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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 12531 ***
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustration.
+      See 12531-h.htm or 12531-h.zip:
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/2/5/3/12531/12531-h/12531-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/2/5/3/12531/12531-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. 20, NO. 581.] SATURDAY, DECEMBER 15, 1832. [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: CHAPEL ON THE BRIDGE, WAKEFIELD.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPEL ON THE BRIDGE, WAKEFIELD
+
+
+Chapels on bridges are not so unfrequent in architectural history as
+the rarity of their remains would indicate. Among the early records
+of bridge-building we read that "the Romans built many bridges in
+the provinces; viz. in France, Spain, Germany, Britain, &c. some
+of which had arches or towers on them."[1] Plutarch derives the word
+_Pontifex_, (high priest,) from sacrifices made upon bridges, a
+ceremony of the highest antiquity. The priests are said to have been
+commissioned to keep the bridges in repair, as an indispensable part of
+their office. This we may conclude to have given rise to the annexation
+of chapels to almost all our bridges of note; and the offerings were
+of course for repairs: so that priests are considered to have been the
+olden surveyors of bridges, and chapels on them to have been displaced
+by the more secular establishment of toll-houses.[2]
+
+The bridge, upon which stands the above chapel, crosses the Calder, at
+the south-east entrance into Wakefield, in the West Riding of Yorkshire.
+It was built in the reign of Edward III. and is a fine specimen of the
+masonry of that age. In the centre projecting from the eastern side, and
+resting partly on the sterlings, is the chapel, built in the richest
+style of Gothic architecture. It is about ten yards in length, and about
+eight in breadth. The east window, overhanging the river, is adorned
+with various and beautiful tracery, and the parapets are perforated.
+The windows on the north and south sides are equally rich. But the west
+front facing the passage over the bridge, (as shown in the Engraving,)
+exceeds all the rest in profusion of ornament; being divided by
+buttresses into compartments, forming recesses, with lofty pediments
+and pointed arches; whilst above is an entablature bearing five
+basso-relievos, the whole being crowned with battlements. The
+buttresses, finials, tracery, &c. form an assemblage of Gothic
+embellishments, which, for richness and delicacy can scarcely be
+equalled. This chapel was built by Edward IV. in memory of his father,
+Richard, Duke of York, and those of his party who fell in the battle of
+Wakefield.[3] It appears, however, that a chapel had been built on this
+bridge by Edward III., and dedicated to St. Mary; but it was undoubtedly
+rebuilt and embellished by Edward IV. who, on this account, may be
+regarded as the founder of the present structure.
+
+The beautiful embellishments have received considerable injury; and,
+about twenty years since this superb relic of ecclesiastical
+architecture was used as a warehouse. As architectural renovation is
+becoming somewhat the taste of the day, it is to be hoped that the
+restoration of the chapel at Wakefield will not be overlooked.
+
+    [1] Britton, Arch. Dict. art. Bridge. On the decline of the Roman
+        Empire, travelling became dangerous, and robberies and murders
+        were frequently committed. To check this system, and protect
+        travellers, several religious persons associated in fraternities,
+        and formed an order called the "Brothers of the Bridge." Their
+        object was to build bridges, establish ferries, and receive and
+        protect travellers in hospitals, raised near the passes over
+        rivers. In like manner we account for the erection of many
+        bridges in England. According to Stow, the monks of St. Mary
+        Overie's were the first builders of London Bridge: and Peter of
+        Colechurch, who founded the first _stone_ bridge, also built
+        a chapel on the eastern central pier, in which the architect was
+        afterwards interred: his remains, as we first communicated to the
+        public, were found as aforesaid during the recent removal of the
+        old bridge; and "the lower jaw and three other bones of Peter of
+        Colechurch" were sold by auction a few days since.
+
+    [2] At the old bridge at Droitwich, the high road passed through the
+        midst of the chapel, the reading-desk and pulpit being on one
+        side, and the congregation on the other. Other public buildings
+        were not uncommon on bridges. In 1553 an alderman of Stamford
+        built the Town Hall upon the bridge there; and on an old bridge
+        at Bradford, Wills, there is a sort of dungeon, or prison raised
+        on one of the piers.
+
+
+    [3] Camden. Tindal's Notes on Rapin.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE BROTHER OF OLIVER GOLDSMITH.
+
+(_To the Editor._)
+
+As I was personally acquainted with Charles Goldsmith, the younger
+brother of Oliver, the Poet, I am enabled to furnish a few particulars
+in addition to those of _Philo_, contained in No. 573 of _The
+Mirror_. Charles, on his coming to this country, from the West
+Indies, had with him two daughters, and one son named Henry; all under
+14 years of age. He purchased two houses in the Polygon, Somers Town, in
+one of which he resided: here, the elder of his girls died; I attended
+her funeral; she was buried in the churchyard of St. Pancras, near the
+grave of Mary Wolstonecroft Godwin. Henry was my fellow pupil; but not
+liking the profession of engraving, after a short trial, he returned to
+the West Indies. At the peace of Amiens, Charles Goldsmith sold his
+houses, and, with his wife and daughter, and a son born in England,
+christened Oliver, he went to reside in France, where his daughter
+married. In consequence of the orders of Buonaparte for detaining
+British subjects, Charles again returned home by way of Holland, much
+reduced in circumstances, and died, about 25 years since at humble
+lodgings in Ossulston Street. Somers Town. After his death, his wife,
+who was a native of the West Indies, and her son Oliver, returned
+thither. Charles Goldsmith had in his possession a copy, from Sir Joshua
+Reynolds's portrait of his brother; and I can vouch his resemblance to
+the picture was most striking. Charles, like the poet, was a performer
+on the German flute, and, to use his own words, found it in the hour
+of adversity his best friend. He only once, I have heard him say, saw
+Oliver in England, which was during his prosperity.
+
+R. ROFFE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+RECOLLECTIONS OF THE LATE COLONEL MOLESWORTH PHILLIPS.
+
+(_From a Correspondent._)
+
+
+Colonel Phillips was the last surviving person who accompanied Captain
+Cook in his last voyage of discovery to ascertain the practicability of
+a passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, along the northern
+coast of America. I was an inmate of his residence in Lambeth in the
+summer of 1828, for some few weeks, and during that period received
+many commissioned attentions, for he ever avoided meeting or seeing
+strangers. He was invariably his own cook; slept but little, and seldom
+retired regularly to bed, but rested on a sofa, or chairs, as accident
+might dictate. His employment chiefly consisted in turning fanciful
+devices at his lathe, but he seldom completed his designs: however, I saw
+the model of a mausoleum dedicated to Napoleon, which evinced much taste
+and ingenuity. His workshop at once intimated that its occupant was
+not abundantly gifted with the organ of order. Plates, dishes, knives,
+forks, candlesticks, coats, hats, books, and mathematical instruments,
+lay in one confused mass, each enveloped with its portion of dust.
+To attempt any thing like arrangement, was at once sacrilege in the
+estimation of the Colonel. To summon his attendant he usually approached
+the stairs, and rang a small hand bell, accompanying it with his
+deep-toned voice with the words: "Ahoy! ahoy! all hands ahoy!" His
+liquors, and tankards of ale he always drew up from the window of his
+room, to avoid intrusion, and in returning the empty pewters he would
+frequently take too sure an aim at the potboy's head. Then came a
+concert of "curses" and every association but amity. The close of the
+scene was generally modified with something in the shape of a shilling,
+and the parties separated, mutually satisfied. Colonel Phillips, during
+his residence in Ireland, was possessed of considerable property, but
+from what circumstance he suffered a reverse of fortune I am not
+informed; indeed, so unwilling was he to connect himself with bygone
+days that it was impossible to gather from him a clue to the active
+services he had given to the world.
+
+Thus lived Colonel Molesworth Phillips, glorying in most of the
+eccentricities of human nature. It is astonishing, considering the
+active part he took in society, that he should, towards the close of
+life, have secluded himself so entirely from the world, and those with
+whom he must have from circumstances have been associated. Colonel
+Phillips might probably have survived some years longer, had he not
+fallen a victim to cholera.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+APOLOGUES.--(FROM THE GERMAN.)
+
+THE VINE.
+
+
+On the day of the Creation, the trees exultingly extolled themselves
+one towards another, every one about itself. "The Lord, by whom I was
+planted," said the lofty Cedar, "has united in me firmness, fragrance,
+duration, and strength." "Jehovah's affection has rendered me blessed,"
+said the widely-spreading Palm-tree; "in me has He conjoined utility
+and beauteousness." "Like a bridegroom among the youths," said the
+Apple-tree, "I parade among the trees of Paradise." "Like the rose among
+the thorns," said the Myrtle, "I stand among my sisterhood, the lowly
+shrubs." So all extolled themselves, the Olive, the Fig, and the Pine.
+The Vine alone was silent, and drooped to the ground. "To me," said he
+to himself, "appears everything to be denied--trunk, branches, blossoms,
+and fruit; but such as I am, I will yet hope and wait." He then sank
+down, and his tendrils wept. He had not long waited and wept, before the
+friendly man, the godhead of the earth, stepped up to him. He saw that a
+feeble plant, the sport of the breezes, had sunk, and required help; he
+compassionately raised him up, and twined the tender tree to his bower.
+More gladly now the breezes played with his tendrils; the glow of the
+sun penetrated their hard, greenish buds, preparing in them the sweet
+juice, the drink for gods and men. Adorned with rich clusters, the Vine
+soon bowed himself down to his master, and he tasted the enlivening
+juice, and named him his friend. The proud trees now envied the feeble
+shoot, for many of them already stood without fruit; but he was glad of
+his slender form and of his steadfast hope. The juice, therefore, even
+now gladdens the heart of man, and lifts upwards the courage of the
+dejected, and refreshes the afflicted. Despair not, forsaken one, and
+abide enduring. In the unsightly cane springs the sweetest juice, and
+the feeble tendril brings forth inspiration and rapture.
+
+
+TEARS.
+
+
+As Hillel and his disciple Sadi wandered, on a moon and starlight night,
+among the gardens of the Mount of Olives, "See," said Sadi, "the man
+yonder, in the ray of the moon; what does he there?"--"It is Zadok,"
+answered Hillel, "he sits at the grave of his son and weeps."--"Cannot
+he moderate his mourning?" said the youth, "for the people term him the
+just and wise."--"Shall he therefore," answered Hillel, "not experience
+pain?"--"But," asked Sadi, "what preference then has the wise man before
+the fool?" Then answered the teacher, "See, the bitter tear of his eye
+sinks to the earth, but his countenance is turned up to heaven."
+
+W.G.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE SKETCH-BOOK.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE OLD SOLDIER.
+
+
+I have often occasion to pass through a village on the St. Alban's road,
+at one end of which there is so tidy and convenient a public-house, that
+I always give my horse his bait there, if I happen to be travelling in
+my gig. I had frequently observed an old soldier, who having lost an
+eye, a leg, and an arm in the service of his country, had pretty well
+earned the privilege of idling away the rest of his life in a manner
+particularly congenial with the habits of one of his calling. He would
+sit on a bench, outside the door of this inn, with a pipe in his mouth,
+and a can of beer by his side; and thus he would pass all the fine
+months of the year. In winter, he merely changed his seat. He was
+constant to his pipe and his can; he took both with him to the warm
+chimney-corner: and thus he enjoyed his out-pension. During the hour of
+baiting, I have often talked with this old man. He had served last in
+the early part of the war on the Peninsula. He was loquacious enough on
+other subjects; but if one questioned him concerning these last military
+services, he became on the instant morose and uncommunicative, and one
+could not but perceive, that the topic was disagreeable and painful
+to him.
+
+What most interested me about this man was his love for young children.
+He was generally surrounded by a parcel of curly-headed urchins; and
+often have I seen the mistress of the little inn consign her infant to
+the protection of his one arm, when, by an arrival, she has been called
+upon to attend to the business of the house. The old fellow never
+appeared so contented as when thus employed. His pipe was laid aside,
+his beer forgotten, and he would only think of amusing and caressing his
+charge, or of lulling it to sleep. The bigger children would cluster
+round him, clamber over him, empty his pipe, upset his can, take all
+sorts of liberties with him, yet never meet with a rebuke. At times,
+however, he would appear lost in uneasy thought; gazing with earnestness
+upon the features of the sleeping infant, while tears would course each
+other down his cheeks.
+
+As I drove one morning up to the door of the inn, and passed the bench
+on which the old soldier was, as usual, sitting, with his little flock
+of children playing round him, one of them, a very young one, suddenly
+backed into the road, and in another moment more would have been
+crushed: but the old man sprang forward; with a vigorous and wonderful
+effort he seized the child with his only arm, and threw it several feet
+out of the way of danger; he fell with the exertion, and was among my
+horse's feet. In suddenly drawing up, I had unwittingly done my very
+worst by the poor fellow; for I had caused the animal to trample upon
+him a second time, and a wheel had likewise passed over his body.
+
+He was taken up insensible. We carried him to a bed, and after a little
+time he recovered his recollection. But he was so severely injured, that
+we feared every moment would be his last.
+
+The first words he uttered were, "The child! the child!" We assured him
+that the child was safe; but he would not believe us, and it became
+necessary to send into the village to search for the little creature,
+who had been hurried home with the others upon the confusion that the
+accident had occasioned. He continued to call for the child, and was in
+the greatest distress of mind till we had found it, and had taken it to
+him as he lay. His delight at seeing it alive and unhurt was intense; he
+wept, he laughed, he hugged it to his bosom, and it was not till he grew
+very faint and weary that he would suffer us to remove it.
+
+A surgeon arrived; and pronounced that the poor man was so much hurt,
+inwardly as well as outwardly, that nothing could be done to save him;
+and desired us merely to give him cordials or cooling drink, as he
+should appear to wish for either. He lingered for a few days.
+
+I had been the cause, although innocently, of the poor fellow's death:
+of course I took care that all was done that could alleviate his
+sufferings; and, as long as he lasted, I went everyday to pass a few
+hours by his bed-side. The rescued child, too, was brought to him each
+day by his own desire. From the moment he had first ascertained that it
+was unhurt, he had been calm and contented. He knew he was dying, but he
+could part with life without regret; and the cloud which I had so often
+observed upon his weather-beaten countenance before the accident never
+after returned.
+
+The day before he died, as I was watching alone by his side, he asked me
+for a cordial. Soon after he had swallowed it, he laid his hand upon my
+arm, and said,--"Sir, if you will not think it too great a trouble to
+listen to an old man's talk, I think it will ease my mind to say a few
+words to you."
+
+He was of course encouraged to proceed.
+
+"I die contented," he continued; "happier than I have for some years
+lived. I have had a load upon my heart, which is not quite removed, but
+it is a great deal lightened. I have been the means, under Providence,
+of saving a young child's life. If I have strength to tell you what I
+wish, sir, you will understand the joy that blessed thought has brought
+to my heart."
+
+I gave him another cordial, and he spoke as follows:--
+
+"It was in a stirring time of the Duke of Wellington's wars, after the
+French had retreated through Portugal, and Badajos had fallen, and we
+had driven them fairly over the Spanish frontier, the light division
+was ordered on a few of their long leagues further, to occupy a line
+of posts among the mountains which rise over the northern hanks of the
+Guadiana. A few companies of our regiment advanced to occupy a village
+which the French had just abandoned.
+
+"We had had a brisk march over a scorched and rugged country, which
+had already been ransacked of all that could have supplied us with
+fresh provisions; it was many days since we had heard the creak of a
+commissary's wagon, and we had been on very short commons. There was no
+reason to expect much in the village we were now ordered to. The French,
+who had just marched out, would, of course, have helped themselves to
+whatever was portable, and must have previously pretty well drained the
+place. We made a search, however, judging that, possibly, something
+might have been concealed from them by the peasants; and we actually
+soon discovered several houses where skins of wine had been secreted.
+A soldier, sir, I take it, after hot service or fatigue, seldom thinks
+of much beyond the comfort of drinking to excess; and I freely own that
+our small party soon caused a sad scene of confusion.
+
+"Every house and hovel was searched, and many a poor fellow, who had
+contrived to hide his last skin of wine from his enemies, was obliged to
+abandon it to his allies. You might see the poor natives on all sides
+running away; some with a morsel of food, others with a skin of wine
+in their arms, and followed by the menaces and staggering steps of the
+weary and half-drunken soldiers.
+
+"'Vino! vino!' was the cry in every part of the village. An English
+soldier, sir, may be for months together in a foreign land, and have a
+pride in not knowing how to ask for anything hut liquor. I was no better
+than the rest.
+
+"'Vino! quiero vino!' said I, to a poor half-starved and ragged native,
+who was stealing off, and hiding something under his torn cloak;--'Vino!
+you beggarly scoundrel! give me vino!' said I.
+
+"'Vino no tengo!' he cried, as he broke from my grasp, and ran quickly
+and fearfully away.
+
+"I was not very drunk--I had not had above half my quantity--and I
+pursued him up a street. But he was the fleeter; and I should have lost
+him, had I not made a sudden turn, and come right upon him in a forsaken
+alley, where I suppose the poor thing dwelt. I seized him by the collar.
+He was small and spare, and he trembled under my gripe; but still he
+held his own, and only wrapped his cloak the closer round his property.
+
+"'Vino! quiero vino!' said I again; 'give me vino!'
+
+"'Nada, nada tengo!' he repeated.
+
+"I had already drawn my bayonet.--I am ashamed, sir, to say, that we
+used to do that to terrify the poor wretches, and make them the sooner
+give us their liquor.--As I held him by the collar with one hand, I
+pointed the bayonet at his breast with the other, and I again cried,
+'Vino!'
+
+"'Vino no tengo--nino, nino es!'--and he spoke the words with such a
+look of truth and earnestness, that, had I not fancied I could trace
+through the folds of his cloak the very shape of a small wine skin,
+I should have believed him.
+
+"'Lying rascal!' said I, 'so you won't give me the liquor? then the dry
+earth shall drink it!' and I struck the point of my bayonet deep into
+that which he was still hugging to his breast.
+
+"Oh, sir! it was not wine that trickled down--it was blood, warm
+blood!--and a piteous wail went like a chill across my heart!--The poor
+Spaniard opened his cloak--he pointed to his wounded child--and his wild
+eye asked me plainer than words could have done,--'Monster! are you
+satisfied!'
+
+"I was sobered in a moment. I fell upon
+my knees beside the infant, and I tried to
+staunch the blood. Yes, the poor fellow understood
+the truth: he saw, and he accepted
+my anguish--and we joined our efforts to save
+the little victim.--Oh! it was too late!
+
+"The little boy had fastened his small clammy hands round a finger of
+each of us. He looked at us alternately; and seemed to ask, alike from
+his father and his murderer, that help which it was beyond the power of
+one of earth to give. The changes in the poor child's countenance showed
+that it had few minutes to live. Sometimes it lay so still I thought the
+last pang was over; when a slight convulsion would agitate its frame,
+and a momentary pressure of its little hands, would give the gasping
+father a short vain ray of hope.
+
+"You may believe, sir, that an old soldier, who has only been
+able to keep his own life at the expense of an eye and two of his
+limbs--who has lingered out many a weary day in a camp-hospital after a
+hot engagement--must have learnt to look on death without any unnecessary
+concern. I have sometimes wished for it myself; and often have felt
+thankful when my poor, wounded comrades have been released by it from
+pain. I have seen it, too, in other shapes. I have seen the death-blow
+dealt, when its effects have been so instant, that the brave heart's
+blood has been spilt, and the pulses have ceased to beat, while the
+streak of life and health was still fresh upon the cheek--when a smile
+has remained upon the lips of my brother-soldier, even after he had
+fallen a corpse across my path. But, oh! sir, what is all this compared
+with what I suffered as I watched life ebb slowly from the wound which
+I had myself so wantonly inflicted in the breast of a helpless, innocent
+child!--It was by mistake, by accident. Oh, yes! I know it, I know it
+well; and day and night I have striven to forget that hour. But it is of
+no use; the cruel recollection never leaves my mind--that piteous wail
+is ever in my ears!--The father's agony will follow me to the
+grave!"--_Legends of the Lib. at Lilies._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE CITADEL OF ANTWERP.
+
+(_From personal inspection, by a Contributor to the United Service
+Journal._)
+
+
+This spot, on which the eye of all Europe is at present concentrated,
+lies at the southern extremity of Antwerp, and forms one continued
+line with its defences along the banks of the Scheldt. It is a regular
+pentagon in shape, protected by bastions ranging at progressive
+elevations, and connecting themselves with curtains of proportionate
+height. In advance of these defences are a further series of spacious
+bastions, immediately connected with the preceding, but of later
+construction. The one were erected by Paciotti and Cerbolini, two
+Italian engineers, by order of the tyrant Alba, 1568, and the others
+according to Vauban's principles in 1701. Every side of this citadel is
+equally formidable for its strength; that towards the town is furnished
+with a raveline; and this is also the case with the front which faces
+the river, and opens upon a paved line of road, from which all
+communication with Antwerp itself has latterly been cut off. Two of
+the sides of this fastness front towards the adjacent country, and are
+likewise supplied with ravelines; the centre bastion in this direction
+bears Paciotto's name, which has been denaturalized in that of Paniotto
+in the French elevations. The defences of the town terminate in the
+centre of the fifth side, which circumstance has left it unprovided with
+a raveline. On the summit (or capital) of the two bastions on the land
+side, two large lunettes have been thrown forward, one being called Fort
+Kiel, from the adjacent suburb, and the other, which stands more away
+from the town, Fort St. Laurent. Internally the citadel of Antwerp
+contains every provision for the safe housing of its defenders, and
+possesses more than the requisite accommodation under ground for its
+supplies. All the barracks, exposed to the enemy's fire, are so placed,
+that the strength of the garrison may be readily collected at the point
+endangered; the kind of defence to be brought into action is plain and
+obvious; and the _matériel_ for standing a siege has been as
+liberally provided as the means of subsistence for preserving the
+_morale_ of the besieged from being deteriorated. The garrison
+consists of picked troops, who place unlimited confidence in their
+commandant. The citadel is encompassed by a ditch, which has eighteen
+feet of water in every part of its circuit, and is protected by ramparts
+of adequate elevation, and strength in proportion. With such elements of
+defence as these its capture cannot be effected without a sacrifice of
+human lives, which none but the flint-hearted can contemplate or foresee
+without deprecation and horror.
+
+In the year 1792, when it was carried by the revolutionary forces
+of France, they took the direction of the city walls as their line of
+attack, and mounted the bastion which bears Paciotto's name; this,
+at that time of day, formed indisputably the most advantageous point
+of assault; but its increased strength in this quarter would, at the
+present moment, render any attack an act of temerity. An esplanade
+of the average width of four hundred paces, which was laid out as a
+handsome promenade, before the bombardment in 1830, separates the
+citadel from the town: but the effect of that bombardment has been to
+throw a wide area of fifteen hundred paces open to the very marge of
+the Scheldt; and to disconnect the fortress still more completely from
+the inhabited portion of Antwerp. Lamentable as may be the prospect,
+Antwerp, the mistress of the finest naval station and commercial port in
+Europe, is doomed to destruction, if a single gun be directed against
+its citadel. It is not possible for its commandant, as a soldier and
+a subject, to avoid any and every means of annoying a besieger; and
+amongst these, none so ready and effectual, present themselves, as that
+of preventing the town from becoming the covert for an assailant. We have
+witnessed the deplorable havoc which a few mortars brought upon it in
+1830; but how frightful will be the issue when rockets and red-hot shot
+come to be poured upon the devoted city. Nay, more,--by opening the
+dykes along the Scheldt, a large portion of the western provinces of
+Belgium is capable of being inundated; and if this fresh calamity ensue,
+as a second resource on the part of the besieged, from the adoption
+of which the recognised laws of warfare cannot absolve them, not only
+Antwerp will have ceased to exist, but her citadel will rear its head,
+a frowning islet, amidst a waste of waters. As to the blockade of the
+Scheldt, it will be impotent with regard to distressing the citadel; for
+the windings of that stream, as well as of the Maas, at their mouths,
+preclude the possibility of effectually staying the Dutch from
+communication with it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE PLAINT OF CERTAIN CORAL BEADS.
+
+
+  Spoiler of forbidden wealth,
+    Guarded by the hoary waves!
+  When we mourn thy cruel stealth,
+    Sorrowing for our quiet caves.
+  Doth it calm our wistful pining
+  That the chains we hate are shining?
+    Boast we beauty's gauds to be?
+  Can the state such bondage shares,
+  Thoughtless liking, loveless cares,
+  Sudden angers, wilful airs,
+    Sooth us like the mighty sea?
+
+  Though, in hours when suitors press
+    Near the shrine of star-bright eyes,
+  Mysteries, some would die to guess,
+    Our familiar touch descries;
+  When a startled throb or tremble,
+  Woman's craft would fain dissemble,
+    Through our light embraces swells;--
+  Fruitless secrets--vainly taught,--
+  Bliss unheeded--trust unsought--
+  Can they quench the constant thought
+    Of our dreamy ocean-cells?
+
+  Though the glowing bands we form,
+    Oft by redder lips be pressed,
+  And a slumber, soft and warm,
+    Fold us on a dove-like breast,--
+  Not to love, but love's bestowing
+  Gentle care and kiss are owing:--
+    Is the passion changed or cloyed,
+  Doth the giver's light grow less?
+  Banished from the sweet recess,
+  Sportive pressure, fond caress,
+    See our mimic worth destroyed!
+
+  Then in close and narrow keep,
+    Pent, with scorned and faded toys,
+  Mourn we for the glassy deep,
+    Sigh we for our early joys!
+  What has earth like ocean's treasures?
+  More than craving avarice measures,
+    More than Fancy's dream enchants,
+  Deck the booming caves below,
+  Where green waters ever flow
+  Under groves of pearl, that grow
+    In the mermaid's glimmering haunts.
+
+  Under spar-enchased bowers,
+    Bending on their twisted stems,
+  Glow the myriad ocean-flowers,
+    Fadeless--rich as orient gems.
+  Hung with seaweed's tasselled fringes,
+  Dyed with all the rainbow's tinges,
+    Rise the Triton's palace walls.
+  Pallid silver's wandering veins
+  Stream, like frostwork, o'er the stains;
+  Pavements thick, with golden grains,
+    Twinkle through their crystal halls.
+
+  And a music wild and low
+    Ever, o'er the curved shells,
+  Wanders with a fitful flow
+    As the billow sinks or swells.
+  Now, to faintest whispers hushing,
+  Now, in louder cadence gushing,
+    Wakens from their pleasant sleep
+  All the tuneful Nereid-throng,
+  Till their notes of wreathed song
+  Float in magic streams along,
+    Chanting joyaunce through the deep.
+
+  Chance or change,--the clouds of time--
+    Sorrow,--winter storm, or blight,
+  Comes not near our peaceful clime;
+    Nor the strife of day with night.
+  Death, who walks the earth in riot,
+  Stirs not our primeval quiet:
+    Scarce his distant rage we know
+  From the dreary things of clay,
+  Slain, alas! in ocean's play,
+  Whom the sea-maids shroud and lay
+    In the silent caves below.
+
+  Fond! to deem we count it pride
+    Thus to deck the fair of earth!
+  We, whose beauty-peopled tide
+    Gave the foam-born goddess birth!
+  Her, whose glory's radiant fulness.
+  All too bright for mortal dulness,
+    Sparkles in a lovelier star!
+  Are not Ocean's shady places
+  Rich in kindred forms and faces,
+  Choral bands of sister-Graces
+    Circling Amphitrite's car?
+
+  Toiling o'er the shallow page,
+    Vainly pedants seek the lore
+  Taught us by that prophet sage,
+    Whom our azure Thetis bore.
+  Wiser Eld his solemn numbers,
+  Listening, stole from Ocean's slumbers,
+    Signs of coming doom to learn.
+  Poor were all your labours reap,
+  To the gifted seers that keep
+  Mysteries of the ancient deep,
+    Drawn from Nereus' sacred urn.
+
+  Let us find our old retreat,
+    Yield us to the kissing wave,
+  From the daylight's parching heat
+    In its cool profound to lave.
+  If ye needs must rob for beauty,
+  Earth's abysses teem with booty.
+    Gems, that love the blaze of day:--
+  We are tired of glittering shows,
+    And the strife of man's display;
+  Let us sink to sweet repose
+  Where the lulling water flows;
+    Give us to our native bay!
+
+
+_Tait's Edinburgh Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SHELLEY.
+
+[We find the clever and curious sketches of Shelley, in the _New
+Monthly Magazine_, concluded with the following interesting
+anecdote.]
+
+That Shelley gave freely, when the needy scholar asked, or in silent,
+hopeless poverty seemed to ask, his aid, will he demonstrated most
+clearly by relating shortly one example of his generosity, where the
+applicant had no pretensions to literary renown, and no claim whatever,
+except perhaps honest penury. It is delightful to attempt to delineate
+from various points of view a creature of infinite moral beauty,--but
+one instance must suffice; an ample volume might be composed of such
+tales, but one may be selected, because it contains a large admixture of
+that ingredient which is essential to the conversion of alms-giving into
+the genuine virtue of charity--self-denial. On returning to town after
+the long vacation, at the end of October, I found Shelley at one of the
+hotels in Covent Garden. Having some business in hand he was passing a
+few days there alone. We had taken some mutton chops hastily at a dark
+place in one of the minute courts of the city, at an early hour, and we
+went forth to walk; for to walk at all times, and especially in the
+evening, was his supreme delight. The aspect of the fields to the north
+of Somers-Town, between that beggarly suburb and Kentish-Town, has been
+totally changed of late. Although this district could never be accounted
+pretty, nor deserving a high place even amongst suburban scenes, yet
+the air, or often the wind, seemed pure and fresh to captives emerging
+from the smoke of London; there were certain old elms, much very green
+grass, quiet cattle feeding, and groups of noisy children playing with
+something of the freedom of the village green. There was, oh, blessed
+thing! an entire absence of carriages and of blood-horses; of the
+dust and dress and affectation and fashion of the parks: there were,
+moreover, old and quaint edifices and objects which gave character to
+the scene. Whenever Shelley was imprisoned in London,--for to a poet a
+close and crowded city must be a dreary gaol,--his steps would take that
+direction, unless his residence was too remote, or he was accompanied by
+one who chose to guide his walk. On this occasion I was led thither,
+as indeed I had anticipated: the weather was fine, but the autumn was
+already advanced; we had not sauntered long in these fields when the
+dusky evening closed in, and the darkness gradually thickened. "How
+black those trees are," said Shelley, stopping short, and pointing to
+a row of elms; "it is so dark the trees might well be houses, and the
+turf, pavement,--the eye would sustain no loss; it is useless therefore
+to remain here, let us return." He proposed tea at his hotel, I
+assented; and hastily buttoning his coat, he seized my arm, and set off
+at his great pace, striding with bent knees over the fields and through
+the narrow streets. We were crossing the New Road, when he said shortly,
+"I must call for a moment, but it will not be out of the way at all,"
+and then dragged me suddenly towards the left. I inquired whither we
+were bound, and, I believe, I suggested the postponement of the intended
+call till the morrow. He answered, it was not at all out of our way.
+I was hurried along rapidly towards the left; we soon fell into an
+animated discussion respecting the nature of the virtue of the Romans,
+which in some measure beguiled the weary way. Whilst he was talking with
+much vehemence and a total disregard of the people who thronged the
+streets, he suddenly wheeled about and pushed me through a narrow door;
+to my infinite surprise I found myself in a pawnbroker's shop! It was
+in the neighbourhood of Newgate Street; for he had no idea whatever in
+practice either of time or space, nor did he in any degree regard method
+in the conduct of business. There were several women in the shop in
+brown and grey cloaks with squalling children: some of them were
+attempting to persuade the children to be quiet, or at least, to scream
+with moderation; the others were enlarging upon and pointing out the
+beauties of certain coarse and dirty sheets that lay before them to a
+man on the other side of the counter. I bore this substitute for our
+proposed tea some minutes with tolerable patience, but as the call did
+not promise to terminate speedily, I said to Shelley, in a whisper, "Is
+not this almost as bad as the Roman virtue?" Upon this he approached the
+pawnbroker: it was long before he could obtain a hearing, and he did not
+find civility. The man was unwilling to part with a valuable pledge so
+soon, or perhaps he hoped to retain it eventually; or it might be, that
+the obliquity of his nature disqualified him for respectful behaviour.
+A pawnbroker is frequently an important witness in criminal proceedings:
+it has happened to me, therefore, afterwards to see many specimens of
+this kind of banker; they sometimes appeared not less respectable than
+other tradesmen, and sometimes I have been forcibly reminded of the
+first I ever met with, by an equally ill conditioned fellow. I was so
+little pleased with the introduction, that I stood aloof in the shop,
+and did not hear what passed between him and Shelley. On our way to
+Covent-Garden, I expressed my surprise and dissatisfaction at our
+strange visit, and I learned that when he came to London before, in
+the course of the summer, some old man had related to him a tale of
+distress,--of a calamity which could only be alleviated by the timely
+application of ten pounds; five of them he drew at once from his
+pocket, and to raise the other five he had pawned his beautiful solar
+microscope! He related this act of beneficence simply and briefly, as if
+it were a matter of course, and such indeed it was to him. I was ashamed
+of my impatience, and we strode along in silence.
+
+It was past ten when we reached the hotel; some excellent tea and
+a liberal supply of hot muffins in the coffee-room, now quiet and
+solitary, were the more grateful after the wearisome delay and vast
+deviation. Shelley often turned his head, and cast eager glances towards
+the door; and whenever the waiter replenished our teapot, or approached
+our box, he was interrogated whether any one had yet called. At last the
+desired summons was brought: Shelley drew forth some bank notes, hurried
+to the bar, and returned as hastily, bearing in triumph under his arm a
+mahogany box, followed by the officious waiter, with whose assistance he
+placed it upon the bench by his side. He viewed it often with evident
+satisfaction, and sometimes patted it affectionately in the course of
+calm conversation. The solar microscope was always a favourite plaything
+or instrument of scientific inquiry; whenever he entered a house his
+first care was to choose some window of a southern aspect, and, if
+permission could be obtained by prayer or by purchase, strightway to
+cut a hole through the shutter to receive it. His regard for his solar
+microscope was as lasting as it was strong; for he retained it several
+years after this adventure, and long after he had parted with all the
+rest of his philosophical apparatus.
+
+Such is the story of the microscope, and no rightly judging person who
+hears it will require the further accumulation of proofs of a benevolent
+heart; nor can I, perhaps, better close these sketches than with that
+impression of the pure and genial beauty of Shelley's nature which this
+simple anecdote will bequeath.
+
+[In parting with this very ingenious series of papers, we beg to concur
+in the well-expressed wish of the Editor of the _New Monthly Magazine_,
+"that their author could be tempted to give the world a complete history
+of one whose peculiar and subtle nature he so well comprehends."]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE NATURALIST.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NEW SPECIES OF BAT.--(VESPERTILIO AUDUBONI.)
+
+(_By Richard Harlan, M.D._)
+
+
+Of the numerous creatures which attract our admiration, or excite
+our fears, the greater part display their appetites, or develope
+their instincts, during the day time only; especially--with few
+exceptions--all those remarkable for beauty of plumage, and vocal
+melody. Predacious animals are chiefly distinguished for their nocturnal
+habits; and ideas of rapine, terror and blood, are ever associated with
+the tiger, the hyena, and the wolf. Among the feathered tribes, the
+_owl_ and the _bat_, also companions of darkness, are shunned
+by many, as horrible objects, and full of ill-omen. Haunted castles,
+ruined battlements, and noisome caverns, are the chosen abodes of these
+noctural maurauders, and it is to such associations that these animals
+are indebted for the unamiable character they have obtained. The
+prejudices conceived against that portion of these animals, with which
+we are familiar, are founded entirely upon these their habits; for small
+quadrupeds, reptiles and fish, constitute the food of the first, whilst
+insects and fruit suffice for the other. It is at the close of the
+day, when the hum of nature is beginning to subside, that the patient
+_bat_ steals from his dark retreat, and spreads his leathery
+wings in search of his food.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The new species of this little flying quadruped, which we are now about
+to notice, belongs to a very large and respectable family. In the days
+of Linnaeus, they all--from their appearance at twilight--went by the
+family name of _Vespertilio_. They further belong to the order
+_Carnivora_, their teeth being constructed for masticating flesh;
+though some--and in this they resemble ourselves--are also fond of
+fruit. In one important point, the whole race has a common character, in
+their organ of flight. The bones of the fingers are extremely elongated,
+and united by a membrane, which is continued down the side of the body;
+and extending on the leg as far as the tarsus, also unites the legs and
+tail. Agreeing so universally in this particular, they form a very
+natural family, under the appropriate term. Cheiroptera, constructed
+from two Greek words, signifying _hand and wing_.
+
+The vespertilio are again divided into GENERA and
+_Species_,--divisions which are grounded on certain peculiarities
+of dental structure, and various developements of the brachial, digital,
+and interfemoral appendages, with other modifications of the organs of
+progression. These genera include species which are discovered in every
+habitable part of the globe, of various magnitudes, from the size of a
+half grown cat, to that of a half grown mouse.
+
+Of this numerous family only three genera, of modern authors, inhabit
+the United States, viz. RHINOPOMA, VESPERTILIO, and TAPHOZOUS. Seven
+species, exclusive of the present, are all that have been hitherto
+discovered in North America.
+
+We propose to dedicate this new species, to our valuable friend the
+justly celebrated naturalist J.J. AUDUBON, as a small tribute of
+respect to his eminent talents, and the highly important services he
+has rendered science. The drawing which accompanies this paper, is
+from his inimitable pencil.
+
+This species was first observed, during the summer of 1829, when an
+individual female flew into the apartment of the late Dr. Hammersly,
+then one of the resident physicians of the Pennsylvania hospital: on
+the subsequent evening a male individual, of the same species, was
+also taken in the same manner. In August 1830, a very fine specimen
+was brought to the Academy of Natural Sciences, and Mr. Audubon informs
+me that the species has very recently been observed in New York.
+
+The natural characters of the species are--General colour black,
+sprinkled with gray above and beneath; ears black and naked; auriculum,
+short and broad or obtusely triangular; interfemoral membrane, sparsely
+hairy; last joint of the tail free: two incisors, with notched crowns,
+on each side of the canine teeth of the upper jaw, with a broad
+intervening space without teeth.
+
+The dimensions are.--Total length 3 inches 7 tenths; tail 1.7; length
+of ear 0.5. breadth of ear 0.4; length of leg 1.7; spread of wings
+10.7. inhabit Pennsylvania and New York, and probably the southern
+states.--_Cab. of Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad._ (Abridged from
+Featherstonhaugh's _Monthly American Journal of Geology and Natural
+Science._)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+FINE ARTS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MOSAIC PAVEMENT.
+
+
+The chief object of curiosity at Palestrina, (ancient Praeneste,) is
+the castle or palace of the prince, in the highest part of the city, to
+which there is an ascent by an excellent coach-road to the right, by
+the Capucin Convent, without entering the narrow street. Before it is a
+level space of considerable length; which formed the highest platform of
+the Temple of Fortune. Two flights of steps lead to an amphitheatre, or
+semicular staircase, in excellent preservation, which is the same that
+led to the sanctuary of the temple, on the foundation of which the
+palace is built: in the middle of the semicircle is a well; each step
+is about a foot and a half high, like the ancient steps of the capitol
+which led to the church of Ara Coeli, at Rome. Another short flight
+conducts to the hall of entrance, where there is a double staircase, and
+a recess closed by iron grates, which contains the celebrated antique
+pavement, of which Pliny speaks in the following terms, "The fine mosaic
+of small stones, placed by Sylla as a pavement in the Temple of Fortune
+at Praeneste, was the first thing of the kind seen in Italy." There does
+not seem to be the smallest room to doubt of this being the genuine
+mosaic he mentions; it is in excellent preservation, and appears to be
+about twenty feet by sixteen. It was found in the same cellar of the
+seminary, where is still the altar of Fortune, and may be considered as
+one of the most interesting relics of antiquity. Towards the upper part
+of it are mountains, with negro savages hunting wild beasts; animals of
+different sorts, with their names in Greek written below them, such
+as the rhinoceros, crocodile, and lynx. Lower down are seen houses of
+various forms, temples, vessels of different constructions, particularly
+a galley of 32 oars, manned with armed blacks, and commanded by a white
+man; a tent with soldiers, a palm tree, flowers, a collation in an
+arbour, an altar of Anubis; in short, almost every circumstance
+imaginable in life. The scene apparently lies in Egypt. The figures are
+well drawn, the light and shadows happily disposed, and the colouring
+harmonious. The stones which compose this very curious pavement are
+remarkably small which renders the effect peculiarly pleasing, from
+the neatness of its appearance.
+
+W.G.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PANORAMA OF STIRLING.
+
+
+Stirling, or Strivelin, and its storied environs have furnished Mr.
+Burford with a new Panorama, of more than usual interest in its details.
+The town is fraught with historical association, and the surrounding
+country is of picturesque and poetical character. A Scottish poet
+describes its attractions in these enthusiastic lines:
+
+  O! grander far than Windsor's brow!
+  And sweeter to the vale below!
+  Whar Forth's unrivalled windings flow
+              Through varied grain,
+  Brightening, I ween wi' glittering glow,
+              Strevlina's plain!
+  There, raptured trace, (enthroned on hie)
+  The landscape stretching on the ee,
+  Frae Grampian hills down to the sea--
+              A dazzling view--
+  Corn, meadow, mansion, water, tree,
+              In varying hue.
+  There, seated, mark, wi' ardour keen,
+  The Skellock bright 'mang corn sae green,
+  The purple pea, and speckled bean,
+              A fragrant store--
+  And vessels sailing, morn and een,
+              To Stirling's shore.
+  And Shaw park, gilt wi' e'ening's ray:
+  And Embro castle, distant grey;
+  Wi' Alva screened near Aichil brae,
+              'Mang grove and bower!
+  And rich Clackmannan rising gay
+              Wi' woods and tower.
+
+
+_Hector Macneill._
+
+
+Stirling is seated on the river Forth, upon a precipitous basaltic
+rock, about one hundred feet from the level of the plain. Upon the rock
+stands the Castle, from the outer court of which the present Panorama
+was sketched. The town, in external appearance, bears a miniature
+resemblance to Edinburgh, being situate like the old town of that
+city, on the sloping ridge of a rock, running from east to west, the
+precipitous end of which is occupied by the Castle. But, of the town
+itself, little is seen in the Panorama. The view, as we have stated, is
+from the Castle, and is generally allowed to be one of the finest in
+Scotland. Its scenery has many sublime and picturesque features, and
+has moreover been the site of some of the most stirring incidents in
+Scottish history; no less than twelve fields of battle, including three
+important ones fought by the first and second Edwards, being distinctly
+visible. Beginning with the Castle, we find, from its situation
+commanding the passes and fords between the north and south of Scotland,
+it was in early times styled the Key, as Dumbarton was the Lock, to the
+Highlands. Its first fortification is referred to the time of Agricola;
+the Picts had a strong fortress here, which was totally destroyed in the
+ninth century by the Scots, under Kenneth II. Stirling formed part of
+the ransom of his brother and successor, who had been taken prisoner by
+the Northumbrians; they rebuilt the Castle, but subsequently restored
+the place to the Scots. In the twelfth century, it was considered one of
+the strongest forts in Scotland. It was often visited by the Scottish
+monarchs, but it did not become a royal residence until the accession of
+the Stuarts. Here was born James II., and in an apartment now forming
+part of the deputy-governor's lodging, this king perpetrated the murder
+of Earl Douglas. James III. made it his chief residence, erected the
+parliament-house, and a richly-endowed chapel, since destroyed. James V.
+was crowned here, and erected the palace. Mary was crowned here, as
+was James VI. when thirteenth months old; he was educated here by the
+celebrated Buchanan. During the regency of Mary of Lorraine, a strong
+battery was erected here; and in the reign of Queen Anne, the
+fortifications were strengthened and enlarged. In 1806, the rocky ground
+in front was converted into an esplanade; since which the towers have
+been repaired and castellated, it being one of the Scottish forts,
+which, by the articles of the Union, are always to be kept in repair.
+It mounts about 36 guns; but if regularly invested in modern warfare, it
+could not hold out many hours. To enumerate its sieges, dismantlings,
+and repairs would occupy too much space. Among the most memorable of its
+stormy annals, is its siege by Edward II. in 1301, for three months,
+when it was battered with stones of two hundred pounds weight each,
+thrown by engines, in the formation of which was used all the lead
+from the monastery of St. Andrew's. It was last besieged in 1746 by the
+Highlanders under Prince Charles. The chief parts of the building seen
+in the Panorama are the additions by Queen Anne, the parliament-house,
+(though not the unsightly, modern roof,) and the palace, a stately
+and curious structure of hewn stone, and embellished with grotesque
+sculpture. The latter building forms a quadrangle, the central court of
+which is called the lion's den, from the king's lions being formerly
+kept there. The whole is now used as barracks. From the Castle, looking
+over the town, towards the east, is a vast plain, nearly 40 miles
+in extent, called the Carse of Stirling, through which the Firth in
+meandering, forms a number of peninsulas, in places approximating so
+closely as to have an isthmus of only a few yards, the effect of which
+in the picture, reminded us of the contrived intricacies of a child's
+puzzle; in this direction is seen Alla, or Alloa, a thriving seaport
+town, with a Gothic church, and celebrated for its excellent ale;
+Clackmannan, a miserable town, where in a tower lived King Robert Bruce,
+and where an old Jacobite lady knighted Burns with a sword which
+belonged to Bruce, observing that she had a better right to do so than
+_some folk_; Falkirk, known for its _trysts_, or markets, where
+the country-people point out a battle-field, and a stream called the
+Red Burn, from its running with blood on the day of the conflict; Bruce
+lived near this spot, the view from which he said was not surpassed by
+any he had seen in his travels: next lies the Firth of Forth, and the
+country as far as Edinburgh and the Pentland Hills. Towards the south
+stands the ancient village of St. Ninian's, and Bannockburn, the
+battleground of the most celebrated and important contest that ever took
+place between English and Scots; the Torwood, where till lately stood
+a tree said to have sheltered Wallace; and the Carron, bounded by the
+green hills of Campsie. Towards the west are the plains of Menteith,
+a district, says Chambers, distinguished almost above all the rest of
+Scotland, for the singular series of beautiful and romantic scenes which
+it presents to the view of the traveller, and bounded by the majestic
+Grampians. On the north are the famous ruins of Cambuskenneth, and the
+precipitous Abbey Craig, beyond which lies the richly-cultivated vale of
+Devon; the moor on which the battle of Dumblain was fought; and Ochill
+Hills, clothed with blooming heath, and overtopped by the summits of
+Perthshire. Such is the artist's outline of the prospect: our task shall
+be to select a few of its most entertaining details.
+
+To return to the Panoramic arrangement: next the castle is Gowlan Hill,
+the ordinary place of execution in times of wicked bloodshed, and thus
+apostrophized by Douglas, in the _Lady of the Lake_:
+
+  And thou O sad and fatal mound!
+  That oft hast heard the death-axe sound,
+  As on the noblest of the land,
+  Fell the stern headsman's bloody hand.
