diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'old/12522.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/12522.txt | 929 |
1 files changed, 929 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/old/12522.txt b/old/12522.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a102d2f --- /dev/null +++ b/old/12522.txt @@ -0,0 +1,929 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of An Account of the Extraordinary Medicinal +Fluid, called Aether, by Matthew Turner + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: An Account of the Extraordinary Medicinal Fluid, called Aether. + +Author: Matthew Turner + +Release Date: June 5, 2004 [EBook #12522] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AETHER *** + + + + +Transcribed by David Ross <davidross@despammed.com> from an undated +edition, c. 1761. + + + + + + +Project Gutenberg E-Text of +An Account of the Extraordinary Medicinal Fluid, called Aether. +By Matthew Turner (d. 1788?) + + + + + + + + AN + ACCOUNT + OF THE EXTRAORDINARY + MEDICINAL FLUID, + CALLED AETHER. + + + By M. TURNER, SURGEON, + IN + _LIVERPOOL._ + + + LONDON: + Printed by J. WILKIE, at the Bible in St. Paul's Church-yard. + + + + + +The Publisher of the following short Account of the AETHER having +prepared, and successfully made Use of it in his private Practice, +for several Years, has at length determin'd to endeavour to extend +it's Utility, by thus making it public; as he knows of no one who +has ever published it's _medicinal virtues_; or offered it to Sale +in it's _Perfection_; or given the Criteria by which they who are +unacquainted with it might distinguish the _Genuine_ from the +_Spurious_: And he doubts not but every candid Person who examines +it, will agree with him, That it carries with it the strongest +Marks of a valuable Addition to the _Materia Medica_, and +therefore ought to lie no longer in Obscurity. + + + + + +AN ACCOUNT OF THE AETHER, _&c._ + + +This truly extraordinary Chemical Preparation is not a new +Discovery, having been known and esteemed, as a valuable +Curiosity, by many of the greatest Chemists and Philosophers, both +Ancient and Modern; particularly by Sir _Isaac Newton_ [Footnote: +Quere 31st, at the End of his Optics.], and the Honourable +Mr. _Boyle_ [Footnote: Treatise on the Producibleness of Chemical +Principles.], who both mention it in their Works, tho' not by this +Name: And therefore before any Thing is said of it's Virtues as a +Medicine, it may not be improper to explain the Nature of it, and +enumerate a few of it's remarkable Properties, considered as a +Curiosity in Chemistry, in which Light chiefly it has hitherto +been view'd by those who have been acquainted with it. + +It is a kind of ETHEREAL OIL, produced by the Decomposition of the +Vinous Spirit by Means of the Vitriolic Acid, and differs +essentially both from Vinous Spirits and Essential Oils in several +Respects, tho' it agrees with them in some, as will appear +hereafter: But as the Vinous Spirit may be decomposed by means of +all the three Mineral Acids, _viz._ the _Vitriolic_, the _Nitrous_ +and the _Marine_, and as these all act differently on the Spirit, +they will, of Course, produce three different Kinds of AETHER, +which, from the Name, of the Acid employ'd in making them, are +term'd _Marine, Nitrous_, or _Vitriolic_: the last only is the +Kind here understood, it's Properties being more singular and +extraordinary, and, as an AETHER, more perfect than either of the +others; the Reason of which seems to be, that the _Vitriolic Acid_ +is a much stronger Agent on the Spirit, and more perfectly +decomposes it, than either the _Nitrous_ or _Marine_. + +It is the most light, most volatile, and most inflammable, of all +known Liquids: It swims upon the highest rectified Spirit of Wine +as Oil does upon Water, and flies away so quickly as hardly to wet +a Hand it is dropped upon; from which Properties it probably has +obtained it's Name. It is so readily inflammable, as to take Fire +at the approach of a Candle, before the Flame touches it. Any +Electrified Body will also produce the same Effect. + +It is one of the most powerful Solvents known in Chemistry: It is +neither _acid_ nor _alcaline_, and therefore is perfectly free +from that saline Acrimony with which all the common Volatile +Spirits abound: It has a greater Affinity with Gold than _Aqua +Regia_ has, altho' it will not dissolve it in the Mass, or whilst +in it's Metallic Form; but if you add AETHER to a solution of Gold +in Aqua Regia, it presently takes