diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'old/12363.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/12363.txt | 12325 |
1 files changed, 12325 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/old/12363.txt b/old/12363.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3748639 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/12363.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12325 @@ +Project Gutenberg's The Botanist's Companion, Vol. II, by William Salisbury + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Botanist's Companion, Vol. II + +Author: William Salisbury + +Release Date: May 16, 2004 [EBook #12363] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOTANIST'S COMPANION, VOL. II *** + + + + +Produced by Tobias von der Haar + + + + +THE BOTANIST'S COMPANION, + +OR AN INTRODUCTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF PRACTICAL BOTANY, AND THE USES OF +PLANTS. EITHER GROWING WILD IN GREAT BRITAIN, OR CULTIVATED FOR THE +PUROSES OF AGRICULTURE, MEDICINE, RURAL OECONOMY, OR THE ARTS. + + + +By WILLIAM SALISBURY, OF THE BOTANIC GARDEN OF SLOANE-STREET. + + + +"Behold I have given you every herb bearing seed, and every tree +yielding fruit, and to you it shall be for meat." + + + +VOL. II. + + + + +PREFACE TO THE SECOND VOLUME + + + +In demonstrating the Plants which occur in our annual herborizing +excursions, I have found it necessary to put into the hands of my pupils +some Manual of Botany; and in so doing I have found all that have yet +been published, deficient in one or two essential points, and +particularly as relating to the uses to which each plant is adapted; +with out which, although the charms of the Flora are in themselves truly +delightful, yet the real value of Botanic knowledge is lost. The study +of plants, so far as regards their uses and culture, has engaged my +particular attention for the last twenty-five years, during which time I +had the honour of conducting a series of experiments on the growth of +plants, for the Board of Agriculture, which gave me an opportunity of +ascertaining many facts relative to our Grasses, &c. an account of +which, I have had some time ready for publication. The necessity of a +work of this kind in my present profession, has therefore induced me to +abridge it and put it to press; as such I offer it to the Public. To the +Subscribers to my Botanic Garden this will also prove of great service; +it being intended to arrange the plants in their several departments, so +as to make it a general work of reference both in the fields or garden. +In the department which treats of the Vegetables used for medicinal +purposes, I have given as ample descriptions as the nature of the work +will admit of, having in view the very necessary obligation which the +younger branch of the profession are under, of paying attention to the +subject. + +In prosecuting this work, I have been more actuated by a desire to +render to my pupils and others, useful in-formation, than that of +commencing Author on such a subject; and writing for the press has been +but very little my employment, I trust that an ample excuse will be +granted for any errors that may appear, or for the want of that +happiness of diction with which more able and accomplished Authors may +be endowed. + + + +BOTANIC GARDEN, + +Sloane Street, May 1816. + + + + +CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME + + + +PLANTS USEFUL IN AGRICULTURE. + + + +SECT. 1. Observations on saving Grass-seeds and the use of the British +Grasses in general, as fodder, &c. + +SECT. 2. Observations on Artificial Grasses + +SECT. 3. Observations on Plants affording fodder from leaves and roots + +SECT. 4. Observations on Grains + +SECT. 5. Observations on Miscellaneous Articles + + + +PLANTS USEFUL IN THE ARTS. + + + +SECT. 6. Observations on British Trees and Shrubs + +SECT. 7. Observations on Medicinal Plants contained in the London, +Edinburgh, and Dublin Pharmacopoeias + +SECT. 8. Observations on Medicinal Plants not in the Pharmacopoeias of the +present day + +Observations on drying and preserving Plants for medicinal use, &c. + +SECT. 9. Observations on Plants cultivated for culinary purposes + +SECT. 10. Observations on Wild Plants useful for culinary purposes, +which are not in cultivation + +SECT. 11. Observations on Plants useful for Dyeing + +SECT. 12. Observations on Plants used in rural oeconomy + + + +POISONOUS PLANTS GROWING IN GREAT BRITAIN, And their best recommended +Antidotes. + + + +SECT. 13. Observations on Nauseous Poisonous Plants + +Observations on Acrid Poisonous Vegetables + +Observations on Stupefying Poisonous Vegetables + +Observations on Foetid Poisons + +Observations on Drastic Poisons + +Observations on Poisonous Fungi, Mushrooms, &c. + + + +NOXIOUS PLANTS. + + + +SECT. 14. Observations on Plants noxious to cattle + +SECT. 15. Observations on Annual Weeds, or such as grow wild and do not +produce food for cattle + +Observations on Weeds with creeping roots + +Observations on Perennial Weeds + +SECT. 16. Observations on Exotic Trees and Shrubs, and the soil to which +each is best adapted + +SECT. 17. Observations on Foreign Hardy Herbaceous Plants, with the +soil which each is found to thrive best in + +SECT. 19. Observations on Hardy Annual Flowers, with the seasons for +sowing each + +SECT. 20. Observations on Hardy Biennial Flowers, with their culture + +SECT. 21. Observations on Tender Annual Flowers + +SECT. 22. Observations on Foreign Alpine Plants, or such as are adapted +to the decoration of rock-work, with the best soils for each denoted + + + +APPENDIX. + + + +British Plants cultivated for ornamental purposes + +Miscellaneous Articles not mentioned under the foregoing heads + +On extracting Sugar from Beet-root + +On liquid Sugar made from Apple-juice + +On the Urtica canadensis, or Canadian Hemp-plant + +On the bleeding of Trees and obtaining Sap for the purposes of making +Wine and brewing Ale + + + + +PLANTS USEFUL IN AGRICULTUE. + + +OBSERVATIONS ON THE CULTURE OF GRASSES, AND ON SAVING SEEDS, &c. + + +It is now fifty years since the celebrated Stillingfleet observed, "that +it was surprising to see how long mankind had neglected to make a proper +advantage of plants, of so much importance to agriculture as the +Grasses, which are in all countries the principal food of cattle." The +farmer, for want of distinguishing and selecting the best kinds, fills +his pastures either with weeds or improper plants, when by making a +right choice he would not only procure a more abundant crop from his +land, but have a produce more nourishing for his flock. One would +therefore naturally wonder, after this truth has been so long published, +and that in an age when agriculture and the arts have so much improved, +that Select Seeds of this tribe of plants are scarcely to be produced. + +From the experience I have had on this subject, I find their culture is +attended with certain difficulties, which arise not so much from the +nature of the plants, as from the labour requisite to this purpose, +great attention being necessary for saving Grass-seeds at the seasons +when the farmer must exert all the strength of his husbandmen to get his +other business accomplished. + +The only mode by which this can be effected is by selecting a proper +soil for the kinds intended to be saved. The seeds should be drilled +into the ground at about one foot distance; and care taken that the +plants are duly weeded of all other kinds that may intrude themselves, +before they get too firm possession of the soil. The hoe should be +frequently passed between the drills, in order both to keep the land +clean and to give vigour to the young plants. The sowing may be done +either in the spring or in the month of September, which will enable the +crop to go to seed the following spring. In order to preserve a +succession of crops, it is necessary every season to keep the ground +clean all the summer months, to dig or otherwise turn up the land +between the drills early in the spring, and to be particular in the +other operations until the seeds ripen. Now this business being so +inconvenient to the farmer, it is not to be wondered at, that, wherever +attempts of this kind have been made, they should fail from want of the +necessary care as above stated, without which it is needless to +speculate in such an undertaking. There is nevertheless still an +opportunity, for any one who would give up his land and time to the +pursuit, to reap a rich and important harvest; as nothing would pay him +better, or redound more to his credit, than to get our markets regularly +supplied with select seeds of the best indigenous Grasses, so that a +proper portion of them may be used for forming pasture and meadow-land. + +The above hints are not thrown out by a person who wishes to speculate +in a theory which is new, but by one who has cultivated those plants +himself both for seed and fodder, and who would readily wish to promote +their culture by stating a mode which has proved to him a profitable +pursuit, and for which he has, already, been honoured with a reward form +the Society of Arts. + +The following observations are intended to embrace such kinds only as +are likely to be cultivated, with those that are distinguished for some +particular good properties; as it would be impossible within the limits +of this small memorandum to enumerate all the plants that are eaten by +cattle. The same mode shall be pursued under all the different heads in +this department. + + + + + +PLANTS USEFULL IN AGRICULTURE. + + + +SECT. I.--GRASSES. + + + +1. ANTHOXANTHUM odoratum. SWEET-SCENTED VERNAL-GRASS.--This is found +frequently in all our best meadows, to which it is of great benefit. It +is an early, though not the most productive grass, and is much relished +by all kinds of cattle. It is highly odoriferous; if bruised it +communicates its agreeable scent to the fingers, and when dry perfumes +the hay. It will grow in almost any soil or situation. About three +pounds of seed should be sown with other grasses for an acre of land. + + + +2. ALOPECURUS pratensis. MEADOW FOX-TAIL-GRASS.--One of our most +productive plants of this tribe: it grows best in a moist soil, is very +early, being often fit for the scythe by the middle of May. About two +bushels of seed will sow an acre, with a proportionate quantity of +Clover; which see. + + + +3. ALOPECURUS geniculatus. FLOTE FOX-TAIL-GRASS.--Is very good in water +meadows, being nutritive, and cattle in general are fond of it. We do +not know if the cultivation of this plant has as yet been attempted. + + + +4. AGROSTIS capillaris. FINE BENT-GRASS.--Dr. Walker, in his History of +the Hebrides, speaks very favourably of this grass. I have therefore +noticed it here, but I do not think it so good as many others. It grows +on the sandy hills near Combe Wood in Surrey, and forms the principal +part of the pasturage; but it is neither very productive, nor are cattle +observed to thrive on it. The seeds are very small; one peck would sow +an acre. + + + +5. AGROSTIS pyramidalis. FIORIN-GRASS [Footnote: Fiorin is the Irish +name of butter].--No plant has engaged the attention of the farmer more +than this grass, none ever produced more disputes, and none is perhaps +so little understood. It is perfectly distinct from any species of +Agrostis indigenous to this country: it is introduced by Dr. Richardson, +and to that gentleman's extraordinary account of it we are indebted for +numerous mistakes that have been made respecting it. It is an amphibious +plant, thriving only in water or wet soils, is very productive, and the +stalks after a summer's growth secrete a large quantity of sugar. It has +the power, when the stalks are ripe, of resisting putrefaction, and will +become blanched and more nutritious by being cut and laid in heaps in +the winter season, at which time only it is useful. The cultivator of +this plant must not expect to graze his land, but allow all the growth +to be husbanded as above; and although it will not be found generally +advantageous on this account, it nevertheless may be grown to very great +advantage either in wet soils, or where land can be flooded at pleasure. + +The seeds are often barren; and the only mode is to plant the shoots or +strings in drills at nine inches apart, laying them lengthways along the +drills, the ends of one touching the other. + + + +6. AIRA aquatica. WATER HAIR-GRASS.--This is an aquatic, and very much +relished by cattle, but cannot be propagated for fodder. Water-fowl are +very fond of the young sweet shoots, as also of the seeds; it may +therefore be introduced into decoys and other places with good effect. +Pulling up the plants and throwing them into the water with a weight +tied to them, is the best mode of introducing it. + + + +7. ARUNDO arenaria. SEA-SIDE REED-GRASS.--This is also of no value as +fodder, but it possesses the property of forming by its thick and wiry +roots considerable hillocks on the shores where it naturally grows: +hence its value on all new embankments. If it be planted in a sandy +place, during its growth in the summer the loose soil will be collected +in the herbage, and the grass continues to grow and form roots in it; +and thus is the hillock increased. Local acts of parliament have been +passed, and now exist, for preventing its destruction on the sea-coast +in some parts of Great Britain, on this account. + + + +8. ARUNDO Phragmites. COMMON REED.--Is useful for thatching, and making +slight fences; it grows best in ponds near streams of water; it does not +often seed, but it could easily be introduced to such places by planting +its roots in spring: it is a large-growing plant; and where herbage may +be wanted either for beauty or shelter for water-fowl, nothing can be +more suitable, and the reeds are of great value. + + + +9. AVENA flavescens. YELLOW OAT-GRASS.--Is much eaten by cattle, and +forms a good bottom. It has the property of throwing up flowerstalks all +the summer; hence its produce is considerable, and it appears to be well +adapted to pasture. The seeds of this grass are not to be obtained +separately; hence it is not in cultivation. It is however worthy of +attention, as the seeds are produced very abundantly in its native +places of growth. It will grow either in wet or dry soils. + + + +10. AVENA pubescens. ROUGH OAT-GRASS.--This appears to have some merits, +but the foliage is extremely bitter. It grows in dry soils. + + + +11. AVENA elatior. TALL OAT-GRASS.--From the good appearance of this +grass some persons have recommended it as likely to be useful for +forming meadows; but it is excessively bitter, and is not liked by +cattle generally, though when starved they are sometimes observed to eat +of it. There is a variety of it with knobby roots which is found to be a +most troublesome and noxious weed in arable lands, particularly in some +parts of the coast of Hampshire where it abounds. This variety was some +years ago introduced into the island of St. Kitts, and it has since +taken such firm possession of the land as to render a large district +quite useless. Persons should be cautious how they speculate with weeds +from appearances only. + + + +12. BRIZA media. QUAKING-GRASS.--Is common in meadow land, and helps to +make a thick bottom; it does not however appear to be worth the trouble +of select culture. It is bitter to the taste. + + + +13. BROMUS mollis. SOFT BROME-GRASS.--Mr. Curtis has given a very clear +account of this grass, which he says predominates much in the meadows +near London, but that the seeds are usually ripe and the grass dried up +before the hay time: hence it is lost; and he in consequence considered +it only in the light of a weed. It has seldom occurred to me to differ +in opinion from this gentleman, who certainly has given us, as far as it +goes, a most perfect description of our useful grasses: but experience +has convinced me that the Soft Brome-Grass, which seeds and springs up +so early, makes the chief bulk of most of our meadows in March and +April; and although it is ripe and over, or nearly so, by the hay +harvest, yet the food it yields at this early season is of the greatest +moment, as little else is found fit for the food of cattle before the +meadow is shut up for hay, and this plant being eaten down at that +season is not any loss to the hay crop. Whoever examines the seeds of +this grass will be led to admire how wonderfully it is fitted to make +its way into the soil at the season of its ripening, when the land is +thus covered with the whole produce of a meadow. I notice this curious +piece of mechanism [Footnote: Many seeds of the grasses are provided with +awns which curl up in dry weather and relax with moisture. Thus by +change of atmosphere a continued motion is occasioned, which enables the +seeds to find their way through the foliage to the soil, where it buries +itself in a short time in a very curious manner.], not that it is +altogether peculiar to this plant, but to show that Nature has provided +it means of succeeding in burying itself in the ground, when all the +endeavours of man could not sow the land with any other to answer a +similar purpose. If the seeds of this grass were collected and +introduced in some meadows where it is not common, I am sure the early +feeding would be thereby improved. + +The seeds are sometimes mixed with those of Rye-grass at market, and it +is known by the name of Cocks: it has the effect of reducing such +samples in value, but I should not hesitate in preferring such to any +other. If any one should be inclined to make the above experiment, two +pecks of the seed sown on an acre will be sufficient.---See Treatise on +Brit. Grasses by Mr. Curtis, edit. 5. + + + +14. CYNOSURUS cristatus. CRESTED DOG'S-TAIL-GRASS.--A very fine herbage, +and much relished by sheep, &c.; it grows best in fine upland loam, +where it is found to be a most excellent plant both for grazing and hay. +The seeds are to be purchased sometimes at the seedshops. About twelve +pounds will sow an acre.---See Observations on laying Land to Grass, in +the Appendix to this work. + + + +15. CYNOSURUS coeruleus. BLUE DOG'S-TAIL-GRASS.--Dr. Walker states this +plant to be remarkably agreeable to cattle, and that it grows nearly +three feet high in mountainous situations and very exposed places. As +this grass does not grow wild in this part of the country, we have no +opportunity of considering its merits. In our Botanic Garden it seldom +exceeds the height of ten inches or a foot. + +It is the earliest grass of all our British species, being often in +bloom in February. + +The above intelligent gentleman, who seems to have studied the British +Gramina to a considerable extent, says that the following kinds give +considerable food to sheep and cattle in such situations; I shall +therefore mention their names, as being with us of little esteem and +similar to the above. + +Phleum alpinum. Eriophorum polystachion. Festuca decumbens. Carex +flavescens. Carex gigantea, probably Pseudocyperus. Carex trigona, +probably vulpina. Carex elata, probably atrata. Carex nemorosa, probably +pendula. And he is of opinion that the seeds may be sown to advantage. +Be this as may, the observation can only apply to situations in the +north of Britain, where he has seen them wild; in this part of the +island we have a number of kinds much better adapted to soil, climate, +and fodder. + + + +16. DACTYLIS glomerata. ROUGH COCK'S-FOOT-GRASS.--Has a remarkable rough +coarse foliage, and is of little account as a grass for the hay-stack; +but from its early growth and great produce it is now found to be a +useful plant, and is the only grass at this time known that will fill +up the dearth experienced by graziers from the time turnips are over +until the meadows are fit for grazing. Every sheep-farm should be +provided with a due portion of this on the land; but no more should be +grown than is wanted for early feed, and what can be kept closely eaten +down all the season. If it is left to get up it forms large tufts, and +renders the field unsightly, and scarcely any animal will eat it when +grown old or when dried in the form of hay. The seed is to be bought; +two bushels per acres is sown usually alone. + + + +17. FESTUCA elatior. TALL FESCUE-GRASS.--This in its wild state has been +considered as a productive and nutritive grass; it grows best in moist +places; but the seeds have been found in general abortive, and the grass +consequently only to be propagated by planting the roots, a trouble by +far too great to succeed to any extent.--See Poa aquatica. + + + +18. FESTUCA duriuscula. HARD FESCUE-GRASS.--A very excellent grass both +for green fodder and hay, and would be well worth cultivating; but the +seeds have not hitherto been saved in any quantity. + +I have seen a meadow near Bognor where it formed the principal part of +the herbage; and it was represented to me by the owner as the best +meadow in the neighbourhood, and the hay excellent [Footnote: Mr. Curtis +observes that this grass grows thin on the ground after a time. I have +sometimes observed this to be the case in the Botanic Garden, but it is +otherwise in its native state of growth. Nothing stands the dry weather +better, or makes a more firm sward.]. + +The seeds of this grass are small, and about one bushel would sow an +acre of ground. + + + +19. FESTUCA rubra. RED or CREEPING FESCUE-GRASS.--A fine grass, very +like duriuscula; but it is not common in this part of the country; it +grows plentifully on the mountains in Wales. + +It does not produce fertile seeds with us in the garden. + + + +20. FESTUCA pratensis. MEADOW FESCUE-GRASS.--No plant whatever deserves +so much the attention of the graziers as this grass. It has been justly +esteemed by Mr. Curtis and all other persons practically acquainted with +the produce of our meadows. It will grow in almost any soil that is +capable of sustaining a vegetable, from the banks of rivulets to the top +of the thin-soiled calcareous hills, where it produces herbage equal to +any other plant of the kind; and all descriptions of cattle eat it, and +are nourished by the food. The plant is of easy culture, as it yields +seeds very abundantly, and they grow very readily. I have made some +excellent meadows with this seed, which after a trial of ten years are +now equal to any in the kingdom. The culture of the seed selected is +now nearly lost, which is a misfortune, I had almost ventured to say a +disgrace, to our agriculture. + +If the farmer could get his land fit for meadow laid down with one +bushel of this seed, one bushel of Alopecurus pratensis, three pounds of +Anthoxanthum, and a little Bromus mollis, with Clover, I will venture to +predict experience will induce him to say, "I will seek no further." + + + +21. FESTUCA ovina.--SHEEP'S FESCUE-GRASS.--This is very highly spoken of +in all dissertations that have hitherto been written on the merits of +our grasses; but its value must be confined to alpine situations, for +its diminutive size added to its slow growth renders it in my opinion +very inferior to the duriuscula. In fact, I am of opinion that these are +often confounded together, and the merits of the former applied to this, +although they are different in many respects. Those who wish to obtain +more of its history may consult Stillingfleet's Observations on Grasses, +p. 384. + + + +22. FESTUCA vivipara. VIVIPAROUS FESCUE-GRASS.--This affords a striking +instance of the protection that Nature has contrived for keeping up the +regular produce of the different species of plants; as when the Festuca +ovina is found in very high mountainous situations, places not congenial +to the ripening seeds of so light a nature, the panicle is found to +become viviparous, i.e. producing perfect plants, which being beaten +down with heavy rains in the autumn, readily strike root in the ground. + +This plant was introduced into our garden many years ago, and still +preserves this difference; otherwise it is in all respects the same as +the Festuca ovina. + + + +23. FESTUCA pinnata. SPIKED FESCUE-GRASS.--I have observed this near the +Thames side to be the principal grass in some of the most abundant +meadows; and as the seeds are very plentiful, I am of opinion it might +be very easily propagated: it is, however, not in cultivation at +present. + + + +24. FESTUCA loliacea. DARNEL FESCUE-GRASS.--This in appearance is very +like the Lolium perenne, but is a more lasting plant in the ground. +Where I have seen it wild, it is certainly very good; but it is liable +to the objection of Festuca elatior, the seeds grow but sparingly. + + + +25. HOLCUS lanatus. YORKSHIRE GRASS, or MEADOW SOFT-GRASS.--This has +been much recommended as fit for meadow-land. I am not an advocate for +it. It is late in blooming, and consequently not fit for the scythe at +the time other grasses are; and I find the lower foliage where it occurs +in meadows to be generally yellow and in a state of decay, from its +tendency to mat and lie prostrate. I hear it has been cultivated in +Yorkshire; hence probably its name. Two bushels of the seed would sow +an acre; and it is sometimes met with in our seed-shops. It will grow in +any soil, but thrives best in a moist loam. + + + +26. HOLCUS mollis. CREEPING SOFT-GRASS.--Mr. Curtis in the third edition +of his Treatise on Grasses says, he is induced to have a better opinion +than formerly of this grass, and that Mr. Dorset also thinks it may be +cultivated to advantage in dry sandy soils. I have never seen it exhibit +any appearance that has indicated any such thing, and do not recommend +it. + + + +27. HORDEUM pratense. MEADOW BARLEY-GRASS.--This is productive, and +forms a good bottom in Battersea meadows: but although I have heard it +highly recommended, I should fear it was much inferior to many others. +One species of Barley-grass, which grows very commonly in our +sea-marshes, the Hordeum maritimum, is apt to render cattle diseased in +the mouth, from chewing the seeds, which are armed with a strong bristly +awn not dissimilar to the spike of this grass. + + + +28. LOLIUM perenne. RAY- or RYE-GRASS.--This has been long in +cultivation, and is usually sown with clover under a crop of spring +corn. It forms in the succeeding autumn a good stock of herbage, and the +summer following it is commonly mown for hay, or the seed saved for +market, after which the land is usually ploughed and fallowed, to clear +it of weeds, or as a preparation for Wheat, by sowing a crop of Winter +Tares or Turnips. The seed is about six or eight pecks per acre, and ten +pounds of Clover mixt as the land best suits. Although this is a very +advantageous culture for such purposes, and when the land is not to +remain in constant pasture; yet it is by no means a fit grass for +permanent meadow, as it exhausts the soil, and presently goes into a +state of decay for want of nourishment, when other plants natural to the +soil are apt to overpower it. There are several varieties of this +grass. Some I have seen with the flowers double, others with branched +panicles; some that grow very luxuriantly, and others that are little +better than annuals; and there is also a variety in cultivation called +PACEY's Rye-grass, much sought for. But I am of opinion that nothing but +a fine rich soil will produce a very good crop, and that the principal +difference, after all, is owing more to cultivation or change of soil, +than to any real difference in the plant itself. + + + +29. MELICA coerulea. BLUE MELIC-GRASS.--This is common on all our heaths; +it appears coarse, and not a grass likely to be useful. Yet this kind is +spoken of by Dr. Walker under the name of Fly-bent, who says it is one +of the most productive and best grasses for sheep-feed in the Highlands +of Scotland, where it grows to the height of three feet, a size to which +it never attains in this part of the country. It is found in all soils, +both in dry and boggy places. + + + +30. PANICUM germanicum. GERMAN PANIC, or MOHAR.--I notice this plant +here, although it is not a native of this country; neither is it in +cultivation. It was introduced some years since by Sir Thomas Tyrrwhit +from Hungary. It is said there to be the best food of all others for +horses; and I think it might be cultivated to advantage on high sandy +soils, as a late crop of green fodder. The seeds are similar to Millet +[Footnote: The Hungarian horses are remarked for their sleekness, and it +is said that it is in consequence of being fed on Mohar.]. + + + +31. PANICUM crus galli. COCK'S-FOOT-PANIC-GRASS.--This plant has, I +believe, never been recommended for cultivation; but it possesses +qualities which render it worth attention: it will sometimes grow to the +height of four feet, is very fine food for cattle, and will no doubt +make excellent hay. It stands dry weather better than most other grasses +I know. The seeds will not vegetate before May, and the crop not in +perfection till late September. In dry soils I think it could be +cultivated to advantage if sown among a crop of Tares or Rye in the +autumn; and after they are cut in summer, this would spring up and be a +valuable acquisition in a dry autumn, as it would seldom fail producing +an abundant crop. + +It grows thick, and would tend to clear the land as a smothering crop +over weeds: it is annual. + + + +32. PHALARIS arundinacea. REED CANARY-GRASS.--This is not in +cultivation, but grows plentyfully on the muddy banks of the Thames; it +will also grow very well in a moderately dry soil; and I have observed +that cattle eat it when it is young. As it is early and very productive, +as well as extremely hardy, I think it might become valuable as early +feed. The seeds of this plant do not readily grow, but it might easily +be introduced by planting the roots in the spring. The Striped or +Ribbon Grass of the flower garden is only a variety of this. See Poa +aquatica. + + + +33. PHLEUM pratense. TIMOTHY-GRASS, or MEADOW-CAT'S-TAIL-GRASS.--Is very +coarse and late, and consequently not equal to many of our grasses +either for hay or pasture. It has been highly recommended in America, +where it may probably have been found to answer better than it has done +with us in cultivation. The seed used to be imported from New York, and +met with a ready sale; but I believe it is seldom imported at this +time. Dr. Walker says the seeds were taken from South Carolina (where it +was first cultivated) to that State, by one Timothy Hanson, from whence +it acquired its name. + +The same gentleman supposes it may be introduced into the Highlands of +Scotland with good effect, but is of my opinion as to its utility in +England.--Rural Economy of the Hebrides, vol. ii. p. 27. + + + +34. PHLEUM nodosum. BULBOUS CAT'S-TAIL-GRASS. (Phleum pratense var. ? +Hudson.)--This affects a drier soil than the Timothy-grass: it grows +very frequently in dry thin soils, where it maintains itself against the +parching sun by its bulbous roots, which lie dormant for a considerable +time, but grow again very readily when the wet weather sets in,--a +curious circumstance, which gives us an ample proof of the wise +contrivance of the great Author of Nature to fertilize all kinds of soil +for the benefit of his creatures here below. There is another instance +of this in the Poa bulbosa, Bulbous Meadow-grass, which grows on the +Steine at Brighton, and which I have kept in papers two years out of +ground, and it has vegetated afterwards. + + + +35. POA annua. ANNUAL MEADOW-GRASS.--This is the most general plant in +all nature: it grows in almost every situation where there is any +vegetation. It has been spoken of as good in cultivation, and has had +the term Suffolk grass applied to it, from its having been grown in that +county. I have never seen it in such states, neither can I say I should +anticipate much benefit to arise from a plant which is not only an +annual, but very diminutive in size. + + + +36. POA aquatica. WATER MEADOW-GRASS.--This is quite an aquatic, but is +eaten when young by cattle, and is very useful in fenny countries: it is +highly ornamental, and might be introduced into ponds for the same +purpose as Arundo Phragmites: it might also be planted with Festuca +elatior and Phalaris arundinacea, in wet dug out places, where it would +be useful as fodder, and form excellent shelter for game. + + + +37. POA fluitans. FLOTE FESCUE-GRASS.--This would be of all others the +most nutritive and best plant for feeding cattle; but it thrives only in +water. I have noticed it only because it is highly recommended by the +editor of Mr. Curtis's Observations on British Grasses, 5th edit. The +cattle are very fond of it; but it is not to be cultivated, unless it be +in ponds, being perfectly aquatic. + +Linnaeus speaks of the seeds being collected and sold in Poland and +Germany as a dainty for culinary purposes; but I have never seen it used +here, neither are the seeds to be collected in great quantities. +Stillingfleet, on the authority of a Mr. Dean, speaks highly of its +merits in a water-meadow, and also quotes Mr Ray's account of the famous +meadow at Orchiston near Salisbury. There this, as well as Poa +trivialis, most certainly is in its highest perfection; but the real and +general value of grasses or other plants must not be estimated by such +very local instances, when our object is to direct the student to a +general knowledge of the subject. See Curtis, art. Poa trivialis. + + + +38. POA trivialis. ROUGH-STALKED MEADOW-GRASS.--Those who have observed +this grass in our best watered meadows, and in other low pasture-land, +have naturally been struck with its great produce and fine herbage. In +some such places it undoubtedly appears to have every good quality that +a plant of this nature can possess; it is a principal grass in the +famous Orchiston meadow near Salisbury, and its amazing produce is +mentioned in the Bath Agricultural Papers, vol. i. p. 94: but persons +should not be altogether caught by such appearances; for I have seen it +in some lands, and such as would produce good red Clover, a very +diminutive and insignificant plant indeed. + +When persons wish to introduce it, they should carefully examine their +neighbouring pastures, and see how it thrives in such places. The seeds +are small, and six pounds would be sufficient for an acre, with others +that affect a similar soil. + + + +39. POA pratensis. SMOOTH-STALKED MEADOW-GRASS.--This is also a grass of +considerable merit when it suits the soil; it affects a dry situation, +and in some such places it is the principal herbage; but I have +cultivated this by itself for seed in tolerably good land, and after +some time I found it matted so much by its creeping roots as to become +quite unproductive both of herbage and seed. Care should therefore be +taken that only a proper portion of this be introduced. The seeds of +this and Poa trivialis are the same in bulk, and probably the same +proportion should be adopted. The seeds of both species hang together by +a substance like to cobwebs, when thrashed, and require to be rubbed +either in ashes or dry sand to separate them before sowing. + + + +* * * * * + + + +SECT. II.--ARTIFICIAL GRASSES [Footnote: This technical term is +generally known to farmers. It is applied to Clovers, and such plants as +usually grow in pastures, and not strictly Gramina.]. + +Under this term are included such plants as are sown for fodder, either +with a view to form permanent pastures when mixed with the grasses, or +as intermediate crops on arable land. In those cases they are usually +sown with a spring crop of Oats or Barley, and the artificial grasses +are protected after the harvest by the stubble left on the ground, +affording the succeeding season a valuable crop, either for pasturage or +hay. + + + +40. ACHILLEA Millefolium. YARROW.--This has been much recommended for +sheep feed; but I observe it is frequently left untouched by them if +other green herbage is found on the land. It will thrive in almost any +soil, but succeeds best in good loam. The seed used is about twelve +pounds per acre. + + + +41. ANTHYLLIS vulneraria. KIDNEY VETCH.--This plant is not in +cultivation, but it has been noticed that where it grows naturally the +cows produce better milk and in greater quantity. It grows best in +calcareous soils: the seeds are large, and easily collected. This plant +well deserves attention. + + + +42. CICHORIUM Intybus. CICHORY, or BLUE SUCCORY.-Much has been said of +the good properties of this plant; and if it has them to the full extent +mentioned by different authors, I wonder there is not little else than +Cichory grown in this country. It is very prolific, and will grow +extremely quick after the scythe during the summer months: but I fear, +from the observations I have made, that it does not possess the +fattening quality it is said to have. The plant is so extremely bitter, +that although cattle may be inclined to feed on it early in the spring, +yet as the season advances and other herbage more palatable is to be met +with, it is left with its beautiful blue flowers and broad foliage to +rob the soil and adorn our fields, to the regret of the farmer. It grows +wild in great abundance in Battersea fields, where my late friend Mr. +Curtis used ludicrously to say that bad husbandry was exhibited to +perfection. This plant is there continually seen in the greatest +abundance, where the ground has not been lately disturbed, even under +the noses of all the half-starved cattle of that neighbourhood that are +turned in during the autumn. + +The root dried and ground to a powder will improve Coffee, and is +frequently drunk therewith, especially in Germany, where it is prepared +in cakes and sold for that purpose. + + + +43. HEDYSARUM Onobrychis. SAINT-FOIN.--This is certainly one of the most +useful plants of this tribe, and in the south of England is the life and +support of the upland farmer: in such places it is the principal fodder, +both green and in hay, for all his stock. I have not observed it to be +cultivated in Worcestershire or Herefordshire, where there appears to be +much land that would grow it, and which is under much inferior crops. +The seed sown is about four bushels per acre. A mistake is often made in +mentioning this plant. The newspapers, in quoting prices from Mark Lane, +call it Cinquefoil, a very different plant, (Potentilla) of rather a +noxious quality. See Gleanings on Works of Agriculture and Gardening, p. +88, where a curious blunder occurs of this kind. + + + +44. LATHYRUS pratensis. MEADOW VETCHLING.--Abounds much in our natural +meadows, particularly in the best loamy soils, where it is very +productive and nutritious. It is not in cultivation, for the seeds do +not readily vegetate; a circumstance much to be regretted, but +unfortunately the case with several of our other Tares, which would +otherwise be a great acquisition to our graziers. + + + +45. LOTUS corniculatus. BIRD'S-FOOT-LOTUS.--There are several varieties +of this plant; one growing on very dry chalky soils, and which in such +places helps to make a good turf, and is much relished by cattle. The +other varieties grow in marshy land, and make much larger plants than +the other. Here it is also much eaten; and I have also noticed it in +hay, where it appears to be a good ingredient. As it thus appears to +grow in any situation, there is no doubt, if the seeds were collected, +that it might be cultivated with ease, and turn to good account in such +land as is too light for Clover. In wet and boggy situations it becomes +very hairy, and in this state its appearance is very different from that +which it has when growing in chalk, where it is perfectly smooth. + +This plant should not be overlooked by the experimental farmer. + +It is very highly spoken of in Dr. Anderson's Essays on Agriculture, +under the mistaken name of Astragalus glycophyllos, p. 489; but a truly +practical account is given of it by Ellis in his Husbandry, p. 89, by +the old name Lady-Finger-Grass. + + + +46. MEDICAGO falcata. YELLOW MEDIC.--Is nearly allied to Lucerne, and is +equally good for fodder; it will grow on land that is very dry, and +hence is likely to become a most useful plant; its culture has, however, +been tried but partially. Some experiments were made with this plant by +Thomas Le Blanc, Esq., in Suffolk, which are recorded by Professor +Martyn. Martyn's Miller's Dict. art. Medicago. + + + +47. MEDICAGO polymorpha. VARIABLE MEDIC.--This is also a plant much +relished by cattle, but is not in cultivation: it is an annual, and +perhaps inferior in many respects to the Nonsuch, which it in some +measure resembles. There are many varieties of this plant cultivated in +flower gardens on account of the curious shapes of the seed-pods, some +having a distant resemblance to snails' horns, cater-pillars, &c. under +which names they are sold in the seed-shops. It grows in sandy hilly +soils; the wild kind has flat pods. + + + +48. MEDICAGO sativa. LUCERNE.--Too much cannot be said in praise of this +most useful perennial plant: it is every thing the farmer can wish for, +excepting that it will not grow without proper culture. It should be +drilled at eighteen inches distance, and kept constantly hoed all +summer, have a large coat of manure in winter, and be dug into the +ground between the drills. Six or seven pounds of seed will sow an acre +in this mode. + +I have known Lucerne sown with Grass and Clover for forming meadow land; +but as it does not thrive well when encumbered with other plants, I see +no good derived from this practice. No plant requires, or in fact +deserves, better cultivation than this, and few plants yield less if +badly managed. + + + +49. MEDICAGO lupulina. TREFOIL, or NONSUCH.--A biennial plant, very +usefully cultivated with Rye-grass and Clover for forming artificial +meadows. Trefoil when left on the ground will seed, and these will +readily grow and renew the plant successively; which has caused some +persons to suppose it to be perennial. About eight or ten pounds of seed +are usually sown with six or eight pecks of Rye-grass for an acre, under +a crop of Barley or Oats. + + + +50. PLANTAGO lanceolata. RIB-GRASS.--This is a perennial plant, and very +usefully grown, either mixed with grasses or sometimes alone: it will +thrive in any soil, and particularly in rocky situations. It is much +grown on the hills in Wales, where by its roots spreading from stone to +stone it is often found to prevent the soil from being washed off, and +has been known to keep a large district fertile which would otherwise be +only bare rock. Sheep are particularly fond of it. About four pounds +sown with other seeds for pasture, will render a benefit in any +situation that wants it. Twenty-four pounds is usually sown on an acre +when intended for the sole crop, and sown under corn. + + + +51. POTERIUM Sanguisorba. BURNET.--This plant grows in calcareous soils, +and is in some places much esteemed. On the thin chalky soils near +Alresford in Hampshire, I have observed it to thrive better than almost +any other plant that is cultivated. Sheep are particularly fond of it; +and I have heard it said that the flavour of the celebrated Lansdown +mutton arises from the quantity of Burnet growing there. It is also the +favourite food of deer. This will grow well in any soil, and +there are few pastures without it but would be benefited by its +introduction. Twenty-five pounds per acre are sown alone: eight pounds +mixed with other seeds would be sufficient to give a good plant on the +ground. + + + +52. SANGUISORBA officinalis. GREAT CANADA BURNET.--Cattle will eat this +when young; and it has been supposed to be a useful plant, but I do not +think it equal to Burnet. + +It is perennial, and is often found wild, but has not yet been +cultivated. + + + +53. TRIFOLIUM pratense. RED CLOVER.--This is a very old plant in +cultivation, and perhaps, with little exception, one of the most useful. +It is very productive and nutritive, but soon exhausts the soil; and +unless it is in particular places it presently is found to go off, which +with the grazier is become a general complaint of all our cultivated +Clovers. It is also well known, that if the crop is mown the plant is +the sooner exhausted. + +Seeds of Clover have the property of remaining long in the ground after +it has become thus in a manner exhausted; and it frequently occurs that +ashes being laid on will stimulate the land afresh, and cause the seeds +to vegetate; which has given rise to the erroneous opinion with many +persons, that ashes, and particularly soap ashes, will, when sown on +land, produce Clover. + +Red Clover is usually cultivated in stiff clays or loamy soils; and when +sown alone, about sixteen or eighteen pounds of seed are used for the +acre. + + + +54. TRIFOLIUM medium. ZIGZAG, or MOUNTAIN-CLOVER.--Is in some degree +like the preceeding; it produces a purple flower, and the foliage is +much the same in appearance: but this is a much stronger perennial, and +calculated from its creeping roots to last much longer in the land. It +is equally useful as a food for cattle, and does not possess that +dangerous quality of causing cattle to be hove, or blown, by eating it +when fresh and green. This plant is, however, only to be met with in +upland pastures, and there in its wild state; for it does not seed very +abundantly, and is not in cultivation. + +In the London seed-markets we often hear of a species of red Clover +termed Cow-grass, and it generally sells for more money, and is said to +differ in having the characters ascribed to it of this plant, namely, a +hollow stem; the leaves more sharply pointed; the plant being a stronger +perennial, and having the property of not causing the above-mentioned +disorder to cows that eat of it. It is said to be cultivated in +Hampshire, from whence I have often received the seeds which have been +purchased purposely for the experiment; but on growing them, I never +could discover these differences to exist. It is a circumstance worthy +notice, that the very exact character of the Trifolium medium should +thus be said to belong to the supposed variety of red Clover. I have +endeavoured for the last twenty years to find out the true Cow-grass, +and am of opinion that it has been from some cause mistaken for this +plant. + +The Trifolium medium is, at all events, a plant worth attention, and I +think it might be easily brought into cultivation; for although it does +not seed so abundantly as the T. pratense, I have observed it in places +where a considerable quantity has been perfected, and where it might +have been easily collected by gathering the capsules. + + + +55. TRIFOLIUM repens. DUTCH CLOVER.--This is not so robust a plant as +either of the former kinds, but it creeps on the ground and forms a fine +bottom in all lands wherever it occurs, either cultivated or wild. This +has not the property of blowing the cattle in so great a degree as the +other sorts have. This disease is said to be accelerated by clover being +eaten whilst the dew is on it: and when green clover is intended to be +used as fodder, it is always best to mow it in the heat of the day, and +let it lie till it is whithered, when it may be given to cows with +safety. + +Clover seeds of all kinds are necessary ingredients in laying down land +to pasture; and the usual quantity is about twelve pounds per acre mixt +in proportion at the option of the grower. + +This kind remains longer in slight soils than the red does; but although +both are perennial plants, they are apt to go off, for the reason +pointed out under the head of T. pratense. This plant, as well as the T. +medium and other perennial kinds, is sometimes found in old pastures on +loamy soils; and whenever this is the case, it is a certain indication +of the goodness of the soil, and such as a judicious gardener would make +choice of for potting his exotic plants in, as he may rest assured that +the soil which will maintain clover for a succession of seasons will be +fit loam for such purposes. + + + +56. TRIFOLIUM procumbens. YELLOW SUCKLING.--An annual very like the +Nonsuch; it is a very useful plant, seeding very freely in pastures and +growing readily, by which means it is every year renewed, and affords a +fine bite for sheep and cattle. I have now and then seen the seeds of +this in the shops, but it is not common. There is a gentleman who +cultivates this plant very successfully near Horsham, and who, I am +informed, states it to be the best kind of Clover for that land. It +grows very commonly amongst the herbage on Horsham Common, so that it is +probably its native habitat. The seeds are the smallest of all the +cultivated Clovers, and of course less in weight will be necessary for +the land. + + + +57. TRIFOLIUM ochroleucum. YELLOW CLOVER.--This is not a common plant, +but it deserves the attention of the grazier. I believe it is not in +cultivation. In the garden it stands well, and is a large plant. The +herbage appears to be as good as that of any other kind of Clover, and +it might, if introduced, be cultivated by similar means. + + + +58. TRIFOLIUM agrarium. HOP TREFOIL.--This is also a good plant, but not +in cultivation; it is eaten by cattle in its wild state, is a perennial, +and certainly deserves a trial with such persons who may be inclined to +make experiments with these plants. + +Buffalo Clover is a kind similar to Trifolium agrarium and Trifolium +repens, and appears to me to be a hybrid plant. This has been sometimes +sent to this country from America, and is a larger plant than either. It +has, however, as far as I have grown it, the same property of exhausting +the soil as all the other species possess, and is soon found to go off: +it is not in cultivation to any large extent. + + + +59. VICIA Cracca. TUFTED VETCH.--Persons who have most noticed this +plant have imagined it might be introduced into cultivation. It is +hardy, durable, nutritious, and productive; but, like the Yellow +Vetchling, the seeds do not readily vegetate; the only way to cultivate +it, therefore, would be by planting out the roots; which might be done, +as they are easily parted and are to be procured in great plenty in the +places where it grows wild. + + + +60. VICIA sativa. VETCHES, FETCH, or TARE.--A very useful and common +plant, of which we have two varieties known to the farmer by the name of +Spring and Winter Tares: they are both annuals. The spring variety is a +more upright growing plant, and much tenderer than the other: it is +usually sown in March and April, and affords in general fine summer +fodder. + +The Winter Tares are usually sown at the wheat seed-time, remain all +winter, and are usually cut in the spring, generally six weeks before +the spring crop comes in. The Winter Tares are now considered a crop +worth attention by the farmers near London, who sow them, and sell the +crop in small bundles in the spring at a very good price. Tares are +usually sown broadcast, about three bushels and a half to the acre. +Persons should be careful in procuring the true variety for the winter +sowing; for I have frequently known a crop fail altogether by sowing the +Spring Tares, which is a more tender variety, at that season. It should +be noticed that the seeds of both varieties are so much alike that the +kinds are not to be distinguished; but the plants are easily known as +soon as they begin to grow and form stems; the Spring kind having a very +upright habit, and the Winter Tares trail on the ground. It is usual for +persons wanting seeds of such to procure a sample; and by growing them +in a hothouse, or forcing frame, they may soon be able to ascertain the +kinds. Ellis in his Husbandry says, that if ewes are fed on Tares, the +lambs they produce will invariably have red flesh. + + + +61. VICIA sylvatica. WOOD VETCH.--A perennial plant growing in the +shade; it seems to have all the good properties in general with the +other sorts of Tares; but it is not in cultivation. + + + +62. VICIA sepium. BUSH VETCH.