_. The clothing and the money were
+_theirs_; and you were in possession of an order from the
+War Department, forbidding you to divert any supplies from their
+legitimate destination; an order which was issued, _as you knew_,
+in consequence of _my_ complaints, and to prevent moneys and
+supplies for the _Indians_ being stopped: _and yet you stopped
+all_.
+
+You borrow part of the money, and then seize the rest, like a
+_genteel_ highwayman, who first borrows all he can of a traveler,
+on promise of punctual re-payment; and then claps a pistol to his
+head, and orders him to "stand and deliver" the rest. And you did even
+more than this.
+
+For you promised the Acting Commissioner of Indian Affairs, when he
+was at Little Rock, about the 1st of October, on his way to the Indian
+Country, to give the Indians assurances of the good faith of the
+Government--_you promised him_, I say, _that the clothing in
+question should go to the Indians_. He told the Chickasaws and
+Seminoles, at least, of this promise. You broke it. You did _not_
+send them the clothing. You placed the Commissioner and the Government
+in an admirable attitude before the Indians; and the consequence has
+been, I understand, the disbanding of the Chickasaws, and the failure
+of the Seminole troops to re-organize. The consequence will be far
+more serious yet. Indians cannot be deceived, and promises made them
+shamelessly broken, with impunity.
+
+While _you_ were thus stopping their clothing, and robbing the
+half-naked Indians to clothe other troops, the Federals were sending
+home the Choctaws whom they had taken prisoners, after clothing
+them comfortably and putting money in their pockets. No one need be
+astonished, when _all_ the Indians shall have turned their arms
+against us.
+
+Why did you and Gen. Hindman not procure by your own exertions what
+you need for your troops? He reached Little Rock on the 31st of May.
+You came here in August. I sent my agents to Richmond, for money and
+clothing, in June and July. I never asked either of _you_ for
+_any_ thing. I could procure for _my_ command all I wanted.
+You and he were Major Generals; I, only a Brigadier; and Brigadiers
+are plenty as blackberries in season. It is to be supposed that if I
+could procure money, clothing and supplies for _Indians_, you and
+he could do so for white troops. Both of you come blundering out
+to Arkansas with nothing, and supply yourselves with what _I_
+procure. Some officers would be ashamed _so_ to supply
+deficiencies caused by their own want of foresight, energy or sense.
+
+_You_ do not even know you need an Engineer, until one of mine
+comes by, with $20,000 in his hands for Engineer Service in the
+
+Indian Territory, some of which belongs to _me_ for advances
+made, and with stationery and instruments procured by _me_, for
+_my_ Department, in Richmond, a year ago; and _then_ you
+find out that there are such things as Engineers, and that you need
+one; and you seize on Engineer, money, and stationery. You even take,
+notwithstanding Paragraph VI, of General Orders No. 50, the stationery
+procured by me for the Adjutant General's Office of my Department, by
+purchase in Richmond in December, 1861; for the want of which I had
+been compelled to permit my own private stock to be used for months.
+
+I no longer wonder that you do these things. When you told me that you
+could not judge me fairly, because I told the Indians that others had
+done them injustice, you confessed much more than you intended. It
+was a pregnant sentence you uttered. By it you judged and convicted
+yourself, and pronounced _your own sentence_, when you uttered
+_it_.
+
+The Federal authorities were proposing to the Indians _at the very
+time when you stopped their clothing and money_, that, if they
+would return to the old Union, they should not be asked to take up
+arms, their annuities should be paid them in money, the negroes taken
+from them be restored, all losses and damage sustained by them be paid
+for, and they be allowed to retain, as so much clear profit, what had
+been paid them by the Confederate States. It was a liberal offer and
+a great temptation, to come at the moment when you and Hindman were
+felicitously completing your operations, and when there were no
+breadstuffs in their country, and they and their women and children
+were starving and half-naked. You chose an admirable opportunity to
+rob, to disappoint, to outrage and exasperate them, and make your own
+Government fraudulent and contemptible in their eyes. If any human
+action _can_ deserve it, the hounds of hell ought to hunt your
+soul and Hindman's for it through all eternity.
+
+Instead of co-operating with the Federal authorities, and doing all
+that he and you _could_ do to induce the Indians to listen to
+and accept their propositions, _he_ had better have expelled the
+enemy from Arkansas or "have perished in the attempt;" and you
+had better have marched on Helena, before its fortifications were
+finished, and purged the eastern part of the State of the enemy's
+presence. If you had succeeded as admirably in that, as you have in
+losing
+
+the Indian Country, you would have merited the eternal gratitude of
+Arkansas, instead of its execrations; and the laurel, instead of a
+halter. I said that you and your Lieutenant had left _nothing_
+undone. I repeat it. Take another _small_ example. Until I left
+the command, at the end of July, the Indian troops had regularly had
+their half rations of coffee. As soon as I was got rid of, an order
+from Gen. Hindman took all the remaining coffee, some 3,000 lbs.,
+to Fort Smith. Even in this small matter, he could not forego an
+opportunity of injuring and disappointing them.
+
+You asked me, in August, what was the need of any white troops at all,
+in the Indian Country; and you said that the few mounted troops, I
+had, if kept in the Northern part of the Cherokee Country, would have
+been enough to repel any Federal force that ever would have entered
+it. As you and Hindman never allowed any ammunition procured by me, to
+reach the Indian Country, if you could prevent it, whether I obtained
+it at Richmond or Corinth, or in Texas, and as you approve of his
+course in taking out of that country all that was to be found in it, I
+am entitled to suppose that you regarded ammunition for the Indians
+as little necessary, as troops to protect them in conformity to the
+pledge of honor of the Government. One thing, however, is to be said
+to the credit of your next in command. When he has ordered anything
+to be seized, he has never denied having done so, or tried to cast
+responsibility on an inferior. After you had written to me that you
+had ordered Col. Darnell to seize, at Dallas, Texas, ammunition
+furnished by me, you denied to him, I understand, that you had given
+the order. Is it so? and _did_ he refuse to trust the order in
+your hands, or even to let you see it, but would show it to Gen.
+McCulloch?
+
+Probably you know by this time, if you are capable of learning
+_any_ thing, whether any white troops are needed in the Indian
+Country. The brilliant result of Gen. Hindman's profound calculations
+and masterly strategy, and of his long-contemplated invasion of
+Missouri, is before the country; and the disgraceful rout at Fort
+Wayne, with the manoeuvres and results on the Arkansas, are pregnant
+commentaries on the abuse lavished on me, for not taking "the line of
+the Arkansas," or making Head Quarters on Spring River, with a force
+too small to effect any thing any where.
+
+I have not spoken of your Martial Law and Provost Marshals
+
+in the Indian Country, and your seizure of salt-works there, or, in
+detail, of your seizure of ammunition procured by me in Texas, and on
+its way to the Indian troops, of the withdrawal of all white troops
+and artillery from their country, of the retention for other troops
+of the mountain howitzers procured by me for Col. Waitie, and the
+ammunition sent me, for them and for small arms, from Richmond. This
+letter is but a part of the indictment I will prefer bye and bye, when
+the laws are no longer silent, and the constitution and even public
+opinion no longer lie paralyzed under the brutal heel of
+Military Power; and when the results of your _im_policy and
+_mis_management shall have been fully developed.
+
+But I have a word or two to say as to myself. From the time when I
+entered the Indian Country, in May, 1861, to make Treaties, until the
+beginning of June, 1862, when Gen. Hindman, in the plentitude of his
+self-conceit and folly, assumed absolute control of the Military and
+other affairs of the Department of Indian Territory, and commenced
+plundering it of troops, artillery and ammunition, dictating Military
+operations, and making the Indian country an appanage of Northwestern
+Arkansas, there was profound peace throughout its whole extent. Even
+with the wild Camanches and Kiowas, I had secured friendly relations.
+An unarmed man could travel in safety and alone, from Kansas to Red
+River, and from the Arkansas line to the Wichita Mountains. The Texan
+frontier had not been as perfectly undisturbed for years. We had
+fifty-five hundred Indians in service, under arms, and they were as
+loyal as our own people, little as had been done by any one save
+myself to keep them so, and much as had been done by others to
+alienate them. They referred all their difficulties to me for
+decision, and looked to me alone to see justice done them and the
+faith of Treaties preserved.
+
+Most of the time without moneys (those sent out to that Department
+generally failing to reach it) I had managed to keep the white and
+Indian troops better fed than any other portion of the troops of
+the Confederacy any where. I had 26 pieces of artillery, two of the
+batteries as perfectly equipped and well manned as any, any where. I
+had on hand and on the way, an ample supply of ammunition, after
+being once plundered. While in command, _I had procured, first and
+last_, 36,000 pounds of rifle and cannon powder. If you would like
+to know, sir, how I effected this, in the face
+
+of all manner of discouragements and difficulties, it is no secret. My
+disbursing officers can tell you who supplied them with funds for many
+weeks, and whose means purchased horses for the artillery. Ask the
+Chickasaws and Seminoles who purchased the only shoes they had
+received--four hundred pairs, at five dollars each, procured and paid
+for by _me_, in Bonham, and which I sent up to them after I was
+taken "in personal custody" in November.
+
+_You_ dare pretend, sir, that _I_ might be disloyal, or
+even in thought couple the word Treason with _my_ name. What
+_peculiar_ merit is it in _you_ to serve on our side in this
+war? You were bred a soldier, and your only chance for distinction
+lay in obtaining promotion in the army, and in the army of the
+Confederacy. You _were_ Major, or something of the sort, in the
+old army, and you _are_ a Lieutenant General. Your reward I
+think, for what you have done or not done, is sufficient.
+
+I was a private citizen, over fifty years of age, and neither needing
+nor desiring military rank or civil honors. I accepted the office of
+Commissioner, at the President's _solicitation_. I took that of
+Brigadier General, with all the odium that I knew would follow it, and
+fall on me as the Leader of a force of Indians, knowing there would be
+little glory to be reaped, and wanting no promotion, simply and solely
+to see _my_ pledges to the Indians carried out, to keep them
+loyal to us, to save their country to the Confederacy, and to preserve
+the Western frontier of Arkansas and the Northern frontier of Texas
+from devastation and desolation.
+
+What has been my _reward_? All my efforts have been rendered
+nugatory, and my attempts even to _collect_ and _form_ an
+army frustrated, by the continual plundering of my supplies and means
+by other Generals, and your and their deliberate efforts to disgust
+and alienate the Indians. Once before this, an armed force was sent to
+arrest me. You all disobeyed the President's orders, and treated me as
+a criminal for endeavoring to have them carried out. The whole
+country swarms with slanders against me; and at last, because I felt
+constrained reluctantly to re-assume command, after learning that the
+President would not accept my resignation, I am taken from Tishomingo
+to Washington, a prisoner, under an armed guard, it having been deemed
+necessary, for the sake of effect, to send two hundred and fifty men
+into the Indian Country to arrest me. _The Senatorial election was
+at hand_.
+
+I had, unaided and alone, _secured_ to the Confederacy a
+magnificent country, equal in extent, fertility, beauty and resources
+to any of our States--nay, superior to any. I had secured the means,
+in men and arms, of keeping it. I knew how only it could be defended.
+I asked no aid of any of you. I only asked to be let alone. Verily, I
+have my reward also, as Hastings had his, for winning India for the
+British Empire.
+
+It is _your_ day _now_. You sit above the laws and domineer
+over the constitution. "Order reigns in Warsaw." But bye and bye,
+there will be a _just_ jury empannelled, who will hear _all_
+the testimony and decide impartially--no less a jury than the People
+of the Confederate States; and for their verdict as to myself, I and
+my children will be content to wait; as also for the sure and stern
+sentence and universal malediction, that will fall like a great wave
+of God's just anger on you and the murderous miscreant by whose malign
+promptings you are making yourself accursed.
+
+Whether I am respectfully yours, you will be able to determine from
+the contents of this letter.
+
+ALBERT PIKE, _Citizen of Arkansas_.
+THEOPHILUS H. HOLMES, Major General &c.
+
+
+
+
+SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+I. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF SOURCES.
+
+ABEL, ANNIE HELOISE, editor. The official correspondence of James S.
+Calhoun (Washington, D.C., 1915).
+
+AMERICAN ANNUAL CYCLOPEDIA, 1861-1865 (New York).
+
+BISHOP, ALBERT WEBB. Loyalty on the frontier, or sketches of union men
+of the southwest (St. Louis, 1863).
+
+CENTRAL SUPERINTENDENCY RECORDS. The Central Superintendency,
+embracing much of the territory included in the old St. Louis
+Superintendency, was established in 1851 under an act of congress,
+approved February 27 of that year.[977] Its headquarters were at St.
+Louis from the date of its founding to 1859,[978] at St. Joseph
+from that time to July, 1865,[979] at Atchison, from July, 1865 to
+1869,[980] and at Lawrence, from 1869 to 1878.
+
+In February of 1878, J.H. Hammond, who was then in charge of the
+superintendency, reported upon its records to the Commissioner of
+Indian Affairs.[981] He spoke of the existence of "eight cases
+containing _Books, Records, Papers_," and he enclosed with
+his report schedules of the contents of certain boxes labelled
+A,B,C,D,E,F,H,L. Of Box A, the schedule appertaining gave this
+information: "Old Records, Files, Memoranda, etc., Miscellaneous
+Papers accumulated prior to 1869, when Enoch Hoag became
+Sup'tCent.Sup'tcy." More particularly, Box A contained "One Bundle Old
+Treaties of various years, three (bundles) of Agency Accounts," and,
+for the period of 1830-1833, it contained "One Bundle Ancient Maps,"
+and one of "Old Bills and Papers."
+
+The collection as a whole, undoubtedly sent into the United States
+Indian Office as Hammond reported upon it, has long since been
+irretrievably broken up and its parts distributed. Knowing this the
+
+[Footnote 977: 9 _United States Statutes at Large_, p. 586, sec.
+2; Indian Office _Letter Book_, no. 44, p. 259.]
+
+[Footnote 978: Greenwood to Robinson, November 21, 1859, Ibid.,
+no. 62, p. 272.]
+
+[Footnote 979: Dole to Murphy, June 23, 1865, Ibid., no. 77, p.
+341.]
+
+[Footnote 980: Parker to Hoag, May 26, 1869, Ibid., no. 90, p.
+202.]
+
+[Footnote 981: Dr. William Nicholson, who succeeded Enoch Hoag as
+superintendent, was ordered to deliver the records to Hammond [Hoyt
+to Nicholson, telegram, January 15, 1878, Office of Indian Affairs,
+_Correspondence of the Civilization Division_]. Hammond forwarded
+the records to Washington, D.C., February 11, 1878.]
+
+investigator is fain to deplore the advent of "efficiency" methods
+into the government service. Such efficiency, when interpreted by the
+ordinary clerk, has ever meant confusion where once was order and a
+dislocation that can never be made good. From the break-up, in the
+instance under consideration, the following books have been recovered:
+
+  Letter Book, July 25, 1853 to May 10, 1861.
+        "      November 1, 1859 to February 5, 1863.
+        "      February, 1863.
+        "      "Letters to Commissioner of Indian Affairs," May 23, 1855
+               to October 31, 1859.
+        "      "Letters to Commissioner," "Records," February 14, 1863
+               to June 6, 1868.
+        "      "District of Nebraska, Letters to Commissioner," June 6,
+               1868 to April 10, 1871.
+        "      April 12, 1871 to February 21, 1874.
+        "      "Letters to Commissioner," February 21, 1874 to October
+               22, 1875.
+        "      "Letters to Commissioner," October 25, 1875 to January
+               31, 1876.
+        "      "Letters to Agents," October 4, 1858 to December 12, 1867.
+        "      "Letters Sent to Agents, District of Nebraska," December
+               12, 1867 to August 22, 1871.
+
+Account Book of Central Superintendency, being Abstract of
+Disbursements, 1853 to 1865.
+
+CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA. "Jefferson Davis Papers."
+
+These papers, miscellaneous in character and now located in the
+Archives Division of the Adjutant General's Office of the United
+States War Department, seem to have belonged personally to President
+Davis or to have been retained by him. Among them is Albert Pike's
+Report of the Indian negotiations conducted by him in 1861.
+
+---- Journal of the Congress, 1861-1865.
+
+United States Senate _Executive Documents_, 58th congress, second
+session, no. 234.
+
+Private Laws of the Confederate States of America, First Congress
+(Richmond, 1862).
+
+Private Laws of the Confederate States of America, Second Congress
+(Richmond, 1864).
+
+Provisional and Permanent Constitutions of the Confederate States and
+Acts and Resolutions of the First Session of the Provisional Congress
+(Richmond, 1861).
+
+Public Laws of the Confederate States of America, 1863-1864 (Richmond,
+1864).
+
+Statutes at Large of the Confederate States of America, First
+Congress, edited by J.M. Matthews (Richmond, 1862).
+
+Statutes at Large of the Provisional Government of the Confederate
+States of America from February 8, 1861 to February 18, 1862, together
+with the Constitution for the Provisional Government and the Permanent
+Constitution of the Confederate States, and the
+
+Treaties Concluded by the Confederate States with the Indian Tribes,
+edited by J.M. Matthews (Richmond, 1864).
+
+Statutes at Large of the Confederate States, commencing First Session
+of the First Congress and including First Session of the Second
+Congress, edited by J.M. Matthews (Richmond, 1864).
+
+Statutes at Large of the Confederate States of America, Second
+Congress (Richmond, 1864).
+
+CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA. Papers of the Adjutant and Inspector
+General's Office.
+
+Special Orders (Richmond, 1862).
+
+General Orders, January, 1862 to December, 1863 (Columbia, 1863).
+
+General Orders for 1863 (Richmond, 1864).
+
+Special Orders (Richmond, 1864).
+
+General Orders, January 1, to June 30, 1864, compiled by R.C.
+Gilchrist (Columbia, 1864).
+
+---- "Pickett Papers."
+
+State papers of the Southern Confederacy now lodged in the Library
+of Congress. Had Pike continued to prosecute his mission under the
+auspices of the State Department, these papers would undoubtedly have
+contained much of value for the present work, but as it is they yield
+only an occasional document and that of very incidental importance.
+The papers used were found in packages 81, 86, 88, 93, 95, 106, 107,
+109, 113, 118. The "Pickett Papers" were originally in the hands of
+Secretary Benjamin. After coming into the possession of the United
+States government, they were at first confided to the care of the
+Treasury Department and were handed over later, by direction of the
+president, to the Library of Congress. The fact of their being in the
+charge of the Treasury Department explains the circumstance of its
+possession of the original treaty made by Pike with the Comanches, and
+the fact that that manuscript turned up long after the main body of
+"Pickett Papers" had been transferred to the Congressional Library
+suggests the possibility that detached Confederate records may yet
+repose in the recesses of the Treasury archives. Between the dates of
+their consignment and their transfer, they must have become to some
+degree disintegrated. The War Department borrowed some of the Pickett
+Papers for inclusion in the _Official Records of the War of the
+Rebellion_.
+
+---- Records, or Archives.
+
+Among these, which are to-day in the War Department in charge of the
+Chief Clerk of the Adjutant-general's Office, are the following:
+
+Chap. 2, no. 258, Letter Book, Brig. Gen. D.H. Cooper, C.S.A., Ex
+officio Indian Agent, etc., May 10-27, 1865 (File Mark, W. 236).
+
+It is a mere fragment. Its wrapper bears the following endorsement:
+War Department, Archive Office, Chap. 2, No. 258.
+
+Chap. 2, no. 270, Letter Book, Col. and Brig. Gen. Win. Steele's
+command.
+
+The contents are,
+
+a. A few letters dealing with Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico, March to
+July, 1862, pp. 7-22. These letters emanated from the
+
+authority of William Steele, Colonel of the Seventh Regiment of Texas
+Mounted Volunteers.
+
+b. Letters dealing with matters in the Department of Indian Territory,
+January 8, 1863 to May 18, 1863, pp. 27-254. Pages 1-6, 23-26, and 47
+and 48 are missing.
+
+The list of the whole, as given, is,
+
+Letters Sent--Col. and Brig. Gen. Wm. Steele's command--Mch. 7, 1862
+to May 18, 1863, viz.,
+
+1. 7th Regt Texas M. Vols. Mch. 7 to June 20/62
+
+2. Dept. New Mexico, June 24/62
+
+3. Forces of Arizona, July 12, 1862.
+
+4. Dept of Indian Territory, Jan. 8-12, 1863
+
+5. 1st Div. 1st. Corps Trans-Miss. Dept., Jan. 13-20, 1863.