all the Gold from it's former +Solvent, keeping it perfectly dissolved and suspended, without the +least Precipitation; and becomes of a yellow Colour: The AETHER, +thus saturated with the Gold, does not mix with the Aqua Regia, +but may readily be separated from it by simple Decantation, and +thus a true and safe _Aurum potabile_ is readily prepared for +those who want such a Medicine. The Union of these two Substances +is very remarkable, one being the heaviest solid Body we know, the +other the lightest Liquid. + +The AETHER is remarkably cold, when dropped upon the Hand, and it +affects the thermometer in an extraordinary Manner; for if the +Ball of either a Mercurial or Spirituous Thermometer be immersed +in it, the Spirit or Mercury immediately sinks considerably, tho' +both the AETHER and the Thermometer have stood a sufficient Time +together to be brought to the temperature of the Room, before the +Experiment was made. The Thermometers dipt into Water, or Spirit +of Wine, in the same Manner, suffer not the least Alteration. + +They who chuse to see a further Account of the singular Effects +which this curious Fluid produces, may peruse what Doctor +_Frobenius_, a _German_ Chemist, has published concerning it, in +the Philosophic Transactions for the Years 1733 and 1741. + +But the most valuable Qualities of the AETHER are it's _medicinal_ +ones; it having been found by repeated Experience to be an +excellent Remedy in most _nervous Diseases_; particularly in FITS +of all sorts, whether _Epileptic, Convulsive, Hysteric, +Hypochondriac, or Paralytic_: In habitual HEAD-ACHES, GOUT, +RHEUMATISM, PAINS IN THE, STOMACH, WINDY DISORDERS OF THE STOMACH +AND INTESTINES, HOOPING COUGH, ASTHMA, PLEURITIC PAINS, and +DEAFNESS, all which Diseases have, in a singular Manner, been +removed by it; and that the Publisher may contribute all the +Assistance he can in extending the use of this Medicine, the +following Methods of applying, it are given, which have been +attended with Success. + + + + +_Particular Directions for using the_ AETHER. + + +In the HEAD-ACH. + +A fit of the Head-ach is almost instantly removed by applying the +AETHER externally to the Forehead, by means of a bit of Linen Rag, +in the Manner hereafter directed for it's external Application. Or +it may be applied to any other Part of the Head where the Pain +lies, being first shaved, if necessary. If the Pain is violent, a +Dose of it should be also taken inwardly. In stubborn Cases it +will likewise be serviceable to snuff a little of the AETHER up +the Nostrils, either alone or mixed with equal Parts of Lavender +Water, _Hungary_ Water, or Brandy; or it may be more convenient to +apply a bit of Linen Rag, wetted with AETHER, up the Nostrils. Any +of these Means, or all of them, must be repeated if the Pain is so +urgent as to require it. To cure this Disorder radically, when it +is of long standing, and to prevent it's Return, the Medicine must +be taken inwardly for a considerable Time every Night at Bed-time, +or in violent Cases, every Night and Morning in a small Draught of +cold Water, according to the General Direction for taking it +inwardly, given p. 11. In some particular Cases, Vomits are very +serviceable. + + + +A VERTIGO. + +A Vertigo, Giddiness, or Swimming in the Head, will generally be +removed by proceeding in the same Manner as for the Head-ach. + + + +The EPILEPSY. + +No Disease is more difficult to cure than the Epilepsy or Falling- +Sickness; yet several Instances have occurred where the most +violent Degrees of it, have been cured, even in grown Persons, by +taking a Dose of this Medicine regularly every Night and Morning +for a considerable Time. The Dose must be regulated according to +the Age of the Patient, as mentioned in the General Direction, +Page 11. If a Pain is felt in any Part of the Head, the AETHER +must be applied to that Part occasionally, and it must be +previously shaved, if necessary. It will be proper to give a small +Dose of _Tinctura Sacra_, or of the _Pill. Rufi_, at proper +Intervals, as once a Week or Fortnight. It will also, in most +Cases, be necessary to give now and then a Vomit. If it be +suspected that the Patient has Worms, proper Medicines to destroy +them ought also to be given. + + + +In CONVULSIONS. + +In Convulsions, or Convulsive Disorders, give the AETHER inwardly, +a Dose two three Times a Day, or oftener, according to the +exigence of the Case; and it should also be applied externally to +the Forehead, or any other Part of the Head, during the Fit. If +the