+
+
+The hill has, however, less terrible association; it being after called
+Hurly Hacket, from James V. and his nobles there playing at that game,
+which consisted in sliding down the steep banks on an inverted cutty
+stool. This was, at least, more rational than cutting off heads. Next is
+Abbey Craig, a rock upon which Wallace defeated the English; Dollava, a
+village on a gloomy rock, almost insulated by two streams, whose Celtic
+names signify the glens of care and the burns of sorrow; Tillabody, the
+birthplace and property of Sir Ralph Abercrombie; the crumbling walls
+and bell tower of Cambuskenneth Abbey, wherein several parliaments were
+held, and at whose high altar the clergy and nobles swore fealty to
+Robert and David Bruce; Edinburgh, with its castle, thirty-eight miles
+from Stirling, whence it is discernable in clear weather; the Carron
+Iron-works; and the Carron, of more classic celebrity in Ossian, and the
+battles of the Romans and the Scots and Picts; the dome-shaped hill of
+Tinto, in Lanarkshire, 60 miles from Stirling, and 2,336 feet in height;
+Arthur's Hill, a circular mound of earth, surrounded by seats of turf
+in the royal gardens, sometimes called the king's knot, where the court
+held fêtes, and where James used to amuse himself with the pastime
+called the Knights of the Round Table; Ben Lomond, 3,240 feet above the
+lake, which is 32 feet above the level of the sea; Ben Venue, and Ben
+Ledy, or the hill of God, in Perthshire, 3,009 feet in height, so called
+from the inhabitants of the surrounding villages, in former times,
+meeting on its summit at the summer solstice, three days and nights for
+the purpose of devotion. These three mountains, with their vicinities
+are enshrined in Sir Walter Scott's _Lady of the Lake_; and the
+village of Balquidder, at the foot of Ben Ledy, is the burial place of
+Rob Roy. We have just described the circle: over the garden wall of
+the Castle, at a considerable distance, is the well-wooded estate and
+mansion of Craig Forth, said to have once belonged to a blacksmith of
+Stirling: this man having placed the iron bars (which still remain to
+the windows of the palace), and done other work for James VI. when that
+monarch came to the throne of England, made a demand of one thousand
+pounds Scots,--but by some error, the accounts being paid in Stirling
+money, he with it purchased the estate and built the house of Craig
+Forth. Next, to the right is Blair Drummond, formerly the residence of
+the accomplished Lord Kaimes; and beyond are the celebrated ruins of
+Donne Castle; not the least interesting incident of its annals was the
+imprisonment there in 1745, of John Home, (the author of Douglas,)
+who has left a narrative of his clambering escape over the high walls.
+
+It is time to speak of the Panorama as a work of art; for hitherto we
+have rather considered its intellectual interest. The Castle and Palace
+we take to be finely painted, with admirable picturesque effect: the
+huge gateway, flanked with two towers, the battlemented walls, and
+battery, are in fine bold relief, as is the clinging vegetation about
+the building; nor must we omit the grotesque figures or corbelled
+pedestals, and the identical window bars, the work of the wily Scot
+of Craig Forth; the latter especially, are clever. A portion of the
+esplanade otherwise devoid of interest, is peopled with a meeting of the
+Highland Society celebrating the feats of the ancient Caledonians, the
+object of the Society being to preserve their language, costume, music,
+gymnastic sports, and martial games. This introduction happily fills up
+what would otherwise have been the only void in the scene, so thickly
+is it studed and storied with objects and recollections. Altogether, we
+have rarely seen a topographical panorama of such diversified character:
+it has reminiscences of history and poetry to lead us through the
+retrospect of chivalrous ages, princely contests for crowns that rarely
+sat lightly on their wearers, and the last flickering hopes of defeated
+ambition and ill-starred fortune. Yet, how powerfully, not to say
+painfully, are these pages in the chronicles of human actions, when
+contrasted with the broad volume of nature, as spread before us in this
+picture. Alas! what is the majesty of the mightiest of the kings that
+dwelt in its palace in comparison with the sublimities of Tinto, Ben
+Lomond, Venue, or Ledy; or what the peace of their halls amidst the
+smiling expanse of the Carse of Stirling in all its quiet luxuriance.
+They and their houses have become dust or crumbling ruin, and death has
+with a little pin bored through their castle walls--while Nature has
+been flourishing from year to year, and reading man an epitome of
+existence in the succession of her changes.
+
+It has been stated that Mr. Burford, the successful painter of Stirling,
+is engaged on a Panorama of the Falls of Niagara. All admirers of this
+style of painting must be anxious for his success.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SIR WALTER SCOTT.
+
+
+Mr. Parker has issued in addition to the Medal already noticed in
+our pages, a _Medallion_ of the lamented Poet and Novelist, from
+Chantrey's bust. It is, we think, the obverse of the Medal, with bronzed
+circular frame work bearing the motto suggested by Sir Walter. Though
+handsome, it is an economical memorial of one whose amiable talents must
+endear him to every fireside in the kingdom.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NEW BOOKS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+POMPEII.
+
+
+[The second and concluding volume of the descriptive history of
+Pompeii, in the _Library of Entertaining Knowledge_, is still more
+attractive than its predecessor. It contains the very domestic economy
+of the ancient inhabitants--chapters on domestic architecture, paintings
+and mosaics, streets and fountains, private houses, villas, and tombs;
+and, moreover, on the art of baking, and the forms of domestic utensils.
+We are, therefore, led through hall, parlour, bath, kitchen, and shop,
+with amusing minuteness; and, in the account of furniture and domestic
+implements, it is curious to observe, how far we are indebted to the
+ancients for the forms of similar contrivances now in use. One of the
+best passages in this portion of the work is the following, on the]
+
+_Lamps and Candelabra._
+
+No articles of ancient manufacture are more common than lamps. They are
+found in every variety of form and size, in clay and in metal, from the
+most cheap to the most costly description. We have the testimony of
+the celebrated antiquary Winkelmann to the interest of this subject:
+"I place among the most curious utensils, found at Herculaneum, the
+lamps, in which the ancients sought to display elegance, and even
+magnificence. Lamps of every sort will be found in the museum at
+Portici, both in clay and bronze, but especially the latter; and as
+the ornaments of the ancients have generally some reference to some
+particular things, we often meet with rather remarkable subjects."
+A considerable number of these articles will be found in the British
+Museum, but they are chiefly of the commoner sort. All the works,
+however, descriptive of Herculaneum and Pompeii, present us with
+specimens of the richer and more remarkable class, which attract
+admiration both by the beauty of the workmanship, and the whimsical
+variety of their designs. We may enumerate a few which occur in a work
+now before us, "Antiquités d'Herculanum," in which we find a Silenus,
+with the usual peculiarities of figure ascribed to the jolly god rather
+exaggerated, and an owl sitting upon his head between two huge horns,
+which support stands for lamps. Another represents a flower-stalk,
+growing out of a circular plinth, with snail-shells hanging from it by
+small chains, which held the oil and wick. The trunk of a tree, with
+lamps suspended between the branches. Another, a naked boy, beautifully
+wrought, with a lamp hanging from one hand, and an instrument for
+trimming it from the other, the lamp itself representing a theatrical
+mask. Beside him is a twisted column, surmounted by the head of a Faun,
+or Bacchanal, which has a lid in its crown, and seems intended as a
+reservoir of oil. The boy and pillar are both placed on a square
+plateau, raised upon lions' claws. But, beautiful as those lamps are,
+the light which they gave must have been weak and unsteady, and little
+superior to that of common street-lamps, with which indeed they are
+identical in principle. The wick was merely a few twisted threads, drawn
+through a hole in the upper surface of the oil-vessel; and there was no
+glass to steady the light, and prevent its varying with every breeze
+that blew.
+
+Still, though the Romans had not advanced so far in art as to apply
+glass-chimneys and hollow circular wicks to their lamps, they had
+experienced the inconvenience of going home at night through a city
+ill-paved, ill-watched, and ill-lighted, and, accordingly, soon invented
+lanterns to meet the want. These we learn from Martial, who has several
+epigrams upon this subject, were made of horn or bladder;--no mention,
+we believe, occurs, of glass being thus employed. The rich were preceded
+by a slave bearing their lantern. This, Cicero mentions, as being the
+habit of Catiline upon his midnight expeditions; and when M. Antony was
+accused of a disgraceful intrigue, his lantern-bearer was tortured, to
+extort a confession whither he had conducted his master.[4] One of these
+machines, of considerable ingenuity and beauty of workmanship, was found
+in Herculaneum in 1760, and another, almost exactly the same, at
+Pompeii, a few years after.
+
+One of the most elegant articles of furniture in ancient use was the
+candelabrum, by which we mean those tall and slender stands which served
+to support a lamp, but were independent of and unconnected with it.
+These, in their original and simple form, were probably mere reeds, or
+straight sticks, fixed upon a foot by peasants, to raise their light
+to a convenient height; at least, such a theory of their origin is
+agreeable to what we are told of the rustic manners of the early Romans,
+and it is in some degree countenanced by the fashion in which many of
+the ancient candelabra are made. Sometimes the stem is represented as
+throwing out buds; sometimes it is a stick, the side branches of which
+have been roughly lopped, leaving projections where they grew; sometimes
+it is in the likeness of a reed or cane, the stalk being divided into
+joints. Most of those which have been found in the buried cities are of
+bronze; some few of iron. In their general plan and appearance there
+is a great resemblance, though the details of the ornaments admit of
+infinite variety. All stand on three feet, usually griffins', or lions'
+claws, which support a light shaft, plain or fluted according to the
+fancy of the maker. The whole supports either a plinth large enough for
+a lamp to stand on, or a socket to receive a wax-candle, which the
+Romans used sometimes instead of oil in lighting their rooms. Some of
+them have a sliding shaft, like that of a music-stand, by which the
+light might be raised or lowered at pleasure.
+
+We may here say a few words on the art of inlaying one metal with
+another, in which, as in all ornamental branches of the working of
+metals, the ancient Italians possessed great skill. In the time of
+Seneca, ornaments of silver were seldom seen, unless their price was
+enhanced by being inlaid with solid gold. The art of uniting one metal
+to another was called by the general term _ferruminare_. Inlaid
+work was of two sorts; in the one, the inlaid work projected above the
+surface, and was called _emblemata_, as the art itself was called,
+from the Greek, _embletice_. It is inferred, from the inspection of
+numerous embossed vases in the Neapolitan Museum, that this embossed
+work was formed, either by plating with a thin leaf of metal figures
+already raised upon the surface of the article, or by letting the solid
+figures into the substance of the vessel, and finishing them with
+delicate tools after they were attached. In the second sort, the inlaid
+work was even with the surface, and was called _crusta_, and the
+art was called, from the Greek, _empaestice_. This is the same as
+the damask work so fashionable in the armour of the fifteenth and
+sixteenth centuries, which is often seen beautifully inlaid with gold.
+It was executed by engraving the pattern upon the surface of the metal,
+and filling up the lines with fine plates of a different metal; the two
+were then united with the assistance of heat, and the whole burnished.
+Pliny has preserved a receipt for solder, which probably was used in
+these works. It is called santerna; and the principal ingredients are
+borax, nitre, and copperas, pounded, with a small quantity of gold and
+silver, in a copper mortar.
+
+[The volume is enriched with four steel-plate engravings, and 154 cuts,
+of clever execution.]
+
+    [4] Val. Max. vi. 8.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE WONDERS OF THE LANE.
+
+
+  Strong climber of the mountain's side,
+    Though thou the vale disdain,
+  Yet walk with me where hawthorns hide
+    The wonders of the lane.
+  High o'er the rushy springs of Don
+    The stormy gloom is rolled;
+  The moorland hath not yet put on
+    His purple, green, and gold.
+  But here the titling[5] spreads his wing,
+    Where dewy daisies gleam;
+  And here the sunflower[6] of the spring
+    Burns bright in morning's beam.
+  To mountain winds the famish'd fox
+    Complains that Sol is slow,
+  O'er headlong steeps and gushing rocks
+    His royal robe to throw.
+  But here the lizard seeks the sun
+    Here coils, in light, the snake;
+  And here the fire-tuft[7] hath begun
+    Its beauteous nest to make.
+  Oh! then, while hums the earliest bee
+    Where verdure fires the plain,
+  Walk thou with me, and stoop to see
+    The glories of the lane!
+  For, oh! I love these banks of rock,
+    This roof of sky and tree,
+  These tufts, where sleeps the gloaming clock,
+    And wakes the earliest bee!
+  As spirits from eternal day
+    Look down on earth, secure,
+  Look here, and wonder, and survey
+    A world in miniature:
+  A world not scorned by Him who made
+    E'en weakness by his might;
+  But solemn in his depth of shade,
+    And splendid in his light.
+  Light!--not alone on clouds afar,
+    O'er storm-loved mountains spread,
+  Or widely teaching sun and star,
+    Thy glorious thoughts are read;
+  Oh, no I thou art a wondrous book
+    To sky, and sea, and land--
+  A page on which the angels look--
+    Which insects understand!
+  And here, O light! minutely fair,
+    Divinely plain and clear,
+  Like splinters of a crystal hair,
+    Thy bright small hand is here!
+  Yon drop-fed lake, six inches wide
+    Is Huron, girt with wood;
+  This driplet feeds Missouri's tide--
+    And that Niagara's flood.
+  What tidings from the Andes brings
+    Yon line of liquid light,
+  That down from heaven in madness flings
+    The blind foam of its might?
+  Do I not hear his thunder roll--
+    The roar that ne'er is still?
+  'Tis mute as death!--but in my soul
+    It roars, and ever will.
+  What forests tall of tiniest moss
+  Clothe every little stone!--
+  What pigmy oaks their foliage toss
+    O'er pigmy valleys lone!
+  With shade o'er shade, from ledge to ledge,
+    Ambitious of the sky,
+  They feather o'er the steepest edge
+    Of mountains mushroom-high.
+  Oh, God of marvels! who can tell
+    What myriad living things
+  On these gray stones unseen may dwell!
+    What nations, with their kings!
+  I feel no shock, I hear no groan,
+    While fate, perchance, o'erwhelms
+  Empires on this subverted stone--
+    A hundred ruined realms!
+  Lo! in that dot, some mite, like me,
+    Impelled by woe or whim,
+  May crawl, some atom's cliffs to see--
+    A tiny world to him!
+  Lo! while he pauses, and admires
+    The works of nature's might,
+  Spurned by my foot, his world expires,
+    And all to him is night!
+  Oh, God of terrors! what are we?--
+    Poor insects sparked with thought!
+  Thy whisper, Lord, a word from thee,
+    Could smite us into naught!
+  But should'st thou wreck our father-land,
+    And mix it with the deep,
+  Safe in the hollow of thy hand
+    Thy little one will sleep.
+
+_Amulet._
+
+
+    [5] The hedge-sparrow.
+
+    [6] The dandelion.
+
+    [7] The golden-crested wren.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+POVERTY.
+
+
+Owen Feltham says--"The poverty of a poor man is the least part of his
+misery. In all the storms of fortune, he is the first that must stand
+the shock of extremity. Poor men are perpetual sentinels, watching in
+the depth of night against the incessant assaults of want; while the
+rich lie strowd in secure reposes, and compassed with a large abundance.
+If the land be ruffetted with a bloodless famine, are not the poor the
+first that sacrifice their lives to hunger? If war thunders in the
+trembling country's lap, are not the poor those that are exposed to the
+enemy's sword and outrage? If the plague, like a loaded sponge, flies,
+sprinkling poison through a populous kingdom, the poor are the fruit
+that are shaken from the burdened tree; while the rich, furnished with
+the helps of fortune, have means to wind out themselves, and turn these
+sad indurances on the poor, that cannot avoid them. Like salt-marshes,
+that lie low, they are sure, whenever the sea of this world rages, to be
+first under, and embarrened with a fretting care. Who like the poor are
+harrowed with oppression, ever subject to the imperious taxes, and the
+gripes of mightiness? Continual care checks the spirit; continual labour
+checks the body; and continual insultation both. He is like one rolled
+in a vessel full of pikes--which way soever he turns, he something finds
+that pricks him. Yet, besides all these, there is another transcendent
+misery--and this is, that maketh men contemptible. As if the poor man
+were but fortune's dwarf, made lower than the rest of men, to be laughed
+at. The philosopher (though he were the same mind and the same man), in
+his squalid rags, could not find admission, when better robes procured
+both an open door and reverence. Though outward things can add nothing
+to our essential worth, yet, when we are judged on, by the help of
+others' outward senses, they much conduce to our value or disesteem.
+A diamond set in brass would be taken for a crystal, though it be not
+so; whereas a crystal set in gold will by many be thought a diamond.
+A poor man wise shall be thought a fool, though he have nothing to
+condemn him but his being poor. Poverty is a gulf, wherein all good
+parts are swallowed;--it is a reproach, which clouds the lustre of the
+purest virtue. Certainly, extreme poverty is worse than abundance. We
+may be good in plenty, if we will; in biting penury we cannot, though we
+would. In one, the danger is casual; in the other, it is necessitating.
+The best is that which partakes of both, and consists of neither.
+He that hath too little wants feathers to fly withal; he that hath too
+much, is but cumbered with too large a tail. If a flood of wealth could
+profit us, it would be good to swim in such a sea; but it can neither
+lengthen our lives, nor inrich us after the end. There is not in the
+world such another object of pity as the pinched state; which no man
+being secured from, I wonder at the tyrant's braves and contempt.
+Questionless, I will rather with charity help him that is miserable, as
+I may be, than despise him that is poor, as I would not be. They have
+flinty and steeled hearts that can add calamities to him that is already
+but one entire mass."
+
+W.G.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ACCOUNT OF THE IRISH MANTLE.
+
+
+Edmund Spencer (the English poet) in his _View of the State of
+Ireland_, says--"First the outlaw, being for his many crimes and
+villanies banished from the towns and houses of honest men, and
+wandering in waste places, far from danger of law, maketh his
+_mantle_ his house, and under it covereth himself from the wrath of
+heaven, from the offence of the earth, and from the sight of men. When
+it raineth, it is his pent-house; when it bloweth, it is his tent; when
+it freezeth, it is his tabernacle. In summer he can wear it loose; in
+winter he can wrap it close; at all times he can use it--never heavy,
+never cumbersome. Likewise for a rebel it is as serviceable; for in his
+warre that he maketh, (if at least it deserve the name of warre), when
+he still flyeth from his foe, and lurketh in the thick woods and strait
+passages, waiting for advantages, it is his bed, yea, and almost his
+household stuff; for the wood is his house against all weathers, and his
+mantle is his couch to sleep in. Therein he wrappeth himselfe round, and
+coucheth himself strongly against the gnats, which in that country doe
+more annoye the naked rebells, whilst they keepe the woods, and doe more
+sharply wound them than all their enemies' swords, or spears, which can
+seldome come nigh them; yea, and oftentimes their mantle serveth them,
+when they are neare driven, being wrapped about their left arme, instead
+of a target, for it is hard to cut through with a sword; besides, it is
+light to bear, light to throw away, and being (as they commonly are)
+naked, it is to them all in all. Lastly, for a thiefe it is so handsome,
+as it may seem it was first invented for him; for under it he may
+cleanly convey any fit pillage that cometh handsomely in his way, and
+when he goeth abroad in the night free-booting, it is his best and
+surest friend; for lying, as they often doe, two or three nights
+together abroad, to watch for their booty, with that they can prettily
+shroud themselves under a bush, or bankside, till they may conveniently
+do their errand; and when all is over, he can, in his mantle, passe
+through any town or company, being close hooded over his head, as he
+useth, from knowledge of any to whom he is endangered. Besides this,
+he, or any man els that is disposed to mischiefe or villany, may under
+his mantle goe privily armed, without suspicion of any, carry his
+head-piece, his skean, or pistol, if he please, to be always in
+readinesse."
+
+Spencer traces these mantles from the Scythians. He says--"The Irish
+have from the Scythians _mantles_ and long _glibs_, which is a
+thick curled bush of hair, hanging down over their eyes, and monstrously
+disguising theme."
+
+This curious _View of the State of Ireland_ remained in manuscript
+till it was printed, in 1633, by Sir James Ware, denominated "the Camden
+of Ireland."
+
+P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+DOMESTIC HINTS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONSUMPTION OF FISH.
+
+
+There is but little fish consumed in the interior of Great Britain; and
+even in most seaport towns the consumption is not very great. In London,
+indeed, immense quantities of fish are annually made use of; and there
+can be little doubt that the consumption would be much greater, were it
+not for the abuses in the trade, which render the supply comparatively
+scarce, and, in most instances, exceedingly dear. All fish brought to
+London is sold in Billingsgate market; and, in consequence of this
+restriction, the salesmen of that market have succeeded in establishing
+what is really equivalent to a monopoly, and are in a great measure
+enabled to regulate both the supply and the price.--_Macculloch._
+
+This inconsiderable consumption of fish will be a matter of surprise,
+when we see that the supply of fish in the seas round Britain is most
+abundant, or rather quite inexhaustible. "The coasts of Great Britain,"
+says Sir John Boroughs, "doe yield such a continued harvest of gain and
+benefit to all those that with diligence doe labour in the same, that no
+time or season of the yeare passeth away without some apparent meanes
+of profitable employment, especially to such as apply themselves to
+fishing; which, from the beginning of the year unto the latter end,
+continueth upon some part or other of our coastes; and there in such
+infinite shoals and multitudes of fishes are offered to the takers as
+may justly cause admiration, not only to strangers, but to those that
+daily are employed amongst them."--"That this harvest," says Mr. Barrow,
+"ripe for gathering at all seasons of the year,--without the labour of
+tillage--without expense of seed or manure--without the payment of rent
+or taxes--is inexhaustible, the extraordinary fecundity of the most
+valuable kinds of fish would alone afford abundant proof. To enumerate
+the thousands, and even millions of eggs which are impregnated in the
+herring, the cod, the ling, and, indeed, in almost the whole of the
+esculent fish, would give but an inadequate idea of the prodigious
+multitudes in which they flock to our shores. The shoals themselves
+must be seen, in order to convey to the mind any just notice of their
+aggregate mass." Mr. Macculloch, however, observes, that "notwithstanding
+this immense abundance of fish, and notwithstanding the bounties that
+have been given by the legislature to the individuals engaged in the
+fishery, it has not been profitable to those by whom it has been carried
+on, nor has it made that progress which might have been expected."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NANKEEN.
+
+
+Nankeen, or Nanking, takes its name from Nanking in China, where the
+reddish-yellow thread of which the stuff is made was originally spun.
+In England, we erroneously apply the term Nankeen to one colour; though,
+in the East Indies, vast quantities of white, pink, and yellow nankeens
+are made.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WHITE PEPPER.
+
+
+The relative value of black and white pepper is but imperfectly
+understood. The former is decidedly the best. It grows in long, small
+clusters of from 20 to 50 grains. When ripe, it is of a bright red
+colour. After being gathered, it is spread on mats in the sun, when it
+loses its red colour, and becomes black and shrivelled as we see it.
+White pepper is of two sorts, common and genuine. The former is made by
+blanching the grains of the common black pepper, by steeping them for a
+while in water, and then gently rubbing them, so as to remove the dark
+outer coat. It is milder than the other, and much prized by the Chinese,
+but very little is imported into England. _Genuine_ white pepper is
+merely the blighted or imperfect grains picked from among the heaps of
+black pepper. It is, of course, very inferior.
+
+From the Singapore Chronicle we learn, that the average annual quantity
+of pepper obtained from different countries is 46,066,666 lbs,
+avoirdupois.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_How to acquire Knowledge._--Edmund Stone, the celebrated
+mathematician, was a native of Scotland, and the son of the Duke of
+Argyle's gardener. Before he attained the age of eighteen years, he
+had acquired a knowledge of geometry, &c., without a master. When he
+was asked by the Duke of Argyle how he had gained this knowledge, he
+replied, "I first learned to read; and the masons being at work on your
+house, I saw that the architect used a rule and compasses, and that he
+made calculations. Upon inquiring into the uses of these things, I was
+informed there was a science named arithmetic. I purchased a book of
+arithmetic, and I learned it. I was told there was another science
+called geometry, and I learned that also. Finding that there were good
+books on these two sciences in Latin, I bought a dictionary, and learned
+Latin. I also understood there were good books of the same kind in
+French, and I learned French. This, my lord, is what I have done; and
+it seems to me that we may learn anything when we know the twenty-four
+letters of the alphabet." The Duke, pleased with this simple answer,
+drew Stone out of obscurity, and provided for him an employment which
+allowed of his favourite pursuit.
+
+P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Duelling._--The students of the Berlin University lately
+introduced a new mode of duelling. In order that chances might be equal
+on both sides, the combatants went to the bed of a man attacked with
+cholera, and kissed him. Neither of the parties having experienced the
+least symptom of the epidemic during the next twenty-four hours, the
+seconds declared that the two adversaries had satisfied the laws of
+honour, and the affair was consequently settled.--SWAINE. (We take this
+piece of irony to be well applied.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Popes._--His Highness Leo. XII., the present Pope's predecessor,
+was, according to the visual mode of reckoning, the two hundred and
+fifty-second since Peter the Apostle. Of these 208 were natives of
+Italy, 14 were Frenchmen, 11 Greeks, 8 Syrians and Dalmatians, 5
+Germans, 3 Spaniards, 2 North Africans, and 1 Englishman.
+
+W.G.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+In the churchyard of Arthuret, a village in Cumberland, are interred,
+the remains of poor Archy Armstrong, jester or fool to Charles I.; and
+by an accident suitable to his profession, the day of his funeral was
+the first of April.
+
+SWAINE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Imperial Extravagance._--Asses' milk is said to be a great
+beautifier and preserver of the skin. Poppaea, wife of the Emperor Nero,
+used it for that purpose, having four or five hundred asses constantly
+in her retinue, to furnish her every morning with a fresh bath.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ANNUALS FOR 1833.
+
+With the present Number, a SUPPLEMENT,
+
+CONTAINING THE
+
+Spirit of the Annuals for 1833:
+
+With a large Engraving, and Three Comic Cuts.
+
+
+  St. Goar                                      _Picturesque Annual._
+  The Enchantress                               _Book of Beauty._
+  The Flybekins                                 _Comic Offering._
+  What's in a Name?                             _Ditto ditto._
+  Song, by Miss Mitford                         _Ditto ditto._
+  History of the Holy Cross, by Lord Mahon      _Amulet._
+  Trials of Grace Huntley, by Mrs. S.C. Hall    _Ditto._
+  The Armada                                    _Friendship's Offering._
+  The Tornado                                   _Ditto  ditto._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris;
+CHARLES JUGEL, Francfort; and by all Newsmen and Booksellers._
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 12531 ***
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+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 20, No. 581, Saturday, December 15, 1832, by Various</title>
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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 12531 ***</div>
+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 20, No. 581, Saturday, December 15, 1832, by Various</h1>
+<br />
+<br />
+<center><b>E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, David Garcia,<br />
+           and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team</b></center>
+<br />
+<br />
+ <hr class="full" />
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page401" name="page401"></a>[pg 401]</span>
+
+  <h1>THE MIRROR<br />
+  OF<br />
+  LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <table width="100%" summary="Banner">
+    <tr>
+      <td align="left"><b>VOL. XX, NO. 581.]</b></td>
+      <td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, DECEMBER 15, 1832.</b></td>
+      <td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+<div class="figure" style="width: 100%;">
+<a href="images/581-1.png"><img width="100%" src="images/581-1.png"
+alt="Chapel on the Bridge, Wakefield." /></a>
+<center>CHAPEL ON THE BRIDGE, WAKEFIELD.</center>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+<h2>
+	CHAPEL ON THE BRIDGE, WAKEFIELD
+</h2>
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+Chapels on bridges are not so unfrequent in architectural history as
+the rarity of their remains would indicate. Among the early records
+of bridge-building we read that "the Romans built many bridges in
+the provinces; viz. in France, Spain, Germany, Britain, &amp;c. some
+of which had arches or towers on them."<a id="footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a> Plutarch derives the word
+<i>Pontifex</i>, (high priest,) from sacrifices made upon bridges, a
+ceremony of the highest antiquity. The priests are said to have been
+commissioned to keep the bridges in repair, as an indispensable part of
+their office. This we may conclude to have given rise to the annexation
+of chapels to almost all our bridges of note; and the offerings were
+of course for repairs: so that priests are considered to have been the
+olden surveyors of bridges, and chapels on them to have been displaced
+by the more secular establishment of toll-houses.<a id="footnotetag2" name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The bridge, upon which stands the above chapel, crosses the Calder, at
+the south-east entrance into Wakefield, in the West Riding of Yorkshire.
+It was built in the reign of Edward III. and is a fine specimen of the
+masonry of that age. In the centre projecting from the eastern side, and
+resting partly on the sterlings, is the chapel, built in the richest
+style of Gothic architecture. It is
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page402" name="page402"></a>[pg 402]</span>
+
+about ten yards in length, and about
+eight in breadth. The east window, overhanging the river, is adorned
+with various and beautiful tracery, and the parapets are perforated.
+The windows on the north and south sides are equally rich. But the west
+front facing the passage over the bridge, (as shown in the Engraving,)
+exceeds all the rest in profusion of ornament; being divided by
+buttresses into compartments, forming recesses, with lofty pediments
+and pointed arches; whilst above is an entablature bearing five
+basso-relievos, the whole being crowned with battlements. The
+buttresses, finials, tracery, &amp;c. form an assemblage of Gothic
+embellishments, which, for richness and delicacy can scarcely be
+equalled. This chapel was built by Edward IV. in memory of his father,
+Richard, Duke of York, and those of his party who fell in the battle of
+Wakefield.<a id="footnotetag3" name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a> It appears, however, that a chapel had been built on this
+bridge by Edward III., and dedicated to St. Mary; but it was undoubtedly
+rebuilt and embellished by Edward IV. who, on this account, may be
+regarded as the founder of the present structure.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The beautiful embellishments have received considerable injury; and,
+about twenty years since this superb relic of ecclesiastical
+architecture was used as a warehouse. As architectural renovation is
+becoming somewhat the taste of the day, it is to be hoped that the
+restoration of the chapel at Wakefield will not be overlooked.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>
+	THE BROTHER OF OLIVER GOLDSMITH.
+</h3>
+
+<center>
+(<i>To the Editor.</i>)
+</center>
+
+<p>
+As I was personally acquainted with Charles Goldsmith, the younger
+brother of Oliver, the Poet, I am enabled to furnish a few particulars
+in addition to those of <i>Philo</i>, contained in No. 573 of <i>The
+Mirror</i>. Charles, on his coming to this country, from the West
+Indies, had with him two daughters, and one son named Henry; all under
+14 years of age. He purchased two houses in the Polygon, Somers Town, in
+one of which he resided: here, the elder of his girls died; I attended
+her funeral; she was buried in the churchyard of St. Pancras, near the
+grave of Mary Wolstonecroft Godwin. Henry was my fellow pupil; but not
+liking the profession of engraving, after a short trial, he returned to
+the West Indies. At the peace of Amiens, Charles Goldsmith sold his
+houses, and, with his wife and daughter, and a son born in England,
+christened Oliver, he went to reside in France, where his daughter
+married. In consequence of the orders of Buonaparte for detaining
+British subjects, Charles again returned home by way of Holland, much
+reduced in circumstances, and died, about 25 years since at humble
+lodgings in Ossulston Street. Somers Town. After his death, his wife,
+who was a native of the West Indies, and her son Oliver, returned
+thither. Charles Goldsmith had in his possession a copy, from Sir Joshua
+Reynolds's portrait of his brother; and I can vouch his resemblance to
+the picture was most striking. Charles, like the poet, was a performer
+on the German flute, and, to use his own words, found it in the hour
+of adversity his best friend. He only once, I have heard him say, saw
+Oliver in England, which was during his prosperity.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+R. ROFFE.
+</h4>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>
+	RECOLLECTIONS OF THE LATE COLONEL MOLESWORTH PHILLIPS.
+</h3>
+
+<center>
+(<i>From a Correspondent.</i>)
+</center>
+
+
+<p>
+Colonel Phillips was the last surviving person who accompanied Captain
+Cook in his last voyage of discovery to ascertain the practicability of
+a passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, along the northern
+coast of America. I was an inmate of his residence in Lambeth in the
+summer of 1828, for some few weeks, and during that period received
+many commissioned attentions, for he ever avoided meeting or seeing
+strangers. He was invariably his own cook; slept but little, and seldom
+retired regularly to bed, but rested on a sofa, or chairs, as accident
+might dictate. His employment chiefly consisted in turning fanciful
+devices at his lathe, but he seldom completed his designs: however, I saw
+the model of a mausoleum dedicated to Napoleon, which evinced much taste
+and ingenuity. His workshop at once intimated that its occupant was
+not abundantly gifted with the organ of order. Plates, dishes, knives,
+forks, candlesticks, coats, hats, books, and mathematical instruments,
+lay in one confused mass, each enveloped with its portion of dust.
+To attempt any thing like arrangement, was at once sacrilege in the
+estimation of the Colonel. To summon his attendant he usually approached
+the stairs, and rang a small hand bell, accompanying it with his
+deep-toned voice with the words: "Ahoy! ahoy! all hands ahoy!" His
+liquors, and tankards of ale he always drew up from the window of his
+room, to avoid intrusion, and in returning the empty pewters he would
+frequently take too sure an aim at the potboy's head. Then came a
+concert of "curses" and every association but amity. The close of the
+scene was generally modified with something in the shape of a shilling,
+and the parties separated, mutually satisfied. Colonel Phillips, during
+his residence in Ireland, was possessed of considerable property, but
+from what circumstance he suffered a reverse of fortune I am not
+informed; indeed, so unwilling was he to connect himself with bygone
+days that it was
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page403" name="page403"></a>[pg 403]</span>
+impossible to gather from him a clue to the active
+services he had given to the world.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus lived Colonel Molesworth Phillips, glorying in most of the
+eccentricities of human nature. It is astonishing, considering the
+active part he took in society, that he should, towards the close of
+life, have secluded himself so entirely from the world, and those with
+whom he must have from circumstances have been associated. Colonel
+Phillips might probably have survived some years longer, had he not
+fallen a victim to cholera.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>
+APOLOGUES.&mdash;(FROM THE GERMAN.)
+</h3>
+
+<center>
+THE VINE.
+</center>
+
+
+<p>
+On the day of the Creation, the trees exultingly extolled themselves
+one towards another, every one about itself. "The Lord, by whom I was
+planted," said the lofty Cedar, "has united in me firmness, fragrance,
+duration, and strength." "Jehovah's affection has rendered me blessed,"
+said the widely-spreading Palm-tree; "in me has He conjoined utility
+and beauteousness." "Like a bridegroom among the youths," said the
+Apple-tree, "I parade among the trees of Paradise." "Like the rose among
+the thorns," said the Myrtle, "I stand among my sisterhood, the lowly
+shrubs." So all extolled themselves, the Olive, the Fig, and the Pine.
+The Vine alone was silent, and drooped to the ground. "To me," said he
+to himself, "appears everything to be denied&mdash;trunk, branches, blossoms,
+and fruit; but such as I am, I will yet hope and wait." He then sank
+down, and his tendrils wept. He had not long waited and wept, before the
+friendly man, the godhead of the earth, stepped up to him. He saw that a
+feeble plant, the sport of the breezes, had sunk, and required help; he
+compassionately raised him up, and twined the tender tree to his bower.
+More gladly now the breezes played with his tendrils; the glow of the
+sun penetrated their hard, greenish buds, preparing in them the sweet
+juice, the drink for gods and men. Adorned with rich clusters, the Vine
+soon bowed himself down to his master, and he tasted the enlivening
+juice, and named him his friend. The proud trees now envied the feeble
+shoot, for many of them already stood without fruit; but he was glad of
+his slender form and of his steadfast hope. The juice, therefore, even
+now gladdens the heart of man, and lifts upwards the courage of the
+dejected, and refreshes the afflicted. Despair not, forsaken one, and
+abide enduring. In the unsightly cane springs the sweetest juice, and
+the feeble tendril brings forth inspiration and rapture.
+</p>
+
+
+<h3>
+	TEARS.
+</h3>
+
+
+<p>
+As Hillel and his disciple Sadi wandered, on a moon and starlight night,
+among the gardens of the Mount of Olives, "See," said Sadi, "the man
+yonder, in the ray of the moon; what does he there?"&mdash;"It is Zadok,"
+answered Hillel, "he sits at the grave of his son and weeps."&mdash;"Cannot
+he moderate his mourning?" said the youth, "for the people term him the
+just and wise."&mdash;"Shall he therefore," answered Hillel, "not experience
+pain?"&mdash;"But," asked Sadi, "what preference then has the wise man before
+the fool?" Then answered the teacher, "See, the bitter tear of his eye
+sinks to the earth, but his countenance is turned up to heaven."
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+W.G.C.
+</h4>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>
+	THE SKETCH-BOOK.
+</h2>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>
+	THE OLD SOLDIER.
+</h3>
+
+
+<p>
+I have often occasion to pass through a village on the St. Alban's road,
+at one end of which there is so tidy and convenient a public-house, that
+I always give my horse his bait there, if I happen to be travelling in
+my gig. I had frequently observed an old soldier, who having lost an
+eye, a leg, and an arm in the service of his country, had pretty well
+earned the privilege of idling away the rest of his life in a manner
+particularly congenial with the habits of one of his calling. He would
+sit on a bench, outside the door of this inn, with a pipe in his mouth,
+and a can of beer by his side; and thus he would pass all the fine
+months of the year. In winter, he merely changed his seat. He was
+constant to his pipe and his can; he took both with him to the warm
+chimney-corner: and thus he enjoyed his out-pension. During the hour of
+baiting, I have often talked with this old man. He had served last in
+the early part of the war on the Peninsula. He was loquacious enough on
+other subjects; but if one questioned him concerning these last military
+services, he became on the instant morose and uncommunicative, and one
+could not but perceive, that the topic was disagreeable and painful
+to him.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+What most interested me about this man was his love for young children.
+He was generally surrounded by a parcel of curly-headed urchins; and
+often have I seen the mistress of the little inn consign her infant to
+the protection of his one arm, when, by an arrival, she has been called
+upon to attend to the business of the house. The old fellow never
+appeared so contented as when thus employed. His pipe was laid aside,
+his beer forgotten, and he would only think of amusing and caressing his
+charge, or of lulling it to sleep. The bigger children would cluster
+round him, clamber over him, empty his pipe, upset his can, take all
+sorts of liberties with him, yet never meet with a rebuke. At times,
+however, he would appear lost in uneasy thought; gazing with earnestness
+upon the features of the sleeping infant,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page404" name="page404"></a>[pg 404]</span>
+while tears would course each other down his cheeks.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As I drove one morning up to the door of the inn, and passed the bench
+on which the old soldier was, as usual, sitting, with his little flock
+of children playing round him, one of them, a very young one, suddenly
+backed into the road, and in another moment more would have been
+crushed: but the old man sprang forward; with a vigorous and wonderful
+effort he seized the child with his only arm, and threw it several feet
+out of the way of danger; he fell with the exertion, and was among my
+horse's feet. In suddenly drawing up, I had unwittingly done my very
+worst by the poor fellow; for I had caused the animal to trample upon
+him a second time, and a wheel had likewise passed over his body.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He was taken up insensible. We carried him to a bed, and after a little
+time he recovered his recollection. But he was so severely injured, that
+we feared every moment would be his last.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The first words he uttered were, "The child! the child!" We assured him
+that the child was safe; but he would not believe us, and it became
+necessary to send into the village to search for the little creature,
+who had been hurried home with the others upon the confusion that the
+accident had occasioned. He continued to call for the child, and was in
+the greatest distress of mind till we had found it, and had taken it to
+him as he lay. His delight at seeing it alive and unhurt was intense; he
+wept, he laughed, he hugged it to his bosom, and it was not till he grew
+very faint and weary that he would suffer us to remove it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A surgeon arrived; and pronounced that the poor man was so much hurt,
+inwardly as well as outwardly, that nothing could be done to save him;
+and desired us merely to give him cordials or cooling drink, as he
+should appear to wish for either. He lingered for a few days.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I had been the cause, although innocently, of the poor fellow's death:
+of course I took care that all was done that could alleviate his
+sufferings; and, as long as he lasted, I went everyday to pass a few
+hours by his bed-side. The rescued child, too, was brought to him each
+day by his own desire. From the moment he had first ascertained that it
+was unhurt, he had been calm and contented. He knew he was dying, but he
+could part with life without regret; and the cloud which I had so often
+observed upon his weather-beaten countenance before the accident never
+after returned.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The day before he died, as I was watching alone by his side, he asked me
+for a cordial. Soon after he had swallowed it, he laid his hand upon my
+arm, and said,&mdash;"Sir, if you will not think it too great a trouble to
+listen to an old man's talk, I think it will ease my mind to say a few
+words to you."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He was of course encouraged to proceed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I die contented," he continued; "happier than I have for some years
+lived. I have had a load upon my heart, which is not quite removed, but
+it is a great deal lightened. I have been the means, under Providence,
+of saving a young child's life. If I have strength to tell you what I
+wish, sir, you will understand the joy that blessed thought has brought
+to my heart."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I gave him another cordial, and he spoke as follows:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"It was in a stirring time of the Duke of Wellington's wars, after the
+French had retreated through Portugal, and Badajos had fallen, and we
+had driven them fairly over the Spanish frontier, the light division
+was ordered on a few of their long leagues further, to occupy a line
+of posts among the mountains which rise over the northern hanks of the
+Guadiana. A few companies of our regiment advanced to occupy a village
+which the French had just abandoned.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"We had had a brisk march over a scorched and rugged country, which
+had already been ransacked of all that could have supplied us with
+fresh provisions; it was many days since we had heard the creak of a
+commissary's wagon, and we had been on very short commons. There was no
+reason to expect much in the village we were now ordered to. The French,
+who had just marched out, would, of course, have helped themselves to
+whatever was portable, and must have previously pretty well drained the
+place. We made a search, however, judging that, possibly, something
+might have been concealed from them by the peasants; and we actually
+soon discovered several houses where skins of wine had been secreted.
+A soldier, sir, I take it, after hot service or fatigue, seldom thinks
+of much beyond the comfort of drinking to excess; and I freely own that
+our small party soon caused a sad scene of confusion.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Every house and hovel was searched, and many a poor fellow, who had
+contrived to hide his last skin of wine from his enemies, was obliged to
+abandon it to his allies. You might see the poor natives on all sides
+running away; some with a morsel of food, others with a skin of wine
+in their arms, and followed by the menaces and staggering steps of the
+weary and half-drunken soldiers.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"'Vino! vino!' was the cry in every part of the village. An English
+soldier, sir, may be for months together in a foreign land, and have a
+pride in not knowing how to ask for anything hut liquor. I was no better
+than the rest.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"'Vino! quiero vino!' said I, to a poor half-starved and ragged native,
+who was stealing off, and hiding something under his torn cloak;&mdash;'Vino!
+you beggarly scoundrel! give me vino!' said I.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"'Vino no tengo!' he cried, as he broke
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page405" name="page405"></a>[pg 405]</span>
+from my grasp, and ran quickly and fearfully away.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I was not very drunk&mdash;I had not had above half my quantity&mdash;and I
+pursued him up a street. But he was the fleeter; and I should have lost
+him, had I not made a sudden turn, and come right upon him in a forsaken
+alley, where I suppose the poor thing dwelt. I seized him by the collar.
+He was small and spare, and he trembled under my gripe; but still he
+held his own, and only wrapped his cloak the closer round his property.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"'Vino! quiero vino!' said I again; 'give me vino!'
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"'Nada, nada tengo!' he repeated.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I had already drawn my bayonet.&mdash;I am ashamed, sir, to say, that we
+used to do that to terrify the poor wretches, and make them the sooner
+give us their liquor.&mdash;As I held him by the collar with one hand, I
+pointed the bayonet at his breast with the other, and I again cried,
+'Vino!'
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"'Vino no tengo&mdash;nino, nino es!'&mdash;and he spoke the words with such a
+look of truth and earnestness, that, had I not fancied I could trace
+through the folds of his cloak the very shape of a small wine skin,
+I should have believed him.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"'Lying rascal!' said I, 'so you won't give me the liquor? then the dry
+earth shall drink it!' and I struck the point of my bayonet deep into
+that which he was still hugging to his breast.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Oh, sir! it was not wine that trickled down&mdash;it was blood, warm
+blood!&mdash;and a piteous wail went like a chill across my heart!&mdash;The poor
+Spaniard opened his cloak&mdash;he pointed to his wounded child&mdash;and his wild
+eye asked me plainer than words could have done,&mdash;'Monster! are you
+satisfied!'
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I was sobered in a moment. I fell upon
+my knees beside the infant, and I tried to
+staunch the blood. Yes, the poor fellow understood
+the truth: he saw, and he accepted
+my anguish&mdash;and we joined our efforts to save
+the little victim.&mdash;Oh! it was too late!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"The little boy had fastened his small clammy hands round a finger of
+each of us. He looked at us alternately; and seemed to ask, alike from
+his father and his murderer, that help which it was beyond the power of
+one of earth to give. The changes in the poor child's countenance showed
+that it had few minutes to live. Sometimes it lay so still I thought the
+last pang was over; when a slight convulsion would agitate its frame,
+and a momentary pressure of its little hands, would give the gasping
+father a short vain ray of hope.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"You may believe, sir, that an old soldier, who has only been
+able to keep his own life at the expense of an eye and two of his
+limbs&mdash;who has lingered out many a weary day in a camp-hospital after a
+hot engagement&mdash;must have learnt to look on death without any unnecessary
+concern. I have sometimes wished for it myself; and often have felt
+thankful when my poor, wounded comrades have been released by it from
+pain. I have seen it, too, in other shapes. I have seen the death-blow
+dealt, when its effects have been so instant, that the brave heart's
+blood has been spilt, and the pulses have ceased to beat, while the
+streak of life and health was still fresh upon the cheek&mdash;when a smile
+has remained upon the lips of my brother-soldier, even after he had
+fallen a corpse across my path. But, oh! sir, what is all this compared
+with what I suffered as I watched life ebb slowly from the wound which
+I had myself so wantonly inflicted in the breast of a helpless, innocent
+child!&mdash;It was by mistake, by accident. Oh, yes! I know it, I know it
+well; and day and night I have striven to forget that hour. But it is of
+no use; the cruel recollection never leaves my mind&mdash;that piteous wail
+is ever in my ears!&mdash;The father's agony will follow me to the
+grave!"&mdash;<i>Legends of the Lib. at Lilies.</i>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>
+	THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+</h2>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>
+	THE CITADEL OF ANTWERP.
+</h3>
+
+<center>
+(<i>From personal inspection, by a Contributor to the United Service
+Journal.</i>)
+</center>
+
+
+<p>
+This spot, on which the eye of all Europe is at present concentrated,
+lies at the southern extremity of Antwerp, and forms one continued
+line with its defences along the banks of the Scheldt. It is a regular
+pentagon in shape, protected by bastions ranging at progressive
+elevations, and connecting themselves with curtains of proportionate
+height. In advance of these defences are a further series of spacious
+bastions, immediately connected with the preceding, but of later
+construction. The one were erected by Paciotti and Cerbolini, two
+Italian engineers, by order of the tyrant Alba, 1568, and the others
+according to Vauban's principles in 1701. Every side of this citadel is
+equally formidable for its strength; that towards the town is furnished
+with a raveline; and this is also the case with the front which faces
+the river, and opens upon a paved line of road, from which all
+communication with Antwerp itself has latterly been cut off. Two of
+the sides of this fastness front towards the adjacent country, and are
+likewise supplied with ravelines; the centre bastion in this direction
+bears Paciotto's name, which has been denaturalized in that of Paniotto
+in the French elevations. The defences of the town terminate in the
+centre of the fifth side, which circumstance has left it unprovided with
+a raveline. On the summit (or capital) of the two bastions on the land
+side, two large lunettes have been thrown forward, one being called Fort
+Kiel, from the adjacent suburb, and the other, which stands more away
+from the town, Fort St. Laurent. Internally the citadel of Antwerp
+contains
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page406" name="page406"></a>[pg 406]</span>
+every provision for the safe housing of its defenders, and
+possesses more than the requisite accommodation under ground for its
+supplies. All the barracks, exposed to the enemy's fire, are so placed,
+that the strength of the garrison may be readily collected at the point
+endangered; the kind of defence to be brought into action is plain and
+obvious; and the <i>matériel</i> for standing a siege has been as
+liberally provided as the means of subsistence for preserving the
+<i>morale</i> of the besieged from being deteriorated. The garrison
+consists of picked troops, who place unlimited confidence in their
+commandant. The citadel is encompassed by a ditch, which has eighteen
+feet of water in every part of its circuit, and is protected by ramparts
+of adequate elevation, and strength in proportion. With such elements of
+defence as these its capture cannot be effected without a sacrifice of
+human lives, which none but the flint-hearted can contemplate or foresee
+without deprecation and horror.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the year 1792, when it was carried by the revolutionary forces
+of France, they took the direction of the city walls as their line of
+attack, and mounted the bastion which bears Paciotto's name; this,
+at that time of day, formed indisputably the most advantageous point
+of assault; but its increased strength in this quarter would, at the
+present moment, render any attack an act of temerity. An esplanade
+of the average width of four hundred paces, which was laid out as a
+handsome promenade, before the bombardment in 1830, separates the
+citadel from the town: but the effect of that bombardment has been to
+throw a wide area of fifteen hundred paces open to the very marge of
+the Scheldt; and to disconnect the fortress still more completely from
+the inhabited portion of Antwerp. Lamentable as may be the prospect,
+Antwerp, the mistress of the finest naval station and commercial port in
+Europe, is doomed to destruction, if a single gun be directed against
+its citadel. It is not possible for its commandant, as a soldier and
+a subject, to avoid any and every means of annoying a besieger; and
+amongst these, none so ready and effectual, present themselves, as that
+of preventing the town from becoming the covert for an assailant. We have
+witnessed the deplorable havoc which a few mortars brought upon it in
+1830; but how frightful will be the issue when rockets and red-hot shot
+come to be poured upon the devoted city. Nay, more,&mdash;by opening the
+dykes along the Scheldt, a large portion of the western provinces of
+Belgium is capable of being inundated; and if this fresh calamity ensue,
+as a second resource on the part of the besieged, from the adoption
+of which the recognised laws of warfare cannot absolve them, not only
+Antwerp will have ceased to exist, but her citadel will rear its head,
+a frowning islet, amidst a waste of waters. As to the blockade of the
+Scheldt, it will be impotent with regard to distressing the citadel; for
+the windings of that stream, as well as of the Maas, at their mouths,
+preclude the possibility of effectually staying the Dutch from
+communication with it.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>
+	THE PLAINT OF CERTAIN CORAL BEADS.