+
+6. Dept. of Indian Territory, Jan. 21 to May 18, 1863.
+
+Chap. 2, no. 268, Letters Sent, Department of Indian Territory, from
+May 19, 1863 to September 27, 1863.
+
+This is another William Steele letter book, but is not quite complete.
+In point of time covered, it succeeds no. 270 and is itself succeeded
+by no. 267.
+
+Chap. 2, no. 267, Letters Sent, September 28, 1863 to June 17, 1864.
+
+Pages 3 to 6, inclusive, are missing and there are no letters after
+page 119.
+
+Chap. 2, no. 259, Inspector General's Letters and Reports, from April
+23, 1864, to May 15, 1865.
+
+The cover has this as title: Letter Book A: Insp't Gen'l's
+Office--Dis't of Indian Ter'y From April 23rd, 1864 to May 15, 1865.
+On the inside of the front cover, appears this in pencil: "Received
+from Gen'l M.J. Wright, Oct. 16/79." Some pages at the beginning of
+the book have been cut out. Between pages 145 and 196, are reports,
+variously signed, some by E.E. Portlock, some by N.W. Battle, and some
+by James Patteson.
+
+Chap. 2, no. 260, District of the Indian Territory, Inspector
+General's Letter Book, April 23, 1864 to January 7, 1865.
+
+"Received from Gen'l M.J. Wright, Oct. 16/79." From a comparison of
+nos. 259 and 260, it is seen that no. 259 is a rough letter and report
+book and that no. 260 is a finished product. The 1864 material in no.
+259 is duplicated by that in no. 260.
+
+Chap. 7, no. 36. Indian Treaties.
+
+Chap. 7, no. 48. Regulations adopted by the War Department, on the
+15th of April 1862, for carrying into effect the Acts of Congress of
+the Confederate States, Relating to Indian Affairs, etc. (Richmond,
+1862).
+
+On page 1, is to be found, "Regulations for Carrying into effect, the
+Act of Congress of the Confederate States, approved May 21, 1861,
+entitled An Act for the protection of certain Indian Tribes, and of
+other Acts relating to Indian Affairs."
+
+FORT SMITH PAPERS. See Abel, _The American Indian as Slaveholder and
+Secessionist_, p. 361.
+
+GREELEY, HORACE. The American conflict (Hartford, 1864-1867), 2 vols.
+
+INDIAN BRIGADE, Inspection Reports of, for 1864 and 1865. These were
+loaned for perusal by Luke F. Parsons, who was brigade inspector under
+Colonel William A. Phillips.
+
+KAPPLER, CHARLES J., compiler and editor. Indian Affairs: Laws and
+Treaties. United States Senate Documents, 58th congress, second
+session, no. 319, 2 vols. Supplementary volume, United States Senate
+Documents, 62nd congress, second session, no. 719.
+
+LEEPER PAPERS. See Abel, _The American Indian as Slaveholder and
+Secessionist_, pp. 360, 362.
+
+LINCOLN, ABRAHAM. Complete Works, edited by John G. Nicolay and John
+Hay (New York, 1890), 10 vols.
+
+MCPHERSON, EDWARD. Political History of the United States of America
+during the Great Rebellion (Washington, D.C., 1864).
+
+MISSIONARY HERALD, containing the proceeding of the American Board for
+Foreign Missions (Boston), vols. 56, 57, 60.
+
+MOORE, FRANK, editor. Rebellion Record: Diary of American Events (New
+York, 1868), 11 vols. and a supplementary volume for 1861-1864.
+
+PHILLIPS, WILLIAM ADDISON. Conquest of Kansas by Missouri and her
+allies (Boston, 1856).
+
+"PIKE PAPERS." On subjects other than Indian, extant manuscripts
+written and received by Albert Pike are exceedingly numerous. One
+collection of his personal papers is in the possession of Mr. Fred
+Allsopp of Little Rock; but the largest proportion of those of more
+general interest, as also of more special, is in the Scottish Rite
+Temple, Washington, D.C., under the care of Mr. W.L. Boyden. Three
+things only deserve particular mention; viz.,
+
+a. Autobiography of General Albert Pike. A bound typewritten
+manuscript, "from stenographic notes, furnished by himself."
+
+b. Confederate States, a/c's with. These papers are in a small
+file-box and are chiefly receipts from John Crawford, Matthew Leefer,
+Douglas H. Cooper, John Jumper, and
+
+others for money advanced to them and vouchers for purchases made by
+Pike. There are three personal letters in the box: D.H. Cooper to
+Pike, July 28, 1873; William Quesenbury to Pike, August 10, 1873;
+William Quesenbury to Pike, August 11, 1873. All three letters have
+to do with a certain $5000 seemingly unaccounted for, a subject in
+controversy between Pike and Cooper, reflecting upon the latter's
+integrity. One of the papers is an itemized account of the money Pike
+expended for the Indians, money "placed in his hands to be disbursed
+among the Indian Tribes under Treaty stipulations in January, A.D.
+1862." It contains an enclosure, the receipt signed by Edward Cross,
+depositary, showing that Pike restored to the Confederate Treasury the
+unexpended balance, $19,263 10/100 specie, $49,980 55/100, treasury
+notes. The receipt is dated Little Rock, March 13, 1863.
+
+c. Choctaw Case. Two packages of papers come under this heading. One
+is of manuscript matter mainly, the other of printed matter solely.
+In the latter is the _Memorial of P.P. Pitchlynn_, House
+Miscellaneous Documents, no. 89, 43d congress, first session, and on
+it Pike has inscribed, "Written by me, Albert Pike."
+
+RICHARDSON, JAMES D., editor. Compilation of the messages and
+papers of the Confederacy, including the diplomatic correspondence
+(Nashville, 1905), 2 vols.
+
+---- Compilation of the messages and papers of the presidents,
+1789-1897 (Washington, 1896-1899), 10 vols.
+
+United States of America. Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
+_Reports_, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865.
+
+---- Congressional Globe, 37th and 38th congresses, 1861-1865.
+
+---- Department of the Interior, Files.
+
+The files run in two distinct series. One series has its material
+arranged in boxes, the other, in bundles. The former comprises letters
+from the Commissioner of Indian Affairs only, and has been examined to
+the extent here given,
+
+  No. 9, January 1, 1861 to December 1, 1861.
+   "  10, December 1, 1861 to November 1, 1862.
+   "  11, November 1, 1862 to July 1, 1863.
+   "  12, July 1, 1863 to June 15, 1864.
+   "  13, June 15, 1864 to April 1, 1865.
+
+The latter were difficult of discovery. After an exhausting search,
+however, they were located on a top-most shelf, under the roof, in
+the file-room off from the gallery in the Patent Office building.
+The bundles are small and each is bandaged as were the Indian Office
+files, originally. The bandage, or wrapper, is labelled according to
+the contents. For example, one bundle is labelled, "No. 1, 1849-1864,
+War;" another, "No. 24, 1852-1868, Exec." In the first are letters
+from the War Department, in the second, from the White House. Some of
+the letters are from a
+
+given department by reference only. A great number of the bundles have
+nothing but a number to distinguish them,
+
+  No. 53, January to June, 1865.
+  "   54, July to August, 1865.
+  "   55, September to December, 1865.
+  "   56, January to December, 1866.
+
+United States of America. Department of the Interior, Letter Books,
+"Records of Letters Sent."
+
+  No. 3, July 22, 1857 to January 3, 1862.
+  "   4, January 3, 1862 to June 30, 1864.
+  "   5. July 1, 1864 to December 12, 1865.
+  "   6, December 14, 1865 to September 22, 1865.
+
+---- Department of the Interior, Letter Press Books, "Letters, Indian
+Affairs."
+
+  No. 3, August 20, 1858 to March 5, 1862.
+  "   4, March 5, 1862 to July 1, 1863.
+  "   5. July 1, 1863 to June 22, 1864.
+  "   6, June 22, 1864 to April 11, 1865.
+
+Department of the Interior, Register Books, "Register of Letters
+Received," Corresponding to the two series of files, are two series
+of registers. One series is a register of letters received from the
+Indian Office and each volume is labelled "Commissioner of Indian
+Affairs." The particular volume used for the present work covers the
+period from December 5, 1860 to January 6, 1866. It will be found
+cited as "D," that being a designation given to it by Mr. Rapp, the
+person at present in charge of the records. The second series is a
+register of letters received from persons other than the Commissioner
+of Indian Affairs. Each volume is labelled, "Indians."
+
+  "Indians," No. 3, January 8, 1856 to October 27, 1861.
+             ''  4, January 2, 1862 to December 27, 1865.
+
+---- Office of Indian Affairs, Consolidated Files. During the last few
+years and since the time when most of this investigation was made, the
+various files of the Indian Office have been consolidated and, in many
+cases, hopelessly muddled. It has been thought best to refer in the
+text, wherever possible, to the old separate files, inasmuch as all
+letter books and registers were kept with the separate filing in view.
+
+---- Office of Indian Affairs,
+
+General Files.
+
+Central Superintendency, boxes 1860-1862, 1863-1868; Southern
+Superintendency, boxes 1859-1862, 1863-1864, 1865, 1866; Cherokee,
+1859-1865, 1865-1867, 1867-1869, 1869-1870; Chickasaw, 1854-1868;
+Choctaw, 1859-1866; Creek, 1860-1869; Delaware, 1855-1861, 1862-1866;
+Kansas, 1855-1862, 1863-1868; Kickapoo, 1855-1865; Kiowa, 1864-1868;
+Miscellaneous, 1858-1863, 1864-1867, 1868-1869; Osage River,
+1855-1862, 1863-1867;
+
+Otoe, 1856-1862, 1863-1869; Ottawa, 1863-1872; Pottawatomie,
+1855-1861, 1862-1865; Sac and Fox, 1862-1866; Seminole, 1858-1869;
+Wichita, 1860-1861, 1862-1871.
+
+UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Office of Indian Affairs, Irregularly-Shaped
+Papers.
+
+This was a collection made for the convenience of the Indian Office.
+
+The name itself is a sufficient explanation.
+
+---- Office of Indian Affairs, John Ross Papers.
+
+These were evidently part of the evidence furnished at the Fort Smith
+Council, 1865.
+
+---- Office of Indian Affairs, Land Files.
+
+Central Superintendency, box 10, 1852-1869; Southern Superintendency,
+1855-1870; Cherokee, box 21, 1850-1869; Choctaw, box 38, 1846-1873;
+Creek, box 45, 1846-1873; Dead Letters, box 51; Freedmen in Indian
+Territory, 2 boxes; Indian Talks, Councils, &c., box 3, 1856-1864, box
+4, 1865-1866; Kansas, box 80, 1863-1865; Kickapoo, box 86, 1857-1868;
+Miscellaneous, box 103, 1860-1870; Neosho, box 117, 1833-1865; New
+York, box 130, 1860-1874; Osage, box 143, 1831-1873; Osage River, box
+146, 1860-1866; Shawnee, box 190, 1860-1865; Special Cases, box 111,
+"Invasion of Indian Territory by White Settlers;" Treaties, box 2,
+1853-1863, box 3, 1864-1866.
+
+---- Office of Indian Affairs, Special Files.
+
+  No. 87, "Claims of Loyal Seminoles."
+  " 106, "Claims of Delawares for Depredations, 1863."
+  " 134, "Claims of Choctaws and Chickasaws."
+  " 142,   "     "     "     "     "
+  " 201, "Southern Refugees."
+  " 284, "Claims of Creeks."
+
+Kansas, box 78, 1860-1861, box 79, 1862; Otoe, box 153, 1856-1876;
+Ottawa, box 155, 1863-1873; Pawnee, box 156, 1859-1877; Pottawatomie,
+box 163, 1855-1865; Sac and Fox, box 177, 1860-1864, box 178,
+1865-1868; Shawnee Deeds and Papers, box 195; Subsistence Indian
+Prisoners, one box; Wyandott, box 242, 1836-1863, and many other
+file boxes, with dates of the period under investigation, have been
+examined but have yielded practically nothing of interest for the
+subject.
+
+Special Cases are quite distinct from Special Files. There are in all
+two hundred three of the former and three hundred three of the latter.
+There is in the Indian Office a small manuscript index to the Special
+Cases and a folio index to the Special Files.
+
+---- Office of Indian Affairs. Letter Books (letters sent). See Abel,
+_The American Indian as Slaveholder and Secessionist_, pp.
+363-364.
+
+---- Office of Indian Affairs. Letters Registered (abstract of letters
+received), ibid., p. 364.
+
+---- Office of Indian Affairs, Miscellaneous Records, vol. viii,
+April, 1852 to July, 1861; vol. ix, July, 1861 to January 22, 1887.
+
+UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Office of Indian Affairs. Parker Letter
+Book. Letters to E.S. Parker, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and
+others, 1869 to 1870.
+
+---- Office of Indian Affairs. _Report Books_, Reports of the
+Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary of the Interior. See
+Abel, _The American Indian as Slaveholder and Secessionist_, p.
+365.
+
+UNITED STATES SENATE, Report of the Committee on the Conduct of the
+War, 37th congress, third session, no. 108 (1863), 3 vols.; 38th
+congress, second session, no. 142 (1865), 3 vols. and Supplemental
+Report (1866), 2 vols.
+
+---- Committee Reports, no. 278, 36th congress, first session, being
+testimony before a Select Committee of the Senate, appointed to
+inquire into the Harper's Ferry affair.
+
+---- WAR DEPARTMENT.
+
+Aside from the _Confederate Records_, which are not regular War
+Department files, papers have been examined there for the Civil War
+period, although not by any means exhaustively. Enough were examined,
+however, to show reason for disparaging somewhat the work of the
+editors of the _Official Records_. Apparently, the editors, half
+of them northern sympathizers and half of them southern, proceeded
+upon a principle of selection that necessitated exchanging courtesies
+of omission.
+
+WAR OF THE REBELLION. Compilation of the official records of the Union
+and Confederate armies (Washington), 129 serial volumes and an index
+volume.
+
+The volumes used extensively in the present work were, _first
+series_, volumes iii, viii, xiii, xxii, parts 1 and 2, xxvi, part
+2, xxxiv, parts 1, 2, 3, and 4, xli, parts 1, 2, 3, and 4, xlviii,
+parts 1 and 2, liii, supplement; _fourth series_, volume iii.
+
+II. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF AUTHORITIES
+
+ABEL, ANNIE HELOISE. American Indian as slaveholder and secessionist
+(Cleveland, 1915).
+
+---- History of events resulting in Indian consolidation west of the
+Mississippi.
+
+American Historical Association _Report_, 1906, 233-450.
+
+---- Indian reservations in Kansas and the extinguishment of their
+titles.
+
+Kansas Historical Society _Collections_, vol. viii, 72-109.
+
+ANDERSON, MRS. MABEL WASHBOURNE. Life of General Stand Watie (Pryor,
+Oklahoma, 1915), pamphlet.
+
+BADEAU, ADAM. Military history of U.S. Grant (New York, 1868), 3 vols.
+
+BARTLES, WILLIAM LEWIS. Massacre of Confederates by Osage Indians in
+1863.
+
+Kansas Historical Society _Collections_, vol. iii, 62-66.
+
+Biographical Congressional Directory, 1774-1903.
+
+House Documents, 57th congress, second session, no. 458 (Washington,
+D.C., 1903).
+
+BLACKMAR, FRANK W. Life of Charles Robinson (Topeka, 1902).
+
+BLAINE, JAMES G. Twenty years of Congress, 1860-1880 (Norwich,
+Connecticut, 1884-1886), 2 vols.
+
+BOGGS, GENERAL WILLIAM ROBERTSON, C.S.A. Military reminiscences
+(Durham, North Carolina, 1913).
+
+BORLAND, WILLIAM P. General Jo. O. Shelby.
+
+Missouri _Historical Review_, vol. vii, 10-19.
+
+BOUTWELL, GEORGE SEWALL. Reminiscences of sixty years in public
+affairs (New York, 1902), 2 vols.
+
+BOYDEN, WILLIAM L. The character of Albert Pike as gleaned from his
+correspondence.
+
+_New Age Magazine_, March 1915, pp. 108-111.
+
+BRADFORD, GAMALIEL. Confederate portraits.
+
+"Judah P. Benjamin," _Atlantic Monthly_, June, 1913; "Alexander
+H. Stephens," Ibid., July, 1913; "Robert Toombs," Ibid.,
+August, 1913.
+
+BRITTON, WILEY. Memoirs of the rebellion on the border, 1863 (Chicago,
+1882).
+
+---- The Civil War on the border (New York, 1899), 2 vols.
+
+BROTHERHEAD, WILLIAM. General Frémont and the injustice done him.
+
+Yale University Library of American Pamphlets, vol. 22.
+
+CAPERS, HENRY D. The life and times of C.G. Memminger (Richmond,
+1893).
+
+CARR, LUCIEN. Missouri: a bone of contention, American Commonwealth
+series (Boston, 1896).
+
+CHADWICK, ADMIRAL FRENCH ENSOR. Causes of the Civil War, American
+Nation series (New York, 1907), vol. xix.
+
+CLAYTON, POWELL. The aftermath of the Civil War in Arkansas (New York,
+1915).
+
+CONNELLEY, WILLIAM E. James Henry Lane: the grim chieftain of Kansas
+(Topeka, 1899).
+
+---- Quantrill and the border wars (Cedar Rapids, 1910).
+
+CORDLEY, RICHARD. Pioneer days in Kansas (Boston, 1903).
+
+COX, JACOB DOLSON. Military reminiscences of the Civil War (New York,
+1900), 2 vols.
+
+CRAWFORD, SAMUEL J. Kansas in the sixties (Chicago, 1911).
+
+CURRY, J.L.M. Civil history of the government of the Confederate
+States with some personal reminiscences (Richmond, 1901).
+
+DANA, C.A. Recollections of the Civil War (New York, 1898).
+
+DAVIS, JEFFERSON. Rise and fall of the Confederate government (New
+York, 1881), 2 vols.
+
+DAVIS, JOHN P. Union Pacific Railway (Chicago, 1894).
+
+DAWSON, CAPTAIN F.W. Reminiscences of Confederate service, 1861-1865
+(Charleston, 1882).
+
+DRAPER, J.W. History of the American Civil War (New York, 1867-1870),
+3 vols.
+
+DYER, FREDERICK H., compiler. Compendium of the war of the rebellion
+(Des Moines, 1908).
+
+EATON, RACHEL CAROLINE. John Ross and the Cherokee Indians (Menasha,
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+
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+
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+conduct (New York, 1910), 2 vols.
+
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+
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+
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+during the Civil War (New York, 1910).
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+
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+1903).
+
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+York, 1899), 2 vols.
+
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+new edition, revised.
+
+GREENE, FRANCIS VINTON. Mississippi, Campaigns of the Civil War series
+(New York, 1882).
+
+GROVER, CAPTAIN GEORGE S. Shelby raid, 1863. Missouri _Historical
+Review_, vol. vi, 107-126.
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+
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+United States Senate, March 10, 1880, in support of Senate Bill, no.
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+who enlisted in the Federal army, loyal refugees, and freedmen
+(Washington, D.C., 1880), pamphlet.
+
+---- Is-ha-he-char, and Co-we Harjo. To the Committee on Indian
+
+Affairs of the House of Representatives of the 51st congress in the
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+the late rebellion (Washington, D.C.), pamphlet.
+
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+
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+1907), vol. xxi.
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+1901).
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+edition.
+
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+David Hunter, U.S.A., during the war of the rebellion. (New York,
+1873), second edition.
+
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+and leaders of the Civil War (New York, 1887), 4 vols.
+
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+the late war (New York, 1874).
+
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+
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+1866).
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+
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+(Austin, 1890).
+
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+1892), fourth edition.
+
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+a Republican Viewpoint. Missouri _Historical Review_, vol. iii,
+126-153.
+
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+York, 1912).
+
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+
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+
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+
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+City, 1917).
+
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+
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+
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+
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+(New York, 1905).
+
+---- Presidential reconstruction in Arkansas.
+
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+
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+of 1850 (New York, 1893-1906), 7 vols.
+
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+
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+
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+and 2.
+
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+United States (Philadelphia, 1886).
+
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+
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+1897).
+
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+
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+
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+(New York, 1909).
+
+---- Memoirs (New York, 1875), 2 vols.
+
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+1900).
+
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+
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+
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+
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+edition.
+
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+vols.
+
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+(Garden City, Kansas, 1896).
+
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+
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+
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+Commonwealth series (Boston, 1892).