Patient is full of blood, bleeding is necessary, and if +Costive, a Dose of _Manna, Senna,_ or any gentle Laxative, or a +Clyster, should be given. + + + +Hysteric and Hypochondriac DISORDERS. + +This Medicine has excellent Effect in _Hysteric Fits_, and in all +that Train of Symptoms which Hysteric and Hypochondriac Persons +are subject to; such as Risings in the Throat threatning +Suffocation, difficult Breathing, Flutterings and Palpitations of +the Heart, frequent Fainting, Lowness of Spirits, violent Pains in +the Head, Languor of the whole Body, Dullness of the Mind and +Senses, with constant Anxieties and Inquietude, &c. The Dose must +be repeated according to the urgency of the Symptoms; and the +Medicine must be continued some Time after the Complaints +disappear, to prevent a Relapse. It will be serviceable during the +Use of the AETHER, especially in Case of Costiveness, to take at +proper Intervals a gentle Purge, such as _Tinctura Sacra, Pill +Rufi, Rhubarb,_ or _Glauber's Salts_. Bodily Exercise of all sorts +contributes greatly to the Cure of these Complaints, especially +Riding on Horseback. + + + +PALSY. + +In _Palsies_, and all Paralytic Complaints, the Patient, if a +grown Person, must take the quantity of a Tea Spoonful of the +AETHER every Night and Morning. The Dose must be lessened in young +People, according to their Age. It will also be proper to snuff a +little of it up the Nostrils once or twice a Day, or apply a bit +of Rag wetted with it up the Nostrils. The AETHER must also be +applied externally to the Part affected, at least once every Day. +It should likewise be applied now and then to the Forehead, or any +other part of the Head, especially if the Tongue, Eyes, or any +part of the Face or Head be affected. If the Arms or Hands are +Paralytic, the Application should be made to the lower and back +Part of the Neck, as well as to the Part affected. If the Disease +has seiz'd the Thighs, Legs, or Feet, the Application must not +only be made to them, but likewise to the Back Bone, at the Loins. +As this Medicine cannot, on account of it's Volatility and +Pungency, be properly applied to the Whole, of a Paralytic Limb at +once, but only to a small Part of it, the Application therefore +may be made sometimes to one Part, and sometimes to another, as +shall be thought proper. + +This Disease will require a longer or shorter Continuance of these +Means, according to the Degree of it, and the Time it has +continued. A Vomit should be given, and repeated now and then as +the Patient can bear it; but if Vomits seem too fatiguing, a Dose +of _Tinctura Sacra_ may be given in their room. Paralytic Patients +should use as much Bodily Exercise as possible, and the Head, +Neck, and the whole Spine, as well as the Parts affected, should +be frequently rubbed with a hot and dry Cloth till they appear +red. + + + +GOUT. + +This Medicine is of singular Service in the _Gout_, not only while +it continues in the Limbs, but particularly when it flies inwards, +and attacks the Head, Stomach, or any of the internal Parts; in +which Cases a few Doses will not fail to give present Relief. It +should be taken in the Quantity of a Tea Spoonful, two or three +Times every Day, or oftener, if the Case be violent, during the +Gouty Fit. It carries off the Gouty Matter, by Urine, which it +renders very thick and turbid. At any Time when there is a +Necessity to abate the excessive Pain in the Part affected, the +AETHER may be applied to it externally, according to the Method +given p. 12. It will be proper to continue taking the AETHER once +or twice a Day for some Time after the Fit is gone, and to begin +taking it again about the Time of it's expected Return; by which +Means, tho' it may not prevent the Return of the Fit, which in +many Cases perhaps ought not to be desired, yet it will shorten, +it's Continuance, and moderate the Pain of it. + + + +RHEUMATISM. + +In Rheumatic Complaints the Patient must take a Dose of this +Medicine every Night and Morning, or oftener, if the Pains are +violent; and it must be continued till the Disease is removed, or +longer, to prevent a Relapse. If the Pain is fixed in any +particular Part, the AETHER must be applied to it twice a Day, as +directed hereafter. It must be observed, that Bleeding very much +conduces to the Cure of obstinate Chronic Rheumatisms, must be +repeated at proper intervals if necessary; the Blood in this +Disease being generally very sizy. + + + +_Disorders of the_ Stomach _and_ Intestines. + +This Medicine presently