+</h3>
+
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Spoiler of forbidden wealth,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Guarded by the hoary waves!</p>
+           <p>  When we mourn thy cruel stealth,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Sorrowing for our quiet caves.</p>
+           <p>  Doth it calm our wistful pining</p>
+           <p>  That the chains we hate are shining?</p>
+<p class="i2">    Boast we beauty's gauds to be?</p>
+           <p>  Can the state such bondage shares,</p>
+           <p>  Thoughtless liking, loveless cares,</p>
+           <p>  Sudden angers, wilful airs,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Sooth us like the mighty sea?</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Though, in hours when suitors press</p>
+<p class="i2">    Near the shrine of star-bright eyes,</p>
+           <p>  Mysteries, some would die to guess,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Our familiar touch descries;</p>
+           <p>  When a startled throb or tremble,</p>
+           <p>  Woman's craft would fain dissemble,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Through our light embraces swells;&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  Fruitless secrets&mdash;vainly taught,&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  Bliss unheeded&mdash;trust unsought&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  Can they quench the constant thought</p>
+<p class="i2">    Of our dreamy ocean-cells?</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Though the glowing bands we form,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Oft by redder lips be pressed,</p>
+           <p>  And a slumber, soft and warm,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Fold us on a dove-like breast,&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  Not to love, but love's bestowing</p>
+           <p>  Gentle care and kiss are owing:&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">    Is the passion changed or cloyed,</p>
+           <p>  Doth the giver's light grow less?</p>
+           <p>  Banished from the sweet recess,</p>
+           <p>  Sportive pressure, fond caress,</p>
+<p class="i2">    See our mimic worth destroyed!</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Then in close and narrow keep,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Pent, with scorned and faded toys,</p>
+           <p>  Mourn we for the glassy deep,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Sigh we for our early joys!</p>
+           <p>  What has earth like ocean's treasures?</p>
+           <p>  More than craving avarice measures,</p>
+<p class="i2">    More than Fancy's dream enchants,</p>
+           <p>  Deck the booming caves below,</p>
+           <p>  Where green waters ever flow</p>
+           <p>  Under groves of pearl, that grow</p>
+<p class="i2">    In the mermaid's glimmering haunts.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Under spar-enchased bowers,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Bending on their twisted stems,</p>
+           <p>  Glow the myriad ocean-flowers,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Fadeless&mdash;rich as orient gems.</p>
+           <p>  Hung with seaweed's tasselled fringes,</p>
+           <p>  Dyed with all the rainbow's tinges,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Rise the Triton's palace walls.</p>
+           <p>  Pallid silver's wandering veins</p>
+           <p>  Stream, like frostwork, o'er the stains;</p>
+           <p>  Pavements thick, with golden grains,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Twinkle through their crystal halls.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  And a music wild and low</p>
+<p class="i2">    Ever, o'er the curved shells,</p>
+           <p>  Wanders with a fitful flow</p>
+<p class="i2">    As the billow sinks or swells.</p>
+           <p>  Now, to faintest whispers hushing,</p>
+           <p>  Now, in louder cadence gushing,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Wakens from their pleasant sleep</p>
+           <p>  All the tuneful Nereid-throng,</p>
+           <p>  Till their notes of wreathed song</p>
+           <p>  Float in magic streams along,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Chanting joyaunce through the deep.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Chance or change,&mdash;the clouds of time&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">    Sorrow,&mdash;winter storm, or blight,</p>
+           <p>  Comes not near our peaceful clime;</p>
+<p class="i2">    Nor the strife of day with night.</p>
+<div>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page407" name="page407"></a>[pg 407]</span>
+</div>
+           <p>  Death, who walks the earth in riot,</p>
+           <p>  Stirs not our primeval quiet:</p>
+<p class="i2">    Scarce his distant rage we know</p>
+           <p>  From the dreary things of clay,</p>
+           <p>  Slain, alas! in ocean's play,</p>
+           <p>  Whom the sea-maids shroud and lay</p>
+<p class="i2">    In the silent caves below.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Fond! to deem we count it pride</p>
+<p class="i2">    Thus to deck the fair of earth!</p>
+           <p>  We, whose beauty-peopled tide</p>
+<p class="i2">    Gave the foam-born goddess birth!</p>
+           <p>  Her, whose glory's radiant fulness.</p>
+           <p>  All too bright for mortal dulness,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Sparkles in a lovelier star!</p>
+           <p>  Are not Ocean's shady places</p>
+           <p>  Rich in kindred forms and faces,</p>
+           <p>  Choral bands of sister-Graces</p>
+<p class="i2">    Circling Amphitrite's car?</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Toiling o'er the shallow page,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Vainly pedants seek the lore</p>
+           <p>  Taught us by that prophet sage,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Whom our azure Thetis bore.</p>
+           <p>  Wiser Eld his solemn numbers,</p>
+           <p>  Listening, stole from Ocean's slumbers,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Signs of coming doom to learn.</p>
+           <p>  Poor were all your labours reap,</p>
+           <p>  To the gifted seers that keep</p>
+           <p>  Mysteries of the ancient deep,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Drawn from Nereus' sacred urn.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Let us find our old retreat,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Yield us to the kissing wave,</p>
+           <p>  From the daylight's parching heat</p>
+<p class="i2">    In its cool profound to lave.</p>
+           <p>  If ye needs must rob for beauty,</p>
+           <p>  Earth's abysses teem with booty.</p>
+<p class="i2">    Gems, that love the blaze of day:&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  We are tired of glittering shows,</p>
+<p class="i2">    And the strife of man's display;</p>
+           <p>  Let us sink to sweet repose</p>
+           <p>  Where the lulling water flows;</p>
+<p class="i2">    Give us to our native bay!</p>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+<center>
+<i>Tait's Edinburgh Magazine.</i>
+</center>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>
+	SHELLEY.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+[We find the clever and curious sketches of Shelley, in the <i>New
+Monthly Magazine</i>, concluded with the following interesting
+anecdote.]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That Shelley gave freely, when the needy scholar asked, or in silent,
+hopeless poverty seemed to ask, his aid, will he demonstrated most
+clearly by relating shortly one example of his generosity, where the
+applicant had no pretensions to literary renown, and no claim whatever,
+except perhaps honest penury. It is delightful to attempt to delineate
+from various points of view a creature of infinite moral beauty,&mdash;but
+one instance must suffice; an ample volume might be composed of such
+tales, but one may be selected, because it contains a large admixture of
+that ingredient which is essential to the conversion of alms-giving into
+the genuine virtue of charity&mdash;self-denial. On returning to town after
+the long vacation, at the end of October, I found Shelley at one of the
+hotels in Covent Garden. Having some business in hand he was passing a
+few days there alone. We had taken some mutton chops hastily at a dark
+place in one of the minute courts of the city, at an early hour, and we
+went forth to walk; for to walk at all times, and especially in the
+evening, was his supreme delight. The aspect of the fields to the north
+of Somers-Town, between that beggarly suburb and Kentish-Town, has been
+totally changed of late. Although this district could never be accounted
+pretty, nor deserving a high place even amongst suburban scenes, yet
+the air, or often the wind, seemed pure and fresh to captives emerging
+from the smoke of London; there were certain old elms, much very green
+grass, quiet cattle feeding, and groups of noisy children playing with
+something of the freedom of the village green. There was, oh, blessed
+thing! an entire absence of carriages and of blood-horses; of the
+dust and dress and affectation and fashion of the parks: there were,
+moreover, old and quaint edifices and objects which gave character to
+the scene. Whenever Shelley was imprisoned in London,&mdash;for to a poet a
+close and crowded city must be a dreary gaol,&mdash;his steps would take that
+direction, unless his residence was too remote, or he was accompanied by
+one who chose to guide his walk. On this occasion I was led thither,
+as indeed I had anticipated: the weather was fine, but the autumn was
+already advanced; we had not sauntered long in these fields when the
+dusky evening closed in, and the darkness gradually thickened. "How
+black those trees are," said Shelley, stopping short, and pointing to
+a row of elms; "it is so dark the trees might well be houses, and the
+turf, pavement,&mdash;the eye would sustain no loss; it is useless therefore
+to remain here, let us return." He proposed tea at his hotel, I
+assented; and hastily buttoning his coat, he seized my arm, and set off
+at his great pace, striding with bent knees over the fields and through
+the narrow streets. We were crossing the New Road, when he said shortly,
+"I must call for a moment, but it will not be out of the way at all,"
+and then dragged me suddenly towards the left. I inquired whither we
+were bound, and, I believe, I suggested the postponement of the intended
+call till the morrow. He answered, it was not at all out of our way.
+I was hurried along rapidly towards the left; we soon fell into an
+animated discussion respecting the nature of the virtue of the Romans,
+which in some measure beguiled the weary way. Whilst he was talking with
+much vehemence and a total disregard of the people who thronged the
+streets, he suddenly wheeled about and pushed me through a narrow door;
+to my infinite surprise I found myself in a pawnbroker's shop! It was
+in the neighbourhood of Newgate Street; for he had no idea whatever in
+practice either of time or space, nor did he in any degree regard method
+in the conduct of business. There were several women in the shop in
+brown and grey cloaks with squalling children: some of them were
+attempting to persuade the children to be quiet, or at least, to scream
+with
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page408" name="page408"></a>[pg 408]</span>
+moderation; the others were enlarging upon and pointing out the
+beauties of certain coarse and dirty sheets that lay before them to a
+man on the other side of the counter. I bore this substitute for our
+proposed tea some minutes with tolerable patience, but as the call did
+not promise to terminate speedily, I said to Shelley, in a whisper, "Is
+not this almost as bad as the Roman virtue?" Upon this he approached the
+pawnbroker: it was long before he could obtain a hearing, and he did not
+find civility. The man was unwilling to part with a valuable pledge so
+soon, or perhaps he hoped to retain it eventually; or it might be, that
+the obliquity of his nature disqualified him for respectful behaviour.
+A pawnbroker is frequently an important witness in criminal proceedings:
+it has happened to me, therefore, afterwards to see many specimens of
+this kind of banker; they sometimes appeared not less respectable than
+other tradesmen, and sometimes I have been forcibly reminded of the
+first I ever met with, by an equally ill conditioned fellow. I was so
+little pleased with the introduction, that I stood aloof in the shop,
+and did not hear what passed between him and Shelley. On our way to
+Covent-Garden, I expressed my surprise and dissatisfaction at our
+strange visit, and I learned that when he came to London before, in
+the course of the summer, some old man had related to him a tale of
+distress,&mdash;of a calamity which could only be alleviated by the timely
+application of ten pounds; five of them he drew at once from his
+pocket, and to raise the other five he had pawned his beautiful solar
+microscope! He related this act of beneficence simply and briefly, as if
+it were a matter of course, and such indeed it was to him. I was ashamed
+of my impatience, and we strode along in silence.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It was past ten when we reached the hotel; some excellent tea and
+a liberal supply of hot muffins in the coffee-room, now quiet and
+solitary, were the more grateful after the wearisome delay and vast
+deviation. Shelley often turned his head, and cast eager glances towards
+the door; and whenever the waiter replenished our teapot, or approached
+our box, he was interrogated whether any one had yet called. At last the
+desired summons was brought: Shelley drew forth some bank notes, hurried
+to the bar, and returned as hastily, bearing in triumph under his arm a
+mahogany box, followed by the officious waiter, with whose assistance he
+placed it upon the bench by his side. He viewed it often with evident
+satisfaction, and sometimes patted it affectionately in the course of
+calm conversation. The solar microscope was always a favourite plaything
+or instrument of scientific inquiry; whenever he entered a house his
+first care was to choose some window of a southern aspect, and, if
+permission could be obtained by prayer or by purchase, strightway to
+cut a hole through the shutter to receive it. His regard for his solar
+microscope was as lasting as it was strong; for he retained it several
+years after this adventure, and long after he had parted with all the
+rest of his philosophical apparatus.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Such is the story of the microscope, and no rightly judging person who
+hears it will require the further accumulation of proofs of a benevolent
+heart; nor can I, perhaps, better close these sketches than with that
+impression of the pure and genial beauty of Shelley's nature which this
+simple anecdote will bequeath.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+[In parting with this very ingenious series of papers, we beg to concur
+in the well-expressed wish of the Editor of the <i>New Monthly Magazine</i>,
+"that their author could be tempted to give the world a complete history
+of one whose peculiar and subtle nature he so well comprehends."]
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>
+	THE NATURALIST.
+</h2>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+NEW SPECIES OF BAT.&mdash;(VESPERTILIO AUDUBONI.)
+</h3>
+
+<center>
+(<i>By Richard Harlan, M.D.</i>)
+</center>
+
+
+<p>
+Of the numerous creatures which attract our admiration, or excite
+our fears, the greater part display their appetites, or develope
+their instincts, during the day time only; especially&mdash;with few
+exceptions&mdash;all those remarkable for beauty of plumage, and vocal
+melody. Predacious animals are chiefly distinguished for their nocturnal
+habits; and ideas of rapine, terror and blood, are ever associated with
+the tiger, the hyena, and the wolf. Among the feathered tribes, the
+<i>owl</i> and the <i>bat</i>, also companions of darkness, are shunned
+by many, as horrible objects, and full of ill-omen. Haunted castles,
+ruined battlements, and noisome caverns, are the chosen abodes of these
+noctural maurauders, and it is to such associations that these animals
+are indebted for the unamiable character they have obtained. The
+prejudices conceived against that portion of these animals, with which
+we are familiar, are founded entirely upon these their habits; for small
+quadrupeds, reptiles and fish, constitute the food of the first, whilst
+insects and fruit suffice for the other. It is at the close of the
+day, when the hum of nature is beginning to subside, that the patient
+<i>bat</i> steals from his dark retreat, and spreads his leathery
+wings in search of his food.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figure" style="width: 100%;">
+<a href="images/581-2.png"><img width="100%" src="images/581-2.png"
+alt="[Illustration" /></a>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>
+The new species of this little flying quadruped, which we are now about
+to notice, belongs to a very large and respectable family. In the days
+of Linnaeus, they all&mdash;from their appearance at twilight&mdash;went by the
+family name of <i>Vespertilio</i>. They further belong to the order
+<i>Carnivora</i>, their teeth being constructed for masticating flesh;
+though some&mdash;and in this they resemble ourselves&mdash;are
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page409" name="page409"></a>[pg 409]</span>
+also fond of
+fruit. In one important point, the whole race has a common character, in
+their organ of flight. The bones of the fingers are extremely elongated,
+and united by a membrane, which is continued down the side of the body;
+and extending on the leg as far as the tarsus, also unites the legs and
+tail. Agreeing so universally in this particular, they form a very
+natural family, under the appropriate term. Cheiroptera, constructed
+from two Greek words, signifying <i>hand and wing</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The vespertilio are again divided into GENERA and
+<i>Species</i>,&mdash;divisions which are grounded on certain peculiarities
+of dental structure, and various developements of the brachial, digital,
+and interfemoral appendages, with other modifications of the organs of
+progression. These genera include species which are discovered in every
+habitable part of the globe, of various magnitudes, from the size of a
+half grown cat, to that of a half grown mouse.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Of this numerous family only three genera, of modern authors, inhabit
+the United States, viz. RHINOPOMA, VESPERTILIO, and TAPHOZOUS. Seven
+species, exclusive of the present, are all that have been hitherto
+discovered in North America.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We propose to dedicate this new species, to our valuable friend the
+justly celebrated naturalist J.J. AUDUBON, as a small tribute of
+respect to his eminent talents, and the highly important services he
+has rendered science. The drawing which accompanies this paper, is
+from his inimitable pencil.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This species was first observed, during the summer of 1829, when an
+individual female flew into the apartment of the late Dr. Hammersly,
+then one of the resident physicians of the Pennsylvania hospital: on
+the subsequent evening a male individual, of the same species, was
+also taken in the same manner. In August 1830, a very fine specimen
+was brought to the Academy of Natural Sciences, and Mr. Audubon informs
+me that the species has very recently been observed in New York.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The natural characters of the species are&mdash;General colour black,
+sprinkled with gray above and beneath; ears black and naked; auriculum,
+short and broad or obtusely triangular; interfemoral membrane, sparsely
+hairy; last joint of the tail free: two incisors, with notched crowns,
+on each side of the canine teeth of the upper jaw, with a broad
+intervening space without teeth.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The dimensions are.&mdash;Total length 3 inches 7 tenths; tail 1.7; length of
+ear 0.5. breadth of ear 0.4; length of leg 1.7; spread of wings 10.7.
+inhabit Pennsylvania and New York, and probably the southern
+states.&mdash;<i>Cab. of Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad.</i> (Abridged from
+Featherstonhaugh's <i>Monthly American Journal of Geology and Natural
+Science.</i>)
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>
+	FINE ARTS.
+</h2>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>
+	MOSAIC PAVEMENT.
+</h3>
+
+
+<p>
+The chief object of curiosity at Palestrina, (ancient Praeneste,) is
+the castle or palace of the prince, in the highest part of the city, to
+which there is an ascent by an excellent coach-road to the right, by
+the Capucin Convent, without entering the narrow street. Before it is a
+level space of considerable length; which formed the highest platform of
+the Temple of Fortune. Two flights of steps lead to an amphitheatre, or
+semicular staircase, in excellent preservation, which is the same that
+led to the sanctuary of the temple, on the foundation of which the
+palace is built: in the middle of the semicircle is a well; each step
+is about a foot and a half high, like the ancient steps of the capitol
+which led to the church of Ara Coeli, at Rome. Another short flight
+conducts to the hall of entrance, where there is a double staircase, and
+a recess closed by iron grates, which contains the celebrated antique
+pavement, of which Pliny speaks in the following
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page410" name="page410"></a>[pg 410]</span>
+terms, "The fine mosaic
+of small stones, placed by Sylla as a pavement in the Temple of Fortune
+at Praeneste, was the first thing of the kind seen in Italy." There does
+not seem to be the smallest room to doubt of this being the genuine
+mosaic he mentions; it is in excellent preservation, and appears to be
+about twenty feet by sixteen. It was found in the same cellar of the
+seminary, where is still the altar of Fortune, and may be considered as
+one of the most interesting relics of antiquity. Towards the upper part
+of it are mountains, with negro savages hunting wild beasts; animals of
+different sorts, with their names in Greek written below them, such
+as the rhinoceros, crocodile, and lynx. Lower down are seen houses of
+various forms, temples, vessels of different constructions, particularly
+a galley of 32 oars, manned with armed blacks, and commanded by a white
+man; a tent with soldiers, a palm tree, flowers, a collation in an
+arbour, an altar of Anubis; in short, almost every circumstance
+imaginable in life. The scene apparently lies in Egypt. The figures are
+well drawn, the light and shadows happily disposed, and the colouring
+harmonious. The stones which compose this very curious pavement are
+remarkably small which renders the effect peculiarly pleasing, from
+the neatness of its appearance.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+W.G.C.
+</h4>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>
+	PANORAMA OF STIRLING.
+</h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Stirling, or Strivelin, and its storied environs have furnished Mr.
+Burford with a new Panorama, of more than usual interest in its details.
+The town is fraught with historical association, and the surrounding
+country is of picturesque and poetical character. A Scottish poet
+describes its attractions in these enthusiastic lines:
+</p>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  O! grander far than Windsor's brow!</p>
+           <p>  And sweeter to the vale below!</p>
+           <p>  Whar Forth's unrivalled windings flow</p>
+<p class="i8">              Through varied grain,</p>
+           <p>  Brightening, I ween wi' glittering glow,</p>
+<p class="i8">              Strevlina's plain!</p>
+           <p>  There, raptured trace, (enthroned on hie)</p>
+           <p>  The landscape stretching on the ee,</p>
+           <p>  Frae Grampian hills down to the sea&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i8">              A dazzling view&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  Corn, meadow, mansion, water, tree,</p>
+<p class="i8">              In varying hue.</p>
+           <p>  There, seated, mark, wi' ardour keen,</p>
+           <p>  The Skellock bright 'mang corn sae green,</p>
+           <p>  The purple pea, and speckled bean,</p>
+<p class="i8">              A fragrant store&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  And vessels sailing, morn and een,</p>
+<p class="i8">              To Stirling's shore.</p>
+           <p>  And Shaw park, gilt wi' e'ening's ray:</p>
+           <p>  And Embro castle, distant grey;</p>
+           <p>  Wi' Alva screened near Aichil brae,</p>
+<p class="i8">              'Mang grove and bower!</p>
+           <p>  And rich Clackmannan rising gay</p>
+<p class="i8">              Wi' woods and tower.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+<center>
+<i>Hector Macneill.</i>
+</center>
+
+
+<p>
+Stirling is seated on the river Forth, upon a precipitous basaltic
+rock, about one hundred feet from the level of the plain. Upon the rock
+stands the Castle, from the outer court of which the present Panorama
+was sketched. The town, in external appearance, bears a miniature
+resemblance to Edinburgh, being situate like the old town of that
+city, on the sloping ridge of a rock, running from east to west, the
+precipitous end of which is occupied by the Castle. But, of the town
+itself, little is seen in the Panorama. The view, as we have stated, is
+from the Castle, and is generally allowed to be one of the finest in
+Scotland. Its scenery has many sublime and picturesque features, and
+has moreover been the site of some of the most stirring incidents in
+Scottish history; no less than twelve fields of battle, including three
+important ones fought by the first and second Edwards, being distinctly
+visible. Beginning with the Castle, we find, from its situation
+commanding the passes and fords between the north and south of Scotland,
+it was in early times styled the Key, as Dumbarton was the Lock, to the
+Highlands. Its first fortification is referred to the time of Agricola;
+the Picts had a strong fortress here, which was totally destroyed in the
+ninth century by the Scots, under Kenneth II. Stirling formed part of
+the ransom of his brother and successor, who had been taken prisoner by
+the Northumbrians; they rebuilt the Castle, but subsequently restored
+the place to the Scots. In the twelfth century, it was considered one of
+the strongest forts in Scotland. It was often visited by the Scottish
+monarchs, but it did not become a royal residence until the accession of
+the Stuarts. Here was born James II., and in an apartment now forming
+part of the deputy-governor's lodging, this king perpetrated the murder
+of Earl Douglas. James III. made it his chief residence, erected the
+parliament-house, and a richly-endowed chapel, since destroyed. James V.
+was crowned here, and erected the palace. Mary was crowned here, as
+was James VI. when thirteenth months old; he was educated here by the
+celebrated Buchanan. During the regency of Mary of Lorraine, a strong
+battery was erected here; and in the reign of Queen Anne, the
+fortifications were strengthened and enlarged. In 1806, the rocky ground
+in front was converted into an esplanade; since which the towers have
+been repaired and castellated, it being one of the Scottish forts,
+which, by the articles of the Union, are always to be kept in repair.
+It mounts about 36 guns; but if regularly invested in modern warfare, it
+could not hold out many hours. To enumerate its sieges, dismantlings,
+and repairs would occupy too much space. Among the most memorable of its
+stormy annals, is its siege by Edward II. in 1301, for three months,
+when it was battered with stones of two hundred pounds weight each,
+thrown by engines, in the formation of which was used all the lead
+from the monastery of St. Andrew's. It
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page411" name="page411"></a>[pg 411]</span>
+was last besieged in 1746 by the
+Highlanders under Prince Charles. The chief parts of the building seen
+in the Panorama are the additions by Queen Anne, the parliament-house,
+(though not the unsightly, modern roof,) and the palace, a stately
+and curious structure of hewn stone, and embellished with grotesque
+sculpture. The latter building forms a quadrangle, the central court of
+which is called the lion's den, from the king's lions being formerly
+kept there. The whole is now used as barracks. From the Castle, looking
+over the town, towards the east, is a vast plain, nearly 40 miles
+in extent, called the Carse of Stirling, through which the Firth in
+meandering, forms a number of peninsulas, in places approximating so
+closely as to have an isthmus of only a few yards, the effect of which
+in the picture, reminded us of the contrived intricacies of a child's
+puzzle; in this direction is seen Alla, or Alloa, a thriving seaport
+town, with a Gothic church, and celebrated for its excellent ale;
+Clackmannan, a miserable town, where in a tower lived King Robert Bruce,
+and where an old Jacobite lady knighted Burns with a sword which
+belonged to Bruce, observing that she had a better right to do so than
+<i>some folk</i>; Falkirk, known for its <i>trysts</i>, or markets,
+where the country-people point out a battle-field, and a stream called
+the Red Burn, from its running with blood on the day of the conflict;
+Bruce lived near this spot, the view from which he said was not
+surpassed by any he had seen in his travels: next lies the Firth of
+Forth, and the country as far as Edinburgh and the Pentland Hills.
+Towards the south stands the ancient village of St. Ninian's, and
+Bannockburn, the battleground of the most celebrated and important
+contest that ever took place between English and Scots; the Torwood,
+where till lately stood a tree said to have sheltered Wallace; and the
+Carron, bounded by the green hills of Campsie. Towards the west are the
+plains of Menteith, a district, says Chambers, distinguished almost
+above all the rest of Scotland, for the singular series of beautiful
+and romantic scenes which it presents to the view of the traveller, and
+bounded by the majestic Grampians. On the north are the famous ruins
+of Cambuskenneth, and the precipitous Abbey Craig, beyond which lies
+the richly-cultivated vale of Devon; the moor on which the battle of
+Dumblain was fought; and Ochill Hills, clothed with blooming heath, and
+overtopped by the summits of Perthshire. Such is the artist's outline of
+the prospect: our task shall be to select a few of its most entertaining
+details.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To return to the Panoramic arrangement: next the castle is Gowlan Hill,
+the ordinary place of execution in times of wicked bloodshed, and thus
+apostrophized by Douglas, in the <i>Lady of the Lake</i>:
+</p>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  And thou O sad and fatal mound!</p>
+           <p>  That oft hast heard the death-axe sound,</p>
+           <p>  As on the noblest of the land,</p>
+           <p>  Fell the stern headsman's bloody hand.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+<p>
+The hill has, however, less terrible association; it being after called
+Hurly Hacket, from James V. and his nobles there playing at that game,
+which consisted in sliding down the steep banks on an inverted cutty
+stool. This was, at least, more rational than cutting off heads. Next is
+Abbey Craig, a rock upon which Wallace defeated the English; Dollava, a
+village on a gloomy rock, almost insulated by two streams, whose Celtic
+names signify the glens of care and the burns of sorrow; Tillabody, the
+birthplace and property of Sir Ralph Abercrombie; the crumbling walls
+and bell tower of Cambuskenneth Abbey, wherein several parliaments were
+held, and at whose high altar the clergy and nobles swore fealty to
+Robert and David Bruce; Edinburgh, with its castle, thirty-eight miles
+from Stirling, whence it is discernable in clear weather; the Carron
+Iron-works; and the Carron, of more classic celebrity in Ossian, and the
+battles of the Romans and the Scots and Picts; the dome-shaped hill of
+Tinto, in Lanarkshire, 60 miles from Stirling, and 2,336 feet in height;
+Arthur's Hill, a circular mound of earth, surrounded by seats of turf
+in the royal gardens, sometimes called the king's knot, where the court
+held fêtes, and where James used to amuse himself with the pastime
+called the Knights of the Round Table; Ben Lomond, 3,240 feet above the
+lake, which is 32 feet above the level of the sea; Ben Venue, and Ben
+Ledy, or the hill of God, in Perthshire, 3,009 feet in height, so called
+from the inhabitants of the surrounding villages, in former times,
+meeting on its summit at the summer solstice, three days and nights for
+the purpose of devotion. These three mountains, with their vicinities
+are enshrined in Sir Walter Scott's <i>Lady of the Lake</i>; and the
+village of Balquidder, at the foot of Ben Ledy, is the burial place of
+Rob Roy. We have just described the circle: over the garden wall of
+the Castle, at a considerable distance, is the well-wooded estate and
+mansion of Craig Forth, said to have once belonged to a blacksmith of
+Stirling: this man having placed the iron bars (which still remain to
+the windows of the palace), and done other work for James VI. when that
+monarch came to the throne of England, made a demand of one thousand
+pounds Scots,&mdash;but by some error, the accounts being paid in Stirling
+money, he with it purchased the estate and built the house of Craig
+Forth. Next, to the right is Blair Drummond, formerly the residence of
+the accomplished Lord Kaimes; and beyond are the celebrated ruins of
+Donne Castle; not the least interesting incident of its annals was the
+imprisonment there in 1745, of John Home, (the author of Douglas,)
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page412" name="page412"></a>[pg 412]</span>
+who has left a narrative of his clambering escape over the high walls.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is time to speak of the Panorama as a work of art; for hitherto we
+have rather considered its intellectual interest. The Castle and Palace
+we take to be finely painted, with admirable picturesque effect: the
+huge gateway, flanked with two towers, the battlemented walls, and
+battery, are in fine bold relief, as is the clinging vegetation about
+the building; nor must we omit the grotesque figures or corbelled
+pedestals, and the identical window bars, the work of the wily Scot
+of Craig Forth; the latter especially, are clever. A portion of the
+esplanade otherwise devoid of interest, is peopled with a meeting of the
+Highland Society celebrating the feats of the ancient Caledonians, the
+object of the Society being to preserve their language, costume, music,
+gymnastic sports, and martial games. This introduction happily fills up
+what would otherwise have been the only void in the scene, so thickly
+is it studed and storied with objects and recollections. Altogether, we
+have rarely seen a topographical panorama of such diversified character:
+it has reminiscences of history and poetry to lead us through the
+retrospect of chivalrous ages, princely contests for crowns that rarely
+sat lightly on their wearers, and the last flickering hopes of defeated
+ambition and ill-starred fortune. Yet, how powerfully, not to say
+painfully, are these pages in the chronicles of human actions, when
+contrasted with the broad volume of nature, as spread before us in this
+picture. Alas! what is the majesty of the mightiest of the kings that
+dwelt in its palace in comparison with the sublimities of Tinto, Ben
+Lomond, Venue, or Ledy; or what the peace of their halls amidst the
+smiling expanse of the Carse of Stirling in all its quiet luxuriance.
+They and their houses have become dust or crumbling ruin, and death has
+with a little pin bored through their castle walls&mdash;while Nature has
+been flourishing from year to year, and reading man an epitome of
+existence in the succession of her changes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It has been stated that Mr. Burford, the successful painter of Stirling,
+is engaged on a Panorama of the Falls of Niagara. All admirers of this
+style of painting must be anxious for his success.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>
+	SIR WALTER SCOTT.
+</h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Mr. Parker has issued in addition to the Medal already noticed in
+our pages, a <i>Medallion</i> of the lamented Poet and Novelist, from
+Chantrey's bust. It is, we think, the obverse of the Medal, with bronzed
+circular frame work bearing the motto suggested by Sir Walter. Though
+handsome, it is an economical memorial of one whose amiable talents must
+endear him to every fireside in the kingdom.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>
+	NEW BOOKS.
+</h2>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>
+	POMPEII.
+</h3>
+
+
+<p>
+[The second and concluding volume of the descriptive history of
+Pompeii, in the <i>Library of Entertaining Knowledge</i>, is still more
+attractive than its predecessor. It contains the very domestic economy
+of the ancient inhabitants&mdash;chapters on domestic architecture, paintings
+and mosaics, streets and fountains, private houses, villas, and tombs;
+and, moreover, on the art of baking, and the forms of domestic utensils.
+We are, therefore, led through hall, parlour, bath, kitchen, and shop,
+with amusing minuteness; and, in the account of furniture and domestic
+implements, it is curious to observe, how far we are indebted to the
+ancients for the forms of similar contrivances now in use. One of the
+best passages in this portion of the work is the following, on the]
+</p>
+
+<center>
+<i>Lamps and Candelabra.</i>
+</center>
+
+<p>
+No articles of ancient manufacture are more common than lamps. They are
+found in every variety of form and size, in clay and in metal, from the
+most cheap to the most costly description. We have the testimony of
+the celebrated antiquary Winkelmann to the interest of this subject:
+"I place among the most curious utensils, found at Herculaneum, the
+lamps, in which the ancients sought to display elegance, and even
+magnificence. Lamps of every sort will be found in the museum at
+Portici, both in clay and bronze, but especially the latter; and as
+the ornaments of the ancients have generally some reference to some
+particular things, we often meet with rather remarkable subjects."
+A considerable number of these articles will be found in the British
+Museum, but they are chiefly of the commoner sort. All the works,
+however, descriptive of Herculaneum and Pompeii, present us with
+specimens of the richer and more remarkable class, which attract
+admiration both by the beauty of the workmanship, and the whimsical
+variety of their designs. We may enumerate a few which occur in a work
+now before us, "Antiquités d'Herculanum," in which we find a Silenus,
+with the usual peculiarities of figure ascribed to the jolly god rather
+exaggerated, and an owl sitting upon his head between two huge horns,
+which support stands for lamps. Another represents a flower-stalk,
+growing out of a circular plinth, with snail-shells hanging from it by
+small chains, which held the oil and wick. The trunk of a tree, with
+lamps suspended between the branches. Another, a naked boy, beautifully
+wrought, with a lamp hanging from one hand, and an instrument for
+trimming it from the other, the lamp itself representing a theatrical
+mask. Beside him is a twisted column, surmounted by the head of a Faun,
+or Bacchanal, which has a lid in its crown, and seems
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page413" name="page413"></a>[pg 413]</span>
+intended as a
+reservoir of oil. The boy and pillar are both placed on a square
+plateau, raised upon lions' claws. But, beautiful as those lamps are,
+the light which they gave must have been weak and unsteady, and little
+superior to that of common street-lamps, with which indeed they are
+identical in principle. The wick was merely a few twisted threads, drawn
+through a hole in the upper surface of the oil-vessel; and there was no
+glass to steady the light, and prevent its varying with every breeze
+that blew.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Still, though the Romans had not advanced so far in art as to apply
+glass-chimneys and hollow circular wicks to their lamps, they had
+experienced the inconvenience of going home at night through a city
+ill-paved, ill-watched, and ill-lighted, and, accordingly, soon invented
+lanterns to meet the want. These we learn from Martial, who has several
+epigrams upon this subject, were made of horn or bladder;&mdash;no mention,
+we believe, occurs, of glass being thus employed. The rich were preceded
+by a slave bearing their lantern. This, Cicero mentions, as being the
+habit of Catiline upon his midnight expeditions; and when M. Antony was
+accused of a disgraceful intrigue, his lantern-bearer was tortured, to
+extort a confession whither he had conducted his master.<a id="footnotetag4" name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a> One of these
+machines, of considerable ingenuity and beauty of workmanship, was found
+in Herculaneum in 1760, and another, almost exactly the same, at
+Pompeii, a few years after.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One of the most elegant articles of furniture in ancient use was the
+candelabrum, by which we mean those tall and slender stands which served
+to support a lamp, but were independent of and unconnected with it.
+These, in their original and simple form, were probably mere reeds, or
+straight sticks, fixed upon a foot by peasants, to raise their light
+to a convenient height; at least, such a theory of their origin is
+agreeable to what we are told of the rustic manners of the early Romans,
+and it is in some degree countenanced by the fashion in which many of
+the ancient candelabra are made. Sometimes the stem is represented as
+throwing out buds; sometimes it is a stick, the side branches of which
+have been roughly lopped, leaving projections where they grew; sometimes
+it is in the likeness of a reed or cane, the stalk being divided into
+joints. Most of those which have been found in the buried cities are of
+bronze; some few of iron. In their general plan and appearance there
+is a great resemblance, though the details of the ornaments admit of
+infinite variety. All stand on three feet, usually griffins', or lions'
+claws, which support a light shaft, plain or fluted according to the
+fancy of the maker. The whole supports either a plinth large enough for
+a lamp to stand on, or a socket to receive a wax-candle, which the
+Romans used sometimes instead of oil in lighting their rooms. Some of
+them have a sliding shaft, like that of a music-stand, by which the
+light might be raised or lowered at pleasure.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We may here say a few words on the art of inlaying one metal with
+another, in which, as in all ornamental branches of the working of
+metals, the ancient Italians possessed great skill. In the time of
+Seneca, ornaments of silver were seldom seen, unless their price was
+enhanced by being inlaid with solid gold. The art of uniting one metal
+to another was called by the general term <i>ferruminare</i>. Inlaid
+work was of two sorts; in the one, the inlaid work projected above the
+surface, and was called <i>emblemata</i>, as the art itself was called,
+from the Greek, <i>embletice</i>. It is inferred, from the inspection of
+numerous embossed vases in the Neapolitan Museum, that this embossed
+work was formed, either by plating with a thin leaf of metal figures
+already raised upon the surface of the article, or by letting the solid
+figures into the substance of the vessel, and finishing them with
+delicate tools after they were attached. In the second sort, the inlaid
+work was even with the surface, and was called <i>crusta</i>, and the
+art was called, from the Greek, <i>empaestice</i>. This is the same as
+the damask work so fashionable in the armour of the fifteenth and
+sixteenth centuries, which is often seen beautifully inlaid with gold.
+It was executed by engraving the pattern upon the surface of the metal,
+and filling up the lines with fine plates of a different metal; the two
+were then united with the assistance of heat, and the whole burnished.
+Pliny has preserved a receipt for solder, which probably was used in
+these works. It is called santerna; and the principal ingredients are
+borax, nitre, and copperas, pounded, with a small quantity of gold and
+silver, in a copper mortar.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+[The volume is enriched with four steel-plate engravings, and 154 cuts,
+of clever execution.]
+</p>
+
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>
+	THE WONDERS OF THE LANE.
+</h3>
+
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Strong climber of the mountain's side,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Though thou the vale disdain,</p>
+           <p>  Yet walk with me where hawthorns hide</p>
+<p class="i2">    The wonders of the lane.</p>
+           <p>  High o'er the rushy springs of Don</p>
+<p class="i2">    The stormy gloom is rolled;</p>
+           <p>  The moorland hath not yet put on</p>
+<p class="i2">    His purple, green, and gold.</p>
+           <p>  But here the titling<a id="footnotetag5" name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a> spreads his wing,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Where dewy daisies gleam;</p>
+           <p>  And here the sunflower<a id="footnotetag6" name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a> of the spring</p>
+<p class="i2">    Burns bright in morning's beam.</p>
+           <p>  To mountain winds the famish'd fox</p>
+<p class="i2">    Complains that Sol is slow,</p>
+           <p>  O'er headlong steeps and gushing rocks</p>
+<p class="i2">    His royal robe to throw.</p>
+           <p>  But here the lizard seeks the sun</p>
+<p class="i2">    Here coils, in light, the snake;</p>
+           <p>  And here the fire-tuft<a id="footnotetag7" name="footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a> hath begun</p>
+<p class="i2">    Its beauteous nest to make.</p>
+<div>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page414" name="page414"></a>[pg 414]</span>
+</div>
+           <p>  Oh! then, while hums the earliest bee</p>
+<p class="i2">    Where verdure fires the plain,</p>
+           <p>  Walk thou with me, and stoop to see</p>
+<p class="i2">    The glories of the lane!</p>
+           <p>  For, oh! I love these banks of rock,</p>
+<p class="i2">    This roof of sky and tree,</p>
+           <p>  These tufts, where sleeps the gloaming clock,</p>
+<p class="i2">    And wakes the earliest bee!</p>
+           <p>  As spirits from eternal day</p>
+<p class="i2">    Look down on earth, secure,</p>
+           <p>  Look here, and wonder, and survey</p>
+<p class="i2">    A world in miniature:</p>
+           <p>  A world not scorned by Him who made</p>
+<p class="i2">    E'en weakness by his might;</p>
+           <p>  But solemn in his depth of shade,</p>
+<p class="i2">    And splendid in his light.</p>
+           <p>  Light!&mdash;not alone on clouds afar,</p>
+<p class="i2">    O'er storm-loved mountains spread,</p>
+           <p>  Or widely teaching sun and star,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Thy glorious thoughts are read;</p>
+           <p>  Oh, no I thou art a wondrous book</p>
+<p class="i2">    To sky, and sea, and land&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  A page on which the angels look&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">    Which insects understand!</p>
+           <p>  And here, O light! minutely fair,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Divinely plain and clear,</p>
+           <p>  Like splinters of a crystal hair,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Thy bright small hand is here!</p>
+           <p>  Yon drop-fed lake, six inches wide</p>
+<p class="i2">    Is Huron, girt with wood;</p>
+           <p>  This driplet feeds Missouri's tide&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">    And that Niagara's flood.</p>
+           <p>  What tidings from the Andes brings</p>
+<p class="i2">    Yon line of liquid light,</p>
+           <p>  That down from heaven in madness flings</p>
+<p class="i2">    The blind foam of its might?</p>
+           <p>  Do I not hear his thunder roll&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">    The roar that ne'er is still?</p>
+           <p>  'Tis mute as death!&mdash;but in my soul</p>
+<p class="i2">    It roars, and ever will.</p>
+           <p>  What forests tall of tiniest moss</p>
+           <p>  Clothe every little stone!&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  What pigmy oaks their foliage toss</p>
+<p class="i2">    O'er pigmy valleys lone!</p>
+           <p>  With shade o'er shade, from ledge to ledge,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Ambitious of the sky,</p>
+           <p>  They feather o'er the steepest edge</p>
+<p class="i2">    Of mountains mushroom-high.</p>
+           <p>  Oh, God of marvels! who can tell</p>
+<p class="i2">    What myriad living things</p>
+           <p>  On these gray stones unseen may dwell!</p>
+<p class="i2">    What nations, with their kings!</p>
+           <p>  I feel no shock, I hear no groan,</p>
+<p class="i2">    While fate, perchance, o'erwhelms</p>
+           <p>  Empires on this subverted stone&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">    A hundred ruined realms!</p>
+           <p>  Lo! in that dot, some mite, like me,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Impelled by woe or whim,</p>
+           <p>  May crawl, some atom's cliffs to see&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">    A tiny world to him!</p>
+           <p>  Lo! while he pauses, and admires</p>
+<p class="i2">    The works of nature's might,</p>
+           <p>  Spurned by my foot, his world expires,</p>
+<p class="i2">    And all to him is night!</p>
+           <p>  Oh, God of terrors! what are we?&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">    Poor insects sparked with thought!</p>
+           <p>  Thy whisper, Lord, a word from thee,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Could smite us into naught!</p>
+           <p>  But should'st thou wreck our father-land,</p>
+<p class="i2">    And mix it with the deep,</p>
+           <p>  Safe in the hollow of thy hand</p>
+<p class="i2">    Thy little one will sleep.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<center>
+<i>Amulet.</i>
+</center>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>
+	RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.
+</h2>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>
+	POVERTY.
+</h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Owen Feltham says&mdash;"The poverty of a poor man is the least part of his
+misery. In all the storms of fortune, he is the first that must stand
+the shock of extremity. Poor men are perpetual sentinels, watching in
+the depth of night against the incessant assaults of want; while the
+rich lie strowd in secure reposes, and compassed with a large abundance.
+If the land be ruffetted with a bloodless famine, are not the poor the
+first that sacrifice their lives to hunger? If war thunders in the
+trembling country's lap, are not the poor those that are exposed to the
+enemy's sword and outrage? If the plague, like a loaded sponge, flies,
+sprinkling poison through a populous kingdom, the poor are the fruit
+that are shaken from the burdened tree; while the rich, furnished with
+the helps of fortune, have means to wind out themselves, and turn these
+sad indurances on the poor, that cannot avoid them. Like salt-marshes,
+that lie low, they are sure, whenever the sea of this world rages, to be
+first under, and embarrened with a fretting care. Who like the poor are
+harrowed with oppression, ever subject to the imperious taxes, and the
+gripes of mightiness? Continual care checks the spirit; continual labour
+checks the body; and continual insultation both. He is like one rolled
+in a vessel full of pikes&mdash;which way soever he turns, he something finds
+that pricks him. Yet, besides all these, there is another transcendent
+misery&mdash;and this is, that maketh men contemptible. As if the poor man
+were but fortune's dwarf, made lower than the rest of men, to be laughed
+at. The philosopher (though he were the same mind and the same man), in
+his squalid rags, could not find admission, when better robes procured
+both an open door and reverence. Though outward things can add nothing
+to our essential worth, yet, when we are judged on, by the help of
+others' outward senses, they much conduce to our value or disesteem.
+A diamond set in brass would be taken for a crystal, though it be not
+so; whereas a crystal set in gold will by many be thought a diamond.
+A poor man wise shall be thought a fool, though he have nothing to
+condemn him but his being poor. Poverty is a gulf, wherein all good
+parts are swallowed;&mdash;it is a reproach, which clouds the lustre of the
+purest virtue. Certainly, extreme poverty is worse than abundance. We
+may be good in plenty, if we will; in biting penury we cannot, though we
+would. In one, the danger is casual; in the other, it is necessitating.
+The best is that which partakes of both, and consists of neither.
+He that hath too little wants feathers to fly withal; he that hath too
+much, is but cumbered with too large a tail. If a flood of wealth could
+profit us, it would be good to swim in such a sea; but it can neither
+lengthen our lives, nor inrich us after the end. There is not in the
+world such another object of pity as the pinched state; which no man
+being secured from, I wonder at the tyrant's braves and contempt.
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page415" name="page415"></a>[pg 415]</span>
+Questionless, I will rather with charity help him that is miserable, as
+I may be, than despise him that is poor, as I would not be. They have
+flinty and steeled hearts that can add calamities to him that is already
+but one entire mass."
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+W.G.C.
+</h4>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>
+	ACCOUNT OF THE IRISH MANTLE.