+
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+
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+Stearns (Philadelphia, 1907).
+
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+states (Philadelphia, 1870), 2 vols.
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+1900).
+
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+
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+United States (New York, 1866).
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+vols.
+
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+
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+
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+
+VIOLETTE, E.M. Battle of Kirksville, August 6, 1862. Missouri
+_Historical Review_, vol. v, 94-112.
+
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+York, 1862).
+
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+
+VILLARD, OSWALD GARRISON. John Brown, 1800-1859 (Boston, 1910).
+
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+(Denver, 1906).
+
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+vol. vii, 146-148.
+
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+
+WILLIAMS, CHARLES R. Rutherford Birchard Hayes (Boston, 1914), 2 vols.
+
+WILLIAMS, R.H. With the border ruffians: memoirs of the far west,
+1852-1868, edited by E.W. Williams (London, 1908).
+
+WILSON, CALVIN D. Negroes who owned slaves (_Popular Science
+Monthly_, vol. lxxxi, no. 5, 483-494).
+
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+
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+
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+1911).
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+Abbott, James B: 204, _footnote_, 236, _footnote_
+
+Abel, Annie Heloise: work cited in _footnotes_ on pages 14, 57,
+75, 85, 172, 183, 190, 226, 241, 260
+
+Absentee Shawnees: 205, _footnote_
+
+Acadians: removal of, 304, _footnote_
+
+Adair, W. P: 268, _footnote_, 277, _footnote_, 326 and
+_footnote_
+
+Adams, C. W: 333
+
+Ah-pi-noh-to-me: 108, _footnote_
+
+Aldrich, Cyrus: 225, _footnote_, 229, _footnote_
+
+Alexander, A. M: 267, _footnote_
+
+Allen's Battery: 146
+
+Allen County (Kans.): 82, _footnote_
+
+Aluktustenuke: 94, _footnote_, 108, _footnote_
+
+Amnesty Proclamation: 322
+
+Anderson, Mrs. Mabel Washbourne: work cited in _footnotes_ on
+pages 127, 130, 138, 194, 197, 271, 272, 288
+
+Anderson, S. S: 265, _footnote_
+
+Arapahoes: 274, _footnote_
+
+Arizona Territory: 61-62
+
+Arkadelphia (Ark.): 261
+
+Arkansans: circulate malicious stories about Pike, 160,
+_footnote_; lawless, 264; unable to decide arbitrarily about
+Indian movements, 326
+
+Arkansas: regards McCulloch as defender, 15; Van Dora's requisition
+for troops, 25; Federals occupy northern, 34; Pike to call for aid,
+36; attack from direction of, expected, 48; left in miserable plight
+by Van Dorn, 128; army men exploited Pike's command, 150; R.W. Johnson
+serves as delegate from, 175; R.W. Johnson becomes senator from in the
+First Congress, 176; Thomas B. Hanly, representative from, introduces
+bill for establishment of Indian superintendency, 176; disagreeable
+experiences of Indians in, 177; Pike recommends separation of Indian
+Territory from both Texas and, 179; unsafe to leave interests of
+Indian Territory subordinated to those of, 246; political squabbles
+in, 249, _footnote_; Indian Home Guards not intended for use in,
+259; privilege of writ of _habeas corpus_ suspended, 269; Blunt
+and Curtis want possession of western counties, 325
+
+Arkansas and Red River Superintendency: 181; territorial limits, 177;
+officials, 177-178; restrictions upon Indians and white men, 178;
+Pike recommends organization, 179; Cooper seeks appointment as
+superintendent, 179
+
+Arkansas Military Board: 15, 16
+
+Arkansas Post (Ark.): loss of, 270
+
+Arkansas River: mentioned, 165, 192, 194, 216, 268, _footnote_,
+272, _footnote_, 295; Pike's headquarters near junction with
+Verdigris, 22; Pike to call troops to prevent descent, 36; Indian
+refugees reach, 85; Indians flee across, 135; Campbell to examine
+alleged position of enemy south, 136; Federals in possession of
+country north of, 198; Stand Watie and Cooper pushed below, 220;
+Phillips to hold line of, 251; Schofield desires control of entire
+length of course, 260; Blunt patrolling, 293; Stand Watie to move
+down, to vicinity of Fort Smith,
+
+271, _footnote_; Osages, Pottawatomies, Cheyennes, and others to
+gather on, 274-275, _footnote_; natural line of defence, 315;
+seizure of supply boat on, 327
+
+Arkansas State Convention: 16
+
+Arkansas Volunteers: 60, _footnote_
+
+Armstrong Academy (Okla.): meeting of Indian General Council at, 317;
+unfortunate delay of Scott in reaching, 320; Southern Indians renew
+pledge of loyalty to Confederate States at, 323
+
+Army of Frontier: under Blunt, 196; regiments of Indian Home Guards
+part of, 196; encamps on old battlefield of Pea Ridge, 197; gradual
+retrogression into Missouri, 219, _footnote_; District of Kansas
+to be separated from, 248
+
+Atchison and Pike's Peak Railway Company: 230
+
+Atrocities: Pike charged with giving countenance to, 30-31, 31,
+_footnote_; degree of Pike's responsibility for, 32; repudiated
+by Cherokee National Council, 32-33; become subject of correspondence
+between opposing generals, 33; charged against Indians at Battle
+of Wilson's Creek, 34, _footnote_; forbidden by Van Dorn, 36;
+guerrilla, 44; influenced Halleck regarding use of Indian soldiers,
+102; at Battle of Newtonia, 195; Blunts army accused of, 248,
+_footnote_; Stand Watie's men commit, 332
+
+
+Badeau, Adam: work cited, 96, _footnote_
+
+Baldwin, A.H: 235, _footnote_
+
+Bankhead, S.P: given command of Northern Sub-District of Texas,
+286; Steele applies for assistance, 290; fails to appear, 291;
+dissatisfaction with, 306, _footnote_
+
+Barren Fork (Okla.): skirmish on, 312
+
+Bartles, W.L: 237, _footnote_
+
+Bass's Texas Cavalry: 276, _footnote_, 303, _footnote_, 306,
+_footnote_
+
+Bassett, Owen A: 123, _footnote_
+
+Bates County (Mo.): 58, 304, _footnote_
+
+Baxter Springs (Kans.): location, 121, 125, _footnote_; Weer
+leaves Salomon and Doubleday at, 121; Indian encampment at, 125, 129;
+negro regiment sent to, 259, 284; commissary train expected, 291;
+massacre at, 304
+
+Bayou Bernard: 163-164
+
+Beauregard, Pierre G.T: devises plans for bringing Van Dorn east, 14,
+_footnote_, 34; Hindman takes command under order of, 127, 186,
+_footnote_, 190
+
+Belmont (Kansas.): 274, _footnote_
+
+Benge, Pickens: 132
+
+Benjamin, Judah P: 22, 23, _footnote_, 24, _footnote_, 175,
+_footnote_
+
+Bennett, Joseph: 269, _footnote_
+
+Bentonville (Ark.): 29, 216
+
+Big Bend of Arkansas: 73, _footnote_, 274, _footnote_
+
+Big Blue Reserve: 235, _footnote_
+
+Big Hill Camp: 237, _footnote_
+
+Big Mountain: 148, _footnote_
+
+Billy Bowlegs: 68, _footnote_, 108, _footnote_, 228,
+_footnote_
+
+Biographical Congressional Directory: work cited, 59, _footnote_,
+70, _footnote_
+
+Bishop, Albert Webb: work cited, 219, _footnote_
+
+Black Beaver Road: 67, _footnote_
+
+Black Bob: 235, _footnote_, 236, _footnote_
+
+Black Bob's Band: 204; to be distinguished from Absentee Shawnees,
+204-205, _footnote_; lands raided by guerrillas, 205
+
+Black Dog: 263, _footnote_
+
+Blair, Francis P: 49
+
+Blair, W.B: 290, _footnote_
+
+Bleecker, Anthony: 41, _footnote_
+
+Blue River (Okla.): 110
+
+Blunt, James G: learns of designs of Drew's Cherokees, 33; avenges
+burning of Humboldt, 53; succeeds Denver at Fort Scott, 98; in command
+of reëstablished Department of Kansas, 106; reverses policy of Halleck
+and Sturgis, 106-107 and _footnote_; promotion objected to, 107,
+_footnote_; ideas on necessary equipment of Indian soldiers, 109;
+Weer reports on subject of Cherokee relations, 136; forbids Weer to
+make incursion into adjoining states, 139; orders white troops to
+support Indian Brigade, 192-193; in charge of Army of Frontier, 196;
+plans Second Indian Expedition, 196 and _footnotes_; promises to
+return refugees to homes, 196, _footnote_, 203; opinion touching
+profiteering, 208, 210-211; issue between, and Coffin, 210-211 and
+_footnote_; promises return home to refugee Cherokees, 213;
+vigorous policy, 218; achievements discounted by Schofield, 248, 249;
+accusation of brutal murders and atrocities, 248, _footnote_;
+makes headquarters at Fort Leavenworth, 249; wishes Phillips to
+advance, 254, 257; advancement of Schofield obnoxious to, 260;
+undertakes to go to Fort Gibson, 261, 286; in command of District of
+Frontier, 286; victorious at Honey Springs, 288-289; decides to assume
+offensive, 293; no faith in Indian soldiery, 294; transfers effects
+from Fort Scott to Fort Smith, 304; relieved by McNeil, 305; summoned
+to Washington for conference, 322 and _footnote_; restored to
+command, 324; controversy with Thayer, 324
+
+Bob Deer: 68, _footnote_
+
+Boggs, W.R: 286, _footnote_
+
+Boggy Depot (Okla.): 162, 284, 295, _footnote_, 296 and
+_footnote_
+
+Bogy, Lewis V: 235, _footnote_
+
+Bonham (Texas): 302-303
+
+Border Warfare: 16-17, 44
+
+Boston Mountains: McCulloch and Price retreating towards, 26,
+_footnote_; to push Confederate line northward of, 192
+
+Boudinot, Elias C: Cherokee delegate in Confederate Congress, 180;
+submits proposals to Cherokees, 279; active in Congress, 299,
+_footnote_; coadjutor of Cooper and relative of Stand Watie, 300;
+Steele forwards letter from, 307, _footnote_; Steele believes,
+responsible for opposition, 311; urges plan of brigading upon
+Davis, 317; suggests attaching Indian Territory to Missouri, 317,
+_footnote_, 318, 321, _footnote_; reports to Davis, 321
+
+Bourland, James: 312, _footnote_
+
+Bowman, Charles S: 108
+
+Branch, H.B: 48, _footnote_, 51, _footnote_, 74,
+_footnote_, 116; charges against, 234, _footnote_
+
+Breck, S: 324, _footnote_
+
+Britton, Wiley: work cited in _footnotes_ on pages 20, 22, 30,
+35, 50, 51, 52, 55, 113, 118, 126, 131, 132, 146, 194, 196, 197, 198,
+216, 218, 237, 249, 250, 257, 260, 271, 273
+
+Brooken Creek (Okla.): 295, _footnote_
+
+Brooks, William: 46, _footnote_, 47, _footnote_
+
+Brown, E.B: 119, _footnote_, 127
+
+Brown, John: 42, _footnote_
+
+Browne, William M: 172, _footnote_
+
+Bryan, G.M: 292, _footnote_
+
+Buchanan, James: 41, 70, _footnote_
+
+Buffalo Hump: 65, _footnote_
+
+Burbank, Robert: 77, _footnote_
+
+Bureau of Indian Affairs: created in Confederate War Dept, 172 and
+_footnote_
+
+Burlington (Kans.): 80
+
+Burns, Robert: 26
+
+Bushwhackers: 125, 236, _footnote_, 239, _footnote_, 260,
+266, _footnote_
+
+Buster, M.W: 194, _footnote_
+
+
+Cabell, A.S: 270, _footnote_
+
+Cabell, W.L: 277, _footnote_, 284 and _footnote_, 287, 289,
+292, 297
+
+Cabin Creek (Okla.): 131, 283-286 and _footnote_, 332
+
+Caddoes: reported loyal to U.S., 66, _footnote_; in First
+Indian Expedition, 115, _footnote_; encamped at Big Bend, 274,
+_footnote_
+
+Calhoun, James S: 260, _footnote_
+
+Camden Campaign (Ark.): 326-327
+
+Cameron, Simon: 56, 60, _footnote_, 72
+
+Camp Bowen: 219, _footnote_
+
+Camp Imochiah: 288, _footnote_
+
+Camp McIntosh: 112, 153
+
+Camp Quapaw: 146
+
+Camp Radziwintski (Radziminski?): 153
+
+Camp Ross, 255
+
+Camp Stephens: 32, 35
+
+Campbell, A.B: 81
+
+Campbell, W.T: sent to reconnoitre, 136; halts at Fort Gibson, 136
+
+Canadian River: 129, 162, 164, 293, 327
+
+Canby, E.R.S: 335
+
+Cane Hill (Ark.): 28, _footnote_, 218
+
+Cantonment Davis (Okla.): established as Pike's headquarters, 22;
+Indians gather at, 27; Cooper at, 169; Cooper's force flee to, 198
+
+Carey's Ferry (Okla.): 192
+
+Carey's Ford (Okla.): 126
+
+Carney, Thomas: 211, _footnote_; named as suitable commissioner,
+233, _footnote_
+
+Carr, Eugene A: 30, _footnote_
+
+Carriage Point: 111, _footnote_
+
+Carrington, W.T: 296, _footnote_
+
+Carruth, E.H: teacher among Indians, 59, 64, _footnote_; furthers
+plan for inter-tribal council, 69; suspected of stirring up Indian
+refugees against Coffin, 87-88 and _footnote_; refugee Creeks
+want as agent, 89; satisfied with appointment to Wichita Agency, 89;
+sent on mission, 122 and _footnote_, 133; in Cherokee Nation,
+195, _footnote_; disapproves of attempting return of refugees,
+209; Martin and, arrange for inter-tribal council, 273-275,
+_footnote_
+
+Carter, J.C: 208, _footnote_
+
+Cass County (Mo.): 304, _footnote_
+
+Cassville (Mo.): 293
+
+Century Company's War Book: work cited, 13, _footnote_
+
+Central Superintendent: 116-117
+
+Chapman, J.B: 222 and _footnote_, 229, _footnote_
+
+Chap-Pia-Ke: 69, _footnote_
+
+Charles Johnnycake: 64, _footnote_
+
+Chatterton, Charles W: 214, _footnote_
+
+Cherokee Brigade: 309
+
+Cherokee country: 193, 194
+
+Cherokee Delegate: 111, _footnote_, 180
+
+Cherokee Expedition: 73, _footnote_
+
+Cherokee Nation: 47, _footnote_, 74, _footnote_, 111,
+_footnote_; Clarkson to take command of all forces within, 130;
+future attitude under consideration, 133; Weer suggests resumption of
+allegiance to U.S., 134; Weer proposes abolition of slavery by vote,
+134, _footnote_; intention to remain true to Confederacy, 135;
+cattle plentiful, 145; Hindman designs to stop operations of wandering
+mercantile companies, 156; maintenance of order necessary, 192;
+archives and treasury seized, 193; Carruth and Martin in, 195,
+_footnote_; Delaware District of, 197; deplorable condition
+of country, 217; Boudinot, delegate in Congress from, 299,
+_footnote_; Quantrill and his band pass into, 304
+
+Cherokee National Council: ratifies treaty with Confederacy, 28,
+_footnote_; opposed to atrocities, 32-33; resolutions against
+atrocities, 33; assemblies, 255-256, legislative work, 256-257;
+Federal victory at
+
+Webber's Falls prevents convening, 271 and _footnote_; passage
+of bill relative to feeding destitute Indians, 277, _footnote_;
+adopts resolutions commendatory of Blunt's work, 305, _footnote_;
+Stand Watie proposes enactment of conscription law, 329
+
+Cherokee Neutral Lands (Kans.): 47, _footnote_, 53, 121, 125,
+_footnote_; refugee Cherokees collect on, 213; refugees refuse
+to vacate, 214; Pomeroy advocates confiscation of, 224; John Ross
+and associates ready to consider retrocession of, 231-232 and
+_footnote_
+
+Cherokee Strip (Kans.): 79
+
+Cherokee Treaty with Confederacy: ratified by National Council, 28,
+_footnote_; Indians stipulated to fight in own fashion, 32
+
+Cherokees: unwilling to have Indian Territory occupied by Confederate
+troops, 15; civil war impending, 29; disturbances stirred up by bad
+white men, 47, _footnote_, 48; effect of Federal defeat at
+Wilson's Creek, 49; attitude towards secession, 63, _footnote_;
+in First Indian Expedition, 115, _footnote_; driven from country,
+116; flee across Arkansas River, 135; exasperated by Pike's retirement
+to confines of Indian Territory, 159; outlawed, participate in Wichita
+Agency tragedy, 183; demoralizing effect of Ross's departure, 193;
+secessionist, call convention, 193; should be protected against
+plundering, 195, _footnote_; refugee, on Drywood Creek, 209,
+_footnote_, 213; repudiate alliance with Confederacy, 232;
+approached by Steele through medium of necessities, 276; charge
+Confederacy with bad faith, 279-281; asked to give military land
+grants to white men in return for protection, 279-281; Blunt thinks
+superior to Kansas tribes, 294; intent upon recovery of Fort Gibson,
+311; troops pass resolution of reënlistment for war, 328-329
+
+Chicago Tribune: 75, _footnote_
+
+Chickasaw Battalion: 152, 155; Tonkawas to furnish guides for, 184,
+_footnote_
+
+Chickasaw Home Guards: 184, _footnote_
+
+Chickasaw Legislature: 306, _footnote_, 329, _footnote_
+
+Chickasaw Nation: Pike arrested at Tishomingo, 200; funds drawn upon
+for support of John Ross and others, 215, _footnote_; Phillips
+communicates with governor, 323, _footnote_
+
+Chickasaws: discord within ranks, 29; attitude towards secession,
+63, _footnote_; delegation of, and Creeks, and Kininola,
+65, _footnote_; plundered by Osages and Comanches, 207,
+_footnote_; refugee, given temporary home, 213; dissatisfied with
+Cooper, 265, _footnote_; disperse, 323
+
+Chiekies: 66, _footnote_
+
+Chillicothe Band of Shawnees: 236, _footnote_
+
+Chilton, W.P: 173, _footnote_
+
+Chipman, N.P: 207, _footnote_
+
+Chippewas: 212
+
+Choctaw and Chickasaw Battalion: 25, 32
+
+Choctaw Battalion: 152, 155
+
+Choctaw Council: considers Blunt's proposals, 302; disposition towards
+neutrality, 306, _footnote_; Phillips sends communication to,
+323, _footnote_
+
+Choctaw Militia: 311-312, 312, _footnote_
+
+Choctaw Nation: Pike withdraws into, 110; Robert M. Jones, delegate
+from, in Congress, 299, _footnote_; proposed conscription within,
+328
+
+Choctaws: discord bred by unscrupulous merchants, 29; attitude
+
+towards secession, 63, _footnote_; refugee, given temporary home,
+213; waver in allegiance to South, 220; sounded by Phillips, 254;
+little recruiting possible while Fort Smith is in Confederate hands,
+258-259; Steele entrusts recruiting to Tandy Walker, 265; no tribe so
+completely secessionist as, 290; protest against failure to supply
+with arms and ammunition, 301; proposals from Blunt known to have
+reached, 302; cotton, 308-309, _footnote_; bestir themselves
+as in first days of war, 311; principal chief opposes projects of
+Armstrong Academy council, 321; want confederacy separate and distinct
+from Southern, 321, _footnote_; do excellent service in Camden
+campaign, 326
+