cures Flatulent Cholics, removes all +Windy Disorders of the Stomach and Intestines, and corrects +Acidities lodged there. It is also found to have excellent Effect +in correcting that Weakness, or bad Habit of the Stomach and +Intestines, which studious Persons, and such as lead sedentary +Lives, are particularly subject to, and is attended with sour +Belchings, Heart-Burn, Windy Distensions, Pain and Uneasiness in +the Stomach and Bowels. It must be taken every Night and Morning, +according to the General Direction below. Care should be taken to +prevent Costiveness in these Cases, which, is best removed by +chewing _Rhubarb_, or taking it any other way, or by a Dose of +_Manna_, or _Glauber's Salts_, taken occasionally. + +The AETHER is an extraordinary Diuretic in DROPSIES: It is an +excellent Medicine in an ASTHMA, and the HICCUP; and may be looked +upon as a Specific in that Disease of Children called the HOOPING- +COUGH, or CHIN-COUGH; in all which Cases it must be taken +inwardly, according to the General Direction below, and the +repetition of the Dose must be regulated by the violence of the +Disease. + +A Dose of it taken at going to Bed after Drinking too freely, has +been found to prevent the Head-Ach, Sickness, &c, which usually +follow next Morning. + +It has removed DEAFNESS, and Hardness of Hearing, by Moistening a +little Cotton with a few Drops of it, putting it into the Ear, and +holding the Finger for a few Minutes over it, at the same time +snuffing a few Drops of it, mixed with Spirit of Lavender, up the +Nostrils, or putting a bit of Rag wet with the AETHER, up the Nostrils. + +It has frequently removed a temporary DIMNESS OF SIGHT, attended +with a Swimming or Uneasiness in the Head, by external Application +to the Forehead; and is a promising Medicine in that Sort of +Blindness called a GUTTA SERENA, and in Beginning CATARACTS, in +which Cases it should be taken inwardly, as well as applied to the +Forehead, and up the Nostrils. + +It is likewise found to, be of great service in removing PLEURITIC +PAINS, and STITCHES in the Side, by applying it to the affected +Part, in the Manner directed for external Application. + + + +_The Method of taking the AETHER Inwardly._ + +The General Dose for a grown Person is a common Tea Spoonful; and +the best Vehicle to take it in is a Draught of Cold Water. If it +be only stirred, in the Water with the Spoon, and the Mixture +drank immediately it strikes the Nostrils by it's Volatility, but +may be thought by some as agreeable when so taken as when the two +Liquors, are more intimately mixed, by shaking them in a Phial, +and from thence pouring them into a Glass to be drank; for tho' it +has but little Smell in this Manner, it is more warm to the Palate +than in the other. The Patient may use, the Way of Mixing he likes +best, and if he has any Objection to Water, may take it in any +other agreeable cold Liquor. Children in the Month may take two or +three Drops for a Dose; those of a Year old may take seven or +eight Drops; those of five or six Years old may take from twenty +to twenty-five Drops, and so encreasing according to their Years: +Or it may perhaps be better, in giving it to Children, to mix a +Tea Spoonful of AETHER, with a convenient Quantity of Water, and, +shaking it well, give at a Dose about one twentieth Part of this +Mixture to a Child a Month old; about one eighth Part to a Child +twelve or fourteen Months old; to those about five Years old one +third Part of the Mixture; half of the Mixture to those about +seven Years old, and two thirds of it to those about fourteen +Years old. + + + +_The Method of applying the AETHER Externally._ + +To apply it Externally, you must procure a Bit of Linen Rag, of +such a Dimension as to be conveniently covered by the Palm of the +Hand; moisten this Rag with a little of the AETHER as it lies upon +your Palm, and instantly apply it to the Part affected, pressing +it very close, so as to prevent the Escape of it's Fumes, for two +or three Minutes, in which Time the Rag will be found dry, and may +be taken away. It will be more convenient, on some Occasions, (as +in applying it to Paralytic Parts, Rheumatic Pains, and the Gout,) +to place the Rag upon a Piece of a soft, thin Bladder and, when +moisten'd with the AETHER, to bind it gently upon the Part. A +slight Redness usually appears upon the Part after the Application, +but it quickly vanishes; but it may sometimes happen, where the +Skin is very tender and too much AETHER has been applied to the +Forehead, or within