--Is also a species much eaten by cattle in +its wild state, but has not yet been cultivated: it nevertheless would +be an acquisition if it could be got to grow in quantity. + +So much having been said of the different kinds of Tares, perhaps some +persons may be inclined to think that it would be superfluous to have +more in cultivation than one or two sorts. To this I would beg leave to +reply, that they do not all grow exactly in the same situations wild; +and if they were cultivated, some one of them might be found to suit in +certain lands better than others; and perhaps we never shall see our +agriculture at the height of improvement, till by some public-spirited +measure all those things shall be grown for the purposes of fair +comparative experiment--an institution much wanted in this country. + + + +* * * * * + + + +HINTS AS TO THE LAYING DOWN LAND TO PERMANENT PASTURE. + + + +Having endeavoured to explain as nearly as possible the nature and uses +of the plants which are likely to improve our meadows and pastures; I +shall proceed to describe the best approved mode of sowing the land, on +which depends, in a great measure, the future success of the +husbandman's labour. + +Under the head Lolium perenne I observed the practice of sowing clovers +and that grass with a crop of barley or oats, which is intended as an +intermediate crop for a season or two, and then the land to be again +broken up and used for arable crops. And this is a common and useful +practice; for although neither the Clover or Rye-grass will last long, +yet both will be found to produce a good crop whilst the land will bear +it, or until it is overpowered by the natural weeds of the ground +[Footnote: It is not an uncommon opinion amongst farmers, that Rye-grass +produces Couch; and this is not extraordinary; for, if the land is at +all furnished with this weed, it receives great encouragement under this +mode of culture.], which renders it necessary to the farmer to break it +up. + +I am aware of the difficulty of persuading persons (farmers in +particular) to adopt any new systems; and I have often, when speaking of +this subject amongst men of enlightened understandings, been told it +would be next to madness, to sacrifice the benefit of a crop of oats or +barley when the land is in fine tilth, and whilst we can grow grass +seeds underneath it. + +"To this I reply, that there is no land whatever, when left for a few +months in a state of rest, but will produce naturally some kind of +herbage, good and bad; and thus we find the industry of man excited, and +the application of the hoe and the weeder continually among all our +crops, this being essential to their welfare. I cannot help, therefore, +observing how extremely absurd it is to endeavour to form clean and good +pasturage under a crop hat gives as much protection to every noxious +weed as to the young grass itself. Weeds are of two descriptions, and +each requires a very different mode of extermination: thus, if annual, +as the Charlock and Poppy, they will flower among the corn, and the +seeds will ripen and drop before harvest, and be ready to vegetate as +soon as the corn is removed; and if perennial, as Thistles, Docks, +Couch-grass, and a long tribe of others in this way, well known to the +farmer, they will be found to take such firm possession of the ground +that they will not be got rid of without great trouble and expense. + +"Although the crop of corn thus obtained is valuable, yet when a good +and permanent meadow is wanted, and when all the strength of the land is +required to nurture the young grass thus robbed and injured, the +proprietor is often at considerable expense the second year for manure, +which, taking into consideration the trouble and disadvantage attending +it, more than counterbalances the profit of the corn crop. + +"To accomplish fully the formation of permanent meadows, three things +are necessary: namely to clean the land, to produce good and perfect +seeds adapted to the nature of the soil, and to keep the crop clean by +eradicating all the weeds, till the grasses have grown sufficiently to +prevent the introduction of other plants. The first of these matters is +known to every good farmer,--the second may be obtained,--and the third +may be accomplished by practising the modes in which I have succeeded at +a small comparative expense and trouble, and which is instanced in a +meadow immediately fronting Brompton Crescent, the property of Angus +Macdonald, Esq. which land was very greatly encumbered with noxious +weeds of all kinds: but, by the following plan, the grasses were +encouraged to grow up to the exclusion of all other plants; and though +it has been laid down more than ten years, the pasturage is now at least +equal to any in the county. + +"Grass seeds may be sown with equal advantage both in spring and autumn. +The land above mentioned was sown in the latter end of August, and the +seed made use of was one bushel of Meadow-fescue, and one of Meadow +fox-tail-grass, with a mixture of fifteen pounds of white Clover and +Trefoil per acre; the land was previously cleaned as far as possible +with the plough and harrows, and the seeds sown and covered in the usual +way. In the month of October following, a most prodigious crop of annual +weeds of many kinds having grown up, were in bloom, and covered the +ground and the sown grasses; the whole was then mowed and carried off +the land, and by this management all the annual weeds were at once +destroyed, as they do not spring again if cut down when in bloom. Thus, +whilst the stalks and roots of the annual weeds were decaying, the sown +grasses were getting strength during the fine weather, and what few +perennial weeds were amongst them were pulled up by hand in their young +state. The whole land was repeatedly rolled, to prevent the worms and +frost from throwing the plants out of the ground; and in the following +spring it was grazed till the latter end of March, when it was left for +hay, and has ever since continued a good field of grass. + +"Several meadows at Roehampton, belonging to the late B. Goldsmid, Esq., +were laid down with two bushels of Meadow fescue-grass and fifteen +pounds of mixed Clover, and sown in the spring along with one peck and a +half of Barley, intended as a shade to the young grasses. The crop was +thus suffered to grow till the latter end of June, and then the corn, +with the weeds, was mowed and carried off the land; the ground was then +rolled, and at the end of July the grasses were so much grown as to +admit good grazing for sheep, which were kept thereon for several weeks. +It should be observed, that the corn is to be mowed whilst in bloom, and +when there is an appearance of, or immediately after rain; which will be +an advantage to the grasses, and occasion them to thrive greatly. + +"I sowed some fields for the same gentleman in autumn in the same way, +and found them to succeed equally well." + +The above remarks are part of a communication I gave six years since to +the Society of Arts, for which I was honoured with their prize medal; +and I have great pleasure in transcribing it [Footnote: See Transactions +of the Society of Arts, vol. xxvii. p. 70.], as I frequently visit the +meadows mentioned above, and have the satisfaction of hearing them +pronounced the best in their respective neighbourhoods. Thus are my +opinions on this head borne out by twelve years experience. Let the +sceptic compare this improvement with his pretended advantage of a crop +of Barley. + +It should be observed that our agricultural efforts are intended only to +assist the operations of nature, and that in all our experiments we +should consult the soil as to its spontaneous produce, from whence alone +we can be enabled to adapt, with propriety, plants to proper situations. +The kinds of selected grass-seeds that are at this time to be purchased +are few, and consist of Lolium perenne, Festuca pratensis, Alopecurus +pratensis; Dactylis glomeratus, Cynosurus cristatus; with the various +kinds of Clovers: and it is not easy to lay down any rule as to the +mixture or proportion of each different kind that would best suit +particular lands. Attention however should, in all cases, be paid to the +plants growing wild in the neighbouring pastures, or in similar soils, +and the greater portion used of those which are observed to thrive best. + +In certain instances I have mentioned particular quantities of seeds to +be mixed with others; but in general I have stated how much it would +require to sow an acre with each kind separately; from which a person +may form a criterion, when several sorts are used, as to what quantity +of each sort should be adopted. Taking into view, therefore, that +nothing but a mixture of proper kinds of Grasses, &c. will make good +pasturage, and that our knowledge is very imperfect on this head at the +present season, we must advise that particular attention be paid to the +subject, or little good can be hoped for from all our endeavours. + + + +* * * * * + + + +SECT. III.--FODDER FROM LEAVES AND ROOTS. + + + +The student in agriculture will find in this department a wide field for +speculation, which, although it has been greatly improved during the +last century, still affords much room for experiments. + +During the last thirty-five years I have had opportunity of observing +the great difference in the quantity of cattle brought to one of our +largest beast-markets in the south of England; and it is well known that +this has increased in a ratio of more than double; and I am informed by +a worthy and truly honourable prelate, who has observed the same for +twenty-five years previously, that it has nearly quadrupled. I have also +made it my business, as a subject of curiosity, to inquire if the +increase at other markets has been the same, and from all accounts I am +convinced of the affirmative. Now as we have ample proofs from the +statistical accounts of our husbandry, that less corn has not been grown +in the same period, we shall naturally be inclined to give the merit of +this increase to the introduction of the Turnip husbandry, which, +although it is now become so general, is, comparatively speaking, but in +its infancy; and it is from that branch of our agriculture that has +sprung the culture of the great variety of fodder of the description +which I am now about to explain. + +And here it may not prove amiss to observe to the botanical student, +should he hereafter be destined to travel, that by making himself thus +acquainted with the nature of such vegetables, he may have it in his +power to render great benefit to society by the introduction of others +of still superior virtues, for the use both of man and the brute +creation. When Sir Walter Raleigh undertook his expedition to South +America, the object of which failed, he had the good fortune from his +taste for botany to render to his country, and to the world at large, a +more essential service, by the introduction of one single vegetable, +than was ever achieved by the military exploits performed before or +since that period [Footnote: The Potatoe was introduced by Sir Walter +Raleigh, on his return from the River Plate, in the year 1586.]. It has +not only been the means of increasing the wealth and strength of +nations, but more than once prevented a famine in this country when +suffering from a scarcity of bread-corn and when most of the ports which +could afford us a supply were shut by the ambition of a powerful enemy. + +63. BRASSICA Napus. TURNIP.--Turnips afford the best feed for sheep in +the autumn and winter months. It is usual to sow them as a preparatory +crop for Barley, and now very frequently for a crop of Spring Wheat. +Turnips are not easily raised but where some kind of manure is used to +stimulate the land. In dry seasons the crop is often destroyed by the +ravages of a small beetle, which perforates the cotyledons of the +plants, and destroys the crop on whole fields in a few hours. + +Many remedies against this evil are enumerated in our books on +husbandry. The best preventative, however, appears to be the putting +manure on the ground in a moist state and sowing the seeds with it, in +order to excite the young plant to grow rapidly; for the insect does not +hurt it when the rough leaf is once grown. I have this season seen a +fine field of Turnips, sown mixt with dung out of a cart and ploughed in +ridges. The seeds which were not too deeply buried grew and escaped the +fly; when scarcely a field in the same district escaped the ravages of +that insect. Turnips are sown either broad-cast or in drills. It takes +about four pounds of seed per acre in the first mode, and about half the +quantity in the second. + +There are several varieties of turnips grown for cattle; the most +striking of which are, the White round Norfolk; the Red round ditto; the +Green round ditto; the Tankard; the Yellow. These varieties are nearly +the same in goodness and produce: the green and red are considered as +rather more hardy than the others. The tankard is long-rooted and stands +more out of the ground, and is objected to as being more liable to the +attack of early frosts. The yellow is much esteemed in Scotland, and +supposed to contain more nutriment [Footnote: The usual season for +sowing the above varieties is within a fortnight or three weeks after +Midsummer.]. The Stone and Dutch turnips are grown for culinary +purposes, and are also sometimes sown after the corn is cleared, as +being small and of early growth; these in such cases are called stubble +turnips, and often in fine autumns produce a considerable quantity of +herbage. For a further account of the culture &c. see Dickson's Modern +Husbandry, vol. ii. p. 639. + +There is nothing in husbandry requiring more care than the saving seeds +of most of the plants of this tribe, and in particular of the Genus +Brassica. If two sorts of turnips or cabbages are suffered to grow and +bloom together, the pollen of each kind will be sufficiently mixed to +impregnate each alternately, and a hybrid kind will be the produce, and +in ninety-nine times out of a hundred a worse variety than either. +Although this is generally the result of an indiscriminate mixture, yet +by properly adapting two different kinds to grow together, new and +superior varieties are sometimes produced. One gentleman having profited +by this philosophy, has succeeded in producing some fine new varieties +of fruits and vegetables, much to the honour of his own talents and his +country's benefit [Footnote: See Mr Knight On the Apple-tree.]. It is +well known to gardeners that the cabbage tribe are liable to sport thus +in their progeny; and to some accidental occurrence of this nature we +are indebted for the very useful plant called the + + + +64. ROOTA-BAGA. SWEDISH TURNIP.--Which is a hybrid plant par-taking of +the turnip and cabbage, and what has within these few years added so +much to the benefit of the grazier. This root is much more hardy than +any of the turnips; it will stand our winters without suffering injury +from frosts, and is particularly ponderous and nutritious. + +It is usually cultivated as the common trunip, with this difference, +that it requires to be sown as early in some lands as the month of May, +it being a plant which requires a longer time to come to maturity. + +Every judicious farmer who depends on turnips for foddering his stock in +the winter, will do well to guard against the loss sometimes occasioned +by the failure of his Turnips from frost and wet. Various ways of doing +this are recommended, as stacking &c. But if he has a portion of his +best land under Swedish turnip, he will have late in the winter a +valuable crop that will be his best substitute. Another advantage is +this, that it will last a fortnight longer in the spring, and +consequently be valuable on this account. The quantity of seed usually +sown is the same as for the common kinds of turnip. There are two +varieties of this plant, one white and the other yellow: the latter is +the most approved. + + + +65. BRASSICA Napo Brassica. KOHLRABBI.--A hardy kind of Turnip cabbage, +grown much in Germany for fodder: it is very nutritive, and has the +property of resisting frost better than either the turnips or +cattle-cabbage. The seed and culture of this are the same as of +Drum-head cabbage. + +There are two varieties of this plant, the green and the purple; the +latter is generally most esteemed. + + + +66. BRUSSELS SPROUTS.--This is a large variety of cabbage, very +productive and hardy. The culture is the same as for Cattle-cabbage. + + + +67. BRASSICA oleracea. DRUM-HEAD CABBAGE.--This is usually sown in March +and the plants put out into beds, and then transplanted into the fields; +this grows to a most enormous size, and is very profitable. About four +pounds of seed is sufficient for an acre. + + + +* * * * * + + + +SEC. IV.--GRAINS. + + + +73. AVENA sativa. COMMON OATS.--A grain very commonly known, of which we +have a number of varieties, from the thin old Black Oats to the fine +Poland variety and the celebrated Potatoe-Oats. + +These give the farmer at all times the advantage of a change of seeds, a +measure allowed on all hands to be essential to good husbandry. The +culture is various; thin soils growing the black kind in preference, +which is remarkably hardy, where the finer sorts affecting a better soil +will not succeed. It is applicable both to the drill and broad-cast. The +seed is from six pecks to four bushels per acre, and the crop from seven +to fourteen quarters. + + + +74. CARUM Carui. CARAWAY SEEDS.--The seeds of this are in demand both by +druggists and confectioners. It is cultivated in Kent and Essex; where +it, being a biennial plant, is sown with a crop of spring corn, and left +with the stubble during the succeeding winter, and after clearing the +land in the spring is left to go to seed. It requires a good hot dry +soil; but although the crop is often of great value, it so much exhausts +the land as to be hazardous culture in many light soils where the +dunghill is not handy. + +The seed is about ten pounds per acre, and the crop often five or six +sacks. + + + +75. CORIANDRUM sativum. CORIANDER.--Is grown in the stiff lands, in +Essex, and is an annual of easy but not of general culture. The seeds +are used by druggists and rectifiers of spirits, and form many of the +cordial drinks. + +The quantity of seed and produce are similar to those of Caraway. + + + +76. ERVUM Lens. LENTILS.--Once cultivated here for the seeds, which are +used for soups; but it is furnished principally from Spain, and can at +all times be purchased for less than it can be grown for. + + + +77. HORDEUM distichon. COMMON TWO-ROWED BARLEY.--A grain now in very +general cultivation, and supposed to be the best kind grown for malting. +The season for sowing barley is in the spring, and the crop varies +according to soil and culture; it is sown either broad-cast, drilled, or +dibbled. The quantity of seed sown is from three pecks to three bushels +per acre, and the produce from three to eleven quarters. + +As the process of malting may not be generally understood by that class +of readers for which this work is mostly intended, I shall give a short +sketch of it.--It is a natural principle of vegetation, that every seed +undergoes a change before it is formed into the young plant. The +substance of the cotyledons, which when ground forms the nutritious +flower of which bread is made, changes into two particular substances, +i. e. sugar and mucilage; and whilst mankind form from it the principal +staff of life as an edible commodity, the same parts of the seed in +barley are by certain means made into malt, which is only another term +for the sugar of that grain. To effect this, the barley is steeped in +water, and afterwards laid in heaps, in which state it vegetates in a +few days, and the saccharine fermentation is by that means carried on to +a certain pitch, when it is put on a kiln to which a fire is applied, +and it is by that means dried. It is then perfect malt, and fit for the +purpose of brewing. + +Pearl and Scotch Barley, used for soup and medicinal purposes, are made +from the grain by being put into a mill, which merely grinds off the +husk. The Pearl barley is mostly prepared in Holland, but the Scotch is +made near Edinburgh in considerable quantities. A description of an +improved Mill for this purpose is to be seen in the Edinburgh +Encyclopaedia, p. 283. + + + +78. HORDEUM vulgare. BERE, BIG, or WINTER BARLEY.--This is a coarser +grain than the Two-rowed Barley, and hence it is not so well adapted to +the purpose of malting. It is grown on cold thin soils, being much +hardier than the former. + +It is now often sown in October, and in the month of May or June +following it is mown and taken off the land for green fodder. The plants +will notwithstanding this produce in August a very abundant crop of +grain. Hence this is a valuable mode of culture for the farmer. + +The other varieties of Barley are, + + + +79. HORDEUM hexastichon. SIX-ROWED BARLEY.--This is also a coarse grain; +and although it was once in cultivation here, it has been altogether +superseded by the Bere, which is a better kind. + + + +80. HORDEUM zeocriton. BATTLEDORE BARLEY.--This is a fine grain, but +very tender, and not now in cultivation in this country. + +NAKED BARLEY. The two first species sometimes produce a variety which +thrashes out of the husks similar to wheat: these are very heavy and +fine grain, but they are not in cultivation: for what reason I know not. + + + +81. PANICUM miliaceum. MILLET.--Millet is of two kinds, the brown and +yellow. They are sometimes sown in this country for feeding poultry, and +also for dressing; i. e. it is divested of the husk by being passed +through a mill, when it is equal to rice for the use of the pastrycook. +The seed used is from one to two bushels per acre. This is more commonly +grown in Italy, and on the shores of the Mediterranean sea, from which +large quantities are annually exported to the more northern countries. + + + +82. PAPAVER somniferum. MAW-SEED.--The large white Opium Poppy is grown +for seed for feeding birds, and also for pressing the oil, which is used +by painters. The heads are also used by the apothecaries; which see +under the head Medicinal Plants. About two pounds of seed to the acre. + + + +83. PHALARIS canariensis. CANARY-SEED.--This is grown mostly in the Isle +of Thanet, and sent to London &c. for feeding canary and other +song-birds, and considered a very profitable crop to the farmer. It is +sown in April, and the quantity of seed is about one bushel and a half +per acre. + + + +84. PISUM sativum. THE PEA [Footnote: At the request of Sir John +Sinclair I made an experiment, from directions given by a French +emigrant, of mixing Pease with urine in which had been steeped a +considerable quantity of pigeon's dung. In the course of twenty-four +hours they had swoln very much, when they were put into the ground. An +equal quantity were steeped in water; and the same quantity also that +had not been steeped, were sown in three adjoining spots of land. There +was a difference in the coming up of the crops, of some days in each; +but that with the above preparation took the lead, and was by far the +best crop on the ground. This is an experiment worth attending to. It is +usual to prepare wheat in a similar way, but no other grain that I have +ever heard of.].--The Gray Hog-pea used to be the only one considered +sufficiently hardy for culture in the fields; but since the improvement +in our agriculture we have all the finer varieties cultivated in large +quantities. The seed used is about two bushels and a half per acre, and +the produce varies from three to ten quarters. + +The varieties of Peas are many, but the principal ones used in +agriculture are the Early Charlton Pea; the Dwarf Marrow; the Prussian +Blue. All these are dwarf kinds; and as the demand for this article in +time of war is great for the navy and army, if the farmer's land will +suit, and produce such as will boil, they will fetch a considerably +greater price in proportion. + +The varieties that are found to boil are either used whole, or split, +which is done by steeping them in water till the cotyledons swell, after +which they are dried on a kiln and passed through a mill; which just +breaking the husk, the two cotyledons fall apart. + + + +85. POLYGONUM Fagopyrum. BUCK-WHEAT.--This is usually sown in places +where pheasants are bred, as the seed is the best food for those birds; +it is also useful for poultry and hogs. I have eaten bread and cakes +made of the flower, which are also very palatable. Two bushels are +usually sown per acre. The season is May; and it is often sown on foul +land in the summer, as it grows very thick on the land, and helps to +clean it by smothering all the weeds. The crop does not stand on the +ground more than ten or twelve weeks. + + + +86. SECALE cereale. RYE.--This is often grown for a spring crop of green +food, by sowing it early in the autumn, as it is very hardy and is not +affected by frost. It grows fast in the spring months, and affords a +very luxuriant crop of green fodder. Tares and Rye are frequently sown +mixed together for the same purpose, and the Tares find a support in the +stalks of the Rye, by which means they produce a larger crop than they +make by themselves. The grain is the next in estimation to Wheat, and is +frequently used for making bread. The quantity sown per acre is the same +as Wheat. + + + +87. SINAPIS nigra. BLACK MUSTARD.--This is grown in Essex in great +quantities for the seeds, which are sold to the manufacturers of flower +of mustard, and is considered better flavoured, stronger, and capable of +keeping better, than the white kind for such purpose. It is also in use +for various medicinal preparations; which see. About two bushels of seed +sown broad-cast are sufficient for an acre. + +This plant affords another striking instance of the care of Providence +in preserving the species of the vegetable kingdom, it being noticed in +the Isle of Ely and other places, that wherever new ditches are thrown +out, or the earth dug to any unusual depth, the seeds of Black Mustard +immediately throw up a crop. In some places it has been proved to have +lain thus embalmed for ages. + +Flower of mustard, which is now become so common on our tables, and +which is an article of very considerable trade, is but a new +manufacture. A respectable seedsman who lived in Pall-Mall was the first +who prepared it in this state for sale. The seeds of the white sort had +been used to be bruised in a mortar and eaten sometimes as a condiment, +but only in small quantities. + +When used fresh it is weak, and has an unpleasant taste; but after +standing a few hours the essential oil unites with the water which is +used, and it then becomes considerably stronger, and the flavour is +improved. It is prepared by drying the seeds on a kiln and grinding them +to a powder. As this article is become of considerable importance from +the demand, it has occasioned persons to speculate in its adulteration, +which is now I believe often practised. Real flower of mustard will bear +the addition of an equal quantity of salt without its appearing too much +in the taste. In an old work, Hartman's treasure of Health, I find it to +have been practised by a noble lady of that time to make mustard for +keeping, with sherry wine with the addition of a little sugar, and +sometimes a little vinegar. Query, Is this, with the substitution of a +cheaper wine, the secret of what is called Patent Mustard? + + + +88. TRITICUM aestivum. SPRING WHEAT.--Wheat is a grain well known in most +countries in Europe. It has been in cultivation for many ages. This +species was introduced some years ago from the Barbary coast, and has +been found very beneficial for sowing in the spring, when it often +produces a large crop. It takes a shorter time to come to maturity than +the other sorts; and as it is a more profitable crop to the farmer on +good soils than Barley, it is frequently sown after Turnips are over. +This has, perhaps, been one of the best improvements in Grain husbandry +that was ever introduced, as it gives the grower great advantages which +he could not have under the common culture of Wheat at the usual +seed-time. This is little different in appearance from the Common White +Wheat. But there was a small variety of it with rounder grains sent to +the Board of Agriculture from the Cape of Good Hope about the year 1801, +of which I saved a small quantity of seeds which was distributed among +the members; and I have lately seen a sample of it in the hands of a +gentleman in Devonshire, who speaks very highly of it as producing a +large crop in a short time, and that the flower was so much esteemed, +that the millers gave him a higher price for it than the finest samples +at market of the other kinds would sell for. I believe this variety is +very scarce. It is now twelve years since I grew it, from which what I +saw, and all other in cultivation, if any there are, have sprung. + + + +89. TRITICUM compositum. EGYPTIAN WHEAT.--This is a species with +branched ears, and commonly having as many as three and four divisions. +It is much cultivated in the eastern countries, but has not been found +to answer so well in this country as the common cultivated species. + + + +90. TRITICUM hybernum. COMMON WHEAT.--Of this grain we have a number of +varieties, which are grown according to the fashion of countries, +differing in the colour of the ear and also of the grain. The most +esteemed sorts are the Hertfordshire White and the Essex Red Wheat, +which are both much cultivated and equally esteemed. The season for +growing these kinds is usually September and October. The drill, dibble, +and broad-cast modes are all used, as the land and convenience of the +farmer happen to suit, and the produce varies accordingly; as does also +the quantity of seed sown. From two pecks to two bushels and a half are +sown on an acre. + +Wheat is liable to the ravages of many terrestrious insects which attack +its roots; and also some very curious diseases. One of these has been +very clearly elucidated by our munificent patron of science, Sir Joseph +Banks, in the investigation of a parasitical plant which destroys the +blood of the stalk and leaves, renders the grain thin, and in some cases +quite destroys the crop, which has done that gentleman's penetration +great credit [Footnote: Sir Joseph Banks On the Blight in Corn.]. An +equally extraordinary disease is the Smut, which converts the +farinaceous parts of the grain to a black powder resembling smut: a +cirumstance too well known to many farmers. Those who wish to consult +the remedies recommended against this, may refer to The Annals of +Agriculture, and most other books on the subject. It is usual with +farmers to mix the Wheat with stale urine or brine, and to dry it by +sifting it with slaked lime, which has the effect of causing it to +vegetate quickly, and to prevent the attacks of many insects when the +seed is first put into the ground. This is considered as productive of +great benefit to the crop; but it is also to be remarked, that it is +almost the only grain that is ever prepared with this mixture, although +it might be applied with equal propriety to all others. See article +Pisum sativum. + + + +91. TRITICUM turgidum. CONE WHEAT.--This a fine grain, and cultivated +much in the strong land in the Vale of Evesham, where it is found to +answer better than any other sorts. It is distinguished by the square +and thick spike, and having a very long arista or beard. + +The following sorts of Wheat are mentioned as being in cultivation. But +I have not seen them, neither do I think any of them equal to the sorts +enumerated above: + +Triticum nigrum. BLACK-GRAINED WHEAT. Triticum polonicum. POLISH WHEAT. +Triticum monococcon. ONE-GRAINED WHEAT. Triticum Spelta. SPELT WHEAT. + +Besides the use of Wheat for bread and other domestic purposes, large +quantities are every season consumed in making starch, which is the pure +fecula of the grain obtained by steeping it in water and beating it in +coarse hempen bags, by which means the fecula is thus caused to exude +and diffuse through the water. This, from being mixed with the +saccharine matter of the grain, soon runs into the acetous fermentation, +and the weak acid thus formed by digesting on the fecula renders it +white. After setting, the precipitate is washed several times, and put +by in square cakes and dried on kilns. These in drying part into flakes, +which gives the form to the starch of the shops. + +Starch is soluble in hot water, and becomes of the nature of gum. It is +however insoluble in cold water, and on this account when pulverized it +makes most excellent hair-powder. + + + +92. Vicia Faba. THE BEAN.--Several kinds of Beans are cultivated by +farmers. The principal are the Horse-Bean or Tick-Bean; the Early +Mazagan; and the Long-pods. Beans grow best in stiff clayey soils, and +in such they are the most convenient crop. The season for planting is +either the winter or spring month, as the weather affords opportunity. +They are either drilled, broad-cast sown, or put in by the dibble, which +is considered not only the most eligible mode but in ge-neral affording +the best crops. The seed is from one to three bushels per acre. + + + +93. ZEA Mays. INDIAN CORN, or MAIZE. In warmer climates, as the South of +France, and the East and West Indies, this is one of the most useful +plants; the seeds forming good provender for poultry, hogs and cattle, +and the green tops excellent fodder for cattle in general. I once saw a +small early variety, that produced a very good crop, near Uxbridge; but +I believe it is not in cultivation. + + + +* * * * * + + + +SECT. V.--MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES. + + + +94. CANNABIS sativa. HEMP.--This plant is cultivated in some parts of +this country. It is usually sown in March, and is fit to harvest in +October. It is then pulled up and immersed in water; when the woody +parts of the stalks separating from the bark, which sloughs off and +undergoes a decomposition by which the fibres are divided, it is then +combed (hackled), dried, and reduced to different fineness of texture, +and spun for various purposes. It requires good land, and the seed is +usually two bushels and a half per acre. + +The seed, which ripens about the time the hemp is pulled, is useful for +feeding birds and poultry, and very nourishing. + + + +95. DIPSACUS Fullonum. FULLER'S TEAVEL.--The heads of this plant are +used for combing kerseymeres and finer broad cloths. The heads are +generally fit to cut about the latter end of August, and are then +separated and made up into bundles, and sold to the clothiers. The large +heads are called Kings; the next size Middlings; and the smaller +Minikins. The reason they are separated before sending to market is, +that the large and small will not fit together on the frame in which +they are fixed to the water-wheel, so that it is usual for the +proprietor of the fulling-mills to purchase all of either one or the +other size. The crop is considered very valuable, but the culture is +confined to a small district in Somersetshire. The plant is biennial, +and is usually sown in May, and the crop kept hoed during that season. +In the following spring the plants bloom, and when the seeds are ripe +the heads are fit for cutting; when they are assorted as above for the +dealers. Three pounds of seed are used to an acre, and the plants at the +last stirring are left from two feet to two feet and a half apart. + + + +96. HUMULUS Lupulus. THE HOP.--The Hop is cultivated for brewing, being +the most wholesome bitter we have, though the brewers are in the habit +of using other vegetable bitters, which are brought from abroad and sold +at a much cheaper rate. There is, however, a severe penalty on using any +other than Hops for such purpose. + +The Hops are distinguished by several varieties grown in Kent, +Worcestershire, and at Farnham. The last place produces the best kind. +For its culture more at length see Agriculture of Surry, by Mr. +Stevenson. + + + +97. ISATIS tinctoria. WOAD.--Is cultivated in the county of +Somersetshire. It is used, after being prepared, for dyeing &c. It is +said to be the mordant used for a fine blue on woollen. The foliage, +which is like Spinach, is gathered during the summer months, and steeped +in vats of water. After some time a green fecula is deposited in the +bottom of the water, which is washed, and made into cakes and sold for +use. + +It is a perennial plant, and found wild in great abundance near +Guildford, where great quantities might be gathered for use, and where a +great deal of the seed could be collected. Its culture is very similar +to that of the Teazle, with this difference, it requires the hoe at work +constantly all the summer months. + +The two plants Weld and Woad from the similarity of names are frequently +confounded with each other, and some of the best agricultural writers +have fallen into this error. They are two very different plants, and +ought to be well defined, being each of them of very material +consequence in this country. + + + +98. LINUM usitatissimum. FLAX, or LINT-SEED.--Is grown for the purpose +of making cloth, and has been considered a very profitable crop. The +culture and management is similar to that of Hemp, and the seeds are in +great demand for pressing. Lintseed oil, which it produces, is much used +by painters, and is the only vegetable oil that is found fit for such +purposes in general. The seeds are of several uses to the farmer; a tea +is made of it, and mixed with skimmed milk, for fattening house-lambs +and calves. Oxen are often fattened on the seed itself; but the cakes +after the oil is expressed are a very common and most excellent article +for fattening both black cattle and sheep. These are sold at from 10 l. +to 16 l. per thousand. + +It will require three bushels of Flax-seed for one acre, as it must be +sown thick on the land. Lintseed cake has been used also for manure; and +I have seen fine crops of Turnips where it has been powdered and sown in +the drills with the seed. + + + +99. RESEDA luteola. DYER'S-WEED, or WELD.--Is often confounded with +Woad, but is altogether a very different plant. Weld is cultivated on +the chalky hills of Surry, being sown under a crop of Barley, and the +second year cleaned by hoeing, and then left to grow till it blooms, +when it is pulled and tied up in small bundles, and after drying is sent +to market, where it is purchased for dyeing yellow, and is in great +request. + + + +100. RUBIA tinctoria. MADDER.--This very useful dyeing drug used to be +grown in this country in considerable quantities, but it is not +cultivated here at the present time. The principal part of what is used +now is brought from Holland, and affords a considerable article of trade +to the Dutch farmers. Those who wish to be informed of the mode of +culture may consult Professor Martyn's edition of Miller's Dictionary. + +Some years since Sir Henry Englefield, Bart., obtained a premium from +the Society of Arts for the discovery of a fine tint drawn from Madder, +called the Adrianople red. It was found that it was to be obtained from +a variety of the Rubia brought from Smyrna; and Mr. Smyth, our consul at +that city, was prevailed on by Dr. Charles Taylor to procure seeds from +thence, which the Society did me the honour of committing to my care; +and I have now a considerable stock of that kind, from whence I have +myself obtained the same beautiful and superior tint. See Trans. Soc. +Arts. vol. 27, p. 40. + + + +101. ULEX europaeus. FURZE, GORSE, or WHIN.--Is used in husbandry for +fences, and is also much cultivated for fuel for burning lime, heating +ovens, &c. Cattle and sheep relish it much; but it cannot be eaten by +them except when young, in consequence of its strong spines; to obviate +which an implement has been invented for bruising it. When it grows wild +on our waste land, it is common to set it on fire in the summer months, +and the roots and stems will throw up from the ground young shoots, +which are found very useful food for sheep and other animals. It is +readily grown from seeds, six pounds of which will be enough for an acre +of land. + + + +* * * * * + + + +PLANTS USEFUL IN THE ARTS. + + + +SECT. VI.--BRITISH TREES AND SHRUBS. + + + +102. ACER Pseudo-Platanus. SYCAMORE.--The wood of this tree is soft and +of little use, unless it is for the turners' purposes, who make boxes +and other small toys of it. It is not of value as timber. + + + +103. ACER campestre. THE MAPLE.--Before the introduction of Mahogany and +other fine woods the Maple was the principal wood used for all kinds of +cabinet work, and was much esteemed: the knobs which grow on those trees +in an old state afforded the most beautiful specimens, and according to +Evelyn were collected by the curious at great prices. The Maple trees in +this country are none of them at the present day old enough to afford +that fine-veined variegation in the timber which is alluded to in this +account. + + + +104. ARBUTUS Unedo. THE STRAWBERRY-TREE.--Is a native of the islands in +the celebrated Lake of Killarney in Ireland, where it grows to a large +size. We know of no particular use to which it is applied. It is however +one of our most ornamental evergreen shrubs, producing beautiful +flowers, which vary from transparent white to deep red, in the winter +months, at which season also the fruit appears; which taking twelve +months to come to maturity affords the singular phaenomenon in plants, of +having lively green leaves, beautiful flowers, and fruit as brilliant as +the richest strawberry, in the very depth of our winter. We have a fine +variety of this plant with scarlet blossoms, and also one with double +flowers, both of which are singularly ornamental to the shrubbery. + + + +105. ARBUTUS Uva Ursi. BEAR-BERRIES.--A small trailing plant of great +repute as a medicine, but of no use in any other respect. + + + +106. BERBERIS vulgaris. BARBERRY.--This has long been cultivated in +gardens for its fruit, which is a fine acid, and it is used as a +conserve, and also for giving other sweeter fruits a flavour. The common +wild kind has stones in the fruit, which renders it disagreeable to eat. +There is a variety without stones called the Male Barberry, which is +preferred on this account. + +This tree is subject to a disease in the summer, caused apparently from +a yellow fungus growing on the leaves and young shoots; and it is said +that where it grows near corn fields it imparts its baneful influence to +the grain, for which reason it is recommended in some of our books on +agriculture to exterminate the trees. + + + +107. BETULA alba. BIRCH-TREE.--Is in great use and of considerable value +on some estates for making brooms, and the timber for all purposes of +turnery-ware and carving. The sap of the Birch-tree is drawn by +perforating the bark in the early state of vegetation. It is fermented, +and makes a very pleasant and potent beverage called Birch Wine. + + + +108. BETULA Alnus. ALDER-TREE.--This is a valuable tree for planting in +moors and wet places. The wood is used for making clogs, pattens, and +other such purposes; and the bark for dyeing and manufacturing some of +the finer kinds of leather. This wood is of considerable value for +making charcoal for gunpowder. In charring it a considerable quantity of +acetic acid is extracted, which is of great value for the purpose of +bleaching, &c. &c. + + + +109. BUXUS sempervirens. BOX-TREE.--The wood of Box is of great value +for musical instruments, and for forming the handles of many tools: +being very hard, it admits of a fine polish. This tree is growing in +quantity at Box-hill in Surry, and has given name to that place. + +This was planted by a late Duke of Norfolk, and has succeeded so well, +that the wood has been cut twice, and sold each time for treble the +value of the fee-simple of the land. + +It forms a better cover for game than any other plant; and being very +bitter, is not liable to be destroyed by any animal eating it down. An +infusion of the leaves is frequently given as a vermifuge with good +effect. + +There is a smaller variety of this, much used for making edging to +gravel walks in gardens. + + + +110. CARPINUS Betulus. THE HORNBEAM.--This grows to a large tree, but is +not of much account as timber: it is however very useful in forming +ornamental fences, and is well adapted to this purpose from the tendency +of its young branches to grow thick. + + + +111. CLEMATIS Vitalba. TRAVELLER'S JOY.--A beautiful creeping shrub very +useful to the farmers for making shackles for gates and hurdles, or +withs for tying faggots and other articles. Whenever this plant is found +in the hedges, &c. it is a certain indication of a ckalky under stratum +in the soil. + + + +112. CORNUS sanguinea. DOG-WOOD.--This is planted in pleasuregrounds as +an ornamental shrub, and from the red appearance of the wood in the +winter forms a beautiful constrast in plantations. It is also used by +butchers for making skewers. + + + +113. CORYLUS Avellana. THE HAZEL.--Is a well known shrub of large growth +producing nuts, which are much admired. The Filbert is an improved +variety of this plant. The farmers in Kent are the best managers of +Filberts, and it is the only place where they are grown with any +certainty; which appears to be owing principally to the trees being +regularly pruned of the superfluous wood. It is performed in the month +of March when the plants are in bloom, and is the only time when the +fruit-bearing wood can be distinguished. + + + +114. CRATAEGUS Aria. WHITE BEAM-TREE.--Is a beautiful tree producing very +hard wood, and is much in esteem for cogs of millwork and various other +purposes. + + + +115. CRATAEGUS Oxyacantha. THE QUICKSET, or WHITE-THORN.--This is in +great request for making fences, and is the best plant we know for such +purposes if properly managed. It is readily propagated by sowing the +hips, or fruit, which does not readily grow the first season; it is +therefore usual to bury them mixed with saw-dust, or sand, one year, and +then to sow them in beds. + + + +116. DAPHNE Laureola. SPURGE- or WOOD-LAUREL.--Is used in medicine; +which see. + +We have many species of Daphne which are very ornamental to our +shrubberies and green-houses: these are propagated principally by +grafting; and the Wood-Laurel being hardy and of ready growth forms the +stock principally used. It is readily propagated by seeds, which in +three years will make plants large enough for this purpose. + +The plant in all its parts is excessively acrid. I remember a man being +persuaded to take the leaves reduced to powder, as a remedy for +Syphilis, and he died in consequence in great agony in a few hours. + + + +117. DAPHNE Mezerium. MEZERION.--Is a very beautiful shrub, and is one +of the earliest productions of Flora, often exhibiting its brilliant +scarlet flowers in January and February. We have also a white variety of +this shrub in the gardens. The bark and roots are extremely acrimonious, +and are used in medicine. + + + +118. ERICA vulgaris. THE COMMON HEATH, HEATHER, or LING.---This +spontaneous produce of most of our sandy waste lands is of much usin +rural oeconomy. + +It is of considerable value for making brooms, and affords food to +sheep, goats, and other animals; particularly to the grouse and +heath-cock. The branches of heath placed upright in a wooden frame form +the couch of repose to the brave Highlander. It is also stated that an +excellent beverage was brewed from the tops of this plant, but the art +of making it is now lost. This is the most common of the species, but +all the others have similar properties. They are very ornamental plants. +A numerous variety of heaths are brought from the Cape of Good Hope, and +afford great pleasure to the amateur of exotic plants, being the +greatest ornaments to our green-houses. + + + +119. EUONYMUS europaeus. SPINDLE-TREE.--An ornamental shrub. The wood is +in great request for making skewers for butchers, as it does not impart +any unpleasant taste to the meat. + + + +120. FAGUS Castanea. THE SPANISH CHESNUT.--This tree produces timber +similar to oak in point of durability, and the bark also contains a +considerable quantity of tannin. The Chesnut was in greater plenty in +this country many years ago than at the present day; large forests are +represented to have been in the neighbourhood of London; and we are led +to believe such may have been the case, as many of the old buildings +when examined have been found to be built of this timber. The fruit is +used as a dainty at table; but the variety which is brought from +Portugal and Spain is much larger than what are grown in this country. +The large kind imported from those countries is grafted, and kept on +purpose for the fruit. It is an improvement to graft this variety by +taking the scions from trees in bearing, and they will produce fruit in +a few years and in a dwarf state. + + + +121. FAGUS sylvatica. THE BEECH.--The timber of the Beech is valuable +for making wheels, and is applied to many other useful purposes in +domestic oeconomy. The seeds of the Beech are very useful for fattening +hogs. + +This tree affords many beautiful varieties in foliage, the handsomest of +which is the Copper Beech, whose purple leaves form a fine contrast in +colour with the lively green of the common sort. + + + +123. FRAXINUS excelsior. THE ASH.--The wood of the Ash is considered the +best timber for all purposes of strong husbandry utensils. The wheels +and axle-trees of carriages, the shafts for carts, and the cogs for +mill-work, are principally made of this timber. The young wood when gown +in coppices is useful for hop-poles, and the small underwood is said to +afford the best fuel of any when used green. Coppice-land usually sells +for a comparatively greater price according as this wood prevails in +quantity, on account of its good quality as fuel alone. + + + +124. HEDERA Helix. IVY.--A common plant in woods, and often planted in +shady places to hide walls and buildings. The leaves are good food for +deer and sheep in winter. The Irish Ivy, which was brought from that +country, is a fine variety with broad leaves. It was introduced by Earl +Camden. + + + +125. HIPPOPHAE Rhamnoides. SEA BUCKTHORN.--This is a scarce shrub; but +is very useful as a plant for forming shelter on the hills near the +sea-coast, it having been found to stand the sea-breeze better than any +plant of the kind that is indigenous to this country. + + + +126. ILEX aquifolium. HOLLY.--A well-known evergreen of singular beauty, +of which we have many varieties, both striped, and of different colours +in the leaf. Birdlime is made from the inner bark of this tree, by +beating it in a running stream and leaving it to ferment in a close +vessel. If iron be heated with charcoal made of holly with the bark on, +the iron will be rendered brittle; but if the bark be taken off, this +effect will not be produced. Ray's Works and Travels by Scott. + + + +127. JUNIPERUS communis. JUNIPER.--An evergreen shrub, very common on +waste lands. The berries are used in preparing the well-known spiritous +liquor gin, and have been considered of great use in medicine. + + + +128. LIGUSTRUM vulgare. PRIVET.--A shrub of somewhat humble growth, very +useful for forming hedges where shelter is wanted more than strength. It +bears clipping, and forms a very ornamental fence. There is a variety of +this with berries, and another nearly evergreen. + + + +129. MESPILUS germanica. THE MEDLAR.--Is cultivated for its fruit, and +of which we have a variety called the Dutch Medlar; it is larger than +our English one, but I do not think it better flavoured. + + + +130. PINUS sylvestris. THE SCOTCH FIR.--A very useful tree in +plantations for protecting other more tender sorts when young. It is +also now very valuable as timber:--necessity, the common parent of +invention, has taught our countrymen its value. When foreign deal was +worth twenty pounds per load, they contrieved to raise the price of this +to about nine or ten pounds, and it was then thought proper for use; +before which period, and when it could be bought for little money, it +was deemed only fit for fuel. On the South Downs I know some plantations +of this tree, which have been sold, after twenty-five years growth, at a +price which averaged a profit of twenty shillings per annum per acre, on +land usually let for sheep-pasture at one shilling and six-pence. + + + +131. POPULUS alba. WHITE POPLAR. This is a very ornamental tree. The +leaves on the under surface are of a fine white, and on the reverse of a +very dark green; and when growing on large trees are truly beautiful, as +every breath of air changes the colour as the leaves move. The wood of +all the species of poplar is useful for boards, or any other purposes if +kept dry. It is much in demand for floor-boards for rooms, it not +readily taking fire; a red-hot poker falling on a board, would burn its +way through it, without causing more combustion than the hole through +which it passed. + + + +132. POPULUS monilifera. CANADA POPLAR.--This is also known by the name +of BLACK ITALIAN POPLAR, but from whence it had this name I do not know. +This species, which is the finest of all the kinds, grows very commonly +in woods and hedges in many parts of Worcestershire and Herefordshire, +where it reaches to prodigious sizes. Perhaps no timber is more useful +than this; it is very durable, and easy to be converted to all purposes +in building. The floors of a great part of Downton Castle, the seat of +R. Payne Knight, Esq. are laid with this wood, which have been used +forty years and are perfectly sound. Trees are now growing on his estate +which are three and four feet in diameter. I have one growing in my +Botanic garden which is eight years old, and measures upwards of six +cubic feet of timber. The parent of this tree which grew at Brompton I +converted into boards. It was nineteen years growing; and when cut down +it was worth upwards of fourteen pounds, rating it at the then price of +deal, for which it was a good substitute. Some fine specimens of this +tree are also to be seen at Garnins, the seat of Sir J. G. Cotterell, +Bart. the present worthy member for the county of Hereford. + + + +133. PRUNUS domestica. THE COMMON PLUM-TREE.--This is the parent of our +fruit of this name. + + + +134. PRUNUS Cerasus. WILD CHERRY-TREE.--Is the parent of our fine +cherries. It is cultivated much in Scotland for the timber, which is +hard, and of use for furniture and other domestic purposes. It is the +best and most lasting stock for grafting on. Persons who are about to +plant this fruit would do well to inquire into the nature of the stock, +as no fruit-tree is so liable to disease and become gummy as cherries +are, and that is often much owing to the improved kinds being sown for +stocks, which are of a more tender texture and of course less hardy than +this. + + + +135. PRUNUS insititia. SLOE-TREE.--Is of little use except when it +occurs in fences. The fruit is a fine acid, and is much used by the +common people, mixed with other fruits less astringent and acid, to +flavour made wines. It is believed that much Port wine is improved by +the same means. + + + +136. PYRUS communis. PEAR-TREE.--This is the parent of all our fine +varieties of this fruit, and is used as the stock for propagating them; +these are raised from seeds for that purpose. The wood of the Peartree +is in great esteem for picture frames, it receiving a stain better than +almost any other timber known. + + + +137. PYRUS Malus. CRAB-TREE.--A tree of great account, as being the +parent of all our varieties of apples, and is the stock on which the +fine varieties are usually grafted. A dwarf variety of this tree, called +the Paradise Apple, is used for stocks for making dwarf apple trees for +gardens. + +The juice of the Crab is called verjuice, which is in considerable +demand for medicinal and other purposes. + + + +138. QUERCUS robur. THE OAK.--Is a well known tree peculiar to Great +Britain, and of the greatest interest to us as a nation. It is of very +slow growth; but the timber is very strong and lasting, and hence it is +used for building our shipping. The bark is supposed to contain more +tannin than that of any other tree, and is valuable on that account. The +acorns, or fruit, are good food for hogs, which are observed to grow +very fat when turned into the forests at the season when they are ripe. +The tree is raised from the acorn, which grows very readily. + +We have accounts of Oak trees growing to great ages, and to most +enormous sizes. One instance is mentioned by Evelyn, of one growing at +Cowthorp, near Weatherby, in 1776, which within three feet of the ground +was sixteen yards in circumference, and its height about eighty-five +feet. Hunter's Evelyn's Sylva, p. 500. + + + +139. ROSA rubiginosa. SWEET-BRIAR.--Is a very fragrant shrub, for which +it has long been cultivated in the gardens. There are several varieties +in the nurseries; as the Double-flowering, Evergreen, &c. which are much +esteemed. + + + +140. RUBUS Idaeus. THE RASPBERRY.--Produces a well known fruit in great +esteem, and of considerable use both as food and for medicine. + + + +141. RUBUS fruticosus. BRAMBLE.--Produces a black insipid fruit, but +which is used by the poor people for tarts and to form a made wine: when +mixt with the juice of sloes it is rendered very palatable. + + + +142. RUBUS caesius.