+Choo-Loo-Foe-Lop-Hah Choe: talk, 68, _footnote_; signature, 69,
+_footnote_
+
+Chouteau's Trading House: 329, _footnote_
+
+Christie: 305, _footnote_
+
+Chustenahlah (Okla.): 79
+
+Cincinnati (Ark.): 28, 35
+
+Cincinnati Gazette: 58, _footnote_, 88, _footnote_
+
+Clarimore: 238, _footnote_
+
+Clark, Charles T: 82, _footnote_
+
+Clark, George W: 158 and _footnote_
+
+Clark, Sidney: 104, _footnote_
+
+Clarke, G.W: 22
+
+Clarkson, J.J: assigned to supreme command in northern part of Indian
+Territory, 129-130; applies for permission to intercept trains on
+Santa Fé road, 129, _footnote_; at Locust Grove, 131; surprised
+in camp, 131, _footnote_; made prisoner, 132; Pike's reference
+to, 158; placed in Cherokee country, 159, _footnote_
+
+Clarksville (Ark.): 287-288, _footnote_
+
+Clay, Clement C: 176, _footnote_
+
+Cloud, William F: 193, 297
+
+Cochrane, John: 56-57
+
+Coffee, J.T: 113 and _footnote_, 125
+
+Coffin, O.S: letter, 82 and _footnote_
+
+Coffin, S.D: 208
+
+Coffin, William G: testifies to disturbances among Osages, 46,
+_footnote_; pays visit to ruins of Humboldt, 54, _footnote_;
+plans for inter-tribal council, 69; orders countermanded for
+enlistment of Indians, 77; learns of refugees in Kansas, 80; compelled
+by settlers to seek new abiding-place for refugees, 86; refugees lodge
+complaint against, 87 and _footnote_; military enrollment of
+Indians conducted under authority of Interior Department, 105 and
+_footnote_; applies for new instructions regarding First Indian
+Expedition, 105; dispute with Elder, 116-117, 207, _footnote_;
+anxious to have Osage offer accepted by refugee Creeks, 207-208,
+_footnote_; disapproves of Blunt's plan for early return of
+refugees, 209; issue between Blunt and, 210-211; contract with
+Stettaner Bros. approved by Dole, 211, _footnote_; urges removal
+of refugees to Sac and Fox Agency, 212; visits refugee Cherokees on
+Neutral Lands, 213; details Harlan and Proctor to care for refugee
+Cherokees at Neosho, 214; drafts Osage treaty of cession, 229;
+suggests location for Indian colonization, 233; would reward Osage
+massacrers, 238, _footnote_; prevails upon Jim Ned to stop
+jayhawking, 274, _footnote_
+
+Colbert, Holmes: 207, _footnote_
+
+Colbert, Winchester: 184, _footnote_
+
+Coleman, Isaac: 209
+
+Collamore, George W: career, 87, _footnote_; investigation into
+condition of refugees, 87, _footnote_
+
+Colorado Territory: likely to be menaced by Southern Indians, 61;
+conditions in, 61, _footnote_; recruiting officers massacred by
+Osages,
+
+238, _footnote_; political squabbles in, 249, _footnote_;
+harassed by Indians of Plains, 320; made part of restored Department
+of Kansas, 321
+
+Comanches: Pike's negotiation with, 63, _footnote_, 65,
+_footnote_, 173, _footnote_; peaceable and quiet, 112; this
+side of Staked Plains friendly, 153; Osages and, plunder Chickasaws,
+207, _footnote_; reported encamped at Big Bend, 274,
+_footnote_
+
+Confederates: disposition to over-estimate size of enemy, 30,
+_footnote_; defeat at Pea Ridge decisive, 34; should concentrate
+on saving country east of Mississippi, 34; retreat from Pea Ridge, 35;
+possible to fraternize with Federals, 44; victorious at Drywood
+Creek, 51-52; in vicinity of Neosho, 127; no forces at hand to resist
+invasion of Indian Territory, 147; defeat at Locust Grove counted
+against Pike, 161; Cherokee country abandoned to, 193; in possession
+as far north as Moravian Mission, 194; victory at Newtonia, 194-195
+and _footnotes_; ill-success on Cowskin River and at Shirley's
+Ford, 197; flee to Cantonment Davis, 198; officers massacred by
+Osages, 237-238, _footnote_; grants to Indian Territory, 250;
+foraging and scouting occupy, 253; distributing relief to indigents,
+258
+
+Congress, Confederate: authorizes Partisan Rangers, 112; Arkansas
+delegates testify to Van Dorn's aversion for Indians, 148,
+_footnote_; act of regulating intercourse with Indians, 169; act
+for establishing Arkansas and Red River Superintendency, 177-178;
+concedes rights and privileges to Indian delegates, 299,
+_footnote_
+
+Congress, United States: 71, 76, _footnote_, 86 and
+_footnote_, 99; circumstances of refugees well-aired in, 209;
+gives president discretionary power for relief of refugees, 209;
+Osages memorialize for civil government, 229 and _footnote_; act
+authorizing negotiations with Indian tribes, 231; decides to relieve
+Kansas of Indian encumbrance, 294
+
+Connelley, William E: work cited, 42 and _footnotes_ on pages 51,
+101, 205, 239
+
+Conway, Martin F: 72, _footnote_, 88, _footnote_, 107,
+_footnote_
+
+Cooley, D.N: 205, _footnote_
+
+Cooper, Douglas H: colonel of First Regiment Choctaw and Chickasaw
+Mounted Rifles, 25; communicates with Pike, 29, _footnote_;
+objects to keeping Indians at home, 31, _footnote_; arrives at
+Camp Stephens, 32, 35; protects baggage train on way to Elm Springs,
+35; recommends Indians as guerrillas, 112; ordered to repair to
+country north of Canadian River, 129, 154; orders Indian leaders to
+report at Fort Davis, 137; regiment goes out of service, 153; views
+on employment of Indians, 159 and _footnote_; Pike to hand over
+command to, 162; transmits Pike's circular, 167, 169; orders arrest
+of Pike, 169; calls for troops from all Indian nations, 174,
+_footnote_; seeks to become superintendent of Indian affairs,
+179; appointment withheld because of inebriety, 181; to attempt to
+reënter southwest Missouri, 194; after Battle of Newtonia obliged to
+fall back into Arkansas, 197; under orders from Rains, plans invasion
+of Kansas, 197; defeated in Battle of Fort Wayne, 197-198; in
+disgrace, 198; Steele preferred to, 246; not ranking officer of
+Steele, 247, _footnote_, 300, _footnote_; force poorly
+equipped, 248, _footnote_;
+
+apparently bent upon annoying Steele, 265; can get plenty of beef,
+272; influences to advance, at expense of Steele, 278, 306 and
+_footnote_; orders Stand Watie to take position at Cabin Creek,
+284-285; ammunition worthless at Honey Springs, 288; Boudinot
+and, intrigue together, 300; headquarters at Fort Washita, 303,
+_footnote_; manifests great activity in own interests, 303;
+Quantrill and band reach camp of, 304; plans recovery of Fort Smith,
+309; opposed to idea of separating white auxiliary from Indian forces,
+310; raises objection to two brigade idea, 316; Boudinot and, advise
+formation of three distinct Indian brigades, 317; placed in command
+of all Indian troops in Trans-Mississippi Department on borders of
+Arkansas, 319; declared subordinate to Maxey, 319; begins work of
+undermining Maxey, 333-334
+
+Cooper, S: 29, _footnote_, 128, _footnote_
+
+Corwin, David B: 144
+
+Corwin, Robert S: 231, _footnote_
+
+Cottonwood River (Kans.): 85, _footnote_
+
+Cowskin Prairie (Mo. and Okla.): Stand Watie's engagement at, 113;
+encampment on, 119, 120, _footnote_; affair at, erroneously
+reported as Federal victory, 119, _footnote_; Round Grove on,
+126; scouts called in at, 138
+
+Cowskin River: 197
+
+Crawford, John: 48, 214, _footnote_
+
+Crawford, Samuel J: work cited, 101, _footnote_, 194, footnote,
+197, _footnote_; at Battle of Fort Wayne, 197
+
+Crawford Seminary: 46, 50
+
+Creek and Seminole Battalion: 25
+
+Creek Nation: 62, _footnote_, 111, _footnote_; Clarkson to
+take command of all forces within, 130; Pike negotiates treaty with,
+173, _footnote_
+
+Creeks: delegation of, and Chickasaws and Kininola seek help at Leroy,
+65, _footnote_; desert Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la, 76, _footnote_;
+constitute main body of refugees in Kansas, 81; compose First Regiment
+Indian Home Guards, 114 and _footnote_; company authorized by
+Pike, 173, _footnote_; refugee, offered home by Osages, 207 and
+_footnote_; refugee, given temporary home by Sacs and Foxes of
+Mississippi, 213; unionist element attempts tribal re-organization,
+228; views regarding accommodation of other Indians upon lands, 233;
+Senate ratifies treaty with, 234; reject treaty, 235; Phillips sounds,
+254; Phillips learns that defection has begun, 256; refuse to
+charge, 272; nature and extent of disaffection among, 272-273 and
+_footnote_; address Davis, 278; bad conduct complained of by
+Steele, 285, _footnote_; inevitable effect of Battle of Honey
+Springs upon, 290; Blunt's offensive and Steele's defensive, 301;
+proposals of Blunt known to have reached, 302; disperse among
+fastnesses of mountains, 323
+
+Cross Timber Hollow (Ark.): 30, _footnote_
+
+Currier, C.F: 67, _footnote_
+
+Curtis, Samuel R: in charge of Southwestern District of Missouri,
+26-27; estimate of number of troops contributed by Pike, 30,
+_footnote_; instructed to report on Confederate use of Indians,
+33, _footnote_; victory at Pea Ridge complete, 34; surmise with
+respect to movements of Stand Watie and others, 120, _footnote_;
+resents insinuations against military capacity of Blunt and Herron,
+249; Lane opposed to Gamble, Schofield, and, 249, _footnote_;
+regrets sacrifice of red men
+
+in white man's quarrel, 250; calls for Phillips to return, 259;
+succeeded by Schofield, 260; in command of restored Department of
+Kansas, 321; arrives at Fort Gibson, 324
+
+Cutler, George A: council held at Leroy by, 62, _footnote_; at
+Fort Leavenworth, 74, _footnote_; ordered by Lane to transfer
+council to Fort Scott, 74, _footnote_; reports Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la
+in distress, 76, _footnote_; refugees complain of treatment,
+87; approves of early return of refugees, 209; calls Creek chiefs to
+consider draft of treaty, 233
+
+
+Dana, Charles A: 126, _footnote_, 324, _footnote_
+
+Danley, C.C: 15
+
+Davis, Jefferson: work cited, 14, _footnote_; urged to send
+second general officer out, 15-16; McCulloch's sacrifice of
+Confederate interests in Missouri reported to, 18; unfavorable to
+Price and to his method of fighting, 18-19; report of Pike submitted
+to, 21; Cooper, in name of, orders Ross to issue proclamation calling
+for fighting men, 137; correspondence with Pike, 167-168; recommends
+creation of bureau of Indian affairs, 172; appoints Pike diplomatic
+agent to Indian tribes, 173, _footnote_; signs bill for
+establishment of southern superintendency, 176; Pike makes important
+suggestions to, 179; offers explanation for non-payment of Indian
+moneys, 179, _footnote_; inconsistentcy of, 187; refusal to
+accept Pike's resignation, 190; orders adjutant-general to accept
+Pike's resignation, 200; lack of candor in explaining matters to
+Holmes, 269; Creeks address, 278; replies to protest from Flanagin,
+287, _footnote_; opposed to surrendering part to save whole, 297,
+_footnote_; considers resolutions of Armstrong Academy
+council, 317; addresses Indians through principal chiefs, 318 and
+_footnote_; objects making Indian Territory separate department,
+318-319; knowledge of economic and strategic importance of Indian
+Territory, 331
+
+Davis, John S: 80, _footnote_
+
+Davis, William P: 80, _footnote_
+
+Dawson, C.L: 150, _footnote_, 152, 153, 154, _footnote_
+
+Deitzler, George W: 97, _footnote_
+
+Delahay, M.W: 222, _footnote_
+
+Delaware Reservation (Kans.): location, 206; store of Carney and Co.
+on, 211, _footnote_
+
+Delawares: interview of Dole with, 77, _footnote_; in First
+Indian Expedition, 113, _footnote_, 115, _footnote_; from
+Cherokee country made refugees, 116, 206; wandering, implicated in
+tragedy at Wichita Agency, 183; eager to enlist, 207; request
+removal of Agent Johnson and Carney and Co. from reservation, 211,
+_footnote_; wild, involved in serious trouble with Osages, 274,
+_footnote_
+
+Democratic Party: 47, _footnote_
+
+De Morse, Charles: 266, _footnote_, 330, _footnote_
+
+Denver, James W: career, 70; popular rejoicing over prospect of
+recall, 72, _footnote_; learns of presence of refugees in Kansas,
+80; assigned by Halleck to command of District of Kansas, 97; Lane
+and Pomeroy protest against appointment, 97; later movements, 98
+and _footnote_; coöperates with Steele and Coffin to advance
+preparations for First Indian Expedition, 102; removal from District
+of Kansas inaugurated "Sturgis' military despotism," 104
+
+Department no. 2: 19
+
+Department of Arkansas: 322
+
+Department of Indian Territory: Pike in command, 20; relation to
+other military units, 21; Pike deplores absorption of, 151; Pike's
+appointment displeasing to Elias Rector, 181, _footnote_; created
+at suggestion from Pike, 189
+
+Department of Kansas: Hunter in command, 27, 61, 70; consolidated with
+Department of Missouri, 96; reëstablished, 106 and _footnote_;
+Blunt assigned to command, 106, 118; restored, Curtis in command, 321
+
+Department of Mississippi: 96, 105
+
+Department of Missouri: Halleck in command, 27, 61; consolidated with
+Department of Kansas, 96
+
+Department of Mountain: 96
+
+Department of Potomac: 96
+
+Department of West: 27, 61
+
+De Smet, Father: 234
+
+De Soto (Kans.): 236, _footnote_
+
+Dickey, M.C: 226 and _footnote_
+
+District of Arkansas: Hindman in command, 192; Price in command during
+illness of Holmes, 299, _footnote_; Price succeeds Holmes, 326
+
+District of Frontier: Blunt in command, 286; McNeil relieves Blunt,
+305; Schofield institutes investigation, 305, _footnote_
+
+District of Kansas: Denver assigned to command of, 97; Sturgis
+assigned to, 98; checks progress of First Indian Expedition, 105;
+Schofield advises complete separation from Army of Frontier, 248;
+re-constituted with headquarters at Fort Leavenworth, 249
+
+District of Texas: 306, _footnote_, 318, _footnote_
+
+Dole, R.W: 74, _footnote_, 114, _footnote_
+
+Dole, William P: 53, _footnote_, 54, _footnote_; absent on
+mission to West, 60; submits new evidence of serious state of affairs
+among Indians, 61; authority of U.S. over Indians to be maintained,
+61; Lane's plans appeal to, 72-73; disappointed over Stanton's
+reversal of policy for use of Indian troops, 76; countermands orders
+for enlistment of Indians, 77; warned that army supplies to refugees
+to be discontinued, 83; Coffin and Ritchie apply for new instructions
+regarding First Indian Expedition, 105-106; reports adversely upon
+subject of Lane's motion, 223; motives considered, 225; submits
+views on Pomeroy's project for concentration of tribes, 230,
+_footnote_; undertakes mission to West, 234; treaties made by,
+234 _et seq_.; detained by Delawares and by Quantrill's raid
+upon Lawrence, 238-239 and _footnote_; negotiates with Osages at
+Leroy, 239 and _footnote_; treaties impeachable, 241
+
+Dorn, Andrew J: mentioned, 263, _footnote_, 264, _footnote_;
+avowed secessionist, 47, _footnote_
+
+Doubleday, Charles: 114, _footnote_; colonel of Second Ohio
+Cavalry, 118; Weer to supersede, 119; proposes to attempt to reach
+Fort Gibson, 119; desirous of checking Stand Watie, 119; indecisive
+engagement on Cowskin Prairie, 119 and _footnote_; ordered not to
+go into Indian Territory, 120; left at Baxter Springs by Weer, 121
+
+Downing, Lewis: 231, _footnote_, 255, 256
+
+Drew, John: dispersion of regiment, 24, 132; movements of men at Pea
+Ridge, 32; finds refuge at Camp Stephens, 35; authorized to furlough
+men, 111, _footnote_; regiment stationed in vicinity of Park
+Hill, 111, _footnote_; desires
+
+Clarkson placed in Cherokee country, 159, _footnote_
+
+Drywood Creek (Kans.): Federal defeat at, 51 and _footnote_;
+Price breaks camp at, 52, _footnote_; fugitive Indians on,
+195, _footnote_, 209, _footnote_; Cherokee camp raided by
+guerrillas, 213-214
+
+Du Bose, J.J: 288, _footnote_
+
+Duval, B.G: 266, _footnote_
+
+Dwight's Mission: 217
+
+
+East Boggy (Okla.): 296
+
+Eaton, Rachel Caroline: work cited, 257, _footnote_
+
+Echo Harjo: 278, _footnote_
+
+Edgar County (Ill.): 84, _footnote_
+
+Edwards, John Newman: work cited in _footnotes_ on pages 14, 151,
+194, 198
+
+Elder, Peter P: 48, _footnote_, 204; makes Fort Scott
+headquarters of Neosho Agency, 50; disputes with Coffin, 116-117,
+207, _footnote_; prevails upon Ottawas to extend hospitality to
+refugees, 213, _footnote_; suspicious of Coffin, 229
+
+Elk Creek (Okla.): Kiowas select home on, 153; Cooper encamps on, 287,
+_footnote_
+
+Elkhorn Tavern (Ark.): 30 and _footnote_
+
+Ellithorpe, A.C: 105, _footnote_, 115, _footnote_, 131,
+_footnote_; with detachment at Vann's Ford, 144; disapproves
+of attempting to return refugees at early date, 209-211
+and _footnote_; complains of Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la, 219,
+_footnote_; opinion about Indian Home Guards, 251
+
+Elm Springs (Ark.): 35
+
+El Paso (Tex.): 48
+
+Emancipation Proclamation: Frémont's, 57; Lincoln's, 234
+
+Evansville (Ark.): 28
+
+Ewing, Thomas: 304, _footnote_, 321, _footnote_
+
+"Extremists": 305, _footnote_
+
+
+Fairhaven (Mass.): 31, _footnote_
+
+Fall River (Kans.): 79, 81, 82, _footnote_, 84-85, 273,
+_footnote_
+
+False Wichita (Washita) River (Okla.): 153
+
+Farnsworth, H.W: 205, _footnote_, 236, _footnote_
+
+Fayetteville (Ark.): 28, _footnote_, 256; battle of, 218,
+_footnote_
+
+Federals: early encounter with, anticipated by Van Dorn, 20; expulsion
+from Missouri planned by Van Dorn, 26; drive back Confederates under
+McCulloch and Price, 26; disposition to over-estimate number of enemy,
+30, _footnote_; attempt to recover battery seized by Indians
+at Leetown, 31; in occupation of northern Arkansas, 34; defeat
+at Wilson's Creek, 49; defeat at Drywood Creek, 51-52 and
+_footnote_; showing unwonted vigor on northeastern border of