+</h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Edmund Spencer (the English poet) in his <i>View of the State of
+Ireland</i>, says&mdash;"First the outlaw, being for his many crimes and
+villanies banished from the towns and houses of honest men, and
+wandering in waste places, far from danger of law, maketh his
+<i>mantle</i> his house, and under it covereth himself from the wrath of
+heaven, from the offence of the earth, and from the sight of men. When
+it raineth, it is his pent-house; when it bloweth, it is his tent; when
+it freezeth, it is his tabernacle. In summer he can wear it loose; in
+winter he can wrap it close; at all times he can use it&mdash;never heavy,
+never cumbersome. Likewise for a rebel it is as serviceable; for in his
+warre that he maketh, (if at least it deserve the name of warre), when
+he still flyeth from his foe, and lurketh in the thick woods and strait
+passages, waiting for advantages, it is his bed, yea, and almost his
+household stuff; for the wood is his house against all weathers, and his
+mantle is his couch to sleep in. Therein he wrappeth himselfe round, and
+coucheth himself strongly against the gnats, which in that country doe
+more annoye the naked rebells, whilst they keepe the woods, and doe more
+sharply wound them than all their enemies' swords, or spears, which can
+seldome come nigh them; yea, and oftentimes their mantle serveth them,
+when they are neare driven, being wrapped about their left arme, instead
+of a target, for it is hard to cut through with a sword; besides, it is
+light to bear, light to throw away, and being (as they commonly are)
+naked, it is to them all in all. Lastly, for a thiefe it is so handsome,
+as it may seem it was first invented for him; for under it he may
+cleanly convey any fit pillage that cometh handsomely in his way, and
+when he goeth abroad in the night free-booting, it is his best and
+surest friend; for lying, as they often doe, two or three nights
+together abroad, to watch for their booty, with that they can prettily
+shroud themselves under a bush, or bankside, till they may conveniently
+do their errand; and when all is over, he can, in his mantle, passe
+through any town or company, being close hooded over his head, as he
+useth, from knowledge of any to whom he is endangered. Besides this,
+he, or any man els that is disposed to mischiefe or villany, may under
+his mantle goe privily armed, without suspicion of any, carry his
+head-piece, his skean, or pistol, if he please, to be always in
+readinesse."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Spencer traces these mantles from the Scythians. He says&mdash;"The Irish
+have from the Scythians <i>mantles</i> and long <i>glibs</i>, which is a
+thick curled bush of hair, hanging down over their eyes, and monstrously
+disguising theme."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This curious <i>View of the State of Ireland</i> remained in manuscript
+till it was printed, in 1633, by Sir James Ware, denominated "the Camden
+of Ireland."
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+P.T.W.
+</h4>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>
+	DOMESTIC HINTS.
+</h2>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>
+	CONSUMPTION OF FISH.
+</h3>
+
+
+<p>
+There is but little fish consumed in the interior of Great Britain; and
+even in most seaport towns the consumption is not very great. In London,
+indeed, immense quantities of fish are annually made use of; and there
+can be little doubt that the consumption would be much greater, were it
+not for the abuses in the trade, which render the supply comparatively
+scarce, and, in most instances, exceedingly dear. All fish brought to
+London is sold in Billingsgate market; and, in consequence of this
+restriction, the salesmen of that market have succeeded in establishing
+what is really equivalent to a monopoly, and are in a great measure
+enabled to regulate both the supply and the price.&mdash;<i>Macculloch.</i>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This inconsiderable consumption of fish will be a matter of surprise,
+when we see that the supply of fish in the seas round Britain is most
+abundant, or rather quite inexhaustible. "The coasts of Great Britain,"
+says Sir John Boroughs, "doe yield such a continued harvest of gain and
+benefit to all those that with diligence doe labour in the same, that no
+time or season of the yeare passeth away without some apparent meanes
+of profitable employment, especially to such as apply themselves to
+fishing; which, from the beginning of the year unto the latter end,
+continueth upon some part or other of our coastes; and there in such
+infinite shoals and multitudes of fishes are offered to the takers as
+may justly cause admiration, not only to strangers, but to those that
+daily are employed amongst them."&mdash;"That this harvest," says Mr. Barrow,
+"ripe for gathering at all seasons of the year,&mdash;without the labour of
+tillage&mdash;without expense of seed or manure&mdash;without the payment of rent
+or taxes&mdash;is inexhaustible, the extraordinary fecundity of the most
+valuable kinds of fish would alone afford abundant proof. To enumerate
+the thousands, and even millions of eggs which are impregnated in the
+herring, the cod, the ling, and, indeed, in almost the whole of the
+esculent fish, would give but an inadequate idea of the prodigious
+multitudes in which they flock to our shores. The shoals themselves
+must be seen, in order to convey to the mind any just notice of their
+aggregate mass." Mr. Macculloch, however, observes,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page416" name="page416"></a>[pg 416]</span>
+that "notwithstanding
+this immense abundance of fish, and notwithstanding the bounties that
+have been given by the legislature to the individuals engaged in the
+fishery, it has not been profitable to those by whom it has been carried
+on, nor has it made that progress which might have been expected."
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>
+	NANKEEN.
+</h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Nankeen, or Nanking, takes its name from Nanking in China, where the
+reddish-yellow thread of which the stuff is made was originally spun.
+In England, we erroneously apply the term Nankeen to one colour; though,
+in the East Indies, vast quantities of white, pink, and yellow nankeens
+are made.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>
+	WHITE PEPPER.
+</h3>
+
+
+<p>
+The relative value of black and white pepper is but imperfectly
+understood. The former is decidedly the best. It grows in long, small
+clusters of from 20 to 50 grains. When ripe, it is of a bright red
+colour. After being gathered, it is spread on mats in the sun, when it
+loses its red colour, and becomes black and shrivelled as we see it.
+White pepper is of two sorts, common and genuine. The former is made by
+blanching the grains of the common black pepper, by steeping them for a
+while in water, and then gently rubbing them, so as to remove the dark
+outer coat. It is milder than the other, and much prized by the Chinese,
+but very little is imported into England. <i>Genuine</i> white pepper is
+merely the blighted or imperfect grains picked from among the heaps of
+black pepper. It is, of course, very inferior.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+From the Singapore Chronicle we learn, that the average annual quantity
+of pepper obtained from different countries is 46,066,666 lbs,
+avoirdupois.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>
+	THE GATHERER.
+</h2>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p>
+<i>How to acquire Knowledge.</i>&mdash;Edmund Stone, the celebrated
+mathematician, was a native of Scotland, and the son of the Duke of
+Argyle's gardener. Before he attained the age of eighteen years, he
+had acquired a knowledge of geometry, &amp;c., without a master. When he
+was asked by the Duke of Argyle how he had gained this knowledge, he
+replied, "I first learned to read; and the masons being at work on your
+house, I saw that the architect used a rule and compasses, and that he
+made calculations. Upon inquiring into the uses of these things, I was
+informed there was a science named arithmetic. I purchased a book of
+arithmetic, and I learned it. I was told there was another science
+called geometry, and I learned that also. Finding that there were good
+books on these two sciences in Latin, I bought a dictionary, and learned
+Latin. I also understood there were good books of the same kind in
+French, and I learned French. This, my lord, is what I have done; and
+it seems to me that we may learn anything when we know the twenty-four
+letters of the alphabet." The Duke, pleased with this simple answer,
+drew Stone out of obscurity, and provided for him an employment which
+allowed of his favourite pursuit.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+P.T.W.
+</h4>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p>
+<i>Duelling.</i>&mdash;The students of the Berlin University lately
+introduced a new mode of duelling. In order that chances might be equal
+on both sides, the combatants went to the bed of a man attacked with
+cholera, and kissed him. Neither of the parties having experienced the
+least symptom of the epidemic during the next twenty-four hours, the
+seconds declared that the two adversaries had satisfied the laws of
+honour, and the affair was consequently settled.&mdash;SWAINE. (We take this
+piece of irony to be well applied.)
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+<i>Popes.</i>&mdash;His Highness Leo. XII., the present Pope's predecessor,
+was, according to the visual mode of reckoning, the two hundred and
+fifty-second since Peter the Apostle. Of these 208 were natives of
+Italy, 14 were Frenchmen, 11 Greeks, 8 Syrians and Dalmatians, 5
+Germans, 3 Spaniards, 2 North Africans, and 1 Englishman.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+W.G.C.
+</h4>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p>
+In the churchyard of Arthuret, a village in Cumberland, are interred,
+the remains of poor Archy Armstrong, jester or fool to Charles I.; and
+by an accident suitable to his profession, the day of his funeral was
+the first of April.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+SWAINE.
+</h4>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p>
+<i>Imperial Extravagance.</i>&mdash;Asses' milk is said to be a great
+beautifier and preserver of the skin. Poppaea, wife of the Emperor Nero,
+used it for that purpose, having four or five hundred asses constantly
+in her retinue, to furnish her every morning with a fresh bath.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<center>
+<b>ANNUALS FOR 1833.</b>
+<br />
+With the present Number, a SUPPLEMENT,
+<br />
+CONTAINING THE
+<br />
+<b>Spirit of the Annuals for 1833:</b>
+<br />
+With a large Engraving, and Three Comic Cuts.
+</center>
+
+
+
+<table summary="supplement contents">
+<tr><td>St. Goar                                      </td><td><i>Picturesque Annual.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Enchantress                               </td><td><i>Book of Beauty.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Flybekins                                 </td><td><i>Comic Offering.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>What's in a Name?                             </td><td><i>Ditto ditto.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Song, by Miss Mitford                         </td><td><i>Ditto ditto.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>History of the Holy Cross, by Lord Mahon      </td><td><i>Amulet.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Trials of Grace Huntley, by Mrs. S.C. Hall    </td><td><i>Ditto.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Armada                                    </td><td><i>Friendship's Offering.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Tornado                                   </td><td><i>Ditto  ditto.</i></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a>
+<b>Footnote 1</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+<p>
+Britton, Arch. Dict. art. Bridge. On the decline of the Roman
+Empire, travelling became dangerous, and robberies and murders
+were frequently committed. To check this system, and protect
+travellers, several religious persons associated in fraternities,
+and formed an order called the "Brothers of the Bridge." Their
+object was to build bridges, establish ferries, and receive and
+protect travellers in hospitals, raised near the passes over
+rivers. In like manner we account for the erection of many
+bridges in England. According to Stow, the monks of St. Mary
+Overie's were the first builders of London Bridge: and Peter of
+Colechurch, who founded the first <i>stone</i> bridge, also built
+a chapel on the eastern central pier, in which the architect was
+afterwards interred: his remains, as we first communicated to the
+public, were found as aforesaid during the recent removal of the
+old bridge; and "the lower jaw and three other bones of Peter of
+Colechurch" were sold by auction a few days since.
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a>
+<b>Footnote 2</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+<p>
+At the old bridge at Droitwich, the high road passed through the
+midst of the chapel, the reading-desk and pulpit being on one
+side, and the congregation on the other. Other public buildings
+were not uncommon on bridges. In 1553 an alderman of Stamford
+built the Town Hall upon the bridge there; and on an old bridge
+at Bradford, Wills, there is a sort of dungeon, or prison raised
+on one of the piers.
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"></a>
+<b>Footnote 3</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a>
+	<p>Camden. Tindal's Notes on Rapin.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote4" name="footnote4"></a>
+<b>Footnote 4</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a>
+	<p> Val. Max. vi. 8.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote5" name="footnote5"></a>
+<b>Footnote 5</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a>
+	<p>The hedge-sparrow.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote6" name="footnote6"></a>
+<b>Footnote 6</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a>
+	<p>The dandelion.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote7" name="footnote7"></a>
+<b>Footnote 7</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag7">(return)</a>
+<p>
+	The golden-crested wren.
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>
+<i>Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris;
+CHARLES JUGEL, Francfort; and by all Newsmen and Booksellers.</i>
+</p>
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 12531 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #12531 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12531)
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 20, No. 581, Saturday, December 15, 1832, by Various
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 20, No.
+581, Saturday, December 15, 1832
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: June 5, 2004  [eBook #12531]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: iso-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE,
+AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 20, NO. 581, SATURDAY, DECEMBER 15,
+1832***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, David Garcia, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustration.
+      See 12531-h.htm or 12531-h.zip:
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/2/5/3/12531/12531-h/12531-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/2/5/3/12531/12531-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. 20, NO. 581.] SATURDAY, DECEMBER 15, 1832. [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: CHAPEL ON THE BRIDGE, WAKEFIELD.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPEL ON THE BRIDGE, WAKEFIELD
+
+
+Chapels on bridges are not so unfrequent in architectural history as
+the rarity of their remains would indicate. Among the early records
+of bridge-building we read that "the Romans built many bridges in
+the provinces; viz. in France, Spain, Germany, Britain, &c. some
+of which had arches or towers on them."[1] Plutarch derives the word
+_Pontifex_, (high priest,) from sacrifices made upon bridges, a
+ceremony of the highest antiquity. The priests are said to have been
+commissioned to keep the bridges in repair, as an indispensable part of
+their office. This we may conclude to have given rise to the annexation
+of chapels to almost all our bridges of note; and the offerings were
+of course for repairs: so that priests are considered to have been the
+olden surveyors of bridges, and chapels on them to have been displaced
+by the more secular establishment of toll-houses.[2]
+
+The bridge, upon which stands the above chapel, crosses the Calder, at
+the south-east entrance into Wakefield, in the West Riding of Yorkshire.
+It was built in the reign of Edward III. and is a fine specimen of the
+masonry of that age. In the centre projecting from the eastern side, and
+resting partly on the sterlings, is the chapel, built in the richest
+style of Gothic architecture. It is about ten yards in length, and about
+eight in breadth. The east window, overhanging the river, is adorned
+with various and beautiful tracery, and the parapets are perforated.
+The windows on the north and south sides are equally rich. But the west
+front facing the passage over the bridge, (as shown in the Engraving,)
+exceeds all the rest in profusion of ornament; being divided by
+buttresses into compartments, forming recesses, with lofty pediments
+and pointed arches; whilst above is an entablature bearing five
+basso-relievos, the whole being crowned with battlements. The
+buttresses, finials, tracery, &c. form an assemblage of Gothic
+embellishments, which, for richness and delicacy can scarcely be
+equalled. This chapel was built by Edward IV. in memory of his father,
+Richard, Duke of York, and those of his party who fell in the battle of
+Wakefield.[3] It appears, however, that a chapel had been built on this
+bridge by Edward III., and dedicated to St. Mary; but it was undoubtedly
+rebuilt and embellished by Edward IV. who, on this account, may be
+regarded as the founder of the present structure.
+
+The beautiful embellishments have received considerable injury; and,
+about twenty years since this superb relic of ecclesiastical
+architecture was used as a warehouse. As architectural renovation is
+becoming somewhat the taste of the day, it is to be hoped that the
+restoration of the chapel at Wakefield will not be overlooked.
+
+    [1] Britton, Arch. Dict. art. Bridge. On the decline of the Roman
+        Empire, travelling became dangerous, and robberies and murders
+        were frequently committed. To check this system, and protect
+        travellers, several religious persons associated in fraternities,
+        and formed an order called the "Brothers of the Bridge." Their
+        object was to build bridges, establish ferries, and receive and
+        protect travellers in hospitals, raised near the passes over
+        rivers. In like manner we account for the erection of many
+        bridges in England. According to Stow, the monks of St. Mary
+        Overie's were the first builders of London Bridge: and Peter of
+        Colechurch, who founded the first _stone_ bridge, also built
+        a chapel on the eastern central pier, in which the architect was
+        afterwards interred: his remains, as we first communicated to the
+        public, were found as aforesaid during the recent removal of the
+        old bridge; and "the lower jaw and three other bones of Peter of
+        Colechurch" were sold by auction a few days since.
+
+    [2] At the old bridge at Droitwich, the high road passed through the
+        midst of the chapel, the reading-desk and pulpit being on one
+        side, and the congregation on the other. Other public buildings
+        were not uncommon on bridges. In 1553 an alderman of Stamford
+        built the Town Hall upon the bridge there; and on an old bridge
+        at Bradford, Wills, there is a sort of dungeon, or prison raised
+        on one of the piers.
+
+
+    [3] Camden. Tindal's Notes on Rapin.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE BROTHER OF OLIVER GOLDSMITH.
+
+(_To the Editor._)
+
+As I was personally acquainted with Charles Goldsmith, the younger
+brother of Oliver, the Poet, I am enabled to furnish a few particulars
+in addition to those of _Philo_, contained in No. 573 of _The
+Mirror_. Charles, on his coming to this country, from the West
+Indies, had with him two daughters, and one son named Henry; all under
+14 years of age. He purchased two houses in the Polygon, Somers Town, in
+one of which he resided: here, the elder of his girls died; I attended
+her funeral; she was buried in the churchyard of St. Pancras, near the
+grave of Mary Wolstonecroft Godwin. Henry was my fellow pupil; but not
+liking the profession of engraving, after a short trial, he returned to
+the West Indies. At the peace of Amiens, Charles Goldsmith sold his
+houses, and, with his wife and daughter, and a son born in England,
+christened Oliver, he went to reside in France, where his daughter
+married. In consequence of the orders of Buonaparte for detaining
+British subjects, Charles again returned home by way of Holland, much
+reduced in circumstances, and died, about 25 years since at humble
+lodgings in Ossulston Street. Somers Town. After his death, his wife,
+who was a native of the West Indies, and her son Oliver, returned
+thither. Charles Goldsmith had in his possession a copy, from Sir Joshua
+Reynolds's portrait of his brother; and I can vouch his resemblance to
+the picture was most striking. Charles, like the poet, was a performer
+on the German flute, and, to use his own words, found it in the hour
+of adversity his best friend. He only once, I have heard him say, saw
+Oliver in England, which was during his prosperity.
+
+R. ROFFE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+RECOLLECTIONS OF THE LATE COLONEL MOLESWORTH PHILLIPS.
+
+(_From a Correspondent._)
+
+
+Colonel Phillips was the last surviving person who accompanied Captain
+Cook in his last voyage of discovery to ascertain the practicability of
+a passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, along the northern
+coast of America. I was an inmate of his residence in Lambeth in the
+summer of 1828, for some few weeks, and during that period received
+many commissioned attentions, for he ever avoided meeting or seeing
+strangers. He was invariably his own cook; slept but little, and seldom
+retired regularly to bed, but rested on a sofa, or chairs, as accident
+might dictate. His employment chiefly consisted in turning fanciful
+devices at his lathe, but he seldom completed his designs: however, I saw
+the model of a mausoleum dedicated to Napoleon, which evinced much taste
+and ingenuity. His workshop at once intimated that its occupant was
+not abundantly gifted with the organ of order. Plates, dishes, knives,
+forks, candlesticks, coats, hats, books, and mathematical instruments,
+lay in one confused mass, each enveloped with its portion of dust.
+To attempt any thing like arrangement, was at once sacrilege in the
+estimation of the Colonel. To summon his attendant he usually approached
+the stairs, and rang a small hand bell, accompanying it with his
+deep-toned voice with the words: "Ahoy! ahoy! all hands ahoy!" His
+liquors, and tankards of ale he always drew up from the window of his
+room, to avoid intrusion, and in returning the empty pewters he would
+frequently take too sure an aim at the potboy's head. Then came a
+concert of "curses" and every association but amity. The close of the
+scene was generally modified with something in the shape of a shilling,
+and the parties separated, mutually satisfied. Colonel Phillips, during
+his residence in Ireland, was possessed of considerable property, but
+from what circumstance he suffered a reverse of fortune I am not
+informed; indeed, so unwilling was he to connect himself with bygone
+days that it was impossible to gather from him a clue to the active
+services he had given to the world.
+
+Thus lived Colonel Molesworth Phillips, glorying in most of the
+eccentricities of human nature. It is astonishing, considering the
+active part he took in society, that he should, towards the close of
+life, have secluded himself so entirely from the world, and those with
+whom he must have from circumstances have been associated. Colonel
+Phillips might probably have survived some years longer, had he not
+fallen a victim to cholera.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+APOLOGUES.--(FROM THE GERMAN.)
+
+THE VINE.
+
+
+On the day of the Creation, the trees exultingly extolled themselves
+one towards another, every one about itself. "The Lord, by whom I was
+planted," said the lofty Cedar, "has united in me firmness, fragrance,
+duration, and strength." "Jehovah's affection has rendered me blessed,"
+said the widely-spreading Palm-tree; "in me has He conjoined utility
+and beauteousness." "Like a bridegroom among the youths," said the
+Apple-tree, "I parade among the trees of Paradise." "Like the rose among
+the thorns," said the Myrtle, "I stand among my sisterhood, the lowly
+shrubs." So all extolled themselves, the Olive, the Fig, and the Pine.
+The Vine alone was silent, and drooped to the ground. "To me," said he
+to himself, "appears everything to be denied--trunk, branches, blossoms,
+and fruit; but such as I am, I will yet hope and wait." He then sank
+down, and his tendrils wept. He had not long waited and wept, before the
+friendly man, the godhead of the earth, stepped up to him. He saw that a
+feeble plant, the sport of the breezes, had sunk, and required help; he
+compassionately raised him up, and twined the tender tree to his bower.
+More gladly now the breezes played with his tendrils; the glow of the
+sun penetrated their hard, greenish buds, preparing in them the sweet
+juice, the drink for gods and men. Adorned with rich clusters, the Vine
+soon bowed himself down to his master, and he tasted the enlivening
+juice, and named him his friend. The proud trees now envied the feeble
+shoot, for many of them already stood without fruit; but he was glad of
+his slender form and of his steadfast hope. The juice, therefore, even
+now gladdens the heart of man, and lifts upwards the courage of the
+dejected, and refreshes the afflicted. Despair not, forsaken one, and
+abide enduring. In the unsightly cane springs the sweetest juice, and
+the feeble tendril brings forth inspiration and rapture.
+
+
+TEARS.
+
+
+As Hillel and his disciple Sadi wandered, on a moon and starlight night,
+among the gardens of the Mount of Olives, "See," said Sadi, "the man
+yonder, in the ray of the moon; what does he there?"--"It is Zadok,"
+answered Hillel, "he sits at the grave of his son and weeps."--"Cannot
+he moderate his mourning?" said the youth, "for the people term him the
+just and wise."--"Shall he therefore," answered Hillel, "not experience
+pain?"--"But," asked Sadi, "what preference then has the wise man before
+the fool?" Then answered the teacher, "See, the bitter tear of his eye
+sinks to the earth, but his countenance is turned up to heaven."
+
+W.G.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE SKETCH-BOOK.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE OLD SOLDIER.
+
+
+I have often occasion to pass through a village on the St. Alban's road,
+at one end of which there is so tidy and convenient a public-house, that
+I always give my horse his bait there, if I happen to be travelling in
+my gig. I had frequently observed an old soldier, who having lost an
+eye, a leg, and an arm in the service of his country, had pretty well
+earned the privilege of idling away the rest of his life in a manner
+particularly congenial with the habits of one of his calling. He would
+sit on a bench, outside the door of this inn, with a pipe in his mouth,
+and a can of beer by his side; and thus he would pass all the fine
+months of the year. In winter, he merely changed his seat. He was
+constant to his pipe and his can; he took both with him to the warm
+chimney-corner: and thus he enjoyed his out-pension. During the hour of
+baiting, I have often talked with this old man. He had served last in
+the early part of the war on the Peninsula. He was loquacious enough on
+other subjects; but if one questioned him concerning these last military
+services, he became on the instant morose and uncommunicative, and one
+could not but perceive, that the topic was disagreeable and painful
+to him.
+
+What most interested me about this man was his love for young children.
+He was generally surrounded by a parcel of curly-headed urchins; and
+often have I seen the mistress of the little inn consign her infant to
+the protection of his one arm, when, by an arrival, she has been called
+upon to attend to the business of the house. The old fellow never
+appeared so contented as when thus employed. His pipe was laid aside,
+his beer forgotten, and he would only think of amusing and caressing his
+charge, or of lulling it to sleep. The bigger children would cluster
+round him, clamber over him, empty his pipe, upset his can, take all
+sorts of liberties with him, yet never meet with a rebuke. At times,
+however, he would appear lost in uneasy thought; gazing with earnestness
+upon the features of the sleeping infant, while tears would course each
+other down his cheeks.
+
+As I drove one morning up to the door of the inn, and passed the bench
+on which the old soldier was, as usual, sitting, with his little flock
+of children playing round him, one of them, a very young one, suddenly
+backed into the road, and in another moment more would have been
+crushed: but the old man sprang forward; with a vigorous and wonderful
+effort he seized the child with his only arm, and threw it several feet
+out of the way of danger; he fell with the exertion, and was among my
+horse's feet. In suddenly drawing up, I had unwittingly done my very
+worst by the poor fellow; for I had caused the animal to trample upon
+him a second time, and a wheel had likewise passed over his body.
+
+He was taken up insensible. We carried him to a bed, and after a little
+time he recovered his recollection. But he was so severely injured, that
+we feared every moment would be his last.
+
+The first words he uttered were, "The child! the child!" We assured him
+that the child was safe; but he would not believe us, and it became
+necessary to send into the village to search for the little creature,
+who had been hurried home with the others upon the confusion that the
+accident had occasioned. He continued to call for the child, and was in
+the greatest distress of mind till we had found it, and had taken it to
+him as he lay. His delight at seeing it alive and unhurt was intense; he
+wept, he laughed, he hugged it to his bosom, and it was not till he grew
+very faint and weary that he would suffer us to remove it.
+
+A surgeon arrived; and pronounced that the poor man was so much hurt,
+inwardly as well as outwardly, that nothing could be done to save him;
+and desired us merely to give him cordials or cooling drink, as he
+should appear to wish for either. He lingered for a few days.
+
+I had been the cause, although innocently, of the poor fellow's death:
+of course I took care that all was done that could alleviate his
+sufferings; and, as long as he lasted, I went everyday to pass a few
+hours by his bed-side. The rescued child, too, was brought to him each
+day by his own desire. From the moment he had first ascertained that it
+was unhurt, he had been calm and contented. He knew he was dying, but he
+could part with life without regret; and the cloud which I had so often
+observed upon his weather-beaten countenance before the accident never
+after returned.
+
+The day before he died, as I was watching alone by his side, he asked me
+for a cordial. Soon after he had swallowed it, he laid his hand upon my
+arm, and said,--"Sir, if you will not think it too great a trouble to
+listen to an old man's talk, I think it will ease my mind to say a few
+words to you."
+
+He was of course encouraged to proceed.
+
+"I die contented," he continued; "happier than I have for some years
+lived. I have had a load upon my heart, which is not quite removed, but
+it is a great deal lightened. I have been the means, under Providence,
+of saving a young child's life. If I have strength to tell you what I
+wish, sir, you will understand the joy that blessed thought has brought
+to my heart."
+
+I gave him another cordial, and he spoke as follows:--
+
+"It was in a stirring time of the Duke of Wellington's wars, after the
+French had retreated through Portugal, and Badajos had fallen, and we
+had driven them fairly over the Spanish frontier, the light division
+was ordered on a few of their long leagues further, to occupy a line
+of posts among the mountains which rise over the northern hanks of the
+Guadiana. A few companies of our regiment advanced to occupy a village
+which the French had just abandoned.
+
+"We had had a brisk march over a scorched and rugged country, which
+had already been ransacked of all that could have supplied us with
+fresh provisions; it was many days since we had heard the creak of a
+commissary's wagon, and we had been on very short commons. There was no
+reason to expect much in the village we were now ordered to. The French,
+who had just marched out, would, of course, have helped themselves to
+whatever was portable, and must have previously pretty well drained the
+place. We made a search, however, judging that, possibly, something
+might have been concealed from them by the peasants; and we actually
+soon discovered several houses where skins of wine had been secreted.
+A soldier, sir, I take it, after hot service or fatigue, seldom thinks
+of much beyond the comfort of drinking to excess; and I freely own that
+our small party soon caused a sad scene of confusion.
+
+"Every house and hovel was searched, and many a poor fellow, who had
+contrived to hide his last skin of wine from his enemies, was obliged to
+abandon it to his allies. You might see the poor natives on all sides
+running away; some with a morsel of food, others with a skin of wine
+in their arms, and followed by the menaces and staggering steps of the
+weary and half-drunken soldiers.
+
+"'Vino! vino!' was the cry in every part of the village. An English
+soldier, sir, may be for months together in a foreign land, and have a
+pride in not knowing how to ask for anything hut liquor. I was no better
+than the rest.
+
+"'Vino! quiero vino!' said I, to a poor half-starved and ragged native,
+who was stealing off, and hiding something under his torn cloak;--'Vino!
+you beggarly scoundrel! give me vino!' said I.
+
+"'Vino no tengo!' he cried, as he broke from my grasp, and ran quickly
+and fearfully away.
+
+"I was not very drunk--I had not had above half my quantity--and I
+pursued him up a street. But he was the fleeter; and I should have lost
+him, had I not made a sudden turn, and come right upon him in a forsaken
+alley, where I suppose the poor thing dwelt. I seized him by the collar.
+He was small and spare, and he trembled under my gripe; but still he
+held his own, and only wrapped his cloak the closer round his property.
+
+"'Vino! quiero vino!' said I again; 'give me vino!'
+
+"'Nada, nada tengo!' he repeated.
+
+"I had already drawn my bayonet.--I am ashamed, sir, to say, that we
+used to do that to terrify the poor wretches, and make them the sooner
+give us their liquor.--As I held him by the collar with one hand, I
+pointed the bayonet at his breast with the other, and I again cried,
+'Vino!'
+
+"'Vino no tengo--nino, nino es!'--and he spoke the words with such a
+look of truth and earnestness, that, had I not fancied I could trace
+through the folds of his cloak the very shape of a small wine skin,
+I should have believed him.
+
+"'Lying rascal!' said I, 'so you won't give me the liquor? then the dry
+earth shall drink it!' and I struck the point of my bayonet deep into
+that which he was still hugging to his breast.
+
+"Oh, sir! it was not wine that trickled down--it was blood, warm
+blood!--and a piteous wail went like a chill across my heart!--The poor
+Spaniard opened his cloak--he pointed to his wounded child--and his wild
+eye asked me plainer than words could have done,--'Monster! are you
+satisfied!'
+
+"I was sobered in a moment. I fell upon
+my knees beside the infant, and I tried to
+staunch the blood. Yes, the poor fellow understood
+the truth: he saw, and he accepted
+my anguish--and we joined our efforts to save
+the little victim.--Oh! it was too late!
+
+"The little boy had fastened his small clammy hands round a finger of
+each of us. He looked at us alternately; and seemed to ask, alike from
+his father and his murderer, that help which it was beyond the power of
+one of earth to give. The changes in the poor child's countenance showed
+that it had few minutes to live. Sometimes it lay so still I thought the
+last pang was over; when a slight convulsion would agitate its frame,
+and a momentary pressure of its little hands, would give the gasping
+father a short vain ray of hope.
+
+"You may believe, sir, that an old soldier, who has only been
+able to keep his own life at the expense of an eye and two of his
+limbs--who has lingered out many a weary day in a camp-hospital after a
+hot engagement--must have learnt to look on death without any unnecessary
+concern. I have sometimes wished for it myself; and often have felt
+thankful when my poor, wounded comrades have been released by it from
+pain. I have seen it, too, in other shapes. I have seen the death-blow
+dealt, when its effects have been so instant, that the brave heart's
+blood has been spilt, and the pulses have ceased to beat, while the
+streak of life and health was still fresh upon the cheek--when a smile
+has remained upon the lips of my brother-soldier, even after he had
+fallen a corpse across my path. But, oh! sir, what is all this compared
+with what I suffered as I watched life ebb slowly from the wound which
+I had myself so wantonly inflicted in the breast of a helpless, innocent
+child!--It was by mistake, by accident. Oh, yes! I know it, I know it
+well; and day and night I have striven to forget that hour. But it is of
+no use; the cruel recollection never leaves my mind--that piteous wail
+is ever in my ears!--The father's agony will follow me to the
+grave!"--_Legends of the Lib. at Lilies._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE CITADEL OF ANTWERP.
+
+(_From personal inspection, by a Contributor to the United Service
+Journal._)
+
+
+This spot, on which the eye of all Europe is at present concentrated,
+lies at the southern extremity of Antwerp, and forms one continued
+line with its defences along the banks of the Scheldt. It is a regular
+pentagon in shape, protected by bastions ranging at progressive
+elevations, and connecting themselves with curtains of proportionate
+height. In advance of these defences are a further series of spacious
+bastions, immediately connected with the preceding, but of later
+construction. The one were erected by Paciotti and Cerbolini, two
+Italian engineers, by order of the tyrant Alba, 1568, and the others
+according to Vauban's principles in 1701. Every side of this citadel is
+equally formidable for its strength; that towards the town is furnished
+with a raveline; and this is also the case with the front which faces
+the river, and opens upon a paved line of road, from which all
+communication with Antwerp itself has latterly been cut off. Two of
+the sides of this fastness front towards the adjacent country, and are
+likewise supplied with ravelines; the centre bastion in this direction
+bears Paciotto's name, which has been denaturalized in that of Paniotto
+in the French elevations. The defences of the town terminate in the
+centre of the fifth side, which circumstance has left it unprovided with
+a raveline. On the summit (or capital) of the two bastions on the land
+side, two large lunettes have been thrown forward, one being called Fort
+Kiel, from the adjacent suburb, and the other, which stands more away
+from the town, Fort St. Laurent. Internally the citadel of Antwerp
+contains every provision for the safe housing of its defenders, and
+possesses more than the requisite accommodation under ground for its
+supplies. All the barracks, exposed to the enemy's fire, are so placed,
+that the strength of the garrison may be readily collected at the point
+endangered; the kind of defence to be brought into action is plain and
+obvious; and the _matériel_ for standing a siege has been as
+liberally provided as the means of subsistence for preserving the
+_morale_ of the besieged from being deteriorated. The garrison
+consists of picked troops, who place unlimited confidence in their
+commandant. The citadel is encompassed by a ditch, which has eighteen
+feet of water in every part of its circuit, and is protected by ramparts
+of adequate elevation, and strength in proportion. With such elements of
+defence as these its capture cannot be effected without a sacrifice of
+human lives, which none but the flint-hearted can contemplate or foresee
+without deprecation and horror.
+
+In the year 1792, when it was carried by the revolutionary forces
+of France, they took the direction of the city walls as their line of
+attack, and mounted the bastion which bears Paciotto's name; this,
+at that time of day, formed indisputably the most advantageous point
+of assault; but its increased strength in this quarter would, at the
+present moment, render any attack an act of temerity. An esplanade
+of the average width of four hundred paces, which was laid out as a
+handsome promenade, before the bombardment in 1830, separates the
+citadel from the town: but the effect of that bombardment has been to
+throw a wide area of fifteen hundred paces open to the very marge of
+the Scheldt; and to disconnect the fortress still more completely from
+the inhabited portion of Antwerp. Lamentable as may be the prospect,
+Antwerp, the mistress of the finest naval station and commercial port in
+Europe, is doomed to destruction, if a single gun be directed against
+its citadel. It is not possible for its commandant, as a soldier and
+a subject, to avoid any and every means of annoying a besieger; and
+amongst these, none so ready and effectual, present themselves, as that
+of preventing the town from becoming the covert for an assailant. We have
+witnessed the deplorable havoc which a few mortars brought upon it in
+1830; but how frightful will be the issue when rockets and red-hot shot
+come to be poured upon the devoted city. Nay, more,--by opening the
+dykes along the Scheldt, a large portion of the western provinces of
+Belgium is capable of being inundated; and if this fresh calamity ensue,
+as a second resource on the part of the besieged, from the adoption
+of which the recognised laws of warfare cannot absolve them, not only
+Antwerp will have ceased to exist, but her citadel will rear its head,
+a frowning islet, amidst a waste of waters. As to the blockade of the
+Scheldt, it will be impotent with regard to distressing the citadel; for
+the windings of that stream, as well as of the Maas, at their mouths,
+preclude the possibility of effectually staying the Dutch from
+communication with it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE PLAINT OF CERTAIN CORAL BEADS.
+
+
+  Spoiler of forbidden wealth,
+    Guarded by the hoary waves!
+  When we mourn thy cruel stealth,
+    Sorrowing for our quiet caves.
+  Doth it calm our wistful pining
+  That the chains we hate are shining?
+    Boast we beauty's gauds to be?
+  Can the state such bondage shares,
+  Thoughtless liking, loveless cares,
+  Sudden angers, wilful airs,
+    Sooth us like the mighty sea?
+
+  Though, in hours when suitors press
+    Near the shrine of star-bright eyes,
+  Mysteries, some would die to guess,
+    Our familiar touch descries;
+  When a startled throb or tremble,
+  Woman's craft would fain dissemble,
+    Through our light embraces swells;--
+  Fruitless secrets--vainly taught,--
+  Bliss unheeded--trust unsought--
+  Can they quench the constant thought
+    Of our dreamy ocean-cells?
+
+  Though the glowing bands we form,
+    Oft by redder lips be pressed,
+  And a slumber, soft and warm,
+    Fold us on a dove-like breast,--
+  Not to love, but love's bestowing
+  Gentle care and kiss are owing:--
+    Is the passion changed or cloyed,
+  Doth the giver's light grow less?
+  Banished from the sweet recess,
+  Sportive pressure, fond caress,
+    See our mimic worth destroyed!
+
+  Then in close and narrow keep,
+    Pent, with scorned and faded toys,
+  Mourn we for the glassy deep,
+    Sigh we for our early joys!
+  What has earth like ocean's treasures?
+  More than craving avarice measures,
+    More than Fancy's dream enchants,
+  Deck the booming caves below,
+  Where green waters ever flow
+  Under groves of pearl, that grow
+    In the mermaid's glimmering haunts.
+
+  Under spar-enchased bowers,
+    Bending on their twisted stems,
+  Glow the myriad ocean-flowers,
+    Fadeless--rich as orient gems.
+  Hung with seaweed's tasselled fringes,
+  Dyed with all the rainbow's tinges,
+    Rise the Triton's palace walls.
+  Pallid silver's wandering veins
+  Stream, like frostwork, o'er the stains;
+  Pavements thick, with golden grains,
+    Twinkle through their crystal halls.
+
+  And a music wild and low
+    Ever, o'er the curved shells,
+  Wanders with a fitful flow
+    As the billow sinks or swells.
+  Now, to faintest whispers hushing,
+  Now, in louder cadence gushing,
+    Wakens from their pleasant sleep
+  All the tuneful Nereid-throng,
+  Till their notes of wreathed song
+  Float in magic streams along,
+    Chanting joyaunce through the deep.
+
+  Chance or change,--the clouds of time--
+    Sorrow,--winter storm, or blight,
+  Comes not near our peaceful clime;
+    Nor the strife of day with night.
+  Death, who walks the earth in riot,
+  Stirs not our primeval quiet:
+    Scarce his distant rage we know
+  From the dreary things of clay,
+  Slain, alas! in ocean's play,
+  Whom the sea-maids shroud and lay
+    In the silent caves below.
+
+  Fond! to deem we count it pride
+    Thus to deck the fair of earth!
+  We, whose beauty-peopled tide
+    Gave the foam-born goddess birth!
+  Her, whose glory's radiant fulness.
+  All too bright for mortal dulness,
+    Sparkles in a lovelier star!
+  Are not Ocean's shady places
+  Rich in kindred forms and faces,
+  Choral bands of sister-Graces
+    Circling Amphitrite's car?
+
+  Toiling o'er the shallow page,
+    Vainly pedants seek the lore
+  Taught us by that prophet sage,
+    Whom our azure Thetis bore.
+  Wiser Eld his solemn numbers,
+  Listening, stole from Ocean's slumbers,
+    Signs of coming doom to learn.
+  Poor were all your labours reap,
+  To the gifted seers that keep
+  Mysteries of the ancient deep,
+    Drawn from Nereus' sacred urn.
+
+  Let us find our old retreat,
+    Yield us to the kissing wave,
+  From the daylight's parching heat
+    In its cool profound to lave.
+  If ye needs must rob for beauty,
+  Earth's abysses teem with booty.
+    Gems, that love the blaze of day:--
+  We are tired of glittering shows,
+    And the strife of man's display;
+  Let us sink to sweet repose
+  Where the lulling water flows;
+    Give us to our native bay!
+
+
+_Tait's Edinburgh Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SHELLEY.
+
+[We find the clever and curious sketches of Shelley, in the _New
+Monthly Magazine_, concluded with the following interesting
+anecdote.]
+
+That Shelley gave freely, when the needy scholar asked, or in silent,
+hopeless poverty seemed to ask, his aid, will he demonstrated most
+clearly by relating shortly one example of his generosity, where the
+applicant had no pretensions to literary renown, and no claim whatever,
+except perhaps honest penury. It is delightful to attempt to delineate
+from various points of view a creature of infinite moral beauty,--but
+one instance must suffice; an ample volume might be composed of such
+tales, but one may be selected, because it contains a large admixture of
+that ingredient which is essential to the conversion of alms-giving into
+the genuine virtue of charity--self-denial. On returning to town after
+the long vacation, at the end of October, I found Shelley at one of the
+hotels in Covent Garden. Having some business in hand he was passing a
+few days there alone. We had taken some mutton chops hastily at a dark
+place in one of the minute courts of the city, at an early hour, and we
+went forth to walk; for to walk at all times, and especially in the
+evening, was his supreme delight. The aspect of the fields to the north
+of Somers-Town, between that beggarly suburb and Kentish-Town, has been
+totally changed of late. Although this district could never be accounted
+pretty, nor deserving a high place even amongst suburban scenes, yet
+the air, or often the wind, seemed pure and fresh to captives emerging
+from the smoke of London; there were certain old elms, much very green
+grass, quiet cattle feeding, and groups of noisy children playing with
+something of the freedom of the village green. There was, oh, blessed
+thing! an entire absence of carriages and of blood-horses; of the
+dust and dress and affectation and fashion of the parks: there were,
+moreover, old and quaint edifices and objects which gave character to
+the scene. Whenever Shelley was imprisoned in London,--for to a poet a
+close and crowded city must be a dreary gaol,--his steps would take that
+direction, unless his residence was too remote, or he was accompanied by
+one who chose to guide his walk. On this occasion I was led thither,
+as indeed I had anticipated: the weather was fine, but the autumn was
+already advanced; we had not sauntered long in these fields when the
+dusky evening closed in, and the darkness gradually thickened. "How
+black those trees are," said Shelley, stopping short, and pointing to
+a row of elms; "it is so dark the trees might well be houses, and the
+turf, pavement,--the eye would sustain no loss; it is useless therefore
+to remain here, let us return." He proposed tea at his hotel, I
+assented; and hastily buttoning his coat, he seized my arm, and set off
+at his great pace, striding with bent knees over the fields and through
+the narrow streets. We were crossing the New Road, when he said shortly,
+"I must call for a moment, but it will not be out of the way at all,"
+and then dragged me suddenly towards the left. I inquired whither we
+were bound, and, I believe, I suggested the postponement of the intended
+call till the morrow. He answered, it was not at all out of our way.
+I was hurried along rapidly towards the left; we soon fell into an
+animated discussion respecting the nature of the virtue of the Romans,
+which in some measure beguiled the weary way. Whilst he was talking with
+much vehemence and a total disregard of the people who thronged the
+streets, he suddenly wheeled about and pushed me through a narrow door;
+to my infinite surprise I found myself in a pawnbroker's shop! It was
+in the neighbourhood of Newgate Street; for he had no idea whatever in
+practice either of time or space, nor did he in any degree regard method
+in the conduct of business. There were several women in the shop in
+brown and grey cloaks with squalling children: some of them were
+attempting to persuade the children to be quiet, or at least, to scream
+with moderation; the others were enlarging upon and pointing out the
+beauties of certain coarse and dirty sheets that lay before them to a
+man on the other side of the counter. I bore this substitute for our
+proposed tea some minutes with tolerable patience, but as the call did
+not promise to terminate speedily, I said to Shelley, in a whisper, "Is
+not this almost as bad as the Roman virtue?" Upon this he approached the
+pawnbroker: it was long before he could obtain a hearing, and he did not
+find civility. The man was unwilling to part with a valuable pledge so
+soon, or perhaps he hoped to retain it eventually; or it might be, that
+the obliquity of his nature disqualified him for respectful behaviour.
+A pawnbroker is frequently an important witness in criminal proceedings:
+it has happened to me, therefore, afterwards to see many specimens of
+this kind of banker; they sometimes appeared not less respectable than
+other tradesmen, and sometimes I have been forcibly reminded of the
+first I ever met with, by an equally ill conditioned fellow. I was so
+little pleased with the introduction, that I stood aloof in the shop,
+and did not hear what passed between him and Shelley. On our way to
+Covent-Garden, I expressed my surprise and dissatisfaction at our
+strange visit, and I learned that when he came to London before, in
+the course of the summer, some old man had related to him a tale of
+distress,--of a calamity which could only be alleviated by the timely
+application of ten pounds; five of them he drew at once from his
+pocket, and to raise the other five he had pawned his beautiful solar
+microscope! He related this act of beneficence simply and briefly, as if
+it were a matter of course, and such indeed it was to him. I was ashamed
+of my impatience, and we strode along in silence.
+
+It was past ten when we reached the hotel; some excellent tea and
+a liberal supply of hot muffins in the coffee-room, now quiet and
+solitary, were the more grateful after the wearisome delay and vast
+deviation. Shelley often turned his head, and cast eager glances towards
+the door; and whenever the waiter replenished our teapot, or approached
+our box, he was interrogated whether any one had yet called. At last the
+desired summons was brought: Shelley drew forth some bank notes, hurried
+to the bar, and returned as hastily, bearing in triumph under his arm a
+mahogany box, followed by the officious waiter, with whose assistance he
+placed it upon the bench by his side. He viewed it often with evident
+satisfaction, and sometimes patted it affectionately in the course of
+calm conversation. The solar microscope was always a favourite plaything
+or instrument of scientific inquiry; whenever he entered a house his
+first care was to choose some window of a southern aspect, and, if
+permission could be obtained by prayer or by purchase, strightway to
+cut a hole through the shutter to receive it. His regard for his solar
+microscope was as lasting as it was strong; for he retained it several
+years after this adventure, and long after he had parted with all the
+rest of his philosophical apparatus.
+
+Such is the story of the microscope, and no rightly judging person who
+hears it will require the further accumulation of proofs of a benevolent
+heart; nor can I, perhaps, better close these sketches than with that
+impression of the pure and genial beauty of Shelley's nature which this
+simple anecdote will bequeath.
+
+[In parting with this very ingenious series of papers, we beg to concur
+in the well-expressed wish of the Editor of the _New Monthly Magazine_,
+"that their author could be tempted to give the world a complete history
+of one whose peculiar and subtle nature he so well comprehends."]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE NATURALIST.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NEW SPECIES OF BAT.--(VESPERTILIO AUDUBONI.)
+
+(_By Richard Harlan, M.D._)
+
+
+Of the numerous creatures which attract our admiration, or excite
+our fears, the greater part display their appetites, or develope
+their instincts, during the day time only; especially--with few
+exceptions--all those remarkable for beauty of plumage, and vocal
+melody. Predacious animals are chiefly distinguished for their nocturnal
+habits; and ideas of rapine, terror and blood, are ever associated with
+the tiger, the hyena, and the wolf. Among the feathered tribes, the
+_owl_ and the _bat_, also companions of darkness, are shunned
+by many, as horrible objects, and full of ill-omen. Haunted castles,
+ruined battlements, and noisome caverns, are the chosen abodes of these
+noctural maurauders, and it is to such associations that these animals
+are indebted for the unamiable character they have obtained. The
+prejudices conceived against that portion of these animals, with which
+we are familiar, are founded entirely upon these their habits; for small
+quadrupeds, reptiles and fish, constitute the food of the first, whilst
+insects and fruit suffice for the other. It is at the close of the
+day, when the hum of nature is beginning to subside, that the patient
+_bat_ steals from his dark retreat, and spreads his leathery
+wings in search of his food.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The new species of this little flying quadruped, which we are now about
+to notice, belongs to a very large and respectable family. In the days
+of Linnaeus, they all--from their appearance at twilight--went by the
+family name of _Vespertilio_. They further belong to the order
+_Carnivora_, their teeth being constructed for masticating flesh;
+though some--and in this they resemble ourselves--are also fond of
+fruit. In one important point, the whole race has a common character, in
+their organ of flight. The bones of the fingers are extremely elongated,
+and united by a membrane, which is continued down the side of the body;
+and extending on the leg as far as the tarsus, also unites the legs and
+tail. Agreeing so universally in this particular, they form a very
+natural family, under the appropriate term. Cheiroptera, constructed
+from two Greek words, signifying _hand and wing_.
+
+The vespertilio are again divided into GENERA and
+_Species_,--divisions which are grounded on certain peculiarities
+of dental structure, and various developements of the brachial, digital,
+and interfemoral appendages, with other modifications of the organs of
+progression. These genera include species which are discovered in every
+habitable part of the globe, of various magnitudes, from the size of a
+half grown cat, to that of a half grown mouse.
+
+Of this numerous family only three genera, of modern authors, inhabit
+the United States, viz. RHINOPOMA, VESPERTILIO, and TAPHOZOUS. Seven
+species, exclusive of the present, are all that have been hitherto
+discovered in North America.