--Is a dwarf kind of bramble, and produces fruit of a +pleasant acid, and where it grows in plenty it is used by the poor +people for pies and other purposes of domestic oeconomy. + + + +143. SALIX Russelliana. THE WILLOW.--No trees in this country are of +more use than the species of this genus: many are grown for +basket-makers in form of osiers, and other larger sorts serve for +stakes, rails, hop-poles, and many other useful purposes. The bark of +several species has been considered as useful for tanning leather. The +charcoal of the Willow is also much in demand for making gunpowder. + + + +144. SALIX viminalis. THE OSIER.--These are cultivated in watery places +for making baskets, which are become a profitable article, and are the +shoots of one season's growth cut every winter. The species best adapted +to this purpose, besides the common osier, are + +The Salix vitellina. Golden Willow. The Salix monandria. Monandrous +Willow. The Salix triandria. Triandrous Willow. The Salix mollissima. +Silky-leaved Willow. The Salix stipularis. Auriculated Osier. The Salix +purpurea. Bitter Purple Willow. The Salix Helix. Rose Willow. The Salix +Lambertiana. Boyton Willow. The Salix Forbyana. Basket Osier. The Salix +rubra. Green Osier. The Salix nigricans. Dark Purple Osier. + + + +145. SAMBUCUS nigra. ELDER.--The timber of the Elder is useful for +making musical instruments, and the berries made into wine and fermented +make a useful and valuable beverage. A variety with green berries is +much esteemed for wine also. + + + +146. SORBUS Aucuparia. QUICKEN-TREE, or MOUNTAIN-ASH.--In this part of +Britain we usually find this tree in plantations, where it is very +ornamental; and the berries, which are of a fine scarlet, are the food +of many species of birds. The wood is also useful for posts, &c. and is +considered lasting. + + + +147. SORBUS domestica. TRUE SERVICE.--Produces a fruit much like the +Medlar, and when ripe is in great esteem. The only tree in this country +in a wild state, is growing in Bewdley Forest, Worcester-shire. + + + +148. SPARTIUM Scoparium. BROOM.--Is a very ornamental plant, and is used +for making besoms. It was once considered as a specific in the cure of +dropsy, but is now seldom used for medicial purposes. + + + +149. STAPHYLEA pinnata. BLADDER-NUT.--This is not a common plant in this +country. I know of no other use to which it is applied, but its being +cultivated in nurseries and sold as an ornamental shrub. The +seed-vessel, from whence it takes its name, is a curious example of the +inflated capsule. + + + +150. TAMARIX gallica. A shrub of large growth; and being less affected +by the sea breeze than any others, is useful to form a shelter in +situations where the bleak winds will not admit of trees of more tender +kinds to flourish. + + + +151. TAXUS baccata. THE YEW.--Was formerly much esteemed for making +bows: but since those instruments of war and destruction have given +place to the more powerful gun-powder, it is not so much in request. The +wood is very hard and durable, and admits of a fine polish. The foliage +of Yew is poisonous to cattle, who will readily eat it, if cut and +thrown in their way in frosty weather. + + + +152. TILIA europaea. THE LIME or LINDEN-TREE.--Is a very ornamental tree +in plantations, and from its early putting forth its leaves is much +esteemed. The flowers emit a very fine scent, and the inhabitants of +Switzerland make a favourite beverage from them. The wood is very soft, +though white and beautiful. It is much used for the ornamental boxes, +&c. so well known by the name of Turnbridge-ware. + + + +153. VACCINIUM uliginosum. GREAT BILBERRY. Vaccinium Vitis Idaea, RED +WHORTLE-BERRY, and Vaccinium Oxycoccos, CRANBERRY, are all edible fruits, +but do not grow in this part of the kingdom. Great quantities of +Cranberries are imported every winter and spring from Russia; they are +much esteemed by the confectioners for tarts, &c. and are sold at high +prices. These three kinds grow only in wet boggy places. A species which +is native of America, called Vaccinium macrocarpon, has been very +successfully cultivated at Spring Grove by Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. and +which has also been attempted in various other places, but not with the +same success. The fruit of this species is larger and of better flavour +than either of the other kinds. + + + +154. VACCINIUM Myrtillus. WHORTS, or BILBERRIES.--To a common observer +this would appear to be a very insignificant shrub; it is not uncommonly +met with on our heaths: but it is only in particular places where it +fruits in abundance, and in such districts it is of considerable value. + +The waste lands on Hindhead and Blackdown in Surry and Sussex are +noticed for producing this fruit, which is similar to Black Currants. +They are gathered in the months of August and September, and sold at the +neighbouring markets. + +In a calculation of the value of this plant with an intelligent +nurseryman in that county, we found that from 500 l. to 700 l. were +earned and realized annually by the neighbouring poor, who employed +their families in this labour, and who are in the habit of travelling +many miles for this purpose. The fruit is ripe in August, and at that +season is met with in great plenty in all the neighbouring towns. + + + +155. VISCUM album. MISSELTO.--A parasitical plant well known, and +formerly of much repute in medicine, but wholly disregarded in the +present practice. Birdlime is made from the berries. + +Dr. Pulteney in tracing the history of Botanic science quotes Pliny for +an account of the veneration in which this plant was held by the Druids, +who attributed almost divine efficacy to it, and ordained the collecting +it with rites and ceremonies not short of the religious strictness which +was countenanced by the superstition of the age. It was cut with a +golden knife, and when the moon was six days old gathered by the priest, +who was clothed with white for the occasion, and the plant received on a +white napkin, and two white bulls sacrificed. Thus consecrated, Misselto +was held to be an antidote to poison, and prevented sterility. Query, +Has not the custom of hanging up Misselto at merry-makings, and the +ceremony so well known among our belles, some relation to above +sacrifice? + + + +156. ULEX europaeus. COMMON FURZE.--The culture of this shrub is given in +the Agricultural Plants, being good for feeding cattle; its principal +use however is for fuel, and it is frequently grown for such purposes. +It is common on most of our waste lands. It also forms good fences, but +should always be kept short and young, otherwise it becomes thin, +especially in good land where it grows up and makes large bushes. + + + +157. ULMUS campestris. THE ELM.--We have a number of varieties of the +Elm; the most esteemed is that with the smooth bark. The timber has been +long in request for water-pipes, and for boards, which are converted +into various uses in domestic oeconomy. + + + +158. ULMUS montana. BROAD-LEAVED ELM.--This has not been considered of +so great value as the common sort, but it is of much more free growth; +and I have been informed that in the West of England the timber has been +found to be good and lasting. + + + +* * * * * + + + +SECT. VII.--PLANTS USEFUL IN MEDICINE. + + + +The initial letters in this class distinguish the Pharmacopoeia in which +each plant is inserted. + +"By the wise and unchangeable laws of Nature established by a Being +infinitely good and infinitely powerful,--not only man, the lord of the +creation, 'fair form who wears sweet smiles, and looks erect on heaven,' +but every subordinate being becomes subject to decay and death: pain and +disease, the inheritance of mortality, usually accelerate his +dissolution. To combat these, to alleviate when it has not the power to +avert, Medicine, honoured art! comes to our assistance. + +"It will not be expected that we should here give a history of this +ancient practice, or draw a parallel betwixt the success of former +physicians and those of modern times: all that concerns us to remark is, +that the ancients were infinitely more indebted to the vegetable kingdom +for the materials of their art than the moderns. Not so well acquainted +with the oeconomy of nature, which teaches us that plants were chiefly +destined for the food of various animals, they sought in every herb some +latent healing virtue, and frequently endeavoured to make up the want of +efficacy in one by the combination of numbers: hence the extreme length +of their farraginous prescriptions. More enlightened ideas of the +operations of medicine have taught the moderns greater simplicity and +conciseness in practice. Perhaps there is a danger that this simplicity +may be carried to far, and become finally detrimental to the practice." + +The above is quoted from the Preface to a Catalogue of Medicinal Plants +published by my predecessor in 1783: and it may be observed, that the +medical student has, at the present season, a still less number of +plants to store up in memory, owing, probably, to the great advances +that chemistry has made in the mean time, through which mineral articles +in many instances have superseded those of the vegetable kingdom. But, +nevertheless, as Dr. Woodville has justly observed, "it would be +difficult to show that this preference is supported by any conclusive +reasoning drawn from a comparative superiority of the former;" or that +the more general use of them has led to greater success in the practice +of the healing art. It is however evident, that we have much to regret +the almost total neglect of the study of medical botany by the younger +branches of the professors of physic, when we are credibly informed that +Cow-parsley has been administered for Hemlock, and Foxglove has been +substituted for Coltsfoot [Footnote: See the account of a dreadful +accident of this nature, in Gent. Mag. for Sept. 1815.], from which +circumstance, some valuable lives have been sacrificed. It is therefore +high time that those persons who are engaged in the business of pharmacy +should be obliged to become so far acquainted with plants, as to be able +to distinguish at sight all such as are useful in diet or medicine, and +more particularly such as are of poisonous qualities. + +The medical student has so many subjects for his consideration, that it +is not desirable he should have a greater number of vegetables to +consult than are necessary. And we cannot help lamenting the difficulty +he has to struggle with in consequence of the great difference of names +which the Pharmacopoeias of the present day exhibit. The London, +Edinburgh, and Dublin, in many instances, enforce the necessity of +learning a different term in each for the same thing, and none of which +are called by the same they were twenty years ago. Surely it would be +the means of forwarding the knowledge of drugs, if each could be +distinguished by one general term. + +The candidate for medical knowledge, however, is not the only one who +has at times to regret this confusion of names. The Linnaean system is an +easy and delightful path to the knowledge of plants; but, like all other +human structures, it has its imperfections, and some of which have been +modified by judicious alterations. Yet the teachers of this science, as +well as the students, have often to deprecate the unnecessary change in +names which has been made by many writers, though., in many cases, no +more reason appears for it than there generally would be to change +Christian and surnames of persons. + +In the following section, I shall enumerate and describe those plants +which are contained in the lists of the three colleges; and afterwards a +separate list of those which, although they have been expunged, are +still sometimes used by medical men. + +I shall also endeavour to give such descriptions as are concise, at the +same time sufficient for general knowledge, and for which reason I have +taken Lewis's Materia Medica for my text, unless where improvements have +been made in certain subjects I have consulted more modern authorities. +It should be observed, that writers on medical plants, with few +exceptions, have copied from one another: or with a little alteration as +to words only. + +And as some vegetables, from their affinitiy, may be confounded with +others, whereby those possessing medical qualities may be substituted +for others having none, or even poisonous ones, I shall in some +instances enumerate a list of similar plants, which, with attention to +their botanical characters, it is hoped will prevent those dangerous +errors we have lately witnessed. As it is our business, in demonstrating +plants, to guard the student against such confusion, it will be proper +that specimens of such as come under this head be preserved, as a work +for reference and contrast wherever doubts may arise. + + + +158. ACONITUM Napellus. COMMON BLUE MONKSHOOD. The Leaves. L. E.--Every +part of the fresh plant is strongly poisonous, but the root is +unquestionably the most powerful, and when chewed at first imparts a +slight sensation of acrimony, and a pungent heat of the lips, gums, +palate and fauces, which is succeeded by a general tremor and sensation +of chilliness. + +This plant has been generally prepared as an extract or inspissated +juice, after the manner directed in the Edinburgh and many of the +foreign Pharmacopoeias, and, like all virulent medicines, it should be +first administered in small doses. Stoerck recommends two grains of the +extract to be rubbed into a powder with two drums of sugar, and as a +dose to begin with ten grains of this powder two or three times a-day. + +Similar Plants.--Aconitum japonicum; A. pyrenaicum; Delphinium elatum; +D. exallatum. + +Instead of the extract, a tincture has been made of the dried leaves +macerated in six times their weight of spirit of wine, and forty drops +given for a dose.--Woodville's Med. Bot. 965. + +The Dublin College has ordered the Aconitum Neomontanum, which is not +common in this country [Footnote: In plants of so very poisonous a +nature as the Aconite, it is the duty of every one who describes them to +be particular. Here seems to have been a confusion. The A. Neomontanum +is figured in Jacquin's Fl. Austriaca, fasc. 4. p. 381; and the first +edition of Hortus Kewensis under A. Napellus erroneously quotes that +figure: but both Gmelin in Syst. Vegetabilium, p. 838, and Wildenow in +Spec. Plant. p. 1236, quote it under its proper name, A. Neomontanum. +Now the fact is, that the Napellus is the Common Blue Monkshood; and +the Neomontanum is altogether left out of the second edition of the +Hortus Kewensis for the best of all reasons, it is not in this country; +or, if it is, it must be very scarce, and, of course, not the plant used +in medicine.]. + + + +160. ACORCUS Calamus. SWEET RUSH. The Root. L.--It is generally looked +upon as a carminative and stomachic medicine, and as such is sometimes +made use of in practice. It is said by some to be superior in aromatic +flavour to any other vegetable that is produced in these northern +climates; but such as I have had an opportunity of examining, fell +short, in this respect, of several of our common plants. It is, +nevertheless, a sufficiently elegant aromatic. It used to be an +ingredient in the Mithridate and Theriaca of the London Pharmacopoeia, +and in the Edinburgh. The fresh root candied after the manner directed +in our Dispensatory for candying eryngo root, is said to be employed at +Constantinople as a preservative against epidemic diseases. The leaves +of this plant have a sweet fragrant smell, more agreeable, though +weaker, than that of the roots.--Lewis's Mat. Med. + + + +161. AESCULUS Hippocastanum. HORSE-CHESNUT. The Bark and Seed. E. D.-- +With a view to its errhine power, the Edinburgh College has introduced +the seeds into the Materia Medica, as a small portion of the powder +snuffed up the nostrils readily excites sneezing; even the infusion or +decoction of this fruit produces this effect; it has therefore been +recommended for the purpose of producing a discharge from the nose, +which, in some complaints of the head and eyes is found to be of +considerable benefit. + +On the continent, the Bark of the Horse Chesnut-tree is held in great +estimation as a febrifuge; and, upon the credit of several respectable +authors, appears to be a medicine of great efficacy.--Woodville's Med. +Bot. 615. + + + +162. AGRIMONIA Eupatoria. COMMON AGRIMONY. The Herb. D.--The leaves have +an herbaceous, somewhat acrid, roughish taste, accompanied with an +aromatic flavour. Agrimony is said to be aperient, detergent, and to +strengthen the tone of the viscera: hence it is recommended in scorbutic +disorders, in debility and laxity of the intestines, &c. Digested in +whey, it affords an useful diet-drink for the spring season, not +ungrateful to the palate or stomach. + + + +163. ALLIUM Porrum. LEEK. The Root. L.--This participates of the virtues +of garlic, from which it differs chiefly in being much weaker. See the +article ALLIUM. + + + +164. ALLIUM sativum. GARLIC. The Root. L. E. D.--This pungent root warms +and stimulates the solids, and attenuates tenacious juices. Hence in +cold leucophelgmatic habits it proves a powerful expectorant, diuretic, +and emmenagogue; and, if the patient is kept warm, sudorific. In humoral +asthmas, and catarrhous disorders of the breast, in some scurvies, +flatulent colics, hysterical and other diseases proceeding from laxity +of the solids, and cold sluggish indisposition of the fluids, it has +generally good effects: it has likewise been found serviceable in some +hydropic cases. Sydenham relates, that he has known the dropsy cured by +the use of garlic alone; he recommends it chiefly as a warm +strengthening medicine in the beginning of the disease. + +Garlic made into an unguent with oils, &c. and applied externally, is +said to resolve and discuss cold tumors, and has been by some greatly +esteemed in cutaneous diseases. It has likewise sometimes been employed +as a repellent. Sydenham assures us, that among all the substances which +occasion a derivation or revulsion from the head, none operate more +powerfully than garlic applied to the soles of the feet: hence he was +led to make use of it in the confluent small-pox about the eighth day, +after the face began to swell; the root cut in pieces, and tied in a +linen cloth, was applied to the soles, and renewed once a day till all +danger was over. + + + +165. ALLIUM Cepa. ONION. The Root. D.--These roots are considered rather +as articles of food than of medicine: they are supposed to afford little +or no nourishment, and when eaten liberally they produce flatulencies, +occasion thirst, headachs, and turbulent dreams: in cold phlegmatic +habits, where viscid mucus abounds, they doubtless have their use; as by +their stimulating quality they tend to excite appetite, attenuate thick +juices, and promote their expulsion: by some they are strongly +recommended in suppressions of urine and in dropsies. The chief +medicinal use of onions in the present practice is in external +applications, as a cataplasm for suppurating tumours, &c. + + + +166. ALTHAEA officinalis. MARSH-MALLOW. The Leaves and Root. L.--This +plant has the general virtues of an emollient medicine; and proves +serviceable in a thin acrimonious state of the juices, and where the +natural mucus of the intestines is abraded. It is chiefly recommended in +sharp defluxions upon the lungs, hoarseness, dysenteries, and likewise +in nephritic and calculous complaints; not, as some have supposed, that +this medicine has any peculiar power of dissolving or expelling the +calculus; but as, by lubricating and relaxing the vessels, it procures a +more free and easy passage. Althaea root is sometimes employed externally +for softening and maturing hard tumours: chewed, it is said to give ease +in difficult dentition of children. + +The officinal preparations are:-Decoctio Althaeae officinalis, and Syrupus +Althaeae. + +Similar Plants.--Malva officinalis; M. rotundifolia; M. mauritanica; +Lavatera arborscens. + +This root gives name to an officinal syrup [L. E.] and ointment [L.] and +is likewise an ingredient in the compound powder of gum tragacanth [L. +E.] and the oil and plaster of mucilages [L.] though it does not appear +to communicate any particular virtue to the two last, its mucilaginous +matter not being dissoluble in oils.--Lewis's Mat. Med. + + + +167. AMYGDALUS communis. SWEET and BITTER ALMONDS. L. E. D.--The oils +obtained by expression from both sorts of almonds are in their sensible +qualities the same. The general virtues of these oils are, to blunt +acrimonious humours, and to soften and relax the solids: hence their use +internally, in tickling coughs, heat of urine, pains and inflammations: +and externally in tension and rigidity of particular parts. + + + +168. ANCHUSA tinctoria. ALKANET-ROOT. E. D.--Alkanet-root has little or +no smell: when recent, it has a bitterish astringent taste, but when +dried scarcely any. As to its virtues, the present practice expects not +any from it. Its chief use is for colouring oils, unguents, and +plasters. As the colour is confined to the cortical part, the small +roots are best, these having proportionally more bark than the large. + + + +169. ANETHUM graveolens. DILL. The Seeds. L.--Their taste is moderately +warm and pungent; their smell aromatic, but not of the most agreeable +kind. These seeds are recommended as a carminative, in flatulent colics +proceeding from a cold cause or a viscidity of the juices. The most +efficacious preparations of them are, the distilled oil, and a tincture +or extract made with rectified spirit. The oil and simple water +distilled from them are kept in the shops.--Lewis. + + + + +170. ANETHUM Foeniculum. FENNEL. Seeds. E.--These are supposed to be +stomachic and carminative; but this, and indeed all the other effects +ascribed to them, as depending upon their stimulant and aromatic +qualities, must be less considerable than those of Dill, Aniseed, or +Caraway, though termed one of the four greater hot seeds.--Woodville's +Med. Bot. p. 129. + + + +171. ANGELICA Archangelica. GARDEN ANGELICA. The Root, Leaves, and +Seeds. E.--All the parts of Angelica, especially the roots, have a +fragrant aromatic smell, and a pleasant bitterish warm taste, glowing +upon the lips and palate for a long time after they have been chewed. +The flavour of the seeds and leaves is very perishable, particularly +that of the latter, which, on being barely dried, lose greatest part of +their taste and smell: the roots are more tenacious of their flavour, +though even these lose part of it upon keeping. The fresh root, wounded +early in the spring, yields and odorous yellow juice, which slowly +exsiccated proves an elegant gummy resin, very rich in the virtues of +the Angelica. On drying the root, this juice concretes into distinct +moleculae, which, on cutting it longitudinally, appear distributed in +little veins: in this state they are extracted by pure spirit, but not +by watery liquors. + +This resin is considered one of the most elegant aromatics of European +growth, though little regarded in the present practice, and is rarely +met with in prescription; neither does it enter any officinal +composition. + + + +172. ANTHEMIS nobilis. CHAMOMILE. The Flowers. L.E.D.--These have a +strong not ungrateful, aromatic smell, but a very bitter nauseous taste. +They are accounted carminative, aperient, emollient, and in some measure +anodyne: and stand recommended in flatulent colics, for promoting the +uterine purgations, in spasmodic affections, and the pains of women in +child-bed: sometimes they have been employed in intermittent fevers, and +the nephritis. These flowers are also frequently used externally in +discutient and antiseptic fomentations, and in emollient glysters. The +double-flowered variety is usually cultivated for medicine, but the wild +kind with single flowers is preferable. + +Similar Plants.--Anthemis arvensis; A. Cotula; Pyrethrum maritimum. + + + +173. ANTHEMIS Pyrethrum. PELLITORY OF SPAIN. The Root. L.--The principal +use of Pyrethrum in the present practice is as a masticatory, for +promoting the salival flux, and evacuating viscid humours from the head +and neighbouring parts: by this means it very generally relieves the +tooth-ach, pains of the head, and lethargic complaints. If a piece of +the root, the size of a pea, be placed against the tooth, it instantly +causes the saliva to flow from the surrounding glands, and gives +immediate relief in all cases of that malady. + + + +174. APIUM Petroselium. COMMON PARSLEY. The Root. E.--Both the roots and +seeds of Parsley are directed by the London College for medicinal use: +the former have a sweetish taste, accompanied with a slight warmth of +flavour somewhat resembling that of a carrot; the latter are in taste +warmer and more aromatic than any other part of the plant, and also +manifest considerable bittenress. + +These roots are said to be aperient and diuretic, and have been +employed in apozems to relieve nephritic pains, and obstructions of +urine. + +Although Parsley is commonly used at table, it is remarkable that facts +have been adducted to prove, that in some constitutions it occasions +epilepsy, or at least aggravates the epileptic fit in those who are +subject to this disease. It has been supposed also to produce +inflammation in the eyes.--Woodville's Med. Bot. p. 43. A variety which +produces larger roots, called Hamburgh Parsley, is commonly grown for +medicinal uses. + + + +175. ARBUTUS Uva Ursi. TRAILING ARBUTUS or BEAR-BERRY. The Leaves.--This +first drew the attention of physicians as an useful remedy in calculous +and nephritic affections; and in the years 1763 and 1764, by the +concurrent testimonies of different authors, it acquired remarkable +celebrity, not only for its efficacy in gravelly complaints, but in +almost every other to which the urinary organs are liable, as ulcers of +the kidneys and bladder, cystirrhoea, diabetes, &c. It may be employed +either in powder or decoction; the former is most commonly preferred, +and given in doses from a scruple to a dram two or three times a-day.-- +Woodville's Med. Botany. + + + +176. ARNICA montana. MOUNTAIN ARNICA. The whole Plant. E. D.--The odour +of the fresh plant is rather unpleasant, and the taste acrid, +herbaceous, and astringent; and the powdered leaves act as a strong +sternutatory. + +This plant, according to Bergius, is an emetic, errhine, diuretic, +diaphoretic, emmenagogue; and from its supposed power of attenuating the +blood, it has been esteemed so peculiarly efficacious in obviating the +bad consequences occasioned by falls and bruises, that it obtained the +appellation of Panacea Lapsorum.--Woodville's Med. Bot. p. 43. + + + +177. ARTEMISIA Absinthium. WORMWOOD, The Herb. L.--Wormwood is a strong +bitter; and was formerly much used as such against weakness of the +stomach, and the like, in medicated wines and ales. At present it is +rarely employed in these intentions, on account of the ill relish and +offensive smell which it is accompanied with. These it may be in part +freed from by keeping, and totally by long coction, the bitter remaining +entire. An extract made by boiling the leaves in a large quantity of +water, and evaporating the liquor with a strong fire, proves a bitter +sufficiently grateful, without any disgustful flavour. + + + +178. ARTEMISIA Abrotanum. SOUTHERNWOOD. Leaves. D.--Southernwood has a +strong, not very disagreeable smell; and a nauseous, pungent, bitter +taste; which is totally extracted by rectified spirit, less perfectly by +watery liquors. It is recommended as an anthelmintic; and in cold +lencophlegmatic habits, as a stimulant, detergent, aperient, and +sudorific. The present practice has almost entirely confined its use to +external applications. The leaves are frequently employed in discutient +and antiseptic fomentations; and have been recommended also in lotions +and unguents for cutaneous eruptions, and the falling off of the hair. + + + +179. ARTEMISIA maritima. SEA WORMWOOD. Tops. D.--In taste and smell, it +is weaker and less unpleasant than the common worm-wood. The virutes of +both are supposed to be of the same kind, and to differ only in +strength. + +The tops used to enter three of our distilled waters, and give name to a +conserve. They are an ingredient also in the common fomentation and +green oil. + + + +180. ARTEMISIA Santonica. ROMAN WORMWOOD. Seeds. E. D.--It is a native +of the warmer countries, and at present difficultly procurable in this, +though as hardy and as easily raised as any of the other sorts. Sea +wormwood has long supplied its place in the markets, and been in general +mistaken for it. + +Roman wormwood is less ungrateful than either of the others: its smell +is tolerably pleasant: the taste, though manifestly bitter, scarcely +disagreeable. It appears to be the most eligible of the three as a +stomachic; and is likewise recommended by some in dropsies. + + + +181. ARUM maculatum. BITING ARUM. Fresh Root. L. E.--This root is a +powerful stimulant and attenuant. It is reckoned a medicine of great +efficacy in some cachectic and chlorotic cases; in weakness of the +stomach occasioned by a load of viscid phlegm, and in such disorders in +general as proceed from a cold sluggish indisposition of the solids and +lentor of the fluids. I have experienced great benefit from it in +rheumatic pains, particularly those of the fixed kind, and which were +seated deep. In these cases I have given from ten grains to a scruple of +the fresh root twice or thrice a day, made into a bolus or emulsion with +unctuous and mucilaginous substances, which cover its pungency, and +prevent its making any painful impression on the tongue. It generally +excited a slight tingling sensation through the whole habit, and, when +the patient was kept warm in bed, produced a copious sweat. + +The only officinal preparation, in which this root was an ingredient, +was a compound powder; in which form its virtues are very precarious. +Some recommend a tincture of it drawn with wine; but neither wine, +water, nor spirit, extract its virtues.--Lewis's Mat. Med. + + + +182. ASARUM Europaeum, ASARABACCA. The Leaves. L. E. D.--Both the roots +and leaves have a nauseous, bitter, acrimonious, hot taste; their smell +is strong, and not very disagreeable. Given in substance from half a +dram to a dram, they evacuate powerfully both upwards and downwards. It +is said that tinctures made in spirituous menstrua possess both the +emetic and cathartic virtues of the plant: that the extract obtained by +inspissating these tinctures acts only by vomit, and with great +mildness: that an infusion in water proves cathartic, rarely emetic: +that aqueous decoctions made by long boiling, and the watery extract, +have no purgative or emetic quality, but prove notable diaphoretics, +diuretics, and emmenagogues. + +Its principal use at present is as a sternutatory. The root of asarum is +perhaps the strongest of all the vegetable errhines, white hellebore +itself not excepted. Snuffed up the nose, in the quantity of a grain or +two, it occasions a large evacuation of mucus, and raises a plentiful +spitting. The leaves are considerably milder, and may be used to the +quantity of three, four, or five grains. Geoffroy relates, that after +snuffing up a dose of this errhine at night, he has frequently observed +the discharge from the nose to continue for three days together; and +that he has known a paralysis of the mouth and tongue cured by one dose. +He recommends this medicine in stubborn disorders of the head, +proceeding from viscid tenacious matter, in palsies, and in soporific +distempers. The leaves are an ingredient in the pulvis sternutatoris of +the shops. + + + +183. ASPIDIUM Filix-Mas. Polypodium, Linn. MALE FERN. The Roots. L. E. +D.--They are said to be aperient and anthelmintic. Simon Pauli tells us, +that they have been the grand secret of some empirics against the broad +kind of worms called taenia; and that the dose is one, two, or three +drams of the powder. Two other kinds of Ferns used to be recommended; +but this, being the strongest, has therefore been made choice of in +preference, though the College of Edinburgh still retain them in their +Catalogue of Simples.--Lewis's Mat. Med. + + + +184. ASTRAGALUS Tragacanthus. GOATS-THORN. The Gum. L. E. D.--This gum +is of a strong body, and does not perfectly dissolve in water. A dram +will give to a pint of water the consistence of a syrup, which a whole +ounce of gum Arabic is scarce sufficient to do. Hence its use for +forming troches, and the like purposes, in preference to the other gums. +It is used in an officinal powder, and is an ingredient in the compound +powders of ceruss and amber.--Lewis's Mat. Med. + + + +185. ATROPA Belladonna. DEADLY NIGHTSHADE. The Leaves, L. E. D.-- +Belladonna was first employed as an external application, in the form of +fomentation, to scirrhus and cancer. It was afterwards administered +internally in the same affections; and numerous cases, in which it had +proved successful, were given on the authority of the German +practitioners. It has been recommended, too, as a remedy in extensive +ulceration, in paralysis, chronic rheumatism, epilepsy, mania, and +hydrophobia, but with so little discrimination, that little reliance can +be placed on the testimonies in its favour; and, in modern practice, it +is little employed. It appears to have a peculiar action on the eye: +hence it has been used in amaurosis; and from its power of causing +dilatation of the pupil, when topically applied under the form of +infusion, it has been used before performing the operation for cataract. +A practice which is hazardous, as the pupil, though much dilated by the +application, instantly contracts when the instrument is introduced. When +given internally, its dose is from one to three grains of the dried +leaves, or one grain of the inspissated juice.--Murray's Mat. Med. p. +174. + +I have had a cancer of the lip entirely cured by it: a scirrhosity in a +woman's breast, of such kind as frequently proceeds to cancer, I have +found entirely discussed by the use of it. A sore, a little below the +eye, which had put on a cancerous appearance, was much mended by the +internal use of the Belladonna; but the patient having learned somewhat +of the poisonous nature of the medicine, refused to continue the use of +it; upon which the sore grain spread, and was painful; but, upon a +return to the use of the Belladonna, was again mended to a considerable +degree; when the same fears again returning, the use of it was again +laid aside, and with the same consequence, the sore becoming worse. Of +these alternate states, connected with the alternate use of and +abstinence from the Belladonna, there were several of these alterations +which fell under my own observation [Footnote: See the Poisonous Plants, +in a future page].--Cullen's Mat. Med. vol. ii. p. 270. + + + +186. CARDAMINE pratensis. LADIES SMOCK. The Leaves. L. E. D.--Long ago +it was employed as a diuretic; and, of late, it has been introduced in +nervous diseases, as epilepsy, hysteria, choraea, asthma, &c. A dram or +two of the powder is given twice or thrice a-day. It has little sensible +operation. + + + +187. CARUM Carui. CARAWAY. The Seeds. L. E. D.--These are in the number +of the four greater hot seeds; and frequently employed as a stomachic +and carminative in flatulent colics, and the like. Their officinal +preparations are an essential oil and a spiritous water; they were used +as ingredients also in the compound juniper water, tincture of sena, +stomachic tincture, oxymel of garlic, electuary of bayberries and of +scammony, and the cummin-seed plaster. + + + +188. CENTAUREA benedicta. BLESSED THISTLE. The Leaves. E. D.--The herb +should be gathered when in flower, great care taken in drying it, and +kept in a very dry airy place, to prevent its rotting or growing mouldy, +which it is very apt to do. The leaves have a penetrating bitter taste, +not very strong or very durable, accompanied with an ungrateful flavour, +which they are in great measure freed from by keeping. + +The virtues of this plant seem to be little known in the present +practice. We have frequently experienced excellent effects from a light +infusion of carduus in loss of appetite, where the stomach was injured +by irregularities. A stronger infusion made in cold or warm water, if +drunk freely, and the patient kept warm, occasions a plentiful sweat, +and promotes all the secretions in general. + +The seeds of this plant are also considerably bitter, and have been +sometimes used for the same purposes as the leaves. + + + +189. CHIRONIA Centaurium. LESSER CENTAURY. The Tops. L. E. D.--This is +justly esteemed to be the most efficacious bitter of all the medicinal +plants indigenous to this country. It has been recommended as a +substitute for Gentian, and, by several, thought to be a more useful +medicine: experiments have also shown it to possess an equal degree of +antiseptic power. + +Many authors have observed, that, along with the tonic and stomachic +qualities of a bitter, Centaury frequently proves cathartic; but it is +possible that this seldom happens, unless it be taken in very large +doses. The use of this, as well as of the other bitters, was formerly +common in febrile disorders previous to the knowledge of Peruvian-bark, +which now supersedes them perhaps too generally; for many cases of fever +occur which are found to be aggravated by the Cinchona, yet afterwards +readily yield to the simple bitters.--Woodville, p. 277. + + + +190. COCHLEARIA officinalis. SCURVY-GRASS. The Herb. E.--Is antiseptic, +attenuant, aperient, and diuretic, and is said to open obstructions of +the viscera and remoter glands, without heating or irritating the +system. It has long been considered as the most effectual of all the +antiscorbutic plants; and its sensible qualities are sufficiently +powerful to confirm this opinion. In the rheumatismus vagus, called by +Sydenham Rheumatismus scorbuticus, consisting of wandering pains of long +continuance, accompanied with fever, this plant, combined with Arum and +Wood-Sorrel, is highly commended both by Sydenham and Lewis. + +We have testimony of its great use in scurvy, not only from physicians, +but navigators; as Anson, Linschoten, Maartens, Egede, and others. And +it has been justly noticed, that this plant grows plentifully in those +high latitudes where the scurvy is most obnoxious. Forster found it in +great abundance in the islands of the South Seas.--Woodville, p. 395. + + + +191. COCHLEARIA Armoracia. HORSE-RADISH. The Root. E.-The medical +effects of this root are, to stimulate the solids, attenuate the juices, +and promote the fluid secretions: it seems to extend its action through +the whole habit, and affect the minutest glands. It has frequently done +great service in some kinds of scurvies and other chronic disorders +proceeding from a viscidity of the juices, or obstructions of the +excretory ducts. Sydenham recommends it likewise in dropsies, +particularly those which sometimes follow intermittent fevers. Both +water and rectified spirit extract the virtues of this root by infusion, +and elevate them in distillation: along with the aqueous fluid an +essential oil arises, possessing the whole taste and pungency of the +horse-radish. The College have given us a very elegant compound water, +which takes its name from this root. + + + +192. COLCHICUM autumnale. MEADOW-SAFFRON. The Roots. L. E. D.--The +roots, freed from the outer blackish coat and fibres below, are white, +and full of a white juice. In drying they become wrinkled and dark +coloured. Applied to the skin, it shows some signs of acrimony; and +taken internally, it is said sometimes to excite a sense of burning +heat, bloody stools, and other violent symptoms. In the form of syrup, +however, it has been given to the extent of two ounces a-day without any +bad consequence. It is sometimes employed as a diuretic in dropsy. It is +now supposed to be a principal ingredient in the celebrated French gout +medicine L'Eau Medicinale. + + + +193. CONIUM maculatum. HEMLOCK. The Leaves. L. E. D.--Physicians seem +somewhat in dispute about the best mode of exhibiting this medicine; +some recommending the extract, as being most easily taken in the form of +pills; others the powder, as not being subject to that variation which +the extract is liable to, from being made in different ways. With +respect to the period, likewise, at which the plant should be gathered, +they seem not perfectly agreed; some recommending it when in its full +vigour, and just coming into bloom, and others, when the flowers are +going off. An extract of the green plant is ordered by the College in +their last list. Dr. Cullen has for many years commended the making it +from the unripe seeds; and this mode the College of Physicians at +Edinburgh have thought proper to adopt in their late Pharmacopoeia. + +Similar Plants.--Aethusa Cynapium; Apium Petroselium; Oenanthe crocata; +Oe. fistulosa; Phellandrium aquaticum. + + + +194. CORIANDRUM sativum. CORIANDER. The Seeds. L. E. D.-These, when +fresh, have a strong disagreeable smell, which improves by drying, and +becomes sufficiently grateful. They are recommmended as carminative and +stomachic. + + + +195. CROCUS sativus. TRUE SAFFRON. The Stigmata. L. E. D.--There are +three sorts of saffron met with in the shops, two of which are brought +from abroad, the other is the produce of our own country. This last is +greatly superior to the two former. + +This medicine is particularly serviceable in hysteric depressions +proceeding from a cold cause, or obstruction of the uterine secretions, +where other aromatics, even those of the more generous kind, have little +effect. Saffron imparts the whole of its virtue and colour to rectified +spirit, proof spirit, wine, vinegar, and water: a tincture used to be +drawn with vinegar, but it looses greatly its colour in keeping. There +can be little use for preparations of saffron, as the drug itself will +keep good for any length of time. + + + +196. CUMINUM Cymini. CUMMIN. The Seeds. L.--Cummin seeds have a +bitterish warm taste, accompanied with an aromatic flavour, not of the +most agreeable kind. They are accounted good carminatives, but not very +often made use of. An essential oil of them used to be kept in the +shops, and they gave name to a plaster and cataplasm.--Lewis's Mat. Med. + + + +197. CYNARA Scolymus. ARTICHOKE. The Leaves. E.--The bitter juice of the +leaf, mixed with an equal part of Madeira wine, is recommended in an +ounce dose night and morning, as a powerful diuretic in dropsy. An +infusion of the leaf may likewise be used. + + + +198. DAPHNE Mezereum. THE MEZEREON. The Roots. L. E. D.--This plant is +extremely acrid, especially when fresh, and, if retained in the mouth, +excites great and long continued heat and inflammation, particularly of +the throat and fauces. The bark and berries of Mezereon in different +forms have been long externally used to obstinate ulcers and ill +conditioned sores. In France, the former is strongly recommended as an +application to the skin, which, under certain management, produces a +continued serious discharge without blistering, and is thus rendered +useful in many chronic diseases of a local nature answering the purpose +of what has been called a perpetual blister, while it occasions less +pain and inconvenience. + +In this country Mezereon is principally employed for the cure of some +siphylitic complaints; and in this way Dr. Donald Monro was the first +who gave testimony of its efficacy in the successful use of the Lisbon +Diet Drink. + +The considerable and long-continued heat and irritation that is produced +in the throat when Mezereon is chewed, induced Dr. Withering to think of +giving it in a case of difficulty of swallowing, seemingly occasioned by +a paralytic affection. The patient was directed to chew a thin slice of +the root as often as she could bear it, and in about a month recovered +her power of swallowing. This woman had suffered the complaint three +years, and was greatly reduced, being totally unable to swallow solids, +and liquids but very imperfectly.--Woodville's Med. Bot. p. 720. + + + +199. DATURA Stramonium. THORN APPLE. The whole Plant. E.--Dr. Woodville +informs us, that an extract of this plant has been the preparation +usually employed, and from one to ten grains and upwards a-day: but the +powdered leaves after the manner of those directed for hemlock would +seem, for the reason given, to be a preparation more certain and +convenient. + +It has been much celebrated as a medicine in epilepsy and convulsions +and mania; but it is of a violent narcotic quality, and extremely +dangerous in its effects. + +Stramonium has been recommended, as being of considerable use in cases +of asthma, on the authority of some eminent physicians of the East +Indies; and the late Dr. Roxburgh has stated to me many instances +wherein it had performed wonders in that dreadful malady. + +The Datura Metal, Purple-flowered Thorn-apple, is much like the +Stramonium, except in the flowers and the stalks being of a purple +colour. I have made particular inquiry of Dr. Roxburgh if any particular +kind was used in preference, and he said not; that both the above sorts +were used; and, in fact, not only these, but the Datura Tatula, another +species which grows wild there, and is cultivated in our stoves for the +sake of its beautiful flowers, is also used for the same purposes. + +The mode of using it was by cutting the whole plant up after drying, and +smoking it in a common tobacco-pipe; and which, in some cases in this +country also, has given great ease in severe attacks; and I know several +persons who use it with good effect to this day. In vegetables of such +powerful effects as this is known to have, great care ought to be taken +in their preparation, which, I fear, is not always so much attended to +as the nature of this subject requires [Footnote: See Observations on and +Directions for preparing and preserving Herbs in general, et the end of +this section.]. + + + +200. DAUCUS sylvestris. WILD CARROT. The Seeds. L.--These seeds possess, +though not in a very considerable degree, the aromatic qualities common +to those of the umbelliferous plants, and hence have long been deemed +carminative and emmenagogue; but they are chiefly esteemed for their +diuretic powers, and for their utility in calculus and nephritic +complaints, in which an infusion of three spoonfuls of the seeds in a +pint of boiling water has been recommended; or the seeds may be +fermented in malt liquor, which receives from them an agreeable flavour +resembling that of the lemon-peel.--Woodville's Med. Bot. p. 132. + +Similar Plants.--Sison Amonum; Daucus Carota. + + + +201. DAUCUS Carota. CULTIVATED CARROT. The Roots. L. E. D.--The +expressed juice, or a decoction of these roots, has been recommended in +calculous complaints, and as a gargle for infants in aphtous affections +or excoriations of the mouth; and a poultice of scraped carrots has been +found an useful application to phagedenic ulcers, and to cancerous and +putrid sores. + + + +202. DELPHINIUM Staphis Agria. STAVES AGRIA. The Seeds. L. D.-- +Stavesacre was employed by the ancients as a cathartic, but it operates +with so much violence both upwards and downwards, that its internal use +has been, among the generality of practitioners, for some time laid +aside. It is chiefly employed in external applications for some kinds of +cutaneous eruptions; and for destroying lice and other insects; insomuch +that it has from this virtue received its name in different languages, +Herba pedicularis, Herbe aux poux, Lauskraut, Lousewort. + + + +203. DIANTHUS caryophyllus. CLOVE-PINK. The Petals. E.--These flowers +are said to be cardiac and alexipharmac. Simon Paulli relates, that he +has cured many malignant fevers by the use of a de-coction of them; +which he says powerfully promoted sweat and urine without greatly +irritating nature, and also raised the spirits and quenched thirst. The +flowers are chiefly valued for their pleasant flavour, which is entirely +lost even by light coction. Lewis says, the College directed the syrup, +which is the only officinal preparation of them, to be made by infusion. + + + +204. DIGITALIS purpurea. FOXGLOVE. The Leaves. L. E. D.--The leaves of +Foxglove have a nauseous taste, but no remarkable smell. They have been +long used externally to sores and scrophulous tumours with considerable +advantage. Its diuretic effects, for which it is now so deservedly +received into the Materia Medica, were entirely overlooked. To this +discovery Dr. Withering has an undoubted claim; and the numerous cures +of dropsy related by him and other practitioners of established +reputation, afford incontestable proofs of its diuretic powers, and of +its practical importance in the cure of those diseases. The dose of +dried leaves in powder is from one grain to three twice a-day; but if a +liquid medicine be preferred, a dram of the dried leaves is to be +infused for four hours in half a pint of boiling water, adding to the +strained liquor an ounce of any spiritous water. One ounce of this +infusion given twice a-day is a medium dose; it is to be continued in +these doses till it either acts upon the kidneys; the stomach, or the +pulse, (which it has a remarkable power of lowering,) or the bowels.-- +Woodville's Med. Bot. p. 221. + +This is now become a very popular medicine, but if used incautiously is +attended with danger. Medical practitioners should make themselves +perfectly acquainted with this plant, as the leaves are the only part +used; and their not being readilly discriminated when separated from the +flowers, several accidents have occurred. In the Gent. Mag. for +September 1815 is recorded a very extraordinary mistake, where the life +of a child was sacrificed to the ignorance of a person who administered +this instead of Coltsfoot; a plant so very dissimilar, that, had it not +been well authenticated, I should not have believed the fact. + +Similar Plants.--Verbascum nigrum; V. Thapsus; Cynoglossum officinale, +or, after the above mistake, any other plant with a lanceolate leaf, we +fear, may be confounded with it. + + + +205. ERYNGIUM maritimum. SEA-HOLLY. Roots. D.--The roots are slender, +and very long; of a pleasant sweetish taste, which on chewing for some +time is followed by a light degree of aromatic warmth and acrimony. They +are accounted aperient and diuretic, and have also been celebrated as +aphrodisiac: their virtues, however, are too weak to admit them under +the head of medicines. The candied root is ordered to be kept in the +shops.--Lewis's Mat. Med. + + + +206. FERULA assafoetida. ASSAFOETIDA. Gum. L. E. D.--This drug has a +strong fetid smell, somewhat like that of garlick; and a bitter, acrid, +biting taste. It looses with age of its smell and strength, a +circumstance to be particularly regarded in its exhibition. It consists +of about one-third part pure resin, and two-thirds of gummy matter; the +former soluble in rectified spirit, the other in water. Proof-spirit +dissolves almost the whole into a turbid liquor; the tincture in +rectified spirit is transparent. + +Assafoetida is the strongest of the fetid gums, and of frequent use in +hysteric and different kinds of nervous complaints. It is likewise of +considerable efficacy in flatulent colics; and for promoting all the +fluid secretions in either sex. The ancients attributed to this medicine +many other virtues which are at present not expected from it.--Lewis's +Mat. Med. + + + +207. FICUS Carica. COMMON FIG. Fruit. L. D.--The recent fruit completely +ripe is soft, succulent, and easily digested, unless eaten in immoderate +quantities, when it is apt to occasion flatulency, pain of the bowels, +and diarrhoea. The dried fruit is pleasanter to the taste, and is more +wholesome and nutritive. Figs are supposed to be more nutritious by +having their sugar united with a large portion of mucilaginous matter, +which, from being thought to be of an oily nature, has been long +esteemed an useful demulcent and pectoral; and it is chiefly with a view +of these effects that they have been medicinally employed. + + + +208. FRAXINUS Ornus. MANNA. L. E. D.--There are several sorts of Manna +in the shops. The larger pieces, called Flake Manna, are usually +preferred; though the smaller grains are equally as good, provided they +are white, or of a pale yellow colour, very light, of a sweet not +unpleasant taste, and free from any visible impurities. + +Manna is a mild agreeable laxative, and may be given with saftey to +children and pregnant women: nevertheless, in some particular +constitutions it acts very unkindly, producing flatulencies and +distension of the viscera.--Lewis's Mat. Med. + + + +209. GENTIANA lutea. YELLOW GENTIAN. Root. L. D.--This root is a strong +bitter, and, as such, very frequently made use of in practice: in taste +it is less exceptionable than most of the other substances of this +class: infusions of it, flavoured with orange peel, are sufficiently +grateful. It is the capital ingredient in the bitter wine; and a +tincture and infusion of it are kept in the shops. + +Lewis mentions a poisonous root being mixed among some of the Gentian +brought to London; the use of which occasioned in some instances death. +This was internally of a white colour, and void of bitterness. There is +no doubt but this was the root of the Veratrum album, a poisonous plant +so similar, that it might readily be mistaken for it.--Lewis's Mat. Med. + + + +210. GEUM urbanum. COMMON AVENS. Root. D.--This has a warm, bitterish, +astringent taste, and a pleasant smell, somewhat of the clove kind, +especially in the spring, and when produced in dry warm soils. Parkinson +observes, that such as is the growth of moist soils has nothing of this +flavour. This root has been employed as a stomachic, and for +strengthening the tone of the viscera in general: it is still in some +esteem in foreign countries, though not taken notice of among us. It +yields, on distillation, an elegant odoriferous essential oil, which +concretes into a flaky form.--Lewis's Mat. Med. + +Similar Plants.--Geum rivale; G. intermedium. + + + +211. GLYCYRRHIZA glabra. LIQUORICE. Root. L. D.