+Cherokee country, 112, _footnote_; flight, 113, _footnote_;
+Stand Watie on watch for, 130; defeat in Battle of Newtonia, 194-195
+and _footnotes_; direct efforts towards arresting Hindman's
+progress, 218; grants to Indian Territory, 250; foraging and scouting,
+253; in possession of Fort Smith, 290; Steele places drive from Fort
+Smith to Red River, 311; fail to pursue Stand Watie, 312
+
+First Choctaw Regiment: under Col. Sampson Folsom, 152; ordered to
+Fort Gibson, 155; men unanimously reënlist for duration of war, 328;
+demands, 328
+
+First Creek Regiment: commanded by D.N. McIntosh, 25; men gather at
+Cantonment Davis, 27; two hundred men gather at Camp Stephens, 32;
+about to make extended scout westward, 112; under orders to advance up
+Verdigris toward Santa Fé road, 152
+
+First Indian Brigade: 327
+
+First Indian Expedition: had beginnings in Lane's project, 41; revival
+of interest in, 99; Denver, Steele, and Coffin coöperate to advance,
+102; arms go forward to Leroy and Humboldt, 102; time propitious for,
+103; policy of Sturgis not yet revealed, 103-104; Steele, Denver, and
+Wright in dark regarding, 103, _footnote_; Steele issues order
+against enlistment of Indians, 105; vigor restored by re-establishment
+of Department of Kansas, 106; orders for resuming enlistment
+of Indians, 106-107; organization proceeding apace, 113 and
+_footnote_; outfit of Indians decidedly inferior, 117; Weer
+appointed to command of, 117 and _footnote_; Doubleday proposed
+for command of, 118; existence ignored by Missourians, 119,
+_footnote_; destruction planned by Stand Watie and others, 120
+and _footnote_; Weer attempts to expedite movement, 121; special
+agents accompany, 121-122 and _footnote_; component parts encamp
+at Baxter Springs, 125; First Brigade put under Salomon, 125; Second
+Brigade put under Judson, 125; advance enters Indian Territory
+unmolested, 126; forward march and route, 126; Hindman proposes to
+check progress, 129; march, 130; delicate position with respect to
+U.S. Indian policy, 134; troubles begin, 138; supplies insufficient,
+138; in original form brought to abrupt end, 143; Pike's depreciatory
+opinion, 164 and _footnote_; Osages join conditionally, 207 and
+_footnote_; Gillpatrick serves ends of diplomacy between John
+Ross and, 271
+
+First Kansas: 97, _footnote_
+
+First Missouri Cavalry: 113
+
+First Regiment Cherokee Mounted Rifles: commanded by John Drew, 25;
+joins Pike at Smith's Mill, 28; movements and conduct at Pea Ridge,
+32; iniquitous designs, 33; stationed in vicinity of Park Hill, 111,
+_footnote_; defection after defeat at Locust Grove, 132
+
+First Regiment Choctaw and Chickasaw Mounted Rifles: commanded by
+Cooper, 25; gathers at Camp Stephens, 32; goes out of service, 153;
+two companies post themselves in upper part of Indian Territory, 155;
+eight companies encamp near Fort McCulloch, 155; fights valiantly at
+Battle of Newtonia, 194
+
+Flanagin, Harris: 270, _footnote_, 287, _footnote_
+
+Folsom, Sampson: 152, 155
+
+Folsom, Simpson N: 152
+
+Foreman, John A: 144, 284, 285
+
+Formby, John: work cited, 19, _footnote_
+
+Fort Arbuckle (Okla.): 15, 60, _footnote_, 184 and
+_footnote_
+
+Fort Blunt (Okla.): 260
+
+Fort Cobb (Okla.): 15, 60, _footnote_, 112, 153, 275,
+_footnote_; about to be abandoned by Texan volunteers, 173,
+_footnote_; McKuska appointed to take charge of remaining
+property, 174, _footnote_
+
+Fort Davis (Okla.): Campbell discovers strong Confederate force at,
+136; Cooper orders Indians to report at, 137; many of buildings
+destroyed by order of Phillips, 220 and _footnote_, 254
+
+Fort Gibson (Okla.): Pike's headquarters not far from, 22; Choctaw
+troops guard road by Perryville towards, 112; Hindman orders Pike to
+establish headquarters at, 128, _footnote_; Campbell halts
+at, 136; Weer inclined to wander from straight road to, 139;
+newly-fortified, given name of Fort Blunt, 260; Blunt undertakes to go
+to,
+
+261; Cooper learns of approach of train of supplies for, 272,
+_footnote_; Creeks obliged to stay at, 273, _footnote_;
+Phillips despatches Foreman to reënforce Williams, 284; Steele's
+equipment inadequate to taking of Fort Gibson, 286, 290-291; Phillips
+continues in charge at, 305; Cherokees intent upon recovery, 311;
+Phillips to complete fortifications at, 325; rapid changing of
+commands at, 333, 335
+
+Fort Larned (Kans.): 112, 152
+
+Fort Leavenworth (Kans.): 73, _footnote_, 123, _footnote_;
+protected, 45; Prince in charge at, 55; troops ordered to, 60,
+_footnote_; Hunter stationed at, 69, _footnote_; arms for
+Indian Expedition to be delivered at, 100
+
+Fort Lincoln (Kans.): 52
+
+Fort McCulloch (Okla.): constructed under Pike's direction, 110; Pike
+to advance from, 119, _footnote_; Pike's force at, not to be
+despised, 128; Cherokees exasperated by Pike's continued stay at, 159;
+Pike departs from, 162
+
+Fort Roe (Kans.): 80, 85
+
+Fort Scott (Kans.): 213, 214; Lane at, 45, 51; chief Federal
+stronghold in middle Southwest, 46; temporary headquarters for Neosho
+Agency, 50; abandoned by Lane in anticipation of attack by Price, 52;
+Indian council transferred to, 74, _footnote_; Blunt succeeds
+Denver at, 98; tri-weekly post between St. Joseph and, 116; supply
+train from, waited for, 126; Indians mustered in at, 132; Weer
+cautioned against allowing communication to be cut off, 138-139;
+Phillips's communication with, threatened, 272; Steele plans to take,
+286
+
+Fort Smith (Ark.): Drew's Cherokees marching from, to Fayetteville,
+28, _footnote_; troops ordered withdrawn from, 60,
+_footnote_; Choctaw troops watch road to, 112; indignation in,
+against Pike, 158; martial law instituted in, 162, _footnote_;
+attempt to make permanent headquarters for Arkansas and Red River
+Superintendency, 176-177; plans to push Confederate line northward of,
+192; conditions in and around, 247, 269, _footnote_; Phillips
+despairs of Choctaw recruiting while in Confederate hands, 258-259;
+Steele takes command at, 261; door of Choctaw country, 290; becomes
+Blunt's headquarters, 304; Steele expects Federals to attempt a drive
+from, to Red River, 311; included within restored Department of
+Kansas, 321; dispute over jurisdiction of, 324; included within
+re-organized Department of Arkansas, 325; Indian raids around, 331
+
+Fort Smith _Papers_: work cited, 150, _footnote_
+
+Fort Towson (Okla.): 330
+
+Fort Washita (Okla.): 15, 60, _footnote_, 303, _footnote_
+
+Fort Wayne (Okla.): in Delaware District of Cherokee Nation, 197;
+battle of, October 22, 1862, 197, 211, 216, 249
+
+Fort Wise (Colo.): 152
+
+Foster, R.D: 47, _footnote_
+
+Foster, Robert: 47, _footnote_
+
+Foulke, William Dudley: work cited, 43, _footnote_
+
+Fourteenth Kansas Cavalry: 322
+
+Fourteenth Missouri State Militia: 113
+
+Fourth Kansas Volunteers: 117, _footnote_
+
+Franklin County (Kans.): 50, _footnote_
+
+Frémont, John C: removal of, 13; sends out emergency call for men, 48;
+failure to support Lyon, 49; no coördination of parts of army
+
+of, 56; emancipation proclamation, 57; put in charge of Department of
+Mountain, 96
+
+Frontier Guards: 45, _footnote_
+
+Fuller, Perry: 88 and _footnote_, 211, _footnote_, 212, 233
+
+Furnas, Robert W: 105, _footnote_; letter to Dole, 107-108;
+becomes ranking officer in field, 143; made commander of Indian
+Brigade, 144
+
+
+Gamble, Hamilton R: 119, _footnote_, 249, _footnote_, 260
+
+Gano, Richard M: 306, _footnote_, 332
+
+Gano's Brigade: 306, _footnote_
+
+Garland, A.H: 148, _footnote_, 270, _footnote_
+
+Garland, Samuel: 312, _footnote_, 321
+
+Gillpatrick, Doctor: sent under flag of truce to Ross, 135; bearer of
+verbal instructions, 193, 217, _footnote_; death, 271
+
+Granby (Mo.): lead mines, 20; abandoned, 20, _footnote_; plan for
+recovery, 194
+
+Grand Falls: 47, _footnote_
+
+Grand River (Okla.): 284; Cowskin Prairie on, 119; Second Indian Home
+Guards to examine country, 126; Salomon places Indians as corps of
+observation on, 142, 144;
+
+Grand Saline (Okla.): 112, 131, _footnote_, 139
+
+Grayson County (Texas): 190
+
+Great Father: 46, _footnote_, 240-241, _footnote_, 272-273,
+_footnote_
+
+Greene, Francis Vinton: work cited, 14, _footnote_
+
+Greenleaf Prairie (Okla.): 272
+
+Greeno, H.S: 136, 137
+
+Greenwood, A.B: 222, _footnote_
+
+Guerrillas: Indian approved by Pike, 22 and _footnote_, 112; not
+present in Sherman's march, 44; Halleck interested in suppression of,
+101; operations checked by Hindman in Indian Territory, 194; Quantrill
+and, raid Black Bob lands and Olathe, 205; policy of Confederate
+government towards, 205, _footnote_; attacks disturb Shawnees,
+236, _footnote_; raid Cherokee refugee camp on Drywood Creek,
+213-214; everywhere on Indian frontier, 260; perpetrate Baxter
+Springs Massacre, 304; are recruiting stations in certain counties of
+Missouri, 304, _footnote_
+
+
+Hadley, Jeremiah: 236, _footnote_
+
+Halleck, Henry W: in command of Department of Missouri, 27; plans for
+Denver, 71; disparaging remarks, 75, _footnote_; probable reason
+for objecting to use of Indians in war, 75, _footnote_; in
+charge of Department of Mississippi, 96; Lincoln's estimate of, 96;
+instructed regarding First Indian Expedition, 100; opposed to arming
+Indians, 101; interested in suppression of jayhawkers and guerrillas,
+101; well rid of Kansas, 106, _footnote_; disregard of orders
+respecting Indian Expedition, 109; calls for men, 259
+
+Hallum, John: work cited, 149, _footnote_
+
+Halpine, Charles G: 96
+
+Hanly, Thomas B: 176
+
+Hardin, Captain: 276, _footnote_
+
+Harlan, David M: 232, _footnote_
+
+Harlan, James: 214 and _footnote_
+
+Harper's Ferry Investigating Committee: 226-227
+
+Harrell, J.M: work cited in _footnotes_ on pages 23, 149, 188,
+190, 194, 249, 251, 284, 289
+
+Harris, Cyrus: 63, _footnote_
+
+Harris, John: 207, _footnote_
+
+Harris, J.D: 152
+
+Harrison, J.E: 267, _footnote_
+
+Harrison, LaRue: 259
+
+Harrisonville (Mo.): 55
+
+Hart's Company: 266, _footnote_
+
+Hart's Spies: 153
+
+Hay, John: work cited in _footnotes_ on pages 41, 45, 96
+
+Hébert, Louis: 34
+
+Helena (Ark.): 283
+
+Henning, B.S: 207, _footnote_
+
+Herndon, W.H: 214, _footnote_
+
+Herron, Francis J: 249, 260
+
+Heth, Henry: 19
+
+Hindman, Thomas C: 119, _footnote_; appointment, 127,
+_footnote_; assumes command of Trans-Mississippi District, 128,
+186; disparagement of Pike's command, 128, _footnote_; orders
+Pike's white auxiliary to move to Little Rock, 147; begins controversy
+with Pike, 156; starts new attack upon Pike, 161; justification for
+treatment of Pike, 162; impossible to be reconciled to Pike, 163;
+withdraws approval of Pike's resignation, 169; placed in charge of
+District of Arkansas, 192; appears in Tahlequah, 193; summoned by
+Holmes, 194; instructed to let Pike go free, 200; resorts to save
+expense, 247; recall demanded by Arkansas delegation, 270; associates
+appraised by, 270, _footnote_; asks for assignment to Indian
+Territory, 270, _footnote_; feeds indigents at cost of army
+commissary, 307
+
+Hitchcock, E.A: 98, _footnote_
+
+Ho-go-bo-foh-yah: 82
+
+Holmes, Theophilus H: 127, _footnote_, 166, _footnote_;
+appointed to command of Trans-Mississippi Department, 187; develops
+prejudice against Pike, 188; grants Pike leave of absence, 190; real
+reasons for unfriendliness to Pike, 198-199; orders arrest of Pike,
+199; forced to concede Indian claim to some consideration, 200;
+command placed under supervision of Kirby Smith, 269; relations with
+Hindman, 269; displacement demanded by Arkansas delegation, 270; Price
+commands in District of Arkansas during illness, 299, _footnote_;
+not friend of Steele, 311
+
+Honey Springs (Ark.): 288
+
+Horse Creek (Mo.): 145
+
+Horton, Albert W: 230, _footnote_
+
+Hoseca X Maria: 65, _footnote_
+
+Hubbard, David: 172, _footnote_
+
+Hudson's Crossing (Okla.): 126, 143
+
+Humboldt (Kans.): 69, 79; proposed headquarters of Neosho Agency, 52;
+sacked and burnt by marauders, 53; Coffin's account of burning of, 54,
+_footnote_; Kansas Seventh ordered to give relief to refugees,
+82, _footnote_; Kansas Tenth at, 82, _footnote_; Jennison
+with First Kansas Cavalry at, 99, _footnote_
+
+Hunter, David: falls back upon Sedalia and Rolla, 13, 26; in command
+of Department of Kansas, 27, 65-66; Lane places men at disposal, 41,
+_footnote_; guards White House, 45, _footnote_; appointment
+distasteful to Lane, 66-69; stationed at Fort Leavenworth, 69,
+_footnote_; orders relief of refugees, 73, _footnote_;
+issues passes to Indian delegation, 73, _footnote_; interviewed
+at Planter's House in St. Louis, 74, _footnote_; friction between
+Lane and, 74-76; suggests mustering in of Kansas Indians,
+74-75, _footnote_; Halleck's strictures upon command, 75,
+_footnote_; sends relief to refugees, 81; warns that army
+supplies to refugees must cease, 83; relieved from command, 96;
+troubles mostly due to local politics, 97
+
+Hutchinson, C.C: 55, _footnote_, 212, 213, _footnote_
+
+
+Illinois Creek: battle of, 218, _footnote_
+
+Illinois River: 28, 312
+
+Indian Alliance with Confederacy: conditioned by stress of
+
+circumstances, 134; Creeks and Choctaws disgusted with, 254; Cherokee
+National Council revokes, 256; Indians fear mistake, 273-274; effect
+of Battle of Honey Springs upon, 290; strengthened by formation of
+Indian league, 317; revitalized by Maxey's reforms, 326
+
+Indian Confederacy: formed by Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks, Seminoles
+and Caddoes, 317; Choctaws want separate from Southern, 321,
+_footnote_
+
+Indian Brigade: formed, 144; scouting of component parts of, 145-146;
+white troops ordered to support of, 192-193; Phillips given command,
+249; integral parts, 249, 250, _footnote_; assigned service, 250;
+regarded by Phillips as in sad state, 251
+
+Indian Delegation: 62, _footnote_, 73, _footnote_, 74,
+_footnote_; Dole interviewed in Leavenworth, 94; Osage wants
+conference with Great Father, 240, _footnote_; Creek, confers
+with Steele, 262, _footnote_; Davis disregards, 318 and
+_footnote_
+
+Indian Home Guards: _Fifth Regiment_, 219 and _footnote_;
+_First Regiment_, Furnas, colonel commanding, 107, 143; muster
+roll, 108-109, _footnote_; composed of Creeks and Seminoles,
+114; ordered to take position in vicinity of Vann's Ford, 144;
+demoralization, 145; component part of Phillips's Indian Brigade, 249;
+composed mainly of Creeks, 251; fought dismounted at Honey Springs,
+288; _Fourth Regiment_, 219 and _footnote_; _Second
+Regiment_, 125; _Third Regiment_, formation, 132; Phillips
+commissioned colonel of, 132; detachment at Fort Gibson, 144;
+engagement, 163-164, 194, 197; component part of Phillips's Indian
+Brigade, 249; largely Cherokee in composition, 252; innovations
+introduced into, 252; part placed at Scullyville, 325
+
+Indian Protectorate: 175
+
+Indian Indigents: 247, 262, 307-308 and _footnote_
+
+Indian Refugees: Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la and his men, 79; numbers justified
+use of Indian soldiery, 79; numbers exaggerated, 81, 209 and
+_footnote_; destitution, 81; Dr. Campbell ministers to needs,
+81-82; Seventh Kansas gives relief, 82, _footnote_; Coffin
+describes pitiable state, 82 and _footnote_; Snow furnishes
+details of destitution of Seminole, 83, _footnote_; army supplies
+to be discontinued, 83; Kile made special distributing agent, 84;
+much-diseased, 85; hominy, chief food, 85, _footnote_; Neosho
+Valley selected as suitable place for, 86; complain of treatment,
+87; Collamore and Jones investigate condition, 87, _footnote_;
+unwilling to remove to Sac and Fox reservation, 88 and
+_footnote_; Creek request appointment of Carruth as agent,
+89; manifest confidence in Lane's power, 94; unassuaged grief, 95;
+subsistence becomes matter of serious moment, 99; Congress applies
+Indian annuity money to support of, 99; want to assist in recovery of
+Indian Territory, 99; to furnish troops for First Indian Expedition,
+100; Halleck opposed to arming of, 101; Blunt advises early return to
+own country, 136; numbers increase as result of Salomon's retrograde
+movement, 146, _footnote_, 203; Blunt promises to restore to
+homes, 196, 203; of Neosho Agency, 204-207 and _footnotes_; Creek
+offered home by Osages, 207 and _footnote_; conditions among,
+208; Cherokee on Drywood Creek, 209; distributed over Sac and Fox
+Agency,
+
+212-213; collect on Neutral Lands, 213 and _footnote_; camp of
+Cherokee raided by guerrillas, 213-214; Harland and Proctor to look
+out for, at Neosho, 214; claim of Sacs and Foxes against Creek, 235,
+_footnote_; Phillips's reasons for returning to homes, 258; at
+Neosho returned to homes, 273 and _footnote_; cattle stolen, 274,
+_footnote_; on return journey preyed upon by compatriots, 332
+
+Indian Representation in Confederate Congress: 180, 279, 298-299,
+_footnote_
+
+Indian Soldiers (Confederate): as Home Guard, 23-24; as possible
+guerrillas to prey upon Kansas, 23 and _footnote_; as corps of
+observation, 25; refuse to move until paid, 27; conduct at Battle of
+Pea Ridge, 30-33; not included in Van Dorn's scheme of things, 35; Van
+Dorn orders return to own country, 35; order to cut off supplies from
+Missouri and Kansas, 35-36; may be rewarded by Pike, 36; Pike's report
+on activity, 112; Hindman's appraisement, 128, _footnote_; stigma
+attaching to use, 148, _footnote_; organized in military way for
+own protection, 159; do scouting, 163; Smith to raise and command