+
+We propose to dedicate this new species, to our valuable friend the
+justly celebrated naturalist J.J. AUDUBON, as a small tribute of
+respect to his eminent talents, and the highly important services he
+has rendered science. The drawing which accompanies this paper, is
+from his inimitable pencil.
+
+This species was first observed, during the summer of 1829, when an
+individual female flew into the apartment of the late Dr. Hammersly,
+then one of the resident physicians of the Pennsylvania hospital: on
+the subsequent evening a male individual, of the same species, was
+also taken in the same manner. In August 1830, a very fine specimen
+was brought to the Academy of Natural Sciences, and Mr. Audubon informs
+me that the species has very recently been observed in New York.
+
+The natural characters of the species are--General colour black,
+sprinkled with gray above and beneath; ears black and naked; auriculum,
+short and broad or obtusely triangular; interfemoral membrane, sparsely
+hairy; last joint of the tail free: two incisors, with notched crowns,
+on each side of the canine teeth of the upper jaw, with a broad
+intervening space without teeth.
+
+The dimensions are.--Total length 3 inches 7 tenths; tail 1.7; length
+of ear 0.5. breadth of ear 0.4; length of leg 1.7; spread of wings
+10.7. inhabit Pennsylvania and New York, and probably the southern
+states.--_Cab. of Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad._ (Abridged from
+Featherstonhaugh's _Monthly American Journal of Geology and Natural
+Science._)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+FINE ARTS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MOSAIC PAVEMENT.
+
+
+The chief object of curiosity at Palestrina, (ancient Praeneste,) is
+the castle or palace of the prince, in the highest part of the city, to
+which there is an ascent by an excellent coach-road to the right, by
+the Capucin Convent, without entering the narrow street. Before it is a
+level space of considerable length; which formed the highest platform of
+the Temple of Fortune. Two flights of steps lead to an amphitheatre, or
+semicular staircase, in excellent preservation, which is the same that
+led to the sanctuary of the temple, on the foundation of which the
+palace is built: in the middle of the semicircle is a well; each step
+is about a foot and a half high, like the ancient steps of the capitol
+which led to the church of Ara Coeli, at Rome. Another short flight
+conducts to the hall of entrance, where there is a double staircase, and
+a recess closed by iron grates, which contains the celebrated antique
+pavement, of which Pliny speaks in the following terms, "The fine mosaic
+of small stones, placed by Sylla as a pavement in the Temple of Fortune
+at Praeneste, was the first thing of the kind seen in Italy." There does
+not seem to be the smallest room to doubt of this being the genuine
+mosaic he mentions; it is in excellent preservation, and appears to be
+about twenty feet by sixteen. It was found in the same cellar of the
+seminary, where is still the altar of Fortune, and may be considered as
+one of the most interesting relics of antiquity. Towards the upper part
+of it are mountains, with negro savages hunting wild beasts; animals of
+different sorts, with their names in Greek written below them, such
+as the rhinoceros, crocodile, and lynx. Lower down are seen houses of
+various forms, temples, vessels of different constructions, particularly
+a galley of 32 oars, manned with armed blacks, and commanded by a white
+man; a tent with soldiers, a palm tree, flowers, a collation in an
+arbour, an altar of Anubis; in short, almost every circumstance
+imaginable in life. The scene apparently lies in Egypt. The figures are
+well drawn, the light and shadows happily disposed, and the colouring
+harmonious. The stones which compose this very curious pavement are
+remarkably small which renders the effect peculiarly pleasing, from
+the neatness of its appearance.
+
+W.G.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PANORAMA OF STIRLING.
+
+
+Stirling, or Strivelin, and its storied environs have furnished Mr.
+Burford with a new Panorama, of more than usual interest in its details.
+The town is fraught with historical association, and the surrounding
+country is of picturesque and poetical character. A Scottish poet
+describes its attractions in these enthusiastic lines:
+
+  O! grander far than Windsor's brow!
+  And sweeter to the vale below!
+  Whar Forth's unrivalled windings flow
+              Through varied grain,
+  Brightening, I ween wi' glittering glow,
+              Strevlina's plain!
+  There, raptured trace, (enthroned on hie)
+  The landscape stretching on the ee,
+  Frae Grampian hills down to the sea--
+              A dazzling view--
+  Corn, meadow, mansion, water, tree,
+              In varying hue.
+  There, seated, mark, wi' ardour keen,
+  The Skellock bright 'mang corn sae green,
+  The purple pea, and speckled bean,
+              A fragrant store--
+  And vessels sailing, morn and een,
+              To Stirling's shore.
+  And Shaw park, gilt wi' e'ening's ray:
+  And Embro castle, distant grey;
+  Wi' Alva screened near Aichil brae,
+              'Mang grove and bower!
+  And rich Clackmannan rising gay
+              Wi' woods and tower.
+
+
+_Hector Macneill._
+
+
+Stirling is seated on the river Forth, upon a precipitous basaltic
+rock, about one hundred feet from the level of the plain. Upon the rock
+stands the Castle, from the outer court of which the present Panorama
+was sketched. The town, in external appearance, bears a miniature
+resemblance to Edinburgh, being situate like the old town of that
+city, on the sloping ridge of a rock, running from east to west, the
+precipitous end of which is occupied by the Castle. But, of the town
+itself, little is seen in the Panorama. The view, as we have stated, is
+from the Castle, and is generally allowed to be one of the finest in
+Scotland. Its scenery has many sublime and picturesque features, and
+has moreover been the site of some of the most stirring incidents in
+Scottish history; no less than twelve fields of battle, including three
+important ones fought by the first and second Edwards, being distinctly
+visible. Beginning with the Castle, we find, from its situation
+commanding the passes and fords between the north and south of Scotland,
+it was in early times styled the Key, as Dumbarton was the Lock, to the
+Highlands. Its first fortification is referred to the time of Agricola;
+the Picts had a strong fortress here, which was totally destroyed in the
+ninth century by the Scots, under Kenneth II. Stirling formed part of
+the ransom of his brother and successor, who had been taken prisoner by
+the Northumbrians; they rebuilt the Castle, but subsequently restored
+the place to the Scots. In the twelfth century, it was considered one of
+the strongest forts in Scotland. It was often visited by the Scottish
+monarchs, but it did not become a royal residence until the accession of
+the Stuarts. Here was born James II., and in an apartment now forming
+part of the deputy-governor's lodging, this king perpetrated the murder
+of Earl Douglas. James III. made it his chief residence, erected the
+parliament-house, and a richly-endowed chapel, since destroyed. James V.
+was crowned here, and erected the palace. Mary was crowned here, as
+was James VI. when thirteenth months old; he was educated here by the
+celebrated Buchanan. During the regency of Mary of Lorraine, a strong
+battery was erected here; and in the reign of Queen Anne, the
+fortifications were strengthened and enlarged. In 1806, the rocky ground
+in front was converted into an esplanade; since which the towers have
+been repaired and castellated, it being one of the Scottish forts,
+which, by the articles of the Union, are always to be kept in repair.
+It mounts about 36 guns; but if regularly invested in modern warfare, it
+could not hold out many hours. To enumerate its sieges, dismantlings,
+and repairs would occupy too much space. Among the most memorable of its
+stormy annals, is its siege by Edward II. in 1301, for three months,
+when it was battered with stones of two hundred pounds weight each,
+thrown by engines, in the formation of which was used all the lead
+from the monastery of St. Andrew's. It was last besieged in 1746 by the
+Highlanders under Prince Charles. The chief parts of the building seen
+in the Panorama are the additions by Queen Anne, the parliament-house,
+(though not the unsightly, modern roof,) and the palace, a stately
+and curious structure of hewn stone, and embellished with grotesque
+sculpture. The latter building forms a quadrangle, the central court of
+which is called the lion's den, from the king's lions being formerly
+kept there. The whole is now used as barracks. From the Castle, looking
+over the town, towards the east, is a vast plain, nearly 40 miles
+in extent, called the Carse of Stirling, through which the Firth in
+meandering, forms a number of peninsulas, in places approximating so
+closely as to have an isthmus of only a few yards, the effect of which
+in the picture, reminded us of the contrived intricacies of a child's
+puzzle; in this direction is seen Alla, or Alloa, a thriving seaport
+town, with a Gothic church, and celebrated for its excellent ale;
+Clackmannan, a miserable town, where in a tower lived King Robert Bruce,
+and where an old Jacobite lady knighted Burns with a sword which
+belonged to Bruce, observing that she had a better right to do so than
+_some folk_; Falkirk, known for its _trysts_, or markets, where
+the country-people point out a battle-field, and a stream called the
+Red Burn, from its running with blood on the day of the conflict; Bruce
+lived near this spot, the view from which he said was not surpassed by
+any he had seen in his travels: next lies the Firth of Forth, and the
+country as far as Edinburgh and the Pentland Hills. Towards the south
+stands the ancient village of St. Ninian's, and Bannockburn, the
+battleground of the most celebrated and important contest that ever took
+place between English and Scots; the Torwood, where till lately stood
+a tree said to have sheltered Wallace; and the Carron, bounded by the
+green hills of Campsie. Towards the west are the plains of Menteith,
+a district, says Chambers, distinguished almost above all the rest of
+Scotland, for the singular series of beautiful and romantic scenes which
+it presents to the view of the traveller, and bounded by the majestic
+Grampians. On the north are the famous ruins of Cambuskenneth, and the
+precipitous Abbey Craig, beyond which lies the richly-cultivated vale of
+Devon; the moor on which the battle of Dumblain was fought; and Ochill
+Hills, clothed with blooming heath, and overtopped by the summits of
+Perthshire. Such is the artist's outline of the prospect: our task shall
+be to select a few of its most entertaining details.
+
+To return to the Panoramic arrangement: next the castle is Gowlan Hill,
+the ordinary place of execution in times of wicked bloodshed, and thus
+apostrophized by Douglas, in the _Lady of the Lake_:
+
+  And thou O sad and fatal mound!
+  That oft hast heard the death-axe sound,
+  As on the noblest of the land,
+  Fell the stern headsman's bloody hand.
+
+
+The hill has, however, less terrible association; it being after called
+Hurly Hacket, from James V. and his nobles there playing at that game,
+which consisted in sliding down the steep banks on an inverted cutty
+stool. This was, at least, more rational than cutting off heads. Next is
+Abbey Craig, a rock upon which Wallace defeated the English; Dollava, a
+village on a gloomy rock, almost insulated by two streams, whose Celtic
+names signify the glens of care and the burns of sorrow; Tillabody, the
+birthplace and property of Sir Ralph Abercrombie; the crumbling walls
+and bell tower of Cambuskenneth Abbey, wherein several parliaments were
+held, and at whose high altar the clergy and nobles swore fealty to
+Robert and David Bruce; Edinburgh, with its castle, thirty-eight miles
+from Stirling, whence it is discernable in clear weather; the Carron
+Iron-works; and the Carron, of more classic celebrity in Ossian, and the
+battles of the Romans and the Scots and Picts; the dome-shaped hill of
+Tinto, in Lanarkshire, 60 miles from Stirling, and 2,336 feet in height;
+Arthur's Hill, a circular mound of earth, surrounded by seats of turf
+in the royal gardens, sometimes called the king's knot, where the court
+held fêtes, and where James used to amuse himself with the pastime
+called the Knights of the Round Table; Ben Lomond, 3,240 feet above the
+lake, which is 32 feet above the level of the sea; Ben Venue, and Ben
+Ledy, or the hill of God, in Perthshire, 3,009 feet in height, so called
+from the inhabitants of the surrounding villages, in former times,
+meeting on its summit at the summer solstice, three days and nights for
+the purpose of devotion. These three mountains, with their vicinities
+are enshrined in Sir Walter Scott's _Lady of the Lake_; and the
+village of Balquidder, at the foot of Ben Ledy, is the burial place of
+Rob Roy. We have just described the circle: over the garden wall of
+the Castle, at a considerable distance, is the well-wooded estate and
+mansion of Craig Forth, said to have once belonged to a blacksmith of
+Stirling: this man having placed the iron bars (which still remain to
+the windows of the palace), and done other work for James VI. when that
+monarch came to the throne of England, made a demand of one thousand
+pounds Scots,--but by some error, the accounts being paid in Stirling
+money, he with it purchased the estate and built the house of Craig
+Forth. Next, to the right is Blair Drummond, formerly the residence of
+the accomplished Lord Kaimes; and beyond are the celebrated ruins of
+Donne Castle; not the least interesting incident of its annals was the
+imprisonment there in 1745, of John Home, (the author of Douglas,)
+who has left a narrative of his clambering escape over the high walls.
+
+It is time to speak of the Panorama as a work of art; for hitherto we
+have rather considered its intellectual interest. The Castle and Palace
+we take to be finely painted, with admirable picturesque effect: the
+huge gateway, flanked with two towers, the battlemented walls, and
+battery, are in fine bold relief, as is the clinging vegetation about
+the building; nor must we omit the grotesque figures or corbelled
+pedestals, and the identical window bars, the work of the wily Scot
+of Craig Forth; the latter especially, are clever. A portion of the
+esplanade otherwise devoid of interest, is peopled with a meeting of the
+Highland Society celebrating the feats of the ancient Caledonians, the
+object of the Society being to preserve their language, costume, music,
+gymnastic sports, and martial games. This introduction happily fills up
+what would otherwise have been the only void in the scene, so thickly
+is it studed and storied with objects and recollections. Altogether, we
+have rarely seen a topographical panorama of such diversified character:
+it has reminiscences of history and poetry to lead us through the
+retrospect of chivalrous ages, princely contests for crowns that rarely
+sat lightly on their wearers, and the last flickering hopes of defeated
+ambition and ill-starred fortune. Yet, how powerfully, not to say
+painfully, are these pages in the chronicles of human actions, when
+contrasted with the broad volume of nature, as spread before us in this
+picture. Alas! what is the majesty of the mightiest of the kings that
+dwelt in its palace in comparison with the sublimities of Tinto, Ben
+Lomond, Venue, or Ledy; or what the peace of their halls amidst the
+smiling expanse of the Carse of Stirling in all its quiet luxuriance.
+They and their houses have become dust or crumbling ruin, and death has
+with a little pin bored through their castle walls--while Nature has
+been flourishing from year to year, and reading man an epitome of
+existence in the succession of her changes.
+
+It has been stated that Mr. Burford, the successful painter of Stirling,
+is engaged on a Panorama of the Falls of Niagara. All admirers of this
+style of painting must be anxious for his success.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SIR WALTER SCOTT.
+
+
+Mr. Parker has issued in addition to the Medal already noticed in
+our pages, a _Medallion_ of the lamented Poet and Novelist, from
+Chantrey's bust. It is, we think, the obverse of the Medal, with bronzed
+circular frame work bearing the motto suggested by Sir Walter. Though
+handsome, it is an economical memorial of one whose amiable talents must
+endear him to every fireside in the kingdom.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NEW BOOKS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+POMPEII.
+
+
+[The second and concluding volume of the descriptive history of
+Pompeii, in the _Library of Entertaining Knowledge_, is still more
+attractive than its predecessor. It contains the very domestic economy
+of the ancient inhabitants--chapters on domestic architecture, paintings
+and mosaics, streets and fountains, private houses, villas, and tombs;
+and, moreover, on the art of baking, and the forms of domestic utensils.
+We are, therefore, led through hall, parlour, bath, kitchen, and shop,
+with amusing minuteness; and, in the account of furniture and domestic
+implements, it is curious to observe, how far we are indebted to the
+ancients for the forms of similar contrivances now in use. One of the
+best passages in this portion of the work is the following, on the]
+
+_Lamps and Candelabra._
+
+No articles of ancient manufacture are more common than lamps. They are
+found in every variety of form and size, in clay and in metal, from the
+most cheap to the most costly description. We have the testimony of
+the celebrated antiquary Winkelmann to the interest of this subject:
+"I place among the most curious utensils, found at Herculaneum, the
+lamps, in which the ancients sought to display elegance, and even
+magnificence. Lamps of every sort will be found in the museum at
+Portici, both in clay and bronze, but especially the latter; and as
+the ornaments of the ancients have generally some reference to some
+particular things, we often meet with rather remarkable subjects."
+A considerable number of these articles will be found in the British
+Museum, but they are chiefly of the commoner sort. All the works,
+however, descriptive of Herculaneum and Pompeii, present us with
+specimens of the richer and more remarkable class, which attract
+admiration both by the beauty of the workmanship, and the whimsical
+variety of their designs. We may enumerate a few which occur in a work
+now before us, "Antiquités d'Herculanum," in which we find a Silenus,
+with the usual peculiarities of figure ascribed to the jolly god rather
+exaggerated, and an owl sitting upon his head between two huge horns,
+which support stands for lamps. Another represents a flower-stalk,
+growing out of a circular plinth, with snail-shells hanging from it by
+small chains, which held the oil and wick. The trunk of a tree, with
+lamps suspended between the branches. Another, a naked boy, beautifully
+wrought, with a lamp hanging from one hand, and an instrument for
+trimming it from the other, the lamp itself representing a theatrical
+mask. Beside him is a twisted column, surmounted by the head of a Faun,
+or Bacchanal, which has a lid in its crown, and seems intended as a
+reservoir of oil. The boy and pillar are both placed on a square
+plateau, raised upon lions' claws. But, beautiful as those lamps are,
+the light which they gave must have been weak and unsteady, and little
+superior to that of common street-lamps, with which indeed they are
+identical in principle. The wick was merely a few twisted threads, drawn
+through a hole in the upper surface of the oil-vessel; and there was no
+glass to steady the light, and prevent its varying with every breeze
+that blew.
+
+Still, though the Romans had not advanced so far in art as to apply
+glass-chimneys and hollow circular wicks to their lamps, they had
+experienced the inconvenience of going home at night through a city
+ill-paved, ill-watched, and ill-lighted, and, accordingly, soon invented
+lanterns to meet the want. These we learn from Martial, who has several
+epigrams upon this subject, were made of horn or bladder;--no mention,
+we believe, occurs, of glass being thus employed. The rich were preceded
+by a slave bearing their lantern. This, Cicero mentions, as being the
+habit of Catiline upon his midnight expeditions; and when M. Antony was
+accused of a disgraceful intrigue, his lantern-bearer was tortured, to
+extort a confession whither he had conducted his master.[4] One of these
+machines, of considerable ingenuity and beauty of workmanship, was found
+in Herculaneum in 1760, and another, almost exactly the same, at
+Pompeii, a few years after.
+
+One of the most elegant articles of furniture in ancient use was the
+candelabrum, by which we mean those tall and slender stands which served
+to support a lamp, but were independent of and unconnected with it.
+These, in their original and simple form, were probably mere reeds, or
+straight sticks, fixed upon a foot by peasants, to raise their light
+to a convenient height; at least, such a theory of their origin is
+agreeable to what we are told of the rustic manners of the early Romans,
+and it is in some degree countenanced by the fashion in which many of
+the ancient candelabra are made. Sometimes the stem is represented as
+throwing out buds; sometimes it is a stick, the side branches of which
+have been roughly lopped, leaving projections where they grew; sometimes
+it is in the likeness of a reed or cane, the stalk being divided into
+joints. Most of those which have been found in the buried cities are of
+bronze; some few of iron. In their general plan and appearance there
+is a great resemblance, though the details of the ornaments admit of
+infinite variety. All stand on three feet, usually griffins', or lions'
+claws, which support a light shaft, plain or fluted according to the
+fancy of the maker. The whole supports either a plinth large enough for
+a lamp to stand on, or a socket to receive a wax-candle, which the
+Romans used sometimes instead of oil in lighting their rooms. Some of
+them have a sliding shaft, like that of a music-stand, by which the
+light might be raised or lowered at pleasure.
+
+We may here say a few words on the art of inlaying one metal with
+another, in which, as in all ornamental branches of the working of
+metals, the ancient Italians possessed great skill. In the time of
+Seneca, ornaments of silver were seldom seen, unless their price was
+enhanced by being inlaid with solid gold. The art of uniting one metal
+to another was called by the general term _ferruminare_. Inlaid
+work was of two sorts; in the one, the inlaid work projected above the
+surface, and was called _emblemata_, as the art itself was called,
+from the Greek, _embletice_. It is inferred, from the inspection of
+numerous embossed vases in the Neapolitan Museum, that this embossed
+work was formed, either by plating with a thin leaf of metal figures
+already raised upon the surface of the article, or by letting the solid
+figures into the substance of the vessel, and finishing them with
+delicate tools after they were attached. In the second sort, the inlaid
+work was even with the surface, and was called _crusta_, and the
+art was called, from the Greek, _empaestice_. This is the same as
+the damask work so fashionable in the armour of the fifteenth and
+sixteenth centuries, which is often seen beautifully inlaid with gold.
+It was executed by engraving the pattern upon the surface of the metal,
+and filling up the lines with fine plates of a different metal; the two
+were then united with the assistance of heat, and the whole burnished.
+Pliny has preserved a receipt for solder, which probably was used in
+these works. It is called santerna; and the principal ingredients are
+borax, nitre, and copperas, pounded, with a small quantity of gold and
+silver, in a copper mortar.
+
+[The volume is enriched with four steel-plate engravings, and 154 cuts,
+of clever execution.]
+
+    [4] Val. Max. vi. 8.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE WONDERS OF THE LANE.
+
+
+  Strong climber of the mountain's side,
+    Though thou the vale disdain,
+  Yet walk with me where hawthorns hide
+    The wonders of the lane.
+  High o'er the rushy springs of Don
+    The stormy gloom is rolled;
+  The moorland hath not yet put on
+    His purple, green, and gold.
+  But here the titling[5] spreads his wing,
+    Where dewy daisies gleam;
+  And here the sunflower[6] of the spring
+    Burns bright in morning's beam.
+  To mountain winds the famish'd fox
+    Complains that Sol is slow,
+  O'er headlong steeps and gushing rocks
+    His royal robe to throw.
+  But here the lizard seeks the sun
+    Here coils, in light, the snake;
+  And here the fire-tuft[7] hath begun
+    Its beauteous nest to make.
+  Oh! then, while hums the earliest bee
+    Where verdure fires the plain,
+  Walk thou with me, and stoop to see
+    The glories of the lane!
+  For, oh! I love these banks of rock,
+    This roof of sky and tree,
+  These tufts, where sleeps the gloaming clock,
+    And wakes the earliest bee!
+  As spirits from eternal day
+    Look down on earth, secure,
+  Look here, and wonder, and survey
+    A world in miniature:
+  A world not scorned by Him who made
+    E'en weakness by his might;
+  But solemn in his depth of shade,
+    And splendid in his light.
+  Light!--not alone on clouds afar,
+    O'er storm-loved mountains spread,
+  Or widely teaching sun and star,
+    Thy glorious thoughts are read;
+  Oh, no I thou art a wondrous book
+    To sky, and sea, and land--
+  A page on which the angels look--
+    Which insects understand!
+  And here, O light! minutely fair,
+    Divinely plain and clear,
+  Like splinters of a crystal hair,
+    Thy bright small hand is here!
+  Yon drop-fed lake, six inches wide
+    Is Huron, girt with wood;
+  This driplet feeds Missouri's tide--
+    And that Niagara's flood.
+  What tidings from the Andes brings
+    Yon line of liquid light,
+  That down from heaven in madness flings
+    The blind foam of its might?
+  Do I not hear his thunder roll--
+    The roar that ne'er is still?
+  'Tis mute as death!--but in my soul
+    It roars, and ever will.
+  What forests tall of tiniest moss
+  Clothe every little stone!--
+  What pigmy oaks their foliage toss
+    O'er pigmy valleys lone!
+  With shade o'er shade, from ledge to ledge,
+    Ambitious of the sky,
+  They feather o'er the steepest edge
+    Of mountains mushroom-high.
+  Oh, God of marvels! who can tell
+    What myriad living things
+  On these gray stones unseen may dwell!
+    What nations, with their kings!
+  I feel no shock, I hear no groan,
+    While fate, perchance, o'erwhelms
+  Empires on this subverted stone--
+    A hundred ruined realms!
+  Lo! in that dot, some mite, like me,
+    Impelled by woe or whim,
+  May crawl, some atom's cliffs to see--
+    A tiny world to him!
+  Lo! while he pauses, and admires
+    The works of nature's might,
+  Spurned by my foot, his world expires,
+    And all to him is night!
+  Oh, God of terrors! what are we?--
+    Poor insects sparked with thought!
+  Thy whisper, Lord, a word from thee,
+    Could smite us into naught!
+  But should'st thou wreck our father-land,
+    And mix it with the deep,
+  Safe in the hollow of thy hand
+    Thy little one will sleep.
+
+_Amulet._
+
+
+    [5] The hedge-sparrow.
+
+    [6] The dandelion.
+
+    [7] The golden-crested wren.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+POVERTY.
+
+
+Owen Feltham says--"The poverty of a poor man is the least part of his
+misery. In all the storms of fortune, he is the first that must stand
+the shock of extremity. Poor men are perpetual sentinels, watching in
+the depth of night against the incessant assaults of want; while the
+rich lie strowd in secure reposes, and compassed with a large abundance.
+If the land be ruffetted with a bloodless famine, are not the poor the
+first that sacrifice their lives to hunger? If war thunders in the
+trembling country's lap, are not the poor those that are exposed to the
+enemy's sword and outrage? If the plague, like a loaded sponge, flies,
+sprinkling poison through a populous kingdom, the poor are the fruit
+that are shaken from the burdened tree; while the rich, furnished with
+the helps of fortune, have means to wind out themselves, and turn these
+sad indurances on the poor, that cannot avoid them. Like salt-marshes,
+that lie low, they are sure, whenever the sea of this world rages, to be
+first under, and embarrened with a fretting care. Who like the poor are
+harrowed with oppression, ever subject to the imperious taxes, and the
+gripes of mightiness? Continual care checks the spirit; continual labour
+checks the body; and continual insultation both. He is like one rolled
+in a vessel full of pikes--which way soever he turns, he something finds
+that pricks him. Yet, besides all these, there is another transcendent
+misery--and this is, that maketh men contemptible. As if the poor man
+were but fortune's dwarf, made lower than the rest of men, to be laughed
+at. The philosopher (though he were the same mind and the same man), in
+his squalid rags, could not find admission, when better robes procured
+both an open door and reverence. Though outward things can add nothing
+to our essential worth, yet, when we are judged on, by the help of
+others' outward senses, they much conduce to our value or disesteem.
+A diamond set in brass would be taken for a crystal, though it be not
+so; whereas a crystal set in gold will by many be thought a diamond.
+A poor man wise shall be thought a fool, though he have nothing to
+condemn him but his being poor. Poverty is a gulf, wherein all good
+parts are swallowed;--it is a reproach, which clouds the lustre of the
+purest virtue. Certainly, extreme poverty is worse than abundance. We
+may be good in plenty, if we will; in biting penury we cannot, though we
+would. In one, the danger is casual; in the other, it is necessitating.
+The best is that which partakes of both, and consists of neither.
+He that hath too little wants feathers to fly withal; he that hath too
+much, is but cumbered with too large a tail. If a flood of wealth could
+profit us, it would be good to swim in such a sea; but it can neither
+lengthen our lives, nor inrich us after the end. There is not in the
+world such another object of pity as the pinched state; which no man
+being secured from, I wonder at the tyrant's braves and contempt.
+Questionless, I will rather with charity help him that is miserable, as
+I may be, than despise him that is poor, as I would not be. They have
+flinty and steeled hearts that can add calamities to him that is already
+but one entire mass."
+
+W.G.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ACCOUNT OF THE IRISH MANTLE.
+
+
+Edmund Spencer (the English poet) in his _View of the State of
+Ireland_, says--"First the outlaw, being for his many crimes and
+villanies banished from the towns and houses of honest men, and
+wandering in waste places, far from danger of law, maketh his
+_mantle_ his house, and under it covereth himself from the wrath of
+heaven, from the offence of the earth, and from the sight of men. When
+it raineth, it is his pent-house; when it bloweth, it is his tent; when
+it freezeth, it is his tabernacle. In summer he can wear it loose; in
+winter he can wrap it close; at all times he can use it--never heavy,
+never cumbersome. Likewise for a rebel it is as serviceable; for in his
+warre that he maketh, (if at least it deserve the name of warre), when
+he still flyeth from his foe, and lurketh in the thick woods and strait
+passages, waiting for advantages, it is his bed, yea, and almost his
+household stuff; for the wood is his house against all weathers, and his
+mantle is his couch to sleep in. Therein he wrappeth himselfe round, and
+coucheth himself strongly against the gnats, which in that country doe
+more annoye the naked rebells, whilst they keepe the woods, and doe more
+sharply wound them than all their enemies' swords, or spears, which can
+seldome come nigh them; yea, and oftentimes their mantle serveth them,
+when they are neare driven, being wrapped about their left arme, instead
+of a target, for it is hard to cut through with a sword; besides, it is
+light to bear, light to throw away, and being (as they commonly are)
+naked, it is to them all in all. Lastly, for a thiefe it is so handsome,
+as it may seem it was first invented for him; for under it he may
+cleanly convey any fit pillage that cometh handsomely in his way, and
+when he goeth abroad in the night free-booting, it is his best and
+surest friend; for lying, as they often doe, two or three nights
+together abroad, to watch for their booty, with that they can prettily
+shroud themselves under a bush, or bankside, till they may conveniently
+do their errand; and when all is over, he can, in his mantle, passe
+through any town or company, being close hooded over his head, as he
+useth, from knowledge of any to whom he is endangered. Besides this,
+he, or any man els that is disposed to mischiefe or villany, may under
+his mantle goe privily armed, without suspicion of any, carry his
+head-piece, his skean, or pistol, if he please, to be always in
+readinesse."
+
+Spencer traces these mantles from the Scythians. He says--"The Irish
+have from the Scythians _mantles_ and long _glibs_, which is a
+thick curled bush of hair, hanging down over their eyes, and monstrously
+disguising theme."
+
+This curious _View of the State of Ireland_ remained in manuscript
+till it was printed, in 1633, by Sir James Ware, denominated "the Camden
+of Ireland."
+
+P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+DOMESTIC HINTS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONSUMPTION OF FISH.
+
+
+There is but little fish consumed in the interior of Great Britain; and
+even in most seaport towns the consumption is not very great. In London,
+indeed, immense quantities of fish are annually made use of; and there
+can be little doubt that the consumption would be much greater, were it
+not for the abuses in the trade, which render the supply comparatively
+scarce, and, in most instances, exceedingly dear. All fish brought to
+London is sold in Billingsgate market; and, in consequence of this
+restriction, the salesmen of that market have succeeded in establishing
+what is really equivalent to a monopoly, and are in a great measure
+enabled to regulate both the supply and the price.--_Macculloch._
+
+This inconsiderable consumption of fish will be a matter of surprise,
+when we see that the supply of fish in the seas round Britain is most
+abundant, or rather quite inexhaustible. "The coasts of Great Britain,"
+says Sir John Boroughs, "doe yield such a continued harvest of gain and
+benefit to all those that with diligence doe labour in the same, that no
+time or season of the yeare passeth away without some apparent meanes
+of profitable employment, especially to such as apply themselves to
+fishing; which, from the beginning of the year unto the latter end,
+continueth upon some part or other of our coastes; and there in such
+infinite shoals and multitudes of fishes are offered to the takers as
+may justly cause admiration, not only to strangers, but to those that
+daily are employed amongst them."--"That this harvest," says Mr. Barrow,
+"ripe for gathering at all seasons of the year,--without the labour of
+tillage--without expense of seed or manure--without the payment of rent
+or taxes--is inexhaustible, the extraordinary fecundity of the most
+valuable kinds of fish would alone afford abundant proof. To enumerate
+the thousands, and even millions of eggs which are impregnated in the
+herring, the cod, the ling, and, indeed, in almost the whole of the
+esculent fish, would give but an inadequate idea of the prodigious
+multitudes in which they flock to our shores. The shoals themselves
+must be seen, in order to convey to the mind any just notice of their
+aggregate mass." Mr. Macculloch, however, observes, that "notwithstanding
+this immense abundance of fish, and notwithstanding the bounties that
+have been given by the legislature to the individuals engaged in the
+fishery, it has not been profitable to those by whom it has been carried
+on, nor has it made that progress which might have been expected."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NANKEEN.
+
+
+Nankeen, or Nanking, takes its name from Nanking in China, where the
+reddish-yellow thread of which the stuff is made was originally spun.
+In England, we erroneously apply the term Nankeen to one colour; though,
+in the East Indies, vast quantities of white, pink, and yellow nankeens
+are made.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WHITE PEPPER.
+
+
+The relative value of black and white pepper is but imperfectly
+understood. The former is decidedly the best. It grows in long, small
+clusters of from 20 to 50 grains. When ripe, it is of a bright red
+colour. After being gathered, it is spread on mats in the sun, when it
+loses its red colour, and becomes black and shrivelled as we see it.
+White pepper is of two sorts, common and genuine. The former is made by
+blanching the grains of the common black pepper, by steeping them for a
+while in water, and then gently rubbing them, so as to remove the dark
+outer coat. It is milder than the other, and much prized by the Chinese,
+but very little is imported into England. _Genuine_ white pepper is
+merely the blighted or imperfect grains picked from among the heaps of
+black pepper. It is, of course, very inferior.
+
+From the Singapore Chronicle we learn, that the average annual quantity
+of pepper obtained from different countries is 46,066,666 lbs,
+avoirdupois.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_How to acquire Knowledge._--Edmund Stone, the celebrated
+mathematician, was a native of Scotland, and the son of the Duke of
+Argyle's gardener. Before he attained the age of eighteen years, he
+had acquired a knowledge of geometry, &c., without a master. When he
+was asked by the Duke of Argyle how he had gained this knowledge, he
+replied, "I first learned to read; and the masons being at work on your
+house, I saw that the architect used a rule and compasses, and that he
+made calculations. Upon inquiring into the uses of these things, I was
+informed there was a science named arithmetic. I purchased a book of
+arithmetic, and I learned it. I was told there was another science
+called geometry, and I learned that also. Finding that there were good
+books on these two sciences in Latin, I bought a dictionary, and learned
+Latin. I also understood there were good books of the same kind in
+French, and I learned French. This, my lord, is what I have done; and
+it seems to me that we may learn anything when we know the twenty-four
+letters of the alphabet." The Duke, pleased with this simple answer,
+drew Stone out of obscurity, and provided for him an employment which
+allowed of his favourite pursuit.
+
+P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Duelling._--The students of the Berlin University lately
+introduced a new mode of duelling. In order that chances might be equal
+on both sides, the combatants went to the bed of a man attacked with
+cholera, and kissed him. Neither of the parties having experienced the
+least symptom of the epidemic during the next twenty-four hours, the
+seconds declared that the two adversaries had satisfied the laws of
+honour, and the affair was consequently settled.--SWAINE. (We take this
+piece of irony to be well applied.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Popes._--His Highness Leo. XII., the present Pope's predecessor,
+was, according to the visual mode of reckoning, the two hundred and
+fifty-second since Peter the Apostle. Of these 208 were natives of
+Italy, 14 were Frenchmen, 11 Greeks, 8 Syrians and Dalmatians, 5
+Germans, 3 Spaniards, 2 North Africans, and 1 Englishman.
+
+W.G.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+In the churchyard of Arthuret, a village in Cumberland, are interred,
+the remains of poor Archy Armstrong, jester or fool to Charles I.; and
+by an accident suitable to his profession, the day of his funeral was
+the first of April.
+
+SWAINE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Imperial Extravagance._--Asses' milk is said to be a great
+beautifier and preserver of the skin. Poppaea, wife of the Emperor Nero,
+used it for that purpose, having four or five hundred asses constantly
+in her retinue, to furnish her every morning with a fresh bath.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ANNUALS FOR 1833.
+
+With the present Number, a SUPPLEMENT,
+
+CONTAINING THE
+
+Spirit of the Annuals for 1833:
+
+With a large Engraving, and Three Comic Cuts.
+
+
+  St. Goar                                      _Picturesque Annual._
+  The Enchantress                               _Book of Beauty._
+  The Flybekins                                 _Comic Offering._
+  What's in a Name?                             _Ditto ditto._
+  Song, by Miss Mitford                         _Ditto ditto._
+  History of the Holy Cross, by Lord Mahon      _Amulet._
+  Trials of Grace Huntley, by Mrs. S.C. Hall    _Ditto._
+  The Armada                                    _Friendship's Offering._
+  The Tornado                                   _Ditto  ditto._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris;
+CHARLES JUGEL, Francfort; and by all Newsmen and Booksellers._
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT,
+AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 20, NO. 581, SATURDAY, DECEMBER 15, 1832***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 12531-8.txt or 12531-8.zip *******
+
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+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 20, No. 581, Saturday, December 15, 1832, by Various</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 20, No. 581, Saturday, December 15, 1832</p>
+<p>Author: Various</p>
+<p>Release Date: June 5, 2004  [eBook #12531]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: iso-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 20, NO. 581, SATURDAY, DECEMBER 15, 1832***</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+<center><b>E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, David Garcia,<br />
+           and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team</b></center>
+<br />
+<br />
+ <hr class="full" />
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page401" name="page401"></a>[pg 401]</span>
+
+  <h1>THE MIRROR<br />
+  OF<br />
+  LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <table width="100%" summary="Banner">
+    <tr>
+      <td align="left"><b>VOL. XX, NO. 581.]</b></td>
+      <td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, DECEMBER 15, 1832.</b></td>
+      <td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+<div class="figure" style="width: 100%;">
+<a href="images/581-1.png"><img width="100%" src="images/581-1.png"
+alt="Chapel on the Bridge, Wakefield." /></a>
+<center>CHAPEL ON THE BRIDGE, WAKEFIELD.</center>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+<h2>
+	CHAPEL ON THE BRIDGE, WAKEFIELD
+</h2>
+
+
+
+
+<p>
+Chapels on bridges are not so unfrequent in architectural history as
+the rarity of their remains would indicate. Among the early records
+of bridge-building we read that "the Romans built many bridges in
+the provinces; viz. in France, Spain, Germany, Britain, &amp;c. some
+of which had arches or towers on them."<a id="footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a> Plutarch derives the word
+<i>Pontifex</i>, (high priest,) from sacrifices made upon bridges, a
+ceremony of the highest antiquity. The priests are said to have been
+commissioned to keep the bridges in repair, as an indispensable part of
+their office. This we may conclude to have given rise to the annexation
+of chapels to almost all our bridges of note; and the offerings were
+of course for repairs: so that priests are considered to have been the
+olden surveyors of bridges, and chapels on them to have been displaced
+by the more secular establishment of toll-houses.<a id="footnotetag2" name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The bridge, upon which stands the above chapel, crosses the Calder, at
+the south-east entrance into Wakefield, in the West Riding of Yorkshire.
+It was built in the reign of Edward III. and is a fine specimen of the
+masonry of that age. In the centre projecting from the eastern side, and
+resting partly on the sterlings, is the chapel, built in the richest
+style of Gothic architecture. It is
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page402" name="page402"></a>[pg 402]</span>
+
+about ten yards in length, and about
+eight in breadth. The east window, overhanging the river, is adorned
+with various and beautiful tracery, and the parapets are perforated.
+The windows on the north and south sides are equally rich. But the west
+front facing the passage over the bridge, (as shown in the Engraving,)
+exceeds all the rest in profusion of ornament; being divided by
+buttresses into compartments, forming recesses, with lofty pediments
+and pointed arches; whilst above is an entablature bearing five
+basso-relievos, the whole being crowned with battlements. The
+buttresses, finials, tracery, &amp;c. form an assemblage of Gothic
+embellishments, which, for richness and delicacy can scarcely be
+equalled. This chapel was built by Edward IV. in memory of his father,
+Richard, Duke of York, and those of his party who fell in the battle of
+Wakefield.<a id="footnotetag3" name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a> It appears, however, that a chapel had been built on this
+bridge by Edward III., and dedicated to St. Mary; but it was undoubtedly
+rebuilt and embellished by Edward IV. who, on this account, may be
+regarded as the founder of the present structure.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The beautiful embellishments have received considerable injury; and,
+about twenty years since this superb relic of ecclesiastical
+architecture was used as a warehouse. As architectural renovation is
+becoming somewhat the taste of the day, it is to be hoped that the
+restoration of the chapel at Wakefield will not be overlooked.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>
+	THE BROTHER OF OLIVER GOLDSMITH.
+</h3>
+
+<center>
+(<i>To the Editor.</i>)
+</center>
+
+<p>
+As I was personally acquainted with Charles Goldsmith, the younger
+brother of Oliver, the Poet, I am enabled to furnish a few particulars
+in addition to those of <i>Philo</i>, contained in No. 573 of <i>The
+Mirror</i>. Charles, on his coming to this country, from the West
+Indies, had with him two daughters, and one son named Henry; all under
+14 years of age. He purchased two houses in the Polygon, Somers Town, in
+one of which he resided: here, the elder of his girls died; I attended
+her funeral; she was buried in the churchyard of St. Pancras, near the
+grave of Mary Wolstonecroft Godwin. Henry was my fellow pupil; but not
+liking the profession of engraving, after a short trial, he returned to
+the West Indies. At the peace of Amiens, Charles Goldsmith sold his
+houses, and, with his wife and daughter, and a son born in England,
+christened Oliver, he went to reside in France, where his daughter
+married. In consequence of the orders of Buonaparte for detaining
+British subjects, Charles again returned home by way of Holland, much
+reduced in circumstances, and died, about 25 years since at humble
+lodgings in Ossulston Street. Somers Town. After his death, his wife,
+who was a native of the West Indies, and her son Oliver, returned
+thither. Charles Goldsmith had in his possession a copy, from Sir Joshua
+Reynolds's portrait of his brother; and I can vouch his resemblance to
+the picture was most striking. Charles, like the poet, was a performer
+on the German flute, and, to use his own words, found it in the hour
+of adversity his best friend. He only once, I have heard him say, saw
+Oliver in England, which was during his prosperity.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+R. ROFFE.
+</h4>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>
+	RECOLLECTIONS OF THE LATE COLONEL MOLESWORTH PHILLIPS.
+</h3>
+
+<center>
+(<i>From a Correspondent.</i>)
+</center>
+
+
+<p>
+Colonel Phillips was the last surviving person who accompanied Captain
+Cook in his last voyage of discovery to ascertain the practicability of
+a passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, along the northern
+coast of America. I was an inmate of his residence in Lambeth in the
+summer of 1828, for some few weeks, and during that period received
+many commissioned attentions, for he ever avoided meeting or seeing
+strangers. He was invariably his own cook; slept but little, and seldom
+retired regularly to bed, but rested on a sofa, or chairs, as accident
+might dictate. His employment chiefly consisted in turning fanciful
+devices at his lathe, but he seldom completed his designs: however, I saw
+the model of a mausoleum dedicated to Napoleon, which evinced much taste
+and ingenuity. His workshop at once intimated that its occupant was
+not abundantly gifted with the organ of order. Plates, dishes, knives,
+forks, candlesticks, coats, hats, books, and mathematical instruments,
+lay in one confused mass, each enveloped with its portion of dust.
+To attempt any thing like arrangement, was at once sacrilege in the
+estimation of the Colonel. To summon his attendant he usually approached
+the stairs, and rang a small hand bell, accompanying it with his
+deep-toned voice with the words: "Ahoy! ahoy! all hands ahoy!" His
+liquors, and tankards of ale he always drew up from the window of his
+room, to avoid intrusion, and in returning the empty pewters he would
+frequently take too sure an aim at the potboy's head. Then came a
+concert of "curses" and every association but amity. The close of the
+scene was generally modified with something in the shape of a shilling,
+and the parties separated, mutually satisfied. Colonel Phillips, during
+his residence in Ireland, was possessed of considerable property, but
+from what circumstance he suffered a reverse of fortune I am not
+informed; indeed, so unwilling was he to connect himself with bygone
+days that it was
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page403" name="page403"></a>[pg 403]</span>
+impossible to gather from him a clue to the active
+services he had given to the world.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus lived Colonel Molesworth Phillips, glorying in most of the
+eccentricities of human nature. It is astonishing, considering the
+active part he took in society, that he should, towards the close of
+life, have secluded himself so entirely from the world, and those with
+whom he must have from circumstances have been associated. Colonel
+Phillips might probably have survived some years longer, had he not
+fallen a victim to cholera.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>
+APOLOGUES.&mdash;(FROM THE GERMAN.)
+</h3>
+
+<center>
+THE VINE.
+</center>
+
+
+<p>
+On the day of the Creation, the trees exultingly extolled themselves
+one towards another, every one about itself. "The Lord, by whom I was
+planted," said the lofty Cedar, "has united in me firmness, fragrance,
+duration, and strength." "Jehovah's affection has rendered me blessed,"
+said the widely-spreading Palm-tree; "in me has He conjoined utility
+and beauteousness." "Like a bridegroom among the youths," said the
+Apple-tree, "I parade among the trees of Paradise." "Like the rose among
+the thorns," said the Myrtle, "I stand among my sisterhood, the lowly
+shrubs." So all extolled themselves, the Olive, the Fig, and the Pine.
+The Vine alone was silent, and drooped to the ground. "To me," said he
+to himself, "appears everything to be denied&mdash;trunk, branches, blossoms,
+and fruit; but such as I am, I will yet hope and wait." He then sank
+down, and his tendrils wept. He had not long waited and wept, before the
+friendly man, the godhead of the earth, stepped up to him. He saw that a
+feeble plant, the sport of the breezes, had sunk, and required help; he
+compassionately raised him up, and twined the tender tree to his bower.
+More gladly now the breezes played with his tendrils; the glow of the
+sun penetrated their hard, greenish buds, preparing in them the sweet
+juice, the drink for gods and men. Adorned with rich clusters, the Vine
+soon bowed himself down to his master, and he tasted the enlivening
+juice, and named him his friend. The proud trees now envied the feeble
+shoot, for many of them already stood without fruit; but he was glad of
+his slender form and of his steadfast hope. The juice, therefore, even
+now gladdens the heart of man, and lifts upwards the courage of the
+dejected, and refreshes the afflicted. Despair not, forsaken one, and
+abide enduring. In the unsightly cane springs the sweetest juice, and
+the feeble tendril brings forth inspiration and rapture.
+</p>
+
+
+<h3>
+	TEARS.
+</h3>
+
+
+<p>
+As Hillel and his disciple Sadi wandered, on a moon and starlight night,
+among the gardens of the Mount of Olives, "See," said Sadi, "the man
+yonder, in the ray of the moon; what does he there?"&mdash;"It is Zadok,"
+answered Hillel, "he sits at the grave of his son and weeps."&mdash;"Cannot
+he moderate his mourning?" said the youth, "for the people term him the
+just and wise."&mdash;"Shall he therefore," answered Hillel, "not experience
+pain?"&mdash;"But," asked Sadi, "what preference then has the wise man before
+the fool?" Then answered the teacher, "See, the bitter tear of his eye
+sinks to the earth, but his countenance is turned up to heaven."
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+W.G.C.
+</h4>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>
+	THE SKETCH-BOOK.
+</h2>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>
+	THE OLD SOLDIER.
+</h3>
+
+
+<p>
+I have often occasion to pass through a village on the St. Alban's road,
+at one end of which there is so tidy and convenient a public-house, that
+I always give my horse his bait there, if I happen to be travelling in
+my gig. I had frequently observed an old soldier, who having lost an
+eye, a leg, and an arm in the service of his country, had pretty well
+earned the privilege of idling away the rest of his life in a manner
+particularly congenial with the habits of one of his calling. He would
+sit on a bench, outside the door of this inn, with a pipe in his mouth,
+and a can of beer by his side; and thus he would pass all the fine
+months of the year. In winter, he merely changed his seat. He was
+constant to his pipe and his can; he took both with him to the warm
+chimney-corner: and thus he enjoyed his out-pension. During the hour of
+baiting, I have often talked with this old man. He had served last in
+the early part of the war on the Peninsula. He was loquacious enough on
+other subjects; but if one questioned him concerning these last military
+services, he became on the instant morose and uncommunicative, and one
+could not but perceive, that the topic was disagreeable and painful
+to him.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+What most interested me about this man was his love for young children.