--This is produced +plentifully in all the countries of Europe: that which is the growth of +our own is preferable to such as comes from abroad; this last being +generally mouldy, which this root is very apt to become, unless kept in +a dry place. + +The powder of liquorice usually sold is often mingled with flower, and, +I fear, too often with substances not quite so wholesome. The best sort +is of a brownish yellow colour (the fine pale yellow being generally +sophisticated) and of a very rich sweet taste, much more agreeable than +that of the fresh root. Liquorice is almost the only sweet that quenches +thirst. + +This root is a very useful pectoral, and excellently softens acrimonious +humours, at the same time that it proves gently detergent: and this +account is warranted by experience. It is an ingredient in the pectoral +syrup, pectoral troches, the compound lime waters, decoction of the +woods, compound powder of gum tragacanth, lenitive electuary, and +theriaca. An extract is directed to be made from it in the shops; but +this preparation is brought chiefly from abroad, though the foreign +extract is not equal to such as is made with proper care among +ourselves.--Lewis's Mat. Med. + + + +212. GRATIOLA officinalis. HEDGE-HYSSOP. Herb. E. D.--The leaves have a +very bitter disagreeable taste: an infusion of a handful of them when +fresh, or a dram when dried, is said to operate strongly as a cathartic. +Kramer reports that he has found the root of this plant a medicine +similar in virtue to Ipecacuanha. + +Similar Plants.--Lythrum Salicaria; Scutellaria galericulata. + + + +213. HELLEBORUS niger. BLACK HELLEBORE. Root. L.--The tase of Hellebore +is acrid and bitter. Its acrimony, as Dr. Grew observes, is first felt +on the tip of the tongue, and then spreads immediately to the middle, +without being much perceived on the intermediate part: on chewing it for +a few minutes, the tongue seems benumbed, and affected with a kind of +paralytic stupor, as when burnt by eating any thing too hot. + +Our Hellebore is at present looked upon principally as an alterative, +and in this light is frequently employed, in small doses, for +attenuating viscid humours, promoting the uterine and urinary +discharges, and opening inveterate obstructions of the remoter glands: +it often proves a very powerful emmenagogue in plethoric habits, where +steel is ineffectual or improper. An extract made from this root with +water, is one of the mildest, and for the purposes of a cathartic the +most effectual preparation of it: this operates sufficiently, without +occasioning the irritation which the pure resin is accompanied with. A +tincture drawn with proof-spirit contains the whole virtue of the +Hellebore, and seems to be one of the best preparations of it: this +tincture, and the extract, used to be kept in the shops. The College of +Edinburgh used to make this root an ingredient in the purging cephalic +tincture, and compound tincture of jalap; and its extract, in the +purging deobstruent pills, gamboge pills, the laxative mercurial pills, +and the compound cathartic extract.--Lewis's Mat. Med. + +Similar Plant.--Helleborus viridis. + + + +214. HELLEBORUS foetidus. BEARSFOOT. Leaves. L.--The root is a strong +cathartic; it destroys worms, and is recommended in different species of +mania. It is commonly substituted for that of the Helleborus viridis, +which is a more dangerous medicine. Hill's Herbal, p. 32. Great care +ought to be used in the administering this plant: many instances of its +dreadful effects are related. (See Poisonous Plants.) + +Similar Plant.--Helleborus viridis. + + + +215. HORDEUM distichon. PEARL BARLEY. Seeds. L. E.--Barley, in its +several states, is more cooling, less glutionous, and less nutritious +than wheat or oats; among the ancients, decoctions of it were the +principal aliment, and medicine, in acute diseases. The London College +direct a decoction of pearl barley; and both the London and Edinburgh +make common barley an ingredient in the pectoral decoction. + + + +216. HUMULUS Lupulus. THE HOP.--The flowers and seed-vessels are used in +gout and rheumatism, under the form of infusion in boiling-water. The +powder formed into an ointment with lard, is said to ease the pain of +open cancer. A pillow stuffed with hops is an old and successful mode of +procuring sleep in the watchfulness of delirious fever. + + + +217. HYOSCYAMUS niger. HENBANE. Leaves and Seeds. L. E.--Henbane is a +strong narcotic poison, and many instances of its deleterious effects +are recorded by different authors; from which it appears, that any part +of the plant, when taken in sufficient quantity, is capable of producing +very dangerous and terrible symptoms. It is however much employed in the +present days as an anodyne. Dr. Withering found it of great advantage in +a case of difficult deglutition. Stoerck and some others recommend this +extract in the dose of one grain or two; but Dr. Cullen observes, that +he seldom discovered its anodyne effects till he had proceeded to doses +of eight or ten grains, and sometimes to fifteen and even to twenty. The +leaves of Henbane are said to have been applied externally with +advantage, in the way of poultice, to resolve scirrhous tumours, and to +remove some pains of the rheumatic and arthritic kind. + +Similar Plants.--Verbascum Lychnites; V. nigrum. + +The roots of the Henbane are to be distinguished by their very powerful +and narcotic scent. + + + +218. HYSSOPUS officinalis. HYSSOP. The Herb. L. E. D.--The leaves of +Hyssop have an aromatic smell, and a warm pungent taste. Besides the +general virtues of aromatics, they are particularly recommeded in +humoral asthmas, coughs, and other disorders of the breast and lungs; +and said to notably promote expectoration. + + + +219. INULA Helenium. ELECAMPANE. Root. D.--Elecampane root possesses the +general virtues of alexipharmics: it is principally recommended for +promoting expectoration in humoural asthmas and coughs; in which +intention, it used to be employed in the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia: +liberally taken, it is said to excite urine, and loosen the belly. In +some parts of Germany, large quantities of this root are candied, and +used as a stomachic, for strengthening the tone of the viscera in +general, and for attenuating tenacious juices. Spiritous liquors extract +its virtues in greater perfection than watery ones: the former scarce +elevate any thing in distillation: with the latter, an essential oil +arises, which concretes into white flakes; this possesses at first the +flavour of the elecampane, but is very apt to lose it in keeping. + + + +220. JUNIPERUS Sabina. SAVINE. The Tops. L. E. D.--Savine is a warm +irritating aperient medicine, capable of promoting all the glandular +secretions. The distilled oil is one of the most powerful emmenagogues; +and is found of good service in obstructions of the uterus, or other +viscra, proceeding from a laxity and weakness of the vessels, or a cold +sluggish indisposition of the juices. + +Similar Plants.--Juniperus oxycedrus; J. Phoenicea. These should be +particularly distinguished, as Savine is attended with danger when taken +immoderately. + + + +221. JUNIPERUS communis. JUNIPER. Berries. L. E. D.--Juniper berries +have a strong, not disagreeable smell; and a warm, pungent sweet taste, +which, if they are long chewed, or previously well bruised, is followed +by a bitterish one. The pungency seems to reside in the bark; the sweet +in the juice; the aromatic flavour in oily vesicles, spread through the +substance of the pulp, and distinguishable even by the eye; and the +bitter in the seeds: the fresh berries yield, on expression, a rich, +sweet, honey-like, aromatic juice; if previously pounded so as to break +the seeds, the juice proves tart and bitter. + + + +222. LACTUCA virosa. WILD LETTUCE. Leaves. E.--Dr. Collin at Vienna +first brought the Lactuca virosa into medical repute; and its character +has lately induced the College of Physicians at Edinburgh to insert it +in the Catalogue of the Materia Medica. More than twenty-four cases of +dropsy are said by Collin to have been successfully treated, by +employing an extract prepared from the expressed juice of this plant, +which is stated not only to be powerfully diuretic, but, by attenuating +the viscid humours, to promote all the secretions, and to remove +visceral obstructions. In the more simple cases proceeding from +debility, the extract in doses of eighteen to thirty grains a-day, +proved sufficient to accomplish a cure; but when the disease was +inveterate, and accompanied with visceral obstructions, the quantity of +extract was increased to three drams; nor did larger doses, though they +excited nausea, ever produce any other bad effect; and the patients +continued so strong under the use of this remedy, that it was seldom +necessary to employ any tonic medicines.--Woodville's Med. Bot. p. 76. + +Similar Plants.--Sonchus arvensis; Lactuca Scariola. + + + +223. LAVANDULA Spica. LAVENDER. Flowers. L. D.--Lavender has been an +officinal plant for a considerable time, though we have no certain +accounts of it given by the ancients. Its medical virtue resides in the +essential oil, which is supposed to be a gentle corroborant and +stimulant of the aromatic kind; and is recommended in nervous +debilities, and various affections proceeding from a want of energy in +the animal functions.--Woodville's Med. Bot. p. 323. + + + +224. LAURUS nobilis. BAY-TREE. Leaves and Berries. L.--In distillation +with water, the leaves of bay yield a small quantity of very fragrant +essential oil; with rectified spirit, they afford a moderately warm +pungent extract. The berries yield a larger quantity of essential oil: +they discover likewise a degree of unctuosity in the mouth; give out to +the press an almost insipid fluid oil; and on being boiled in water, a +thicker butyraceous one of a yellowish-green colour, impregnated with +the flavour of the berry. An infusion of the leaves is sometimes drunk +as tea; and the essential oil of the berries may be given from one to +five or six drops on sugar, or dissolved by means of mucilages, or in +spirit of wine.--Woodville's Med Bot. p. 680, 681. + + + +225. LAURUS Sassafras. SASSAFRAS-TREE. Bark. L. E. D.--Its medical +character was formerly held in great estimation; and its sensible +qualities, which are stronger than any of the woods, may have probably +contributed to establish the opinion so generally entertained of its +utility in many inveterate diseases: for, soon after its introduction +into Europe, it was sold at a very high price, and its virtues were +extolled in publications professedly written on the subject. It is now, +however, thought to be of very little importance, and seldom employed +but in conjunction with other medicines of a more powerful nature. + +Dr. Cullen found that a watery infusion of it taken warm and pretty +largely, was very effectual in promoting sweat; but he adds, "to what +particular purpose this sweating was applicable, I have not been able to +determine." In some constitutions sassafras, by its extreme fragrance, +is said to produce headache: to deprive it of this effect, the decoction +ought to be employed.--Woodville's Mat. Med. p. 677. + + + +226. LEONTODON Taraxicum. N EBION. Root. L.--The roots contain a bitter +milky juice; they promise to be of use as asperient and detergent +medicines; and have sometimes been directed in this intention with good +success. Boerhaave esteems them capable, if duly continued, of resolving +almost all kinds of coagulations, and opening very obstinate +obstructions of the viscera. + + + +227. LINUM usitatissimum. FLAX. The Seeds. L. E.--Linseed yields to the +press a considerable quantity of oil; and boiled in water, a strong +mucilage: these are occasionally made use of for the same purposes as +other substances of that class; and sometimes the seeds themselves in +emollient and maturating cataplasms. They have also been employed in +Asia, and, in times of scarcity, in Europe, as food: but are not +agreeable, or in general wholesome. + + + +228. LINUM catharticum. PURGING-FLAX. The Herb. L. D.-This is a very +small plant, not above four or five inches high, found wild upon chalky +hills, and in dry pasture-grounds. Its virtue is expressed in its title: +an infusion in water or whey of a handful of the fresh leaves, or a dram +of them in substance when dried, is said to purge without inconvenience. + + + +229. LOBELIA siphylitica. BLUE CARDINAL FLOWER. The Root. E.--Every part +of the plant abounds with a milky juice, and has a rank smell. The root, +which is the part directed for medicinal use, in taste resembles +tobacco, and is apt to excite vomiting. It derived its name, +Siphylitica, from its efficacy in the cure of Siphylis, as experienced +by the North American Indians, who considered it a specific to that +disease. + +A decoction was made of a handful of the roots in three measures of +water. Of this, half a measure is taken in the morning fasting, and +repeated in the evening; and the dose is gradually increased till its +purgative effects become too violent, when the decoction is to be +intermitted for a day or two, and then renewed till a perfect cure is +effected. But it does not appear that the antisiphylitic powers of +Lobelia have been confirmed by any instances of European practice.-- +Woodville's Med. Bot. p. 251. + + + +230. LYTHRUM Salicaria. WILLOW HERB. The Herb. D.--This is used +internally in dropsies, obstinate gleets, and leucorrhoea. + +Similar Plants.--Epilobium palustre; Epilob. angustifolium; Epilob. +hirsutum. + + + +231. MALVA sylvestris. COMMON MALLOW. Herb. L. E.--The leaves are ranked +the first of the four emollient herbs: they were formerly of some +esteem, in food, for loosening the belly; at present, decoctions of them +are sometimes employed in dysenteries, heat and sharpness of urine, and +in general for obtunding acrimonious humours: their principal use is in +emollient glysters, cataplasms, and fomentations. + + + +232. MARRUBIUM vulgare. HORFHOUND. Herb. E. D.--It is greatly extolled +for its efficacy in removing obstructions of the lungs and other +viscera. It has chiefly been employed in humoural asthmas. Mention is +made of its successful use in scirrhous affections of the liver, +jaundice, cachexies, and menstrual suppressions.--Woodville's Med. Bot. +p. 333. + +Similar Plants.--Ballota nigra; B. alba. + + + +233. MELISSA officinalis. BALM. Herb. L. E.--This herb, in its recent +state, has a weak roughish aromatic taste, and a pleasant smell, +somewhat of the lemon kind. On distilling the fresh herb with water, it +impregnates the first runnings pretty strongly with its grateful +flavour. Prepared as tea, however, it makes a grateful diluent drink in +fevers; and in this way it is commonly used, either by itself, or +acidulated with the juice of lemons.--Woodville's Med. Bot. p. 335, 336. + + + +234. MENTHA viridis. SPEAR-MINT. Leaves. L. D.--The virtues of Mint are +those of a warm stomachic and carminative: in loss of appetite, nauseae, +continual retchings to vomit, and (as Boerhaave expresses it) almost +paralytic weakness of the stomach, there are few simples perhaps of +equal efficacy. In colicky pains, the gripes to which children are +subject, lienteries, and other kinds of immoderate fluxes, this plant +frequently does good service. It likewise proves beneficial in sundry +hysteric cases, and affords an useful cordial in languors and other +weaknesses consequent upon delivery. The best preparations for these +purposes are, a strong infusion made from the dry leaves in water (which +is much superior to one from the green herb) or rather a tincture or +extract prepared with rectified spirit. + +The essential oil, a simple and spirituous water, and a conserve, are +kept in the shops: the Edinburgh College directs an infusion of the +leaves in the distilled water. This herb is an ingredient also in the +three alexitereal waters; and its essential oil in the stomach plaster +and stomach pills.--Lewis's Mat. Med. + + + +235. MENTHA Piperita. PEPPER-MINT. Herb. L. E. D.--The leaves have a +more penetrating smell than any of the other mints, and a much warmer, +pungent, glowing taste like pepper, sinking as it were into the tongue. +The principal use of this herb is in flatulent colics, languors, and +other like disorders; it seems to act as soon as taken, and extends its +effects through the whole system, instantly communicating a glowing +warmth. Water extracts the whole of the pungency of this herb by +infusion, and elevates it in distillation. Its officinal preparations +are an essential oil, and a simple and spirituous water. + + + +236. MENTHA Pulegium. PENNYROYAL. Herb. L. E. D.--Pennyroyal is a warm +pungent herb of the aromatic kind, similar to mint, but more acrid and +less agreeable. It has long been held in great esteem, and not +undeservedly, as an aperient and deobstruent, particularly in hysteric +complaints, and suppressions of the uterine purgations. For these +purposes, the distilled water is generally made use of, or, what is of +equal efficacy, an infusion of the leaves. It is observable, that both +water and rectified spirit extract the virtues of this herb by infusion, +and likewise elevate greatest part of them in distillation.--Lewis's +Mat. Med. + + + +237. MENYANTHES trifoliata. BUCK-BEAN. Leaves. L. E. D.--This is an +efficacious aperient and deobstruent; it promotes the fluid secretions, +and, if liberally taken, gently loosens the belly. It has of late gained +great reputation in scorbutic and scrophulous disorders; and its good +effects in these cases have been warranted by experience: inveterate +cutaneous diseases have been removed by an infusion of the leaves, drunk +to the quantity of a pint a-day, at proper intervals, and continued some +weeks. Boerhaave relates, that he was relieved of the gout by drinking +the juice mixed with whey. + + + +238. MOMORDICA Elaterium. SPIRTING CUCUMBER. Fruit L. E. D.--Elaterium +is a strong cathartic, and very often operates also upwards. Two or +three grains are accounted in most cases a sufficient dose. Simon Paulli +relates some instances of the good effects of this purgative in +dropsies: but cautions practitioners not to have recourse to it till +after milder medicines have proved ineffectual; to which caution we +heartily subscribe. Medicines indeed in general, which act with violence +in a small dose, require the utmost skill to manage them with any +tolerable degree of safety: to which may be added, that the various +manners of making these kinds of preparations, as practised by different +hands, must needs vary their power. + + + +239. MORUS nigra. MULBERRY. Fruit. L.--It has the common qualities of +the other sweet fruits, abating heat, quenching thirst, and promoting +the grosser secretions; an agreeable syrup made from the juice is kept +in the shops. The bark of the roots has been in considerable esteem as a +vermifuge; its taste is bitter, and somewhat astringent.--Lewis's Mat. +Med. + + + +240. NICOTIANA Tabacum. TOBACCO. Leaves. L. E. D.--Tobacco is sometimes +used externally in unguents for destroying cutaneous insects, cleansing +old ulcers, &c. Beaten into a mash with vinegar or brandy, it has +sometimes proved serviceable for removing hard tumours of the +hypochondres. + + + +241. ORIGANUM Majorana. SWEET MARJORAM. Herb. L. E.-It is a moderately +warm aromatic, yielding its virtues both to aqueous and spirituous +liquors by infusion, and to water in distillation. It is principally +celebrated in disorders of old people. An essential oil of the herb is +kept in the shops. The powder of the leaves proves an agreeable errhine. + + + +242. ORIGANUM vulgare. POT MARJORAM. Herb. L. D.--It has an agreeable +aromatic smell approaching to that of marjoram, and a pungent taste much +resembling thyme, to which it is likewise thought to be more nearly +allied in its medicinal qualities than to any of the other verticillatae, +and therefore deemed to be emmenagogue, tonic, stomachic, &c. + +The dried leaves used instead of tea are said to be extremely grateful. +They are also employed in medicated baths and fomentations.--Woodville's +Med. Bot. p. 345. + + + +243. OXALIS Acetosella. WOOD SORREL. Herb. L.--In taste and medical +qualities it is similar to the common sorrel, but considerably more +grateful, and hence is preferred by the London College. Boiled with +milk, it forms an agreeable whey; and beaten with sugar, a very elegant +conserve.--Lewis's Mat. Med. + + + +244. PAPAVER Rhoeas. RED POPPY. Petals. L. E. D.--The flowers of this +plant yield upon expression a deep red juice, and impart the same colour +by infusion to aqueous liquors. A syrup of them is kept in the shops: +this is valued chiefly for its colour; though some expect from it a +lightly anodyne virtue. + + + +245. PAPAVER somniferum. OPIUM POPPY. Gum. L. E. D.-Poppy heads, boiled +in water, impart to the menstruum their narcotic juice, together with +the other juices which they have in common with vegetable matters in +general. The liquor strongly pressed out, suffered to settle, clarified +with whites of eggs, and evaporated to a due consistence, yields about +one-fifth or one-sixth the weight of the heads, of extract. This +possesses the virtues of opium; but requires to be given in double its +dose to answer the same intention, which it is said to perform without +occasioning nausea and giddiness, the usual consequences of the other. + +The general effects of this medicine are, to relax the solids, ease +pain, procure sleep, promote perspiration, but restrain all other +evacuations. When its operation is over, the pain, and other symptoms +which it had for a time abated, return; and generally with greater +violence than before, unless the cause has been removed by the +diaphoresis or relaxation which it occasioned. + +The operation of opium is generally attended with a slow, but strong and +full pulse, a dryness of the mouth, a redness and light itching of the +skin: and followed by a degree of nausea, a difficulty of respiration, +lowness of the spirits, and a weak languid pulse. + +With regard to the dose of opium, one grain is generally sufficient, and +often too large a one; maniacal persons, and those who have been long +accustomed to take it, require three or more grains to have the due +effect. Among the eastern nations, who are habituated to opium, a dram +is but a moderate dose: Garcias relates, that he knew one who every day +took ten drams. Those who have been long accustomed to its use, upon +leaving it off, are seized with great lowness, languor, and anxiety; +which are relieved by having again recourse to opium, and, in some +measure, by wine or spirituous liquors. + +Similar Plants.--Papaver hybridum; P. Argemone. + + + +246. PASTINACA Opoponax. OPOPONAX, or CANDY CARROT. Gum Opoponax. L.-- +The juice is brought from Turkey and the East Indies, sometimes in round +drops or tears, but more commonly in irregular lumps, of a +reddish-yellow colour on the outside, with specks of white, inwardly of +a paler colour, and frequently variegated with large white pieces. + +Boerhaave frequently employed it, along with ammoniacum and galbanum, in +hypochondriacal disorders, obstructions of the abdominal viscera from a +sluggishness of mucous humours, and a want of due elasticity of the +solids. + + + +247. PIMPINELLA Anisum. ANISEED. The Seeds. L. E. D.-These seeds are in +the number of the four greater hot seeds: their principal use is in cold +flatulent disorders, where tenacious phlegm abounds, and in the gripes +to which young children are subject. Frederick Hoffman strongly +recommends them in weakness of the stomach, diarrhoeas, and for +strengthening the tone of the viscera in general; and thinks they well +deserve the appellation given them by Helmont, intestinorum solamen. + + + +248. PINUS sylvestris. SCOTCH FIR. Tar, yellow Resin, and Turpentine. L. +D.--Tar, which is well known from its oeconomical uses, is properly an +empyreumatic oil of turpentine, and has been much used as a medicine, +both internally and externally. Tar-water, or water impregnated with the +more soluble parts of tar, was some time ago a very popular remedy in +various obstinate disorders, both acute and chronic, especially in +small-pox, scurvy, ulcers, fistulas, rheumatisms, &c. + +Turpentine is an extract also from the same tree, which is used for +various purposes of medicine and the arts. + + + +249. PINUS Abies. SPRUCE-FIR. Burgundy Pitch. L. E. D.--This is entirely +confined to external use, and was formerly an ingredient in several +ointments and plasters. In inveterate coughs, affections of the lungs, +and other internal complaints, plasters of this resin, by acting as a +tropical stimulus, are frequently found of considerable service.-- +Woodville's Med. Bot. + + + +250. POLYGONUM Bistorta. BISTORT. The Roots. L. E. D.--All the parts of +bistort have a rough austere taste, particularly the root, which is one +of the strongest of the vegetable stringents. It is employed in all +kinds of immoderate haemorrhages and other fluxes, both internally and +externally, where astringency is the only intention. It is certainly a +very powerful styptic, and is to be looked on simply as such; the +sudorific, antipestilential, and other like virtues attributed to it, it +has no other claim to, than in consequence of this property, and of the +antiseptic power which it has in common with other vegetable styptics. +The largest dose of the root in powder is one dram. + + + +251. PRUNUS domestica. FRENCH PRUNES. The Fruit. L. E. D.--The medical +effects of the damson and common prunes are, to abate heat, and gently +loosen the belly: which they perform by lubricating the passage, and +softening the excrement. They are of considerable service in costiveness +accompanied with heat or irritation, which the more stimulating +cathartics would tend to aggravate: where prunes are not of themselves +sufficient, their effects may be promoted by joining with them a little +rhubarb or the like; to which may be added some carminative ingredient, +to prevent their occasioning flatulencies. Prunelloes have scarce any +laxative quality: these are mild grateful refrigerants, and, by being +occasionally kept in the mouth, usefully allay the thirst of hydropic +persons. + + + +252. PUNICA Granatum. POMEGRANATE. Rind of the Fuit. L. E. D.--This +fruit has the general qualities of the other sweet summer fruits, +allaying heat, quenching thirst, and gently loosening the belly. The +rind is a strong astringent, and as such is occasionally made use of. + + + +253. PYRUS Cydonia. QUINCE. The Kernels. L.--The seeds abound with a +mucilaginous substance, of no particular taste, which they readily +impart to watery liquors: an ounce will render three pints of water +thick and ropy like the white of an egg. A syrup and jelly of the fruit, +and mucilage of the seeds, used to be kept in the shops. + + + +254. QUEROUS pedunculata. OAK. Bark. L. E. D.--This bark is a strong +astringent; and hence stands recommended in haemorrhagies, alvine fluxes, +and other preternatural or immoderate secretions. + + + +255. RHAMNUS catharticus. BUCKTHORN. Berries. L. E.--Buckthorn-berries +have a faint disagreeable smell, and a nauseous bitter taste. They have +long been in considerable esteem as cathartics; and celebrated in +dropsies, rheumatisms, and even in the gout; though in these cases they +have no advantage above other purgatives, and are more offensive, and +operate more churlishly, than many which the shops are furnished with: +they generally occasion gripes, sickness, dry the mouth and throat, and +leave a thirst of long duration. The dose is about twenty of the fresh +berries in substance, and twice or thrice this number in decoction, an +ounce of the expressed juice, or a dram of the dried berries. + + + +256. RHEUM palmatum. TURKEY RHUBARB. Roots. L. E. D.--Rhubarb is a mild +cathartic, which operates without violence or irritation, and may be +given with safety even to pregnant women and to children. In some +people, however, it always occasions severe griping. Besides its +purgative quality, it is celebrated for an astringent one, by which it +strengthens the tone of the stomach and intestines, and proves useful in +diarrhoea and disorders proceeding from a laxity of the fibres. Rhubarb +in substance operates more powerfully as a cathartic than any of the +preparations of it. Watery tinctures purge more than the spirituous +ones; whilst the latter contain in greater perfection the aromatic, +astringent, and corroborating virtues of the rhubarb. The dose, when +intended as a purgative, is from a scruple to a dram or more. + +The Turkey rhubarb is, among us, universally preferred to the East India +sort. + +The plant is common in our gardens, but their medicinal powers are much +weaker than in those from abroad. + +RHODODENDRON Chrysanthemum. YELLOW-FLOWERED RHODODENDRON. See No. 290. + + + +257. RHUS Toxicodendron. POISON-OAK. Leaves. L. E.--Of considerable use +in paralytic affections, and is much used in the present day. + +It is, however, often substituted by the Rhus radicans, which has not +the medical properties that this plant has; and it is to be regretted +that the leaves of both species are so much alike, that, when gathered, +they are not to be distinguished. + + + +258. RICINUS communis. PALMA CHRISTI. Seeds and Oil. L. E. D.--The oil, +commonly called nut or castor oil, is got by expression, retains +somewhat of the mawkishness and acrimony of the nut; but is, in general, +a safe and mild laxative in cases where we wish to avoid irritation, as +in those of colic, calculus, gonorrhoea, &c. and some likewise use it as +a purgative in worm-cases. Half an ounce or an ounce commonly answers +with an adult, and a dram or two with an infant. The castor oil which is +imported is not so good as the expressed oil from the nut made in this +country. The disagreeable taste is from the coats of the seeds; the best +kind is pressed out after the seeds are decorticated. + + + +259. ROSA centifolia. DAMASK ROSE. Petals. L. E. D.--In distillation +with water, it yields a small portion of a butyraceous oil, whose +flavour exactly resembles that of the roses. This oil, and the distilled +water, are very useful and agreeable cordials. Hoffmann strongly +recommends them as of singular efficacy for raising the strength, +cheering and recruiting the spirits, and allaying pain; which they +perform without raising any heat in the constitution, rather abating it +when inordinate. Although the damask rose is recommended by Dr. +Woodville, yet, having grown this article for sale, I find that the +preference is always given to the Provence rose by those who distil +them. + + + +260. ROSA gallica. RED OFFICINAL ROSE. Petals. L. E. D.-This has very +little of the fragrance of the foregoing sort; it is a mild and grateful +astringent, especially before the flower has opened: this is +considerably improved by hasty exsiccation, but both the astringency and +colour are impaired by slow drying. In the shops are prepared a conserve +and a tincture. + + + +261. ROSA canina. DOG-ROSE. The Pulp of the Fruit. L. E.-The fruit, +called heps or hips, has a sourish taste, and obtains a place in the +London Pharmacopoeia in the form of a conserve: for this purpose, the +seeds and chaffy fibres are to be carefully removed; for, if these +prickly fibres are not entirely scraped off from the internal surface of +the hips, the conserve is liable to produce considerable irritation on +the primae viae. + + + +262. ROSMARINUS officinalis. ROSEMARY. Tops. L. E. D.--Rosemary has a +fragrant smell and a warm pungent bitterish taste, approaching to those +of lavender: the leaves and tender tops are strongest; next to these the +cup of the flower; the flowers themselves are considerably the weakest, +but most pleasant. Aqueous liquors extract great share of the virtues of +rosemary leaves by infusion, and elevate them in distillation: along +with the water arises a considerable quantity of essential oil, of an +agreeable strong penetrating smell. Pure spirit extracts in great +perfection the whole aromatic flavour of the rosemary, and elevates very +little of it in distillation: hence the resinous mass left upon +abstracting the spirit, proves an elegant aromatic, very rich in the +peculiar qualities of the plant. The flowers of rosemary give over great +part of their flavour in distillation with pure spirit; by watery +liquors, their fragrance is much injured; by beating, destroyed. + + + +263. RUBIA tinctorum. MADDER. Roots. L. E. D.--It has little or no +smell; a sweetish taste, mixed with a little bitterness. The virtues +attributed to it are those of a detergent and aperient; whence it has +been usually ranked among the opening roots, and recommended in +obstructions of the viscera, particularly of the kidneys, in +coagulations of the blood from falls or bruises, in the jaundice, and +beginning dropsies. + +It is observable, that this root, taken internally, tinges the urine of +a deep red colour; and in the Philosophical Transactions we have an +account of its producing a like effect upon the bones of animals which +had it mixed with their food: all the bones, particularly the more solid +ones, were changed, both externally and internally, to a deep red, but +neither the fleshy nor cartilaginous parts suffered any alteration: some +of these bones macerated in water for many weeks together, and +afterwards steeped and boiled in spirit of wine, lost none of their +colour, nor communicated any tinge to the liquors. + + + +264. RUMEX Acetosa. SORREL. Leaves. L.--These have an agreeable acid +taste. They have the same medicinal qualities as the Oxalis Acetosella, +and are employed for the same purposes. + +Sorrel taken in considerable quantities, or used prepared for food, will +be found of great advantage when a refrigerant and antiscorbutic regimen +is required.--Woodville's Med. Bot. + + + +265. RUTA graveolens. RUE. Leaves. L. E. D.--These are powerfully +stimulating, attenuating, and detergent: and hence, in cold phlegmatic +habits, they quicken the circulation, dissolve tenacious juices, open +obstructions of the excretory glands, and promote the fluid secretions. +The writers on the Materia Medica in general have entertained a very +high opinion of the virtues of this pant. Boerhaave is full of its +praises; particularly of the essential oil, and the distilled water +cohobated or redistilled several times from fresh parcels of the herb: +after somewhat extravagantly commending other waters prepared in this +manner, he adds, with regard to that of rue, that the greatest +commendations he can bestow upon it fall short of its merit: "What +medicine (says he) can be more efficacious for promoting perspiration, +in cases of epilepsies, and for expelling poison?" Whatever service rue +may be of generally, it undoubtedly has its use in the two last cases: +the cohobated water, however, is not the most efficacious preparation. + + + +266. SALIX fragilis. CRACK WILLOW. Bark. L. D.-The bark of the branches +of this tree manifests a considerable degree of bitterness to the taste, +and is also astringent; hence it has been thought a good substitute for +the Peruvian bark, and, upon trial, was found to stop the paroxysms of +intermittents: it is likewise recommended in other cases requiring tonic +or astringent remedies. Not only the bark of this species of Salix, but +that of several others, possess similar qualities, particularly of the +Salix alba pentandria, and capraea, all of which are recommended in +foreign Pharmacopoeias. But, in our opinion, the bark of the Salix +triandria is more effectual than that of any other of this genus; at +least, its sensible qualities give it a decided preference.--Woodville's +Med Bot. + + + +267. SALVIA officinalis. GREEN AND RED SAGE. Herb. E. D.--Its effects +are, to moderately warm and strengthen the vessels; and hence, in cold +phlegmatic habits, it excites appetite, and proves serviceable in +debilities of the nervous system. + +The red sage, mixed with honey and vinegar, is used for a gargle in sore +throats. Aqueous infusions of the leaves, with the addition of a little +lemon juice, prove an useful diluting drink in febrile disorders, of an +elegant colour, and sufficiently acceptable to the palate. + + + +268. SAMBUCUS nigra. COMMON ELDER. Flowers and Berries. L. E. D.--The +parts of the Sambucus which are proposed for medicinal use in the +Pharmacopoeias, are the inner bark, the flowers, and the berries. The +flowers have an agreeable flavour, which they give over in distillation +with water, and impart by infusion, both to water and rectified spirit: +on distilling a large quantitiy of them with water, a small portion of a +butyraceous essential oil separates. Infusions made from the fresh +flowers are gently laxative and aperient; when dry, they are said to +promote chiefly the cuticular excretion, and to be particularly +serviceable in erysipetalous and eruptive disorders.--Woodville's Med. +Bot. 598. + + + +269. SCILLA maritima. SQUILL. Root. L. E. D.--This root is to the taste +very nauseous, intensely bitter and acrimonious; much handled, it +exulcerates the skin. With regard to its medical virtues, it powerfully +stimulates the solids, and attenuates viscid juices; and by these +qualities promotes expectoration, urine, and perspiration: if the dose +is considerable, it proves emetic, and sometimes purgative. The +principal use of this medicine is where the primae viae abound with mucous +matter, and the lungs are oppressed by tenacious phlegm. + + + +270. SCROPHULARIA nodosa. KNOTTY FIGWORT. Herb. D.--The roots are of a +white colour, full of little knobs or protuberances on the surface: this +appearance gained it formerly some repute against scrophulous disorders +and the piles; and from hence it received its name: but modern +practitioners expect no such virtues from it. It has a faint unpleasant +smell, and a somewhat bitter disagreeable taste. + + + +271. SINAPIS nigra. BLACK MUSTARD. Seeds. L. E. D.--By writers on the +Materia Medica, mustard is considered to promote appetite, assist +digestion, attenuate viscid juices, and, by stimulating the fibres, to +prove a general remedy in paralytic and rheumatic affections. Joined to +its stimulant qualities, it frequently, if taken in considerable +quantity, opens the body, and increases the urinary discharge; and hence +has been found useful in dropsical complaints.--Woodville's Med. Bot. p. +404. + + + +272. SINAPIS alba. WHITE MUSTARD. Seeds. L. E. D.--These have been +recommended to be taken whole in cases of rheumatism and have been known +to produce considerable relief. + + + +273. SISYMBRIUM Nasturtium. WATER-CRESSES. Herb. E.-Hoffman recommends +this as of singular efficacy for accelerating the circulation, +strengthening the viscera, opening obstructions of the glands, promoting +the fluid secretions, and purifying the blood and humours: for these +purposes, the expressed juice, which contains the peculiar taste and +pungency of the herb, may be taken in doses of an ounce or two, and +continued for a considerable time. + + + +274. SIUM nodiflorum. CREEPING WATER-PARSNEP. The Root. D.-This plant +has not been admitted into the Materia Medica of any of the +Pharmacopoeias which we have seen, except that of the London College, +into which it was received in the character of an antiscorbutic, or +rather as the corrector of acrid humours, especially when manifested by +cutaneous eruptions and tumours in the lymphatic system, for which we +have the testimony of Beirie and Ray; but the best proofs of its +efficacy are the following given by Dr. Withering: "A young lady, six +years old, was cured of an obstinate disease by taking three large +spoonfuls of the juice twice-a-day; and I have repeatedly given to +adults three or four ounces every morning in similar complaints with the +greatest advantage. It is not nauseous; and children take it readily if +mixed with milk. In the dose I have given, it neither affects the head, +the stomach, nor the bowels." Woodville's Med. Bot. 146. + + + +275. SMILAX Sarsaparilla. SARSAPARILLA. Root. L. E. D.--This root was +first brought into Europe by the Spaniards, about the year 1565, with +the character of a specific for the cure of the lues venerea, which made +its appearance a little before that time, and likewise of several +obstinate chronic disorders. Whatever good effects it might have +produced in the warmer climates, it proved unsuccessful in this. It +appears, however, from experience, that though greatly unequal to the +character which it bore at first, it is in some cases of considerable +use as a sudorific, where more acrid medicines are improper. + + + +276. SOLANUM Dulcamara. BITTERSWEET. Stalk. L. D.--The taste of the +twigs and roots, as the name of the plant expresses, is both bitter and +sweet; the bitterness being first perceived, and the sweet afterwards. +They are commended for resolving coagulated blood, and as a cathartic, +diuretic, and deobstruent. + + + +277. SOLIDAGO Virga aurea. GOLDEN ROD. Flowers and Leaves. D.--The +leaves have a moderately astringent bitter taste, and hence prove +serviceable in debility and laxity of the viscera, and disorders +proceeding from that cause. + + + +278. SPARTIUM scoparium. BROOM. Tops and Seeds. L. D.-These have a +nauseous bitter taste: decoctions of them loosen the belly, promote +urine, and stand recommended in hydropic cases. The flowers are said to +prove cathartic in decoction, and emetic in substance, though in some +places, as Lobel informs us, they are commonly used, and in large +quantity, in salads, without producing any effect of this kind. The +qualities of the seeds are little better determined: some report that +they purge almost as strongly as hellebore, in the dose of a dram and a +half; whilst the author above mentioned relates, that he has given a +decoction of two ounces of them as a gentle emetic. + + + +279. SPIGELLA marylandica. WORM GRASS. Root. L. E. D.-About forty years +ago, the anthelmintic virtues of the root of this plant were discovered +by the Indians; since which time it has been much used here. I have +given it in hundreds of cases, and have been very attentive to its +effects. I never found it do much service, except when it proved gently +purgative. Its purgative quality naturally led me to give it in febrile +diseases which seem to arise from viscidity in the primae viae; and in +these cases it succeeded to admiration, even when the sick did not void +worms. + +To a child of two years of age who had been taking ten grains of the +root twice a-day without having any other effect than making her dull +and giddy, I prescribed twenty-two grains morning and evening, which +purged her briskly, and brought away five large worms. [Communications +from Dr. Gardner.]-Woodville's Med. Bot. + + + +280. TANACETUM vulgare. TANSY. Herb. E. D.--Considered as a medicine, it +is a moderately warm bitter, accompanied with a strong, not very +disagreeable flavour. Some have had a great opinion of it in hysteric +disorders, particularly those proceeding from a deficiency or +suppression of the usual course of nature. + + + +281. TEUCRIUM Marum. CAT THYME. Herb. D.--The leaves have an aromatic +bitterish taste; and, when rubbed betwixt the fingers, a quick pungent +smell, which soon affects the head, and occasions sneezing: distilled +with water, they yield a very acrid, penetrating essential oil, +resembling one obtained by the same means from scurvy-grass. These +qualities sufficiently point out the uses to which this plant might be +applied; at present, it is little otherwise employed than in cephalic +snuffs. + + + +282. TEUCRIUM Chamaedrys. GERMANDER. Herb. D.--The leaves, tops, and +seeds, have a bitter taste, with some degree of astringency and aromatic +flavour. They were recommended as sudorific, diuretic, and emmenagogue, +and for strengthening the stomach and viscera in general. With some they +have been in great esteem in intermittent fevers; as also in scrophulous +and other chronic disorders. + + + +283. TORMENTILLA erecta. TORMENTIL, or UPRIGHT SEPTFOIL. Root. L. E. D. +--The root is the only part of this plant which is used medicinally; it +has a strong styptic taste, but imparts no peculiar sapid flavour. This +has been long held in great estimation as an astringent. Dr. Cullen has +used it with gentian with great effect in intermittent fevers. Lewis +recommends an ounce and a half of the powdered root to be boiled in +three pints of water to a quart, adding towards the end of the boiling a +dram of cinnamon. Of the strained liquor, sweetened with an ounce of any +agreeable syrup, two ounces or more may be taken four or five times a-day. + + + +284. TUSSILAGO Farfara. COLTSFOOT. Herb. L. E. D.--Tussilago stands +recommended in coughs and other disorders of the breast and lungs: the +flowers were an ingredient in the pectoral decoction of the Edinburgh +Pharmacopoeia. + + + +285. VALERIANA officinalis. VALERIAN. Root. L. E. D.--Valerian is a +medicine of great use in nervous disorders, and is particularly +serviceable in epilepsies proceeding from a debility in the nervous +system. It was first brought into esteem in these cases by Fabius +Columna, who by taking the powdered root, in the dose of half a +spoonful, was cured of an inveterate epilepsy after many other medicines +had been tried in vain. Repeated experience has since confirmed its +efficacy in this disorder; and the present practice lays considerable +stress upon it. + + + +286. VERATRUM album. WHITE HELLEBORE. Root. L. E. D.-The root has a +nauseous, bitterish, acrid taste, burning the mouth and fauces: wounded +when fresh, it emits an extremely acrimonious juice, which mixed with the +blood, by a wound, is said to prove very dangerous: the powder of the +dry root, applied to an issue, occasions violent purging: snuffed up the +nose, it proves a strong, and not always a safe, sternutatory. This +root, taken internally, acts with extreme violence as an emetic, and has +been observed, even in a small dose, to occasion convulsions and other +terrible disorders. The ancients sometimes employed it in very obstinate +cases, and always made this their last resource. + +Similar Plant.--Gentiana lutea, which see. + + + +287. VERONICA Beccabunga. BROOKLIME. Herb. L. D.--This plant was +formerly considered of great use in several diseases, and was applied +externally to wounds and ulcers; but if it have any peculiar efficacy, +it is to be derived from its antiscorbutic virtue. + +As a mild refrigerant juice, it is preferred where an acrimonious state +of the fluids prevails, indicated by prurient eruptions upon the skin, +or in what has been called the hot scurvy.--Woodville's Med. Bot. 364. + + + +288. VITIS vinifera. GRAPE VINE. Raisins and different Wines. L. E.-- +These are to cheer the spirits, warm the habit, promote perspiration, +render the vessels full and turgid, raise the pulse, and quicken the +circulation. The effects of the full-bodied wines are much more durable +than those of the thinner; all sweet wines, as Canary, abound with a +glutinous nutritious substance; whilst the others are not nutrimental, +or only accidentally so by strengthening the organs employed in +digestion: sweet wines in general do not pass off freely by urine, and +heat the constitution more than an equal quantity of any other, though +containing full as much spirit: red port, and most of the red wines, +have an astringent quality, by which they strengthen the tone of the +stomach and intestines, and thus prove serviceable for restraining +immoderate secretions: those which are of an acid nature, as Renish, +pass freely by the kidneys, and gently loosen the belly: it is supposed +that these last exasperate, or occasion gout and calculous disorders, +and that new wines of every kind have this effect. + +The ripe fruit of grapes, of which there are several kinds, properly +cured and dried, are the raisins and currants of the shops: the juice of +these also, by fermentation, affords wine as well as vinegar and tartar. + +The medical use of raisins is, their imparting a very pleasant flavour +both to aqueous and spiritous menstrua. The seeds or stones are supposed +to give a disagreeable relish, and hence are generally directed to be +taken out: nevertheless I have not found that they have any disagreeable +taste.--Lewis's Mat. Med. + + + +289. ULMUS campestris. ELM. Bark. L. E. D.--The leaves have a bitterish +astringent taste, and are recommended in powder, to the extent of at +least two drams a-day, in ulcerations of the urinary passages and +catarrhus vesicae. The powder has been used with opium, the latter being +gradually increased to a considerable quantity, in diabetes, and it is +said with advantage. Some use it for alleviating the dyspeptic symptoms +in nephritic calculous ailments.--Lewis's Mat. Med. + + + +290. RHODODENDRON Chrysanthemum. YELLOW-FLOWERED RHO-DODENDRON. E. The +Leaves.--This species of Rhododendron has lately been introduced into +Britain: it is a native of Siberia, affecting mountainous situations, +and flowering in June and July. + +Little attention was paid to this remedy till the year 1779, when it was +strongly recommended by Koelpin as an efficacious medicine, not only in +rheumatism and gout, but even in venereal cases; and it is now very +generally employed in chronic rheumatisms in various parts of Europe. +The leaves, which are the part directed for medicinal use, have a +bitterish subastringent taste, and, as well as the bark and young +branches, manifest a degree of acrimony. Taken in large doses they prove +a narcotic poison, producing those symptoms which we have described as +occasioned by many of the order Solanaceae. + +Dr. Home, who tried it unsuccessfully in some cases of acute rheumatism, +says, it appears to be one of the most powerful sedatives which we have, +as in most of the trials it made the pulse remarkably slow, and, in one +patient, reduced it 38 beats. And in other cases in which the +Rhododendron has been used at Edinburgh, it has been productive of good +effects; and, accordingly, it is now introduced into the Edinburgh +Pharmacopoeia. + +The manner of using this plant by the Siberians was, by putting two +drams of the dried leaves in an earthen-pot with about ten ounces of +boiling-water, keeping it near a boiling heat for a night, and this they +took in the morning; and by repeating it three or four times it +generally affected a cure. It is said to occasion heat, thirst, a degree +of delirium, and a peculiar sensation of the parts affected.-- +Woodville's Med. Bot. p. 239. + + + +* * * * * + + + +SECT. VIII.--MEDICINAL PLANTS not contained in either of the BRITISH +DISPENSATORIES. + + + +For the use of the Medical Student I selected in the foregoing section +such plants as are contained in the Pharmacopoeias of the present day: +but there are many mentioned in Woodville's Medical Botany, Lewis's +Dispensatory, &c. which, although discarded from the College list, are +nevertheless still used by medical practitioners and others. + +It would be difficult to give a full history of all the plants that have +from time to time been recommended for medical uses. The old writers, as +Gerard, Parkinson, Lyte, &c. attributed medical virtues to all the +plants which came under their notice; and, on the other hand, as we +observed above, the vegetable department of the Pharmacopoeias has from +time to time been reduced so much, that, if we had confined ourselves to +that alone, we fear our little treatise on this head would, by many +persons, be thought defective. The following list is therefore given, as +containing what are used, though probably not so much by practitioners +in medicine, as by our good housewives in the country, who, without +disparagement to medical science, often relieve the distresses of their +families and neighbours by the judicious application of drugs of this +nature, and many of which are also sold for the same purposes in the +London herb-shops. + + + +291. ACANTHUS mollis. SMOOTH BEARS-BREECH. The Leaves.--Are of a soft +sweetish taste, and abound with a mucilaginous juice: its virtues do not +seem to differ from those of Althea and other mucilaginous plants. + + + +292. ACHILLA Ptarmica. SNEEZEWORT. The Root.--The roots have and acrid +smell, and a hot biting taste: chewed, they occasion a plentiful +discharge of saliva; and when powdered and snuffed up the nose, provoke +sneezing. These are sold at the herb-shops as a substitute for pellitory +of Spain. + + + +293. ACHILLEA Ageratum. MAUDLIN. The Leaves and Flowers.--This has a +light agreeable smell; and a roughish, somewhat warm and bitterish +taste. These qualities point out its use as a mild corroborant; but it +has long been a stranger in practice, and is now omitted both by the +London and Edinburgh Colleges. It is however in use by the common +people. + + + +294. ACHILLEA Millefolium. YARROW. The Leaves.--The leaves have a rough +bitterish taste, and a faint aromatic smell. Their virtues are those of +a very mild astringent, and as such they stand recommended in +haemorrhages both internal and external, diarrhoeas, debility and laxity +of the fibres; and likewise in spasmodic hysterical affections. + + + +295. AJUGA reptans. BUGLE. The Leaves.--These have at first a sweetish +taste, which gradually becomes bitterish and roughish. They are +recommended as vulnerary medicines, and in all cases where mild +astringents or corroborants are proper. + + + +296. ALCHEMILLA vulgaris. LADY'S MANTLE. The Leaves.--These discover to +the taste a moderate astringency, and were formerly much esteemed in +some female weaknesses, and in fluxes of the belly. They are now rarely +made use of; though both the fresh leaves and roots might doubtless be +of service in cases where mild astringents are required. + + + +297. AMMI majus. BISHOPS-WEED. The Seeds.--The seeds of common +bishops-weed are large and pale-coloured: their smell and taste are +weak, and without any thing of the origanum flavour of the true ammi, +which does not grow in this country. They are ranked among the four +lesser hot seeds, but are scarcely otherwise made use of than as an +ingredient in the theriaca.--Lewis's Mat. Med. + + + +298. AMYGDALUS Persica. ALMONDS. Flowers.--They have a cathartic effect, +and especially to children have been successfully given in the character +of a vermifuge for this purpose; an infusion of a dram of the flowers +dried, or half an ounce in their recent state, is the requisite dose. +The expressed oil of almonds has been for a long time, and is at +present, in use for many purposes in medicine. The concentrated acid of +the bitter almond is a most dangerous poison to man and all other +animals. + + + +299. ANAGALLIS arvensis. PIMPERNEL. The Leaves.--Many extraordinary +virtues have been attributed to them. Geoffroy esteems them cephalic, +sudorific, vulnerary, anti-maniacal, anti-epileptic, and alexiteral. + + + +300. ANCHUSA angustifolia. BUGLOSS. The Roots, Leaves, and Flowers.