+certain, 173, _footnote_; Pike to receive five companies from
+Seminoles, 173, _footnote_; Leeper to enlist from Reserve tribes,
+173-174, _footnote_; Cooper calls from all Indian nations, 174,
+_footnote_; as Home Guard, 189; privations and desertions, 200;
+threw away guns at Battle of Honey Springs, 288; recruiting, 317, 319;
+results under best conditions, 326-327; consider reënlistment, 328;
+recognition of services, 330
+
+Indian Soldiers (Federal): feasibility of, 50, 57; Frémont and
+Robinson not in favor of, 57; Hunter suggests making, out of Kansas
+tribes, 74-75, _footnote_; Stanton refuses to employ, 76 and
+_footnote_; use justified, 79; economy, 99; to form larger part
+of First Indian Expedition, 100; Halleck opposed to, 101, 102;
+Dole instructs officers to report at Fort Leavenworth, 102,
+_footnote_; necessary equipment, 109; final preparations, 121;
+appearance, 123 and _footnote_; excellent for scouting, 125; at
+Locust Grove, 131, _footnote_; accused of outrages committed by
+white men, 135, _footnote_; do scouting, 163; tribute of praise
+for, 195, _footnote_; made part of Army of Frontier, 196;
+diverted to service in Missouri, 196; desertions, 203 and
+_footnote_; do well at Cane Hill and Prairie Grove, 218-219;
+disposed to take leave of absence, 252; to help secure Indian
+Territory, 294; negro regiment compared with Indian, 295
+
+Indian Springs (Ga.): treaty, 255, _footnote_
+
+Indian Territory: McCulloch expected to secure, 15; included within
+Trans-Mississippi District, 20; troops of, 25; Pike to endeavour to
+maintain, 36; attack, from, expected, 48; Frémont calls for aid, 48;
+situation delicate, 59-60; left destitute of protection, 60; Hunter's
+suggestion, 75, _footnote_; first refugees from, 79; "home," 93;
+early return promised, 94; expeditions to recover, projected, 95 and
+_footnote_; refugees want to recover, 99; Stand Watie returns
+into, 113; Carruth and Martin to take note of conditions in, 122 and
+_footnote_; Pike's force for defence of, exclusively, 129; Indian
+Brigade holding its own there, 146; Pike's Indian force ordered to
+northern
+
+border, 148; Pike attempts justification of retirement to southern
+part, 151; Pike declares Indian officers peers of white, 158-159;
+defence regarded by Pike as chief duty, 159; strategic importance not
+unappreciated by Confederate government, 171; attached for judicial
+purposes to western district of Arkansas, 177; Confederate government
+fails to carry out promise, 177, _footnote_; Pike advises
+complete separation of, 179; Scott to investigate conditions in, 181;
+Pike returns to, 190; included within District of Arkansas, 192;
+guerrilla warfare in, suppressed, 194; Federals in undisputed
+possession of, 198; Holmes exploiting, 199; Indian alliance valuable,
+201; Absentee Shawnees expelled from, 205, _footnote_; Blunt
+advises speedy return of refugees, 209; Confederates plan recovery,
+218; Lane introduces resolution for adding, to Kansas, 223; Dole
+objects to regular territorial form of government in, 223; Kansas
+tribes willing to exchange lands for homes in, 227; project for
+concentration of tribes in, 230, _footnote_; negotiations for
+removal of Kansas tribes to, 231; depletion of resources, 245, 247;
+organized as separate military command, 245 and _footnote_;
+troops to be all unmounted, 247; advertised as lost to Confederate
+cause, 250; conception of responsibility to, 253; Phillips's plans
+for recovery not at present practicable, 257; strategic importance
+unappreciated by Halleck and Curtis, 259; Curtis to take consequences
+of giving up 259; privilege of writ of _habeas corpus_ suspended
+in, 269; Hindman asks for assignment to, 270, _footnote_; is mere
+buffer, 276; Cooper poses as friend of, 278, 300; Creeks complaint to
+Davis, 279; Confederate operations confined to attacks upon supply
+trains, 283; removal of all Kansas Indians to, 294; roads and
+highways in, 295-296, _footnote_; necessary to Confederacy, 298,
+_footnote_; Scott enters, 300; command devolved upon Cooper, 303;
+made distinct from Arkansas, 303; Magruder wants attached to District
+of Texas, 306, _footnote_; war measures applied to, 308-309;
+Maxey in command of, 311; Indian Home Guards only Federal forces
+in, 312; granary of Trans-Mississippi Department, 315; Boudinot's
+suggestions regarding, 317, _footnote_; council requests be made
+separate department, 318; Davis objects, 318-319; included within
+restored Department of Kansas, 321; Phillips starts upon expedition
+through, 322; Price asks for loan of troops from, 326; strategic
+importance of, 331; scandalous performances in, 333
+
+Indian Trust Funds: 173-174
+
+Indians of Plains: regarding alliance with, 320, 335; harass Kansas
+and Colorado, 320 and _footnote_, 335
+
+Interior Department: 73, _footnote_, 105 and _footnote_;
+profiteering among employees, 208; Lane and Wilder make request, 230,
+_footnote_
+
+Inter-tribal Council: at Leroy, 62-69, _footnotes_; Lane's plans
+for at headquarters, 69; Leroy selected as the place for, 69;
+sessions of, 69-70; Hunter's plans for, at Fort Leavenworth, 70,
+74, _footnote_; Lane orders transfer to Fort Scott, 74,
+_footnote_; at Belmont, 237, _footnote_; at Armstrong
+Academy, 317, 320, 323
+
+Iola (Kans.): 88, _footnote_; Doubleday concentrates near, 120,
+_footnote_; Osages advance as far as, 207 _footnote_
+
+Ionies: 274, _footnote_
+
+Iowas: 77, _footnote_
+
+Ironeyes: 115, _footnote_
+
+Iroquois: 79
+
+
+Jackson, Claiborne: 16, 17, 50, _footnote_
+
+Jackson County (Mo.): 304, _footnote_
+
+Jacksonport (Ark.): 25
+
+Jan-neh: 109, _footnote_
+
+Jayhawkers: 41, _footnote_, 97, 101, 251, 266, 268,
+_footnote_, 269, 273, _footnote_
+
+Jayhawking Expedition: 73, _footnote_ 274, _footnote_
+
+Jennison, C.R: 50, _footnote_, 52, _footnote_ 99,
+_footnote_, 104, _footnote_
+
+Jewell, Lewis R: 131
+
+Jim Ned: 274, _footnote_
+
+Jim Pockmark: 65, _footnote_
+
+John Jumper: in command of Creek and Seminole Battalion, 25; on side
+of Confederacy, 62, _footnote_; ordered to take Fort Larned, 112;
+Seminole Battalion in motion toward Salt Plains, 152; honour conferred
+upon, by Provisional Congress, 174, _footnote_; renegade members
+from Seminole Battalion of, involved in tragedy at Wichita Agency,
+183; loyal to Pike, 200; member of delegation to Davis, 318,
+_footnote_; Phillips sends communication to, 323, _footnote_
+
+John Ross _Papers_: work cited, 28, _footnote_
+
+Johnson and Grimes: 308, _footnote_
+
+Johnson, F: 207 and _footnote_, 211
+
+Johnson, Robert W: 24, _footnote_, 25, _footnote_, 175, 176
+
+Johnson County (Kans.): 204, 235, _footnote_
+
+Johnston, Albert Sidney: 14, _footnote_, 19 and _footnote_,
+26
+
+Joint Committee on Conduct of War: 33, 33, _footnote_
+
+Jones, Evan: 64, _footnote_, 73, _footnote_; investigates
+conditions among refugees, 87, _footnote_; accompanies Weer, 121;
+entrusted with confidential message to John Ross, 121-122; pleads for
+justice to Indians, 225 and _footnote_; offers to negotiate about
+Neutral Lands, 231
+
+Jones, J.T: 213, _footnote_
+
+Jones, Robert M: 180 and _footnote_
+
+Jon-neh: 108, _footnote_
+
+Jordan, A.M: 214, _footnote_
+
+Jordan, Thomas: 128, _footnote_
+
+Journal of the Confederate Congress: work cited in _footnotes_ on
+pages 172, 173, 174, 175, 278
+
+Judson, William R: 134; in charge of Second Brigade of First Indian
+Expedition, 125
+
+
+Kansans: fighting methods, 17, 44; implacable and dreaded foes of
+Missouri, 18; fears attack from direction of Indian Territory, 48;
+profiteering among, 208; covet Indian lands, 221, 224
+
+Kansas: Indians on predatory expeditions into, 23; Indians to form
+battalion, 23, _footnote_; Indians to cut off supplies from,
+35-36; bill for admission signed by Buchanan, 41; exposed to danger,
+45; troops called to Missouri, 48; Price has no immediate intention of
+invading, 52; Indian enlistment, 57; likely to be menaced by Southern
+Indians, 61; Territory, 70; refugees afflicted sorely, 93; desire to
+recover Indian Territory, 95; Halpine makes derogatory remarks about,
+96; not desired in Halleck's command, 96, _footnote_; revolution
+to have been expected, 104, _footnote_; Pike's Indians to
+repel invasion of Indian Territory from, 148; Pike tries to prevent
+cattle-driving to, 173, _footnote_; failure of corn crop in
+southern part, 209; people want refugees removed from southern, 212;
+refugees
+
+plundering in, 218; resolution for extending southern boundary,
+223; proposition to confederate tribes of Nebraska and of, 227;
+negotiations begun to relieve, of Indian encumbrance, 228; project
+to concentrate tribes of, in Indian Territory, 230, _footnote_;
+negotiations with tribes of, 231; political squabbles, 249,
+_footnote_; Wells's command on western frontier, 267,
+_footnote_; stolen property brought into, 273, _footnote_;
+Steele plans to invade, 286; advisability of making raid considered,
+320; Stand Watie contemplates an invasion, 332 Kansas Brigade: _See
+Lane's Kansas Brigade_ Kansas Legislature: 42, 71, _footnote_,
+225 Kansas Militia: 50, _footnote_ Kansas River: 206 Kansas
+Seventh: 82, _footnote_ Kansas-Nebraska Bill: 17, 44 Kansas
+Tenth: 82, _footnote_ Kaws: 226, 236 and _footnote_ Kaw
+Agency (Kans.): 55, 205 Kechees (Keeches?): 115, _footnote_
+Ke-Had-A-Wah: 65, _footnote_ Keith, O.B: 230 Ketchum, W. Scott:
+119, _footnote_ Kickapoos: reported almost unanimously loyal
+to U.S, 66, _footnote_; in First Indian Expedition, 115,
+_footnote_; implicated in tragedy at Wichita Agency, 183;
+fraudulent negotiation with, 230 and _footnote_; confer with
+Carruth, 274, _footnote_ Kile, William: special agent
+to refugees, 84; refuses appointment as quartermaster, 115,
+_footnote_; misunderstanding with Ritchie, 115, _footnote_;
+estrangement between Coffin and, 208 and _footnote_; resignation,
+208, _footnote_; advises speedy return of refugees, 209
+Killebrew, James: 50, _footnote_ King, John: 269, _footnote_
+Kininola: 65, _footnote_ Kiowas: 112; select home on Elk Creek,
+153; friendly, 153, _footnote_; confer with Carruth, 274,
+_footnote_ Knights of Golden Circle: 111, _footnote_
+
+
+Lane, H.S: 146, _footnote_ Lane, James Henry: character, 41, 56;
+enthusiasm, 41, 49; influence with Lincoln, 41-42; elected senator
+from Kansas, 42; accepts colonelcy and begins recruiting, 43; not to
+be taken as type, 45; redoubles efforts for organizing brigade, 49;
+empowered to recruit, 50; conceives idea of utilizing Indians, 50, 57;
+abandons Fort Scott, 52; throws up breastworks at Fort Lincoln, 52;
+proceeds to seek revenge in spite of Robinson's opposition, 55; burns
+Osceola, 55; attitude towards slavery, 56; suggests re-organization
+of military districts on frontier, 58; disconcerted by appointment of
+Hunter, 66-69; plans for inter-tribal council, 69; Denver had measured
+swords with, 70; control over Federal patronage in Kansas, 71;
+nominated brigadier-general, 71; friction between Hunter and, 74-76;
+instructed by anti-Coffin conspirators, 88, _footnote_; protests
+to Lincoln against appointment of Denver, 97; succeeds in preventing
+appointment of Denver, 98; responsible for Blunt's promotion, 107,
+_footnote_; Phillips appointed on staff, 126, _footnote_;
+endorses request of Agent Johnson, 207, _footnote_; introduces
+resolution for extending southern boundary of Kansas, 223; denounces
+Stevens as defaulter, 226, _footnote_; opposed to Gamble,
+Schofield, and Curtis, 249, _footnote_; belongs to party of
+
+_Extremists_, 305, _footnote_; requests that Blunt be
+summoned to Washington for conference, 322, _footnote_
+
+Lane, W.P: 266, _footnote_
+
+Lane's Kansas Brigade: 41, 43, 49, 51, 58, 59, 71; relation to
+Hunter's command, 72 and _footnote_; marauding committed, 75,
+_footnote_; prospective Indian element dispensed with, 77
+
+Lawler, J.J: 204, _footnote_
+
+Lawrence (Kans.): 62, _footnote_, 73, _footnote_;
+Quantrill's raid upon, 238, _footnote_; Dole detained by raid
+upon, 239
+
+Lawrenceburg (Ind.): 43, _footnote_
+
+Lawrence _Republican_: 58, _footnote_
+
+Leased District (Okla.): 181-182, 198
+
+Leavenworth _Daily Conservative_: 58, _footnote_
+
+Lee, Robert E: 186, _footnote_, 187
+
+Lee, R.W: 307, _footnote_
+
+Leeper, Matthew: authorized to enlist men, 173, _footnote_;
+departs for Texas, 183; murder, 183
+
+Leetown (Ark.): 30, 31
+
+Leroy (Kans.): 86, 229, 239 and _footnote_; arrangements for
+keeping cattle, 54, _footnote_; Lane builds stockades, 55;
+council held by Cutler at, 62, _footnote_; substituted for
+Humboldt as place for council, 69; sessions of council, 69-70; Indian
+Brigade left, for Humboldt, 115, _footnote_; Weer returns to,
+121; some Quapaws at, 204, _footnote_; Osages at, 207; Blunt
+thinks refugees not properly cared for, 215; Dole negotiates with
+Osages at, 239 and _footnote_
+
+Lexington (Mo.): 52, _footnote_, 55
+
+Limestone Gap: 111, _footnote_
+
+Limestone Prairie: 328
+
+Lincoln, Abraham: 71, 72 and _footnote_, 211, _footnote_;
+suggests Hunter's falling back, 13; calls for volunteers, 41;
+approached by Phelps and Blair, 49; popularity asserted, 54,
+_footnote_; fears Frémont's supineness, 56; Lane urged to seek
+interview with, 58; appointment of Cameron mistake, 60; attention
+solicited by Dole, 61; sickness in family, 76, _footnote_;
+refugees appeal to, 87 and _footnote_; estimate of Halleck, 96;
+protests to, against appointment of Denver, 97; wires Halleck to defer
+assignment of Denver, 97-98; responsible for Blunt's promotion,
+107, _footnote_; Ross to intercede with, 192, _footnote_;
+inquires into practicability of occupying Cherokee country, 216;
+selects Schofield to succeed Curtis, 260; Amnesty Proclamation
+distributed among Indians, 322
+
+Lindsay's Prairie: 216
+
+Linn County (Kans.): 101, _footnote_
+
+Lipans: 274, _footnote_
+
+Little Arkansas River: 275, _footnote_
+
+Little Bear: 240, _footnote_
+
+Little Bear Band of Osages: 238, _footnote_
+
+Little Blue River (Okla.): 151, _footnote_
+
+Little Boggy (Okla.): 112
+
+Little Osage River: 45, 52
+
+Little Rock (Ark.): 36, 63, _footnote_, 190; Van Dorn assumes
+command at, 25; Hindman assumes command at, 128; Hindman orders Pike
+to move part of forces to, 147; Scott endeavours to interview Holmes
+in, 299
+
+Livermore, William Roscoe: work cited in _footnotes_ on 260, 269,
+270
+
+Locust Grove (Okla.): skirmish at, 33, 131-132; Clarkson's commissary
+captured at, 138; defeat of Confederates at, counted heavily against
+Pike, 161
+
+Lo-ka-la-chi-ha-go: 109, _footnote_
+
+Lo-ga-po-koh: 109, _footnote_
+
+Long Tiger: 103, _footnote_
+
+Longtown Creek (Okla.): 295, _footnote_
+
+Louisiana: portion included within Trans-Mississippi District,
+20; requisition upon, for troops, 25; portion included within
+Trans-Mississippi Department, 192 and _footnote_; western,
+detached from Trans-Mississippi Department, 246
+
+Love, William DeLoss: work cited in _footnotes_ on pages 118, 138
+
+Lower Creeks: 62, _footnote_
+
+Lyon, Nathaniel: work to be repeated, 14; insight into Indian
+character, 48; death, 49
+
+
+McClellan, George B: 13, 75, _footnote_, 96
+
+McClish, Fraser: 62, _footnote_
+
+McCulloch, Ben: refuses to coöperate with Price, 14, 56; takes
+position in Arkansas, 15; relations with leading Confederates
+in Arkansas and Missouri, 16; little in common with Price, 17;
+indifference towards Missouri, 18; proceeds to Richmond to discuss
+matters in controversy, 19; driven back into northwestern Arkansas,
+26; death, 31, 34; had approved of using Indians against Kansas,
+31, _footnote_; commission from, found on John Matthews, 54,
+_footnote_; had diverted Pike's supplies, 147-148
+
+McCulloch, Henry E: in command of Northern Sub-district of Texas, 302;
+opinion of conditions in Indian Territory, 306, _footnote_
+
+McCurtain, J: 312, _footnote_
+
+McDaniel, James: 231, _footnote_
+
+McDonald, Hugh: 173, _footnote_
+
+McGee's Residence: 47, _footnote_
+
+McIntosh, Chilly: 25, 62, _footnote_, 152
+
+McIntosh, D.N: colonel in command of First Creek Regiment, 25; arrives
+at Camp Stephens, 32; under orders to advance up Verdigris toward
+Santa Fé road, 152; conduct as commander, 285, _footnote_;
+commanded First and Second Creek at Honey Springs, 288
+
+McIntosh, James: 29, _footnote_; death, 31, 34; defeated
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la in Battle of Chustenahlah, 79
+
+McIntosh, Unee: 62, _footnote_
+
+McIntosh, William: 255, _footnote_
+
+Mackey's Salt Works (Okla.): 325
+
+McNeil, John: 297 and _footnote_, 305
+
+Magazine Mountains: 266, _footnote_
+
+Magruder, John Bankhead: to command Trans-Mississippi Department,
+186; delay, 186, _footnote_; appointment, rescinded, 187; orders
+Bankhead to Steele's assistance, 291-292; proposes consolidation of
+commands for recovery of Forts Smith and Gibson, 302; tries to deprive
+Steele of white force, 306, 311, _footnote_; wants Indian
+Territory attached to Texas, 306, _footnote_
+
+Manypenny, George W: 221
+
+Marmaduke, John S: 251, 327
+
+Marston, B.W: 329, _footnote_
+
+Marque and Reprisal Law: 21
+
+Martial Law: 162 and _footnote_
+
+Martin, George W: work cited, 59, _footnote_
+
+Martin, H.W: entrusted with mission by Coffin, 122 and
+_footnote_, 133; opinion regarding refugees, 209, 217-218;
+arrangements for inter-tribal council, 273, _footnote_
+
+Martin's Regiment: 308, _footnote_
+
+Marysville (Okla.): 112
+
+Matthews, John: incensing Osages and Cherokees against U.S.