+He was generally surrounded by a parcel of curly-headed urchins; and
+often have I seen the mistress of the little inn consign her infant to
+the protection of his one arm, when, by an arrival, she has been called
+upon to attend to the business of the house. The old fellow never
+appeared so contented as when thus employed. His pipe was laid aside,
+his beer forgotten, and he would only think of amusing and caressing his
+charge, or of lulling it to sleep. The bigger children would cluster
+round him, clamber over him, empty his pipe, upset his can, take all
+sorts of liberties with him, yet never meet with a rebuke. At times,
+however, he would appear lost in uneasy thought; gazing with earnestness
+upon the features of the sleeping infant,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page404" name="page404"></a>[pg 404]</span>
+while tears would course each other down his cheeks.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As I drove one morning up to the door of the inn, and passed the bench
+on which the old soldier was, as usual, sitting, with his little flock
+of children playing round him, one of them, a very young one, suddenly
+backed into the road, and in another moment more would have been
+crushed: but the old man sprang forward; with a vigorous and wonderful
+effort he seized the child with his only arm, and threw it several feet
+out of the way of danger; he fell with the exertion, and was among my
+horse's feet. In suddenly drawing up, I had unwittingly done my very
+worst by the poor fellow; for I had caused the animal to trample upon
+him a second time, and a wheel had likewise passed over his body.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He was taken up insensible. We carried him to a bed, and after a little
+time he recovered his recollection. But he was so severely injured, that
+we feared every moment would be his last.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The first words he uttered were, "The child! the child!" We assured him
+that the child was safe; but he would not believe us, and it became
+necessary to send into the village to search for the little creature,
+who had been hurried home with the others upon the confusion that the
+accident had occasioned. He continued to call for the child, and was in
+the greatest distress of mind till we had found it, and had taken it to
+him as he lay. His delight at seeing it alive and unhurt was intense; he
+wept, he laughed, he hugged it to his bosom, and it was not till he grew
+very faint and weary that he would suffer us to remove it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A surgeon arrived; and pronounced that the poor man was so much hurt,
+inwardly as well as outwardly, that nothing could be done to save him;
+and desired us merely to give him cordials or cooling drink, as he
+should appear to wish for either. He lingered for a few days.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I had been the cause, although innocently, of the poor fellow's death:
+of course I took care that all was done that could alleviate his
+sufferings; and, as long as he lasted, I went everyday to pass a few
+hours by his bed-side. The rescued child, too, was brought to him each
+day by his own desire. From the moment he had first ascertained that it
+was unhurt, he had been calm and contented. He knew he was dying, but he
+could part with life without regret; and the cloud which I had so often
+observed upon his weather-beaten countenance before the accident never
+after returned.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The day before he died, as I was watching alone by his side, he asked me
+for a cordial. Soon after he had swallowed it, he laid his hand upon my
+arm, and said,&mdash;"Sir, if you will not think it too great a trouble to
+listen to an old man's talk, I think it will ease my mind to say a few
+words to you."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He was of course encouraged to proceed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I die contented," he continued; "happier than I have for some years
+lived. I have had a load upon my heart, which is not quite removed, but
+it is a great deal lightened. I have been the means, under Providence,
+of saving a young child's life. If I have strength to tell you what I
+wish, sir, you will understand the joy that blessed thought has brought
+to my heart."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I gave him another cordial, and he spoke as follows:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"It was in a stirring time of the Duke of Wellington's wars, after the
+French had retreated through Portugal, and Badajos had fallen, and we
+had driven them fairly over the Spanish frontier, the light division
+was ordered on a few of their long leagues further, to occupy a line
+of posts among the mountains which rise over the northern hanks of the
+Guadiana. A few companies of our regiment advanced to occupy a village
+which the French had just abandoned.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"We had had a brisk march over a scorched and rugged country, which
+had already been ransacked of all that could have supplied us with
+fresh provisions; it was many days since we had heard the creak of a
+commissary's wagon, and we had been on very short commons. There was no
+reason to expect much in the village we were now ordered to. The French,
+who had just marched out, would, of course, have helped themselves to
+whatever was portable, and must have previously pretty well drained the
+place. We made a search, however, judging that, possibly, something
+might have been concealed from them by the peasants; and we actually
+soon discovered several houses where skins of wine had been secreted.
+A soldier, sir, I take it, after hot service or fatigue, seldom thinks
+of much beyond the comfort of drinking to excess; and I freely own that
+our small party soon caused a sad scene of confusion.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Every house and hovel was searched, and many a poor fellow, who had
+contrived to hide his last skin of wine from his enemies, was obliged to
+abandon it to his allies. You might see the poor natives on all sides
+running away; some with a morsel of food, others with a skin of wine
+in their arms, and followed by the menaces and staggering steps of the
+weary and half-drunken soldiers.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"'Vino! vino!' was the cry in every part of the village. An English
+soldier, sir, may be for months together in a foreign land, and have a
+pride in not knowing how to ask for anything hut liquor. I was no better
+than the rest.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"'Vino! quiero vino!' said I, to a poor half-starved and ragged native,
+who was stealing off, and hiding something under his torn cloak;&mdash;'Vino!
+you beggarly scoundrel! give me vino!' said I.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"'Vino no tengo!' he cried, as he broke
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page405" name="page405"></a>[pg 405]</span>
+from my grasp, and ran quickly and fearfully away.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I was not very drunk&mdash;I had not had above half my quantity&mdash;and I
+pursued him up a street. But he was the fleeter; and I should have lost
+him, had I not made a sudden turn, and come right upon him in a forsaken
+alley, where I suppose the poor thing dwelt. I seized him by the collar.
+He was small and spare, and he trembled under my gripe; but still he
+held his own, and only wrapped his cloak the closer round his property.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"'Vino! quiero vino!' said I again; 'give me vino!'
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"'Nada, nada tengo!' he repeated.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I had already drawn my bayonet.&mdash;I am ashamed, sir, to say, that we
+used to do that to terrify the poor wretches, and make them the sooner
+give us their liquor.&mdash;As I held him by the collar with one hand, I
+pointed the bayonet at his breast with the other, and I again cried,
+'Vino!'
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"'Vino no tengo&mdash;nino, nino es!'&mdash;and he spoke the words with such a
+look of truth and earnestness, that, had I not fancied I could trace
+through the folds of his cloak the very shape of a small wine skin,
+I should have believed him.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"'Lying rascal!' said I, 'so you won't give me the liquor? then the dry
+earth shall drink it!' and I struck the point of my bayonet deep into
+that which he was still hugging to his breast.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Oh, sir! it was not wine that trickled down&mdash;it was blood, warm
+blood!&mdash;and a piteous wail went like a chill across my heart!&mdash;The poor
+Spaniard opened his cloak&mdash;he pointed to his wounded child&mdash;and his wild
+eye asked me plainer than words could have done,&mdash;'Monster! are you
+satisfied!'
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I was sobered in a moment. I fell upon
+my knees beside the infant, and I tried to
+staunch the blood. Yes, the poor fellow understood
+the truth: he saw, and he accepted
+my anguish&mdash;and we joined our efforts to save
+the little victim.&mdash;Oh! it was too late!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"The little boy had fastened his small clammy hands round a finger of
+each of us. He looked at us alternately; and seemed to ask, alike from
+his father and his murderer, that help which it was beyond the power of
+one of earth to give. The changes in the poor child's countenance showed
+that it had few minutes to live. Sometimes it lay so still I thought the
+last pang was over; when a slight convulsion would agitate its frame,
+and a momentary pressure of its little hands, would give the gasping
+father a short vain ray of hope.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"You may believe, sir, that an old soldier, who has only been
+able to keep his own life at the expense of an eye and two of his
+limbs&mdash;who has lingered out many a weary day in a camp-hospital after a
+hot engagement&mdash;must have learnt to look on death without any unnecessary
+concern. I have sometimes wished for it myself; and often have felt
+thankful when my poor, wounded comrades have been released by it from
+pain. I have seen it, too, in other shapes. I have seen the death-blow
+dealt, when its effects have been so instant, that the brave heart's
+blood has been spilt, and the pulses have ceased to beat, while the
+streak of life and health was still fresh upon the cheek&mdash;when a smile
+has remained upon the lips of my brother-soldier, even after he had
+fallen a corpse across my path. But, oh! sir, what is all this compared
+with what I suffered as I watched life ebb slowly from the wound which
+I had myself so wantonly inflicted in the breast of a helpless, innocent
+child!&mdash;It was by mistake, by accident. Oh, yes! I know it, I know it
+well; and day and night I have striven to forget that hour. But it is of
+no use; the cruel recollection never leaves my mind&mdash;that piteous wail
+is ever in my ears!&mdash;The father's agony will follow me to the
+grave!"&mdash;<i>Legends of the Lib. at Lilies.</i>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>
+	THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+</h2>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>
+	THE CITADEL OF ANTWERP.
+</h3>
+
+<center>
+(<i>From personal inspection, by a Contributor to the United Service
+Journal.</i>)
+</center>
+
+
+<p>
+This spot, on which the eye of all Europe is at present concentrated,
+lies at the southern extremity of Antwerp, and forms one continued
+line with its defences along the banks of the Scheldt. It is a regular
+pentagon in shape, protected by bastions ranging at progressive
+elevations, and connecting themselves with curtains of proportionate
+height. In advance of these defences are a further series of spacious
+bastions, immediately connected with the preceding, but of later
+construction. The one were erected by Paciotti and Cerbolini, two
+Italian engineers, by order of the tyrant Alba, 1568, and the others
+according to Vauban's principles in 1701. Every side of this citadel is
+equally formidable for its strength; that towards the town is furnished
+with a raveline; and this is also the case with the front which faces
+the river, and opens upon a paved line of road, from which all
+communication with Antwerp itself has latterly been cut off. Two of
+the sides of this fastness front towards the adjacent country, and are
+likewise supplied with ravelines; the centre bastion in this direction
+bears Paciotto's name, which has been denaturalized in that of Paniotto
+in the French elevations. The defences of the town terminate in the
+centre of the fifth side, which circumstance has left it unprovided with
+a raveline. On the summit (or capital) of the two bastions on the land
+side, two large lunettes have been thrown forward, one being called Fort
+Kiel, from the adjacent suburb, and the other, which stands more away
+from the town, Fort St. Laurent. Internally the citadel of Antwerp
+contains
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page406" name="page406"></a>[pg 406]</span>
+every provision for the safe housing of its defenders, and
+possesses more than the requisite accommodation under ground for its
+supplies. All the barracks, exposed to the enemy's fire, are so placed,
+that the strength of the garrison may be readily collected at the point
+endangered; the kind of defence to be brought into action is plain and
+obvious; and the <i>matériel</i> for standing a siege has been as
+liberally provided as the means of subsistence for preserving the
+<i>morale</i> of the besieged from being deteriorated. The garrison
+consists of picked troops, who place unlimited confidence in their
+commandant. The citadel is encompassed by a ditch, which has eighteen
+feet of water in every part of its circuit, and is protected by ramparts
+of adequate elevation, and strength in proportion. With such elements of
+defence as these its capture cannot be effected without a sacrifice of
+human lives, which none but the flint-hearted can contemplate or foresee
+without deprecation and horror.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the year 1792, when it was carried by the revolutionary forces
+of France, they took the direction of the city walls as their line of
+attack, and mounted the bastion which bears Paciotto's name; this,
+at that time of day, formed indisputably the most advantageous point
+of assault; but its increased strength in this quarter would, at the
+present moment, render any attack an act of temerity. An esplanade
+of the average width of four hundred paces, which was laid out as a
+handsome promenade, before the bombardment in 1830, separates the
+citadel from the town: but the effect of that bombardment has been to
+throw a wide area of fifteen hundred paces open to the very marge of
+the Scheldt; and to disconnect the fortress still more completely from
+the inhabited portion of Antwerp. Lamentable as may be the prospect,
+Antwerp, the mistress of the finest naval station and commercial port in
+Europe, is doomed to destruction, if a single gun be directed against
+its citadel. It is not possible for its commandant, as a soldier and
+a subject, to avoid any and every means of annoying a besieger; and
+amongst these, none so ready and effectual, present themselves, as that
+of preventing the town from becoming the covert for an assailant. We have
+witnessed the deplorable havoc which a few mortars brought upon it in
+1830; but how frightful will be the issue when rockets and red-hot shot
+come to be poured upon the devoted city. Nay, more,&mdash;by opening the
+dykes along the Scheldt, a large portion of the western provinces of
+Belgium is capable of being inundated; and if this fresh calamity ensue,
+as a second resource on the part of the besieged, from the adoption
+of which the recognised laws of warfare cannot absolve them, not only
+Antwerp will have ceased to exist, but her citadel will rear its head,
+a frowning islet, amidst a waste of waters. As to the blockade of the
+Scheldt, it will be impotent with regard to distressing the citadel; for
+the windings of that stream, as well as of the Maas, at their mouths,
+preclude the possibility of effectually staying the Dutch from
+communication with it.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>
+	THE PLAINT OF CERTAIN CORAL BEADS.
+</h3>
+
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Spoiler of forbidden wealth,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Guarded by the hoary waves!</p>
+           <p>  When we mourn thy cruel stealth,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Sorrowing for our quiet caves.</p>
+           <p>  Doth it calm our wistful pining</p>
+           <p>  That the chains we hate are shining?</p>
+<p class="i2">    Boast we beauty's gauds to be?</p>
+           <p>  Can the state such bondage shares,</p>
+           <p>  Thoughtless liking, loveless cares,</p>
+           <p>  Sudden angers, wilful airs,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Sooth us like the mighty sea?</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Though, in hours when suitors press</p>
+<p class="i2">    Near the shrine of star-bright eyes,</p>
+           <p>  Mysteries, some would die to guess,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Our familiar touch descries;</p>
+           <p>  When a startled throb or tremble,</p>
+           <p>  Woman's craft would fain dissemble,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Through our light embraces swells;&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  Fruitless secrets&mdash;vainly taught,&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  Bliss unheeded&mdash;trust unsought&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  Can they quench the constant thought</p>
+<p class="i2">    Of our dreamy ocean-cells?</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Though the glowing bands we form,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Oft by redder lips be pressed,</p>
+           <p>  And a slumber, soft and warm,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Fold us on a dove-like breast,&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  Not to love, but love's bestowing</p>
+           <p>  Gentle care and kiss are owing:&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">    Is the passion changed or cloyed,</p>
+           <p>  Doth the giver's light grow less?</p>
+           <p>  Banished from the sweet recess,</p>
+           <p>  Sportive pressure, fond caress,</p>
+<p class="i2">    See our mimic worth destroyed!</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Then in close and narrow keep,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Pent, with scorned and faded toys,</p>
+           <p>  Mourn we for the glassy deep,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Sigh we for our early joys!</p>
+           <p>  What has earth like ocean's treasures?</p>
+           <p>  More than craving avarice measures,</p>
+<p class="i2">    More than Fancy's dream enchants,</p>
+           <p>  Deck the booming caves below,</p>
+           <p>  Where green waters ever flow</p>
+           <p>  Under groves of pearl, that grow</p>
+<p class="i2">    In the mermaid's glimmering haunts.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Under spar-enchased bowers,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Bending on their twisted stems,</p>
+           <p>  Glow the myriad ocean-flowers,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Fadeless&mdash;rich as orient gems.</p>
+           <p>  Hung with seaweed's tasselled fringes,</p>
+           <p>  Dyed with all the rainbow's tinges,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Rise the Triton's palace walls.</p>
+           <p>  Pallid silver's wandering veins</p>
+           <p>  Stream, like frostwork, o'er the stains;</p>
+           <p>  Pavements thick, with golden grains,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Twinkle through their crystal halls.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  And a music wild and low</p>
+<p class="i2">    Ever, o'er the curved shells,</p>
+           <p>  Wanders with a fitful flow</p>
+<p class="i2">    As the billow sinks or swells.</p>
+           <p>  Now, to faintest whispers hushing,</p>
+           <p>  Now, in louder cadence gushing,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Wakens from their pleasant sleep</p>
+           <p>  All the tuneful Nereid-throng,</p>
+           <p>  Till their notes of wreathed song</p>
+           <p>  Float in magic streams along,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Chanting joyaunce through the deep.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Chance or change,&mdash;the clouds of time&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">    Sorrow,&mdash;winter storm, or blight,</p>
+           <p>  Comes not near our peaceful clime;</p>
+<p class="i2">    Nor the strife of day with night.</p>
+<div>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page407" name="page407"></a>[pg 407]</span>
+</div>
+           <p>  Death, who walks the earth in riot,</p>
+           <p>  Stirs not our primeval quiet:</p>
+<p class="i2">    Scarce his distant rage we know</p>
+           <p>  From the dreary things of clay,</p>
+           <p>  Slain, alas! in ocean's play,</p>
+           <p>  Whom the sea-maids shroud and lay</p>
+<p class="i2">    In the silent caves below.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Fond! to deem we count it pride</p>
+<p class="i2">    Thus to deck the fair of earth!</p>
+           <p>  We, whose beauty-peopled tide</p>
+<p class="i2">    Gave the foam-born goddess birth!</p>
+           <p>  Her, whose glory's radiant fulness.</p>
+           <p>  All too bright for mortal dulness,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Sparkles in a lovelier star!</p>
+           <p>  Are not Ocean's shady places</p>
+           <p>  Rich in kindred forms and faces,</p>
+           <p>  Choral bands of sister-Graces</p>
+<p class="i2">    Circling Amphitrite's car?</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Toiling o'er the shallow page,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Vainly pedants seek the lore</p>
+           <p>  Taught us by that prophet sage,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Whom our azure Thetis bore.</p>
+           <p>  Wiser Eld his solemn numbers,</p>
+           <p>  Listening, stole from Ocean's slumbers,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Signs of coming doom to learn.</p>
+           <p>  Poor were all your labours reap,</p>
+           <p>  To the gifted seers that keep</p>
+           <p>  Mysteries of the ancient deep,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Drawn from Nereus' sacred urn.</p>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Let us find our old retreat,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Yield us to the kissing wave,</p>
+           <p>  From the daylight's parching heat</p>
+<p class="i2">    In its cool profound to lave.</p>
+           <p>  If ye needs must rob for beauty,</p>
+           <p>  Earth's abysses teem with booty.</p>
+<p class="i2">    Gems, that love the blaze of day:&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  We are tired of glittering shows,</p>
+<p class="i2">    And the strife of man's display;</p>
+           <p>  Let us sink to sweet repose</p>
+           <p>  Where the lulling water flows;</p>
+<p class="i2">    Give us to our native bay!</p>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+<center>
+<i>Tait's Edinburgh Magazine.</i>
+</center>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>
+	SHELLEY.
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+[We find the clever and curious sketches of Shelley, in the <i>New
+Monthly Magazine</i>, concluded with the following interesting
+anecdote.]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That Shelley gave freely, when the needy scholar asked, or in silent,
+hopeless poverty seemed to ask, his aid, will he demonstrated most
+clearly by relating shortly one example of his generosity, where the
+applicant had no pretensions to literary renown, and no claim whatever,
+except perhaps honest penury. It is delightful to attempt to delineate
+from various points of view a creature of infinite moral beauty,&mdash;but
+one instance must suffice; an ample volume might be composed of such
+tales, but one may be selected, because it contains a large admixture of
+that ingredient which is essential to the conversion of alms-giving into
+the genuine virtue of charity&mdash;self-denial. On returning to town after
+the long vacation, at the end of October, I found Shelley at one of the
+hotels in Covent Garden. Having some business in hand he was passing a
+few days there alone. We had taken some mutton chops hastily at a dark
+place in one of the minute courts of the city, at an early hour, and we
+went forth to walk; for to walk at all times, and especially in the
+evening, was his supreme delight. The aspect of the fields to the north
+of Somers-Town, between that beggarly suburb and Kentish-Town, has been
+totally changed of late. Although this district could never be accounted
+pretty, nor deserving a high place even amongst suburban scenes, yet
+the air, or often the wind, seemed pure and fresh to captives emerging
+from the smoke of London; there were certain old elms, much very green
+grass, quiet cattle feeding, and groups of noisy children playing with
+something of the freedom of the village green. There was, oh, blessed
+thing! an entire absence of carriages and of blood-horses; of the
+dust and dress and affectation and fashion of the parks: there were,
+moreover, old and quaint edifices and objects which gave character to
+the scene. Whenever Shelley was imprisoned in London,&mdash;for to a poet a
+close and crowded city must be a dreary gaol,&mdash;his steps would take that
+direction, unless his residence was too remote, or he was accompanied by
+one who chose to guide his walk. On this occasion I was led thither,
+as indeed I had anticipated: the weather was fine, but the autumn was
+already advanced; we had not sauntered long in these fields when the
+dusky evening closed in, and the darkness gradually thickened. "How
+black those trees are," said Shelley, stopping short, and pointing to
+a row of elms; "it is so dark the trees might well be houses, and the
+turf, pavement,&mdash;the eye would sustain no loss; it is useless therefore
+to remain here, let us return." He proposed tea at his hotel, I
+assented; and hastily buttoning his coat, he seized my arm, and set off
+at his great pace, striding with bent knees over the fields and through
+the narrow streets. We were crossing the New Road, when he said shortly,
+"I must call for a moment, but it will not be out of the way at all,"
+and then dragged me suddenly towards the left. I inquired whither we
+were bound, and, I believe, I suggested the postponement of the intended
+call till the morrow. He answered, it was not at all out of our way.
+I was hurried along rapidly towards the left; we soon fell into an
+animated discussion respecting the nature of the virtue of the Romans,
+which in some measure beguiled the weary way. Whilst he was talking with
+much vehemence and a total disregard of the people who thronged the
+streets, he suddenly wheeled about and pushed me through a narrow door;
+to my infinite surprise I found myself in a pawnbroker's shop! It was
+in the neighbourhood of Newgate Street; for he had no idea whatever in
+practice either of time or space, nor did he in any degree regard method
+in the conduct of business. There were several women in the shop in
+brown and grey cloaks with squalling children: some of them were
+attempting to persuade the children to be quiet, or at least, to scream
+with
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page408" name="page408"></a>[pg 408]</span>
+moderation; the others were enlarging upon and pointing out the
+beauties of certain coarse and dirty sheets that lay before them to a
+man on the other side of the counter. I bore this substitute for our
+proposed tea some minutes with tolerable patience, but as the call did
+not promise to terminate speedily, I said to Shelley, in a whisper, "Is
+not this almost as bad as the Roman virtue?" Upon this he approached the
+pawnbroker: it was long before he could obtain a hearing, and he did not
+find civility. The man was unwilling to part with a valuable pledge so
+soon, or perhaps he hoped to retain it eventually; or it might be, that
+the obliquity of his nature disqualified him for respectful behaviour.
+A pawnbroker is frequently an important witness in criminal proceedings:
+it has happened to me, therefore, afterwards to see many specimens of
+this kind of banker; they sometimes appeared not less respectable than
+other tradesmen, and sometimes I have been forcibly reminded of the
+first I ever met with, by an equally ill conditioned fellow. I was so
+little pleased with the introduction, that I stood aloof in the shop,
+and did not hear what passed between him and Shelley. On our way to
+Covent-Garden, I expressed my surprise and dissatisfaction at our
+strange visit, and I learned that when he came to London before, in
+the course of the summer, some old man had related to him a tale of
+distress,&mdash;of a calamity which could only be alleviated by the timely
+application of ten pounds; five of them he drew at once from his
+pocket, and to raise the other five he had pawned his beautiful solar
+microscope! He related this act of beneficence simply and briefly, as if
+it were a matter of course, and such indeed it was to him. I was ashamed
+of my impatience, and we strode along in silence.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It was past ten when we reached the hotel; some excellent tea and
+a liberal supply of hot muffins in the coffee-room, now quiet and
+solitary, were the more grateful after the wearisome delay and vast
+deviation. Shelley often turned his head, and cast eager glances towards
+the door; and whenever the waiter replenished our teapot, or approached
+our box, he was interrogated whether any one had yet called. At last the
+desired summons was brought: Shelley drew forth some bank notes, hurried
+to the bar, and returned as hastily, bearing in triumph under his arm a
+mahogany box, followed by the officious waiter, with whose assistance he
+placed it upon the bench by his side. He viewed it often with evident
+satisfaction, and sometimes patted it affectionately in the course of
+calm conversation. The solar microscope was always a favourite plaything
+or instrument of scientific inquiry; whenever he entered a house his
+first care was to choose some window of a southern aspect, and, if
+permission could be obtained by prayer or by purchase, strightway to
+cut a hole through the shutter to receive it. His regard for his solar
+microscope was as lasting as it was strong; for he retained it several
+years after this adventure, and long after he had parted with all the
+rest of his philosophical apparatus.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Such is the story of the microscope, and no rightly judging person who
+hears it will require the further accumulation of proofs of a benevolent
+heart; nor can I, perhaps, better close these sketches than with that
+impression of the pure and genial beauty of Shelley's nature which this
+simple anecdote will bequeath.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+[In parting with this very ingenious series of papers, we beg to concur
+in the well-expressed wish of the Editor of the <i>New Monthly Magazine</i>,
+"that their author could be tempted to give the world a complete history
+of one whose peculiar and subtle nature he so well comprehends."]
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>
+	THE NATURALIST.
+</h2>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<h3>
+NEW SPECIES OF BAT.&mdash;(VESPERTILIO AUDUBONI.)
+</h3>
+
+<center>
+(<i>By Richard Harlan, M.D.</i>)
+</center>
+
+
+<p>
+Of the numerous creatures which attract our admiration, or excite
+our fears, the greater part display their appetites, or develope
+their instincts, during the day time only; especially&mdash;with few
+exceptions&mdash;all those remarkable for beauty of plumage, and vocal
+melody. Predacious animals are chiefly distinguished for their nocturnal
+habits; and ideas of rapine, terror and blood, are ever associated with
+the tiger, the hyena, and the wolf. Among the feathered tribes, the
+<i>owl</i> and the <i>bat</i>, also companions of darkness, are shunned
+by many, as horrible objects, and full of ill-omen. Haunted castles,
+ruined battlements, and noisome caverns, are the chosen abodes of these
+noctural maurauders, and it is to such associations that these animals
+are indebted for the unamiable character they have obtained. The
+prejudices conceived against that portion of these animals, with which
+we are familiar, are founded entirely upon these their habits; for small
+quadrupeds, reptiles and fish, constitute the food of the first, whilst
+insects and fruit suffice for the other. It is at the close of the
+day, when the hum of nature is beginning to subside, that the patient
+<i>bat</i> steals from his dark retreat, and spreads his leathery
+wings in search of his food.
+</p>
+
+<div class="figure" style="width: 100%;">
+<a href="images/581-2.png"><img width="100%" src="images/581-2.png"
+alt="[Illustration" /></a>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>
+The new species of this little flying quadruped, which we are now about
+to notice, belongs to a very large and respectable family. In the days
+of Linnaeus, they all&mdash;from their appearance at twilight&mdash;went by the
+family name of <i>Vespertilio</i>. They further belong to the order
+<i>Carnivora</i>, their teeth being constructed for masticating flesh;
+though some&mdash;and in this they resemble ourselves&mdash;are
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page409" name="page409"></a>[pg 409]</span>
+also fond of
+fruit. In one important point, the whole race has a common character, in
+their organ of flight. The bones of the fingers are extremely elongated,
+and united by a membrane, which is continued down the side of the body;
+and extending on the leg as far as the tarsus, also unites the legs and
+tail. Agreeing so universally in this particular, they form a very
+natural family, under the appropriate term. Cheiroptera, constructed
+from two Greek words, signifying <i>hand and wing</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The vespertilio are again divided into GENERA and
+<i>Species</i>,&mdash;divisions which are grounded on certain peculiarities
+of dental structure, and various developements of the brachial, digital,
+and interfemoral appendages, with other modifications of the organs of
+progression. These genera include species which are discovered in every
+habitable part of the globe, of various magnitudes, from the size of a
+half grown cat, to that of a half grown mouse.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Of this numerous family only three genera, of modern authors, inhabit
+the United States, viz. RHINOPOMA, VESPERTILIO, and TAPHOZOUS. Seven
+species, exclusive of the present, are all that have been hitherto
+discovered in North America.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We propose to dedicate this new species, to our valuable friend the
+justly celebrated naturalist J.J. AUDUBON, as a small tribute of
+respect to his eminent talents, and the highly important services he
+has rendered science. The drawing which accompanies this paper, is
+from his inimitable pencil.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This species was first observed, during the summer of 1829, when an
+individual female flew into the apartment of the late Dr. Hammersly,
+then one of the resident physicians of the Pennsylvania hospital: on
+the subsequent evening a male individual, of the same species, was
+also taken in the same manner. In August 1830, a very fine specimen
+was brought to the Academy of Natural Sciences, and Mr. Audubon informs
+me that the species has very recently been observed in New York.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The natural characters of the species are&mdash;General colour black,
+sprinkled with gray above and beneath; ears black and naked; auriculum,
+short and broad or obtusely triangular; interfemoral membrane, sparsely
+hairy; last joint of the tail free: two incisors, with notched crowns,
+on each side of the canine teeth of the upper jaw, with a broad
+intervening space without teeth.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The dimensions are.&mdash;Total length 3 inches 7 tenths; tail 1.7; length of
+ear 0.5. breadth of ear 0.4; length of leg 1.7; spread of wings 10.7.
+inhabit Pennsylvania and New York, and probably the southern
+states.&mdash;<i>Cab. of Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad.</i> (Abridged from
+Featherstonhaugh's <i>Monthly American Journal of Geology and Natural
+Science.</i>)
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>
+	FINE ARTS.
+</h2>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>
+	MOSAIC PAVEMENT.
+</h3>
+
+
+<p>
+The chief object of curiosity at Palestrina, (ancient Praeneste,) is
+the castle or palace of the prince, in the highest part of the city, to
+which there is an ascent by an excellent coach-road to the right, by
+the Capucin Convent, without entering the narrow street. Before it is a
+level space of considerable length; which formed the highest platform of
+the Temple of Fortune. Two flights of steps lead to an amphitheatre, or
+semicular staircase, in excellent preservation, which is the same that
+led to the sanctuary of the temple, on the foundation of which the
+palace is built: in the middle of the semicircle is a well; each step
+is about a foot and a half high, like the ancient steps of the capitol
+which led to the church of Ara Coeli, at Rome. Another short flight
+conducts to the hall of entrance, where there is a double staircase, and
+a recess closed by iron grates, which contains the celebrated antique
+pavement, of which Pliny speaks in the following
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page410" name="page410"></a>[pg 410]</span>
+terms, "The fine mosaic
+of small stones, placed by Sylla as a pavement in the Temple of Fortune
+at Praeneste, was the first thing of the kind seen in Italy." There does
+not seem to be the smallest room to doubt of this being the genuine
+mosaic he mentions; it is in excellent preservation, and appears to be
+about twenty feet by sixteen. It was found in the same cellar of the
+seminary, where is still the altar of Fortune, and may be considered as
+one of the most interesting relics of antiquity. Towards the upper part
+of it are mountains, with negro savages hunting wild beasts; animals of
+different sorts, with their names in Greek written below them, such
+as the rhinoceros, crocodile, and lynx. Lower down are seen houses of
+various forms, temples, vessels of different constructions, particularly
+a galley of 32 oars, manned with armed blacks, and commanded by a white
+man; a tent with soldiers, a palm tree, flowers, a collation in an
+arbour, an altar of Anubis; in short, almost every circumstance
+imaginable in life. The scene apparently lies in Egypt. The figures are
+well drawn, the light and shadows happily disposed, and the colouring
+harmonious. The stones which compose this very curious pavement are
+remarkably small which renders the effect peculiarly pleasing, from
+the neatness of its appearance.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+W.G.C.
+</h4>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>
+	PANORAMA OF STIRLING.
+</h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Stirling, or Strivelin, and its storied environs have furnished Mr.
+Burford with a new Panorama, of more than usual interest in its details.
+The town is fraught with historical association, and the surrounding
+country is of picturesque and poetical character. A Scottish poet
+describes its attractions in these enthusiastic lines:
+</p>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  O! grander far than Windsor's brow!</p>
+           <p>  And sweeter to the vale below!</p>
+           <p>  Whar Forth's unrivalled windings flow</p>
+<p class="i8">              Through varied grain,</p>
+           <p>  Brightening, I ween wi' glittering glow,</p>
+<p class="i8">              Strevlina's plain!</p>
+           <p>  There, raptured trace, (enthroned on hie)</p>
+           <p>  The landscape stretching on the ee,</p>
+           <p>  Frae Grampian hills down to the sea&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i8">              A dazzling view&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  Corn, meadow, mansion, water, tree,</p>
+<p class="i8">              In varying hue.</p>
+           <p>  There, seated, mark, wi' ardour keen,</p>
+           <p>  The Skellock bright 'mang corn sae green,</p>
+           <p>  The purple pea, and speckled bean,</p>
+<p class="i8">              A fragrant store&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  And vessels sailing, morn and een,</p>
+<p class="i8">              To Stirling's shore.</p>
+           <p>  And Shaw park, gilt wi' e'ening's ray:</p>
+           <p>  And Embro castle, distant grey;</p>
+           <p>  Wi' Alva screened near Aichil brae,</p>
+<p class="i8">              'Mang grove and bower!</p>
+           <p>  And rich Clackmannan rising gay</p>
+<p class="i8">              Wi' woods and tower.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+<center>
+<i>Hector Macneill.</i>
+</center>
+
+
+<p>
+Stirling is seated on the river Forth, upon a precipitous basaltic
+rock, about one hundred feet from the level of the plain. Upon the rock
+stands the Castle, from the outer court of which the present Panorama
+was sketched. The town, in external appearance, bears a miniature
+resemblance to Edinburgh, being situate like the old town of that
+city, on the sloping ridge of a rock, running from east to west, the
+precipitous end of which is occupied by the Castle. But, of the town
+itself, little is seen in the Panorama. The view, as we have stated, is
+from the Castle, and is generally allowed to be one of the finest in
+Scotland. Its scenery has many sublime and picturesque features, and
+has moreover been the site of some of the most stirring incidents in
+Scottish history; no less than twelve fields of battle, including three
+important ones fought by the first and second Edwards, being distinctly
+visible. Beginning with the Castle, we find, from its situation
+commanding the passes and fords between the north and south of Scotland,
+it was in early times styled the Key, as Dumbarton was the Lock, to the
+Highlands. Its first fortification is referred to the time of Agricola;
+the Picts had a strong fortress here, which was totally destroyed in the
+ninth century by the Scots, under Kenneth II. Stirling formed part of
+the ransom of his brother and successor, who had been taken prisoner by
+the Northumbrians; they rebuilt the Castle, but subsequently restored
+the place to the Scots. In the twelfth century, it was considered one of
+the strongest forts in Scotland. It was often visited by the Scottish
+monarchs, but it did not become a royal residence until the accession of
+the Stuarts. Here was born James II., and in an apartment now forming
+part of the deputy-governor's lodging, this king perpetrated the murder
+of Earl Douglas. James III. made it his chief residence, erected the
+parliament-house, and a richly-endowed chapel, since destroyed. James V.
+was crowned here, and erected the palace. Mary was crowned here, as
+was James VI. when thirteenth months old; he was educated here by the
+celebrated Buchanan. During the regency of Mary of Lorraine, a strong
+battery was erected here; and in the reign of Queen Anne, the
+fortifications were strengthened and enlarged. In 1806, the rocky ground
+in front was converted into an esplanade; since which the towers have
+been repaired and castellated, it being one of the Scottish forts,
+which, by the articles of the Union, are always to be kept in repair.
+It mounts about 36 guns; but if regularly invested in modern warfare, it
+could not hold out many hours. To enumerate its sieges, dismantlings,
+and repairs would occupy too much space. Among the most memorable of its
+stormy annals, is its siege by Edward II. in 1301, for three months,
+when it was battered with stones of two hundred pounds weight each,
+thrown by engines, in the formation of which was used all the lead
+from the monastery of St. Andrew's. It
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page411" name="page411"></a>[pg 411]</span>
+was last besieged in 1746 by the
+Highlanders under Prince Charles. The chief parts of the building seen
+in the Panorama are the additions by Queen Anne, the parliament-house,
+(though not the unsightly, modern roof,) and the palace, a stately
+and curious structure of hewn stone, and embellished with grotesque
+sculpture. The latter building forms a quadrangle, the central court of
+which is called the lion's den, from the king's lions being formerly
+kept there. The whole is now used as barracks. From the Castle, looking
+over the town, towards the east, is a vast plain, nearly 40 miles
+in extent, called the Carse of Stirling, through which the Firth in
+meandering, forms a number of peninsulas, in places approximating so
+closely as to have an isthmus of only a few yards, the effect of which
+in the picture, reminded us of the contrived intricacies of a child's
+puzzle; in this direction is seen Alla, or Alloa, a thriving seaport
+town, with a Gothic church, and celebrated for its excellent ale;
+Clackmannan, a miserable town, where in a tower lived King Robert Bruce,
+and where an old Jacobite lady knighted Burns with a sword which
+belonged to Bruce, observing that she had a better right to do so than
+<i>some folk</i>; Falkirk, known for its <i>trysts</i>, or markets,
+where the country-people point out a battle-field, and a stream called
+the Red Burn, from its running with blood on the day of the conflict;
+Bruce lived near this spot, the view from which he said was not
+surpassed by any he had seen in his travels: next lies the Firth of
+Forth, and the country as far as Edinburgh and the Pentland Hills.
+Towards the south stands the ancient village of St. Ninian's, and
+Bannockburn, the battleground of the most celebrated and important
+contest that ever took place between English and Scots; the Torwood,
+where till lately stood a tree said to have sheltered Wallace; and the
+Carron, bounded by the green hills of Campsie. Towards the west are the
+plains of Menteith, a district, says Chambers, distinguished almost
+above all the rest of Scotland, for the singular series of beautiful
+and romantic scenes which it presents to the view of the traveller, and
+bounded by the majestic Grampians. On the north are the famous ruins
+of Cambuskenneth, and the precipitous Abbey Craig, beyond which lies
+the richly-cultivated vale of Devon; the moor on which the battle of
+Dumblain was fought; and Ochill Hills, clothed with blooming heath, and
+overtopped by the summits of Perthshire. Such is the artist's outline of
+the prospect: our task shall be to select a few of its most entertaining
+details.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To return to the Panoramic arrangement: next the castle is Gowlan Hill,
+the ordinary place of execution in times of wicked bloodshed, and thus
+apostrophized by Douglas, in the <i>Lady of the Lake</i>:
+</p>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  And thou O sad and fatal mound!</p>
+           <p>  That oft hast heard the death-axe sound,</p>
+           <p>  As on the noblest of the land,</p>
+           <p>  Fell the stern headsman's bloody hand.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+<p>
+The hill has, however, less terrible association; it being after called
+Hurly Hacket, from James V. and his nobles there playing at that game,
+which consisted in sliding down the steep banks on an inverted cutty
+stool. This was, at least, more rational than cutting off heads. Next is
+Abbey Craig, a rock upon which Wallace defeated the English; Dollava, a
+village on a gloomy rock, almost insulated by two streams, whose Celtic
+names signify the glens of care and the burns of sorrow; Tillabody, the
+birthplace and property of Sir Ralph Abercrombie; the crumbling walls
+and bell tower of Cambuskenneth Abbey, wherein several parliaments were
+held, and at whose high altar the clergy and nobles swore fealty to
+Robert and David Bruce; Edinburgh, with its castle, thirty-eight miles
+from Stirling, whence it is discernable in clear weather; the Carron
+Iron-works; and the Carron, of more classic celebrity in Ossian, and the
+battles of the Romans and the Scots and Picts; the dome-shaped hill of
+Tinto, in Lanarkshire, 60 miles from Stirling, and 2,336 feet in height;
+Arthur's Hill, a circular mound of earth, surrounded by seats of turf
+in the royal gardens, sometimes called the king's knot, where the court
+held fêtes, and where James used to amuse himself with the pastime
+called the Knights of the Round Table; Ben Lomond, 3,240 feet above the
+lake, which is 32 feet above the level of the sea; Ben Venue, and Ben
+Ledy, or the hill of God, in Perthshire, 3,009 feet in height, so called
+from the inhabitants of the surrounding villages, in former times,
+meeting on its summit at the summer solstice, three days and nights for
+the purpose of devotion. These three mountains, with their vicinities
+are enshrined in Sir Walter Scott's <i>Lady of the Lake</i>; and the
+village of Balquidder, at the foot of Ben Ledy, is the burial place of
+Rob Roy. We have just described the circle: over the garden wall of
+the Castle, at a considerable distance, is the well-wooded estate and
+mansion of Craig Forth, said to have once belonged to a blacksmith of
+Stirling: this man having placed the iron bars (which still remain to
+the windows of the palace), and done other work for James VI. when that
+monarch came to the throne of England, made a demand of one thousand
+pounds Scots,&mdash;but by some error, the accounts being paid in Stirling
+money, he with it purchased the estate and built the house of Craig
+Forth. Next, to the right is Blair Drummond, formerly the residence of
+the accomplished Lord Kaimes; and beyond are the celebrated ruins of
+Donne Castle; not the least interesting incident of its annals was the
+imprisonment there in 1745, of John Home, (the author of Douglas,)
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page412" name="page412"></a>[pg 412]</span>
+who has left a narrative of his clambering escape over the high walls.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is time to speak of the Panorama as a work of art; for hitherto we
+have rather considered its intellectual interest. The Castle and Palace
+we take to be finely painted, with admirable picturesque effect: the
+huge gateway, flanked with two towers, the battlemented walls, and
+battery, are in fine bold relief, as is the clinging vegetation about
+the building; nor must we omit the grotesque figures or corbelled
+pedestals, and the identical window bars, the work of the wily Scot
+of Craig Forth; the latter especially, are clever. A portion of the
+esplanade otherwise devoid of interest, is peopled with a meeting of the
+Highland Society celebrating the feats of the ancient Caledonians, the
+object of the Society being to preserve their language, costume, music,
+gymnastic sports, and martial games. This introduction happily fills up
+what would otherwise have been the only void in the scene, so thickly
+is it studed and storied with objects and recollections. Altogether, we
+have rarely seen a topographical panorama of such diversified character:
+it has reminiscences of history and poetry to lead us through the
+retrospect of chivalrous ages, princely contests for crowns that rarely
+sat lightly on their wearers, and the last flickering hopes of defeated
+ambition and ill-starred fortune. Yet, how powerfully, not to say
+painfully, are these pages in the chronicles of human actions, when
+contrasted with the broad volume of nature, as spread before us in this
+picture. Alas! what is the majesty of the mightiest of the kings that
+dwelt in its palace in comparison with the sublimities of Tinto, Ben
+Lomond, Venue, or Ledy; or what the peace of their halls amidst the
+smiling expanse of the Carse of Stirling in all its quiet luxuriance.
+They and their houses have become dust or crumbling ruin, and death has
+with a little pin bored through their castle walls&mdash;while Nature has
+been flourishing from year to year, and reading man an epitome of
+existence in the succession of her changes.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It has been stated that Mr. Burford, the successful painter of Stirling,
+is engaged on a Panorama of the Falls of Niagara. All admirers of this
+style of painting must be anxious for his success.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>
+	SIR WALTER SCOTT.
+</h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Mr. Parker has issued in addition to the Medal already noticed in
+our pages, a <i>Medallion</i> of the lamented Poet and Novelist, from
+Chantrey's bust. It is, we think, the obverse of the Medal, with bronzed
+circular frame work bearing the motto suggested by Sir Walter. Though
+handsome, it is an economical memorial of one whose amiable talents must
+endear him to every fireside in the kingdom.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>
+	NEW BOOKS.
+</h2>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>
+	POMPEII.
+</h3>
+
+
+<p>
+[The second and concluding volume of the descriptive history of
+Pompeii, in the <i>Library of Entertaining Knowledge</i>, is still more
+attractive than its predecessor. It contains the very domestic economy
+of the ancient inhabitants&mdash;chapters on domestic architecture, paintings
+and mosaics, streets and fountains, private houses, villas, and tombs;
+and, moreover, on the art of baking, and the forms of domestic utensils.
+We are, therefore, led through hall, parlour, bath, kitchen, and shop,
+with amusing minuteness; and, in the account of furniture and domestic
+implements, it is curious to observe, how far we are indebted to the
+ancients for the forms of similar contrivances now in use. One of the
+best passages in this portion of the work is the following, on the]
+</p>
+
+<center>
+<i>Lamps and Candelabra.</i>
+</center>
+
+<p>
+No articles of ancient manufacture are more common than lamps. They are
+found in every variety of form and size, in clay and in metal, from the
+most cheap to the most costly description. We have the testimony of
+the celebrated antiquary Winkelmann to the interest of this subject:
+"I place among the most curious utensils, found at Herculaneum, the
+lamps, in which the ancients sought to display elegance, and even
+magnificence. Lamps of every sort will be found in the museum at
+Portici, both in clay and bronze, but especially the latter; and as
+the ornaments of the ancients have generally some reference to some
+particular things, we often meet with rather remarkable subjects."
+A considerable number of these articles will be found in the British
+Museum, but they are chiefly of the commoner sort. All the works,
+however, descriptive of Herculaneum and Pompeii, present us with
+specimens of the richer and more remarkable class, which attract
+admiration both by the beauty of the workmanship, and the whimsical
+variety of their designs. We may enumerate a few which occur in a work
+now before us, "Antiquités d'Herculanum," in which we find a Silenus,
+with the usual peculiarities of figure ascribed to the jolly god rather
+exaggerated, and an owl sitting upon his head between two huge horns,
+which support stands for lamps. Another represents a flower-stalk,
+growing out of a circular plinth, with snail-shells hanging from it by
+small chains, which held the oil and wick. The trunk of a tree, with
+lamps suspended between the branches. Another, a naked boy, beautifully
+wrought, with a lamp hanging from one hand, and an instrument for
+trimming it from the other, the lamp itself representing a theatrical
+mask. Beside him is a twisted column, surmounted by the head of a Faun,
+or Bacchanal, which has a lid in its crown, and seems
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page413" name="page413"></a>[pg 413]</span>
+intended as a
+reservoir of oil. The boy and pillar are both placed on a square
+plateau, raised upon lions' claws. But, beautiful as those lamps are,
+the light which they gave must have been weak and unsteady, and little
+superior to that of common street-lamps, with which indeed they are
+identical in principle. The wick was merely a few twisted threads, drawn
+through a hole in the upper surface of the oil-vessel; and there was no
+glass to steady the light, and prevent its varying with every breeze
+that blew.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Still, though the Romans had not advanced so far in art as to apply
+glass-chimneys and hollow circular wicks to their lamps, they had
+experienced the inconvenience of going home at night through a city
+ill-paved, ill-watched, and ill-lighted, and, accordingly, soon invented
+lanterns to meet the want. These we learn from Martial, who has several
+epigrams upon this subject, were made of horn or bladder;&mdash;no mention,
+we believe, occurs, of glass being thus employed. The rich were preceded
+by a slave bearing their lantern. This, Cicero mentions, as being the
+habit of Catiline upon his midnight expeditions; and when M. Antony was
+accused of a disgraceful intrigue, his lantern-bearer was tortured, to
+extort a confession whither he had conducted his master.<a id="footnotetag4" name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a> One of these
+machines, of considerable ingenuity and beauty of workmanship, was found
+in Herculaneum in 1760, and another, almost exactly the same, at
+Pompeii, a few years after.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One of the most elegant articles of furniture in ancient use was the
+candelabrum, by which we mean those tall and slender stands which served
+to support a lamp, but were independent of and unconnected with it.