-- +Bugloss has a slimy sweetish taste, accompanied with a kind of coolness: +the roots are the most glutinous, and the flowers the least so. These +qualities point out its use in hot bilious or inflammatory distempers, +and a thin acrimonious state of the fluids. The flowers are one of the +four called cordial flowers: the only quality they have that can entitle +them to this appellation, is, that they moderately cool and soften, +without offending the palate or stomach; and thus in warm climates, or +in hot diseases, may in some measure refresh the patient. + + + +301. ANEMONE Hepatica. HEPATICA. The Leaves.--It is a cooling gently +restringent herb; and hence recommended in a lax state of the fibres as +a corroborant. + + + +302. ANTIRRHINIUM Elatine. FLUELLIN. The Root, Bark, and Leaves.--They +were formerly accounted excellent vulneraries, and of great use for +cleansing and healing old ulcers and cancerous sores: some have +recommended them internally in leprous and scrophulous disorders; as +also in hydropic cases. + + + +303. ANTIRRHINIUM Linaria. TOAD FLAX. The Flowers.--An infusion of them +is said to be very efficacious in cutaneous disorders; and Hammerin +gives an instance in which these flowers, with those of verbascum, used +as tea, cured an exanthematous disorder, which had resisted various +other remedies tried during the course of three years.--Woodville's Med. +Bot. p. 372. + + + +304. AQUILEGIA vulgaris. COLUMBINE. The Leaves, Flowers, and Seeds.--It +has been looked upon as aperient; and was formerly in great esteem among +the common people for throwing out the small-pox and measles. A +distilled water, medicated vinegar, and conserve, were prepared from the +flowers; but they have long given place to medicines of greater +efficacy. + + + +305. ARISTOLOCHIA longa. LONG BIRTHWORT. The Roots.--This is a tuberous +root, sometimes about the size of the finger, sometimes as thick as a +man's arm: great virtues used to be ascribed to this plant as a specific +in most uterine obstructions and gout: the outside is of a brownish +colour; the inside yellowish. + + + +306. ARTEMISIA vulgaris. MUGWORT. The leaves.--These have a light +aromatic smell, and an herbaceous bitterish taste. They are principally +celebrated as uterine and anti-hysteric: an infusion of them is +sometimes drunk, either alone or in conjunction with other substances, +in suppressions of immoderate fluxes. This medicine is certainly a very +mild one, and considerably less hot than most others to which these +virtues are attributed. + + + +307. ASCLEPIAS Vincetoxium. SWALLOW WORT. The Root.--This root is +esteemed sudorific, diuretic, and emmenagogue, and frequently employed +by the French and German physicians as an alexipharmic, sometimes as a +succedaneum to contrayerva; whence it has received the name of +Contrayerva Germanorum. Among us it is rarely made use of. + + + +308. ASPERULA odorata. SWEET WOODROOF. The Flowers.--It has an +exceedingly pleasant smell, which is improved by moderate exsiccation; +the taste is sub-saline, and somewhat austere. It imparts its flavour to +vinous liquors. Asperula is supposed to attenuate viscid humours, and +strengthen the tone of the bowels: it was recommended in obstructions of +the liver and biliary ducts, and by some in epilepsies and palsies: +modern practice has nevertheless rejected it. + + + +309. ASPLENIUM Ceterach. SPLEENWORT.--It is recommended as a pectoral, +and for promoting urine in nephritic cases. The virtue which it has been +most celebrated for, is that which it has the least title to, i. e. +diminish the spleen. + + + +310. ASPLENIUM Scolophendrium. HARTS-TONGUE. The Leaves.--These have a +roughish, somewhat mucilaginous taste. They are recommended in +obstructions of the viscera, and for strengthening their tone; and have +sometimes been made use of for these intentions, either alone, or in +conjunction with maiden-hair, or the other plants of similar properties. + + + +311. ATROPA Mandragora. MANDRAKE. The Leaves.--The qualities of this +plant are very doubtful: it has a strong disagreeable smell resembling +that of the narcotic herbs, to which class it is usually referred. It +has rarely been any otherwise made use of in medicine, than as an +ingredient in one of the old officinal unguents. Both that composition +and the plant itself are rejected from our Pharmacopoeias. + + + +312. BALLOTA nigra. BASE HOREHOUND. The Leaves.--These are doubtless an +useful aperient and deobstruent; promote the fluid secretions in +general, and liberally taken loosen the belly. They are an ingredient +only in the theriaca. + + + +313. BELLIS perennis. DAISIES. The Leaves.--They have a subtile subacrid +taste, and are recommended as vulneraries, and in asthmas and hectic +fevers, and such disorders as are occasioned by drinking cold liquors +when the body has been much heated. + + + +214. BERBERIS vulgaris. BERBERRY. The Bark and Fruit.--The outward bark +of the branches and the leaves have an astringent acid taste; the inner +yellow bark, a bitter one: this last is said to be serviceable in the +jaundice; and by some, to be an useful purgative. + +The berries, which to the taste are gratefully acid, and moderately +restringent, have been given with good success in bilious fluxes, and +diseases proceeding from heat, acrimony, or thinness of the juices. + + + +315. BETONICA officinalis. WOOD BETONY. The Leaves.--These and the +flowers have an herbaceous, roughish, somewhat bitterish taste, +accompanied with a very weak aromatic flavour. This herb has long been a +favourite among writers on the Materia Medica, who have not been wanting +to attribute to it abundance of good qualities. Experience does not +discover any other virtue in betony than that of a mild corroborant: as +such, an infusion or light decoction of it may be drunk as tea, or a +saturated tincture in rectified spirit given in suitable doses, in +laxity and debility of the viscera, and disorders proceeding from +thence. + + + +316. BETULA alba. BIRCH TREE. The bark and Sap.--Upon deeply wounding or +boring the trunk of the tree in the beginning of spring, a sweetish +juice issues forth, sometimes, as is said, in so large quantity, as to +equal in weigth to the whole tree and root: one branch will bleed a +gallon or more a day. This juice is chiefly recommended in scorbutic +disorders, and other foulnesses of the blood: its most sensible effect +is to promote the urinary discharge. + + + +317. BORAGO officinalis. BORAGE. The Flowers.--An exhilarating virtue +has been attributed to the flowers of borage, which are hence ranked +among the so called cordial flowers: but they appear to have very little +claim to any virtue of this kind, and seem to be altogether +insignificant. + + + +318. BRYONIA alba. WHITE BRYONY. The Roots.--This is a strong irritating +cathartic; and as such has sometimes been successfully exhibited in +maniacal cases, in some kinds of dropsies, and in several chronical +disorders, where a quick solution of viscid juices, and a sudden +stimulus on the solids, were required. + + + +319. CALENDULA officinalis. MARIGOLD. The Flowers.--These are supposed +to be aperient and attenuating; as also cardiac, alexipharmic, and +sudorific: they are principally celebrated in uterine obstructions, the +jaundice, and for throwing out the small-pox. Their sensible qualities +give little foundation for these virtues: they have scarcely any taste, +and no considerable smell. The leaves of the plant discover a viscid +sweetishness, accompanied with a more durable saponaceous pungency and +warmth: these seem capable of answering some useful purposes, as a +stimulating, aperient, antiscorbutic medicine. + + + +320. CANNABIS sativa. HEMP. The Seeds.--These have some smell of the +herb; their taste is unctuous and sweetish; on expression they yield a +considerable quantity of insipid oil: hence they are recommended (boiled +in milk, or triturated with water into an emulsion) against coughs, heat +of urine, and the like. They are also said to be useful in incontinence +of urine; but experience does not warrant their having any virtues of +this kind. + + + +321. CARTHAMUS tinctorius. SAFFLOWER. The Seeds.--These have been +celebrated as a cathartic: they operate very slowly, and for the most +part disorder the bowels, especially when given in substance; triturated +with aromatic distilled waters, they form an emulsion less offensive, +yet inferior in efficacy to more common purgatives. + + + +322. CENTAUREA Cyanus. BLUE-BOTTLE. The Flowers.--As to their virtues, +notwithstanding the present practice expects not any from them, they +have been formerly celebrated against the bites of poisonous animals, +contagious diseases, palpitations of the heart, and many other +distempers. + + + +323. CENTAUREA rhapontica. GREATER CENTAURY. The Root.--It has a rough +somewhat acrid taste, and abounds with a red viscid juice; its rough +taste has gained it some esteem as an astringent; its acrimony as an +aperient; and its glutinous quality as a vulnerary: the present practice +takes little notice of it in any intention. + + + +324. CHELIDONIUM majus. GREAT CELANDINE. The Leaves and Juice.--This is +an excellent medicine in the jaundice; it is also good against all +obstructions of the viscera, and, if continued a time, will do great +service against the scurvy. The juice also is used successfully for sore +eyes, removing warts, &c. It should be used fresh, for it loses the +greatest part of its virtue in drying. + + + +325. CHENOPODIUM olidum. STINKING GOOSEFOOT. The Leaves.--Its smell has +gained it the character of an excellent anti-hysteric; and this is the +only use it is applied to. Tournefort recommends a spiritous tincture, +others a decoction in water, and others a conserve of the leaves, as of +wonderful efficacy in uterine disorders. + + + +326. CHRYSANTHEMUM Leucanthemum. OX-EYE DAISY. The Leaves.--Geoffroy +relates that the herb, gathered before the flowers have come forth, and +boiled in water, imparts an acrid taste, penetrating and subtile like +pepper; and that this decoction is an excellent vulnerary and diuretic. + + + +327. CISTUS ladanifetus. GUM CISTUS.--The gum labdanum is procured from +this shrub, and is its only produce used in medicine. This is an +exudation from the leaves and twigs in the manner of manna, more than of +any thing else. They get it off by drawing a parcel of leather thongs +over the shrubs. It is not much used, but it is a good cephalic.--Hill's +Herbal, p. 72. + + + +328. CLEMATIS recta. UPRIGHT VIRGIN'S BOWER.--The whole plant is +extremely acrid. It was useful for Dr. Stoerck to employ the leaves and +flowers in ulcers and cancers, as well as an extract prepared from the +former; yet the preparation which he chiefly recommended was an infusion +of two or three drams of the leaves in a pint of boiling water, of which +he gave four ounces three times a-day, while the powdered leaves were +applied as an escharotic to the ulcers.--Wood-ville's Med. Bot. p. 481. + + + +329. COCHLEARIA Coronopus. SWINES-CRESS.--This is an excellent diuretic, +safe and yet very powerful. The juice may be taken; and it is good for +the jaundice, and against all inward obstructions, and against the +scurvy: the leaves may also be eaten as sallet, or dried and given in +decoction.--Hill's Hebal, p. 105. + + + +330. CONVALLARIA Polygonatum. SOLOMON'S SEAL. The Root.--The root has +several joints, with some flat circular depressions, supposed to +resemble the stamp of a seal. It has a sweetish mucilaginous taste. As +to its virtues, practitioners do not now expect any considerable ones +from it, and pay very little regard to the vulnerary qualities which it +was formerly celebrated for. It is used by pugilists to remove the black +appearance occasioned from extravasated blood, and for curing bruises on +the face, particularly black-eyes obtained by boxing. + + + +331. CONVALLARIA majalis. MAY LILY. The Roots and Flowers.--The roots of +this abound with a soft mucilage, and hence they have been used +externally in emollient and maturating cataplasms: they were an +ingredient in the suppurating cataplasm of the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia. +Those of the wild plant are very bitter: dried, they are said to prove a +gentle errhine; as also are the flowers. + + + +332. CONVOLVULUS sepium. BIND-WEED.--The poor people use the root of +this plant fresh gathered and boiled in ale as a cathartic; and it is +found generally to answer that purpose. It would, however, nauseate a +delicate stomach; but for people of strong constitutions there is not a +better medicine. + + + +333. CUSCUTA europaea. DODDER. The whole plant gathered green is to be +boiled in water with a little ginger and allspice, and this decoction +operates as a cathartic; it also opens obstructions of the liver, and is +good in the jaundice and many other disorders arising from the like +cause.--Hill's Herbal. + + + +334. CYNOGLOSSUM officinale. HOUNDS-TONGUE. The Root.--The virtues of +this root are very doubtful: it is generally supposed to be narcotic, +and by some to be virulently so: others declare that it has no virtue of +this kind, and look upon it as a mere glutinous astringent. + + + +335. CYPERUS longus. LONG CYPERUS. The Root.--This is long, slender, +crooked, and full of knots: outwardly of a dark-brown or blackish +colour, inwardly whitish; of an aromatic smell, and an agreeable warm +taste: both the taste and smell are improved by moderate exsiccation. +Cyperus is accounted a good stomachic and carminative, but is at present +very little regarded. + + + +336. DICTAMNUS albus. WHITE or BASTARD DITTANY. The Root.--The cortical +part of the root, dried and rolled up into quills, is sometimes brought +to us. This is of a white colour, a weak, not very agreeable smell; and +a durable bitter, lightly pungent taste. It is recommended as an +alexipharmic. + + + +337. EQUISETUM palustre. HORSE-TAIL. The Herb.--It is said to be a very +strong astringent: it has indeed a manifest astringency, but in a very +low degree. + + + +338. ERYSIMUM officinale.--It is said to be attenuant, expectorant, and +diuretic; and has been strongly recommended in chronical coughs and +hoarseness. Rondeletius informs us that the last-mentioned complaint, +occasioned by loud speaking, was cured by this plant in three days. +Other testimonies of its good effects in this disorder are recorded by +writers on the Materia Medica, of whom we may mention Dr. Cullen; who +for this purpose recommends the juice of the Erysimum to be mixed with +an euqal quantity of honey and sugar; in this way also it is said to be +an useful remedy in ulcerations of the mouth and throat.--Woodville's +Med. Bot. p. 407. + + + +339. ERYSIMUM Alliaria. SAUCE ALONE.--The leaves of this plant are very +acrimonious, and have a strong flavour of onions. It is considered as a +powerful diaphoretic, diuretic, and antiscorbutic.--Woodville's Med. +Bot. + + + +340. EUPATORIUM cannabinum. HEMP AGRIMONY, &c. Leaves.--They are greatly +recommended for strengthening the tone of the viscera, and as an +aperient; and said to have excellent effects in the dropsy, jaundice, +cachexies, and scorbutic disorders. Boerhaave informs us, that this is +the common medicine of the turf-diggers in Holland, against scurvies, +foul ulcers, and swellings in the feet, which they are subject to. The +roof of this plant is said to operate as a strong cathartic. + + + +341. EUPHORBIA Esula. SPURGE FLAX. Its Berries.--These are useful in +removing warts and excrescences, if bruised and laid thereon. They are +so acrid in their nature as to be altogether unfit for internal use. + + + +342. EUPHRASIA officinalis. EYEBRIGHT. Leaves.--It was formerly +celebrated as an ophtalmic, both taken internally and applied +externally. Hildanus says he has known old men of seventy, who had lost +their sight, recover it again by the use of this herb. + + + +343. FRAGARIA vesca. THE STRAWBERRY. The Leaves and Fruit.--They are +somewhat styptic, and bitterish; and hence my be of some service in +debility and laxity of the viscera, and immoderate secretions, or a +suppression of the natural evacuations depending thereon: they are +recommended in haemorrhages and fluxes; and likewise as aperients, in +suppressions of urine, obstructions of the viscera, in the jaundice, &c. +The fruit is in general very grateful both to the palate and stomach: +like other fruits of the dulco-acid kind, they abate heat, quench +thirst, loosen the belly, and promote urine. + + + +344. FUMARIA officinalis. FUMITORY. The Leaves.--The medical effects of +this herb are, to strengthen the tone of the bowels, gently loosen the +belly, and promote the urinary and other natural secretions. It is +principally recommended in melancholic, scorbutic, and cutaneous +disorders; for opening obstructions of the viscera, attenuating and +promoting the evacuations of viscid juices. + + + +345. GALEGA officinalis. GOAT'S RUE. The Herb.--This is celebrated as an +alexipharmic; but its sensible qualities discover no foundation for any +virtues of this kind: the taste is merely leguminous; and in Italy +(where it grows wild) it is said to be used as food. + + + +346. GALIUM Aparine. GOOSEGRASS, OR CLEAVERS. The Leaves.--It is +recommended as an aperient, and in chronic eruptions; but practice has +little regard to it. + + + +347. GALIUM verum. LADIES BEDSTRAW, OR CHEESE-RENNET. The Herb.--This +herb has a subacid taste, with a very faint, not disagreeable smell: the +juice changes blue vegetable infusions to a red colour, and coagulates +milk, thus exhibiting marks of acidity. It stands recommended as a mild +styptic, and in epilepsy; but has never been much in use. + + + +348. GERANIUM robertianum. HERB ROBERT. The leaves.--They have an +austere taste, and have hence been recommended as astringent: but they +have long been disregarded in practice. + + + +349. GLECHOMA hederacea. GROUND-IVY. The Leaves.--This herb is an useful +corroborant, aperient, and detergent; and hence stands recommended +against laxity, debility, and obstructions of the viscera: some have had +a great opinion of it for cleansing and healing ulcers of the internal +parts, even of the lungs; and for purifying the blood. It is customary +to infuse the dried leaves in malt liquors, to which it readily imparts +its virtues; a practice not to be commended, unless it is for the +purpose of medicine. + + + +350. HEDERA helix. IVY. The Leaves and Berries.--The leaves have very +rarely been given internally; notwithstanding they are recommended (in +the Ephem. natur. curios. vol. ii. obs. 120.) against the atrophy of +children; their taste is nauseous, acrid, and bitter. Externally they +have sometimes been employed for drying and healing ichorous sores, and +likewise for keeping issues open. The berries were supposed by the +ancients to have a purgative and emetic quality; later writers have +recommended them in small doses, as diaphoretics and alexipharmics; and +Mr. Boyle tells us, that in the London plague the powder of them was +given with vinegar, with good success, as a sudorific. It is probable +the virtue of the composition was rather owing to the vinegar than to +the powder. + + + +351. HERNIARIA glabra. RUPTUREWORT. The Leaves.--It is a very mild +restringent, and may, in some degree, be serviceable in disorders +proceeding from a weak flaccid state of the viscera: the virtue which it +has been most celebrated for, it has little title to, that of curing +hernias. + + + +352. HYPERICUM perforatum. ST. JOHN'S WORT. The Leaves and Flowers.--Its +taste is rough and bitterish; the smell disagreeable. Hypericum has long +been celebrated as a corroborant, diuretic, and vulnerary; but more +particularly in hysterical and maniacal disorders: it has been reckoned +of such efficacy in these last, as to have thence received the name of +fuga daemonum. + + + +353. JASMINUM officinale. JASMINE. The Flowers.--The flowers have a +strong smell, which is liked by most people, though to some +disagreeable: expressed oils extract their fragrance by infusion; and +water elevates somewhat of it in distillation, but scarcely any +essential oil can be obtained from them: the distilled water, kept for a +little time, loses its odour. + + + +354. IRIS Pseudoacorus. FLOWER-DE-LUCE. The Root.--The roots, when +recent, have a bitter, acrid, nauseous taste, and taken into the stomach +prove strongly cathartic; and hence the juice is recommended in +dropsies, in the dose of three or four scruples. By drying they lose +this quality, yet still retain a somewhat pungent, bitterish taste: +their smell in this state is of the aromatic kind. + + + +355. IRIS florentina. FLORENTINE IRIS, OR ORRIS-ROOT.--The roots grown +in this country have neither the odour nor the other qualities that +those possess which are grown in warmer climates: so that, for the +purposes of medicine, they are usually imported from Leghorn. + +The root in its recent state is extremely acrid, and, when chewed, +excites a pungent heat in the mouth which continues several hours; but +on being dried, this acrimony is almost wholly dissipated, the taste +becomes slightly bitter, and the smell approaching to that of violets. +It is now chiefly used in its dried state, and ranked as a pectoral or +expectorant. The principal use of the roots is, however, for the +purposes of perfumery, for which it is in considerable demand. + + + +356. LACTUCA sativa. GARDEN LETTUCE. The Leaves and Seeds.--It smells +strongly of opium, and resembles it in its effects; and its narcotic +power, like that of the poppy heads, resides in its milky juice. An +extract from the expressed juice is recommended in small doses in +dropsy. In those diseases of long standing proceeding from visceral +obstructions, it has been given to the extent of half an ounce a-day. It +is said to agree with the stomach, to quench thirst, to be greatly +laxative, powerfully diuretic, and somewhat diaphoretic. + + + +357. LAMIUM album. WHITE ARCHANGEL, OR DEAD NETTLE. The Flowers.--The +flowers have been particularly celebrated in female weaknesses, as also +in disorders of the lungs; but they appear to be of very weak powers. + + + +358. LAVENDULA Stoechas. ARABIAN STOECHAS, OR FRENCH LAVEN-DER. The +Flowers.--They have a very fragrant smell, and a warm, aromatic, +bitterish, subacrid taste: distilled with water, they yield a +considerable quantity of a fragrant essential oil; to rectified spirit +it imparts a strong tincture, which inspissated proves an elegant +aromatic extract, but is seldom used in medicine. + + + +359. LEONURUS Cardiaca. MOTHERWORT. The Leaves.--These have a bitter +taste, and a pretty strong smell: they are supposed to be useful in +hysteric disorders, to strengthen the stomach, to promote urine; and +indeed it may be judged from their smell and taste, that their medical +virtues are considerable, though they are now rejected both from the +London and Edinburgh Pharmacopoeias. + + + +360. LILIUM candidum. WHITE LILY. The Roots.--These are used in +poultices. The good housewife doctors cut the roots in slices and steep +them in brandy; and they are said to be an excellent remedy for all +bruises and green wounds: for which purposes it is applied by them with +considerable effect. + + + +361. LITHOSPERMUM officinale. GROMWELL. The Seeds.--These are roundish, +hard, and of a whitish colour, like little pearls. Powdered, they have +been supposed peculiarly serviceable in calculous disorders. Their taste +is merely farinaceous. + + + +362. LYSIMACHIA Nummularia. MONEYWORT, OR HERB TWOPENCE. The Leaves.-- +Their taste is subastringent, and very slightly acid: hence they stand +recommended by Boerhaave in the hot scurvy, and in uterine and other +haemorrhagies. But their effects are so inconsiderable, that common +practice takes no notice of them. + + + +363. MALVA alcea. VERVAIN-MALLOW. The Leaves.--Alcea agrees in quality +with the Althaea and Malva vulgaris; but appears to be less mucilaginous +than either. + + + +364. MATRICARIA Parthenium. COMMON WILD FEVERFEW. The Leaves and +Flowers.--Simon Pauli relates, that he has experienced most happy +effects from it in obstructions of the uterine evacuations. I have often +seen, says he, from the use of a decoction of Matricaria and chamomile +flowers with a little mugwort, hysteric complaints instantly relieved, +and the patient from a lethargic state, returned as it were into life +again. Matricaria is likewise recommended in sundry other disorders, as +a warm stimulating bitter: all that bitters and carminatives can do, +says Geoffroy, may be expected from this. It is undoubtedly a medicine +of some use in these cases, though not perhaps equal to chamomile +flowers alone, with which the Matricaria agrees in sensible qualities, +except in being weaker. + + + +365. NEPETA Calamintha. FIELD CALAMINT. The Leaves.--This is a low +plant, growing wild about hedges and highways, and in dry sandy soils. +The leaves have a quick warm taste, and smell strongly of pennyroyal: as +medicines, they differ little otherwise from spearmint, than in being +somewhat hotter, and of a less pleasant odour; which last circumstance +has procured calamint the preference in hysteric cases. + + + +366. NEPETA cataria. NEP, OR CATMINT. The Leaves.--This is a moderately +aromatic plant, of a strong smell, not ill resembling a mixture of mint +and pennyroyal; it is also recommended in hysteric cases. + + + +367. NIGELLA romana. FENNEL-FLOWER. The Seeds.--They have a strong, not +unpleasant smell; and a subacrid, somewhat unctuous disagreeable taste. +They stand recommended as aperient, diuretic, &c. but being suspected to +have noxious qualities should be used with caution. + + + +368. NYMPHAEA alba. WHITE WATER-LILY. The Root and Flowers.--These have a +rough, bitterish, glutinous taste, (the flowers are the least rough,) +and when fresh a disagreeable smell, which is in great measure lost by +drying: they are recommended in alvine fluxes, gleets, and the like. The +roots are supposed by some to be in an eminent degree narcotic. + + + +369. OCYMUM Basilicum. BASIL. The Leaves.--These have a soft, somewhat +warm taste; and when rubbed, a strong unpleasant smell, which by +moderate drying becomes more agreeable. They are said to attenuate +viscid phlegm, promote expectoration, and the uterine secretions. + + + +370. OPHIOGLOSSUM vulgatum. ADDERS-TONGUE. The Leaf.--An ointment is +made of the fresh leaves, and it is a good application to green wounds. +It is a very antient application, although now discarded from the +apothecary's shop. + + + +371. PAEONIA corolloides. MALE PEONY. The Seeds.--These are strong, and +worn round the neck to assist detention, and are probably as good as +other celebrated anodyne beads which have been so long recommended for +the same purpose. + + + +372. PHELLANDRIUM aquaticum. WATER HEMLOCK.--The seeds of this plant, +according to Dr. Lange, when taken in large doses, produce a remarkable +sensation of weight in the head, accompanied with giddiness, +intoxication, &c. It may probably prove, however, an active medicine, +especially in wounds and inveterate ulcers of different kinds, and even +in cancers; also in phthisis pulmonalis, asthma, dyspepsia, intermittent +fevers, &c. About two scruples of the seed, two or three times a-day, +was the ordinary dose given. Medicines of this kind should be used with +great caution.--Woodville's Med. Bot. p. 91, 92. + + + +373. PIMPINELLA saxifraga. BURNET SAXIFRAGE. The Root, Leaves, and +Seeds.--This root promises from its sensible qualities, to be a medicine +of considerable utility, though little regarded in common pratice. +Stahl, Hoffman, and other German physicians, are extremely fond of it, +and recommend it as an excellent stomachic, resolvent, detergent, +diuretic, diaphoretic, and alexipharmic. + + + +374. PLANTAGO major. COMMON BROAD-LEAVED PLANTAIN.--The leaves are +slightly astringent, and the seeds said to be so; and hence they stand +recommended in haemorrhages, and other cases where medicines of this kind +are proper. The leaves bruised a little, are the usual application of +the common people to slight flesh wounds. The Edinburgh College used to +direct an extract to be made from the leaves. + + + +375. POTENTILLA anserina. SILVERWEED. The Leaves.--The sensible +qualities of Anserina promise no great virtue of any kind, for to the +taste it discovers only a slight roughness, from whence it was thought +to be entitled to a place among the milder corroborants. As the +astringency of Tormentil is confined chiefly to its root, it might be +thought that the same circumstance would take place in this plant; but +the root is found to have no other than a pleasant sweetish taste, like +that of parsnip, but not so strong. + + + +376. POTENTILLA reptans. CINQUEFOIL, OR FIVE-LEAVED GRASS. Root.--The +root is moderately astringent: and as such is sometimes given internally +against diarrhoeas and other fluxes; and employed in gargarisms for +strengthening the gums, &c. The cortical part of the root may be taken, +in substance, to the quantity of a dram: the internal part is +considerably weaker, and requires to be given in double the dose to +produce the same effect. It is scarcely otherwise made use of than as an +ingredient in Venice treacle.--Lewis's Mat. Med. + + + +377. POPULUS niger. THE BLACK POPLAR. Its Buds.--The young buds or +rudiments of the leaves, which appear in the beginning of spring, abound +with a yellow, unctuous odorous juice. They have hitherto been employed +chiefly in an ointment, which received its name from them; though they +are certainly capable of being applied to other purposes: a tincture of +them made in rectified spirit, yields upon being isnpissated, a fragrant +resin superior to many of those brought from abroad. + + + +378. PRIMULA officinalis. COWSLIP. The Flowers.--The flowers appear in +April; they have a pleasant sweet smell, and a subacrid, bitterish, +subastringent taste. An infusion of them, used as tea, is recommended as +a mild corroborant in nervous complaints. A strong infusion of them, +with a proper quantity of sugar, forms an agreeable syrup, which for a +long time maintained a place in the shops. By boiling, even for a little +time, their fine flavour is destroyed. A wine is also made of the +flowers, which is given as an opiate. + + + +379. PRUNELLA vulgaris. SELFHEAL. The Leaves.--It has an herbaceous +roughish taste, and hence stands recommended in haemorrhages and alvine +fluxes. It has been principally celebrated as a vulnerary, whence its +name; and in gargarisms for aphthae and inflammations of the fauces. + + + +380. PULMONARIA officinalis. SPOTTED LUNGWORT. The Leaves.--They stand +recommended against ulcers of the lungs, phthisis, and other like +disorders.--Lewis's Mat. Med. + + + +381. RANUNCULUS Ficaria. PILEWORT. The Leaves and Root.--The roots +consist of slender fibres, with some little tubercles among them. These, +with the leaves, are considered of considerable eficacy in the cure of +haemorrhoids; for which purpose, considerable quantities are sold at +herb-shops in London. + + + +382. RANUNCULUS Flammula. SMALL SPEARWORT.--It has been lately +discovered that this plant possesses very active powers as an emetic, +and it is supposed to be useful in some cases of vegetable poisons. + + + +383. RHAMNUS Frangula. THE BLACK OR BERRY-BEARING ALDER. Its Bark.--The +internal bark of the trunk or root of the tree, given to the quantity of +a dram, purges violently, occasioning gripes, nausea, and vomiting. +These may be in good measure prevented by the addition of aromatics; but +we have plenty of safer and less precarious purgatives. + + + +384. RHUS coriaria. ELM-LEAVED SUMACH.--Both the leaves and berries have +been employed in medicine; but the former are more astringent and tonic, +and have been long in common use, though at present discarded from the +Pharmacopoeias. + + + +385. RIBES nigrum.--The juice of black currants boiled up with sugar to +a jelly, is an excellent remedy against sore throats. + + + +386. RUMEX Hydrolapathum. THE GREAT WATER DOCK.--The leaves of the docks +gently loosen the belly, and have sometimes been made ingredients in +decoctions for removing a costive habit. The roots, in conjunction with +other medicines, are celebrated for the cure of scorbutic and cutaneous +disorders, for which the following receipt is given by Lewis. + +Six ounces of the roots of the water dock, with two of saffron; and of +mace, cinnamon, gentian root, liquorice root, and black pepper, each +three ounces, (or, where the pepper is improper, six ounces of +liquorice,) are to be reduced into coarse powder, and put into a mixture +of two gallons of wine, with half a gallon of strong vinegar, and the +yolks of three egs; and the whole digested, with a moderate warmth, for +three days, in a glazed vessel close stopped: from three to six ounces +of this liquor are to be taken every morning on an empty stomach, for +fourteen or twenty days, or longer. + + + +387. SALVIA Sclarea. GARDEN CLARY. The Leaves and Seeds.--These have a +warm, bitterish, pungent taste; and a strong, not very agreeable smell: +the touch discovers in the leaves a large quantity of glutinous or +resinous matter. They are principally recommended in female weaknesses, +in hysteric disorders, and in flatulent colics. + + + +388. SAMBUCUS Ebulus. DWARF ELDER, OR DANEWORT. The Root, Bark, and +Leaves.--These have a nauseous, sharp, bitter taste, and a kind of acrid +ungrateful smell: they are all strong cathartics, and as such are +recommended in dropsies, and other cases where medicines of that kind +are indicated. The bark of the root is said to be strongest: the leaves +the weakest. But they are all too churlish medicines for general use: +they sometimes evacuate violently upwards, almost always nauseate the +stomach, and occasion great uneasiness of the bowels. By boiling they +become (like the other drastics) milder, and more safe in operation. +Fernelius relates, that by long coction they entirely lose their +purgative virtue. The berries of this plant are likewise purgative, but +less virulent than the other parts. A rob prepared from them may be +given to the quantity of an ounce, as a cathartic; and in smaller ones +as an aperient and deobstruent in chronic disorders: in this last +intention, it is said by Haller to be frequently used in Switzerland, in +the dose of a dram. + + + +389. SANICULA officinalis. SANICLE. The Leaves.--These have an +herbaceous, roughish taste: they have long been celebrated for sanative +virtues, both internally and externally; nevertheless their effects, in +any intention, are not considerable enough to gain them a place in the +present practice. + + + +390. SAPONARIA officinalis. SOAPWORT. The Herb and Root.--The roots +taste sweetish and somewhat pungent; and have a light smell like those +of liquorice: digested in rectified spirit they yield a strong tincture, +which loses nothing of its taste or flavour in being inspissated to the +consistence of an extract. This elegant root has not come much into +practice among us, though it promises, from its sensible qualities, to +be a medicine of considerable utility: it is greatly esteemed by the +German physicians as an aperient, corroborant, and sudorific; and +preferred by the College of Wirtemberg, by Stahl, Neumann, and others, +to sarsaparilla. + + + +391. SAXIFRAGA granulata.--Linnaeus describes the taste of this plant to +be acrid and pungent, which we have not been able to discover. Neither +the tubercles of this root, nor the leaves, manifest to the organs of +taste any quality likely to be of medicinal use; and therefore, though +this species of Saxifraga has been long employed as a popular remedy in +nephritic and gravelly disorders, yet we do not find, either from its +sensible qualities or from any published instances of its efficacy, that +it deserves a place in the Materia Medica.--Woodville's Med. Bot. p. +551. + + + +392. SCABIOSA succisa. DEVIL'S BIT. The Leaves and Roots.--These stand +recommended as alexipharmics, but they have long given place to +medicines of greater efficacy. + + + +393. SCANDIX Cerefolium. Chervil. The Leaves.--Geoffroy assures us, that +he has found it from experience to be of excellent service in dropsies: +that in this disorder it promotes the discharge of urine when +suppressed, renders it clear when feculent and turbid, and when high and +fiery of a paler colour; that it acts midly without irritation, and +tends rather to allay than excite inflammation. He goes so far as to +say, that dropsies which do not yield to this medicine are scarce +capable of being cured by any other. He directs the juice to be given in +the dose of three or four ounces every fourth hour, and continued for +some time, either alone, or in conjunction with nitre and syrup. + + + +394. SEDUM Telephium. ORPINE. The Leaves.--This is a very thick-leaved +juicy plant, not unlike the houseleeks. It has a mucilaginous roughish +taste, and hence is recommended as emollient and astringent, but has +never been much regarded in practice. + + + +395. SEMPERVIVUM tectorum. GREATER HOUSE-LEEK. The Leaves.--These are +principally applied in cases of erysipelatous and other hot eruptions of +the skin, in which they are of immediate service in allaying the pain +arising therefrom: great quantities are cultivated in Surrey, and +brought to the London markets. It is remarkable of this plant, that its +juice, when purified by filtration, appears of a dilute yellowish colour +upon the admixture of an equal quantity of rectified spirit of wine; but +forms a beautiful white, light coagulum, like the finer kinds of +pomatum: this proves extremely volatile; for when freed from the aqueous +phlegm, and exposed to the air, it altogether exhales in a very little +time. + + + +396. SENECIO Jacobaea. RAGWORT. The Leaves.--Their taste is roughish, +bitter, pungent, and extremely unpleasant: they stand strongly +recommended by Simon Pauli against dysenteries; but their forbidding +taste has prevented its coming into practice. + + + +397. SOLANUM nigrum. COMMON NIGHTSHADE. The Leaves and Berries.--In the +year 1757, Mr. Gataker, surgeon to the Westminster Hospital, called the +attention of the Faculty to this plant, by a publication recommending +its internal use in old sores, srophulous and cancerous ulcers, +cutaneous eruptions, and even dropsies; all of which were much relieved +or completely cured of it. + + + +398. SPIRAEA Ulmaria. MEADOW-SWEET. The Leaves and Flowers.--The flowers +have a very pleasant flavour, which water extracts from them by +infusion, and elevates in distillation. + + + +399. SPIRAEA Filipendula. DROPWORT. The Root.--The root consists of a +number of tubercles, fastened together by slender strings; its taste is +rough and bitterish, with a slight degree of pungency. These qualities +point out its use in a flaccid state of the vessels, and a sluggishness +of the juices: the natural evacuations are in some measure restrained or +promoted by it, where the excess or deficiency proceeds from this cause. +Hence some have recommended it as an astringent in dysenteries, a +diuretic, and others as an aperient and deobstruent in scrophulous +habits. + + + +400. SYMPHYTUM officinale. COMFREY. The Root.--The roots are very large, +black on the outside, white within, full of a viscid glutinous juice, of +no particular taste. They agree in quality with the roots of Althaea; +with this difference, that the mucilage of it is somewhat +stronger-bodied. Many ridiculous histories of the consolidating virtues +of this plant are related by authors. + + + +401. TAMUS communis. BLACK BRYONY.--The root is one of the best +diuretics known in medicine. It is an excellent remedy in the gravel and +all obstructions of urine, and other disorders of the like nature. + + + +402. TANACETUM vulgare. TANSY. The Leaves.--These have a bitterish warm +aromatic taste; and a very pleasant smell, approaching to that of mint +or a mixture of mint and maudlin. Water elevates their flavour in +distillation; and rectified spirit extracts it by infusion. They have +been recommended in hysteric cases. + + + +403. TEUCRIUM Chamaepitys. GROUND PINE. The Leaves.--These are +recommended as aperient and vulnerary, as also in gouty and rheumatic +pains. + + + +404. THYMUS vulgaris. THYME. The Leaves and Flowers.--A tea made of the +fresh tops of thyme is good in asthmas and diseases of the lungs. It is +recommended against nervous complaints; but for this purpose the wild +thyme is preferable. There is an oil made from thyme that cures the +tooth-ache, a drop or two of it being put upon lint and applied to the +tooth; this is commonly called oil of origanum. + + + +405. TRIGONELLA Foenum-graecum. FOENUGREEK. The Seeds.--They are of a +yellow colour, a rhomboidal figure; have a disagreeable strong smell, +and a mucilaginous taste. Their principal use is in cataplasms, +fomentations, and the like, and in emollient glysters. + + + +406. VERBASCUM Thapsus. MULLEIN. The Leaves and Flowers.--Their taste +discovers a glutinous quality; and hence they stand recommended as an +emollient, and is in some places held in great esteem in consumptions. +The flowers of mullein have an agreeable, honeylike sweetness: an +extract prepared from them by rectified spirit of wine tastes extremely +pleasant. + + + +407. VERBENA officinalis. COMMON WILD VERVAIN. The Leaves and Root.-- +This is one of the medicines which we owe to the superstition of former +ages; the virtue it has been celebrated for is as an amulet, on which a +pamphlet was some years ago published. It was recommended to wear the +root by a ribband tied round the neck for the cure of the scrophula, and +for which purpose, even now, much of the root is sold in London. As the +age of superstition is passing by, it will be needless to say more on +the subject at present. + + + +408. VERONICA officinalis. MALE SPEEDWELL. The Leaves.--Hoffman and Joh. +Francus have written express treatises on this plant, recommending +infusions of it, drunk in the form of tea, as very salubrious in many +disorders, particularly those of the breast. + + + +* * * * * + + + +Observations on the Drying and Preserving of Herbs, &c. for Medicinal +Purposes. + + + +The student who has paid attention to the subject described in the +foregoing sections, will be struck with the admirable contrivance of +Divine Wisdom; that has caused such astringent substances as are +contained in the oak and Peruvian bark, to be produced from the same +soil, and in a similar way to those mucilaginous and laxative ones which +we find in the juice of the marsh-mallow, and the olive oil. It is not +intended in this small elementary work to enter into any investigation +of the primitive parts of the vegetable creation, or how such different +particles are secreted. It may therefore suffice, that, although the +science of vegetable physiology admits of many very beautiful and +instructing illustrations, yet they only go so far as to prove to us, +that the first and grand principle of vegetable life and existence, as +well as of the formation of all organic substances, consists in a system +of attraction and combination of the different particles of nature, as +they exist and are imbibed from the soil and the surrounding atmosphere. +Thus, during their existence, we observe a continual series of +aggregation of substance; but no sooner does the principle of life +become extinct, than the agents of decomposition are at work, dividing +and selecting each different substance, and carrying it back from whence +it came:--"From dust thou comest, and to dust thou shalt return." This, +therefore, seems to be the sum total of existence; the explanation of +which, with all its interesting ramifications, is more fully explained +by the learned professors in what is called the science of chemistry. + +As plants of all descriptions, and their several parts, form a link of +that chain by which the welfare of the universe is connected, the +industry of mankind is excited to preserve them for the different +purposes to which they are applicable, in the oeconomy of human +existence, to whose use the greater part of the animal and vegetable +creation appears to be subservient. As men, then, and rational beings, +it becomes our duty so to manage those things, when necessary, as to +counteract as much as possible the decomposition and corruption which +are natural to all organized bodies when deprived of the living +principle. + +We find that some vegetables are used fresh, but the greater part are +preserved in a dry state; in which, by proper management, they can be +kept for a considerable time afterwards, both for our own use as well as +for that of others who reside at a distance from the place of their +production. + +In the preparation of the parts of plants for medicinal purposes, we +should always have in view the extreme volatility of many of those +substances, and how necessary it therefore is, that the mode of +preparation and drying should be done as quickly as possible, in order +to counteract the effects of the air and light, which continue to +dissipate, without intermission, these particles, during the whole time +that any vegetable, either fresh or dried, is left to its influence. + +If we consider the nature of hops, which I shall take as an example, as +being prepared in this way on the largest scale, we shall find they +consist of three different principles; namely, an aroma, combined with +an agreeable bitter taste, and a yellow colour; all of which properties +are, by the consumers and dealers therein, expected to exist in the +article after drying. + +The art of drying hops, therefore, has been a subject of speculation for +many years; and although we find the kiln apparatus for preserving them +differ in many places, from the various opinions of the projectors, yet +they are all intended for the same mode of action, i. e. the producing +of a proper degree of heat, which must be regulated according to the +state of the atmosphere at the gathering season, and the consequent +quantity of the watery extract that the hops contain at the time: thus +it is usual to have two kilns of different temperatures at work at the +same time. It should, however, be observed, that the principal art of +drying hops is in doing it as quickly as possible, so as not to injure +them in their colour. As soon as they are dried, it is considered +necessary to put them up into close and thick bags. + +It should be observed, that all vegetables contain at every period of +their growth two distinct species of moiture: the one called by +naturalists the common juice, which is the ascending sap, and is replete +with watery particles: the other is termed the proper juice, which +having passed up through the leaves, and being there concocted and +deprived of the watery part, contains the principle on which various +properties and virtues of the plant depend. We therefore find that the +operations above described only go to this, that the watery particles in +the common juice should be evaporated, as being a part necessary to be +got rid of; and the proper juice being of a volatile nature, the less +time the plants are exposed for that purpose, the less of this precious +material will be lost: and as those parts are flying off continually +from all dried vegetables, there should be one general rule made with +regard to their peparation; for, if we instance mint, balm, pennyroyal, +&c., the longer these are kept in the open air, the weaker are they +found to be in their several parts. + +From hence we may naturally infer, that the usual mode in which the +generality of herbs are dried, is not so good for the purpose, as one +would be if contrived on similar principles, as, during the length of +time necessary for the purpose, a great deal of the principal parts of +the plants must of course be evaporated and lost; for little else is +regarded than to dry them so as to prevent putrefaction. Although the +generality of herbs met with are prepared as above described, yet in +such articles as Digitalis, Hyoscyamus, Conium, Toxicodendron, &c., +where the quantity necessary for a dose is so small, and so much depends +on its action, practitioners are often obliged to prepare it themselves. +I shall therefore relate the following mode as the best adapted to that +purpose. The Digitalis is prepared by collecting the leaves in the +summer, and stripping them off from the foot-stalks; these should be +then carefully exposed to a slow heat, and the watery extract slowly +thrown off; in which they should not be exposed to any great degree of +heat, which by its action will deprive them of their fine green colour. +When this is effected, the whole may be put in contact with a heat that +will enable the operator to reduce it to a fine powder. And in order to +keep it with its virtues perfect, it will be necessary to deprive it as +much as possible of the influence of air and light. Hence it is +preserved in close glass bottles which are coated, and also placed in a +dark part of the elaboratory. Now, it is necessary that all plants +intended to be used in a dried state, should be prepared and protected +in a similar manner; and although it may be considered as a superfluous +trouble, so far as regards the more common kinds, particular attention +should be paid to these, when a small quantity is a dose, and an +over-dose a certain poison. + +Other kinds of vegetables require a certain degree of fermentation, as +Tobacco. The prinicpal art of preserving it consists in this operation +being duly performed; for which purpose, as soon as the leaves of the +herb are fit, the foot-stalks are broken, and the leaves left on, in +order for the moisture in part to be evaporated. Afterwards these are +gathered and tied in handfuls, and hung up in the shade to dry; and when +sufficiently divested of moisture, the bundles are collected together +and laid in large boxes or tubs, in which these are fermented, and +afterwards taken out again and dried; when it is found fit to pack up +for the market. + +The properties of Stramonium, which has been so much recommended for +curing asthma, consist pricipally in the aroma, which is only to be +preserved in a similar manner: and I have found from experience, that if +the leaves are separated from the plant in a manner similar to that of +tobacco, and the rest of the plant, noth roots, stalks, and +seed-vessels, be slit and sufficiently dried in the sun or in an oven, +and the whole fermented together, a very different article is the +produce than what it is when dried in the usual way, and left entirely +to the chance influence of the atmosphere. + +In the common operation of hay-making it may also be observed, that the +continued turning it over and admitting its parts to the action of the +sun and the air, is for the purpose of getting rid of the watery +particles contained in it; and the quicker this is done, the better it +is. And although this operation is so essentially necessary, yet care +should be taken at the same time, that it be not made too dry, so as to +prevent a due degree of fermentation being allowed to take place in the +rick. And it may be observed that the best grasses, or other plants used +for hay, if made too dry, so as to prevent the natural fermentation +which their proper juices will excite, can never make either palatable +or nutritive food for cattle. Neither can the same be effected if the +article is used in too small quantities. It should be observed, that +herbs of all kinds should be gathered for peserving when in full bloom; +but when roots or barks are recommended, these should be collected in +the autumn months. The principles laid down for preserving dried plants +generally, will apply to these parts also. + + + +* * * * * + + + +SECTION IX.--PLANTS USED FOR CULINARY PURPOSES. + + + +"Man's first great ruling passion is to eat." + + + +In the following section I have confined myself principally to such as +are in cultivation. There are many of our indigenous plants which, in +times of scarcity, and in other cases of necessity, are used as food by +the people in the neighbourhood where they grow. But of these I shall +make a separate list. + + + +409. ARTICHOKE. Cynara Scolymus.--We have several varieties of this +plant in cultivation; but the most approved are the large green and the +globe. They are propagated by taking off the young suckers from the old +roots in May, and planting them in a piece of rich land. Artichokes have +been raised from seed, but they are seldom perfected in this country. + + + +410. ARTICHOKE, JERUSALEM. Helianthus tuberosus.--Is cultivated for the +sake of its tubers, similar to the potatoe; but they are not generally +esteemed. + + + +411. ASPARAGUS. Asparagus officinalis.--A very delicious vegetable in +the spring, and well known to all amateurs of gardening. + +There is a variety called the Gravesend Asparagus, and another called +the Battersea; but it is the richness of the soil and manure that makes +the only difference. + + + +412. BASIL, SWEET. Ocymum Basilicum.--A pot-herb of considerable use for +culinary purposes. It is an annual; and the seeds should be sown in a +hot-bed in March, and transplanted into the open ground. It is usually +dried as other pot-herbs. + + + +413. BEANS. Vicia Faba.--The varieties of the garden-beans are as +follow:-- + +The early Mazagan and Longpod are planted in November. These will +usually be fit for use in June. + +The Windsor. +The Toker. +The Sword Longpod. +The Green Toker. +The White-blossomed. + +These are sown usually in succession from January to March, and afford a +continuance of crop during the season. + + + +414. BEANS, FRENCH OR KIDNEY. Phaseolus vulgaris.--The kidney beans are +of two kinds; such as run up sticks and flower on the tops. Of this +description we have in cultivation the following:-- + +The Scarlet Runner. The Dutch Runner. + +Both these are much esteemed. + +Of dwarf kinds we have many varieties. The pollen of these plants is +very apt to become mixed; and, consequently, hybrid kinds differing in +the colour of the seeds are often produced. The season for sowing these +is from April till June. + +The Black, or Negro Beans. The Blue Dwarf. The Early Yellow. The Black +Speckled. The Red Speckled. The Magpie. The Canterbury. + +All these varieties are good and early beans. The white Canterbury is +the kind most esteemed for pickling; the other sorts being all of them +more or less discoloured: and this kind is the sort generally sold for +such purpose in the London markets. + + + +415. BEET, RED. Beta vulgaris v. rubra.--The roots of this variety are +used both in soups and for early spring salads: it is cultivated by +sowing the seeds in March; and the roots are usually kept all winter. + +The white beet is only a variety of the other; and it is the tops that +are usually eaten of this kind as a substitute for spinach. Its culture +is the same as that of the red kind. + + + +416. BORECOLE. Brassica Rapa.