the Ears, that it may affect the Skin more +than the Patient chooses; which is avoided by applying a less +Quantity for the future. This is the Secret of a present famous +Practitioner, who having a Method sometimes of concealing his +Application, is said to, cure the Head-ach, fixed Rheumatic Pains, +&c. by the Touch of his Hand. + +It is very easy to conceive, from the extreme Subtlety of this +Medicine, that it must produce many excellent Effects in such +Diseases as those above mentioned, as it is converted into Vapour +by a much less Heat than the common Animal One; so that being +swallowed, it can hardly subsist in any Part of the human Body +under any Form but that of an extremely penetrating volatiliz'd +Vapour; and it is perceptible by it's Smell, as it passes thro' +the Pores of the Skin, several Hours, after taking; so that it's +stay in the Body is longer, and, it's Effects there more durable, +than might be expected from such a subtle Substance. + +Notwithstanding the extreme Subtlety of the AETHER, it is +perfectly innocent and safe to take, as it contains nothing that +is acrimonious or corrosive; so that it may be given even to the +youngest Children without Hesitation. It neither purges nor +vomits; nor does it encrease any of the sensible Evacuations, +except that of Urine, and sometimes that of Sweat, if taken when +in Bed; but as it is so distinctly perceived by the smell passing +thro' the cutaneous Pores of those who take it, it is probable +that it encreases insensible Perspiration. Another observable +Property in this Medicine is, that it does not coagulate or +thicken the Serum of the Blood, but thins it; and therefore has +direct contrary Effects to all the common Spirituous Compositions, +when either taken inwardly, or externally applied, and is +essentially different from the most subtiliz'd Vinous Spirits; for +tho' Spirit of Wine is used in making it, yet it is so far +decomposed by the Process, that it's Nature is entirely changed. +In consequence of this Quality in the AETHER, the Publisher has +successfully dissolved some particular obstinate Tumours, by +applying it to them, when other Means have failed.----This Hint He +hopes will not pass unnoticed by the Gentlemen of the Faculty, as +it is evident no Application whatever can equal it in Subtlety and +Dissolving Power. + +The Medicine so much celebrated in _Germany_, and so frequently +commended and used in Practice by the late famous Professor +_Hoffman_, under the Title of his _Liquor Mineralis Anodynus_, was +nearly of the same Nature with the AETHER, but not so powerful, +nor so highly subtilized. + +Repeated Experience has confirmed the Efficacy of this Medicine in +all the Diseases before mentioned; and from the Consideration of +it's uncommon Qualities, it may be presumed to be an excellent +Remedy in many others, if judiciously given: Hence it seems +surprising that so valuable an Addition, to the _Materia Medica_ +as the AETHER doubtless is, should have been so much neglected, or +so little known; but the Reasons are, that the Process whereby it +was made was kept secret by some who rated the Preparation at a +very extravagant Price, and not sufficiently attended to by +others, who consider'd it only as a Chemical Curiosity, not as a +Medicine. The chief Merit the Publisher of this Account pretends +to, is, _the ascertaining the Medicinal Virtues of this curious +Preparation_, by several Years Experience, and making them more +publickly known; _the reducing it's Price_, which has hitherto +been so extravagant that had it's Virtues and Properties been +known, only a small number of the afflicted could have enjoy'd the +Benefit of it; and, _the bringing it to a greater Degree of +Perfection than any hitherto sold_; what he offers being a +perfectly rectified Vitriolic AETHER. + +It may not be improper to give the Marks by which good AETHER may +be known. It is perfectly colourless, except it has receiv'd some +accidental Tinge from the Cork of the Phial in which it has been +kept; and so volatile as to strike the Nose very powerfully. It's +Smell is more or less sulphureous, according to the management of +some Part of the Process. Wetting the Finger with it, or dropping +a little upon the Hand, it vanishes instantly, and leaves no +Moisture behind; so that the Part scarcely seems to have been wet. +Half a Dozen Drops, dropped together upon a Table will disappear +in a few Seconds of a Minute, and leave only the Appearance of a +large oily Ring behind; but if it leaves the least Watery