+These, in their original and simple form, were probably mere reeds, or
+straight sticks, fixed upon a foot by peasants, to raise their light
+to a convenient height; at least, such a theory of their origin is
+agreeable to what we are told of the rustic manners of the early Romans,
+and it is in some degree countenanced by the fashion in which many of
+the ancient candelabra are made. Sometimes the stem is represented as
+throwing out buds; sometimes it is a stick, the side branches of which
+have been roughly lopped, leaving projections where they grew; sometimes
+it is in the likeness of a reed or cane, the stalk being divided into
+joints. Most of those which have been found in the buried cities are of
+bronze; some few of iron. In their general plan and appearance there
+is a great resemblance, though the details of the ornaments admit of
+infinite variety. All stand on three feet, usually griffins', or lions'
+claws, which support a light shaft, plain or fluted according to the
+fancy of the maker. The whole supports either a plinth large enough for
+a lamp to stand on, or a socket to receive a wax-candle, which the
+Romans used sometimes instead of oil in lighting their rooms. Some of
+them have a sliding shaft, like that of a music-stand, by which the
+light might be raised or lowered at pleasure.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We may here say a few words on the art of inlaying one metal with
+another, in which, as in all ornamental branches of the working of
+metals, the ancient Italians possessed great skill. In the time of
+Seneca, ornaments of silver were seldom seen, unless their price was
+enhanced by being inlaid with solid gold. The art of uniting one metal
+to another was called by the general term <i>ferruminare</i>. Inlaid
+work was of two sorts; in the one, the inlaid work projected above the
+surface, and was called <i>emblemata</i>, as the art itself was called,
+from the Greek, <i>embletice</i>. It is inferred, from the inspection of
+numerous embossed vases in the Neapolitan Museum, that this embossed
+work was formed, either by plating with a thin leaf of metal figures
+already raised upon the surface of the article, or by letting the solid
+figures into the substance of the vessel, and finishing them with
+delicate tools after they were attached. In the second sort, the inlaid
+work was even with the surface, and was called <i>crusta</i>, and the
+art was called, from the Greek, <i>empaestice</i>. This is the same as
+the damask work so fashionable in the armour of the fifteenth and
+sixteenth centuries, which is often seen beautifully inlaid with gold.
+It was executed by engraving the pattern upon the surface of the metal,
+and filling up the lines with fine plates of a different metal; the two
+were then united with the assistance of heat, and the whole burnished.
+Pliny has preserved a receipt for solder, which probably was used in
+these works. It is called santerna; and the principal ingredients are
+borax, nitre, and copperas, pounded, with a small quantity of gold and
+silver, in a copper mortar.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+[The volume is enriched with four steel-plate engravings, and 154 cuts,
+of clever execution.]
+</p>
+
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>
+	THE WONDERS OF THE LANE.
+</h3>
+
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+           <p>  Strong climber of the mountain's side,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Though thou the vale disdain,</p>
+           <p>  Yet walk with me where hawthorns hide</p>
+<p class="i2">    The wonders of the lane.</p>
+           <p>  High o'er the rushy springs of Don</p>
+<p class="i2">    The stormy gloom is rolled;</p>
+           <p>  The moorland hath not yet put on</p>
+<p class="i2">    His purple, green, and gold.</p>
+           <p>  But here the titling<a id="footnotetag5" name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a> spreads his wing,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Where dewy daisies gleam;</p>
+           <p>  And here the sunflower<a id="footnotetag6" name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a> of the spring</p>
+<p class="i2">    Burns bright in morning's beam.</p>
+           <p>  To mountain winds the famish'd fox</p>
+<p class="i2">    Complains that Sol is slow,</p>
+           <p>  O'er headlong steeps and gushing rocks</p>
+<p class="i2">    His royal robe to throw.</p>
+           <p>  But here the lizard seeks the sun</p>
+<p class="i2">    Here coils, in light, the snake;</p>
+           <p>  And here the fire-tuft<a id="footnotetag7" name="footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a> hath begun</p>
+<p class="i2">    Its beauteous nest to make.</p>
+<div>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page414" name="page414"></a>[pg 414]</span>
+</div>
+           <p>  Oh! then, while hums the earliest bee</p>
+<p class="i2">    Where verdure fires the plain,</p>
+           <p>  Walk thou with me, and stoop to see</p>
+<p class="i2">    The glories of the lane!</p>
+           <p>  For, oh! I love these banks of rock,</p>
+<p class="i2">    This roof of sky and tree,</p>
+           <p>  These tufts, where sleeps the gloaming clock,</p>
+<p class="i2">    And wakes the earliest bee!</p>
+           <p>  As spirits from eternal day</p>
+<p class="i2">    Look down on earth, secure,</p>
+           <p>  Look here, and wonder, and survey</p>
+<p class="i2">    A world in miniature:</p>
+           <p>  A world not scorned by Him who made</p>
+<p class="i2">    E'en weakness by his might;</p>
+           <p>  But solemn in his depth of shade,</p>
+<p class="i2">    And splendid in his light.</p>
+           <p>  Light!&mdash;not alone on clouds afar,</p>
+<p class="i2">    O'er storm-loved mountains spread,</p>
+           <p>  Or widely teaching sun and star,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Thy glorious thoughts are read;</p>
+           <p>  Oh, no I thou art a wondrous book</p>
+<p class="i2">    To sky, and sea, and land&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  A page on which the angels look&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">    Which insects understand!</p>
+           <p>  And here, O light! minutely fair,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Divinely plain and clear,</p>
+           <p>  Like splinters of a crystal hair,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Thy bright small hand is here!</p>
+           <p>  Yon drop-fed lake, six inches wide</p>
+<p class="i2">    Is Huron, girt with wood;</p>
+           <p>  This driplet feeds Missouri's tide&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">    And that Niagara's flood.</p>
+           <p>  What tidings from the Andes brings</p>
+<p class="i2">    Yon line of liquid light,</p>
+           <p>  That down from heaven in madness flings</p>
+<p class="i2">    The blind foam of its might?</p>
+           <p>  Do I not hear his thunder roll&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">    The roar that ne'er is still?</p>
+           <p>  'Tis mute as death!&mdash;but in my soul</p>
+<p class="i2">    It roars, and ever will.</p>
+           <p>  What forests tall of tiniest moss</p>
+           <p>  Clothe every little stone!&mdash;</p>
+           <p>  What pigmy oaks their foliage toss</p>
+<p class="i2">    O'er pigmy valleys lone!</p>
+           <p>  With shade o'er shade, from ledge to ledge,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Ambitious of the sky,</p>
+           <p>  They feather o'er the steepest edge</p>
+<p class="i2">    Of mountains mushroom-high.</p>
+           <p>  Oh, God of marvels! who can tell</p>
+<p class="i2">    What myriad living things</p>
+           <p>  On these gray stones unseen may dwell!</p>
+<p class="i2">    What nations, with their kings!</p>
+           <p>  I feel no shock, I hear no groan,</p>
+<p class="i2">    While fate, perchance, o'erwhelms</p>
+           <p>  Empires on this subverted stone&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">    A hundred ruined realms!</p>
+           <p>  Lo! in that dot, some mite, like me,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Impelled by woe or whim,</p>
+           <p>  May crawl, some atom's cliffs to see&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">    A tiny world to him!</p>
+           <p>  Lo! while he pauses, and admires</p>
+<p class="i2">    The works of nature's might,</p>
+           <p>  Spurned by my foot, his world expires,</p>
+<p class="i2">    And all to him is night!</p>
+           <p>  Oh, God of terrors! what are we?&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">    Poor insects sparked with thought!</p>
+           <p>  Thy whisper, Lord, a word from thee,</p>
+<p class="i2">    Could smite us into naught!</p>
+           <p>  But should'st thou wreck our father-land,</p>
+<p class="i2">    And mix it with the deep,</p>
+           <p>  Safe in the hollow of thy hand</p>
+<p class="i2">    Thy little one will sleep.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<center>
+<i>Amulet.</i>
+</center>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>
+	RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.
+</h2>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>
+	POVERTY.
+</h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Owen Feltham says&mdash;"The poverty of a poor man is the least part of his
+misery. In all the storms of fortune, he is the first that must stand
+the shock of extremity. Poor men are perpetual sentinels, watching in
+the depth of night against the incessant assaults of want; while the
+rich lie strowd in secure reposes, and compassed with a large abundance.
+If the land be ruffetted with a bloodless famine, are not the poor the
+first that sacrifice their lives to hunger? If war thunders in the
+trembling country's lap, are not the poor those that are exposed to the
+enemy's sword and outrage? If the plague, like a loaded sponge, flies,
+sprinkling poison through a populous kingdom, the poor are the fruit
+that are shaken from the burdened tree; while the rich, furnished with
+the helps of fortune, have means to wind out themselves, and turn these
+sad indurances on the poor, that cannot avoid them. Like salt-marshes,
+that lie low, they are sure, whenever the sea of this world rages, to be
+first under, and embarrened with a fretting care. Who like the poor are
+harrowed with oppression, ever subject to the imperious taxes, and the
+gripes of mightiness? Continual care checks the spirit; continual labour
+checks the body; and continual insultation both. He is like one rolled
+in a vessel full of pikes&mdash;which way soever he turns, he something finds
+that pricks him. Yet, besides all these, there is another transcendent
+misery&mdash;and this is, that maketh men contemptible. As if the poor man
+were but fortune's dwarf, made lower than the rest of men, to be laughed
+at. The philosopher (though he were the same mind and the same man), in
+his squalid rags, could not find admission, when better robes procured
+both an open door and reverence. Though outward things can add nothing
+to our essential worth, yet, when we are judged on, by the help of
+others' outward senses, they much conduce to our value or disesteem.
+A diamond set in brass would be taken for a crystal, though it be not
+so; whereas a crystal set in gold will by many be thought a diamond.
+A poor man wise shall be thought a fool, though he have nothing to
+condemn him but his being poor. Poverty is a gulf, wherein all good
+parts are swallowed;&mdash;it is a reproach, which clouds the lustre of the
+purest virtue. Certainly, extreme poverty is worse than abundance. We
+may be good in plenty, if we will; in biting penury we cannot, though we
+would. In one, the danger is casual; in the other, it is necessitating.
+The best is that which partakes of both, and consists of neither.
+He that hath too little wants feathers to fly withal; he that hath too
+much, is but cumbered with too large a tail. If a flood of wealth could
+profit us, it would be good to swim in such a sea; but it can neither
+lengthen our lives, nor inrich us after the end. There is not in the
+world such another object of pity as the pinched state; which no man
+being secured from, I wonder at the tyrant's braves and contempt.
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page415" name="page415"></a>[pg 415]</span>
+Questionless, I will rather with charity help him that is miserable, as
+I may be, than despise him that is poor, as I would not be. They have
+flinty and steeled hearts that can add calamities to him that is already
+but one entire mass."
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+W.G.C.
+</h4>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>
+	ACCOUNT OF THE IRISH MANTLE.
+</h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Edmund Spencer (the English poet) in his <i>View of the State of
+Ireland</i>, says&mdash;"First the outlaw, being for his many crimes and
+villanies banished from the towns and houses of honest men, and
+wandering in waste places, far from danger of law, maketh his
+<i>mantle</i> his house, and under it covereth himself from the wrath of
+heaven, from the offence of the earth, and from the sight of men. When
+it raineth, it is his pent-house; when it bloweth, it is his tent; when
+it freezeth, it is his tabernacle. In summer he can wear it loose; in
+winter he can wrap it close; at all times he can use it&mdash;never heavy,
+never cumbersome. Likewise for a rebel it is as serviceable; for in his
+warre that he maketh, (if at least it deserve the name of warre), when
+he still flyeth from his foe, and lurketh in the thick woods and strait
+passages, waiting for advantages, it is his bed, yea, and almost his
+household stuff; for the wood is his house against all weathers, and his
+mantle is his couch to sleep in. Therein he wrappeth himselfe round, and
+coucheth himself strongly against the gnats, which in that country doe
+more annoye the naked rebells, whilst they keepe the woods, and doe more
+sharply wound them than all their enemies' swords, or spears, which can
+seldome come nigh them; yea, and oftentimes their mantle serveth them,
+when they are neare driven, being wrapped about their left arme, instead
+of a target, for it is hard to cut through with a sword; besides, it is
+light to bear, light to throw away, and being (as they commonly are)
+naked, it is to them all in all. Lastly, for a thiefe it is so handsome,
+as it may seem it was first invented for him; for under it he may
+cleanly convey any fit pillage that cometh handsomely in his way, and
+when he goeth abroad in the night free-booting, it is his best and
+surest friend; for lying, as they often doe, two or three nights
+together abroad, to watch for their booty, with that they can prettily
+shroud themselves under a bush, or bankside, till they may conveniently
+do their errand; and when all is over, he can, in his mantle, passe
+through any town or company, being close hooded over his head, as he
+useth, from knowledge of any to whom he is endangered. Besides this,
+he, or any man els that is disposed to mischiefe or villany, may under
+his mantle goe privily armed, without suspicion of any, carry his
+head-piece, his skean, or pistol, if he please, to be always in
+readinesse."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Spencer traces these mantles from the Scythians. He says&mdash;"The Irish
+have from the Scythians <i>mantles</i> and long <i>glibs</i>, which is a
+thick curled bush of hair, hanging down over their eyes, and monstrously
+disguising theme."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This curious <i>View of the State of Ireland</i> remained in manuscript
+till it was printed, in 1633, by Sir James Ware, denominated "the Camden
+of Ireland."
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+P.T.W.
+</h4>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>
+	DOMESTIC HINTS.
+</h2>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>
+	CONSUMPTION OF FISH.
+</h3>
+
+
+<p>
+There is but little fish consumed in the interior of Great Britain; and
+even in most seaport towns the consumption is not very great. In London,
+indeed, immense quantities of fish are annually made use of; and there
+can be little doubt that the consumption would be much greater, were it
+not for the abuses in the trade, which render the supply comparatively
+scarce, and, in most instances, exceedingly dear. All fish brought to
+London is sold in Billingsgate market; and, in consequence of this
+restriction, the salesmen of that market have succeeded in establishing
+what is really equivalent to a monopoly, and are in a great measure
+enabled to regulate both the supply and the price.&mdash;<i>Macculloch.</i>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This inconsiderable consumption of fish will be a matter of surprise,
+when we see that the supply of fish in the seas round Britain is most
+abundant, or rather quite inexhaustible. "The coasts of Great Britain,"
+says Sir John Boroughs, "doe yield such a continued harvest of gain and
+benefit to all those that with diligence doe labour in the same, that no
+time or season of the yeare passeth away without some apparent meanes
+of profitable employment, especially to such as apply themselves to
+fishing; which, from the beginning of the year unto the latter end,
+continueth upon some part or other of our coastes; and there in such
+infinite shoals and multitudes of fishes are offered to the takers as
+may justly cause admiration, not only to strangers, but to those that
+daily are employed amongst them."&mdash;"That this harvest," says Mr. Barrow,
+"ripe for gathering at all seasons of the year,&mdash;without the labour of
+tillage&mdash;without expense of seed or manure&mdash;without the payment of rent
+or taxes&mdash;is inexhaustible, the extraordinary fecundity of the most
+valuable kinds of fish would alone afford abundant proof. To enumerate
+the thousands, and even millions of eggs which are impregnated in the
+herring, the cod, the ling, and, indeed, in almost the whole of the
+esculent fish, would give but an inadequate idea of the prodigious
+multitudes in which they flock to our shores. The shoals themselves
+must be seen, in order to convey to the mind any just notice of their
+aggregate mass." Mr. Macculloch, however, observes,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page416" name="page416"></a>[pg 416]</span>
+that "notwithstanding
+this immense abundance of fish, and notwithstanding the bounties that
+have been given by the legislature to the individuals engaged in the
+fishery, it has not been profitable to those by whom it has been carried
+on, nor has it made that progress which might have been expected."
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>
+	NANKEEN.
+</h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Nankeen, or Nanking, takes its name from Nanking in China, where the
+reddish-yellow thread of which the stuff is made was originally spun.
+In England, we erroneously apply the term Nankeen to one colour; though,
+in the East Indies, vast quantities of white, pink, and yellow nankeens
+are made.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<h3>
+	WHITE PEPPER.
+</h3>
+
+
+<p>
+The relative value of black and white pepper is but imperfectly
+understood. The former is decidedly the best. It grows in long, small
+clusters of from 20 to 50 grains. When ripe, it is of a bright red
+colour. After being gathered, it is spread on mats in the sun, when it
+loses its red colour, and becomes black and shrivelled as we see it.
+White pepper is of two sorts, common and genuine. The former is made by
+blanching the grains of the common black pepper, by steeping them for a
+while in water, and then gently rubbing them, so as to remove the dark
+outer coat. It is milder than the other, and much prized by the Chinese,
+but very little is imported into England. <i>Genuine</i> white pepper is
+merely the blighted or imperfect grains picked from among the heaps of
+black pepper. It is, of course, very inferior.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+From the Singapore Chronicle we learn, that the average annual quantity
+of pepper obtained from different countries is 46,066,666 lbs,
+avoirdupois.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+<h2>
+	THE GATHERER.
+</h2>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p>
+<i>How to acquire Knowledge.</i>&mdash;Edmund Stone, the celebrated
+mathematician, was a native of Scotland, and the son of the Duke of
+Argyle's gardener. Before he attained the age of eighteen years, he
+had acquired a knowledge of geometry, &amp;c., without a master. When he
+was asked by the Duke of Argyle how he had gained this knowledge, he
+replied, "I first learned to read; and the masons being at work on your
+house, I saw that the architect used a rule and compasses, and that he
+made calculations. Upon inquiring into the uses of these things, I was
+informed there was a science named arithmetic. I purchased a book of
+arithmetic, and I learned it. I was told there was another science
+called geometry, and I learned that also. Finding that there were good
+books on these two sciences in Latin, I bought a dictionary, and learned
+Latin. I also understood there were good books of the same kind in
+French, and I learned French. This, my lord, is what I have done; and
+it seems to me that we may learn anything when we know the twenty-four
+letters of the alphabet." The Duke, pleased with this simple answer,
+drew Stone out of obscurity, and provided for him an employment which
+allowed of his favourite pursuit.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+P.T.W.
+</h4>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p>
+<i>Duelling.</i>&mdash;The students of the Berlin University lately
+introduced a new mode of duelling. In order that chances might be equal
+on both sides, the combatants went to the bed of a man attacked with
+cholera, and kissed him. Neither of the parties having experienced the
+least symptom of the epidemic during the next twenty-four hours, the
+seconds declared that the two adversaries had satisfied the laws of
+honour, and the affair was consequently settled.&mdash;SWAINE. (We take this
+piece of irony to be well applied.)
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+<i>Popes.</i>&mdash;His Highness Leo. XII., the present Pope's predecessor,
+was, according to the visual mode of reckoning, the two hundred and
+fifty-second since Peter the Apostle. Of these 208 were natives of
+Italy, 14 were Frenchmen, 11 Greeks, 8 Syrians and Dalmatians, 5
+Germans, 3 Spaniards, 2 North Africans, and 1 Englishman.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+W.G.C.
+</h4>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p>
+In the churchyard of Arthuret, a village in Cumberland, are interred,
+the remains of poor Archy Armstrong, jester or fool to Charles I.; and
+by an accident suitable to his profession, the day of his funeral was
+the first of April.
+</p>
+
+<h4>
+SWAINE.
+</h4>
+
+<hr />
+
+
+<p>
+<i>Imperial Extravagance.</i>&mdash;Asses' milk is said to be a great
+beautifier and preserver of the skin. Poppaea, wife of the Emperor Nero,
+used it for that purpose, having four or five hundred asses constantly
+in her retinue, to furnish her every morning with a fresh bath.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<center>
+<b>ANNUALS FOR 1833.</b>
+<br />
+With the present Number, a SUPPLEMENT,
+<br />
+CONTAINING THE
+<br />
+<b>Spirit of the Annuals for 1833:</b>
+<br />
+With a large Engraving, and Three Comic Cuts.
+</center>
+
+
+
+<table summary="supplement contents">
+<tr><td>St. Goar                                      </td><td><i>Picturesque Annual.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Enchantress                               </td><td><i>Book of Beauty.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Flybekins                                 </td><td><i>Comic Offering.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>What's in a Name?                             </td><td><i>Ditto ditto.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Song, by Miss Mitford                         </td><td><i>Ditto ditto.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>History of the Holy Cross, by Lord Mahon      </td><td><i>Amulet.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Trials of Grace Huntley, by Mrs. S.C. Hall    </td><td><i>Ditto.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Armada                                    </td><td><i>Friendship's Offering.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Tornado                                   </td><td><i>Ditto  ditto.</i></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a>
+<b>Footnote 1</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+<p>
+Britton, Arch. Dict. art. Bridge. On the decline of the Roman
+Empire, travelling became dangerous, and robberies and murders
+were frequently committed. To check this system, and protect
+travellers, several religious persons associated in fraternities,
+and formed an order called the "Brothers of the Bridge." Their
+object was to build bridges, establish ferries, and receive and
+protect travellers in hospitals, raised near the passes over
+rivers. In like manner we account for the erection of many
+bridges in England. According to Stow, the monks of St. Mary
+Overie's were the first builders of London Bridge: and Peter of
+Colechurch, who founded the first <i>stone</i> bridge, also built
+a chapel on the eastern central pier, in which the architect was
+afterwards interred: his remains, as we first communicated to the
+public, were found as aforesaid during the recent removal of the
+old bridge; and "the lower jaw and three other bones of Peter of
+Colechurch" were sold by auction a few days since.
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a>
+<b>Footnote 2</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+<p>
+At the old bridge at Droitwich, the high road passed through the
+midst of the chapel, the reading-desk and pulpit being on one
+side, and the congregation on the other. Other public buildings
+were not uncommon on bridges. In 1553 an alderman of Stamford
+built the Town Hall upon the bridge there; and on an old bridge
+at Bradford, Wills, there is a sort of dungeon, or prison raised
+on one of the piers.
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"></a>
+<b>Footnote 3</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a>
+	<p>Camden. Tindal's Notes on Rapin.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote4" name="footnote4"></a>
+<b>Footnote 4</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a>
+	<p> Val. Max. vi. 8.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote5" name="footnote5"></a>
+<b>Footnote 5</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a>
+	<p>The hedge-sparrow.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote6" name="footnote6"></a>
+<b>Footnote 6</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a>
+	<p>The dandelion.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote7" name="footnote7"></a>
+<b>Footnote 7</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag7">(return)</a>
+<p>
+	The golden-crested wren.
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>
+<i>Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris;
+CHARLES JUGEL, Francfort; and by all Newsmen and Booksellers.</i>
+</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 20, NO. 581, SATURDAY, DECEMBER 15, 1832***</p>
+<p>******* This file should be named 12531-h.txt or 12531-h.zip *******</p>
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 20, No. 581, Saturday, December 15, 1832, by Various
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 20, No.
+581, Saturday, December 15, 1832
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: June 5, 2004  [eBook #12531]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: US-ASCII
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE,
+AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 20, NO. 581, SATURDAY, DECEMBER 15,
+1832***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, David Garcia, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustration.
+      See 12531-h.htm or 12531-h.zip:
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/2/5/3/12531/12531-h/12531-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/2/5/3/12531/12531-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. 20, NO. 581.] SATURDAY, DECEMBER 15, 1832. [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: CHAPEL ON THE BRIDGE, WAKEFIELD.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPEL ON THE BRIDGE, WAKEFIELD
+
+
+Chapels on bridges are not so unfrequent in architectural history as
+the rarity of their remains would indicate. Among the early records
+of bridge-building we read that "the Romans built many bridges in
+the provinces; viz. in France, Spain, Germany, Britain, &c. some
+of which had arches or towers on them."[1] Plutarch derives the word
+_Pontifex_, (high priest,) from sacrifices made upon bridges, a
+ceremony of the highest antiquity. The priests are said to have been
+commissioned to keep the bridges in repair, as an indispensable part of
+their office. This we may conclude to have given rise to the annexation
+of chapels to almost all our bridges of note; and the offerings were
+of course for repairs: so that priests are considered to have been the
+olden surveyors of bridges, and chapels on them to have been displaced
+by the more secular establishment of toll-houses.[2]
+
+The bridge, upon which stands the above chapel, crosses the Calder, at
+the south-east entrance into Wakefield, in the West Riding of Yorkshire.
+It was built in the reign of Edward III. and is a fine specimen of the
+masonry of that age. In the centre projecting from the eastern side, and
+resting partly on the sterlings, is the chapel, built in the richest
+style of Gothic architecture. It is about ten yards in length, and about
+eight in breadth. The east window, overhanging the river, is adorned
+with various and beautiful tracery, and the parapets are perforated.
+The windows on the north and south sides are equally rich. But the west
+front facing the passage over the bridge, (as shown in the Engraving,)
+exceeds all the rest in profusion of ornament; being divided by
+buttresses into compartments, forming recesses, with lofty pediments
+and pointed arches; whilst above is an entablature bearing five
+basso-relievos, the whole being crowned with battlements. The
+buttresses, finials, tracery, &c. form an assemblage of Gothic
+embellishments, which, for richness and delicacy can scarcely be
+equalled. This chapel was built by Edward IV. in memory of his father,
+Richard, Duke of York, and those of his party who fell in the battle of
+Wakefield.[3] It appears, however, that a chapel had been built on this
+bridge by Edward III., and dedicated to St. Mary; but it was undoubtedly
+rebuilt and embellished by Edward IV. who, on this account, may be
+regarded as the founder of the present structure.
+
+The beautiful embellishments have received considerable injury; and,
+about twenty years since this superb relic of ecclesiastical
+architecture was used as a warehouse. As architectural renovation is
+becoming somewhat the taste of the day, it is to be hoped that the
+restoration of the chapel at Wakefield will not be overlooked.
+
+    [1] Britton, Arch. Dict. art. Bridge. On the decline of the Roman
+        Empire, travelling became dangerous, and robberies and murders
+        were frequently committed. To check this system, and protect
+        travellers, several religious persons associated in fraternities,
+        and formed an order called the "Brothers of the Bridge." Their
+        object was to build bridges, establish ferries, and receive and
+        protect travellers in hospitals, raised near the passes over
+        rivers. In like manner we account for the erection of many
+        bridges in England. According to Stow, the monks of St. Mary
+        Overie's were the first builders of London Bridge: and Peter of
+        Colechurch, who founded the first _stone_ bridge, also built
+        a chapel on the eastern central pier, in which the architect was
+        afterwards interred: his remains, as we first communicated to the
+        public, were found as aforesaid during the recent removal of the
+        old bridge; and "the lower jaw and three other bones of Peter of
+        Colechurch" were sold by auction a few days since.
+
+    [2] At the old bridge at Droitwich, the high road passed through the
+        midst of the chapel, the reading-desk and pulpit being on one
+        side, and the congregation on the other. Other public buildings
+        were not uncommon on bridges. In 1553 an alderman of Stamford
+        built the Town Hall upon the bridge there; and on an old bridge
+        at Bradford, Wills, there is a sort of dungeon, or prison raised
+        on one of the piers.
+
+
+    [3] Camden. Tindal's Notes on Rapin.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE BROTHER OF OLIVER GOLDSMITH.
+
+(_To the Editor._)
+
+As I was personally acquainted with Charles Goldsmith, the younger
+brother of Oliver, the Poet, I am enabled to furnish a few particulars
+in addition to those of _Philo_, contained in No. 573 of _The
+Mirror_. Charles, on his coming to this country, from the West
+Indies, had with him two daughters, and one son named Henry; all under
+14 years of age. He purchased two houses in the Polygon, Somers Town, in
+one of which he resided: here, the elder of his girls died; I attended
+her funeral; she was buried in the churchyard of St. Pancras, near the
+grave of Mary Wolstonecroft Godwin. Henry was my fellow pupil; but not
+liking the profession of engraving, after a short trial, he returned to
+the West Indies. At the peace of Amiens, Charles Goldsmith sold his
+houses, and, with his wife and daughter, and a son born in England,
+christened Oliver, he went to reside in France, where his daughter
+married. In consequence of the orders of Buonaparte for detaining
+British subjects, Charles again returned home by way of Holland, much
+reduced in circumstances, and died, about 25 years since at humble
+lodgings in Ossulston Street. Somers Town. After his death, his wife,
+who was a native of the West Indies, and her son Oliver, returned
+thither. Charles Goldsmith had in his possession a copy, from Sir Joshua
+Reynolds's portrait of his brother; and I can vouch his resemblance to
+the picture was most striking. Charles, like the poet, was a performer
+on the German flute, and, to use his own words, found it in the hour
+of adversity his best friend. He only once, I have heard him say, saw
+Oliver in England, which was during his prosperity.
+
+R. ROFFE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+RECOLLECTIONS OF THE LATE COLONEL MOLESWORTH PHILLIPS.
+
+(_From a Correspondent._)
+
+
+Colonel Phillips was the last surviving person who accompanied Captain
+Cook in his last voyage of discovery to ascertain the practicability of
+a passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, along the northern
+coast of America. I was an inmate of his residence in Lambeth in the
+summer of 1828, for some few weeks, and during that period received
+many commissioned attentions, for he ever avoided meeting or seeing
+strangers. He was invariably his own cook; slept but little, and seldom
+retired regularly to bed, but rested on a sofa, or chairs, as accident
+might dictate. His employment chiefly consisted in turning fanciful
+devices at his lathe, but he seldom completed his designs: however, I saw
+the model of a mausoleum dedicated to Napoleon, which evinced much taste
+and ingenuity. His workshop at once intimated that its occupant was
+not abundantly gifted with the organ of order. Plates, dishes, knives,
+forks, candlesticks, coats, hats, books, and mathematical instruments,
+lay in one confused mass, each enveloped with its portion of dust.
+To attempt any thing like arrangement, was at once sacrilege in the
+estimation of the Colonel. To summon his attendant he usually approached
+the stairs, and rang a small hand bell, accompanying it with his
+deep-toned voice with the words: "Ahoy! ahoy! all hands ahoy!" His
+liquors, and tankards of ale he always drew up from the window of his
+room, to avoid intrusion, and in returning the empty pewters he would
+frequently take too sure an aim at the potboy's head. Then came a
+concert of "curses" and every association but amity. The close of the
+scene was generally modified with something in the shape of a shilling,
+and the parties separated, mutually satisfied. Colonel Phillips, during
+his residence in Ireland, was possessed of considerable property, but
+from what circumstance he suffered a reverse of fortune I am not
+informed; indeed, so unwilling was he to connect himself with bygone
+days that it was impossible to gather from him a clue to the active
+services he had given to the world.
+
+Thus lived Colonel Molesworth Phillips, glorying in most of the
+eccentricities of human nature. It is astonishing, considering the
+active part he took in society, that he should, towards the close of
+life, have secluded himself so entirely from the world, and those with
+whom he must have from circumstances have been associated. Colonel
+Phillips might probably have survived some years longer, had he not
+fallen a victim to cholera.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+APOLOGUES.--(FROM THE GERMAN.)
+
+THE VINE.
+
+
+On the day of the Creation, the trees exultingly extolled themselves
+one towards another, every one about itself. "The Lord, by whom I was
+planted," said the lofty Cedar, "has united in me firmness, fragrance,
+duration, and strength." "Jehovah's affection has rendered me blessed,"
+said the widely-spreading Palm-tree; "in me has He conjoined utility
+and beauteousness." "Like a bridegroom among the youths," said the
+Apple-tree, "I parade among the trees of Paradise." "Like the rose among
+the thorns," said the Myrtle, "I stand among my sisterhood, the lowly
+shrubs." So all extolled themselves, the Olive, the Fig, and the Pine.
+The Vine alone was silent, and drooped to the ground. "To me," said he
+to himself, "appears everything to be denied--trunk, branches, blossoms,
+and fruit; but such as I am, I will yet hope and wait." He then sank
+down, and his tendrils wept. He had not long waited and wept, before the
+friendly man, the godhead of the earth, stepped up to him. He saw that a
+feeble plant, the sport of the breezes, had sunk, and required help; he
+compassionately raised him up, and twined the tender tree to his bower.
+More gladly now the breezes played with his tendrils; the glow of the
+sun penetrated their hard, greenish buds, preparing in them the sweet
+juice, the drink for gods and men. Adorned with rich clusters, the Vine
+soon bowed himself down to his master, and he tasted the enlivening
+juice, and named him his friend. The proud trees now envied the feeble
+shoot, for many of them already stood without fruit; but he was glad of
+his slender form and of his steadfast hope. The juice, therefore, even
+now gladdens the heart of man, and lifts upwards the courage of the
+dejected, and refreshes the afflicted. Despair not, forsaken one, and
+abide enduring. In the unsightly cane springs the sweetest juice, and
+the feeble tendril brings forth inspiration and rapture.
+
+
+TEARS.
+
+
+As Hillel and his disciple Sadi wandered, on a moon and starlight night,
+among the gardens of the Mount of Olives, "See," said Sadi, "the man
+yonder, in the ray of the moon; what does he there?"--"It is Zadok,"
+answered Hillel, "he sits at the grave of his son and weeps."--"Cannot
+he moderate his mourning?" said the youth, "for the people term him the
+just and wise."--"Shall he therefore," answered Hillel, "not experience
+pain?"--"But," asked Sadi, "what preference then has the wise man before
+the fool?" Then answered the teacher, "See, the bitter tear of his eye
+sinks to the earth, but his countenance is turned up to heaven."
+
+W.G.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE SKETCH-BOOK.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE OLD SOLDIER.
+
+
+I have often occasion to pass through a village on the St. Alban's road,
+at one end of which there is so tidy and convenient a public-house, that
+I always give my horse his bait there, if I happen to be travelling in
+my gig. I had frequently observed an old soldier, who having lost an
+eye, a leg, and an arm in the service of his country, had pretty well
+earned the privilege of idling away the rest of his life in a manner
+particularly congenial with the habits of one of his calling. He would
+sit on a bench, outside the door of this inn, with a pipe in his mouth,
+and a can of beer by his side; and thus he would pass all the fine
+months of the year. In winter, he merely changed his seat. He was
+constant to his pipe and his can; he took both with him to the warm
+chimney-corner: and thus he enjoyed his out-pension. During the hour of
+baiting, I have often talked with this old man. He had served last in
+the early part of the war on the Peninsula. He was loquacious enough on
+other subjects; but if one questioned him concerning these last military
+services, he became on the instant morose and uncommunicative, and one
+could not but perceive, that the topic was disagreeable and painful
+to him.
+
+What most interested me about this man was his love for young children.
+He was generally surrounded by a parcel of curly-headed urchins; and
+often have I seen the mistress of the little inn consign her infant to
+the protection of his one arm, when, by an arrival, she has been called
+upon to attend to the business of the house. The old fellow never
+appeared so contented as when thus employed. His pipe was laid aside,
+his beer forgotten, and he would only think of amusing and caressing his
+charge, or of lulling it to sleep. The bigger children would cluster
+round him, clamber over him, empty his pipe, upset his can, take all
+sorts of liberties with him, yet never meet with a rebuke. At times,
+however, he would appear lost in uneasy thought; gazing with earnestness
+upon the features of the sleeping infant, while tears would course each
+other down his cheeks.
+
+As I drove one morning up to the door of the inn, and passed the bench
+on which the old soldier was, as usual, sitting, with his little flock
+of children playing round him, one of them, a very young one, suddenly
+backed into the road, and in another moment more would have been
+crushed: but the old man sprang forward; with a vigorous and wonderful
+effort he seized the child with his only arm, and threw it several feet
+out of the way of danger; he fell with the exertion, and was among my
+horse's feet. In suddenly drawing up, I had unwittingly done my very
+worst by the poor fellow; for I had caused the animal to trample upon
+him a second time, and a wheel had likewise passed over his body.
+
+He was taken up insensible. We carried him to a bed, and after a little
+time he recovered his recollection. But he was so severely injured, that
+we feared every moment would be his last.
+
+The first words he uttered were, "The child! the child!" We assured him
+that the child was safe; but he would not believe us, and it became
+necessary to send into the village to search for the little creature,
+who had been hurried home with the others upon the confusion that the
+accident had occasioned. He continued to call for the child, and was in
+the greatest distress of mind till we had found it, and had taken it to
+him as he lay. His delight at seeing it alive and unhurt was intense; he
+wept, he laughed, he hugged it to his bosom, and it was not till he grew
+very faint and weary that he would suffer us to remove it.
+
+A surgeon arrived; and pronounced that the poor man was so much hurt,
+inwardly as well as outwardly, that nothing could be done to save him;
+and desired us merely to give him cordials or cooling drink, as he
+should appear to wish for either. He lingered for a few days.
+
+I had been the cause, although innocently, of the poor fellow's death:
+of course I took care that all was done that could alleviate his
+sufferings; and, as long as he lasted, I went everyday to pass a few
+hours by his bed-side. The rescued child, too, was brought to him each
+day by his own desire. From the moment he had first ascertained that it
+was unhurt, he had been calm and contented. He knew he was dying, but he
+could part with life without regret; and the cloud which I had so often
+observed upon his weather-beaten countenance before the accident never
+after returned.
+
+The day before he died, as I was watching alone by his side, he asked me
+for a cordial. Soon after he had swallowed it, he laid his hand upon my
+arm, and said,--"Sir, if you will not think it too great a trouble to
+listen to an old man's talk, I think it will ease my mind to say a few
+words to you."
+
+He was of course encouraged to proceed.
+
+"I die contented," he continued; "happier than I have for some years
+lived. I have had a load upon my heart, which is not quite removed, but
+it is a great deal lightened. I have been the means, under Providence,
+of saving a young child's life. If I have strength to tell you what I
+wish, sir, you will understand the joy that blessed thought has brought
+to my heart."
+
+I gave him another cordial, and he spoke as follows:--
+
+"It was in a stirring time of the Duke of Wellington's wars, after the
+French had retreated through Portugal, and Badajos had fallen, and we
+had driven them fairly over the Spanish frontier, the light division
+was ordered on a few of their long leagues further, to occupy a line
+of posts among the mountains which rise over the northern hanks of the
+Guadiana. A few companies of our regiment advanced to occupy a village
+which the French had just abandoned.
+
+"We had had a brisk march over a scorched and rugged country, which
+had already been ransacked of all that could have supplied us with
+fresh provisions; it was many days since we had heard the creak of a
+commissary's wagon, and we had been on very short commons. There was no
+reason to expect much in the village we were now ordered to. The French,
+who had just marched out, would, of course, have helped themselves to
+whatever was portable, and must have previously pretty well drained the
+place. We made a search, however, judging that, possibly, something
+might have been concealed from them by the peasants; and we actually
+soon discovered several houses where skins of wine had been secreted.
+A soldier, sir, I take it, after hot service or fatigue, seldom thinks
+of much beyond the comfort of drinking to excess; and I freely own that
+our small party soon caused a sad scene of confusion.
+
+"Every house and hovel was searched, and many a poor fellow, who had
+contrived to hide his last skin of wine from his enemies, was obliged to
+abandon it to his allies. You might see the poor natives on all sides
+running away; some with a morsel of food, others with a skin of wine
+in their arms, and followed by the menaces and staggering steps of the
+weary and half-drunken soldiers.
+
+"'Vino! vino!' was the cry in every part of the village. An English
+soldier, sir, may be for months together in a foreign land, and have a
+pride in not knowing how to ask for anything hut liquor. I was no better
+than the rest.
+
+"'Vino! quiero vino!' said I, to a poor half-starved and ragged native,
+who was stealing off, and hiding something under his torn cloak;--'Vino!
+you beggarly scoundrel! give me vino!' said I.
+
+"'Vino no tengo!' he cried, as he broke from my grasp, and ran quickly
+and fearfully away.
+
+"I was not very drunk--I had not had above half my quantity--and I
+pursued him up a street. But he was the fleeter; and I should have lost
+him, had I not made a sudden turn, and come right upon him in a forsaken
+alley, where I suppose the poor thing dwelt. I seized him by the collar.
+He was small and spare, and he trembled under my gripe; but still he
+held his own, and only wrapped his cloak the closer round his property.
+
+"'Vino! quiero vino!' said I again; 'give me vino!'
+
+"'Nada, nada tengo!' he repeated.
+
+"I had already drawn my bayonet.--I am ashamed, sir, to say, that we
+used to do that to terrify the poor wretches, and make them the sooner
+give us their liquor.--As I held him by the collar with one hand, I
+pointed the bayonet at his breast with the other, and I again cried,
+'Vino!'
+
+"'Vino no tengo--nino, nino es!'--and he spoke the words with such a
+look of truth and earnestness, that, had I not fancied I could trace
+through the folds of his cloak the very shape of a small wine skin,
+I should have believed him.
+
+"'Lying rascal!' said I, 'so you won't give me the liquor? then the dry
+earth shall drink it!' and I struck the point of my bayonet deep into
+that which he was still hugging to his breast.
+
+"Oh, sir! it was not wine that trickled down--it was blood, warm
+blood!--and a piteous wail went like a chill across my heart!--The poor
+Spaniard opened his cloak--he pointed to his wounded child--and his wild
+eye asked me plainer than words could have done,--'Monster! are you
+satisfied!'
+
+"I was sobered in a moment. I fell upon
+my knees beside the infant, and I tried to
+staunch the blood. Yes, the poor fellow understood
+the truth: he saw, and he accepted
+my anguish--and we joined our efforts to save
+the little victim.--Oh! it was too late!
+
+"The little boy had fastened his small clammy hands round a finger of
+each of us. He looked at us alternately; and seemed to ask, alike from
+his father and his murderer, that help which it was beyond the power of
+one of earth to give. The changes in the poor child's countenance showed
+that it had few minutes to live. Sometimes it lay so still I thought the
+last pang was over; when a slight convulsion would agitate its frame,
+and a momentary pressure of its little hands, would give the gasping
+father a short vain ray of hope.
+
+"You may believe, sir, that an old soldier, who has only been
+able to keep his own life at the expense of an eye and two of his
+limbs--who has lingered out many a weary day in a camp-hospital after a
+hot engagement--must have learnt to look on death without any unnecessary
+concern. I have sometimes wished for it myself; and often have felt
+thankful when my poor, wounded comrades have been released by it from
+pain. I have seen it, too, in other shapes. I have seen the death-blow
+dealt, when its effects have been so instant, that the brave heart's
+blood has been spilt, and the pulses have ceased to beat, while the
+streak of life and health was still fresh upon the cheek--when a smile
+has remained upon the lips of my brother-soldier, even after he had
+fallen a corpse across my path. But, oh! sir, what is all this compared
+with what I suffered as I watched life ebb slowly from the wound which
+I had myself so wantonly inflicted in the breast of a helpless, innocent
+child!--It was by mistake, by accident. Oh, yes! I know it, I know it
+well; and day and night I have striven to forget that hour. But it is of
+no use; the cruel recollection never leaves my mind--that piteous wail
+is ever in my ears!--The father's agony will follow me to the
+grave!"--_Legends of the Lib. at Lilies._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE CITADEL OF ANTWERP.
+
+(_From personal inspection, by a Contributor to the United Service
+Journal._)
+
+
+This spot, on which the eye of all Europe is at present concentrated,
+lies at the southern extremity of Antwerp, and forms one continued
+line with its defences along the banks of the Scheldt. It is a regular
+pentagon in shape, protected by bastions ranging at progressive
+elevations, and connecting themselves with curtains of proportionate
+height. In advance of these defences are a further series of spacious
+bastions, immediately connected with the preceding, but of later
+construction. The one were erected by Paciotti and Cerbolini, two
+Italian engineers, by order of the tyrant Alba, 1568, and the others
+according to Vauban's principles in 1701. Every side of this citadel is
+equally formidable for its strength; that towards the town is furnished
+with a raveline; and this is also the case with the front which faces
+the river, and opens upon a paved line of road, from which all
+communication with Antwerp itself has latterly been cut off. Two of
+the sides of this fastness front towards the adjacent country, and are
+likewise supplied with ravelines; the centre bastion in this direction
+bears Paciotto's name, which has been denaturalized in that of Paniotto
+in the French elevations. The defences of the town terminate in the
+centre of the fifth side, which circumstance has left it unprovided with
+a raveline. On the summit (or capital) of the two bastions on the land
+side, two large lunettes have been thrown forward, one being called Fort
+Kiel, from the adjacent suburb, and the other, which stands more away
+from the town, Fort St. Laurent. Internally the citadel of Antwerp
+contains every provision for the safe housing of its defenders, and
+possesses more than the requisite accommodation under ground for its
+supplies. All the barracks, exposed to the enemy's fire, are so placed,
+that the strength of the garrison may be readily collected at the point
+endangered; the kind of defence to be brought into action is plain and
+obvious; and the _materiel_ for standing a siege has been as
+liberally provided as the means of subsistence for preserving the
+_morale_ of the besieged from being deteriorated. The garrison
+consists of picked troops, who place unlimited confidence in their
+commandant. The citadel is encompassed by a ditch, which has eighteen
+feet of water in every part of its circuit, and is protected by ramparts
+of adequate elevation, and strength in proportion. With such elements of
+defence as these its capture cannot be effected without a sacrifice of
+human lives, which none but the flint-hearted can contemplate or foresee
+without deprecation and horror.
+
+In the year 1792, when it was carried by the revolutionary forces
+of France, they took the direction of the city walls as their line of
+attack, and mounted the bastion which bears Paciotto's name; this,
+at that time of day, formed indisputably the most advantageous point
+of assault; but its increased strength in this quarter would, at the
+present moment, render any attack an act of temerity. An esplanade
+of the average width of four hundred paces, which was laid out as a
+handsome promenade, before the bombardment in 1830, separates the
+citadel from the town: but the effect of that bombardment has been to
+throw a wide area of fifteen hundred paces open to the very marge of
+the Scheldt; and to disconnect the fortress still more completely from
+the inhabited portion of Antwerp. Lamentable as may be the prospect,
+Antwerp, the mistress of the finest naval station and commercial port in
+Europe, is doomed to destruction, if a single gun be directed against
+its citadel. It is not possible for its commandant, as a soldier and
+a subject, to avoid any and every means of annoying a besieger; and
+amongst these, none so ready and effectual, present themselves, as that
+of preventing the town from becoming the covert for an assailant. We have
+witnessed the deplorable havoc which a few mortars brought upon it in
+1830; but how frightful will be the issue when rockets and red-hot shot
+come to be poured upon the devoted city. Nay, more,--by opening the
+dykes along the Scheldt, a large portion of the western provinces of
+Belgium is capable of being inundated; and if this fresh calamity ensue,
+as a second resource on the part of the besieged, from the adoption
+of which the recognised laws of warfare cannot absolve them, not only
+Antwerp will have ceased to exist, but her citadel will rear its head,
+a frowning islet, amidst a waste of waters. As to the blockade of the
+Scheldt, it will be impotent with regard to distressing the citadel; for
+the windings of that stream, as well as of the Maas, at their mouths,
+preclude the possibility of effectually staying the Dutch from
+communication with it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE PLAINT OF CERTAIN CORAL BEADS.
+
+
+  Spoiler of forbidden wealth,
+    Guarded by the hoary waves!
+  When we mourn thy cruel stealth,
+    Sorrowing for our quiet caves.
+  Doth it calm our wistful pining
+  That the chains we hate are shining?
+    Boast we beauty's gauds to be?
+  Can the state such bondage shares,
+  Thoughtless liking, loveless cares,
+  Sudden angers, wilful airs,
+    Sooth us like the mighty sea?
+
+  Though, in hours when suitors press
+    Near the shrine of star-bright eyes,
+  Mysteries, some would die to guess,
+    Our familiar touch descries;
+  When a startled throb or tremble,
+  Woman's craft would fain dissemble,
+    Through our light embraces swells;--
+  Fruitless secrets--vainly taught,--
+  Bliss unheeded--trust unsought--
+  Can they quench the constant thought
+    Of our dreamy ocean-cells?
+
+  Though the glowing bands we form,
+    Oft by redder lips be pressed,
+  And a slumber, soft and warm,
+    Fold us on a dove-like breast,--
+  Not to love, but love's bestowing
+  Gentle care and kiss are owing:--
+    Is the passion changed or cloyed,
+  Doth the giver's light grow less?
+  Banished from the sweet recess,
+  Sportive pressure, fond caress,
+    See our mimic worth destroyed!
+
+  Then in close and narrow keep,
+    Pent, with scorned and faded toys,
+  Mourn we for the glassy deep,
+    Sigh we for our early joys!
+  What has earth like ocean's treasures?
+  More than craving avarice measures,
+    More than Fancy's dream enchants,
+  Deck the booming caves below,
+  Where green waters ever flow
+  Under groves of pearl, that grow
+    In the mermaid's glimmering haunts.