--Of borecole we have two varieties; the +purple, and green. The former is in much esteem amongst the Germans, who +make a number of excellent dishes from it in the winter. + +The culture is the same as for winter cabbage of other kinds. + + + +417. BRUSSELS SPROUTS. Brassica Rapa.--This is also a useful variety of +the cabbage species, which is very productive, forming a large number of +beautiful small close-headed cabbages on their high stalks in the winter +season. The seeds are sown in March. + + + +418. BURNET. Poterium Sanguisorba.--The young leaves of this plant are +eaten with other tender herbs in the spring, and are considered a +wholesome addition to mustard, cress, corn-salad, &c. + + + +419. CABBAGE. Brassica oleracea.--The varieties of cabbage are numerous. +The most esteemed are, + +The Early York. The Early Sugar-loaf. The Early Battersea. The Early +Russia. + +They are all sown in August, and planted out for an early summer-crop, +and are usually in season in May and June. + +The Large Battersea. The Red Cabbage. The Green Savoy. The White Savoy. + +These are usually sown in March, and planted for a winter crop. + +The use and qualities of the cabbage are too well known to need any +further description. + + + +420. CAULIFLOWER. Brassica oleracea var.--The varieties are, + +The Early. The Late. + +The early cauliflower is sown in the first week in September, and +usually sheltered under bell or hand glasses during the winter. By this +means the crop is fit for table in the months of May and June. + +The late sort is usually sown in the month of March, and planted out for +a succession to the first crop. + + + +421. CAPERS. Capparis spinosa.--This is the flower-pod before it opens +of the above shrub, and is only kept as an ornamental plant here. I am +induced to notice this plant, as I have known some things used in +mistake for capers that are dangerous. I once saw an instance of this, +in the seed-vessels of the Euphorbia Lathyris (which is a poisonous +plant) being pickled by an ignorant person. + + + +422. CAPSICUM. Capsicum annuum.--Cayenne pepper is made from a small +variety of this plant. + +We have many varieties cultivated here in hot-beds; namely, yellow and +red, of various shapes, as long, round, and heart-shaped. All these are +very useful, either pickled by themselves, or mixed with any other +substances, as love-apple, radish pods, &c. to which they impart a very +fine warm flavour. + + + +423. CARROT. Daucus Carota.-- + +The Orange Carrot.--For winter use. + +The Early Horn ditto.--For summer use.--The former is usually sown in +March; the latter being smaller, and more early, is commonly raised on +hot-beds. The Early Horn Carrot may likewise be sown in August, and is +good all winter. + + + +424. CELERY. Apium graveolens.--Celery is now so generally known as to +render a description of the plant useless; nor need it be told, that the +stalks blanched are eaten raw, stewed, &c. It should be used with great +caution, if grown in wet land, as it has been considered poisonous in +such cases. The season of sowing celery is in April. We have a variety +of this, which is red, and much esteemed. + + + +425. CELERIAC. This is a variety of the Apium graveolens. It is hollow +in the stem, and the roots are particularly large: although this is much +used in Germany, it is not so much esteemed by us as the celery. + + + +426. CHAMPIGNON. Agaricus pratensis.--This plant is equal in flavour to +the mushroom when boiled or stewed: it is rather dry, and has little or +no scent whatever. + + + +427. CHARDOONS. Cynara Cardunculus.--The gardeners blanch the stalks as +they do celery; and they are eaten raw with oil, pepper, and vinegar; +or, if fancy directs, they are also either boiled or stewed. + + + +428. CHERVIL. Scandix Cerefolium.--This plant is so much used by the +French and Dutch, that there is scarcely a soup or salad but what +chervil makes part of it: it is grateful to the taste. See article +oenanthe crocata in the Poisonous Plants. + + + +429. CIVES. Allium Schoenoprasum.--This is an excellent herb for salads +in the spring: it is also useful for soups, &c. &c. It is perennial, and +propagated by its roots, which readily part at any season. + + + +430. CLARY. Salvia Sclarea.--The seeds are sown in autumn. It is +biennial. The recent leaves dipped in milk, and then fried in butter, +were formerly used as a dainty dish; but now it is mostly used as a +pot-herb, and for making an useful beverage called Clary Wine, viz.--Put +four pounds of sugar to five gallons of water, and the albumen of three +eggs well beaten; boil these together for about sixteen minutes, then +skim the liquor; and when it is cool, add of the leaves and blossoms two +gallons, and also of yeast half a pint; and when this is completed, put +it all together into a vessel and stir it two or three times a-day till +it has done fermenting, and then stop it close for two months: +afterwards draw it into a clean vessel, adding to it a quart of good +brandy. In two months it will be fit to bottle. + + + +431. COLEWORT. Brassica oleracea var.--This is a small variety of the +common cabbage, which is sown in June, and planted out for autumn and +winter use. These are often found to stand the severe frosts of our +winter when the large sort of cabbages are killed; but its principal use +with gardeners is, to have a crop that will occupy the land after the +beans and pease are over, and perhaps Colewort is the most advantageous +for such purposes. + + + +432. CORN SALAD. Valeriana Locusta.--An annual, growing wild in +Battersea fields, and many other parts of this kingdom. + +It is usually sown in August, and stands the winter perfectly well; it +is very similar to lettuce, and is a good substitute for it in the +spring and winter seasons. + + + +433. COSTMARY Tanacetum Balsamita.--Is used as a herb in salad. This is +a perennial plant of easy culture. + + + +434. CRESS. Lepidium sativum.--There are two varieties of cress, the +curled and common. This is an ingredient with mustard in early salads. + + + +435. CRESS, AMERICAN. Erysimum Barbarea.--This is cultivated for salads, +and is much esteemed. It is increased by sowing the seeds in the spring. +This is only good in the winter and spring seasons. + + + +436. CUCUMBERS. Cucumis sativus.--Many sorts of cucumbers are cultivated +by gardeners. The most esteemed are, + +The Southgate Cucumber. The Long Prickly. The Long Turkey. The White +Spined. + +The early crop is usually sown in hot-beds in the spring, and is a crop +on which most gardeners have always prided themselves, each on his best +mode of management of this crop. They will also grow if sown in April, +and planted out in the open ground. + +The short prickly cucumber is grown for gerkins. + + + +437. DILL. Anethum graveolens.--This is similar to fennel, and used in +pickling. It is esteemed useful as a medicinal herb also; which see. + + + +438. ENDIVE. Cichorium Endivia.--Of this we have three varieties in +cultivation. + +The Green Curled. The White Curled. The Batavian, or Broad-leaved. + +These are sown usually in June and July, and planted out for use in the +autumn and winter. Endive is well known as forming a principal part of +our winter salads; for which purpose, it is usual with gardeners to +blanch it, by tying the plants up together, and laying them in dry +places. + + + +439. ESCHALOT. Allium ascalonium.--This species of allium is very +pungent: its scent is not unpleasant, but is very strong, and, in +general, it is preferred to the onion for making soups and gravies. It +is propagated by planting the bulbs in September and October: they are +fit to take up in May and June, when they are dried and kept for use. + + + +440. FENNEL. Anethum Foeniculum.--The use of this plant is so well knwon +in the kitchen, as to render an account of it useless. It is propagated +by sowing seeds in the spring. + + + +441. GARLICK. Allium sativum.--This is used in the art of cookery in +various ways, for soups, pickles, &c. It is cultivated by planting the +small cloves or roots in the month of October. It is fit to pull up in +spring; and the roots are dried for use. + + + +442. GOURD. Cucurbita Melopepo.--The inhabitants of North America boil +the squash or melon gourds when about the size of small oranges, and eat +them with their meat. The pulp is used with sour apples to make pies. In +scarcity it is a good substitute for fruit. + + + +443. KOHLRABBI, or TURNEP-ROOTED CABBAGE. Brassica Rapa var.--We have +two kinds of this in cultivation; but although these are both much eaten +in Germany, they are not esteemed with us: in fact, we have so many +varieties of the cabbage kind all the year round for culinary purposes, +that nothing could much improve them. In countries further north than we +are, this is probably an acquisition, as, from its hardiness, it is +likely to stand the frost better than some of the more delicate +varieties. + + + +444. LEEKS. Allium Porrum.--There are two kinds of leeks: the Welsh and +London. + +Leeks are used principally in soups; they partake much of the nature of +onions, but for this purpose are in general more esteemed. This plant +has been so long cultivated in this country, that its native place is +not known. + +The seeds are sown in the spring, and it is in use all the winter. + + + +445. LETTUCE. Lactuca sativa.--The varieties of lettuce are many. They +are, + +Green Coss. White do. Silesia do. Brown do. Egyptian do. Brown Dutch. +White Cabbage. Imperial. Hammersmith Hardy. Tennis-ball. + +These are sown every summer month. The brown and Egyptian coss are sown +in August, and commonly stand the winter; and in the spring are fit for +use. + + + +446. LOVE-APPLE. Solanum Lycopersicum.--The Portuguese and Spaniards are +so very fond of this fruit, that there is not a soup or gravy but what +this makes an ingredient in; and it is deemed cooling and nutritive. It +is also called Tomatas, or Tomatoes. + +The green fruit makes a most excellent pickle with capsicums and other +berries. It is annual, and raised in hot-bed, and planted out. + + + +447. MARJORAM, WINTER. Origanum vulgare.--This is used as a sweet herb, +and is a good appendage to the usual ingredients in stuffing, &c. It is +a perennial plant, and propagated by planting out its roots in the +spring of the year. + + + +448. MARJORAM, SWEET. Origanum Marjorana.--This is also used for the +same purpose as the last mentioned. It is an annual, and not of such +easy culture as the last, requiring to be raised from seeds in an +artificial heat. It is usually dried and kept for use. + + + +449. MARYGOLD. Calendula officinalis.--An annual plant usually sown in +the spring. The petals of the flowers are eaten in broths and soups, to +which they impart a very pleasant flavour. + + + +450. MUSHROOM. Agaricus campestris.--Is cultivated and well known at our +tables for its fine taste and utility in sauces. These plants do not +produce seeds that can be saved; they are therefore cultivated by +collecting the spawn, which is found in old hot-beds and in meadow +lands. + +Various methods have been lately devised for raising mushrooms +artificially: but none seem to be equal to those raised in beds, as is +described in all our books of gardening. Raising this vegetable in close +rooms by fire heat has been found to produce them with a bad flavour; +and they are not considered so wholesome as those grown in the open air, +or when that element is admitted at times freely to the beds. + + + +451. MUSTARD, WHITE. Sinapis alba.--This is sown early in the spring; to +be eaten as salad with cress and other things of the like nature; it is +of easy culture. A salad of this kind may be readily raised on a piece +of thick woollen-cloth, if the seeds are strewed thereon and kept damp; +a convenient mode practised at sea on long voyages. Cress and rap may be +raised in the same manner. + + + +452. ONION. Allium oleraceum.--The kinds of onions in cultivation are, + +The Deptford. The Reading. The White Spanish. The Portugal. The Globe, +and The Silver skinned. + +All these varieties are usually sown in the spring of the year, and are +good either eaten in their young state, or after they are dried in the +winter. The silver skinned kind is mostly in use for pickling. The globe +and Deptford kinds are remarkable for keeping late in the spring. A +portion of all the other sorts should be sown, as they are all very +good, and some kinds will keep, when others will not. + + + +453. ONION, WELSH. Allium fistulosum.--This is sown in August for the +sake of the young plants, which are useful in winter salads, and are +more hardy than the other cultivated sorts. + + + +454. PARSLEY. Petroselium vulgare.--A well known potherb sown in the +spring; and the plants, if not suffered to go to seed, will last two +years. See aethusa Cynapium, in Poisonous Plants. + + + +455. PARSNEP. Pastinaca sativa.--This is a well known esculent root, and +is raised by sowing the seeds in the spring. + + + +456. PEA. Pisum sativum.--This is a well known dainty at our tables +during spring and summer. The varieties in cultivation are, + +Turner's Early Frame. Early Charlton. Golden Hotspur. Double Dwarf. + +These are usually sown in November and December, and will succeed each +other in ripening in June, if the season is fine, and afford a crop all +that month. + +The Dwarf Marrow-fat. The Royal Dwarf. The Prussia Blue. The Spanish +Dwarf. + +These varieties are usually sown in gardens when it is not convenient to +have them grow up sticks, being all of a dwarf kind. + +The Tall Marrow-fat. The Green Marrow-fat. The Imperial Egg Pea. The +Rose, or Crown Pea. The Spanish Morotto. Knight's Marrow Pea. The Grey +Rouncival. The Sickle Pea. + +This last variety has no skin in the pods. These are used as kidney +beans, as also in the usual way. These varieties are of very large +growth, and are only to be cultivated when there is considerable room, +and must be supported on sticks placed in the ground for that purpose. +The grey pea is usually eaten when in a dry state boiled. Hot grey peas +used to be an article of common sale among our itinerant traders in +London streets, but it has been dropped for some years. One or other of +the different kinds of the larger varieties should be put into the +ground every three weeks from March to the 1st week in June, and a crop +is thereby insured constantly till the beginning of October. + +It should be remarked, that peas, as well as all vegetable seeds, are +liable to sport and become hybrid sorts; some of which are at times +saved for separate culture, and are called, when found good, by +particular names; so that every twenty or thirty years many of the kinds +are changed. Thus Briant, in his Flora Diaetetica, enumerates fourteen +varieties, a few only of which bear the same name as those now in the +list of the London seedsmen. + + + +457. POMPION. Cucurbita Pepo.--This is of the gourd species, and grows +to a large size. It is not much in use with us: but in the south of +Europe the inhabitants use the pulp with some acid fruits for pastry, +and it is there very useful. It is also sometimes used in a similar +manner here with apples. Almost all the gourd species are similar in +taste and nutriments when used this way. + + + +458. PURSLANE. Portulaca oleracea.--Two kinds of Purslane, the green and +the golden, are cultivated. These are eaten with vinegar, &c. the same +as other salad oils, and are a fine vegetable in warm weather. The seeds +are usually sown in the spring. + + + +459. RADISH. Raphanus sativus.--The varieties in cultivation are, + +The Early Scarlet. The Early Purple Short-top. The Salmon Radish. The +White Turnip Radish. The Red Turnip Radish. The Black Spanish. + +The above are sown almost every month in the year, and when the weather +is fine, every good garden may have a supply all the year of those +useful and wholesome vegetables. + +The black Spanish radish is a large rooted variety usually sown in +August, and is eaten in the winter season. + +The poor labouring man's fare, which is usually eaten under the hedge of +the field of his employment, is often accompanied with a dried onion; +and was this root more known than it generally is, it would yield him, +at the expense of two-pence, with a little labour in his cottage garden, +an equally pleasant and more useful sauce to his coarse but happy meals. +I have observed many instances of this oeconomy amongst the labouring +classes in my youth, but fear it is not quite so commonly made use of in +the present day. + + + +460. RADISH, HORSE. Cochlearia Armoracea.--The root of this vegetable is +a usual accompaniment to the loyal and standard English dishes, the +smoking baron and the roast surloin; with which it is most generally +esteemed. + +It should not be passed unnoticed here, that this very grateful and +wholesome root is not at all times to be eaten with impunity. One or two +instances of its deleterious effects have been witnessed by my much +esteemed friend Dr. Taylor, the worthy Secretary at the Society of Arts, +and which he has communicated to me. I shall insert his own words, +particularly as it may be the means of preventing the botanical student +from falling into the same error, after arriving with the usual good +appetite, from his recreative task of herborizing excursions. "Some +gentlemen having ordered a dinner at a tavern, of which scraped +horse-radish was one; some persons in company took a small quantity, and, +dipping it in salt, ate of it: these were soon seized with a suppression +of urine, accompanied with inflammation of the kidneys, which shortly +after proved fatal to one of the company. The Doctor was consulted; but +not knowing exactly the cause of the complaint, of course was at a loss +to apply a remedy in time. But another circumstance of the like nature +having come under his notice, and being apprized of it, by a well +applied corrective medicine he recovered the patient. It should, +therefore, be made a general observation, under such circumstances, and +those are not the most unpleasant we meet with in our researches, 'never +to eat horse-radish on an empty stomach.'" + + + +461. RAMPION. Campanula Rapunculus.--This plant is remarkable for its +milky juice. In France, it is cultivated for its roots, which are boiled +and eaten with salads; but in England it is little noticed, except by +the French cooks, who use it as an ingredient in their soups and +gravies. It is propagated by planting its roots in the spring. + + + +462. RHAPONTIC RHUBARB. Rheum Rhaponticum.--The radical leaf-stalks of +this plant being thick and juicy, and having an acid taste, are +frequently used in the spring as a substitute for gooseberries before +they are ripe, in making puddings, pies, tarts, &c. If they are peeled +with care, they will bake and boil very well, and eat agreeably. + + + +463. ROCAMBOLE. Allium sativum.--The rocambole is merely the bulbs on +the top of the flower-stalk of the garlic, it being a viviparous plant. +The flavour of this being somewhat different, is used in the kitchen +under the above name. + + + +464. SAGE. Salvia officinalis.--Of this we have two varieties, green and +red. The latter is considered the best for culinary purposes: it is the +well-known sauce for geese and other water-fowl. It is propagated by +cuttings in the spring. + + + +465. SALSAFY. Tragopogon porrifolium.--A biennial, sown in March, and is +usually in season during winter. The roots are the parts used, which are +very sweet, and contain a large quantity of milky juice: it is a good +vegetable plain boiled, and the professors of cookery make many fine +dishes of it. + + + +466. SAVORY, SUMMER. Satureja hortensis. + +467. SAVORY, WINTER. Satureja montana. + +Both sorts are used for the same purposes, as condiments among other +herbs for stuffing, and are well known to cooks. The former is an +annual, and raised by sowing the seeds in March and April. The other, +being perennial, is propagated either by the same means or by cuttings +in the spring of the year. It is also dried for winter use. + + + +468. SAVOY CABBAGE. Brassica oleracea, (var.) + +The Green Savoy. The White or Yellow Savoy. + +A well-known species of cabbage grown for winter use, and is one of our +best vegetables of that season. It is raised by sowing the seeds in May, +and planting the plants in any spot of ground in July after a crop of +peas or beans. Savoys stand the frost better than most other kinds of +cabbages with close heads. + + + +469. SCORZONERA. Scorzonera tingitana.--The roots of this are very +similar to salsafy, and its culture and use nearly the same. + + + +470. SEA KALE. Crambe maritima.--This grows wild on our sea-coasts, +particularly in Devonshire, where it has long been gathered and eaten by +the inhabitants thereabouts. It was used also to be cultivated; but was +in general lost to our gardens, till my late partner, Mr. Curtis, having +paid a visit to his friend Dr. Wavell at Barnstaple, found it at that +gentleman's table; and on his return he collected some seeds, and +planted a considerable spot of ground with it at Brompton in 1792; at +which time it was again introduced to Covent-Garden, but with so little +successs, that no person was found to purchase it, and consequently the +crop was useless. + +This celebrated botanist, however, published a small tract on its uses +and culture, which met with a considerable sale, and introduced it again +to general cultivation. + +The seeds should be sown in March, and the following year the plants are +fit for forming plantations, when they should be put out in rows about +three feet apart, and one foot in the row. The vegetable is blanched +either by placing over the crowns of the root an empty garden-pot, or by +earthing it up as is usually done with celery. It is easily forced, by +placing hot dung on the pots; and is brought forward in January, and +from thence till May. + +It has been noticed of sea-kale, that, on eating it, it does not impart +to the urine that strong and unpleasant scent which asparagus and other +vegetables do. + + + +471. SKIRRETS. Sium Sisarum.--The roots of this plant are very similar +to parsneps, both in flavour and quality; they are rather sweeter, and +not quite so agreeable to some palates. It is a biennial sown in March, +and used all the winter. + + + +472. SORREL, COMMON. Rumex Acetosa.--Bryant says the Irish, who are +particularly fond of acids, eat the leaves with their milk and fish; and +the Laplanders use the juice of them as rennet to their milk. The +Greenlanders cure themselves of the scurvy, with the juice mixed with +that of the scurvy-grass. The seeds may be sown, or the roots planted, +in spring or autumn; it is not in general cultivation, but is to be +found abundantly wild in meadows, &c. + + + +473. SORREL, ROUND-LEAVED, or FRENCH. Rumex scutatus.--The leaves of the +plant have more acidity in them than the common; and although not in +general use, it is one of the best salad-herbs in the early part of the +year: it is propagated in the same mode as the common sort. + + + +474. SPINACH, Spinacia oleracea.---Two sorts of this vegetable are +cultivated. The Round-leaved, which is very quick in its growth, is sown +for summer use; and if the seeds are put into the ground every three +weeks, a constant succession is obtained while the weather is warm; but +frost will soon destroy it. + +The Prickly Spinach is not so quick in growth, and is hardy enough to +stand our winters: it is therefore sown in August, and succeeds the +round-leaved sort; and is a good vegetable all our winter months. + + + +475. TARRAGON. Artemisia Dracunculus.--The leaves of this make a good +ingredient with salad in the spring; and it also makes an excellent +pickle. It is propagated by planting the small roots in spring or +autumn, being a perennial. + + + +476. THYME. Thymus vulgaris.--This is a well-known potherb used in +broths and various modes of cookery: it is propagated by seeds and +cuttings early in the spring. + + + +477. TRUFFLES. Lycoperdon Tuber.--Not in cultivation. The poor people in +this country find it worth their while to train up dogs for the purpose +of finding them, which, by having some frequently laid in their way, +become so used to it, that they will scrape them up in the woods; hence +they are called Truffle-dogs. The French cooks use them in soups, &c. in +the same manner as mushrooms. The truffle is mostly found in beech +woods: I have mentioned this, because it is very generally met with at +table, although it is not in cultivation. + + + +478. TURNEPS. Brassica Rapa.--The varieties in use for garden culture +are, the Early Dutch, the Early Stone, and the Mouse-tail Turnep. The +culture and uses of the turnep are too well known to require any +description. + +The country people cut a raw turnep in thin slices, and a lemon in the +same manner: and by placing the slices alternately with sugar-candy +between each, the juice of the turnep is extracted, and is used as a +pleasant and good remedy in obstinate coughs, and will be found to +relieve persons thus afflicted, if taken immediately after each fit. +Although this is one of the remedies my young medical friends may be led +to despise, yet I would, nevertheless, advise them to make use of it +when need occasions. + +The yellow turnep is also much esteemed as a vegetable; but is dry, and +very different in taste from any of the common kinds. + + + +* * * * * + + + +SECTION X.--CULINARY PLANTS NOT IN CULTIVATION. + + + +The following section cannot be too closely studied by people in all +ranks of life. Many of our most delicate vegetables are found growing +wild; and in times of scarcity, and after hard winters, many articles of +this department will be found highly acceptable to all, and the +condition of the poorer classes would be bettered by a more intimate +knowledge of those plants. In fact, these and the medicinal plants ought +to be known to every one: and in order to facilitate the study of them, +I have been thus particular in my description of the different kinds. + + + +479. AGARIC, ORANGE. Agaricus deliciosus.--This agaric well boiled and +seasoned with pepper and salt, has a flavour similar to that of a +roasted muscle. In this way the French, in general, make use of it. It +is in high perfection about September, and is chiefly to be found in dry +woods. + + + +480. ALEXANDERS. Smyrnium Olustratum.--If the poorer people were aware +of the value of this plant, which is now quite neglected, it might be +turned to good account as an article of food, and that, in all +likelihood, of the most wholesome kind. + +Bryant thinks it was much esteemed by the monks, and states that it has, +ever since the destruction of the abbeys in this country, remained in +many places growing among the rubbish; hence the reason of its being +found wild in such places. + + + +481. ALEXANDERS, ROUND-LEAVED. Smyrnium perfoliatum.---It is said that +the leaves and stalks boiled are more pleasant to the taste than the +other kind of Alexanders. + + + +482. ARROWHEAD. Sagittaria sagittifolia.--The roots of this plant are +said to be very similar to the West-India arrow-root. They are sometimes +dried and pounded, but are reported to have an acrid unpleasant taste; +but this might perhaps be got rid of by washing the powder in water. + + + +483. BLACKBERRY. Rubus fruticosus.--The berries of this plant are well +known in the country; but if too many be eaten, they are apt to cause +swelling in the stomach, sickness, &c. + + + +484. BRIONY, BLACK. Tamus communis.--Although this is considered a +poisonous plant, the young leaves and shoots are eaten boiled by the +common people in the spring. + + + +485. BURDOCK. Arctium Lappa.--Mr. Bryant in his Flora Diaetetica says +that many people eat the tenders talks of this plant boiled as +asparagus. + + + +486. BURNET. Sanguisorba officinalis.--The young leaves form a good +ingredient in salads. They have somewhat the flavour of cucumbers. + + + +487. BUTTERWORT. Pinguicula vulgaris.--The inhabitants of Lapland and +the north of Sweden give to milk the consistence of cream by pouring it +warm from the cow upon the leaves of this plant, and then instantly +straining it and laying it aside for two or three days till it acquires +a degree of acidity. + +This milk they are extremely fond of; and once made, they need not +repeat the use of the leaves as above, for a spoonful or less of it will +turn another quantity of warm milk, and make it like the first, and so +on, as often as they please to renew their food.--Lightfoot's Flor. +Scot. p. 77. + + + +488. CHAMPIGNON. Agaricus pratensis.--There is little or no smell to be +perceived in this plant, and it is rather dry; yet when boiled or stewed +it communicates a good flavour, and is equal to the common mushroom. + + + +489. CHANTARELLE. Agaricus Chantarellus.--This agaric, when broiled with +pepper and salt, has a taste very similar to that of a roasted cockle, +and is considered by the French a great delicacy. It is found +principally in woods and old pastures, and is in good perfection about +the middle of September. + + + +490. CHARLOCK. Sinapis arvensis.--The young plant is eaten in the spring +as turnep-tops, and is considered not inferior to that vegetable. The +seeds of this have sometimes been saved and sold for feeding birds +instead of rape; but being hot in its nature, it has been known to cause +them to be diseased. + + + +491. CHICKWEED. Alsine media.--This is a remarkably good herb boiled in +the spring; a circumstance not sufficiently attended to. + + + +492. CLOUD-BERRY. Rubus Chamaemorus.--This plant grows wild in some parts +of the north of England: the fruit has nearly the shape of the currant, +and is reckoned in Norway, where it grows abundantly, a favourite dish. + + + +493. COTTON-THISTLE. Onopordon Acanthium.--The tender stalks of this +plant, peeled and boiled, are by some considered good; but it has a +peculiar taste which is not agreeable to all. + +Bryant in his Flora Diaetetica says that the bottoms of the flowers are +eaten as artichokes. + + + +494. COW-PARSNEP. Heracleum Sphondylium.--The inhabitants of Kamschatka +about the beginning of July collect the foot-stalks of the radical +leaves of this plant, and, after peeling off the rind, dry them +separately in the sun; and then tying them in bundles, they lay them up +carefully in the shade. In a short time afterwards, these dried stalks +are covered over with a yellow saccharine efflorescence tasting like +liquorice, and in this state they are eaten as a delicacy. + +The Russians, not content with eating the stalks thus prepared, contrive +to get a very intoxicating spirit from them, by first fermenting them in +water with the greater bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum), and then +distilling the liquor to what degree of strength they please; which +Gmelin says is more agreeable to the taste than spirits made from corn. +This may, therefore, prove a good succedaneum for whisky, and prevent +the consumption of much barley, which ought to be applied to better +purposes. Swine and rabbits are very fond of this plant.---Lightfoot's +Fl. Scot. + + + +495. DANDELION. Leontodum Taraxacum.--This is a good salad when blanched +in the spring. The French, who eat more vegetables than our country +people do, use this in the spring as a common dish: it is similar to +endive in taste. + + + +496. DEWBERRY. Rubus caesius.--The dewberry is very apt to be mistaken +for the blackberry; but it may be easily distinguished by its fruit +being not so large, and being covered with blue bloom similar to that +seen on plums: it has a very pleasant taste, and is said to communicate +a grateful flavour to red wine when steeped in it. + + + +497. EARTH-NUT. Bunium Bulbocastanum.--The roots are eaten raw, and +considered a delicacy here, but thought much more of in Sweden, where +they are an article of trade: they are eaten also stewed as chesnuts. + + + +498. ELDER. Sambucus nigra.--The young shoots of elder are boiled with +other herbs in the spring and eaten; they are also very good pickled in +vinegar. Lightfoot says, in some countries they dye cloth of a brown +colour with them. + + + +499. FAT-HEN. Chenopodium viride et album.--These are boiled and eaten +as spinach, and are by no means inferior to that vegetable. + + + +500. FUCUS, SWEET. Fucus saccharatus.--This grows upon rocks and stones +by the sea-shore. It consists of a long single leaf, having a short +roundish foot-stalk, the leaf representing a belt or girdle. This is +collected and eaten the same as laver, as are also the two following +kinds. + + + +501. FUCUS, PALMATED. Fucus palmatus.--This plant also grows by the +sea-side, and has a lobed leaf. + + + +502. FUCUS, FINGERED. Fucus digitatus.--This is also to be found by the +sea-side, growing upon rocks and stones; it has long leaves springing in +form of fingers when spread. + + + +503. GOOD KING HENRY. Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus.--The leaves and stalk +of this plant are much esteemed. The plant was used to be cultivated, +but of late years it has been superseded by the great number of other +esculent vegetables more productive than this. The young shoots blanched +were accounted equal to asparagus, and were made use of in a similar +manner. + + + +504. HEATH. Erica vulgaris.--Formerly the young tops are said to have +been used alone to brew a kind of ale; and even now, I am informed, the +inhabitants of Isla and Jura (two islands on the coast of Scotland) +continue to brew a very potable liquor, by mixing two-thirds of the tops +of heath with one of malt.--Lightfoot's Fl. Scot. + + + +505. HOPS. Humulus Lupulus.--Independently of the great use of hops in +making beer, and for medicinal uses, where the plant grows wild, it +affords the neighbours a dainty in the spring months. The young shoots, +called hop-tops, when boiled, are equal in flavour to asparagus, and are +eagerly sought after for that purpose. + + + +506. LADIES-SMOCK. Cardamine pratensis.--This is good as a salad herb. + + + +507. LAVER. Fucus esculentus.--This is collected by sailors and people +along the sea-coasts; is eaten both raw and boiled, and esteemed and +excellent antiscorbutic. The leaves of this Fucus are very sweet, and, +when washed and hanged up to dry, will exude a substance like that of +sugar. + + + +508. MAPLE. Acer Pseudo-platanus.--By tapping this tree it yields a +liquor not unlike that of the birch-tree, from which the Americans make +a sugar, and the Highlanders sometimes an agreeable and wholesome wine. +--Lightfoot's Fl. Scot. + + + +509. MARSH MARIGOLD. Caltha palustris.--The flower-buds, before opening, +are picked, and are considered a good substitute for capers. + + + +510. MEADOW-SWEET. Spiraea Filipendula.--The roots of this, in Sweden, +are ground and made into bread. + + + +511. MILK-THISTLE. Carduus marianus.--The young leaves in the spring, +cut close to the root with part of the stalks on, are said to be good +boiled. + + + +512. MOREL. Phallus esculentus.--The morel grows in wet banks and moist +pastures. It is used by the French cooks, the same as the truffle, for +gravies, but has not so good a flavour: it is in perfection in May and +June. + + + +513. MUSHROOM, VIOLET. Agaricus violaceus.--This mushroom requires more +broiling than all the rest; but when well done and seasoned, it is very +good. It is found in dry woods, old pastures, &c. where it grows to a +large size. + + + +514. MUSHROOM, BROWN. Agaricus cinnamomeus.--The whole of this plant has +a nice smell, and when stewed or broiled has a pleasant flavour. It is +to be found as the one above, and is fit for use in October. + + + +515. ORPINE. Sedum telephium.--The leaves are eaten in salads, and are +considered equal to purslane. + + + +516. OX-TONGUE, COMMON. Picris Echioides.--The leaves are said to be +good boiled. + + + +517. PEAS, EARTH-NUT. Orobus tuberosus.--The roots of this, when boiled, +are said to be nutritious. The Scotch Highlander chews the root as a +substitute for tobacco. + + + +518. PILEWORT. Ranunculus Ficaria.--The young leaves in spring are +boiled by the common people in Sweden, and eaten as greens. The roots +are sometimes washed bare by the rains, so that the tubercles appear +above ground; and in this state have induced the ignorant in +superstitious times to fancy that it has rained wheat, which these +tubercles sometimes resemble. + + + +519. SALEP. Orchis Morio.--The powder of these roots is used for a +beverage of that name. This is imported chiefly from Turkey. It grows in +this country, although it is never noticed: the roots are smaller than +those imported, but will answer the purpose equally well. + + + +520. SALTWORT. Salicornia europaea.--This is gathered on the banks of the +Thames and Medway, and brought to London, where it is sold as samphire. +It makes a very good pickle, but by no means equal to the true kind. + + + +521. SAMPHIRE. Crithmum maritimum.--This has long been in much esteem as +a pickle: it grows on the high cliffs on the Kentish coast, where people +make a trade of collecting it by being let down from the upper part in +baskets. A profession of great danger. + + + +522. SCURVY-GRASS. Cochlearia officinalis.--The leaves are hot and +pungent, but are considered very good, and frequently eaten between +bread and butter. + + + +523. SAUCE ALONE. Erysimum Alliaria.--This is very good boiled with +salt-meat in the spring, when other vegetables are scarce. It is +valuable to the poor people; and is, in general, a common plant under +hedges. + + + +524. SEA BINDWEED. Convolvulus Soldanella.--This plant is to be found +plentifully on our maritime coasts, where the inhabitants plucks the +tender stalks, and pickle them. It is considered to have a cathartic +quality. + + + +525. SEA-PEAS. Pisum maritimum.--These peas have a bitterish +disagreeable taste, and are therefore rejected when more pleasant food +is to be got. In the year 1555 there was a great famine in England, when +the seeds of this plant were used as food, and by which thousands of +families were preserved. + + + +526. SEA-WORMWOOD. Artemisia maritima.--Those who travel the country in +searching after and gathering plants, if they chance to meet with sour +or ill-tasted ale, may amend it by putting an infusion of sea-wormwood +into it, whereby it will be more agreeable to the palate, and less +hurtful to the stomach.--Threlkeld. Syn. Pl. Hibern. + +This is an ingredient in the common purl, the usual morning beverage of +our hardy labouring men in London. + + + +527. SEA-ORACH, GRASS-LEAVED. Atriplex littoralis.--This plant is eaten +in the same manner as the Chenopodium. + + + +528. SEA-BEET. Beta maritima.--This is a common plant on some of our +sea-coasts. The leaves are very good boiled, as are also the roots. + + + +529. SILVER-WEED. Potentilla anserina.--The roots of this plant taste +like parsneps, and are frequently eaten in Scotland either roasted or +boiled. + +In the islands of Tiras and Col they are much esteemed, as answering in +some measure the purposes of bread, they having been known to support +the inhabitants for months together during a scarcity of other +provisions. They put a yoke on their ploughs, and often tear up their +pasture-grounds with a view to get the roots for their use; and as they +abound most in barren and impoverished soils, and in seasons when other +crops fail, they afford a most seasonable relief to the inhabitants in +times of the greatest scarcity. A singular instance this of the bounty +of Providence to these islands.--Lightfoot's Fl. Scot. + + + +530. SOLOMON'S-SEAL. Convallaria Polygonatum.--The roots are made into +bread, and the young shoots are eaten boiled. + + + +531. SPATLING-POPPY. Cucubalus Behen.--Our kitchen-gardens scarcely +afford a better-flavoured vegetable than the young tender shoots of this +when boiled. They ought to be gathered when they are not above two +inches long. If the plant was in cultivation, no doubt but what it would +be improved, and would well reward the gardener's trouble: it sends +forth a vast quantity of sprouts, which might be nipped off when of a +proper size; and there would be a succession of fresh ones for at least +two months. + +It being a perennial too, the roots might be transplanted into beds like +those of asparagus.--Bryant's Fl. Diaetetica, p. 64. + + + +532. SPEEDWELL. Veronica spicata.--This is used by our common people as +a substitute for tea, and is said to possess a somewhat astringent +taste, like green tea. + + + +533. SPOTTED HAWKWEED. Hypochaeris maculata.--The leaves are eaten as +salad, and are also boiled. + + + +534. STINGING-NETTLE. Urtica dioica.--The young shoots in the spring are +eaten boiled with fat meat, and are esteemed both wholesome and +nutritive. + + + +535. SHRUBBY STRAWBERRY. Rubus arcticus.--The fruit of this plant is +very similar in appearance to a strawberry: its odour is of the most +grateful kind; and its flavour has that delicate mixture of acid and +sweet, which is not to be equalled by our best varieties of that fruit. + + + +536. SWEET CICELY. Scandix odorata.--The leaves used to be employed in +the kitchen as those of cervil. The green seeds ground small, and used +with lettuce or other cold salads, give them an agreeable taste. It also +grows in abundance in some parts of Italy, where it is considered as a +very useful vegetable. + + + +537. WATER-CRESS. Sisymbrium Nasturtium.--A well known herb in common +use, but is not in cultivation, although it is one of our best salads. + + + +538. WILLOW-HERB. Epilobium angustifolium.--The young shoots of these +are eaten as asparagus. + + + +* * * * * + + + +SECTION XI.--PLANTS USEFUL IN DYEING. + + + +There is no department of the oeconomy of vegetables in which we are more +at a loss than in the knowledge of their colouring principles; and as +this subject presents to the student an opportunity of making many +interesting and useful experiments, I trust I shall stand excused, if I +enter more fully into the nature of it than I have found it necessary to +do in some of the former sections. + +The following list of plants, which is given as containing colours of +different kinds, are the same as have been so considered for many years +past: for, latterly, little has been added to our stock of knowledge on +this head. It may however be proper to observe, that a great number of +vegetables still contain this principle in a superior degree, and only +want the proper attention paid to the abstracting it. + +Most of our dyeing drugs are from abroad; and even the culture of +madder, which was once so much grown by our farmers, is now lost to us, +to the great advantage of the Dutch, who supply our markets. But there +is no reason why the agriculturist, or the artisan, should be so much +beholden to a neighbouring nation, as to pay them enormous prices for +articles which can be so readily raised at home; and, according to the +general report of the consumers, managed in a way far superior to what +it generally is when imported. + +Let the botanical student therefore pay attention to this particular; +for it is a wide field, in which great advantages may be reaped, either +in this country or in any other part of the world where he may hereafter +become an inhabitant. + +The art of dyeing, generally considered, is kept so great a secret, that +few persons have had the opportunity of making experiments. The +extracting colours from their primitive basis is a chemical operation, +and cannot be expected in this place; but as some persons may be +inclined to ascertain these properties of vegetables, I shall go just so +far into the subject as to give an idea of the modes generally used; and +to state the principles on which the colouring property is fixed when +applied to the purposes of dyeing cloth. + +In the article Madder, page 32, I mentioned having made an extract +similar to the Adrianople red. For which purpose, a sufficient quanitity +of the roots should be taken fresh out of the ground, washed clean from +the dirt, bruised in a mortar, and then boiled in rain-water till the +whole becomes tinged of a red colour, then put into a cloth and all the +colouring matter pressed out. This should again be put into hot water in +a clean glazed earthen-pan, to which should be added a small quantity of +water in which alum had been dissolved, and the whole stirred up +together; then immediately add a lump of soda or pot-ash, stirring the +whole up, when an effervescence will take place, the allum that had +united with the juice of the madder will be found to become neutralized +by the pot-ash, and the result will be a precipitate of the red fecula. +This may be washed over in different waters, and either put by for use +in a liquid state, or filtered and dried in powder or cakes. Most +vegetable colours will not, however, admit of being extracted by water, +and it is necessary to use an acid for that purpose: vinegar is the most +common. But in making the extract from roots with acids, great care +should be taken that they are sufficiently cleared from mould, sand, +&c.; for, if the same should contain either iron, or any metallic +substance, its union with the acid will cause a blackness, and of course +spoil the tint. In a similar mode are all the different colouring +principles extracted, either from leaves, flowers, fruits, or woods. The +preparation of woad is a curious process on similar principles; which +see in page 31. + +Weld, or dyers weed, is generally used after it is dried. The whole +plant is ground in a mill, and the extract made by boiling it. It is +then managed with alum and acids agreeably to the foregoing rules, which +are necessary for throwing out the colour. + + + +Instructions how Substances may be tried, whether they are serviceable +in Dyeing, from Hopson's Translation of Weigleb's Chemistry. + + + +"In order to discover if any vegetable contains a colouring principle +fit for dyeing, it should be bruised and boiled in water, and a bit of +cotton, linen, or woollen stuff, which has previously been well cleaned, +boiled in this decoction for a certain time, and rinsed out and dried. +If the stuff becomes coloured, it is a sign that the colour may be +easily extracted; but if little or no colour be perceived, we are not +immediately to conclude that the body submitted to the trial has no +colour at all, but must first try how it will turn out with the addition +of saline substances. It ought, therefore, to be boiled with pot-ash, +common salt, sal ammoniac, tartar, vinegar, alum, or vitriol, and then +tried upon the stuff: if it then exhibit no colour, it may safely be +pronounced to be unfit for dyeing with. But if it yields a dye or +colour, the nature of this dye must then be more closely examined, which +may be done in the following manner:-- + +Let a saturated decoction of the colouring substance be well clarified, +distributed into different glass vessels, and its natural colour +observed. Then to one portion of it let there be added a solution of +common salt; to the second, some sal ammoniac; and to the third, alum; +to the fourth, pot-ash; to the fifth, vitriolic or marine acid; and to +the sixth, some green vitriol: and the mixtures be suffered to stand +undisturbed for the space of twenty-four hours. Now in each of these +mixtures the change of colour is to be observed, as likewise whether it +yields a precipitate or not. + +If the precipitate by the pure acid dissolve in an alkaline lixivium +entirely, and with a colour, they may be considered as resino- +mucilaginous particles, in which the tingeing property of the +body must be looked for, which, in its natural state, subsists in an +alkalino-saponaceous compound. But if the precipitate be only partly +dissolved in this manner, the dissolved part will then be of the nature +of a resinous mucilage, which in the operation has left the more earthy +parts behind. But if nothing be precipitated by the acids, and the +colour of the decoction is rendered brighter, it is a mark of an +acido-mucilaginous compound, which cannot be separated by acids. In this +there are mostly commonly more earthy parts, which are soon made to +appear by the addition of an alkali. + +When, in the instances in which green vitriol has been added, a black +precipitate is produced, it indicates an astringent earthy compound, in +which there are few mucilaginous particles. The more the colour verges +to black, the more of this acid and mucilaginous substance will be found +in it. + +The mixture of alum with a tingeing decoction shows by the coloured +precipitate that ensues from it, on the one hand, the colour it yields, +and on the other hand, by the precipitate dissolving either partly or +entirely in a strong alkaline lixivium, whether or not some of the earth +of alum has been precipitated together with the colouring particles. +Such substances as these must not, in general, be boiled with alum, +although this latter ingredient may be very properly used in the +preparation of the stuff. + +When a tingeing decoction is precipitated by an alkaline lixivium, and +the precipitate is not redissolved by any acid, for the most part +neither one nor the other of these saline substances ought to be used, +but the neutral salts will be greatly preferable. In all these +observations that are made with respect to the precipitation effected by +means of different saline substances, attention must be paid at the same +time to the change of colour which ensues, in order to discover whether +the colour brightens, or entirely changes. + +When the colour of a decoction is darkened by the above-mentioned +additions without becoming turbid, it shows that the colouring matter is +more concentrated and inspissated. When the colour is brightened, a +greater degree of solution and attenuation has taken place in the +colouring matter in consequence of the addition. If the colour becomes +clearer, and after a little time some of the tingeing substance is +separated, it shows that part of the colour is developed, but that +another part has been set loose from its combination by the saline +substance. + +But if the colouring matter is separated in great abundance by the +saline addition, (the colour being brightened at the same time,) it may +be considered as a sign that the colouring substance is entirely +separated from the decoction, and that only an inconsiderable part, of a +gummy nature, remains behind united with the additaments, which is in a +very diluted state.--This is an effect of the solution of tin, as also +sometimes of the pure acids. + +If, indeed, a portion of the colouring substance be separated by a +saline addition, but the rest of the colouring decoction becomes +not-withstanding darker, it shows that the rest of the colouring +particles have been more concentrated, and hence have acquired a greater +power of tingeing. With regard to the proportion of the addition, the +following circumstances may serve by way of guide: + +When the colour of a decoction is darkened by the addition, without any +precipitate being produced, no detriment can easily arise from using a +redundancy of it, because the colour will not be further darkened by it. +But if the colour be required to be brighter, the trial must first be +made, which is the proportion by which the colour is darkened the most, +and then less of it must be employed. + +When the colour of a decoction is brightened by an addition without a +precipitation ensuing, this addition can never be used in a larger +quantity without hurting the colouring particles; because the colouring +particles would be made too light, and almost entirely destroyed.--Such +is the consequence of too large an addition of the solution of tin or of +a pure acid. + +When the addition produces a brighter colour, and part only of the +colouring substance is separated without a further addition occasioning +a fresh separation, somewhat more of it than what is wanted may be added +to produce the requisite shading; because experience shows that, by this +means, a greater quantity of tingeing particles is united with the +woolly fibres of the cloth, and is capable of being, as it were, +concentrated in them: for which purpose, however, these barks must be +boiled down. This effect is chiefly observed with sal ammoniac and wine +vinegar. + +When by an addition which causes a separation of the colouring substance +the colour becomes brighter in proportion the more there is used of it, +it must be employed in a moderate quantity only; because otherwise, more +and more of the colouring substance will be separated, and its tingeing +power diminished. But when a colour is rendered dark at first by an +addition, and afterwards, upon more of the same substance being added, +becomes brighter, and this in proportion to the quantity that is added, +it will be found that the darkening power has its determined limits; and +that, for producing the requisite degree of darkness, neither too much +nor too little must be taken. + +--- + +To the before-mentioned principles also, the different proofs bear a +reference, by which the fixity and durability of the colour with which a +stuff has been dyed may be tried. Of these, some may be called natural, +other artificial. The natural proof consists in exposing the dyed stuff +to the air, sun, and rain. If the colour is not changed by this exposure +in twelve or fourteen days, it may be considered as genuine; but if it +is, the contrary is allowed. This proof, however, is not adapted to +every colour; because some of them resist it, and yet will fade in +consequence of the application of certain acids; others, on the +contrary, that can not resist the natural proof remain unchanged by the +latter. Colours, therefore, may be arranged in three classes; and to +each of these a particular kind of artificial proof allotted. The first +class is tried with alum, the second with soap, and the third with +tartar. + +For the proof with alum: Half an ounce of this is dissolved in one pound +of boiling water in an earthenware vessel; into this is put, for +instance, a drachm of yarn or worsted, or a piece of cloth of about two +fingers breadth; this is suffered to boil for the space of five minutes, +and is then washed in clean water. In this manner are tried crimson, +scarlet, flesh-colour, violet, ponceau, peach-blossom colour, different +shades of blue, and other colours bordring upon these. + +For the proof with soap: Two drachms of this substance are boiled in a +pint of water, and the small piece of dyed stuff that is to be tried is +put into it, and likewise suffered to boil for the space of five +minutes. With this all sorts of yellow, green, madder-red, cinnamon, and +similar colours, are tried. + +In the same manner is made the proof with tartar; only this should be +previously pounded very small, in order that it may be more easily +dissolved. With this all colours bordering upon the fawn are tried. + +From the above we discover that the art of applying and fixing colours +in dyeing depends on the chemical affinity between the cloth and the +dyeing principle: and accordingly as this is more or less strong, so is +the facility with which the substance is coloured, and on this the +deepness of the dye depends: for frequently one kind of cloth will be +found to receive no colour at all, whilst another will receive from the +same composition a deep tinge. Cotton, for instance, receives scarcely +any tinge from the same bath that will dye woollen a deep scarlet. Wool +is that which appears to have the strongest affinity to colouring +matter; next to it is silk; then linen; and cotton the weakest, and is +therefore the most difficult of all to dye perfectly. Thus, if a piece +of linen cloth be dipped into a solution of madder, it will come out +just tinged with the colour; but if a piece of the same be previously +dipped into a solution of alum or copperas, and dried previously to +being dipped in the madder, the alum will become so far impregnated with +the colouring principle, that the cloth will receive a perfect dye, and +be so fixed that it cannot be separated by any common means. Thus it +will be observed, that the art of dyeing permanent colours depends on +this intermediate principle, which is termed a mordant. These mordants +are very numerous; and on a knowledge of them appears to rest the +principal secret of dyeing. The following mode is, however, a very +convenient one for makig experiments on fixing the colouring principles +of any vegetable extract: To have several pieces of cloth, woollen, +cotton, silk, and linen, dipped in the different mordants, and by +keeping a small vessel filled with the colouring solution on a fire in a +state a little below boiling, by cutting small pieces of each, and +immersing them in the colour, and examining and comparing with each +other. Experiments of this kind are well worth the attention of persons; +for, when we refer to this department, we shall find very few plants +which are either now, or ever have been, cultivated for this purpose, +although it is well known that so many contain this principle. I have +inserted the following, as being known to contain the different colours +mentioned; but there are many other plants equally productive of this +principle that remain quite unnoticed at present. + + + +539. ACANTHUS mollis. BEAR'S-BREECH.