+government, 47, _footnote_; death, 53 and _footnote_; had
+commission from McCuIloch, 54, _footnote_
+
+Maxey, Samuel B: assigned to command of Indian Territory, 311; project
+for sweeping reforms, 315 and _footnote_; delivers address at
+Armstrong Academy council, 320
+
+and _footnote_; thinks Indians best adapted for irregular
+warfare, 326; coöperates with Price willingly, 326-327; rulings,
+329-330, _footnote_; sets up printing-press for propaganda work,
+330; speaks in own defense, 334; superseded by Cooper, 334
+
+Maysville (Ark.): 131, 197
+
+Maremec River (Mo.): 27
+
+Methodist Episcopal Church South: 236, _footnote_
+
+Mexican War: 70; Roane's conduct in, criticised by Pike, 149
+
+Mexico: Lane in, 42, _footnote_; teams hauling cotton to, 266,
+_footnote_
+
+Miamies: 77, _footnote_
+
+Mico Hatki: 62, _footnote_, 64, _footnote_, 108,
+_footnote_, 234
+
+Middle Boggy (Okla.): 152, 296
+
+Miles, W. Porcher: 278, _footnote_
+
+Mills, James K.: 113
+
+Mississippi River: 14, _footnote_, 26, _footnote_, 34, 268,
+_footnote_
+
+Missouri: 17, 173, _footnote_; decisive result of Battle of
+Pea Ridge, 13; expected Confederacy to force situation for her, 18;
+requisition upon, for troops, 25; relief planned by Van Dorn, 26, 34;
+Indians to cut off supplies from, 35; fight for, on border, 43-44;
+troops from Kansas called to, 48; Denver served in, 70; activity
+of secessionists, 110; Payton, senator from, 176, _footnote_;
+Hindman and others plan to reënter southwest, 194, 218; Delaware
+Reservation not far distant from, 206; Martin refuses to consider
+refugees living upon impoverished people of, 217-218; political
+squabbles in, 249, _footnote_; Watie succeeds in entering
+southwestern, 312; Boudinot suggests arrangements for, 317,
+_footnote_
+
+Missouri Commandery: work cited, 148, _footnote_
+
+Missouri River: 53
+
+Missouri State Guard: 17, 158
+
+Missouri State Guards: Eighth Division, 130, _footnote_
+
+Missourians: customary fighting methods during period of border
+warfare, 17, 44; refugee, in Lane's Kansas Brigade, 51; inroads
+resented by various tribes, 77, _footnote_; intent upon ignoring
+First Indian Expedition, 119, _footnote_; battalion of, at Locust
+Grove, 131
+
+Mitchell, Robert B: appointment by Robinson, 46, _footnote_;
+raises volunteers to go against Indians, 46, _footnote_; needed
+by Halleck, 101 and _footnote_
+
+Mix, Charles E: 52, _footnote_, 60, 208, _footnote_
+
+"Moderates": 304, _footnote_
+
+Mograin, Charles: 207, _footnote_, 241, _footnote_
+
+Moneka: 46, _footnote_
+
+Montgomery, James: 15 and _footnote_, 45, 53, _footnote_
+
+Moonlight, Thomas: 322
+
+Moore, Charles: 206, _footnote_
+
+Moore, Frank: work cited in _footnotes_ on pages 83, 84, 135,
+184, 257, 287
+
+Moore, Thomas O: 192, _footnote_
+
+Moravian Mission: 194
+
+Morgan, A.S: 291, _footnote_, 293
+
+Morton, Oliver P: 43 and _footnote_
+
+Moty Kennard: _footnotes_ on pages 62, 65, 262, 278, 302, 320
+
+Mundy Durant: 235, _footnote_
+
+Munsees: 212
+
+Muskogee (Okla.): 288
+
+Murrow, J.S: 162, _footnote_
+
+
+Napier's _Peninsular War_: Pike's study of, 163
+
+Nebraska Territory: 227, 231
+
+Neosho (Mo.): defeat of Federals at, 113; Ratliff despatched to,
+127; Cherokee refugees removed from Drywood Creek to, 214, 217, 218;
+refugees at, 257, _footnote_, 273 and _footnote_
+
+Neosho Agency: headquarters, 46, 50, 52; tribes included within, 48;
+in great confusion, 115-116; changes in location of, 116-117
+
+Neosho Falls (Kans.): 213
+
+Neosho Valley: suitable place for refugees, 86; refugees object to
+leaving, 88; Steele plans to replenish resources from, 286; Stand
+Watie makes daring cavalry raid into, 312
+
+New Albany: 80, _footnote_
+
+New England Relief Society: 87, _footnote_
+
+New Mexico: 61, 113, 152, 238, _footnote_
+
+Newton, Robert C: 266, _footnote_
+
+Newton County (Mo.): 47, _footnote_
+
+Newtonia (Mo.): battle of, 194-195 and _footnotes_
+
+New York Indian Lands: 79; intruded upon by white squatters, 80, 85;
+refugees upon, 79, 85; controversy over, 85, _footnote_; Dole
+makes treaty concerning, 235-236
+
+New York _Tribune_: 31, _footnote_, 126, _footnote_,
+226
+
+Nicolay, John G: 42, _footnote_
+
+Nineteenth Regiment of Arkansas Volunteers: 150, _footnote_
+
+Ninth Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry: 119, _footnote_; Frederick
+Salomon, colonel, 118; part attached to First Brigade of First Indian
+Expedition, 126
+
+North, The: 42, _footnote_, 171, 245; indifference towards West,
+43; reconstruction measures in favor of, 228; Indian Territory came
+too late into reckonings of, 250
+
+North Fork of the Canadian (Okla.): 173, _footnote_
+
+North Fork Village (Okla.): 173, _footnote_
+
+Northern Sub-District of Texas: 286, 302
+
+
+Ock-tah-har-sas Harjo: 228, _footnote_; elected principal chief
+by refugee Creeks, 89; addresses "Our Father," 233
+
+Office of Indian Affairs: prompt action needed, 47, _footnote_;
+approval sought, 52; appeal to War Department for restoration of
+military force in Indian Territory, 60; Carruth, special agent of,
+accompanies First Indian Expedition, 122 and _footnote_;
+agents ignored by military men of First Indian Expedition, 133 and
+_footnote_; profiteering among employees, 208; Wattles sent out
+by, 226; not yet prepared to treat with John Ross for retrocession of
+Neutral Lands, 231
+
+Oh-Chen-Yah-Hoe-Lah: 69, _footnote_
+
+Oke-Tah-hah-shah-haw Choe: talk, 66, _footnote_
+
+Olathe (Kans.): 205
+
+Old George: 203
+
+Oldham, Williamson S: 157 and _footnote_, 176, _footnote_
+
+Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la: 24, 63, _footnote_, 73, _footnote_,
+76 and _footnote_, 79; defeated by McIntosh in Battle of
+Chustenahlah, 79; lodges complaint against Coffin, 87; friends oppose
+election of Ock-tah-har-sas Harjo as principal chief, 89; interviews
+Lane, 94; Coffin talks with, on subject of Indian Expedition, 102-103,
+_footnote_; wants "wagons that shoot," 117; Creeks under, offered
+home by Osages, 207 and _footnote_, 229; Ellithorpe complains of,
+219, _footnote_; death, 234
+
+Osage County (Kans.): 80
+
+Osage Nation: 47, _footnote_
+
+Osage Reservation (Kans.): exposed condition of, 55; refugees cross,
+79; intruders upon, 222 and _footnote_; owners unwilling to cede
+part of, 229-230
+
+Osage River: 27
+
+Osages: 252; bad white men interfering with, 46; disturbances
+
+among, 46, _footnote_, 47, _footnote_; Mitchell schemes to
+negotiate treaty with, 47, _footnote_; offer assistance to
+U.S., 49; John Matthews, trader among, 53, _footnote_; loyalty
+asserted, 54, _footnote_; Coffin to coöperate with Elder in
+negotiating with, 87-88, _footnote_; attempt to persuade
+enlistment for First Indian Expedition, 115, 207; approached for
+cession of lands, 116, 222; abandon Confederate cause, 121;
+Weer promotes enlistment of, 121; service rendered by, 207,
+_footnote_; offer home to Creeks, 207 and _footnote_, 229,
+237-238; memorialize Congress, 229; disgusted with Coffin's draft
+of treaty of cession, 229; Dole makes treaty with, 235, 239 and
+_footnote_; massacre of Confederate officers, 237-238,
+_footnote_; council of Great and Little, 237, _footnote_;
+unfair advantage taken by representatives of U.S. government, 238;
+terms of Dole's treaty with, 239, _footnote_; makes propositions
+to Dole, 240-241, _footnote_; Dorn reported to have funds for,
+264, _footnote_; Jim Ned's band involved in serious difficulties
+with, 274, _footnote_; invited to inter-tribal council, 274-275,
+_footnote_
+
+Osceola (Mo.): Lane burns, 55
+
+Ottawas: included within Sac and Fox Agency, 212; receive refugees
+upon certain conditions, 212-213; extend further hospitality to
+refugees, 213, _footnote_
+
+
+Pagy, A.T: 65, _footnote_
+
+Park Hill (Okla.): Pike tarries at, 28; Drew's regiment stationed near
+in, _footnote_; Greene sent with detachment to Tahlequah and,
+136; Blunt's expeditionary force reaches, 193; Phillips has camp at,
+258
+
+Parke County (Ind.): 80, _footnote_
+
+Parks, R.C: 113, _footnote_
+
+Parks, Thomas J: 248, _footnote_
+
+Parsons, Luke F: 285
+
+Partisan Rangers: authorized by Confederate government, 112; W.P.
+Lane's company of Texas, 266, _footnote_
+
+Paschal Fish: 205, _footnote_, 236, _footnote_
+
+Pascofa: 62, _footnote_
+
+Patton, James: 47, _footnote_
+
+Pawnee Fork: 112
+
+"Paw Paws": 304, _footnote_
+
+Payton, R.L.Y: 176, _footnote_
+
+Pea-o-pop-i-cult: 65, _footnote_
+
+Pearce, N. Bart: 16, 22, 156, 158
+
+Pea Ridge (Ark.): 13, 29, 34, 36, 197
+
+Pegg, Thomas: 256
+
+Pelzer, Louis: work cited, 260, _footnote_
+
+Peorias: 77, _footnote_
+
+Perryville (Okla.): 112, 295-296
+
+Pheasant Bluff (Okla.): 271, 327
+
+Phelps, John S: 49, 199-200
+
+Phil David: 68, _footnote_
+
+Phillips, James A: 126, _footnote_
+
+Phillips, William A: 126, 321; _footnote_; biographical sketch,
+126, _footnote_; commissioned colonel of Third Indian, 132;
+forces engage with those of Stand Watie, 163-164; Indians under,
+fought well in Battle of Newtonia, 194, 195, _footnote_;
+reconnoissances, 218; orders buildings at Fort Davis destroyed, 220,
+_footnote_; given command of Indian Brigade by Blunt,
+249; reports Indian Brigade in sad state, 251; large view of
+responsibilities to Indian Territory, 253; makes overtures to Indians,
+254; expostulates against delay in attempting recovery of Indian
+Territory, 257; reasons for returning refugees, 258; moves over
+border, 258; communication with Fort Scott threatened, 272; continues
+in charge at Fort Gibson, 305; Indian Home
+
+Guards under, only Federal troops left in Indian Territory, 312;
+undertakes extended expedition through Indian Territory, 322; gives
+own interpretation to Lincoln's Amnesty Proclamation, 322-323;
+differences between Blunt and, 325; removed from command at Fort
+Gibson, 333; restored to command, 335
+
+Phisterer, Frederick: work cited in _footnotes_ on pages 30, 288
+
+Piankeshaws: 77, _footnote_
+
+Pickett Papers: work cited in _footnotes_ on pages 171, 172, 175
+
+Pike, Albert: 128; assigned to command of Department of Indian
+Territory, 20; report submitted to Davis, 21; report to be found
+in U.S. War Department, 21, _footnote_; makes headquarters at
+Cantonment Davis, 22; anxious to save Indian Territory for South,
+22-23; ordered to join Van Dorn with Indians, 27; becomes ranking
+officer in field, 31; criticism in New York _Tribune_, 31,
+_footnote_; authorizes Indian fighting at Pea Ridge, 32; rejoins
+army at Cincinnati, 35; receives orders from Maury, 36; talk with
+Comanches, 65, _footnote_; negotiations with Upper Creeks, 66,
+_footnote_; negotiations with Seminoles, 68, _footnote_;
+intrenches himself at Fort McCulloch, 110; report on Indian military
+activity, 112; ordered to send more important of forces to Little
+Rock, 147; protests against orders of May 31 and June 17, 154-156;
+objects to appointment of Pearce, 156; reports grievances to Randolph,
+156; Cherokees exasperated by stay at Fort McCulloch, 159; letter
+to Stand Watie, 159, _footnote_; John Ross complains of, 160;
+prepares resignation, 161; indites conciliatory letter to Hindman,
+162-163; student of art of war, 163; publishes circular address to
+Southern Indians, 165; effect of circular, 166 and _footnote_;
+correspondence with Davis, 167-168; arrested by Cooper, 169; entered
+upon diplomatic career as agent of Confederate State Department,
+171-172 and _footnote_; exceeded instructions in assuming
+financial obligations, 174, _footnote_; considers remuneration,
+175, _footnote_; makes important recommendations to Davis, 179;
+applies to Holmes for leave of absence, 190; resignation, 191 and
+_footnote_; reënters Indian Territory, 198; rumors of conspiracy
+with unionists in Texas, 199; arrested, 200; sums up grievances in
+letter to Holmes, 201, Appendix; Kirby Smith attempts to reëmploy for
+service among Indians of Plains, 201, 335; Steele takes umbrage at
+published statement, 286, _footnote_
+
+"Pins": 193, 268, _footnote_
+
+Planter's House: 74, _footnote_, 94, _footnote_
+
+Pocahontas (Ark.): 25
+
+Poison Spring (Ark.): battle of, 326-327
+
+Pomeroy, Samuel C: 41, _footnote_; elected senator from Kansas,
+42; John Brown's opinion of, 42, _footnote_; endorses principle
+underlying Frémont's emancipation proclamation, 56-57 instructed
+by anti-Coffin conspirators, 88, _footnote_; protests against
+appointment of Denver, 97; succeeds in preventing appointment
+of Denver, 98; responsibility for Blunt's promotion, 107,
+_footnote_; advocates confiscation of Cherokee Neutral Lands,
+224; recommends concentration of tribes of West in Indian
+Territory, 230, _footnote_; in company of Dole at Leroy, 239,
+_footnote_
+
+Pontiac: 31, _footnote_
+
+Portlock, E.E: 329, _footnote_
+
+Poteau River (Okla.): 297, _footnote_
+
+Pottawatomies: 234 and _footnote_, 274-275, _footnote_
+
+Prairie Creek (Ark.): 216
+
+Prairie d'Ane (Ark.): 326
+
+Prairie Grove (Ark.): battle of, 218 and _footnote_, 249
+
+Prairie Springs: 279
+
+Price, Sterling: 16, 17, 26, 29, 52, 55, 56, 127, _footnote_,
+185, 317, _footnote_; tries to induce Quantrill and his men to
+enter regular service, 205, _footnote_; Hindman's opinion
+of, 270, _footnote_; commands in District of Arkansas, 299,
+_footnote_, 326
+
+Prince, William E: 55, 58
+
+Proctor, A.G: 214, 234, _footnote_
+
+Provisional Congress: refuses to confirm nomination of Heth, 19;
+calls for information on McCulloch-Price controversy, 19; established
+precedents of good faith in Indian relations, 172; resolution
+authorizing Davis to send a commissioner to Indian nations, 172,
+_footnote_, 173, _footnote_; work of, 173-175 and
+_footnotes_; confers honour upon John Jumper, 174,
+_footnote_; considerations of committees regarding Indian
+superintendency, 175, 176
+
+Pryor, Nathaniel: 145, _footnote_
+
+Pryor Creek (Okla.): 142, 145
+
+
+Quantrill, W.C: 45; guerrillas raid Black Bob Lands and Olathe, 205;
+raid upon Lawrence, 238, _footnote_, 239; work scorned and
+repudiated by McCulloch, 303, _footnote_; perpetrates Baxter
+Springs massacre, 304; movements, 304 and _footnote_; Maxey feels
+no repugnance for services of, 326
+
+Quapaw Agency: 53, _footnote_
+
+Quapaw Nation: 46, 50, _footnote_
+
+Quapaws: 48, in First Indian Expedition, 115, _footnote_; driven
+into exile, 116 and _footnote_; become refugees or are drawn into
+ranks of Federal army, 204; some, not _bona fide_ refugees, 204,
+_footnote_; no longer in Second Regiment of Indian Home Guards,
+252
+
+Quapaw Strip (Kans.): 126
+
+Quesenbury, William: 158, 248, _footnote_
+
+
+Rabb's Battery: 114, _footnote_
+
+"Radicals": 305, _footnote_
+
+Rains, James S: 125; makes Tahlequah headquarters of Eighth Division
+Missouri State Guard, 130, _footnote_; to attempt to reënter
+southwest Missouri, 194; Cooper acts under orders from, 197; in
+disgrace, 198
+
+Randolph, J.L: 267, _footnote_, 309, _footnote_
+
+Randolph, George W: Pike makes complaint against Hindman, 156-158;
+sympathy for Pike, 168; desires to terminate Magruder's delay, 186;
+suggests that Price serve as second in command under Magruder, 186,
+_footnote_; reassures Pike, 187, 189; instructions to Holmes, 189
+
+Ratliff, Robert W: 121, _footnote_, 127
+
+Rector, Elias: 175, 181, _footnote_
+
+Rector, H.M: 185, _footnote_
+
+"Red Legs": 305, _footnote_
+
+Red River: 20, 36, 248, 311, 315
+
+Reserve Indians: 112; Pike negotiates successfully with, 173,
+_footnote_; volunteers authorized, 173-174, _footnote_;
+disorders among, 182; uprising against and murder of Leeper undertaken
+by, 182-183; Tonkawas almost exterminated by, 184; companies organized
+among, 266, _footnote_; fed by contract, 308, _footnote_
+
+Reynolds, Thomas C: 287, _footnote_
+
+Richardson, James D; work cited in _footnotes_ on pages 21, 172,
+278, 322
+
+Richardson, John M: 113
+
+Riddle's Station (Okla.): 276, _footnote_ 293, 295,
+_footnote_
+
+Ritchie, John: applies to Dole for new instructions, 106; appraisement
+of, 106, _footnote_; dilatory in movements, 114, _footnote_;
+disagreement with Kile, 115, _footnote_; slow in putting in
+appearance at Humboldt, 115; commands Second Regiment Indian Home
+Guards, 115; conducts prisoners to Fort Leavenworth, 144; allows
+men to run amuck at Shirley's Ford, 197; dismissal from service
+recommended, 197; Phillip's ranking officer, 325
+
+Roane, J.S: Arkansas left in care of, 128, 149; asks forces of Pike,
+149; conduct in Mexican War criticised by Pike, 149, _footnote_;
+fights duel with Pike, 149, _footnote_; character, 199; arrests
+Pike, 200
+
+Roberts, S.A: 308, _footnote_, 320, _footnote_
+
+Robertson, W.S: 225 and _footnote_
+
+Robinson, Charles: work cited in _footnotes_ on pages 15, 70,
+97, 98, 226; appointment of Mitchell, 46, _footnote_; opposed
+to Lane's plans for revenge, 55; approves of principle underlying
+Frémont's proclamation, 56-57; opposed to enlistment of Indians, 57;
+seeks aid of Prince, 58; responsible for Stanton's contesting of
+Lane's seat, 59, _footnote_; Lane has no intention of obliging,
+71, _footnote_; commissions for First Indian Expedition pouring
+in, 123, _footnote_; calls for volunteers against guerrillas,
+205, _footnote_; relations with Stevens, 226, _footnote_
+
+Robinson, William: 62, _footnote_
+
+Rocky Creek (Clear Creek): 184, _footnote_
+
+Rolla (Mo.): 13, 26
+
+Roman, Alfred: work cited, 14, _footnote_, 34, _footnote_
+
+Roman Catholic Mission: 87, _footnote_, 121, 241, _footnote_
+
+Rosengarten, Joseph George: work cited, 118, _footnote_
+
+Ross, John: attitude of faction of, towards proposed Confederate
+military occupation of Indian Territory, 15; communicates with Pike
+on movements of Cherokee troops, 28, _footnote_; opposed to
+secession, 63, _footnote_; reported to have host ready to
+do service for U.S., 66, _footnote_; loyal to U.S., 74,
+_footnote_; communication from Weer, 134 and _footnote_,
+135; reply to Weer, 135-136; submits documents justifying his own
+and tribal actions, 136; receives peremptory order from Cooper, 137;
+arrested by Greeno, 137; suspected of collusion with captor, 137-138,
+192; addresses himself to Hindman against Pike, 160; on mission to
+Washington, 192 and _footnote_; formally deposed by convention
+called by secessionist Cherokees, 193; receives monetary assistance,
+214 and _footnote_; makes personal appeal to Lincoln to enable
+refugees to be returned to homes, 215-216; and associates ready to
+negotiate for retrocession of Neutral Lands, 231; Gillpatrick medium
+of diplomatic intercourse between, and First Indian Expedition, 271
+
+Ross, Mrs. W.P: work cited, 111, _footnote_
+
+Ross, W.W: 234, _footnote_
+
+Round Grove (Okla.): 126
+
+Russell, O.F: 152-153
+
+
+Sac and Fox Agency (Kans.): 54, _footnote_, 114, _footnote_;
+suggested removal of refugees to, 212; tribes included within, 212;
+Osages repair to, to confer with Dole, 238 and _footnote_
+
+Sacs and Foxes of Mississippi: encounter refugees from Indian
+
+Territory, 80; offer home to refugees, 86; reservation, 87; receive
+Creeks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws, 213; scheme of building houses for,
+226 and _footnote_; Dole makes treaty with, 235; claim against
+Creek refugees, 235, _footnote_; some Sacs confer with Carruth,
+274, _footnote_; invited to inter-tribal council, 274-275.
+_footnote_
+
+St. Francis River: 20
+
+St. Joe (St. Joseph): 74, _footnote_, 116, 230
+
+St Louis _Republican_: 75, _footnote_
+
+Salomon, Frederick: colonel of Ninth Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry,
+118; in command at Fort Scott, 118; left in command at Baxter Springs
+by Weer, 121; in charge of First Brigade, First Indian Expedition,
+125; instructions to, with respect to Indian policy of U.S.