+
+  Under spar-enchased bowers,
+    Bending on their twisted stems,
+  Glow the myriad ocean-flowers,
+    Fadeless--rich as orient gems.
+  Hung with seaweed's tasselled fringes,
+  Dyed with all the rainbow's tinges,
+    Rise the Triton's palace walls.
+  Pallid silver's wandering veins
+  Stream, like frostwork, o'er the stains;
+  Pavements thick, with golden grains,
+    Twinkle through their crystal halls.
+
+  And a music wild and low
+    Ever, o'er the curved shells,
+  Wanders with a fitful flow
+    As the billow sinks or swells.
+  Now, to faintest whispers hushing,
+  Now, in louder cadence gushing,
+    Wakens from their pleasant sleep
+  All the tuneful Nereid-throng,
+  Till their notes of wreathed song
+  Float in magic streams along,
+    Chanting joyaunce through the deep.
+
+  Chance or change,--the clouds of time--
+    Sorrow,--winter storm, or blight,
+  Comes not near our peaceful clime;
+    Nor the strife of day with night.
+  Death, who walks the earth in riot,
+  Stirs not our primeval quiet:
+    Scarce his distant rage we know
+  From the dreary things of clay,
+  Slain, alas! in ocean's play,
+  Whom the sea-maids shroud and lay
+    In the silent caves below.
+
+  Fond! to deem we count it pride
+    Thus to deck the fair of earth!
+  We, whose beauty-peopled tide
+    Gave the foam-born goddess birth!
+  Her, whose glory's radiant fulness.
+  All too bright for mortal dulness,
+    Sparkles in a lovelier star!
+  Are not Ocean's shady places
+  Rich in kindred forms and faces,
+  Choral bands of sister-Graces
+    Circling Amphitrite's car?
+
+  Toiling o'er the shallow page,
+    Vainly pedants seek the lore
+  Taught us by that prophet sage,
+    Whom our azure Thetis bore.
+  Wiser Eld his solemn numbers,
+  Listening, stole from Ocean's slumbers,
+    Signs of coming doom to learn.
+  Poor were all your labours reap,
+  To the gifted seers that keep
+  Mysteries of the ancient deep,
+    Drawn from Nereus' sacred urn.
+
+  Let us find our old retreat,
+    Yield us to the kissing wave,
+  From the daylight's parching heat
+    In its cool profound to lave.
+  If ye needs must rob for beauty,
+  Earth's abysses teem with booty.
+    Gems, that love the blaze of day:--
+  We are tired of glittering shows,
+    And the strife of man's display;
+  Let us sink to sweet repose
+  Where the lulling water flows;
+    Give us to our native bay!
+
+
+_Tait's Edinburgh Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SHELLEY.
+
+[We find the clever and curious sketches of Shelley, in the _New
+Monthly Magazine_, concluded with the following interesting
+anecdote.]
+
+That Shelley gave freely, when the needy scholar asked, or in silent,
+hopeless poverty seemed to ask, his aid, will he demonstrated most
+clearly by relating shortly one example of his generosity, where the
+applicant had no pretensions to literary renown, and no claim whatever,
+except perhaps honest penury. It is delightful to attempt to delineate
+from various points of view a creature of infinite moral beauty,--but
+one instance must suffice; an ample volume might be composed of such
+tales, but one may be selected, because it contains a large admixture of
+that ingredient which is essential to the conversion of alms-giving into
+the genuine virtue of charity--self-denial. On returning to town after
+the long vacation, at the end of October, I found Shelley at one of the
+hotels in Covent Garden. Having some business in hand he was passing a
+few days there alone. We had taken some mutton chops hastily at a dark
+place in one of the minute courts of the city, at an early hour, and we
+went forth to walk; for to walk at all times, and especially in the
+evening, was his supreme delight. The aspect of the fields to the north
+of Somers-Town, between that beggarly suburb and Kentish-Town, has been
+totally changed of late. Although this district could never be accounted
+pretty, nor deserving a high place even amongst suburban scenes, yet
+the air, or often the wind, seemed pure and fresh to captives emerging
+from the smoke of London; there were certain old elms, much very green
+grass, quiet cattle feeding, and groups of noisy children playing with
+something of the freedom of the village green. There was, oh, blessed
+thing! an entire absence of carriages and of blood-horses; of the
+dust and dress and affectation and fashion of the parks: there were,
+moreover, old and quaint edifices and objects which gave character to
+the scene. Whenever Shelley was imprisoned in London,--for to a poet a
+close and crowded city must be a dreary gaol,--his steps would take that
+direction, unless his residence was too remote, or he was accompanied by
+one who chose to guide his walk. On this occasion I was led thither,
+as indeed I had anticipated: the weather was fine, but the autumn was
+already advanced; we had not sauntered long in these fields when the
+dusky evening closed in, and the darkness gradually thickened. "How
+black those trees are," said Shelley, stopping short, and pointing to
+a row of elms; "it is so dark the trees might well be houses, and the
+turf, pavement,--the eye would sustain no loss; it is useless therefore
+to remain here, let us return." He proposed tea at his hotel, I
+assented; and hastily buttoning his coat, he seized my arm, and set off
+at his great pace, striding with bent knees over the fields and through
+the narrow streets. We were crossing the New Road, when he said shortly,
+"I must call for a moment, but it will not be out of the way at all,"
+and then dragged me suddenly towards the left. I inquired whither we
+were bound, and, I believe, I suggested the postponement of the intended
+call till the morrow. He answered, it was not at all out of our way.
+I was hurried along rapidly towards the left; we soon fell into an
+animated discussion respecting the nature of the virtue of the Romans,
+which in some measure beguiled the weary way. Whilst he was talking with
+much vehemence and a total disregard of the people who thronged the
+streets, he suddenly wheeled about and pushed me through a narrow door;
+to my infinite surprise I found myself in a pawnbroker's shop! It was
+in the neighbourhood of Newgate Street; for he had no idea whatever in
+practice either of time or space, nor did he in any degree regard method
+in the conduct of business. There were several women in the shop in
+brown and grey cloaks with squalling children: some of them were
+attempting to persuade the children to be quiet, or at least, to scream
+with moderation; the others were enlarging upon and pointing out the
+beauties of certain coarse and dirty sheets that lay before them to a
+man on the other side of the counter. I bore this substitute for our
+proposed tea some minutes with tolerable patience, but as the call did
+not promise to terminate speedily, I said to Shelley, in a whisper, "Is
+not this almost as bad as the Roman virtue?" Upon this he approached the
+pawnbroker: it was long before he could obtain a hearing, and he did not
+find civility. The man was unwilling to part with a valuable pledge so
+soon, or perhaps he hoped to retain it eventually; or it might be, that
+the obliquity of his nature disqualified him for respectful behaviour.
+A pawnbroker is frequently an important witness in criminal proceedings:
+it has happened to me, therefore, afterwards to see many specimens of
+this kind of banker; they sometimes appeared not less respectable than
+other tradesmen, and sometimes I have been forcibly reminded of the
+first I ever met with, by an equally ill conditioned fellow. I was so
+little pleased with the introduction, that I stood aloof in the shop,
+and did not hear what passed between him and Shelley. On our way to
+Covent-Garden, I expressed my surprise and dissatisfaction at our
+strange visit, and I learned that when he came to London before, in
+the course of the summer, some old man had related to him a tale of
+distress,--of a calamity which could only be alleviated by the timely
+application of ten pounds; five of them he drew at once from his
+pocket, and to raise the other five he had pawned his beautiful solar
+microscope! He related this act of beneficence simply and briefly, as if
+it were a matter of course, and such indeed it was to him. I was ashamed
+of my impatience, and we strode along in silence.
+
+It was past ten when we reached the hotel; some excellent tea and
+a liberal supply of hot muffins in the coffee-room, now quiet and
+solitary, were the more grateful after the wearisome delay and vast
+deviation. Shelley often turned his head, and cast eager glances towards
+the door; and whenever the waiter replenished our teapot, or approached
+our box, he was interrogated whether any one had yet called. At last the
+desired summons was brought: Shelley drew forth some bank notes, hurried
+to the bar, and returned as hastily, bearing in triumph under his arm a
+mahogany box, followed by the officious waiter, with whose assistance he
+placed it upon the bench by his side. He viewed it often with evident
+satisfaction, and sometimes patted it affectionately in the course of
+calm conversation. The solar microscope was always a favourite plaything
+or instrument of scientific inquiry; whenever he entered a house his
+first care was to choose some window of a southern aspect, and, if
+permission could be obtained by prayer or by purchase, strightway to
+cut a hole through the shutter to receive it. His regard for his solar
+microscope was as lasting as it was strong; for he retained it several
+years after this adventure, and long after he had parted with all the
+rest of his philosophical apparatus.
+
+Such is the story of the microscope, and no rightly judging person who
+hears it will require the further accumulation of proofs of a benevolent
+heart; nor can I, perhaps, better close these sketches than with that
+impression of the pure and genial beauty of Shelley's nature which this
+simple anecdote will bequeath.
+
+[In parting with this very ingenious series of papers, we beg to concur
+in the well-expressed wish of the Editor of the _New Monthly Magazine_,
+"that their author could be tempted to give the world a complete history
+of one whose peculiar and subtle nature he so well comprehends."]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE NATURALIST.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NEW SPECIES OF BAT.--(VESPERTILIO AUDUBONI.)
+
+(_By Richard Harlan, M.D._)
+
+
+Of the numerous creatures which attract our admiration, or excite
+our fears, the greater part display their appetites, or develope
+their instincts, during the day time only; especially--with few
+exceptions--all those remarkable for beauty of plumage, and vocal
+melody. Predacious animals are chiefly distinguished for their nocturnal
+habits; and ideas of rapine, terror and blood, are ever associated with
+the tiger, the hyena, and the wolf. Among the feathered tribes, the
+_owl_ and the _bat_, also companions of darkness, are shunned
+by many, as horrible objects, and full of ill-omen. Haunted castles,
+ruined battlements, and noisome caverns, are the chosen abodes of these
+noctural maurauders, and it is to such associations that these animals
+are indebted for the unamiable character they have obtained. The
+prejudices conceived against that portion of these animals, with which
+we are familiar, are founded entirely upon these their habits; for small
+quadrupeds, reptiles and fish, constitute the food of the first, whilst
+insects and fruit suffice for the other. It is at the close of the
+day, when the hum of nature is beginning to subside, that the patient
+_bat_ steals from his dark retreat, and spreads his leathery
+wings in search of his food.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The new species of this little flying quadruped, which we are now about
+to notice, belongs to a very large and respectable family. In the days
+of Linnaeus, they all--from their appearance at twilight--went by the
+family name of _Vespertilio_. They further belong to the order
+_Carnivora_, their teeth being constructed for masticating flesh;
+though some--and in this they resemble ourselves--are also fond of
+fruit. In one important point, the whole race has a common character, in
+their organ of flight. The bones of the fingers are extremely elongated,
+and united by a membrane, which is continued down the side of the body;
+and extending on the leg as far as the tarsus, also unites the legs and
+tail. Agreeing so universally in this particular, they form a very
+natural family, under the appropriate term. Cheiroptera, constructed
+from two Greek words, signifying _hand and wing_.
+
+The vespertilio are again divided into GENERA and
+_Species_,--divisions which are grounded on certain peculiarities
+of dental structure, and various developements of the brachial, digital,
+and interfemoral appendages, with other modifications of the organs of
+progression. These genera include species which are discovered in every
+habitable part of the globe, of various magnitudes, from the size of a
+half grown cat, to that of a half grown mouse.
+
+Of this numerous family only three genera, of modern authors, inhabit
+the United States, viz. RHINOPOMA, VESPERTILIO, and TAPHOZOUS. Seven
+species, exclusive of the present, are all that have been hitherto
+discovered in North America.
+
+We propose to dedicate this new species, to our valuable friend the
+justly celebrated naturalist J.J. AUDUBON, as a small tribute of
+respect to his eminent talents, and the highly important services he
+has rendered science. The drawing which accompanies this paper, is
+from his inimitable pencil.
+
+This species was first observed, during the summer of 1829, when an
+individual female flew into the apartment of the late Dr. Hammersly,
+then one of the resident physicians of the Pennsylvania hospital: on
+the subsequent evening a male individual, of the same species, was
+also taken in the same manner. In August 1830, a very fine specimen
+was brought to the Academy of Natural Sciences, and Mr. Audubon informs
+me that the species has very recently been observed in New York.
+
+The natural characters of the species are--General colour black,
+sprinkled with gray above and beneath; ears black and naked; auriculum,
+short and broad or obtusely triangular; interfemoral membrane, sparsely
+hairy; last joint of the tail free: two incisors, with notched crowns,
+on each side of the canine teeth of the upper jaw, with a broad
+intervening space without teeth.
+
+The dimensions are.--Total length 3 inches 7 tenths; tail 1.7; length
+of ear 0.5. breadth of ear 0.4; length of leg 1.7; spread of wings
+10.7. inhabit Pennsylvania and New York, and probably the southern
+states.--_Cab. of Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad._ (Abridged from
+Featherstonhaugh's _Monthly American Journal of Geology and Natural
+Science._)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+FINE ARTS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MOSAIC PAVEMENT.
+
+
+The chief object of curiosity at Palestrina, (ancient Praeneste,) is
+the castle or palace of the prince, in the highest part of the city, to
+which there is an ascent by an excellent coach-road to the right, by
+the Capucin Convent, without entering the narrow street. Before it is a
+level space of considerable length; which formed the highest platform of
+the Temple of Fortune. Two flights of steps lead to an amphitheatre, or
+semicular staircase, in excellent preservation, which is the same that
+led to the sanctuary of the temple, on the foundation of which the
+palace is built: in the middle of the semicircle is a well; each step
+is about a foot and a half high, like the ancient steps of the capitol
+which led to the church of Ara Coeli, at Rome. Another short flight
+conducts to the hall of entrance, where there is a double staircase, and
+a recess closed by iron grates, which contains the celebrated antique
+pavement, of which Pliny speaks in the following terms, "The fine mosaic
+of small stones, placed by Sylla as a pavement in the Temple of Fortune
+at Praeneste, was the first thing of the kind seen in Italy." There does
+not seem to be the smallest room to doubt of this being the genuine
+mosaic he mentions; it is in excellent preservation, and appears to be
+about twenty feet by sixteen. It was found in the same cellar of the
+seminary, where is still the altar of Fortune, and may be considered as
+one of the most interesting relics of antiquity. Towards the upper part
+of it are mountains, with negro savages hunting wild beasts; animals of
+different sorts, with their names in Greek written below them, such
+as the rhinoceros, crocodile, and lynx. Lower down are seen houses of
+various forms, temples, vessels of different constructions, particularly
+a galley of 32 oars, manned with armed blacks, and commanded by a white
+man; a tent with soldiers, a palm tree, flowers, a collation in an
+arbour, an altar of Anubis; in short, almost every circumstance
+imaginable in life. The scene apparently lies in Egypt. The figures are
+well drawn, the light and shadows happily disposed, and the colouring
+harmonious. The stones which compose this very curious pavement are
+remarkably small which renders the effect peculiarly pleasing, from
+the neatness of its appearance.
+
+W.G.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PANORAMA OF STIRLING.
+
+
+Stirling, or Strivelin, and its storied environs have furnished Mr.
+Burford with a new Panorama, of more than usual interest in its details.
+The town is fraught with historical association, and the surrounding
+country is of picturesque and poetical character. A Scottish poet
+describes its attractions in these enthusiastic lines:
+
+  O! grander far than Windsor's brow!
+  And sweeter to the vale below!
+  Whar Forth's unrivalled windings flow
+              Through varied grain,
+  Brightening, I ween wi' glittering glow,
+              Strevlina's plain!
+  There, raptured trace, (enthroned on hie)
+  The landscape stretching on the ee,
+  Frae Grampian hills down to the sea--
+              A dazzling view--
+  Corn, meadow, mansion, water, tree,
+              In varying hue.
+  There, seated, mark, wi' ardour keen,
+  The Skellock bright 'mang corn sae green,
+  The purple pea, and speckled bean,
+              A fragrant store--
+  And vessels sailing, morn and een,
+              To Stirling's shore.
+  And Shaw park, gilt wi' e'ening's ray:
+  And Embro castle, distant grey;
+  Wi' Alva screened near Aichil brae,
+              'Mang grove and bower!
+  And rich Clackmannan rising gay
+              Wi' woods and tower.
+
+
+_Hector Macneill._
+
+
+Stirling is seated on the river Forth, upon a precipitous basaltic
+rock, about one hundred feet from the level of the plain. Upon the rock
+stands the Castle, from the outer court of which the present Panorama
+was sketched. The town, in external appearance, bears a miniature
+resemblance to Edinburgh, being situate like the old town of that
+city, on the sloping ridge of a rock, running from east to west, the
+precipitous end of which is occupied by the Castle. But, of the town
+itself, little is seen in the Panorama. The view, as we have stated, is
+from the Castle, and is generally allowed to be one of the finest in
+Scotland. Its scenery has many sublime and picturesque features, and
+has moreover been the site of some of the most stirring incidents in
+Scottish history; no less than twelve fields of battle, including three
+important ones fought by the first and second Edwards, being distinctly
+visible. Beginning with the Castle, we find, from its situation
+commanding the passes and fords between the north and south of Scotland,
+it was in early times styled the Key, as Dumbarton was the Lock, to the
+Highlands. Its first fortification is referred to the time of Agricola;
+the Picts had a strong fortress here, which was totally destroyed in the
+ninth century by the Scots, under Kenneth II. Stirling formed part of
+the ransom of his brother and successor, who had been taken prisoner by
+the Northumbrians; they rebuilt the Castle, but subsequently restored
+the place to the Scots. In the twelfth century, it was considered one of
+the strongest forts in Scotland. It was often visited by the Scottish
+monarchs, but it did not become a royal residence until the accession of
+the Stuarts. Here was born James II., and in an apartment now forming
+part of the deputy-governor's lodging, this king perpetrated the murder
+of Earl Douglas. James III. made it his chief residence, erected the
+parliament-house, and a richly-endowed chapel, since destroyed. James V.
+was crowned here, and erected the palace. Mary was crowned here, as
+was James VI. when thirteenth months old; he was educated here by the
+celebrated Buchanan. During the regency of Mary of Lorraine, a strong
+battery was erected here; and in the reign of Queen Anne, the
+fortifications were strengthened and enlarged. In 1806, the rocky ground
+in front was converted into an esplanade; since which the towers have
+been repaired and castellated, it being one of the Scottish forts,
+which, by the articles of the Union, are always to be kept in repair.
+It mounts about 36 guns; but if regularly invested in modern warfare, it
+could not hold out many hours. To enumerate its sieges, dismantlings,
+and repairs would occupy too much space. Among the most memorable of its
+stormy annals, is its siege by Edward II. in 1301, for three months,
+when it was battered with stones of two hundred pounds weight each,
+thrown by engines, in the formation of which was used all the lead
+from the monastery of St. Andrew's. It was last besieged in 1746 by the
+Highlanders under Prince Charles. The chief parts of the building seen
+in the Panorama are the additions by Queen Anne, the parliament-house,
+(though not the unsightly, modern roof,) and the palace, a stately
+and curious structure of hewn stone, and embellished with grotesque
+sculpture. The latter building forms a quadrangle, the central court of
+which is called the lion's den, from the king's lions being formerly
+kept there. The whole is now used as barracks. From the Castle, looking
+over the town, towards the east, is a vast plain, nearly 40 miles
+in extent, called the Carse of Stirling, through which the Firth in
+meandering, forms a number of peninsulas, in places approximating so
+closely as to have an isthmus of only a few yards, the effect of which
+in the picture, reminded us of the contrived intricacies of a child's
+puzzle; in this direction is seen Alla, or Alloa, a thriving seaport
+town, with a Gothic church, and celebrated for its excellent ale;
+Clackmannan, a miserable town, where in a tower lived King Robert Bruce,
+and where an old Jacobite lady knighted Burns with a sword which
+belonged to Bruce, observing that she had a better right to do so than
+_some folk_; Falkirk, known for its _trysts_, or markets, where
+the country-people point out a battle-field, and a stream called the
+Red Burn, from its running with blood on the day of the conflict; Bruce
+lived near this spot, the view from which he said was not surpassed by
+any he had seen in his travels: next lies the Firth of Forth, and the
+country as far as Edinburgh and the Pentland Hills. Towards the south
+stands the ancient village of St. Ninian's, and Bannockburn, the
+battleground of the most celebrated and important contest that ever took
+place between English and Scots; the Torwood, where till lately stood
+a tree said to have sheltered Wallace; and the Carron, bounded by the
+green hills of Campsie. Towards the west are the plains of Menteith,
+a district, says Chambers, distinguished almost above all the rest of
+Scotland, for the singular series of beautiful and romantic scenes which
+it presents to the view of the traveller, and bounded by the majestic
+Grampians. On the north are the famous ruins of Cambuskenneth, and the
+precipitous Abbey Craig, beyond which lies the richly-cultivated vale of
+Devon; the moor on which the battle of Dumblain was fought; and Ochill
+Hills, clothed with blooming heath, and overtopped by the summits of
+Perthshire. Such is the artist's outline of the prospect: our task shall
+be to select a few of its most entertaining details.
+
+To return to the Panoramic arrangement: next the castle is Gowlan Hill,
+the ordinary place of execution in times of wicked bloodshed, and thus
+apostrophized by Douglas, in the _Lady of the Lake_:
+
+  And thou O sad and fatal mound!
+  That oft hast heard the death-axe sound,
+  As on the noblest of the land,
+  Fell the stern headsman's bloody hand.
+
+
+The hill has, however, less terrible association; it being after called
+Hurly Hacket, from James V. and his nobles there playing at that game,
+which consisted in sliding down the steep banks on an inverted cutty
+stool. This was, at least, more rational than cutting off heads. Next is
+Abbey Craig, a rock upon which Wallace defeated the English; Dollava, a
+village on a gloomy rock, almost insulated by two streams, whose Celtic
+names signify the glens of care and the burns of sorrow; Tillabody, the
+birthplace and property of Sir Ralph Abercrombie; the crumbling walls
+and bell tower of Cambuskenneth Abbey, wherein several parliaments were
+held, and at whose high altar the clergy and nobles swore fealty to
+Robert and David Bruce; Edinburgh, with its castle, thirty-eight miles
+from Stirling, whence it is discernable in clear weather; the Carron
+Iron-works; and the Carron, of more classic celebrity in Ossian, and the
+battles of the Romans and the Scots and Picts; the dome-shaped hill of
+Tinto, in Lanarkshire, 60 miles from Stirling, and 2,336 feet in height;
+Arthur's Hill, a circular mound of earth, surrounded by seats of turf
+in the royal gardens, sometimes called the king's knot, where the court
+held fetes, and where James used to amuse himself with the pastime
+called the Knights of the Round Table; Ben Lomond, 3,240 feet above the
+lake, which is 32 feet above the level of the sea; Ben Venue, and Ben
+Ledy, or the hill of God, in Perthshire, 3,009 feet in height, so called
+from the inhabitants of the surrounding villages, in former times,
+meeting on its summit at the summer solstice, three days and nights for
+the purpose of devotion. These three mountains, with their vicinities
+are enshrined in Sir Walter Scott's _Lady of the Lake_; and the
+village of Balquidder, at the foot of Ben Ledy, is the burial place of
+Rob Roy. We have just described the circle: over the garden wall of
+the Castle, at a considerable distance, is the well-wooded estate and
+mansion of Craig Forth, said to have once belonged to a blacksmith of
+Stirling: this man having placed the iron bars (which still remain to
+the windows of the palace), and done other work for James VI. when that
+monarch came to the throne of England, made a demand of one thousand
+pounds Scots,--but by some error, the accounts being paid in Stirling
+money, he with it purchased the estate and built the house of Craig
+Forth. Next, to the right is Blair Drummond, formerly the residence of
+the accomplished Lord Kaimes; and beyond are the celebrated ruins of
+Donne Castle; not the least interesting incident of its annals was the
+imprisonment there in 1745, of John Home, (the author of Douglas,)
+who has left a narrative of his clambering escape over the high walls.
+
+It is time to speak of the Panorama as a work of art; for hitherto we
+have rather considered its intellectual interest. The Castle and Palace
+we take to be finely painted, with admirable picturesque effect: the
+huge gateway, flanked with two towers, the battlemented walls, and
+battery, are in fine bold relief, as is the clinging vegetation about
+the building; nor must we omit the grotesque figures or corbelled
+pedestals, and the identical window bars, the work of the wily Scot
+of Craig Forth; the latter especially, are clever. A portion of the
+esplanade otherwise devoid of interest, is peopled with a meeting of the
+Highland Society celebrating the feats of the ancient Caledonians, the
+object of the Society being to preserve their language, costume, music,
+gymnastic sports, and martial games. This introduction happily fills up
+what would otherwise have been the only void in the scene, so thickly
+is it studed and storied with objects and recollections. Altogether, we
+have rarely seen a topographical panorama of such diversified character:
+it has reminiscences of history and poetry to lead us through the
+retrospect of chivalrous ages, princely contests for crowns that rarely
+sat lightly on their wearers, and the last flickering hopes of defeated
+ambition and ill-starred fortune. Yet, how powerfully, not to say
+painfully, are these pages in the chronicles of human actions, when
+contrasted with the broad volume of nature, as spread before us in this
+picture. Alas! what is the majesty of the mightiest of the kings that
+dwelt in its palace in comparison with the sublimities of Tinto, Ben
+Lomond, Venue, or Ledy; or what the peace of their halls amidst the
+smiling expanse of the Carse of Stirling in all its quiet luxuriance.
+They and their houses have become dust or crumbling ruin, and death has
+with a little pin bored through their castle walls--while Nature has
+been flourishing from year to year, and reading man an epitome of
+existence in the succession of her changes.
+
+It has been stated that Mr. Burford, the successful painter of Stirling,
+is engaged on a Panorama of the Falls of Niagara. All admirers of this
+style of painting must be anxious for his success.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SIR WALTER SCOTT.
+
+
+Mr. Parker has issued in addition to the Medal already noticed in
+our pages, a _Medallion_ of the lamented Poet and Novelist, from
+Chantrey's bust. It is, we think, the obverse of the Medal, with bronzed
+circular frame work bearing the motto suggested by Sir Walter. Though
+handsome, it is an economical memorial of one whose amiable talents must
+endear him to every fireside in the kingdom.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NEW BOOKS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+POMPEII.
+
+
+[The second and concluding volume of the descriptive history of
+Pompeii, in the _Library of Entertaining Knowledge_, is still more
+attractive than its predecessor. It contains the very domestic economy
+of the ancient inhabitants--chapters on domestic architecture, paintings
+and mosaics, streets and fountains, private houses, villas, and tombs;
+and, moreover, on the art of baking, and the forms of domestic utensils.
+We are, therefore, led through hall, parlour, bath, kitchen, and shop,
+with amusing minuteness; and, in the account of furniture and domestic
+implements, it is curious to observe, how far we are indebted to the
+ancients for the forms of similar contrivances now in use. One of the
+best passages in this portion of the work is the following, on the]
+
+_Lamps and Candelabra._
+
+No articles of ancient manufacture are more common than lamps. They are
+found in every variety of form and size, in clay and in metal, from the
+most cheap to the most costly description. We have the testimony of
+the celebrated antiquary Winkelmann to the interest of this subject:
+"I place among the most curious utensils, found at Herculaneum, the
+lamps, in which the ancients sought to display elegance, and even
+magnificence. Lamps of every sort will be found in the museum at
+Portici, both in clay and bronze, but especially the latter; and as
+the ornaments of the ancients have generally some reference to some
+particular things, we often meet with rather remarkable subjects."
+A considerable number of these articles will be found in the British
+Museum, but they are chiefly of the commoner sort. All the works,
+however, descriptive of Herculaneum and Pompeii, present us with
+specimens of the richer and more remarkable class, which attract
+admiration both by the beauty of the workmanship, and the whimsical
+variety of their designs. We may enumerate a few which occur in a work
+now before us, "Antiquites d'Herculanum," in which we find a Silenus,
+with the usual peculiarities of figure ascribed to the jolly god rather
+exaggerated, and an owl sitting upon his head between two huge horns,
+which support stands for lamps. Another represents a flower-stalk,
+growing out of a circular plinth, with snail-shells hanging from it by
+small chains, which held the oil and wick. The trunk of a tree, with
+lamps suspended between the branches. Another, a naked boy, beautifully
+wrought, with a lamp hanging from one hand, and an instrument for
+trimming it from the other, the lamp itself representing a theatrical
+mask. Beside him is a twisted column, surmounted by the head of a Faun,
+or Bacchanal, which has a lid in its crown, and seems intended as a
+reservoir of oil. The boy and pillar are both placed on a square
+plateau, raised upon lions' claws. But, beautiful as those lamps are,
+the light which they gave must have been weak and unsteady, and little
+superior to that of common street-lamps, with which indeed they are
+identical in principle. The wick was merely a few twisted threads, drawn
+through a hole in the upper surface of the oil-vessel; and there was no
+glass to steady the light, and prevent its varying with every breeze
+that blew.
+
+Still, though the Romans had not advanced so far in art as to apply
+glass-chimneys and hollow circular wicks to their lamps, they had
+experienced the inconvenience of going home at night through a city
+ill-paved, ill-watched, and ill-lighted, and, accordingly, soon invented
+lanterns to meet the want. These we learn from Martial, who has several
+epigrams upon this subject, were made of horn or bladder;--no mention,
+we believe, occurs, of glass being thus employed. The rich were preceded
+by a slave bearing their lantern. This, Cicero mentions, as being the
+habit of Catiline upon his midnight expeditions; and when M. Antony was
+accused of a disgraceful intrigue, his lantern-bearer was tortured, to
+extort a confession whither he had conducted his master.[4] One of these
+machines, of considerable ingenuity and beauty of workmanship, was found
+in Herculaneum in 1760, and another, almost exactly the same, at
+Pompeii, a few years after.
+
+One of the most elegant articles of furniture in ancient use was the
+candelabrum, by which we mean those tall and slender stands which served
+to support a lamp, but were independent of and unconnected with it.
+These, in their original and simple form, were probably mere reeds, or
+straight sticks, fixed upon a foot by peasants, to raise their light
+to a convenient height; at least, such a theory of their origin is
+agreeable to what we are told of the rustic manners of the early Romans,
+and it is in some degree countenanced by the fashion in which many of
+the ancient candelabra are made. Sometimes the stem is represented as
+throwing out buds; sometimes it is a stick, the side branches of which
+have been roughly lopped, leaving projections where they grew; sometimes
+it is in the likeness of a reed or cane, the stalk being divided into
+joints. Most of those which have been found in the buried cities are of
+bronze; some few of iron. In their general plan and appearance there
+is a great resemblance, though the details of the ornaments admit of
+infinite variety. All stand on three feet, usually griffins', or lions'
+claws, which support a light shaft, plain or fluted according to the
+fancy of the maker. The whole supports either a plinth large enough for
+a lamp to stand on, or a socket to receive a wax-candle, which the
+Romans used sometimes instead of oil in lighting their rooms. Some of
+them have a sliding shaft, like that of a music-stand, by which the
+light might be raised or lowered at pleasure.
+
+We may here say a few words on the art of inlaying one metal with
+another, in which, as in all ornamental branches of the working of
+metals, the ancient Italians possessed great skill. In the time of
+Seneca, ornaments of silver were seldom seen, unless their price was
+enhanced by being inlaid with solid gold. The art of uniting one metal
+to another was called by the general term _ferruminare_. Inlaid
+work was of two sorts; in the one, the inlaid work projected above the
+surface, and was called _emblemata_, as the art itself was called,
+from the Greek, _embletice_. It is inferred, from the inspection of
+numerous embossed vases in the Neapolitan Museum, that this embossed
+work was formed, either by plating with a thin leaf of metal figures
+already raised upon the surface of the article, or by letting the solid
+figures into the substance of the vessel, and finishing them with
+delicate tools after they were attached. In the second sort, the inlaid
+work was even with the surface, and was called _crusta_, and the
+art was called, from the Greek, _empaestice_. This is the same as
+the damask work so fashionable in the armour of the fifteenth and
+sixteenth centuries, which is often seen beautifully inlaid with gold.
+It was executed by engraving the pattern upon the surface of the metal,
+and filling up the lines with fine plates of a different metal; the two
+were then united with the assistance of heat, and the whole burnished.
+Pliny has preserved a receipt for solder, which probably was used in
+these works. It is called santerna; and the principal ingredients are
+borax, nitre, and copperas, pounded, with a small quantity of gold and
+silver, in a copper mortar.
+
+[The volume is enriched with four steel-plate engravings, and 154 cuts,
+of clever execution.]
+
+    [4] Val. Max. vi. 8.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE WONDERS OF THE LANE.
+
+
+  Strong climber of the mountain's side,
+    Though thou the vale disdain,
+  Yet walk with me where hawthorns hide
+    The wonders of the lane.
+  High o'er the rushy springs of Don
+    The stormy gloom is rolled;
+  The moorland hath not yet put on
+    His purple, green, and gold.
+  But here the titling[5] spreads his wing,
+    Where dewy daisies gleam;
+  And here the sunflower[6] of the spring
+    Burns bright in morning's beam.
+  To mountain winds the famish'd fox
+    Complains that Sol is slow,
+  O'er headlong steeps and gushing rocks
+    His royal robe to throw.
+  But here the lizard seeks the sun
+    Here coils, in light, the snake;
+  And here the fire-tuft[7] hath begun
+    Its beauteous nest to make.
+  Oh! then, while hums the earliest bee
+    Where verdure fires the plain,
+  Walk thou with me, and stoop to see
+    The glories of the lane!
+  For, oh! I love these banks of rock,
+    This roof of sky and tree,
+  These tufts, where sleeps the gloaming clock,
+    And wakes the earliest bee!
+  As spirits from eternal day
+    Look down on earth, secure,
+  Look here, and wonder, and survey
+    A world in miniature:
+  A world not scorned by Him who made
+    E'en weakness by his might;
+  But solemn in his depth of shade,
+    And splendid in his light.
+  Light!--not alone on clouds afar,
+    O'er storm-loved mountains spread,
+  Or widely teaching sun and star,
+    Thy glorious thoughts are read;
+  Oh, no I thou art a wondrous book
+    To sky, and sea, and land--
+  A page on which the angels look--
+    Which insects understand!
+  And here, O light! minutely fair,
+    Divinely plain and clear,
+  Like splinters of a crystal hair,
+    Thy bright small hand is here!
+  Yon drop-fed lake, six inches wide
+    Is Huron, girt with wood;
+  This driplet feeds Missouri's tide--
+    And that Niagara's flood.
+  What tidings from the Andes brings
+    Yon line of liquid light,
+  That down from heaven in madness flings
+    The blind foam of its might?
+  Do I not hear his thunder roll--
+    The roar that ne'er is still?
+  'Tis mute as death!--but in my soul
+    It roars, and ever will.
+  What forests tall of tiniest moss
+  Clothe every little stone!--
+  What pigmy oaks their foliage toss
+    O'er pigmy valleys lone!
+  With shade o'er shade, from ledge to ledge,
+    Ambitious of the sky,
+  They feather o'er the steepest edge
+    Of mountains mushroom-high.
+  Oh, God of marvels! who can tell
+    What myriad living things
+  On these gray stones unseen may dwell!
+    What nations, with their kings!
+  I feel no shock, I hear no groan,
+    While fate, perchance, o'erwhelms
+  Empires on this subverted stone--
+    A hundred ruined realms!
+  Lo! in that dot, some mite, like me,
+    Impelled by woe or whim,
+  May crawl, some atom's cliffs to see--
+    A tiny world to him!
+  Lo! while he pauses, and admires
+    The works of nature's might,
+  Spurned by my foot, his world expires,
+    And all to him is night!
+  Oh, God of terrors! what are we?--
+    Poor insects sparked with thought!
+  Thy whisper, Lord, a word from thee,
+    Could smite us into naught!
+  But should'st thou wreck our father-land,
+    And mix it with the deep,
+  Safe in the hollow of thy hand
+    Thy little one will sleep.
+
+_Amulet._
+
+
+    [5] The hedge-sparrow.
+
+    [6] The dandelion.
+
+    [7] The golden-crested wren.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+POVERTY.
+
+
+Owen Feltham says--"The poverty of a poor man is the least part of his
+misery. In all the storms of fortune, he is the first that must stand
+the shock of extremity. Poor men are perpetual sentinels, watching in
+the depth of night against the incessant assaults of want; while the
+rich lie strowd in secure reposes, and compassed with a large abundance.
+If the land be ruffetted with a bloodless famine, are not the poor the
+first that sacrifice their lives to hunger? If war thunders in the
+trembling country's lap, are not the poor those that are exposed to the
+enemy's sword and outrage? If the plague, like a loaded sponge, flies,
+sprinkling poison through a populous kingdom, the poor are the fruit
+that are shaken from the burdened tree; while the rich, furnished with
+the helps of fortune, have means to wind out themselves, and turn these
+sad indurances on the poor, that cannot avoid them. Like salt-marshes,
+that lie low, they are sure, whenever the sea of this world rages, to be
+first under, and embarrened with a fretting care. Who like the poor are
+harrowed with oppression, ever subject to the imperious taxes, and the
+gripes of mightiness? Continual care checks the spirit; continual labour
+checks the body; and continual insultation both. He is like one rolled
+in a vessel full of pikes--which way soever he turns, he something finds
+that pricks him. Yet, besides all these, there is another transcendent
+misery--and this is, that maketh men contemptible. As if the poor man
+were but fortune's dwarf, made lower than the rest of men, to be laughed
+at. The philosopher (though he were the same mind and the same man), in
+his squalid rags, could not find admission, when better robes procured
+both an open door and reverence. Though outward things can add nothing
+to our essential worth, yet, when we are judged on, by the help of
+others' outward senses, they much conduce to our value or disesteem.
+A diamond set in brass would be taken for a crystal, though it be not
+so; whereas a crystal set in gold will by many be thought a diamond.
+A poor man wise shall be thought a fool, though he have nothing to
+condemn him but his being poor. Poverty is a gulf, wherein all good
+parts are swallowed;--it is a reproach, which clouds the lustre of the
+purest virtue. Certainly, extreme poverty is worse than abundance. We
+may be good in plenty, if we will; in biting penury we cannot, though we
+would. In one, the danger is casual; in the other, it is necessitating.
+The best is that which partakes of both, and consists of neither.
+He that hath too little wants feathers to fly withal; he that hath too
+much, is but cumbered with too large a tail. If a flood of wealth could
+profit us, it would be good to swim in such a sea; but it can neither
+lengthen our lives, nor inrich us after the end. There is not in the
+world such another object of pity as the pinched state; which no man
+being secured from, I wonder at the tyrant's braves and contempt.
+Questionless, I will rather with charity help him that is miserable, as
+I may be, than despise him that is poor, as I would not be. They have
+flinty and steeled hearts that can add calamities to him that is already
+but one entire mass."
+
+W.G.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ACCOUNT OF THE IRISH MANTLE.
+
+
+Edmund Spencer (the English poet) in his _View of the State of
+Ireland_, says--"First the outlaw, being for his many crimes and
+villanies banished from the towns and houses of honest men, and
+wandering in waste places, far from danger of law, maketh his
+_mantle_ his house, and under it covereth himself from the wrath of
+heaven, from the offence of the earth, and from the sight of men. When
+it raineth, it is his pent-house; when it bloweth, it is his tent; when
+it freezeth, it is his tabernacle. In summer he can wear it loose; in
+winter he can wrap it close; at all times he can use it--never heavy,
+never cumbersome. Likewise for a rebel it is as serviceable; for in his
+warre that he maketh, (if at least it deserve the name of warre), when
+he still flyeth from his foe, and lurketh in the thick woods and strait
+passages, waiting for advantages, it is his bed, yea, and almost his
+household stuff; for the wood is his house against all weathers, and his
+mantle is his couch to sleep in. Therein he wrappeth himselfe round, and
+coucheth himself strongly against the gnats, which in that country doe
+more annoye the naked rebells, whilst they keepe the woods, and doe more
+sharply wound them than all their enemies' swords, or spears, which can
+seldome come nigh them; yea, and oftentimes their mantle serveth them,
+when they are neare driven, being wrapped about their left arme, instead
+of a target, for it is hard to cut through with a sword; besides, it is
+light to bear, light to throw away, and being (as they commonly are)
+naked, it is to them all in all. Lastly, for a thiefe it is so handsome,
+as it may seem it was first invented for him; for under it he may
+cleanly convey any fit pillage that cometh handsomely in his way, and
+when he goeth abroad in the night free-booting, it is his best and
+surest friend; for lying, as they often doe, two or three nights
+together abroad, to watch for their booty, with that they can prettily
+shroud themselves under a bush, or bankside, till they may conveniently
+do their errand; and when all is over, he can, in his mantle, passe
+through any town or company, being close hooded over his head, as he
+useth, from knowledge of any to whom he is endangered. Besides this,
+he, or any man els that is disposed to mischiefe or villany, may under
+his mantle goe privily armed, without suspicion of any, carry his
+head-piece, his skean, or pistol, if he please, to be always in
+readinesse."
+
+Spencer traces these mantles from the Scythians. He says--"The Irish
+have from the Scythians _mantles_ and long _glibs_, which is a
+thick curled bush of hair, hanging down over their eyes, and monstrously
+disguising theme."
+
+This curious _View of the State of Ireland_ remained in manuscript
+till it was printed, in 1633, by Sir James Ware, denominated "the Camden
+of Ireland."
+
+P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+DOMESTIC HINTS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONSUMPTION OF FISH.
+
+
+There is but little fish consumed in the interior of Great Britain; and
+even in most seaport towns the consumption is not very great. In London,
+indeed, immense quantities of fish are annually made use of; and there
+can be little doubt that the consumption would be much greater, were it
+not for the abuses in the trade, which render the supply comparatively
+scarce, and, in most instances, exceedingly dear. All fish brought to
+London is sold in Billingsgate market; and, in consequence of this
+restriction, the salesmen of that market have succeeded in establishing
+what is really equivalent to a monopoly, and are in a great measure
+enabled to regulate both the supply and the price.--_Macculloch._
+
+This inconsiderable consumption of fish will be a matter of surprise,
+when we see that the supply of fish in the seas round Britain is most
+abundant, or rather quite inexhaustible. "The coasts of Great Britain,"
+says Sir John Boroughs, "doe yield such a continued harvest of gain and
+benefit to all those that with diligence doe labour in the same, that no
+time or season of the yeare passeth away without some apparent meanes
+of profitable employment, especially to such as apply themselves to
+fishing; which, from the beginning of the year unto the latter end,
+continueth upon some part or other of our coastes; and there in such
+infinite shoals and multitudes of fishes are offered to the takers as
+may justly cause admiration, not only to strangers, but to those that
+daily are employed amongst them."--"That this harvest," says Mr. Barrow,
+"ripe for gathering at all seasons of the year,--without the labour of
+tillage--without expense of seed or manure--without the payment of rent
+or taxes--is inexhaustible, the extraordinary fecundity of the most
+valuable kinds of fish would alone afford abundant proof. To enumerate
+the thousands, and even millions of eggs which are impregnated in the
+herring, the cod, the ling, and, indeed, in almost the whole of the
+esculent fish, would give but an inadequate idea of the prodigious
+multitudes in which they flock to our shores. The shoals themselves
+must be seen, in order to convey to the mind any just notice of their
+aggregate mass." Mr. Macculloch, however, observes, that "notwithstanding
+this immense abundance of fish, and notwithstanding the bounties that
+have been given by the legislature to the individuals engaged in the
+fishery, it has not been profitable to those by whom it has been carried
+on, nor has it made that progress which might have been expected."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NANKEEN.
+
+
+Nankeen, or Nanking, takes its name from Nanking in China, where the
+reddish-yellow thread of which the stuff is made was originally spun.
+In England, we erroneously apply the term Nankeen to one colour; though,
+in the East Indies, vast quantities of white, pink, and yellow nankeens
+are made.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WHITE PEPPER.
+
+
+The relative value of black and white pepper is but imperfectly
+understood. The former is decidedly the best. It grows in long, small
+clusters of from 20 to 50 grains. When ripe, it is of a bright red
+colour. After being gathered, it is spread on mats in the sun, when it
+loses its red colour, and becomes black and shrivelled as we see it.
+White pepper is of two sorts, common and genuine. The former is made by
+blanching the grains of the common black pepper, by steeping them for a
+while in water, and then gently rubbing them, so as to remove the dark
+outer coat. It is milder than the other, and much prized by the Chinese,
+but very little is imported into England. _Genuine_ white pepper is
+merely the blighted or imperfect grains picked from among the heaps of
+black pepper. It is, of course, very inferior.
+
+From the Singapore Chronicle we learn, that the average annual quantity
+of pepper obtained from different countries is 46,066,666 lbs,
+avoirdupois.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_How to acquire Knowledge._--Edmund Stone, the celebrated
+mathematician, was a native of Scotland, and the son of the Duke of
+Argyle's gardener. Before he attained the age of eighteen years, he
+had acquired a knowledge of geometry, &c., without a master. When he
+was asked by the Duke of Argyle how he had gained this knowledge, he
+replied, "I first learned to read; and the masons being at work on your
+house, I saw that the architect used a rule and compasses, and that he
+made calculations. Upon inquiring into the uses of these things, I was
+informed there was a science named arithmetic. I purchased a book of
+arithmetic, and I learned it. I was told there was another science
+called geometry, and I learned that also. Finding that there were good
+books on these two sciences in Latin, I bought a dictionary, and learned
+Latin. I also understood there were good books of the same kind in
+French, and I learned French. This, my lord, is what I have done; and
+it seems to me that we may learn anything when we know the twenty-four
+letters of the alphabet." The Duke, pleased with this simple answer,
+drew Stone out of obscurity, and provided for him an employment which
+allowed of his favourite pursuit.
+
+P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Duelling._--The students of the Berlin University lately
+introduced a new mode of duelling. In order that chances might be equal
+on both sides, the combatants went to the bed of a man attacked with
+cholera, and kissed him. Neither of the parties having experienced the
+least symptom of the epidemic during the next twenty-four hours, the
+seconds declared that the two adversaries had satisfied the laws of
+honour, and the affair was consequently settled.--SWAINE. (We take this
+piece of irony to be well applied.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Popes._--His Highness Leo. XII., the present Pope's predecessor,
+was, according to the visual mode of reckoning, the two hundred and
+fifty-second since Peter the Apostle. Of these 208 were natives of
+Italy, 14 were Frenchmen, 11 Greeks, 8 Syrians and Dalmatians, 5
+Germans, 3 Spaniards, 2 North Africans, and 1 Englishman.
+
+W.G.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+In the churchyard of Arthuret, a village in Cumberland, are interred,
+the remains of poor Archy Armstrong, jester or fool to Charles I.; and
+by an accident suitable to his profession, the day of his funeral was
+the first of April.
+
+SWAINE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Imperial Extravagance._--Asses' milk is said to be a great
+beautifier and preserver of the skin. Poppaea, wife of the Emperor Nero,
+used it for that purpose, having four or five hundred asses constantly
+in her retinue, to furnish her every morning with a fresh bath.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ANNUALS FOR 1833.
+
+With the present Number, a SUPPLEMENT,
+
+CONTAINING THE
+
+Spirit of the Annuals for 1833:
+
+With a large Engraving, and Three Comic Cuts.
+
+
+  St. Goar                                      _Picturesque Annual._
+  The Enchantress                               _Book of Beauty._
+  The Flybekins                                 _Comic Offering._
+  What's in a Name?                             _Ditto ditto._
+  Song, by Miss Mitford                         _Ditto ditto._
+  History of the Holy Cross, by Lord Mahon      _Amulet._
+  Trials of Grace Huntley, by Mrs. S.C. Hall    _Ditto._
+  The Armada                                    _Friendship's Offering._
+  The Tornado                                   _Ditto  ditto._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris;
+CHARLES JUGEL, Francfort; and by all Newsmen and Booksellers._
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT,
+AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 20, NO. 581, SATURDAY, DECEMBER 15, 1832***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 12531.txt or 12531.zip *******
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