--This gives a fine yellow, which +was in use among the ancients. + + + +540. ACTAEA spicata. BANEBERRY.--The juice of the berries affords a deep +black, and is fixed with alum. + + + +541. ANCHUSA officinalis. YELLOW ANCHUSA, or BLUE-FLOWERED BUGLOSS.--The +juice of the corolla gives out to acids a beautiful green. + + + +542. ANTHEMIS tinctoria.--The flowers afford a shining yellow. + + + +543. ANTHYLLIS vulneraria. KIDNEY-VETCH.--The whole plant gives out a +yellow, which is in use for colouring the garments of the country- +people.--Linn. + + + +544. ARBUTUS uva-ursi. BEAR'S-BERRY.--The leaves boiled in an acid will +dye a brown. + + + +545. ASPERULA tinctoria. WOODROOF.--The roots give a red similar to +madder. + + + +546. ANEMONE Pulsatilla. PASQUE-FLOWER.--The corolla, a green tincture. + + + +547. ARUNDO Phragmites. COMMON REED-GRASS.--The pamicle, a green. + + + +548. BERBERIS vulgaris. BARBERRIES.--The inner bark, a yellow. + + + +549. BROMUS secalinus. BROME-GRASS.--The panicle, a green. + + + +550. BIDENS tripartita. HEMP AGRIMONY..--The herb, a good yellow. + + + +551. BETULA alba. BIRCH.--The leaves, a yellow. + + + +552. BETULA nana. DWARF-BIRCH.--The leaves, a yellow. + + + +553. BETULA Alnus. ALDER.--The bark affords a brown colour; which with +the addition of copperas becomes black. + + + +554. CALENDULA officinalis. COMMON MARIGOLD.--The radius of the corolla, +if bruised, affords a fine orange. The corolla dried and reduced to +powder will also afford a yellow pigment. + + + +555. CALTHA palustris. MARSH-MARIGOLD.--The juice of the corolla, with +alum, gives a yellow. + + + +556. CAMPANULA rotundifolia. ROUND-LEAVED BELL-FLOWER.--A blue pigment +is made from the corolla; with the addition of alum it produces a green +colour. + + + +557. CARPINUS Betulus. HORNBEAM.--The bark, a yellow. + + + +558. CHAEROPHYLLUM sylvestre. COW-PARSLEY.--The umbels produce a yellow +colour, and the juice of the other parts of the plant a beautiful green. + + + +559. CARTHAMUS tinctorius. SAFFLOWER.--The radius of the corolla, +prepared with an acid, affords a fine rose-coloured tint. + + + +560. CENTAUREA Cyanus. BLUE-BOTTLE.--The juice of the corolla gives out +a fine blue colour. + + + +561. COMARUM palustre. MARSH-CINQUEFOIL.--The dried root forms a red +pigment. It is also used to dye woollens of a red colour. + + + +562. CUSCUTA europaea. DODDER.--The herb gives out a lightish red. + + + +563. CRATAEGUS Oxycantha. HAWTHORN.--The bark of this plant, with +copperas, is used by the Highlanders to dye black. + + + +564. DATISCA cannabina. BASTARD-HEMP.--This produces a yellow; but is +not easily fixed, therefore it presently fades to a light tinge. + + + +565. DELPHINIUM Consolida. BRANCHING LARKSPUR.--The petals bruised yield +a fine blue pigment, and with alum make a permanent blue ink. + + + +566. FRAXINUS excelsior. MANNA.--The bark immersed in water gives a blue +colour. + + + +567. GALIUM boreale. CROSS-LEAVED BEDSTRAW.--The roots yield a beautiful +red, if treated as madder. + + + +568. GALIUM verum. YELLOW BEDSTRAW.--The flowers treated with alum +produce a fine yellow on woollen. The roots, a good red. + + + +569. GENISTA tinctoria.--The flowers are in use among the country-people +for dyeing cloth yellow. + + + +570. GERANIUM sylvaticum. MOUNTAIN CRANESBILL.--The Icelanders use the +flowers of this plant to dye a violet colour. + + + +571. HIERACIUM umbellatum. HAWKWEED.--The whole herb bruised and boiled +in water gives out a yellow dye. + + + +572. HUMULUS Lupulus. HOP.--The strobiles are used for dyeing; but +although they yield a yellow colour, the principal use is as a mordant. + + + +573. HYPERICUM perforatum. PERFORATED ST. JOHN'S WORT.--The flowers dye +a fine yellow. + + + +574. IRIS germanica. GERMAN IRIS.--The juice of the corolla treated with +alum makes a good permanent green ink. + + + +575. ISATIS tinctoria. WOAD.--The leaves steeped in water till the parts +are decomposed, produces a fine blue fecula, which is made into cakes, +and sold to the woollen-dyers. For its culture, see p. 32. + + + +576. LICHEN Roccella. ORCHIL.--The fine purple called orchil is +extracted from this moss. + + + +577. LITHOSPERMUM officinale. GROMWELL.--The roots afford a fine red, +which is used by the young girls in Sweden to colour their faces. + + + +578. LYCOPODIUM complanatum. CLUB-MOSS.--The juice of this plant +extracted by an acid forms a most beautiful yellow. + + + +579. LYCOPUS europaeus. WATER-HOREHOUND.--The juice of this gives out a +black colour, and is sometimes used by the common people for dyeing +woollen cloth. The gypsies are said to use the juice of this plant to +colour their faces with. + + + +580. LYSIMACHIA vulgaris. LOOSESTRIFE.--The juice of the whole herb is +used to dye woollen yellow. + + + +581. MYRICA Gale. SWEET GALE.--The whole shrub tinges woollen of a +yellow colour. + + + +582. NYMPHAEA alba. WHITE WATER-LILY.--The Highlanders make a dye with it +of a dark chesnut colour.--Light. Fl. Sc. + + + +583. ORIGANUM vulgare. WILD MARJORAM.--The tops and flowers contain a +purple colour, but it is not to be fixed. + + + +584. PHYTOLACCA decandra. VIRGINIAN POKEWEED.--The leaves and berries +produce a beautiful rose-colour, but it is very fugacious. + + + +585. PRUNUS domestica. PLUM.--The bark is used by the country people to +dye cloth yellow. + + + +586. PYRUS Malus. APPLE,-The bark of this plant, also, produces a yellow +colour. + + + +587. QUERCUS Robur. OAK.--The juice of the oak mixed with vitriol forms +a black ink; the galls ar employed for the same purpose. + + + +588. RESEDA Luteola. DYER'S WEED, or WELD.--The most usual plant from +which the yellow dye is extracted. For its culture, see p. 32. + + + +589. RHAMNUS Frangula. BUCKTHORN.--The bark produces a slight yellow, +and the unripe berries impart to wool a green colour. + + + +590. RHAMNUS catharticus. PURGING BUCKTHORN.--The bark yields a most +beautiful yellow colour; and the ripe berries in the autumn produce a +brilliant scarlet. + + + +591. RHUS Cotinus. VENUS'S SUMACH.--The bark of the stalks produces a +yellow colour; the bark of the roots produces a red. + + + +592. RHUS coriaria. ELM-LEAVED SUMACH.--This plant is possessed of the +same qualities as the one above. + + + +593. RUBIA tinctorum.--The root produces a red colour. For its culture, +see p. 32. + + + + +594. RUMEX maritima. DOCK.--The whole herb gives out a yellow colour. + + + +595. SALIX pentandra. WILLOW.--The leaves produce a yellow colour. + + + +596. SCABIOSA succisa. DEVIL'S BIT SCABIUS.--The dried leaves produce a +yellow colour. + + + +597. SERRATULA tinctoria. SAW-WORT.--The whole herb produces a yellow +tincture. + + + +598. SENECIO Jacobaea. RAGWORT.--The roots, stalks, and leaves, before +the flowering season, give out a green colour which can be fixed on +wool. + + + +599. STACHYS sylvatica. HEDGE-HOREHOUND.--The whole herb is said to dye +a yellow colour. + + + +600. THALICTRUM flavum. YELLOW MEADOW-RUE.--The roots and leaves both +give out a fine yellow colour. + + + +601. THAPSIA villosa. DEADLY CARROT.--The umbels are employed by the +spanish peasants to dye yellow. + + + +602. TORMENTILLA erecta. ERECT TORMENTIL.--This root is red, and might +probably be usefully employed. + + + +603. TRIFOLIUM pratense. MEADOW-CLOVER.--The inhabitants of Scania +employ the heads to dye their woollen cloth green. + + + +604. URTICA dioica. NETTLE.--The roots of bettles are used to dye eggs +of a yellow colour against the feast of Easter by the religious of the +Greek church, as are also madder and logwood for the same purpose. + + + +605. XANTHIUM strumarium. LESSER BURBOCK.--The whole herb with the fruit +dyes a most beautiful yellow. + + + +* * * * * + + + +SECTION XII.---PLANTS USED IN RURAL OECONOMY. + + + +The following few plants are such as are used for domestic purposes +which do not fall under any of the foregoing heads, and I therefore have +placed them together here. + + + +606. CONFERVA.--This green thready substance has the power of rendering +foetid water sweet; for which purpose, when water is scarce, it is +usually put into water-tubs and reservoirs. + + + +607. CORYLUS Avellana. HAZEL NUT.--The young shoots of hazel put into +casks with scalding water, render them sweet if they are musty, or +contain any bad flavour. + + + +608. CROCUS vernus. SPRING CROCUS.--Is well kown as a spring flower, +producing one of the most cheerful ornaments to the flower-garden early +in the spring. It affords a great variety in point of beauty and colour, +and is an article of considerable trade among the Dutch gardeners, who +cultivate a great number of varieties, which every year are imported +into this and other countries. + + + +609. EQUISETUM hyemale. DUTCH RUSH.--Of this article great quantities +are brought from Holland for the purpose of polishing mahogany. The +rough parts of the plant are discovered to be particles of flint. + + + +610. ERIOPHORUM polystachion. COTTON GRASS.--The down of the seeds has +been used, instead of feathers, for beds and cushions; and the foliage +in the north of Scotland is considered useful as fodder. + + + +611. GALIUM verum. YELLOW LADIES' BEDSTRAW.--The foliage affords the +dairy-maid a fine rennet for making cheese. + + + +* * * * * + + + +SECTION XIII.--POISONOUS PLANTS GROWING IN GREAT BRITAIN. + + + +"On the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die." + + + +I have found it necessary to be particular in my description of the +articles in this section, as I find that, although the knowledge of +Botany has in some measure increased, yet, in general, we are not better +acquainted with the Poisonous Vegetables than we were thirty years ago. +Many and frequent are the accidents which occur in consequence of +mistakes being made with those plants; but it in general happens that, +from feelings easily appreciated, persons do not like to detail such +misfortunes; which not only hides the mischief, but prevents, in a great +measure, the antidotes becoming so well known as for the good of society +we could wish they were. This I experienced in my researches after +several facts which I wished to ascertain regarding this subject. +However, whilst we have in common use such plants as Foxglove, Hemlock, +and Henbane, and which are now so generally sold in our herb-shops, +people who sell them ought to be particularly careful not to let such +fall into the hands of ignorant persons, and thereby be administered +either in mistake or in improper quantities. Our druggists and +apothecaries are careful in not selling to strangers the more common +preparations of Mercury, or Arsenic, drugs which in themselves carry +fear and dismay in their very names; yet we can get any poisonous +vegetables either in the common market, or of herb-dealers, which are +more likely to be abused in their application than other poisons which +are of not more dangerous tendencies. + +The effects of Vegetable Poisons on the human frame vary according to +circumstances. The most usual are: that of disturbing the nervous +function, producing vertigo, faintness, delirium, madness, stupor, or +apoplexy, with a consequent loss of understanding, of speech, and of all +the senses; and, frequently, this dreadful scene ends in death in a +short period. + +It is, however, fortunate that these dangerous plants, which either grow +wild, or are cultivated in this country, are few in number; and it is +not less so, that the most virulent often carry with them their own +antidote, as many of them, from their disagreeable taste, produce nausea +and sickness, by which their mischief is frequently removed; and when +this is not the case, it points out that the best and most effectual one +is the application of emetics: and it may be almost considered a divine +dispensation, that a plant, very common in all watery places, should be +ready at hand, which has from experience proved one of the most active +drugs of this nature, and this is the Ranunculus Flammula, Water- +Spearwort. The juice of this plant, in cases of such emergency, may be +given in the quantity of a table-spoonful, and repeated every three +minutes until it operates, which it usually will do before the third is +taken into the stomach. + +After the vomiting is over, the effects often remain, by part of the +deleterious qualities being absorbed by the stomach; and as it often +happens, in such cases, that medical assistance may not be at hand, I +shall, under the head of each class, give their proper antidote, which +should be in all cases applied as soon as possible, even before medical +assistance is procured. And it should not be forgotten that, in dreadful +cases where the medicine cannot be forced down through the usual +channel, recourse should be had to the use of clysters. + +Under each of the following heads I shall describe such cases as have +come under my notice; as they may be useful for comparison: and shall +put under each of the more dangerous the Plantae affines, describing as +accurately as possible the differences. + + + +* * * * * + + + +BITTER NAUSEOUS POISONS. + + + +These are much altered by vegetable acids in general, and especially by +oxymuriatic acid; but they still retain much of their poisonous quality, +which appears to be rendered more active by alkalies. The tanning +decoctions of nut-galls, acacia, and other strong astringents, Venice +treacle, wine, spiritous liquors, and spices, are useful. + + + +623. CHELIDONIUM majus. CELANDINE.--The yellow juice of this plant is +extremely acrid and narcotic. It is not at all like any plant used for +culinary purposes, and therefore there is not any great danger likely to +arise from its being confounded with any useful vegetable. + + + +624. CICUTA virosa. COWBANE.--Two boys and six girls, who found some +roots of this plant in a water-meadow, ate of them. The two boys were +soon seized with pain of the pericardia, loss of speech, abolition of +all the senses, and terrible convulsions. The mouth closely shut, so +that it could not be opened by any means. Blood was forced from the +ears, and the eyes were horribly distorted. + +Both the boys died in half an hour from the first accession of the +symptoms. + +The six girls, who had taken a smaller quantity of the roots than the +boys, were likewise seized with epileptic symptoms; but in the interval +of the paroxysms, some Venice-treacle dissolved in vinegar was given to +them; in consequence of which they vomited, and recovered: but one of +them had a very narrow escape for her life. She lay nine hours with her +hands and feet outstretched, and cold: all this time she had a +cadaverous countenance, and her respiration could scarcely be perceived. +When she recovered, she complained a long time of a pain in her stomach, +and was unable to eat any food, her tongue being much wounded by her +teeth in the convulsive fits. + +Plantae affines. + +Celery is smaller than this plant. + +Parsley is also smaller in all its parts. + +Alexanders differs from it, as a plant not of so high growth. + +Angelica may be mistaken for this, but has a more agreeable scent. + +All the water parsneps may be confounded with it: but these are known by +the smallness of the umbels; and they are generally in bloom, so that +this circumstance is a good criterion. + +Care should at all times be taken, not to make use of any umbelliferous +plants growing in water, as many of them are, if not altogether +poisonous, very unwholesome. + + + +625. COLCHICUM autumnale. MEADOW-SAFFRON.--Baron Stoerch asserts, that +on cutting the fresh root into slices, the acrid particles emitted from +it irritated the nostrils, fauces, and breast; and that the ends of the +fingers with which it had been held became for a time benumbed; that +even a single grain in a crumb of bread taken internally produced a +burning heat and pain in the stomach and bowels, urgent strangury, +tenesmus, colic pais, cephalalgia, hiccup, &c. From this relation, it +will not appear surprising that we find several instances recorded, in +which the Colchicumproved a fatal poison both to man, and brute animals. +Two boys, after eating this plant, which they found growing in a meadow, +died in great agony. Violent symptoms have been produced by taking the +flowers. The seeds, likewise, have been known to produce similar +effects. + + + +626. OENANTHE crocata. HEMLOCK. WATER DROPWORT.--Eleven French prisoners +had the liberty of walking in and about the town of Pembroke; three of +them being in the fields a little before noon, found and dug up a large +quantity of this plant with its roots, which they took to be wild +celery, to eat with their bread and butter for dinner. After washing it +a while in the fields they all three ate, or rather tasted of the roots. + +As they were entering the town, without any previous notice of sickness +at the stomach or disorder in the head, one of them was seized with +convulsions. The other two ran home, and sent a surgeon to him. The +surgeon first endeavoured to bleed, and then to vomit him; but those +endeavours were fruitless, and the soldier died in a very short time. + +Ignorant yet of the cause of their comrade's death, and of their own +danger, they gave of these roots to the other eight prisoners, who all +ate some of them with their dinner: the quantity could not be +ascertained. A few minutes after, the remaining two who gathered the +plant were seized in the same manner as the first; of which one died: +the other was bled, and a vomit forced down, on account of his jaws +being as it were locked together. This operated, and he recovered; but +he was for some time affected with a giddiness in his head; and it is +remarkable, that he was neither sick nor in the least disordered in his +stomach. The others being bled and vomited immediately, were secured +from the approach of any bad symptoms. Upon examination of the plant +which the French prisoners mistook for wild celery, Mr. Howell discovered +it to be this plant, which grows very plentifully in the neighbourhood +of Haverfordwest. + +Although the above account, which Mr. Wilmer has so minutely described, +seems well attested, and corroborated by the above gentleman, yet I was +informed by the late Mr. Adams, comptroller of the Customs at Pembroke, +that the Oenanthe does not, that he could find, grow in that part of the +country; but that what the above unfortunate French officers did +actually eat was the wild Celery, which grows plentifully in all the wet +places near that town. I take the liberty of mentioning this +circumstance; as it will serve to keep in mind the fact, that celery, +when found wild, and growing in wet places, shold be used cautiously, it +being in such situations of a pernicious tendency. For such whose +curiosity may lead them to become acquainted with the Oenanthe crocata, +it grows in plenty near the Red House in Battersea fields on the Thames' +bank. The water-courses on the marsh at Northfleet have great quantities +of the Apium graveolens growing in them. + +Plantae affines. + +Cultivated celery differs from it when young, first in the shape and +size of its roots. The Oenanthe is perennial, and has a large root, which +on being cut is observed to be full of juice, which exudes in form of +globules. The celery, on the contrary, has roots in general much +smaller, particularly when in a wild state. + +The leaves of celery have somewhat the same flavour, but are smaller; +the nerves on the lobes of the leaves are also very prominent, and +somewhat more pointed. + +When the two plants are in bloom, a more conspicuous difference is +apparent in the involucrum and seeds, the character of which should be +consulted. + +It may be mistaken for Parsley; but it is both much larger in foliage +and higher in growth; it is also different from it in the shape of the +roots. + +These are the two plants most likely to be confounded with it. But the +student should also consult the difference existing between this plant +and the following, which, although somewhat alike in appearance, may be +confounded. + +Angelica. + +Chervil. + +Alexanders. + +Hemlock. + +Skirret. + +Cow Parsley. + +Lovage. + +Wild Parsnep. + +Fool's Parsley. + +Hamburgh Parsley. + + + +627. PRUNUS Lauro-cerasus. THE COMON LAUREL.--The leaves of the laurel +have a bitter taste, with a flavour resembling that of the kernels of +the peach or apricot; they communicate an agreeable flavour to aqueous +and spirituous fluids, either by infusion or distillation. The distilled +water applied to the organs of smelling strongly impresses the mind with +the same ideas as arise from the taste of peach blossoms or apricot +kernels: it is so extremely deleterious in its nature, and sometimes so +sudden in its operation, as to occasion instantaneous death; but it more +frequently happens that epileptic symptoms are first produced. This +poison was discovered by accident in Ireland in the year 1728: before +which, it was no uncommon practice there, to add a certain quantity of +laurel water to brandy, or other spirituous liquors, to render them +agreeable to the palate. At that time three women drank some +laurel-water; and one of them a short time afterwards became violently +disordered, lost her speech, and died in about an hour. + +A gentleman at Guildford, some few years back, also, by making an +experiment as he intended on himself, was poisoned by a small dose: he +did not survive the taking it more than two hours. + +In consequence of the above poisonous principle existing in the laurel, +it has been recommended to persons to be cautious hwo they make use of +the leaves of that shrub, which is a usual practice with cooks for +giving flavour to custards, blanch-mange, and other made-dishes, lest +the narcotic principle should be also conveyed, to the detriment of the +health of persons who eat of them. + +And the same may be said of the kernels of all stone-fruits; for the +flavours given to noyau, ratafia, and other liquors which are highly +prized by epicures, are all of them derived from the same principle as +laurel-water, and which, on chemical investigation, is found to be +prussic acid. This exists in considerable quantities in the bitter +almond, and which when separated proves to be the most active poison +known, to the human as well as all other animal existence. This +principle, and its mode of extraction, should not be made more public +than the necessity of scientific research requires. We cannot with +propriety accuse either this tree or the laurel as being poisonous, +because the ingenuity of mankind has found out a mode of extracting this +active acidulous principle, and which is so very small in proportion to +the wholesome properties of the fruit, as not to be suspected of any +danger but for this discovery. As well might we accuse wheat of being +poisonous, because it yields on distillation brandy, which has been +known to kill many a strong-bodied fellow who has indulged in this +favourite beverage to excess. An eminent chemist informs me, that he has +made experiments with the oxalic acid, and found that when this was also +concentrated, it has similar effects; insomuch that no animal can +contain a grain of it if taken into the throat or stomach: and thus +might we also be led to consider the elegant, and in itself harmless, +wood-sorrel, as a poisonous plant. + + + +* * * * * + + + +ACRID POISONS. + + + +These should be attacked by strong decoctions of oak-bark, gall-nuts, +and Peruvian bark; after which soft mucilaginous matters should be used, +as milk, fat broth, or emulsions. + + + +628. ACONITUM Napelhus. BLUE MONKSHOOD.--This is a very poisonous plant; +and many instances have been adduced of its dangerous effects. + +It has probably obtained the name of Wolfsbane, from a tradition that +wolves, in searching for particular roots which they in part subsist +upon in winter, frequently make a mistake, and eat of this plant, which +proves fatal to them. + +A weaver in Spitalfields, having supped upon some cold meat and salad, +was suddenly taken ill; and when the surgeon employed upon this +occcasion visited him, he found him in the following situation:--"He was +in bed, with his head supported by an assistant, his eyes and teeth were +fixed, his nostrils compressed, his hands, feet, and forehead cold, no +pulse to be perceived, his respiration short, interrupted, and +laborious." + +Soon after he had eaten of the above, he complained of a sensation of +heat affecting the tongue and fauces; his teeth appeared loose; and it +was very remarkable, although a looking-glass was produced, and his +friends attempted to reason him out of the extravagant idea, yet he +imagined that his face was swelled to twice its usual size. By degrees +the heat, wich at first only seemed to affect the mouth and adjacent +parts, diffused itself over his body and extremities: he had an +unsteadiness and lassitue in his joints, particularly of the knees and +ancles, with an irritable twitching of the tendons, which seemed to +deprive him of the power of walking; and he thought that in all his +limbs he perceived an evident interruption to the circulation of the +blood. A giddiness was the next symptom, which was not accompanied with +nausea. His eyes became watery, and he could not see distinctly; a kind +of humming noise in his ears continually disturbed him, until he was +reduced to the state of insensibility before described. + +Plantae affines. + +Although the mischief which is recited above occurred from the root +having been purchased at market, I do not know of any vegetable in +common use likely to be confounded with this. It might by chance be +mistaken for the smaller tubers of Jerusalem artichoke. + +In foliage it comes near to the other species of Aconitum, and to the +perennial Larkspurs. + +However, as this is a plant much grown in pleasure-grounds on account of +its beautiful blue flowers, great care should be taken not to use any +roots taken from such places that cannot be well ascertained. + + + +629. ACONITUM Lycoctonum. YELLOW WOLFSBANE.--Every part of this plant is +accounted poisonous. In fact, I think it is proper that all the species +should be considered as such, and never be made use of, either in +medicine or otherwise, without great care in their administration. + + + +630. ACTAEA spicata. BANEBERRY.--This plant is also considered as a +deadly poison; but we have no authentical accounts of its mischievous +effects, although Parkinson has mentioned it in these words:-- + +"The inhabitants of all the mountaines and places wheresoever it +groweth, as some writers say, do generally hold it to be a most +dangerous and deadly poison, both to man and beast; and they used to +kill the wolves herewith very speedily." + +This is not a common plant, growing only in some particular situa-tions, +as near Ingleborough in Yorkshire. + + + +631. RHUS Toxicodendron. POISON-ASH.-The juice of the leaves of this +plant is so very acrid as often to corrode the skin, if the leaves are +gathered when the dew is on them. Great care should certainly be taken +in the giving such a medicine internally, as also in its preparation, it +being usually administered in a dried state. + +Planta affinis. + +Rhus radicans differs from this in having a more trailing habit of +growth; otherwise it is scarcely different, so little so, as to baffle a +distinction being made by description alone. + + + +* * * * * + + + +STUPEFYING POISONS. + + + +The substances that deaden the effects of the poisons of this class are +vegetable acids, which should be thrown into the stomach in large +quantities. After the operation of emetics, cream of tartar is also +considered of great use, as also oxymuriatic acid, infusions of +nut-gall, oak bark; warm spices are considered also of use, for they may +separate some part of the deleterious matter, as is shown by their +effect when mixed with decoction of these plants; acerb and astringent +wines are also of great use. + + + +632. AETHUSA Cynapium. FOOL'S PARSLEY.--Fool's Parsley seems generally +allowed to be a plant which possesses poisonous qualities. Baron Haller +has taken a great deal of pains to collect what has been said concerning +it, and quotes many authorities to show that this plant has been +productive of the most violent symptoms; such as anxiety, hiccough, and +a delirium even for the space of three months, stupor, vomiting, +convulsions, and death. + +Where much parsley is used, the mistress of the house therefore would do +well to examine the herbs previous to their being made use of; but the +best precaution will be, always to sow that variety called Curled +parsley, which cannot be mistaken for this or any other plant. We might +also observe, that the scent is strong and disagreeable in the aethusa: +but this property, either in the plant or the poison, is not at all +times to be trusted in cases of this nature. + +Plantae affines. + +Parsley. The lobes of the leaves are larger in this plant, and are not +quite so deep a green. The leaves of fool's parsley are also finer +cleft, and appear to end more in a short point. + +Celery, being much larger, cannot easily be confounded with it. + +Chervil. Fool's parsley, when young, differs from this plant but very +little, being much the same in size, and the laciniae of the leaves of a +similar form. Chervil, however, is much lighter in colour, and the +flavour more pleasant, both to the taste and smell. + +Hemlock is commonly a larger plant; and, exclusive of the generic +distinctions, may be generally known by its spotted stalk. + +When fool's parsley is in bloom, it is readily known by the length of +the involucrum. + + + +633. ATROPA Belladonna. DEADLY NIGHTSHADE.--Some boys and girls +perceiving in a garden at Edinburgh the beautiful berries of the deadly +nightshade, and unacquainted with their poisonous quality, ate several. +In a short time dangerous symptoms appeared; a swelling of the abdomen +took place; they became convulsed. The next morning one of them died, +and another in the evening of the same day, although all possible care +was taken of them. + +Another case is related by Dr. Lambert, who was desired to visit two +children at Newburn, in Scotland, who the preceding day had swallowed +some of the berries of the deadly nightshade. He found them in a +deplorable situation. The eldest (ten years of age) was delirious in +bed, and affected with convulsive spasms: the younger was not in a much +better condition in his mother's arms. The eyes of both the children +were particularly affected. The whole circle of the cornea appeared +black, the iris being so much dilated as to leave no vestige of the +pupil. The tunica conjunctiva much inflamed. These appearances, +accompanied with a remarkable kind of staring, exhibited a very +affecting scene. The symptoms came on about two hours after they had +eaten the berries: they appeared at first as if they had been +intoxicated, afterwards lost the power of speaking, and continued the +whole night so unruly, that it was with much difficulty they were kept +in bed. Neither of these ever recovered. + + + +634. DATURA Stramonium. THORN-APPLE.--The seeds and leaves of the +thorn-apple received into the human stomach produce first a vertigo, and +afterwards madness. If the quantity is large, and vomiting is not +occasioned, it will undoubtedly prove fatal. Boerhaave informs us, that +some boys eating some seeds of the thorn-apple which were thrown out of +a garden, were seized with giddiness, horrible imaginations, terrors, +and delirium. Those that did not soon vomit, died. + + + +635. HYOSCYAMUS niger. HENBANE.--Henbane is a very dangerous poison. The +seeds, leaves, and root, received into the human stomach, are all +poisonous. + +The root in a superior degree produces sometimes madness; and if taken +in large quantity, and the stomach does not reject it by vomiting, a +stupor and apopleptic symptoms, terminating in death, are the usual +consequences. + +A case of the bad effects of the roots of this plant, which occurred in +Ireland, is mentioned by Dr. Threlkeld. In the winter season, some men +working in a garden threw up some roots which were supposed to be +Skirrets, and those were cooked for dinner. About two hours after they +were eaten, a person who partook of them was taken with an unusual +lassitude, as if being much fatigued, heat and dryness both in the mouth +an the throat, a giddiness accompanied with dimness of sight, and a +partial stoppage in his urine. Several others who had eaten at the same +table, as also servants who had partaken, were subjected to the like +influence. Medical assistance being at hand, by the use of emetics they +were relieved; but it was many days before the whole of them had +recovered from those dreadful symptoms. + +Two children having both eaten of the berries of this plant, the one a +boy (who recovered) being taken ill, vomitted, and was supposed to have +thrown them off his stomach: the other, a little girl, died in +convulsions the next morning. As mothers and kindred souls do not like +names to be made public in these cases, I cannot help feeling some +desire to suppress a publicity of a fact in which a near and dear +relative was materially interested. In justice, however, to the public, +I must mention that I can vouch for the fact, and trust it may not pass +without notice, so far as to let the berries be supposed anything but +wholesome. + +Plantae affines. + +The idea of Skirrets being confounded with this plant, is, I think, +erroneous, if it has leaves on, as they are not pinnated, and very +different from it. When the Hyoscyamus is in bloom, it has +curiously-formed flowers of an uncommonly disgusting hue. The scent of +this plant, on bruising it, and its general appearance, render it almost +impossible that any one should mistake it. The roots, in the winter +season, when destitute of leaves, may, however, be mistaken for those of +Parsnep, Parsley, Skirret, and many others of similar shape, and of +which it is out of our power to give a distinguishing character. + + + +636. LACTUCA virosa. STRONG-SCENTED WILD LETTUCE.--The juice of this +plant is a very powerful opiate, and care should be taken how it is made +use of. I have not heard of any dangerous effects having been produced +by it. The strong and disagreeable scent and bitter nauseous taste will +most likely always operate as a preservative to its being used for food; +and as a medicine, it is hoped its use will be confined to the judicious +hand of a medical botanist. + +Plantae affines. + +All the kinds of garden lettuce; but it may be distinguished by its +spines on the back of the leaves. It may be remarked, that the milky +juice of all lettuce has similar properties to the above; but the juice +is not milky till such time as the plant produces seed-stalks, and then +the taste in general is too nauseous for it to be eaten. + + + +637. SOLANUM Dulcamara. BITTERSWEET.--The berries of this plant have +been sometimes eaten by children, and have produced very alarming +effects. It is common in hedges, and should be at all times as much +extirpated as possible. + + + +638. SOLANUM nigrum. DEADLY NIGHTSHADE.--Webfer has given us an account +of some children that were killed in consequence of having eaten the +berries of this plant for black currants. And others have spoken of the +direful effects of the whole plant so much, that, from the incontestable +proofs of its deleterious qualities, persons cannot be too nice in +selecting their pot-herbs, particularly those who make a practice of +gathering from dunghills and gardens Fat-Hen, &c. as there is some +distant similitude betwixt these plants, and their places of growth are +the same.--Curtis's Fl. Lond. fasc. 2. + +Plantae affines. + +All the Chenopodia grow with this plant wild, and are somewhat alike in +appearance; but the Solanum may at all times be distinguished by its +disagreeable strong scent. + + + +* * * * * + + + +FOETID POISONS. + + + +These come near to the Stupefying Poisons; but they are not treated in +the same manner; for ether, wine, or acids combined with spirits, appear +the properest things to destroy their deleterious properties: spices are +then indicated, except for savine, which requires instead thereof acids. + + + +639. CONIUM maculatum. HEMLOCK.--Two soldiers quartered at Waltham Abbey +collected in the fields adjoining to that town a quantity of herbs +sufficient for themselves and two others for dinner when boiled with +bacon. These herbs were accordingly dressed, and the poor men ate of the +broth with bread, and afterwards the herbs with bacon: in a short time +they were all seized with vertigo. Soon after they were comatose, two of +them became convulsed, and died in about three hours. + +Plantae affines. + +Parsley differs from this except in size and colour of the leaves. + +Celery is also much like this plant, and particularly so if found wild; +but which, for reasons given before, should never be collected to be +eaten. + +Fool's parsley is very like it; and when the hemlock is in a small +state, and this plant luxuriant, I have been in some doubt as to +pointing out a perfect difference, especially when they are not in +fructification. The spots on hemlock form generally a distinguishing +mark. + + + +640. DIGITALIS purpurea. FOXGLOVE.--A few months ago, a child was ill of +a pulmonary complaint, and the apothecary had desired the nurse to +procure a small quantity of Coltsfoot and make it a little tea; and +accordingly the good woman went to a shop in London, where she procured, +as she supposed, three pennyworth of that herb, and made a decoction, of +which she gave the patient a tea-cupful; a few minutes after which she +found symptoms of convulsions make their appearance, and sent for the +apothecary: but who, unfortunately, was so totally ignorant of botany as +not to know the plant, but supposing it to be Coltsfoot, after the +infant died, took his leave, without ay remark further, than that the +disorder which occasioned its death had arisen from some accidental and +unusual cause. The nurse, however, did not feel perfectly satisfied of +this fact, and carried the remainder of the herb to Apothecaries-Hall; +and having applied there for information, was referred to Mr. Leffler, a +gentleman who had from his botanical researches that season obtained the +Sloanean prize; who told her the mistake. He also went and saw the body, +and investigated the whole case in a way that has done that young +gentleman great credit; and from him I have been favoured with this +account. Had the medical attendant but known the difference between the +two plants when he was called in first, there was a chance of the child +being saved to its distressed parents. And here was certainly a striking +instance of medical men neglecting so far the study of botany, as not to +know one of the most useful as well as one of the most dangerous plants +of the present Pharmacopoeia. + + + +641. HELLEBORUS foetidus. BEARSFOOT.--The country-people are in the habit +of chopping up the leaves of this plant and giving it to children for +removing worms; but it is a dangerous medicine, and should be made use +of with great caution. It is also recommended as a medicine for the same +purpose in horses. As much of the chopped leaves as will lie on a +crown-piece, given amongst a feed of corn for three days, and remitted +three days, and repeated thus for nine doses, has been known to remove +this disease. + +"I heard a melancholy story of a mother in this city; viz. that a +Country Colleagh gave some of this plant to her two sons, one of six, +the other of four years of age, to kill worms; and that before four in +the afternoon they were both corpses."-Dr. Threlkeld, in a short account +of the plants in the neighbourhood of Dublin. + + + +642. JUNIPERUS Salvina. SAVINE.--The expressed juice of this plant is +very poisonous, and often known to produce the most violent effects. It +is sometimes used by persons for expelling worms in children, but should +be used with great caution; for, if the quantity taken into the stomach +is more than it can digest, all the dreadful effects of the poisons of +this class are certain to be the immediate consequence. + + + +643. SCROPHULARIA aquatica. WATER-BETONY.--Every part of this plant is +said to be violently narcotic; but its very disagreeable strong scent +and extremely bitter taste render it not likely to be used in mistake +for any culinary vegetable; and although we know what its effects are +from report, we do not think it of so dangerous a tendency as some of +our poisonous vegetables. + + + +* * * * * + + + +DRASTIC POISONS. + + + +These purge both upwards and downwards with great violence by means of +their acrid poisonous resin, which also violently affects the throat and +passages. Although alkalies have been recommended in this case, in order +to divide this resin, and that a solution of soap is proper, yet the +vegetable acids are also very useful, and have a great effect in +diminishing the purgative effect. Besides this, it appears still more +advantageous to give astringents: Venice treacle, decoctions of bark or +cascarilla, pomegranate rind, and balaustines; all which certainly +precipitate this drastic principle. + + + +644. ASCLEPIAS syriaca. SYRIAN DOGSBANE.--All the species of Asclepias +have a white acrid juice which is considered poisonous. It is observed +to be very acrid when applied to any sensible part of the mouth or +throat. + + + +645. BRYONIA alba. WILD VINE, or WHITE BRYONY.--The berries of this +plant, when hanging on the hedges, have the appearance of white grapes, +and have been eaten by children. They are known to produce dreadful +effects; but it frequently happens that they produce nausea on the +stomach, by which they operate as an emetic of themselves. + + + +646. EUPHORBIA Lathyris. CAPER SPURGE.--A plant common in old gardens, +but not indigenous. The seed-vessels are much in shape of caper-buds: +hence its name. People have been in the habit of pickling these berries, +from which some dangerous symptoms have arisen; it is probable that the +vinegar may have been the means of checking its bad effects. It should, +however, never be used as food. + + + +647. EUPHORBIA amygdaloides. WOOD SPURGE.--The juice of this plant has +been known to produce very dangerous swellings in the mouth and throat +of persons who have occasionally put it into their mouths. We do not +know that it is very dangerous; and nothing is likely to tempt any +persons to use it as food or otherwise. + + + +648. MERCURIALIS perennis. DOG'S MERCURY.--This plant is of a soporific +deleterious nature, and is said to be noxious to both man and beast. +Many instances are recorded of its fatal effects. + +Mr. Ray acquaints us with the case of a man, his wife, and three +children, who were poisoned by eating it fried with bacon: and a +melancholy instance is related in the Philosophical Transactions, Number +CCIII., of its pernicious effects upon a family who ate at supper the +herb boiled and fried. It produced at first nausea and vomiting, and +comatose symptoms afterwards; two of the children slept twenty-four +hours; when they awoke, they vomited again, and recovered. The other +girl could not be awakened during four days; at the expiration of which +time she opened her eyes and expired. + +Plantae affines. + +It appears that the different species of Chenopodium have been mistaken +for this plant. I do not see myself any very near likeness: but as all +the species of Chenopodium have been called English Mercury, it is +possible that the name may have been the cause of the mistake. + + + +649. MERCURIALIS annua. ANNUAL DOG'S MERCURY.--Persons who are in the +habit of gathering wild herbs to cook, should be careful of this. It +grows plentifully in all rich grounds, and is common with Fat Hen and +the other herbs usually collected for such purposes in the spring, and +from which it is not readily distinguished: at least, I cannot describe +a difference that a person ignorant of botany can distinguish it by. + + + +650. PERIPLOCA graeca.--This is an ornamental creeping plant, and +commonly grown in gardens for covering verandas, and other places for +shade. + +I once witnessed a distressing case. A nurse walking in a garden +gathered flower of this plant, and gave it to a child which she had in +her arms. The infant having put it to its mouth, it caused a +considerable swelling and inflammation, which came on so suddenly, that, +had it not been that one of the labourers had met with a similar +accident, no one would have known the cause. The child was several days +before it was out of danger, as the inflammation had reached the throat. + + + +651. VERATRUM album. WHITE HELLEBORE.--The roots of this plant, and also +of the Veratrum nigrum, have been imported mixed with the roots of +yellow gentian, and have proved poisonous.--Lewis's Materia Medica. + + + +* * * * * + + + +POISONOUS FUNGI. + + + +The deleterious effects of these generally show themselves soon after +they are in the stomach. Vomiting should be immediately excited, and +then the vegetable acids should be given; either vinegar, lemon-juice, +or that of apples; after which, give ether and antispasmodic remedies, +to stop the excessive bilious vomiting. Infusions of gall-nut, oak-bark, +and Peruvian bark, are recommended as capable of neutralizing the +poisonous principle of mushrooms. It is however the safest way not to +eat any of these plants until they have been soaked in vinegar. Spirit +of wine, and ether, extract some part of their poison; and tanning +matter decomposes the greatest part of it. + + +Agaricus bulbosus. +-------- necator. +-------- mamosus. +-------- piperitus. +-------- campanulatus. +-------- muscarius. + +These are kown to be poisonous. But the fungi should all be used with +great caution; for I believe even the Champignon and Edible mushroom to +possess deleterious qualities when grown in certain places. + + + + * * * * * + + + +SECTION XIV.--PLANTS NOXIOUS TO CATTLE. + + + +The foregoing lists of poisonous plants are most of them of less +dangerous tendency to cattle than to the human species: for although +many of them may be mistaken for wholesome, yet, when they are growing +wild, it will be observed, that the discriminating powers of the brute +creation in this point are so correct, that very few have been known to +be eaten by them. + +The following are a few of a different class, which, as not containing +any thing particularly disagreeable to the taste of cattle, are +frequently eaten by them to their injury. + +The agricultural student should make himself perfectly acquainted with +those. + + + +652. CICUTA virosa. COWBANE.--Linnaeus observes, that cattle have died in +consequence of eating the roots. It is fortunate that this plant is not +very plentiful: it is poisonous to all kinds of cattle except goats. The +flower of this plant is not unlike that of water-parsneps, which cows at +some seasons will eat great quantities of. + + + +653. BEAR'S GARLICK. Allium ursinum. + +654. CROW GARLICK. Allium vineale. + +These plants very frequently occur in meadow-land, and have property of +giving a strong garlick flavour to the milk yielded by cows that feed +there; and which is often also communicated to the butter. + + + +655. DARNELL GRASS. Lolium temulentum.--This grass has the faculty of +causing poultry or birds to become intoxicated, and so much so that it +causes their death. + + + +656. LOUSEWORT. Pedicularis palustris.--This plant, which abounds in wet +meadows, is said to produce a lousy disease in cows if they eat of it. + + + +657. MAYWEED. Anthemis cotula.--This is altogether of such an acrid +nature, that the hands of persons employed in weeding crops and reaping, +are often so blistered and corroded as to prevent their working. It also +has been known to blister the mouths and nostrils of cattle when feeding +where it grows. + + + +658. COLCHICUM autumnale. MEADOW-SAFFRON.--This is a common plant in +pasture-land in Worcestershire, Herefordshire, and other counties. Many +are the instances that have occurred of the bad effects of it to cattle. +I have this last autumn known several cows that died in consequence of +eating this plant. + + + +659. MELILOT. Trifolium officinale.--This plant when eaten by cows +communicates a disagreeable taste to milk and butter. + + + +660. ROUND-LEAVED SUN-DEW. Drosera rotundifolia.--Very common on marshy +commons, and is said to be poisonous to sheep, and to give them the +disease called the rot. + + + +661. SEA BARLEY-GRASS. Hordeum maritimum.--This grass has been known in +the Isle of Thanet and other places to produce a disease in the mouths +of horses, by the panicles of the grass penetrating the skin. + + + +662. WATER-HEMLOCK. Phellandrium aquaticum.--Linnaeus informs us that the +horses in Sweden by eating of this plant are seized with a kind of +palsy, which he supposes is brought upon them, not so much by any +noxious qualities in the plant itself, as by a certain insect which +breeds in the stalks, called by him for that reason Curculio +paraplecticus [Syst. Nat. 510]. The Swedes give swine's dung for the +cure. + + + +663. YEW. Taxus baccata.--This is poisonous to cattle: farmers and other +persons should be careful of this being thrown where sheep or cattle +feed in snowy weather. It is particularly dangerous to deer, for they +will eat of it with avidity when it comes in their way. + + + +* * * * * + + + +SECTION XV.