+government, 134; deplorable equipment of troops, 138; arrests Weer,
+139; gives reasons arrest, 140-142; retrograde movement of, 142, 143,
+147, 203; establishes himself at Camp Quapaw, 146; ordered by Blunt to
+send troops to support of Indian Brigade, 192-193
+
+Salt Plains: 152, 153
+
+Sam Checote: 62, _footnote_
+
+Santa Fé Trail: to intercept trains on, 129, _footnote_, 267,
+_footnote_; Creek regiment to advance toward, 152
+
+Scales, J.A: 268, _footnote_, 277, _footnote_
+
+Schaumburg, W.C: 305, _footnote_
+
+Schoenmaker, John: 241, _footnote_
+
+Schofield, John M: 106, _footnote_, 119, _footnote_, 196,
+248, 249 and _footnote_, 260, 261, 293, 304 and _footnote_
+
+Schurz, Carl: 41 and _footnote_, 42, _footnote_
+
+Scott, S.S: acting commissioner of Indian affairs, 172,
+_footnote_; remarks of, 177, _footnote_; to investigate
+conditions in Indian Territory, 181; hurries to Leased District,
+184; asks Governor Colbert to harbor fugitive Tonkawas, 184,
+_footnote_; sets out upon tour of inspection, 299; made full
+commissioner, 299, _footnote_; reports to Holmes concerning
+neglect of Indian Territory, 300; reports to Seddon prospects for
+three Indian brigades, 329
+
+Scott, T.M: 316, _footnote_
+
+Scott, W.H: 287, _footnote_
+
+Scott, Winfield S: 48, 56, 69, _footnote_
+
+Scott County (Ark.): 20
+
+Scullyville (Okla.): 155, 325, and _footnote_
+
+Second Brigade, First Indian Expedition: put under Judson, 125
+
+Second Choctaw Regiment: 312, _footnote_
+
+Second Indian Brigade: 327
+
+Second Indian Expedition: Carruth and Martin act in anticipation of,
+133, _footnote_; Blunt making plans for, 196 and _footnote_,
+208, _footnote_; Blunt discovers that Indians stipulate care of
+families during absence, 215
+
+Second Indiana Battery: 118, 125
+
+Second Ohio Cavalry: 118, 119, _footnote_, 125-126
+
+Second Regiment Cherokee Mounted Rifles: commanded by Stand Watie, 25;
+joins Pike at Cincinnati, 28; takes position to observe enemy, 32;
+guiltless of atrocities committed at Pea Ridge, 32; makes way to Camp
+Stephens, 35; detail sent with ammunition to main army, 35; scouting
+along northern line of Cherokee country, 112; desertions from, 145
+
+Second Regiment Indian Home Guards: miscellaneous in composition, 114
+and _footnote_; men not yet mustered in, 121; fills up after
+defeat of Confederates at Locust Grove, 132; Corwin takes
+
+command of, 144; engagement at Shirley's Ford, 197; component part of
+Phillips's Indian Brigade, 249; Cherokee in composition, 252; fought
+dismounted at Honey Springs, 288; stationed at Mackey's Salt Works,
+325
+
+Sedalia (Mo.): 13
+
+Seddon, James A: 270, _footnote_, 299, _footnote_, 317,
+_footnote_; instructs Scott to attend meeting of council at
+Armstrong Academy, 320; Scott reports prospects of forming three
+Indian brigades, 329
+
+Seminole Battalion: 152, 312, _footnote_
+
+Seminole Nation: 130
+
+Seminoles (Confederate): Murrow, agent, 162, _footnote_; Pike
+negotiates treaty with, 173, _footnote_; agree to furnish five
+companies of mounted volunteers, 173, _footnote_; Creeks and,
+want separate military department made of Indian Territory, 278-279;
+disperse, 323
+
+Seminoles (Federal or Unionist): Carruth teacher among, 59;
+destitution of refugee, 83, _footnote_; in First Regiment Indian
+Home Guards, 114 and _footnote_; attempt tribal reörganization,
+228
+
+Senate Committee on Indian Affairs (Confederate): Johnson's bill, 176;
+members, 176, _footnote_
+
+Senecas: 48, 204 and _footnote_
+
+Seneca-Shawnees: refugees, 116, 204; object to Wyandot treaty, 237,
+_footnote_
+
+Shawnee Agency (Kans.): 236, _footnote_
+
+Shawnee Reserve (Kans.): 205 and _footnote_
+
+Shawnees: 48; loyal to U.S., 66, _footnote_; in First Indian
+Expedition, 113, _footnote_; from Cherokee country made refugees,
+116; implicated in tragedy at Wichita Agency, 183; Neosho Agency
+Indians seek refuge among, 204; are depredated upon, 204, 205,
+_footnote_; Dole makes treaty with, 235
+
+Shelby, Jo: 45, 194, 200
+
+Sheridan, Philip H: work cited, 296, _footnote_
+
+Sherman (Tex.): 190
+
+Sherman, William T: 44
+
+Shians (Cheyennes): 274, _footnote_
+
+Shirley's Ford (Mo.): 197
+
+Shoal Creek (Mo.): 118, 120, _footnote_
+
+Shoe-Nock-Me-Koe: 68, _footnote_
+
+Shreveport (La.): 303, _footnote_
+
+Sigel, Franz: 29
+
+Simms, W.E: 176, _footnote_
+
+Sixth Kansas Cavalry: 249
+
+Slavery: 298, _footnote_
+
+Smith, James M.C: 173, _footnote_
+
+Smith, Caleb P: 60, _footnote_, 61, 99; authorizes expenditure of
+funds for relief of refugees, 83
+
+Smith, John: 62, _footnote_
+
+Smith, E. Kirby: 317; seeks to reëmploy Pike for service among
+Indians, 201, 335 and _footnote_; assigned to command, 269;
+approves Steele's adoption of Fabian policy, 297; reply to Stand
+Watie, 297-298, _footnote_; detaches command of Indian Territory
+from that of Arkansas, 303; subscribes to idea of forming two Indian
+brigades, 310; is stanchest of Steele's friends, 311; opposed to three
+brigade plan and to promotion of Cooper implicit in it, 318; commends
+work of Steele, 318; address emended by Maxey, 330; friend of
+Maxey, 334; holds in abeyance orders for retirement of Maxey, 334,
+_footnote_; enters into convention with Canby, 335
+
+Smith's Mill: 28
+
+Snead, Thomas L: work cited, 15, _footnote_, 296, _footnote_
+
+Snow, George C: 80, _footnote_, 83, _footnote_
+
+Soda Springs (Okla.): 291, _footnote_
+
+South, The: indifference towards West, 43; love of home state, great
+bulwark of, 187-188; Choctaws reported as wavering in allegiance to,
+220; Indian Territory as separate military entity comes too late into
+reckonings, 250
+
+Southern Confederacy: decisive results of battle of Pea Ridge, 13;
+expected by Missouri to force situation for her, 18; relation of
+Indian Territory determined by treaties of alliance, 21; Pike's great
+purpose to save Indian Territory for, 22-23; Weer suggests that
+Cherokee Nation dissolve its alliance with, 134; management of Indian
+affairs of, 149-150, 171; view of obligations towards Indians,
+174, _footnote_; policy with respect to guerrillas, 205,
+_footnote_; Wyandots refuse to throw in lot with, 206; Kansas
+politicians want to punish Indians for going over to, 224; Cherokees
+repudiate alliance with, 232; Indians losing faith in, 273-274;
+charged with bad faith by Cherokees, 279-281; Indian devotion to,
+re-asserted, 317; Indians pledge anew loyalty to, 323
+
+Southern Expedition: 73 and _footnote_
+
+Southern Indian Regiments: 24-25
+
+Southern Superintendency (Confederate): establishment delayed by
+prolongation of Pike's mission, 175; bill for establishment of, 176
+
+Southern Superintendency (Federal): 117, _footnote_
+
+Southwest, The: 46, 70
+
+Southwestern District of Missouri: 26-27
+
+Southwestern Division of District of Missouri: 127
+
+Spavinaw Creek (Okla.): 130, 138
+
+Spavinaw Hills (Okla.): 127
+
+Spears, John: 279
+
+Speer, John: 43, _footnote_
+
+Speight, J.W: brigade of, 246, _footnote_, 267, _footnote_
+
+Springfield (Mo.): 26, 51
+
+Spring, Leverett: work cited in _footnotes_ on pages 15, 52, 97
+
+Spring River: 119, 126; Shirley's Ford on, 197
+
+Staked Plains: 153
+
+Stand Watie: 159, _footnote_; colonel of Second Regiment Cherokee
+Mounted Rifles, 25; men in poor trim and undisciplined, 28; men take
+position as corps of observation, 32; makes way to Camp Stephens, 35;
+scouting, 112, 127; engagements, 112, 113, 119 and _footnote_;
+encampment on Cowskin Prairie, 119; home of, 127; successful
+skirmishing commented upon, 152; elected Principal Chief, 193;
+Phillips compels, to re-cross Arkansas, 218; in command of First
+Cherokee Regiment, 262, _footnote_; Steele's great reliance upon,
+270; cavalry raids, 272, 312; forced to retire from Cabin Creek, 285;
+commanded First and Second Cherokee at Honey Springs, 288; complaints
+to Kirby Smith, 297, _footnote_; related to Boudinot, 300; makes
+reports and appeals, 301; proposed advancement, 309; authorizes
+formation of Cherokee Brigade, 309; Steele's appraisement of, 310;
+skirmish at Barren Fork, 312; has command of First Indian Brigade,
+327; all Cherokee military units summoned to camp on Limestone
+Prairie, 328; name becomes source of terror, 331; last great raid of,
+332
+
+Stanton, Edwin M: 75, _footnote_, 76; refuses to countenance
+use of Indians as soldiers, 76 and _footnote_; efficient
+administration of, 96; deprecates interference in military affairs in
+Kansas, 98 and _footnote_
+
+Stanton, Frederick P: 59, 72, _footnote_
+
+State Department (Confederate): 171, 172, _footnote_
+
+State Rights: 18
+
+Statutes at Large of Provisional Government: work cited, 174,
+_footnote_
+
+Stearns, Frank Preston: work cited, in _footnotes_ on pages 42,
+87
+
+Steele, Frederick: in command of Department of Arkansas, 322; argues
+over military status of Fort Smith, 321-322
+
+Steele, James: special agent, 100; infers Halleck unfavorable to
+Indian expedition, 101; presents credentials at arsenal at Fort
+Leavenworth, 101; Sac and Fox chiefs willing to abide by decision,
+235, _footnote_
+
+Steele, William: 247; to report to Holmes for duty, 245,
+_footnote_; preferred to Cooper, 246; sends most of troops in
+direction of Red River, 248; takes large view of responsibilities
+to Indian Territory, 253; difficulties and embarrassments, 261-269;
+appeal for loyalty to Confederate cause, 267-268, _footnote; ex
+officio_ superintendent of Indian affairs, 275-276; regards Indian
+Territory as buffer, 276; influences to undermine, 278; makes stand in
+Creek country, 291; opposition to, 310; command in bad condition, 292;
+crosses from Creek into Choctaw country, 295; journeys to Bonham
+to consult with McCulloch, 302-303; command detached from that of
+Arkansas, 303; size of force, 305, _footnote_; work discredited
+and disparaged by Cooper, 306; policy and practice in matter of
+feeding indigents and refugees, 307 and _footnote_; relieved of
+command of Indian Territory, 311; Kirby Smith commends work, 318
+
+Stettaner Bros: 211, _footnote_
+
+Stevens, Robert S: 211, _footnote_, 212, 226 and _footnote_
+
+Stevens, Thaddeus: 57, 60, _footnote_
+
+Stidham, George W: 62, _footnote_, 173, _footnote_
+
+Stockton's Hall: 58 and _footnote_
+
+Sturgis, S.D: Lane ordered to coöperate with, 56; placed in command
+of District of Kansas, 98; policy with respect to First Indian
+Expedition, 103-104; opposed to idea of Indian expedition, 104;
+military despotism, 104; forbids enlistment of Indians, 105; refusal
+to reinstate Weer, 117, _footnote_
+
+Sugar Creek (Ark.): 30, _footnote_
+
+Sumner, E.V: 260, _footnote_
+
+Susquehanna River: 232
+
+
+Tahlequah (Okla.): 132, 136; Rains makes headquarters, 130,
+_footnote_; Hindman places white cavalry at, 192; Blunt's
+expeditionary force seizes archives and treasury of Cherokee Nation,
+193; Hindman appears in, 193; steamer, 263, _footnote_
+
+Talliaferro (Taliaferro?), T.D: 267, _footnote_
+
+Tandy Walker: supporter of Cooper, 265; recruits among Choctaws, 265;
+appointment, 265, _footnote_; asks for establishment of Indian
+Territory as separate military department, 279; commanded Regiment
+of Choctaws and Chickasaws at Honey Springs, 288; indulging in petty
+graft, 306, _footnote_; service of Choctaws under, in Camden
+campaign, 326; has command of Second Indian Brigade, 327
+
+Tawa Kuwus: 274, _footnote_
+
+Taylor, N.G: 207, _footnote_
+
+Taylor, R: 297, _footnote_
+
+Taylor, Samuel M: 279
+
+Tecumseh: 73, _footnote_
+
+Te-Nah: 65, _footnote_
+
+Tenth Kansas Infantry: 117, 118
+
+Texans: assist Indians at Leetown
+
+engagement, 31; away fighting "the cold weather people," 65,
+_footnote_; circulate malicious stories about Pike, 160,
+_footnote_; disposition towards self-sacrifice, 268; not possible
+to deal with Indians arbitrarily, 326
+
+Texas: 179; requisition upon, for troops, 25; Pike to call for troops
+from, 36; way to, likely to be blocked by Southern Indians, 61; Pike
+wants to be near, 151; anti-Pike reports spreading through, 169; road
+from Missouri to, 173, _footnote_; Oldham, senator from,
+176, _footnote_; rumors current that Pike is conspiring with
+unionists, in, 199; detached from Trans-Mississippi Department,
+245-246; cotton speculation alluring men with ready money,
+248, _footnote_; public feeling towards deserters, 266,
+_footnote_; great commissary depot west of Mississippi, 268,
+_footnote_; Bankhead becomes alarmed for safety of, 287, 292;
+virtual chaos in, 303; Steele contracts for clothing in northern, 308
+
+Thayer, John M: 324 and _footnote_
+
+Thayer, William Roscoe: work cited in _footnotes_ on pages 41,
+45, 96
+
+Third Choctaw Regiment: 321
+
+Thomas, L: 74-75, _footnote_, 100, 109, _footnote_
+
+Throckmorton, James W: 335, _footnote_
+
+Thurston's House: 54, _footnote_
+
+Timiny Barnet: 62, _footnote_
+
+Tishomingo (Okla.): 200
+
+Toe-Lad-Ke: talk, 67, _footnote_; signature, 69, _footnote_
+
+Tonkawas: negotiations with Pike, 182; about one-half of, butchered,
+184; surviving, flee to Fort Arbuckle, 184 and _footnote_
+
+Toombs, Robert: 171, _footnote_, 173, _footnote_
+
+Totten, James: 197
+
+Trans-Mississippi Department: 128, _footnote_, 149, 168, 186,
+187, 192, 245-246, 269, 270 and _footnote_, 315, 318-319
+
+Trans-Mississippi District of Department no. 2: 14, 19, 20, 25, 127,
+_footnote_, 128, _footnote_, 190, 191
+
+Treaties of Alliance: 21, 23 and _footnote_, 173 and
+_footnote_
+
+Trench, E.B: 215, _footnote_
+
+Turner, E.P: 292, _footnote_
+
+Turner, John W: 83 and _footnote_
+
+Tus-te-nu-ke-ema-ela: 108, _footnote_
+
+Tus-te-nuk-ke: 108, _footnote_
+
+
+Upper Creeks: 62, _footnote_
+
+Usher, John P: 231, 239, _footnote_
+
+
+Van Buren (Ark.): 162, _footnote_, 177
+
+Van Dorn, Earl: 14, _footnote_, 20, 25, 26, 34, 35, 36;
+appointment, 19; failure to credit Indians in report, 31 and
+_footnote_, 148; orders Indians to harass enemy on border of
+own country, 35-36, 110; telegraphic request to Davis, 127,
+_footnote_, 186; diverts and appropriates Pike's supplies,
+147-148 and _footnote_; hopes Price will be successor, 185
+
+Vann's Ford: 144
+
+Vaughan, Champion: 305, _footnote_
+
+Vaughn, Richard C: 218, _footnote_
+
+Verdigris River: 76, 79, 80, 85, 142, 144, 145, 210-211,
+_footnote_, 273, _footnote_; tributary of Arkansas, 22
+
+Verdigris Valley: 79, 85
+
+Vernon County (Mo.): 304, _footnote_
+
+Vicksburg (Miss.): 188, _footnote_, 259, 260, 283, 301,
+_footnote_
+
+Villard, Henry: work cited, 45, _footnote_
+
+Villard, Oswald Garrison: work cited, 226, _footnote_
+
+Vore, Israel G: 302 and _footnote_
+
+
+Wakoes (Wacoes): 66, _footnote_; sent out as runners, 274,
+_footnote_
+
+Walker, L.P: 172, _footnote_
+
+Walnut Creek (Kans.): 79, 85, 152, 205, _footnote_
+
+Walnut Grove: 35
+
+Walworth, E: 329, _footnote_
+
+War Department (Confederate): 127, 172 and _footnote_, 186, 318
+
+War Department (Federal): 60 and _footnote_, 73, _footnote_,
+76, 99, 100
+
+Warren (Tex.): 190
+
+Warrensburg (Mo.): 58
+
+Washington (George): 65, _footnote_
+
+Washington Territory: 232
+
+Wattles, Augustus: 46, _footnote_, 54, _footnote_, 57,
+225-228
+
+Wattles, Stephen H: 131, _footnote_, 333 and _footnote_
+
+Weas: 77, _footnote_
+
+Webber's Falls (Okla.): 216, 255, 260, 271, 276, 287, _footnote_
+
+Weed, Thurlow: work cited, 60, _footnote_
+
+Weer, William: 117 and _footnote_, 119, 120, 121, 130, 133;
+ideas on Indian relations with U.S. government, 133, _footnote_;
+communication with Ross, 134; proposes Cherokee Nation abolish
+slavery by vote, 134, _footnote_; sends out two detachments to
+reconnoitre, 136; joins Campbell at Fort Gibson, 136-137; faults and
+failures, 139, 140-142; arrested by Salomon, 139; Ritchie's men run
+amuck and attack their comrades in brigade of, 197
+
+Welch, O.G: 29
+
+Wells, J.W: 267, _footnote_
+
+West, The: indifference towards, 43; character of war in, 44;
+character of leaders, 45; criticism of Confederate management of
+Indian affairs in, 149-150; establishment of Indian superintendency
+left unsettled by Provisional Government, 174-175; Price submits plan
+of operations for, 186, _footnote_; circumstances and
+conditions concerning migrations of eastern tribes, 227; project for
+concentrating tribes in Indian Territory, 230, _footnote_; keep
+too many men needlessly in, 259; desertions, 292 and _footnote_
+
+Western Military District: 43, 47, _footnote_
+
+West's Battery: 267, _footnote_
+
+Whistler, W: 69, _footnote_
+
+White, George E: 157, _footnote_
+
+White Auxiliary (Confederate): urged by Pike, 24 and _footnote_;
+ordered to Little Rock, 129, 147; Kirby Smith thinks possible to
+separate from Indian troops, 310
+
+White Auxiliary (Federal): Dole's recommendation regarding, 99;
+Stanton's instructions regarding, 100; not heard from, 102; orders
+for, 109 and _footnote_; Indians ask for evidence of
+existence, 118; composition, 118; comparison with Indians, 123 and
+_footnote_; brigaded with Indian Home Guards, 125; retrograde
+movement, 143, 203; Blunt orders Salomon to send to support of Indian
+Brigade, 192-193, 203
+
+White Chief: 68, _footnote_
+
+White Cloud: 77, _footnote_
+
+White Hair: 207, _footnote_, 238, _footnote_; principal
+chief of Osages, 240, _footnote_
+
+Whitney, H.C: 50, _footnote_, 52, _footnote_, 54,
+_footnote_
+
+Wichita Agency: 64, _footnote_; tragedy, 183-184; Belmont,
+temporary, 274, _footnote_
+
+Wichita Mountains: 153
+
+Wigfall, Louis T: 264, _footnote_, 277, _footnote_
+
+Wilder, A. Carter: 230, _footnote_, 322, _footnote_
+
+Wilder, D.W: 58, _footnote_, 305, _footnote_
+
+Willamette River: 232
+
+Williams, James M: 284, 285
+
+Williams, the: 327
+
+Williamson, George: 327
+
+Wilson, Hill P: work cited, 226, _footnote_
+
+Wilson's Creek (Mo.): battle of, 34, _footnote_, 49
+
+Wolcott, Edward: 83, _footnote_
+
+Wolf Creek (Ark.): 135, 136, 145, 164
+
+Wood, W.D: 218, _footnote_
+
+Woodburn, James Albert: work cited, 57, _footnote_, 60,
+_footnote_
+
+Woodruff's Battery: 147, 150, 154
+
+Wright, Marcus J: work cited, 19, _footnote_, 187,
+_footnote_
+
+Wyandot City (Kans.): 204, _footnote_
+
+Wyandots: robbed by secessionist Indians, 206 and _footnote_;
+escape into Kansas, 206; want to render military service, 206,
+_footnote_; Dole's abortive treaty with, 236-237, _footnote_
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The American Indian as Participant in
+the Civil War, by Annie Heloise Abel
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 12541 ***