or +Spirituous Moisture, or does not evaporate in much less than a +Minute, it is not good. The best AETHER will dissolve in, or mix +with, a certain Quantity of Water; and that is the best which +requires the largest Quantity of Water to dissolve it: If, +therefore, to fix Tea Spoonsful of Water in a small Phial, you add +one of the AETHER to be examined, cork up the Phial, and shake +them very well together, and upon standing a little while some +part of the AETHER appears at Top, in form of Oil, sufficient to +cover the surface of the Mixture, it may be pronounced good +(provided it also answers, in the other Methods of Trial) and the +more appears the better is the AETHER; but if none appears, or not +enough to cover the surface of the Mixture, it was either +adulterated, or not well rectified. If to this Mixture of AETHER +and Water you add a little _Salt of Tartar_, and any Fermentation +ensues, the AETHER was not well rectified. Upon shaking briskly a +Phial containing AETHER, if the Bubbles, or Proof as they are +usually called, do not disappear in less Time, and in larger +Bubbles, than any other Liquor, (the Vinous Alcohol perhaps +excepted) 'tis not Genuine. + +It is the more necessary to observe these Rules of proving the +Quality of the AETHER, as the imperfect Sorts have been found to +disagree with the Stomach, and produce other bad Effects, besides +disappointing the Patient's Expectation. The AETHER that has the +foremention'd Properties, (for there are Preparations sold by the +same name, which are very imperfect Imitations of it) is made and +sold by M. TURNER, Surgeon, in _Liverpool_. The Ounce Phial _two +Shillings_; the Half Ounce _one Shilling_. The Phials are square; +the Word AETHER, inscribed on one Side, and M. TURNER on the +opposite, and sealed with a Lion gardant, &c. Proper Abatement +will be made to Druggists, Apothecaries, or the Gentlemen of the +Faculty who use any considerable Quantity. To prevent it's escape +and loss, a small Quantity of Water is put into each Phial, which +should be kept with the Cork downwards, by which Means the AETHER +is prevented, by the interposition of the Water, from evaporating. + + + +The Publisher has also appointed it to be sold by Mr. _R. Board_, +Chemist and Druggist, in _Grace-church-street_; and Mr. _J. Wilkie_, +Bookseller, at the Bible in St. _Paul's_ Churchyard, LONDON: +and Mr. _Peter Wilson_, Bookseller, in _Dame-street_, DUBLIN. + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of An Account of the Extraordinary +Medicinal Fluid, called Aether, by Matthew Turner + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AETHER *** + +***** This file should be named 12522.txt or 12522.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/2/5/2/12522/ + +Transcribed by David Ross <davidross@despammed.com> from an undated +edition, c. 1761. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + +Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's +eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII, +compressed (zipped), HTML and others. + +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks replace the old file and take over +the old filename and etext number. The replaced older file is renamed. +VERSIONS based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving +new filenames and etext numbers. + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + +EBooks posted prior to November 2003, with eBook numbers BELOW #10000, +are filed in directories based on their release date. If you want to +download any of these eBooks directly, rather than using the regular +search system you may utilize the following addresses and just +download by the etext year. For example: + + https://www.gutenberg.org/etext06 + + (Or /etext 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99, + 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90) + +EBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are +filed in a different way. The year of a release date is no longer part +of the directory path. The path is based on the etext number (which is +identical to the filename). The path to the file is made up of single +digits corresponding to all but the last digit in the filename. For +example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at: + + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/0/2/3/10234 + +or filename 24689 would be found at: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/6/8/24689 + +An alternative method of locating eBooks: + https://www.gutenberg.org/GUTINDEX.ALL + + |