--PLANTS NOXIOUS IN AGRICULTURE. + + + +Annual Weeds, or such as grow wild in Fields, and that do not produce +any Food for Cattle. + +Many weeds are troublesome to the farmer amongst his crops; but which, +by affording a little fodder at some season or other, in some degree +compensate for their intrusion. But as the following are not of this +description, they ought at all times to be extirpated: for it should be +recollected, that the space occupied by such a plant would, in many +instances, afford room for many ears of wheat, &c. + +The following are annuals, and chiefly grow among arable crops, as corn, +&c. As these every year spring up from seeds, it is a very difficult +matter for the farmer to prevent their increase, especially since the +practice of fallowing land has become almost obsolete. It is a fact +worthy notice, that the seeds of most of the annual weeds will lie in +the ground for many years, if they happen to be place deep: so that all +land is more or less impregnated with them, and a fresh supply is +produced every time the land is ploughed. It is therefore proper that +annual weeds of every description should be prevented as much as +possible can be from going to seed, for one year's crop will take +several seasons to eradicate. The only effectual mode we are acquainted +with of getting rid of annual weeds is, either by hoeing them up when +young, or by cutting the plants over with any instrument whilst in +bloom; for it should be observed, that those never spring from the roots +if cut over at that period of their growth, which oftentimes may be +easily accomplished. + +I once observed a crop of burnet, in which Bromus secalius (Lob Grass) +was growing, whose spike stood a considerable height above the crop, and +several acres of which a boy or woman might have cut over in a short +space of time: but it was not so: the grass seeds and burnet were +suffered to ripen together, and no means could be devised to separate +the two when threshed. For this reason the burnet seeds never could find +a market, and consequently the trouble of saving it, as well as the +crop, was lost to the grower. I mention this as an instance of many that +frequently occur. How many times do we see with crops of winter tares +wild oats seeding in them? or Carduus mutans standing so high above +those crops that they might be thus extirpated with great ease? + +It may be observed, that it is in culture of this nature where annual +seeds multiply. A regular crop of wheat will, by its thickness on the +ground, retard their growth by smothering them; but the other gives them +every facility, and particularly autumnal-sown crops. + + + +664. Blue-bottle - - - Centaurea Cyanus. +665. White-blite - - - Chenopodium album. +666. Charlock - - - Sinapis arvensis. +667. Chickweed - - - Alsine media. +668. Cockle - - - Agrostemma Githago. +669. Cleavers - - - Galium Aparine. +670. Corn Marigold - - - Chrysanthemum segetum. +671. Corn Crowfoot - - - Ranunculus arvensis. +672. Corn Chamomile - - - Matricaria Chamomilla. +673. Weak-scented do - - ---------- inodora. +674. Grass, Lob - - - Bromus secalinus. +675. ----- Bearded Oat - - Acena fatua. +676. ----- Field Foxtail - Alopecurus agrestis. +677. ----- Darnel - - - Lolium temulentum. +678. Groundsel, common - - Senecio vulgaris. +679. Wall Barley - - - Hordeum murinum. +680. Mallow, common - - - Malva sylvestris. +681. Mayweed, stinking - - Anthemis Cotula. +682. Melilot - - - Trifolium officinale. +683. Mustard, white - - - Sinapis alba. +684. -------, hedge - - - Erysimum Barbarea. +685. Nettle, Stinging, small - Urtica urens. +686. ------, Dead - - - Lamium albium. +687. Nipplewort - - - Lapsana communis. +688. Orach, wild - - - Atriplex hastata. +689. -----, spreading - - -------- patulata. +690. Pilewort - - - Ranunculus ficaria. +691. Persicaria, spotted-leaved Polygonum Ficaria. +692. ----------, pale-flowered --------- pensylvanicum. +693. ----------, climbing - --------- Convolvulus. +694. Pheasant-eye - - - Adonis autumnalis. +695. Poppy, common red - - Papaver Rhoeas. +696. Poppy, long rough-headed - Papaver Argemone. +697. Radish, wild - - - Raphanus Raphanistrum. +698. Shepherd's Needle - - Scandix Pecten Veneris. +699. Spearwort - - - Ranunculus Flammula. +700. Spurry, Corn - - - Spergula arvensis. +701. Thistle, Spear - - - Carduus lanceolatus. +702. ------- Star - - - Centaurea Calcitrapa. +703. ------- Marsh - - - Carduus palustris. +704. ------- Dwarf - - - ------- acaulis. +705. Tine Tare, smooth-podded - Ervum tetraspermum. + + + * * * * * + + +Creeping-rooted Weeds. + + + +The following are such as are perennial, and are of the most troublesome +nature, being xtremely difficult to get rid of in consequence of their +creeping roots. It unfortunately appens that, where the land is the most +worked, and the roots the more broken thereby, the more the crop of +weeds increases on the land. Therefore, the only effectual mode of +extirpating plants of this nature, is by picking out the roots after the +plough, or by digging them up at every opportunity by some proper +instrument. + +Where weeds of this nature occur, there is too often thought to be more +labour than profit in their extirpation. And although this is an +argument of some propriety, where a farmer is tenant at will, or where +his strength is not proportionate to the land: yet if land is worth any +thing at all, that, whatever it may be, is lost, if it is suffered thus +to become barren. And as prevention is in most cases considered +preferable to cure, more care ought to be taken than generally is, of +all our hedges and waste pieces of land by road sides, &c. Many of these +plants are found growing in such places, and their seeds are of that +nature that they are calculated to fly to considerable distances,--a +contrivance in nature to fertilize the ground in her own way; but which, +as agriculturists, it is the business of men to check. + + + +706. Bindweed, small - - Convolvulus arvensis. +707. Bindweed, large - - ----------- sepium. +708. Bistort - - - Polygonum bistorta. +709. Brakes - - - Pteris aquilina. +710. Clown's Woundwort - - Stachys palustris. +711. Cammock - - - Ononis arvensis. +712. Coltsfoot - - - Tussilago Farfara. +713. Crowfoot, creeping - - Ranunculus repens. +714. Goutweed - - - Aegopodium Podagraria. +715. Grass, Garden Couch - Triticum repens. +716. -----, Couchy-bent - Agrostis stolonifera. +717. -----, Couch Oat, or Knot Avena elatior. +718. -----, Creeping-soft - Holcus mollis. +719. Horsetail, Corn - - Equisetum arvense. +720. Persicaria, willow-leaved Polygonum amphibium. +721. Rest Harrow - - - Ononis spinosa. +722. Sow-Thistle, Corn - - Sonchus arvensis. +723. Spatling Poppy - - Cucubalus Behen. +724. Stinging-Nettle, large - Urtica dioica. +725. Silverweed - - - Potentilla anserina. +726. Sneezewort - - - Achillea Ptarmica. +727. Thistle, melancholy - Carduus heterophyllus. +728. -------, cursed - - ------- arvensis. +729. Water Horehound - - Lycopus europaeus. + + + + * * * * * + + + +Perennial Weeds. + + + +This enumeration of noxious plants contains principally those which, +although they are very troublesome, are more easy of extirpation than +the last: for although the most of them are perennial, yet, as their +roots do not spread as those of the above list do, they are to be +effectually removed by taking up the plants by their roots. It should, +however, be always noticed, that it is to little account to endeavour to +clear any land of such incumbrances, if any waste places which are +separated only by a hedge are allowed to grow these things with +impunity; for the seeds will invariably find their way. The contrivance +of nature in their formation is a curious and pleasant subject for the +philosophical botanist; at the same time it is one of those curses which +was impelled on human labour. + + + +730. Butter-bur - - - Tussilago Petasites. +731. Burdock - - - Arctium Lappa. +732. Bugloss, small - - Lycopis arvensis. +733. Crowfoot, round-rooted - Ranunculus bulbosus. +734. --------, tall - - Ranunculus acris. +735. Dock, curdled - - - Rumex crispus. +736. ----, broad-leaved - - ----- obtusifolius. +737. ----, sharp-pointed - ----- acutus. +738. Fleabane, common - - Inula dysenteria. +739. Garlick, crow - - - Allium vineale. +740. -------, bear - - - ------ ursinum. +741. Grass, turfy hair - - Aira caespitosa. +742. -----, meadow soft - - Holcus lanatus. +743. -----, carnation - - Carex caespitosa. +744. Knapweed, common - - Centaurea nigra. +745. --------, great - - --------- Scabiosa. +746. Mugwort - - - Artemisa vulgaris. +747. Meadow-sweet - - - Spiraea ulmaria. +748 Ox-eye Daisy Chrysanthemum Leucanthe-mum +749. Plantain, great - - Plantago major. +750. Ragwort, common - - Senecio Jacobaea. +751. -------, marsh - - ------- aquaticus. +752. Rush, common - - - Juncus conglomeratus. +753. ----, blueish - - - ------ glaucus. +754. ----, flat-jointed - - ------ squarrosus. +755. ----, round-jointed - ------ articulatus. +756. ----, bulbous - - - ------ bulbosus. +757. Scabious, common - - Scabiosa avensis. +758. Thistle, milk - - - Carduus marianus. +759. -------, meadow - - ------- pratensis. + + + + * * * * * + + + +SECTION XVI.-EXOTIC TREES AND SHRUBS. + + + +The fashionable rage for planting ornamental trees and shrubs having so +much prevailed of late years, that we meet with them by the road sides, +&c. almost as common as we do those of our native soil, I have therefore +enumerated them in this section. + +Our limits will not admit of giving any particular descriptions of each; +but as persons are often at a loss to know what soil each tree is known +to thrive in best, we have endeavoured to supply that information; which +will be understood by applying to the following + + + +ABBREVIATED CHARACTERS. + +c.m. read common garden mould. +b.m. - bog mould. +l. - loam. +b.l. - bog and loam, the greater part bog. +l.b. - loam and bog, the greater part loam. +s. - sheltered situation. +a. - annual. +bi. - biennial. +p. - perennial. +shr. - tree or shrub. +c. - creeper. +w. - adapted to covering walls. + +As the soils recommended may not be generally understood; a little +attention to the following rules will enable persons to discover what is +fit for their purposes. + +Loam--the kind best adapted to the purpose of growing plants, is of a +moderately close texture, between clay and sand, differing from the +former in want of tenacity when wet; and not becoming hard when dry; nor +is it loose and dusty like the latter; but in both states possesses +somewhat of a saponaceous quality. It varies in colour from yellow to +brown, and is commonly found in old pastures: it may also be remarked, +that where any perennial species of Clover (Trifolium) are found wild, +it is almost a certain indication of a fertile loam, and such as +contains the proper food of plants in abundance. + +Bog-mould--is frequently found on waste lands, where Heaths (Ericae) are +produced: it is composed of decayed vegetable matter and white sand. The +best sort is light when dry, of a black colour, and easily reduced to +powder. Care should be taken to distinguish it from Peat, which is hard +when dry, destitute in a great measure of the sand, and mostly of a red +colour. This contains in great quantities sulphureous particles and +mineral oil, which are known to be highly destructive to vegetation. + +The mould formed from rotten leaves is a good substitute for bog-mould +if mixed with sand, and is often made use of for the same purposes. +These earths should be dug from the surface to the depth of a few inches +and laid in heaps, that the roots, &c. contained therein may be +decomposed: and before they are used should be passed through a coarse +screen, particularly if intended for plants in pots. + +As loam has been found to contain the greatest portion of the real +pabulum of plants, it has long been used for such as are planted in +pots; and the component parts of bog-earth being of a light nature, a +mixture of the two in proper proportions will form a compost in which +most kinds of plants will succeed. Attention should be paid to the +consistence of the loam; as the more stiff it is, the greater portion of +the other is necessary. + + + +DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. + +1 JASMINUM officinale. w. Common white Jasmine c.m. +2 -------- v. argen. variegat. w. Silver-striped ditto c.m. +3 -------- v. aureo variegat. w. Gold-striped ditto c.m. +4 -------- fruticans, w. Yellow ditto c.m. +5 -------- humile, w. Dwarf yellow ditto b.l. +6 Phillyrea media, w. Privet-leaved Phillyrea c.m. +7 --------- v. virgata Twiggy ditto c.m. +8 --------- v. pendula Pendulous ditto c.m. +9 --------- oleaefolia Olive-leaved ditto c.m. +10 -------- buxifolia Box-leaved ditto c.m. +10 -------- angustifolia Narrow-leaved ditto c.m. +12 -------- v. rosmarinifolia Rosemary-leaved ditto c.m. +13 -------- brachiata Dwarf ditto c.m. +14 -------- v. latifolia Broad-leaved ditto c.m. +15 -------- v. laevis Smooth broad-leaved ditto c.m. +16 -------- v. spinosa Prickly broad-leaved ditto c.m. +17 -------- v. obliqua Hex-leaved ditto c.m. +18 Chionanthus virginicus Fringe Tree b.m. +19 Syringa vulgaris Blue lilac c.m. +20 ------- v. alba White ditto c.m. +21 -------- persica Persian ditto c.m. +22 -------- v. lacinita Cut-leaved ditto c.m. +23 -------- latifolia Broad-leaved ditto c.m. + + +TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. + +24 Cephalanthus occidentalis Button-wood b.l. +25 Houstonia coccinea Scarlet Houstonia b.l.s. +26 Buddlea globosa Globe-flowered Buddlea b.l.s. +27 Cornus florida Great-flowering Dog-wood c.m. +28 ------ mascula Cornelian Cherry c.m. +29 ------ sericea Blue-berried ditto c.m. +30 ------ alba White-berried ditto c.m. +31 ------ stricta Upright ditto c.m. +32 ------ sibirica Siberian ditto c.m. +33 ------ paniculata Panicled ditto c.m. +34 ------ alternifolia Alternate-leaved ditto c.m. +35 ------ v. virescens Green-twigged ditto c.m. +36 Ptelea trifoliata Shrubby Bean-trefoil c.m. +37 Elaeagnus angustifolia Narrow-leaved Oleaster c.m. +38 -------- v. latifolia Broad-leaved ditto c.m. + + +TETRANDRIA DIGYNIA. + +39 Hamamelis virginica Witch Hazel c.m. + + +TETRANDRIA TETRAGYNIA. + +40 Ilex opaca Carolina Holly b.l. +41 ---- v. angustifolia Narrow-leaved ditto b.l. +42 ---- primoides Deciduous ditto b.l. +43 ---- Cassine Dahoon ditto l. +44 ---- vomitoria South Sea Tea Tree l. + + +PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. + +45 Azalea pontica Yellow Azalea b.s. +46 ------ nudiflora Red ditto b.s. +47 ------ v. coccinea Scarlet ditto b.s. +48 ------ v. carnea Flesh-coloured ditto b.s. +49 ------ v. alba Early white ditto b.s. +50 ------ v. bicolor Red and white ditto b.s. +51 ------ v. papilionacea Variegated ditto b.s. +52 ------ v. partita Downy ditto b.s. +53 ------ v. aurantia Orange ditto b.s. +54 ------ v. viscosa Late white ditto b.s. +55 ------ v. vittata White striped ditto b.s. +56 ------ v. fissa Narrow petalled ditto b.s. +57 ------ v. floribunda Cluster-flowered ditto b.s. +58 ------ v. glauca Glaucus-leaved ditto b.s. +59 ------ v. scabra Rough-leaved ditto b.s. +60 Lonicera dioica. c. Glaucous Honeysuckle c.m. +61 -------- sempervirens. c. Trumpet ditto l. +62 -------- grata. c. Evergeen Honeysuckle c.m. +63 -------- implexa. c. Minorca ditto l. +64 -------- nigra Black-berried ditto c.m. +65 -------- tatarica Tartarian ditto c.m. +66 -------- pyrenaica Pyrenean ditto c.m. +67 -------- Alpigena Red-berried ditto c.m. +68 Lonicera caerulea Blue-berried ditto c.m. +69 -------- Symphoricarpos St. Peter's Wort c.m. +70 -------- Diervilla Yellow-flowered Honeysuckle c.m. +71 -------- Caprifolium c. Italian white ditto c.m. +72 -------- v. rubra c. Italian early red ditto c.m. +73 -------- Periclym. v. serotina c. Late red ditto c.m. +74 -------- v. quercifolia Oak-leaved ditto c.m. +75 -------- v. belgica Dutch ditto c.m. +76 Lycium barbarum. w. Willow-leaved Boxthorn c.m. +77 ------ europaeum. w. European ditto c.m. +78 Sideroxylon lycoides Willow-leaved Iron-wood b.l. +79 Rhamnus latifolius Broad-leaved ditto c.m. +80 ------- alpinus Alpine ditto b.m. +81 ------- theezans Tea ditto c.m. +82 ------- alnifolius Alder-leaved ditto c.m. +83 ------- Paliurus Christ's Thorn c.m. +84 ------- volubilis. c. Supple-jack Tree c.m. +85 ------- Ziziphus Shining-leaved ditto c.m. +86 ------- Alaternus Common Alaternus c.m. +87 ------- fol. argen. var. Silver-striped ditto c.m.s. +88 ------- fol. aureo var. Gold-striped ditto c.m.s. +89 ------- v. angustifolius Jagged-leaved ditto c.m. +90 Celastrus scandeus Climbing Staff-Tree c.m. +90 Ceanothus americanus New Jersey Tea Tree c.m. +92 Euonymus latifolius Broad-leaved Spindle-Tree c.m. +93 -------- verrucosus Warted ditto c.m. +94 -------- atro-purpureus Purple-flowered ditto c.m. +95 -------- americanus Evergreen ditto c.m. +96 Itea virginica Virginian Itea b.l. +97 ---- buxifolia Box-leaved ditto b.l. +98 Ribes glandulosum Glandulous Currant c.m. +99 ----- petraeum Rock ditto c.m. +100 ---- floridum Large-flowered ditto c.m. +101 ---- diacanthum Two-spined Gooseberry c.m. +102 ---- oxyacanthoides Hawthorn-leaved ditto c.m. +103 ---- canadense Canadian ditto c.m. +104 ---- Cynosbatea Prickly-fruited Currant c.m. +105 ---- prostratum Procumbent ditto c.m. +106 ---- alpinum Alpine ditto c.m. +107 Hedera quinquefolia. w. Virginian Creeper c.m. +108 ----- Helix v. latifolia Broad-leaved Ivy. c. c.m. +109 Vitis vitifera. c. Common Grape c.m. +110 ----- Labrusca. c. Downy-leaved ditto c.m. +111 ----- vulpina. c. Fox Grape c.m. +112 ----- laciniata. c. Parsley-leaved Vine c.m. +113 ----- arborea. c. Pepper Vine c.m. + + +PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. + +114 Periploca graeca. c. Virginian Silk-Tree c.m. +115 Salsola prostrata Trailing Saltwort c.m. +116 Ulmus americana American Elm c.m. +117 ----- v. alba White American ditto c.m. +118 ----- v. pendula Drooping ditto c.m. +119 ----- nemoralis Twiggy ditto c.m. +120 ----- pumila Dwarf ditto c.m. +121 ----- crispa Curled-leaved ditto c.m. +122 Bupleurum fruticosum Shrubby Hare's-ear c.m. + + +PENTANDRIA TRIGYNIA. + +123 Rhus Typhinum Virginian Sumach c.m. +124 ---- glabrum Smooth ditto c.m. +125 ---- Vernix Varnish Tree c.m. +126 ---- copallinum Lentiscus-leaved Sumach c.m. +127 ---- radicans. c. Upright Poison Ash c.m. +128 ---- Toxicodendron. c. Trailing or officinal ditto c.m. +129 ---- Cotinus Venus's Sumach c.m. +130 ---- Coriaria Elm-leaved ditto c.m. +131 Viburnum Tinus Laurustinus c.m. +132 -------- fol. variegat. Striped-leaved ditto c.m. +133 -------- lucidum Shining-leaved ditto c.m. +134 -------- strictum Upright ditto c.m. +135 -------- nudum Oval-leaved Viburnum c.m. +136 -------- cassinoides Thick-leaved ditto l.s. +137 -------- nitidum Shining-leaved ditto b.l. +138 -------- laevigatum Cassioberry Bush b.l. +139 -------- prunifolium Thick-leaved Viburnum c.m. +140 -------- Lentago Pear-leaved ditto c.m. +141 -------- dentatum Tooth-leaved ditto c.m. +142 -------- v. pubescens Downy-leaved ditto c.m. +143 ------- -acerifolium Maple-leaved ditto c.m. +144 -------- Opulus v. americana American Gelder Rose c.m. +145 -------- v. rosea Snow-ball ditto c.m. +146 -------- alnifolium Alder-leaved ditto c.m. +147 Sambucus canadensis Canadian Elder c.m. +148 -------- nigra v. laciniata Cut-leaved ditto c.m. +149 -------- racemosa Clustered-flowered ditto c.m. +150 Staphylea trifolia Three-leaved Bladder-Nut c.m. +151 Tamarix germanica German Tamarisk c.m. + + +PENTANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. + +152 Aralia spinosa Angelica Tree b.l. + + +PENTANDRIA POLYGYNIA. + +153 Zanthorhiza Apifolium Parsley-leaved Zanthorhiza b. + + +HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. + +154 Prinos verticillatus Whorl-leaved Winter-berry b.l. +155 ------ glaber Smooth ditto b.l. +156 ------ lanceolatus Lanceolate-leaved ditto b.l. +157 ------ laevigatus Spear-leaved ditto b.l. +158 Berberis canadensis Canadian Barberry b.l. +159 -------- cretica Cretan ditto b.l. +160 -------- sibirica Siberian ditto b.l. + + +HEPTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. + +161 Aesculus Hippocastanum Common Horse Chesnut c.m. +162 ------- flava Yellow-flowered ditto c.m. +163 ------- Pavia Scarlet-flowered ditto c.m. +164 ------- parviflora Small-flowered ditto c.m. + + +OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. + +165 Koelreuteria paniculata Panicled Koelreuteria b.l. +166 Vaccinium stamineum Green-twigged Bleaberry b.m. +167 --------- diffusum Shining-leaved ditto b.m. +168 --------- fuscatum Brown ditto b.m. +169 --------- angustifolium Narrow-leaved ditto b.m. +170 --------- frondosum Obtuse-leaved ditto b.m. +171 --------- venustum Red-twigged ditto b.m. +172 --------- resinosum Clammy ditto b.m. +173 --------- amoenum Broad-leaved ditto b.m. +174 --------- virgatum Twiggy-leaved ditto b.m. +175 --------- tenellum Gale-leaved ditto b.m. +176 --------- macrocarpon Large-fruited ditto b.m. +177 --------- nitidum Shining-leaved ditto b.m. +178 --------- ligustrinum Privet-leaved ditto b.m. +179 --------- pumilum Dwarf ditto b.m. +180 Erica ciliaris Ciliated Heath b.m.s. +181 ----- mediterranea Mediterranean ditto b.m.s. +182 ----- australis Spanish ditto b.m.s. +183 ----- herbacea Herbaceous ditto b.m. +184 ----- arborea Tree ditto b.m.s. +185 Daphne alpina Alpine Daphne b.l. +186 ------ pontica Two-flowered ditto b.l.s. +187 ------ Cneorum Trailing ditto b.l. +188 ------ Tartonraira Silver-leaved Daphne b.l.s. +189 ------ collina Hairy ditto b.l.s. +190 ------ Gnidium Flax-leaved ditto b.l.s. +191 Dirca palustris Marsh Leatherwood b.m. + + +OCTANDRIA DIGYNIA. + +192 Polygonum frutescens Shrubby Polygonum b.s. + + +ENNEANDRIA MONOGYNIA. + +193 Laurus Benzoin Benjamin Tree c.m. +194 ------ nobilis Sweet Bay c.m. +195 Sassafras Sassafras Tree b.l. + + +DECANDRIA MONOGYNIA. + +196 Sophora japonica Japan Sophora c.m. +197 Cercis Siliquastrum European Judas Tree c.m. +198 ------ canadensis American ditto c.m. +199 Guilandina dioica Canadian Bonduc c.m. +200 Ruta graveolens Common Rue c.m. +201 ---- montana Mountain ditto c.m. +202 Kalmia latifolia Broad-leaved Kalmia b.s. +203 ------ angustifolia Narrow-leaved ditto b.s. +204 ------ v. carnea Pale-flowered ditto b.s. +205 ------ glauca Glaucus-leaved ditto b.s. +206 Ledum palustre Marsh Rosemary b.s. +207 ----- v. decumbens Dwarf ditto b.s. +208 ----- latifolium Labrador Tea b.s. +209 ----- buxifolium Box-leaved Ledum b.s. +210 Rhodora canadensis Canadian Rhodora b.m. +211 Rhodorendron ferrugineum Rusty-leaved Rhododendron b.m. +212 ------------ dauricum Dauric ditto b.m. +213 ------------ hirsutum Hairy ditto b.m. +214 ------------ ponticum Pontic ditto b.m. +215 ------------ fol. variegat. Striped-leaved ditto b.m. +216 ------------ cataubiense Large ditto b.m. +217 ------------ maximum Large-leaved ditto b.m. +218 ------------ punctatum Dotted ditto b.m. +219 Andromeda mariana Maryland Andromeda b.m. +220 --------- v. oblonga Oval-leaved ditto b.m. +221 --------- ferruginea Rusty-leaved ditto b.m. +222 --------- polyfolia, v. major Broad-leaved rusty ditto b.m. +223 --------- paniculata Panicled ditto b.m. +224 --------- arborea Tree ditto b.m. +225 --------- racemosa Branching ditto b.m. +226 --------- axillaris Notch-leaved ditto b.m. +227 --------- coriacea Thick-leaved ditto b.m. +228 --------- acuminata Acute-leaved ditto b.m. +229 --------- calyculata Globe-flowered ditto b.m. +230 --------- v. latifolia Broad Box-leaved ditto b.m. +231 --------- v. angustifolia Narrow-leaved ditto b.m. +232 --------- Catesbaei Catesby's ditto b.m. +233 Epigaea repens Creeping Epigaea b.s. +234 Gualtheria procumbens Procumbent Gualtheria b.s. +235 Arbutus Unedo Common Strawberry Tree b.l. +236 ------- v. fl. rubro Scarlet-flowered ditto b.l. +237 ------- v. flore pleno Double-flowered ditto b.l. +238 ------- v. angustifolia Narrow-leaved ditto b.l. +239 ------- v. crispa Curled-leaved ditto b.l. +240 ------- Andrachne Eastern ditto b.l. +241 Clethra alnifolia Alder-leaved Clethra b.l. +242 ------- v. pubescens Pubescent ditto b.l. +243 Styrax officinale Officinal Styrax b.l. +244 ------ grandifolium Large-leaved ditto l. +245 ------ laevigatum Smooth-leaved ditto l. + + +DECANDRIA DIGYNIA. + +246 Hydrangea arborescens Tree Hydrangea c.m. +247 --------- hortensis Changeable-flowered ditto c.m. +248 --------- glauca Glaucous-leaved ditto b.l. +249 --------- radiata Rayed-flowered ditto b.l. + + +DODECANDRIA MONOGYNIA. + +250 Halesia tetraptera Wing-seeded Snow-drop Tree c.m. + + +DODECANDRIA TRIGYNIA. + +251 Euphorbia spinosa Shrubby Euphorbia b.l. +252 Aristotelia Macqui Shining-leaved Aristotelia b.s. + + +ICOSANDRIA MONOGYNIA. + +253 Philadelphus coronarius Common Syringa c.m. +254 ------------ nanus Dwarf ditto c.m. +255 Punica Granatum. w. Pomegranata l.w.s. +256 ------ flore pleno. w. Double-flowered ditto l.w.s. +257 ------ flore luteo. w. Yellow-flowered ditto l.w.s. +258 ------ flore albo. w. White-flowered ditto l.w.s. +259 ------ nana. w. Dwarf ditto l.w.s. +260 Amygdalus Persica Peach Tree c.m. +261 --------- v. flore pleno Double-flowering ditto c.m. +262 --------- v. Nectarina Nectarine c.m. +263 --------- nana Rough-leaved Almond c.m. +264 --------- pumila Dwarf ditto c.m. +265 --------- communis Common ditto c.m. +266 --------- fol. variegat. Striped-leaved ditto c.m. +267 --------- chinensis Chinese ditto c.m. +268 --------- orientalis Silvery-leaved ditto c.m. +269 --------- sibirica Siberian ditto c.m. +270 Prunus virginiana Virginian Bird-Cherry c.m. +271 ------ caroliniana Carolinian ditto c.m. +272 ------ lusitanica Portugal Laurel c.m. +273 Lauro-Cerasus Common Laurel c.m. +274 ----- Maheleb Perfumed Cherry c.m. +275 ----- Armeniaca Apricot Tree c.m. +276 ----- pumila Dwarf Bird-Cherry c.m. +277 ----- pendula Weeping Cherry c.m. +278 ----- pennsylvanica Pennsylvanian Bird-Cherry c.m. +279 ----- nigra Black ditto c.m. +280 ----- cerasifera Mirobalum Plum-Tree c.m. +281 ----- rubra Cornish Bird-Cherry c.m. +282 ----- Cerasus, v. flore pleno Double-flowering ditto c.m. +283 ----- domestica Common Plum c.m. +284 ----- v. flore pleno Double-flowering ditto c.m. +285 ----- sibirica Siberian ditto c.m. + + +ICOSANDRIA DIGYNIA. + +286 Crataegus Crus galli Cockspur Thorn c.m. +287 -------- v. pyracanthifolia Pyracanthus-leaved ditto c.m. +288 -------- salicifolia Willow-leaved ditto c.m. +289 -------- Aria, v. suecica Swedish White Beam Tree c.m. +290 -------- coccinea American Hawthorn c.m. +291 -------- sanguinea Bloody ditto c.m. +292 -------- cordata Maple-leaved ditto c.m. +293 -------- pyrifolia Pear-leaved ditto c.m. +294 -------- elliptica Oval-leaved ditto c.m. +295 -------- glandulosa Hollow-leaved ditto c.m. +296 -------- flava Yellow-berried ditto c.m. +297 -------- parviflora Gooseberry-leaved ditto c.m. +298 -------- punctata Great-fruited ditto c.m. +299 -------- v. aurea Great Yellow-fruited ditto c.m. +300 -------- Azarolus Parsley-leaved ditto c.m. +301 -------- monogynia, v. coc. Scarlet Thorn c.m. +302 -------- tomentosa Woolly-leaved ditto c.m. +303 -------- odoratissima Sweet-scented ditto c.m. + + +ICOSANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. + +304 Mespillus Pyracantha Evergreen Thorn c.m. +305 --------- Chamae Mespillus Bastard Quince c.m. +306 --------- canadensis Snowy Service c.m. +307 --------- Cotoneaster Dwarf Mespilus c.m. +308 --------- arbutifolia Arbutus-leaved ditto c.m. +309 --------- fructu rubro Red-fruited ditto c.m. +310 --------- fructu albo White-fruited ditto c.m. +311 --------- tomentosa Woolly ditto c.m. +312 --------- Amelanchier Alpine ditto c.m. +313 --------- pennsylvanica Pennsylvanian ditto c.m. +314 Pyrus Pollveria Woolly-leaved Pear-tree c.m. +315 ----- spectabilis Chinese Apple-tree c.m. +316 ----- prunifolia Large Siberian Crab c.m. +317 Pyrus baccata Small Siberian Crab c.m. +318 ----- coronaria Sweet-scented ditto c.m. +319 ----- angustifolia Narrow-leaved ditto c.m. +320 ----- Cydonia Common Quince c.m. +321 ----- salicifolia Willow-leaved Crab c.m. +322 ----- praecox Early-flowering ditto c.m. +323 Spiraea laevigata Smooth-leaved Spiraea c.m. +324 ------ salicifolia Willow-leaved ditto c.m. +325 ------ v. paniculata Panicled ditto c.m. +326 ------ v. latifolia Broad-leaved ditto c.m. +327 ------ tomentosa Woolly-leaved ditto c.m. +328 ------ Hypericifolia Hypericum-leaved ditto c.m. +329 ------ crenata Crenated ditto c.m. +330 ------ chamaedrifolia Germander-leaved ditto c.m. +331 ------ thalictroides Meadow Rue leaved ditto l. +332 ------ Opulifolia Guelder Rose leaved ditto c.m. +333 ------ sorbifolia Mountain Ash-leaved ditto b.m. +334 ------ sibirica Siberian ditto c.m. + + +ICOSANDRIA POLYGYNIA. + +335 Rosa Lutea Single Yellow Rose l. +336 ---- bicolor Red and Yellow Austrian ditto l. +337 ---- sulphurea Double Yellow ditto l.s. +338 ---- blanda Hudson's Bay ditto l. +339 ---- cinnamonema. fl. pl. Double cinnamon ditto c.m. +340 ---- pimpinellifolia Small Burnet-leaved ditto c.m. +341 ---- spinosissima v. Striped-flowered Scotch Rose c.m. +342 ---- v. ruberrima Red Scotch ditto c.m. +343 ---- v. flore pleno Double Scotch ditto c.m. +344 ---- v. altissima Tall Scotch ditto c.m. +345 ---- v. versicolor Marbled Scotch ditto c.m. +346 ---- carolina Single Burnet-leaved ditto c.m. +347 ---- v. flore-pleno Double Burnet-leaved ditto c.m. +348 ---- v. pimpinellifolia Single Pennsylvanian ditto c.m. +349 ---- v. pimpinellifol. fl. pl. Double Pennsylvanian ditto b.m. +350 ---- v. diffusa Spreading Carolina ditto c.m. +351 ---- v. stricta Upright Carolina Rose c.m. +352 ---- villosa, v. flore pleno Double Apple-bearing ditto c.m. +353 ---- provincialis Common Provins ditto c.m. +354 ---- v. ruberrima Scarlet Provins ditto c.m. +355 ---- v. pallida Blush Provins ditto c.m. +356 ---- v. alba White Provins ditto c.m. +357 ---- v. multiflora Rose de Meaux c.m. +358 ---- v. bicolor Rose de Pompone c.m. +359 ---- v. humilis Rose de Rheims c.m. +360 ---- v. prolifera Childing's Provins ditto c.m. +361 ---- v. lusitanica Blandford or Portugal ditto c.m. +363 ---- v. ---------- Rose St. Francis c.m. +363 Rosa provincialis v. ---- Shailer's Provins ditto c.m. +364 ---- ferox Hedgehog ditto c.m. +365 ---- brancteata Ld. Macartney's White Rose c.m. +366 ---- centifolia Dutch Hundred-leaved ditto c.m. +367 ---- v. rubicans Blush Hundred-leaved ditto c.m. +368 ---- v. Singletoniae Singleton's Hundred-leaved do. c.m. +369 ---- v. holosericea Single Velvet ditto c.m. +370 ---- v. holoserica fl. pl. Double Velvet ditto c.m. +371 ---- v. sultana Sultan Rose c.m. +372 ---- v. stebennensis Stepney ditto c.m. +373 ---- v. ------------ Lisbon ditto c.m. +374 ---- v. ------------ Bishop ditto c.m. +375 ---- v. ------------ Cardinal ditto c.m. +376 ---- v. ------------ Blush Royal ditto c.m. +377 ---- v. ------------ Petit Hundred-leaved ditto c.m. +378 ---- v. ------------ Pluto ditto c.m. +379 ---- v. ------------ Monstrous Hundred-leaved do. c.m. +380 ---- v. ------------ Fringe ditto c.m. +381 ---- v. ------------ Plicate ditto c.m. +382 ---- v. ------------ Two-coloured Hund.-leaved do. c.m. +383 ---- v. ------------ Shell ditto c.m. +384 ---- parvifolia Burgundy Rose b.m. +385 ---- gallica Red officinal Rose c.m. +386 ---- v. versicolor Rosa mundi c.m. +387 ---- v. marmorea Marbled Rose c.m. +388 ---- v. Royal Virgin ditto c.m. +389 ---- v. major Giant ditto c.m. +390 ---- damascena Red Damask ditto c.m. +391 ---- v. rubicans Blush Damask ditto c.m. +392 ---- v. versicolor York and Lancaster ditto c.m. +393 ---- v. menstrualis Red Monthly ditto c.m. +394 ---- v. menstrualis alba White Monthly ditto c.m. +395 ---- v. Belgica Blush Belgic ditto c.m. +396 ---- v. ------- Great Royal ditto c.m. +397 ---- v. ------- Blush Monthly ditto c.m. +398 ---- v. ------- Red Belgic ditto c.m. +399 ---- v. ------- Goliah Rose c.m. +400 ---- v. ------- Imperial Blush ditto c.m. +401 ---- multiflora Many-flowered ditto c.m. +402 ---- sempervirens. c. Evergreen Rose c.m. +403 ---- turbinata Frankfort ditto c.m. +404 ---- rubiginosa v. Semidoule Sweet Briar c.m. +405 ---- v. muscosa Mossy ditto c.m. +406 ---- v. sempervirens Manning's Blush ditto c.m. +407 ---- v. flore pleno Double Red ditto c.m. +408 ---- v. Royal ditto c.m. +409 ---- muscosa Moss Provence Rose c.m. +410 ---- moschata Single Musk ditto c.m. +411 Rosa v. flore pleno Double Musk Rose c.m. +412 ---- alpina Alpine Rose c.m. +413 ---- v. rubro Red Alpine ditto c.m. +414 ---- canina, v. flore pleno Double Dog-rose c.m. +415 ---- pendulina Rose without Thorns c.m. +416 ---- alba Single White Rose c.m. +417 ---- v. flore pleno Double White ditto c.m. +418 ---- v. prolifera Cluster Maiden's Blush ditto c.m. +419 ---- v. major Great Maiden's Blush ditto c.m. +420 ---- procera Tall Rose c.m. +421 ---- americana American Yellow ditto c.m. +422 Rubus occidentalis American Bramble c.m. +423 ----- odoratus Flowering ditto c.m. +424 ----- fruticosus inermis. c. Bramble without Thorns c.m. +425 ----- v. laciniata. c. Cut-leaved Bramble c.m. +426 ----- v. flore pleno Double-flowered ditto c.m. +427 Calycanthus floridus Carolina Allspice l. +428 ----------- v. oblongus Long-leaved ditto l. +429 ----------- praecox. w. Early-flowered Chinese ditto l.s. + + +POLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA. + +430 Tilia americana Broad-leaved American Lime c.m. +431 ----- v. corallina Red-twigged ditto c.m. +432 ----- pubescens Pubescent ditto c.m. +433 ----- alba White-leaved ditto c.m. +434 Cistus populifolius Poplar-leaved Cistus l.s. +435 ------ v. minor Small Poplar-leaved ditto l.s. +436 ------ laurifolius Laurel-leaved ditto l.s. +437 ------ Ladaniferus Gum Cistus c.m. +438 ------ monspeliensis Montpellier Cistus l.s. +439 ------ laxus Waved-leaved ditto l.s. +440 ------ salvifolius Sage-leaved ditto l.s. +441 ------ incanus Hoary ditto l.s. +442 ------ albidus White-leaved ditto l.s. +443 ------ crispus Curled-leaved ditto l.s. +444 ------ halimifolius Sea Purslane-leaved ditto l.s. +445 ------ halimifol. v. angustifol. Narrow-leaved Cistus l.s. +446 ------ umbellatus Umbelled-flowered ditto l.s. +447 ------ roseus Red-leaved ditto l.s. +448 ------ marifolius Marum-leaved ditto l.s. +449 ------ Tuberaria Plantain-leaved ditto l.s. +450 ------ apenninus Apennine ditto c.m. +451 ------ mutabilis Changeable ditto l.s. + + +POLYANDRIA DIGYNIA. + +452 Fothergillia alnifolia Alder-leaved Fothergillia b.s. + + +POLYANDRIA DIGYNIA. + +453 Liriodendron Tulipifera Common Tulip Tree c.m. +454 Magnolia grandiflora Laurel-leaved Magnolia b.l.s. +455 -------- v. obovata Broad-leaved ditto b.l.s. +456 -------- v. lanceolata Long-leaved ditto b.l.s. +457 -------- v. ferruginea Ferrugineous ditto b.l.s. +458 -------- glauca Swamp ditto b.l.s. +459 -------- acuminata Blue-flowering ditto b.l.s. +460 -------- tripetala Umbrella Tree b.l.s. +461 -------- auriculata Large-leaved ditto b.l.s. +462 -------- purpurea Purple Chinese ditto b.l.s. +463 Annona triloba Trifid-fruited Custard Apple b.l.s. +464 Atragena alpina. c. Alpine Atragena b.l. +465 -------- austriaca. c. Austrian ditto b.l. +466 Clematis cirrhosa. c. Evergreen Virgin's Bower b.l. +467 -------- florida. c. Large-flowered ditto b.l. +468 -------- flore pleno Double ditto c.m. +469 -------- viticella. c. Purple-flowered ditto b.l. +470 -------- v. fl. pleno. c. Double Purple-flowered ditto c.m. +471 -------- crispa. c. Curled-flowered ditto b.l. +472 -------- orientalis. c. Eastern ditto b.l. +473 -------- virginiana. c. Virginian ditto c.m. +474 -------- flammula. c. Sweet-scented ditto c.m. + + +DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA. + +475 Teucrium flavum Yellow Teucrium l.s. +476 Satureja montana Winter Savory c.m. +477 Hyssopus officinalis Common Hyssop c.m. +478 Lavandula Spica Lavender c.m. +479 --------- v. flore albo White-flowered ditto c.m. +480 --------- Stoechas French ditto c.m.s. +481 Phlomis fruticosa Jerusalem Sage c.m. +482 Thymus vulgaris Common Thyme c.m. +483 ------ v. fol. variegat. Silver Thyme c.m. +484 ------ vulgaris. latifolia Broad-leaved Thyme c.m. +485 ------ Zygis Linear-leaved ditto c.m. + + +DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. + +486 Bignonia Catalpa Common Catalpa c.m. +487 -------- radicans Great trumpet Flower c.m. +488 -------- v. minor Small ditto c.m. +489 -------- capreolata Four-leaved ditto l.s. +490 Vitex Agnus Castus Chaste Tree c.m. +491 ----- v. latifolia Broad-leaved ditto c.m. + + +TETRADYNAMIA SILICULOSA. + +492 Vella Pseudo-cytisus Shrubby Vella l.s. + + +MONADELPHIA POLYANDRIA. + +493 Hibiscus Syriacus Althaea Frutex c.m. +494 -------- v. ruber Red-flowered ditto c.m. +495 -------- v. albus White-flowered ditto c.m. +496 -------- v. fol. variegat. Striped-leaved ditto c.m. +497 -------- v. flore pleno Double White-flowered ditto c.m. +498 Stuartia Malacodendron Common Stuartia b.l.s. +499 -------- marilandia Maryland ditto b.l.s. +500 Gordonia pubescens Loblolly Bay b.l.s. + + +DIADELPHIA OCTANDRIA. + +501 Polygala Chamaebuxus Box-leaved Milkwort b.m. + + +DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. + +502 Spartium Junceum Spanish Broom c.m. +503 -------- flore pleno Double-flowered ditto l.s. +504 -------- decumbens Trailing Broom c.m. +505 -------- Scorpius Scorpion ditto c.m. +506 -------- multiflorum Portugal White ditto c.m. +507 -------- patens Woolly-podded ditto c.m. +508 -------- purgans Purging ditto c.m. +509 -------- radiatum Starry ditto b.m. +510 Genista candicans Evergreen genista c.m. +511 ------- triquetra Triangular ditto c.m. +512 ------- sagittalis Jointed ditto l. +513 ------- sibirica Siberian ditto c.m. +514 ------- germanica German ditto l. +515 ------- hispanica Spanish ditto l. +516 ------- lusitanica Portugal ditto l. +517 Amorpha fruticosa Bastard Indigo c.m. +518 Ononis rotundifolia Round-leaved Rest-Harrow l. +519 ------ fruticosa Shrubby ditto l. +520 Glycine frutescens Shrubby Kidney-bean Tree c.m. +521 Cytisus Laburnum Common Laburnum c.m. +522 ------- v. latifolium Scotch ditto c.m. +523 ------- alpinus Alpine Cytisus c.m. +524 ------- nigricans Black ditto c.m. +525 ------- divaricatus Divaricated ditto c.m. +526 ------- sessifolius Sessile-leaved ditto c.m. +527 ------- hirsutus Hairy Evergreen ditto c.m.s. +528 ------- purpureus Purple-flowered ditto b.l. +529 ------- austriacus Austrian ditto l. +530 ------- supinus Trailing ditto l. +531 ------- capitatus Large Yellow-flowered ditto c.m. +532 ------- biflorus Two-flowered ditto c.m. +533 Robinia Pseudo-Acacia Common Acacia c.m. +534 ------- hispida Rose Acacia c.m. +535 Robinia glutinosa Glutinous Acacia c.m. +536 ------- Caragana Caragana ditto c.m. +537 ------- Altagana Siberian ditto l. +538 ------- Chamlagu Shining-leaved ditto l. +539 ------- spinosa Thorny ditto l. +540 ------- Halodendron Salt Tree l. +541 ------- frutescens Shrubby Robinia l. +542 ------- pygmea Dwarf ditto l. +543 ------- jubata Bearded ditto l. +544 Colutea arborescens Common Bladder Senna c.m. +545 ------- cruenta Eastern ditto c.m. +546 ------- Pococki Pocock's ditto c.m. +547 Coronilla Emeris Scorpion Senna c.m. +548 Astralagus tragacantha Goat's Thorn l. + + +POLYADELPHIA POLYANDRIA. + +549 Hypericum calycinum Great-flowered St. John's-wort c.m. +550 --------- hircinum Foetid ditto c.m. +551 --------- v. minus Lesser Foetid ditto c.m. +552 --------- elatum Tall ditto c.m. +553 --------- prolificum Proliferous ditto c.m. +554 --------- olympicum Olympian ditto l.s. +555 --------- Kalmianum Kalmia-leaved ditto c.m. + + +SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA AEQUALIS. + +556 Santolina Chamaecyparissus Lavender cotton c.m. +557 --------- rosmarinifolius Rosemary-leaved ditto c.m. + + +SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA. + +558 Gnaphalium Stoechas Narrow-leaved Everlasting l.s. +559 Baccharis halimifolia Groundsel tree c.m. +560 Cineraria maritima Sea Rag-wort l.s. + + +GYNANDRIA PENTANDRIA. + +561 Passiflora caerulea. c. Blue Passion Flower c.m.s. + + +GYNANDRIA HEXANDRIA. + +562 Aristolochia Sipho. c. Tree Birthwort l. + + +MONOECIA TRIANDRIA. + +563 Axyris Ceratoides Shrubby Axyris l.s. +564 Comptonia asplenifolia Fern-leaved Gale b.s. + + +MONOECIA TETRANDRIA. + +565 Aucuba japonica Blotched-leaved Aucuba l.b.s. +566 Betula populifolia Poplar-leaved Birch c.m. +567 ------ nigra Black ditto c.m. +568 ------ papyracea Paper ditto c.m. +569 ------ pumila Hairy-leaved Dwarf ditto b.m. +570 ------ oblongata Oblong-leaved ditto c.m. +571 ------ laciniata Cut-leaved Alder c.m. +572 ------ incana Glaucous-leaved Alder c.m. +573 ------ v. angulata Elm-leaved ditto c.m. +574 Buxus balearicus Minorca Box l.s. +575 ----- semperv. v. variegat. Striped-leaved ditto c.m. +576 ----- v. angustifolia Narrow-leaved ditto c.m. +577 Morus alba White Mulberry c.m. +578 ----- nigra Black ditto c.m. +579 ----- papyracea Paper ditto c.m. +580 ----- rubra Red ditto c.m. + + +MONOECIA PENTANDRIA. + +581 Iva frutescens Bastard Jesuit's-Bark Tree c.m. + + +MONOECIA POLYANDRIA. + +582 Quercus Phellos Willow-leaved Oak l. +583 ------- v. serioea Dwarf Willow-leaved ditto l. +584 ------- Ilex Evergreen Oak c.m. +585 ------- v. serrata Sawed-leaved Evergreen ditto c.m. +586 ------- v. oblonga Oblong-leaved Evergreen do. c.m. +587 ------- Suber Cork tree c.m. +588 ------- virens Live Oak c.m. +589 ------- Prinos Chesnut-leaved Oak l.s. +590 ------- v. oblonga Long-leaved ditto l. +591 ------- aquatica Water Oak l. +592 ------- v. heterophylla Various-leaved Water Oak l. +593 ------- v. elongata Long-leaved Water ditto l. +594 ------- v. indivisa Entire-leaved Water ditto l. +595 ------- v. attenuata Narrow-leaved Water ditto l. +596 ------- nigra Black Oak c.m. +597 ------- rubra Red ditto c.m. +598 ------- v. coccinea Scarlet ditto c.m. +599 ------- v. montana Mountain Red ditto c.m. +600 ------- discolor Downy-leaved ditto c.m. +601 ------- alba White Oak c.m. +602 ------- aegilops Large prickly-cupped ditto l. +603 ------- Cerris Turkey Oak c.m. +604 Fagus pumila Chinquapin Chesnut l.s. +605 ----- ferruginea Copper Beech c.m. +606 ----- sylvatica v. purpurea Purple ditto c.m. +607 ----- v. asplenifolia Fern-leaved ditto c.m. +608 Carpinus virginiana Virginian Hornbeam c.m. +609 Carpinus Ostrya Hop Hornbeam c.m. +610 Corylus rostrata American Cuckold Nut c.m. +611 ------- Colurna Constantinople ditto c.m. +612 Platanus orientalis Palmated Plane Tree c.m. +613 -------- v. acerifolia Maple-leaved ditto c.m. +614 -------- v. undulata Waved-leaved ditto c.m. +615 -------- occidentalis Lobed-leaved ditto c.m. +616 Liquidamber Styraciflua Maple-leaved Gum Tree l. + + +MONOECIA MONADELPHIA. + +617 Pinus pinaster Pinaster c.m. +618 ----- Inops Jersey Pine l. +619 ----- resinosa Pitch ditto l. +620 ----- halepensis Aleppo Pine l. +621 ----- Pinea Stone Pine l. +622 ----- Taeda Frankincense ditto l. +623 ----- v. rigida Three-leaved ditto l. +624 ----- v. variabilis Two and three-leaved ditto l. +625 ----- v. alopecuroides Fox-tail ditto l. +626 ----- v. Cembra Siberian stone ditto c.m. +627 ----- Strobus Weymouth ditto c.m. +628 ----- Cedrus Cedar of Lebanon c.m. +629 ----- Larix Red Larch c.m. +630 ----- v. pendula Black Larch c.m. +631 ----- Picea Silver Fir c.m. +632 ----- Balsamea Balm of Gilead Fir c.m. +633 ----- canadensis Hemlock Spruce Fir c.m. +634 ----- nigra Black ditto c.m. +635 ----- alba White ditto c.m. +636 ----- Abies Red or Common ditto c.m. +637 ----- sylvestris v. tatarica Tartarian Pine l. +638 ----- v. montana Mountain ditto l. +639 ----- v. divaricata Hudson's Bay ditto l. +640 ----- v. maritima Sea Pine l. +641 Thuja occidentalis American Arbor-Vitae c.m. +642 ----- orientalis Chinese ditto c.m. +643 Cupressus sempervirens Upright Cypress c.m. +644 --------- v. horizontalis Male Spreading ditto c.m. +645 --------- disticha Deciduous ditto c.m. +646 --------- v. nutans Long-leaved Deciduous ditto l. +647 --------- thyoides Arbor-Vitae-leaved ditto c.m. +648 --------- pendula Cedar of Goa l.s. + + +DIOECIA DIANDRIA. + +649 Salix phylicaefolia Phylica-leaved Willow c.m. +650 ----- babylonica Weeping Willow c.m. +651 ----- retusa Blunt-leaved ditto c.m. +652 Salix incubacea Spreading Willow c.m. +653 ----- ulmifolia Elm-leaved ditto c.m. +654 ----- hastata Halbert-leaved ditto c.m. +655 ----- myrtilloides Myrtle-leaved ditto c.m. +656 ----- Lapponum Lapland ditto c.m. +657 ----- tristis Narrow-leaved American ditto c.m. + + +DIOECIA TRIANDRIA. + +658 Empetrum rubrum Red Crow Berry b.m. +659 Hippophae canadensis Canada Sea Buck-thorn b.l.s. +660 Myrica cerifera Candleberry Myrtle b.l. +661 ------ v. latifolia Broad-leaved ditto b.l. + + +DIOECIA PENTANDRIA. + +662 Pistachia Terebinthus Pistachia Nut Tree l.s. +663 Xanthoxylum Clava Herculis Tooth-ach Tree c.m. + + +DIOECIA HEXANDRIA. + +664 Smilax aspera. c. Rough Bindweed l.b. +665 ------ lanceolata. c. Spear-leaved ditto l.b. +666 ------ rotundifolia. c. Round-leaved ditto l.b. +667 ------ Bona Nox. c. Ciliated ditto l.b. +668 ------ laurifolia. c. Laurel-leaved ditto l.b. +669 ------ sassaparilla. c. Sassaparilla ditto l.b. +670 ------ tamnoides. c. Briony-leaved ditto l.b. +671 ------ caduca. c. Deciduous ditto l.b. + + +DIOECIA OCTANDRIA. + +672 Populus dilatata Lombardy Poplar c.m. +673 ------- balsamifera Tacamahac ditto c.m. +674 ------- candicans White-leaved ditto c.m. +675 ------- laevigata Smooth-leaved ditto c.m. +676 ------- monilifera Canadian ditto c.m. +677 ------- graeca Athenian ditto c.m. +678 ------- heterophylla Various-leaved ditto c.m. +679 ------- angulata Carolina ditto c.m. + + +DIOECIA DECANDRIA. + +680 Coriaria myrtifolia Myrtle-leaved Sumach c.m. + + +DIOECIA DODECANDRIA. + +681 Menispermum canadense. c. Canada Moon-seed l.b. +682 ----------- carolinianum. c. Carolina ditto l.b. + + +DIOECIA MONADELPHIA. + +683 Juniperus thuifera Spanish Juniper c.m. +684 --------- Sabina Common Savin c.m. +685 --------- v. tamariscifolia Tamarisk-leaved ditto c.m. +686 Juniperus v. fol. variegat. Variegated Savin c.m. +687 --------- virginiana Red Cedar c.m. +688 --------- repens Creeping ditto c.m. +689 --------- Oxycedrus Brown-berried ditto l.b.s. +690 --------- phoenicea Phoenicean ditto l.b.s. +691 --------- bermudiana Bermudian ditto l.b.s. +692 --------- communis v. suecica Swedish ditto c.m. +693 --------- montana Alpine ditto l.b. +694 Ephedra monostachya Shrubby Horse tail l.b. +695 ------- distachya Greater ditto l.b. +696 Cissampelos smilacina Smilax-leaved Cissampelos l.b. + + +DIOECIA SYNGENESIA. + +697 Ruscus Hypoglossum Broad-leaved Alexandrian Laurel c.m. +698 ------ Hypophyllum Double-leaved ditto b.m. +699 ------ racemosus Common ditto b.m. + + +POLYGAMIA MONOECIA. + +700 Atriplex Halimus Sea Purslane c.m. +701 Acer tataricum Tartarian Maple c.m. +702 ---- rubrum Scarlet ditto c.m. +703 ---- v. pallidum Pale ditto c.m. +704 ---- saccharinum Sugar Maple c.m. +705 ---- platanoides Plane-leaved ditto c.m. +706 ---- v. laciniatum Cut-leaved ditto c.m. +707 ---- montanum Mountain ditto c.m. +708 ---- pensylvanicum Pennsylvanian ditto c.m. +709 ---- monspessulanum Montpellier ditto c.m. +710 ---- creticum Cretan ditto c.m. +711 ---- Negundo Ash-leaved ditto c.m. +712 ---- Opalus Italian ditto c.m. + + +POLYGAMIA DIOECIA. + +713 Gleditsia triacanthos Three-thorned Acacia c.m. +714 --------- v. horrida Strong-spined ditto c.m. +715 --------- v. monosperma Single-seeded ditto c.m. +716 Fraxinus rotundifolia Round-leaved Ash c.m. +717 -------- excelsior v. crispa Curled-leaved ditto c.m. +718 -------- v. diversifolia Various-leaved ditto c.m. +719 -------- v. pendula Weeping Ash c.m. +720 -------- v. striata Striped-barked ditto c.m. +721 -------- v. variegata Blotch-leaved ditto c.m. +722 -------- Ornus Flowering ditto c.m. +723 -------- americana American ditto c.m. +724 -------- chinensis Chinese ditto c.m. +725 -------- rotundifolia Round-leaved ditto c.m. +726 Diospyrus Lotus Date Plum Tree c.m. +727 Diospyrus virginiana Virginian Plum Tree c.m. +728 Nyssa integrifolia Mountain Tupello l.b. +729 ----- denticulata Water ditto l.b. + + +POLYGAMIA TRIOECIA. + +730 Ficus Garica Common Fig-Tree c.m. + + + * * * * * + + + +FOREIGN HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS. + + + +In enumerating the foregoing, as well as the plants of the present +section, I have had more than one object in view; being desirous to put +in only such plants as were ornamental or curious, at the same time to +insert none but what are perfectly hardy; yet, independently of this, to +make it sufficiently general, to give to such persons who might wish to +study plants scientifically, a sufficient number for examples in every +genus. For this purpose I have retained a portion of the Umbelliferous +and other plants. Although not to be distinguished for their general +beauty or appearance, yet they are calculated to afford the student the +best plants for comparison, and for that reason I have arranged them +according to the Linnaean System. + + + +DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. + + 1 Veronica sibirica Siberian Speedwell c.m. + 2 -------- virginica Virginian ditto c.m. + 3 -------- spuria Bastard ditto c.m. + 4 -------- maritima Blue-flowered Sea ditto c.m. + 5 -------- longifolia Long-leaved ditto c.m. + 6 -------- incana Hoary ditto c.m. + 7 -------- incicisa Cut-leaved ditto c.m. + 8 -------- Allioni Creeping ditto c.m. + 9 -------- Teucrium Hungarian ditto c.m. +10 -------- urticaefolia Nettle-leaved ditto c.m. +11 -------- orientalis Oriental ditto c.m. +12 -------- candida White-leaved ditto c.m. +13 -------- multifida Multifid ditto c.m. +14 -------- latifolia Broad-leaved ditto c.m. +15 Verinoca prostrata Trailing Sea Speedwell c.m. +16 -------- austriaca Austrian ditto c.m. +17 -------- pinnata Wing'd-leaved ditto c.m. +18 -------- paniculata Panicled ditto c.m. +19 -------- Gentianoides Gentian-leaved ditto c.m. +20 Gratiola officinalis Hedge-Hyssop c.m. +21 Verbena urticaefolia Nettle-leaved Vervain c.m. +22 Lycopus virginicus Virginian Lycopus c.m. +23 Monarda fistulosa Hollow-stalked Monarda l. +24 ------- didyma Scarlet ditto l. +25 ------- purpurea Purple ditto l. +26 Salvia lyrata Lyre-leaved Sage l.b. +27 ------ virgata Twiggy-branched ditto c.m. +28 ------ sylvestris Spotted-stalked ditto c.m. +29 ------ nemorosa Spear-leaved ditto c.m. +30 ------ austriaca Austrian ditto c.m. +31 ------ Disermas Long-spiked ditto c.m. +32 ------ verticillata Whorl-flowered ditto c.m. +33 ------ glutinosa Yellow-flowered ditto c.m. +34 ------ lineata Flax-leaved ditto l.b. +35 Collinsonia canadensis Nettle-leaved Collinsonia c.m. + + +TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. + +36 Valeriana Phu Garden Valerian c.m. +37 Ixia chinensis Chinese Ixia l.b. +38 Galdiolus communis Common red Corn-Flag c.m. +39 --------- byzantinus Larger ditto c.m. +40 Iris susiana Chalcedonian Iris l.b. +41 ---- florentina Florentine ditto c.m. +42 ---- germanica German ditto c.m. +43 ---- lurida Dingy ditto c.m. +44 ---- sambucina Elder-scented ditto c.m. +45 ---- dalmatica Dalmatian ditto c.m. +46 ---- variegata Variegated-flowered ditto c.m. +47 ---- biflora Two-flowered ditto l.b. +48 ---- pumila Dwarf ditto c.m. +49 ---- sibirica Siberian ditto c.m. +50 ---- squalens Brown-flowered ditto c.m. +51 ---- versicolor Various coloured ditto c.m. +52 ---- spuria Spurious ditto c.m. +53 ---- ochroleuca Pale Yellow ditto c.m. +54 ---- graminea Grass-leaved ditto c.m. +55 ---- ephium Spanish Bulbous ditto c.m. +56 ---- ephioides English Bulbous ditto c.m. +57 ---- persica Persian ditto l.b. +58 ---- halophila Long-leaved ditto c.m. +59 ---- subbiflora One- and Two-flowered ditto c.m. +60 ---- virginica Virginian ditto c.m. +61 Iris aphylla Naked-stalked Iris c.m. +62 ---- flexuosa Bending-stalked ditto c.m. +63 Commelina erecta Upright Commelina c.m. + + +TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. + +64 Scabiosa alpina Alpine Scabious c.m. +65 -------- leucantha Snowy ditto c.m. +66 -------- sylvatica Broad-leaved ditto c.m. +67 -------- ochroleuca Pale white ditto c.m. +68 Crucianella anomala Anomalous Crucianella c.m. +69 Asperula Taurina Broad-leaved Woodroof c.m. +70 Plantago maxima Broad-leaved Plantain c.m. +71 -------- v. rosea Rose ditto c.m. +72 -------- altissima Tall ditto c.m. +73 -------- asiatica Asiatic ditto c.m. +74 Sanguisorba media Short-spiked Burnet-saxifrage c.m. +75 -------- canadensis Canadian ditto c.m. + + +PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. + +76 Anchusa angustifolia Narrow-leaved Bugloss c.m. +77 Pulmonaria angustifolia Narrow-leaved Lungwort l.b. +78 ---------- virginica Virginian ditto l.b. +79 Borago orientalis Eastern Borage l.b. +80 Symphytum orientale Eastern Comfrey l.b. +81 --------- asperrimum Siberian ditto c.m. +82 Hydrophyllum virginicum Virginian Water-leaf l.b. +83 ------------ canadense Canadian ditto l.b. +84 Lysimachia Ephemeron Willow-leaved Loose-strife l. +85 ---------- stricta Bulb-bearing ditto b.s. +86 ---------- ciliata Ciliated ditto c.m. +87 Plumbago europaea European Lead-wort c.m. +88 Phlox paniculata Panicled Lychnidea c.m. +89 ----- undulata Wave-leaved ditto c.m. +90 ----- suaveolens White-flowered ditto c.m. +91 ----- carolina Carolina ditto c.m. +92 ----- maculata Spotted-stalked ditto c.m. +93 ----- glaberrima Smooth-stalked ditto c.m. +94 Convolvulus americanus American Bind-weed c.m. +95 Polemonium reptans Creeping Greek Valerian c.m. +96 Campanula persicifolia Peach-leaved Campanula l. +97 --------- pyramidalis Pyramidal ditto l. +98 --------- lilifolia Lily ditto c.m. +99 --------- rapunculoides Nettle-leaved ditto c.m. +100 -------- americana American ditto l. +101 -------- versicolor Various-coloured ditto l.b. +102 -------- sibirica Siberian ditto l.b. +103 Phyteuma spicata Spike-flowered Horn-Rampion c.m. +104 Triosteum perfoliatum Fever Wort l.b. +105 Verbascum ferrugineum Rusty-leaved Mullein l. +106 -------- phoeniceum Purple-flowered ditto l. +107 Hyoscyamus Scopolia Nightshade-leaved Henbane b. +108 Physalis Alkekengi Winter Cherry c.m. +109 Atropa Mandragora Mandrake l.s. +110 Viola montana Mountain Violet c.m. +111 Tabernamonta Amsonia Alternate-leaved Taberna montana +112 ------------ angustifolia Narrow-leaved ditto l.s. + + +PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. + +113 Apocynum venetum Spear-leaved Dog's-bane c.m. +114 -------- androsaemifolium Fly-catching ditto l.b. +115 -------- cannabium Hemp-leaved ditto c.m. +116 Asclepius syriaca Syrian Swallow-wort c.m. +117 --------- amoena Oval-leaved ditto c.m. +118 --------- incarnata Flesh-coloured ditto c.m. +119 --------- sibirica Siberian ditto l.b. +120 --------- Vincetoxicum Officinal ditto c.m. +121 --------- exaltata Tall ditto l.b. +122 --------- tuberosa Orange Apocynum or ditto l.b. +123 --------- nigra Black ditto c.m. +124 Heuchera americana American Spanicle c.m. +125 Gentiana lutea Yellow Gentian l.b. +126 -------- saponaria Soapwort-leaved ditto l.b. +127 --------- cruciata Cross-wort ditto l.b. +128 Eryngium planum Flat-leaved Eryngo l. +129 -------- amethystinum Amethystian ditto l. +130 -------- Bourgati Cut-leaved ditto l. +131 -------- alpinum Alpine ditto l. +132 Astrantia major Great Black Masterwort c.m. +133 Ferrula communis Gigantic Fennel l. +134 ------- nodiflora Knotted ditto l. +135 Laserpitium latifolium Broad-leaved Laser-wort l. +136 Heracleum elegans Elegant-leaved Cow Parsnep c.m. +137 Ligusticum laevisticum Common Lovage c.m. +138 ---------- peloponnese Hemlock-leaved ditto c.m. +139 Angelica archangelica Garden Angelica c.m. +140 Sium Falcaria Creeping-rooted Skirret l.b. +141 Phellandrium Mutellina Mountain Phellandrium l.b. +142 Chaerophyllum bulbosum Bulbous-rooted Chaerophyllum c.m. +143 ------------ hirsutum Hairy ditto c.m. +144 ------------ aromaticum Sweet-scented ditto c.m. +145 Sesseli montanum Long-leaved Meadow-saxifrage c.m. +146 Thapsia villosa Deadly carrot c.m. +147 Smyrnium aureum Golden Alexanders l.b. + + +PENTANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. + +148 Aralia racemosa Berry-bearing Aralia c.m. +149 Aralia nudicaulis Naked-stalk'd Atalia l.b. +150 Statice Cephalotes Large single-stalk'd Statice l. +151 ------- speciosa Plaintain-leaved ditto l. +152 ------- tatarica Tartarian ditto l. + + +HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. + +153 Tradescantia virginica Virginian Spider-wort c.m. +154 Narcissus angustifolius Narrow-leaved Narcissus c.m. +155 --------- biflorus Two-flowered ditto c.m. +156 --------- majalis Late-flowering white ditto c.m. +157 Narcissus incomparabilis Peerless Daffodil c.m. +158 --------- major Large ditto c.m. +159 --------- orientalis Oriental ditto c.m. +160 --------- Tazetta Polyanthus Narcissus c.m. +161 --------- odorus Sweet-scented ditto c.m. +162 --------- Jonquilla Jonquil c.m. +163 --------- hispanicus Spanish-white ditto c.m. +164 --------- Bulbocodium Hoop Petticoat ditto l.b. +165 --------- minor Lesser daffodil c.m. +166 Amaryllis lutea Yellow Amaryllis l. +167 Allium victorialis Long rooted Garlick c.m. +168 ------ sphaerocephalon Small round-headed ditto c.m. +169 ------ descendens Purple-headed ditto c.m. +170 ------ nutans Nodding ditto c.m. +171 ------ senescens Narcissus-leaved Garlick c.m. +172 ------ multibulbosum Broad-leaved ditto c.m. +173 ------ flavum Yellow Garlick c.m. +174 ------ Moly Yellow Moly c.m. +175 ------ tartaricum Tartarian Garlick c.m. +176 ------ subhirsutum Hairy ditto c.m. +177 ------ pallens Pale-flowered ditto c.m. +178 Lilium candidum White Lilly c.m. +179 ------ bulbiferum Orange ditto c.m. +180 ------ pomponium Pomponian ditto b.m. +181 ------ chalcedonium Scarlet Martagon ditto c.m. +182 ------ superbum Superb ditto b.m. +183 ------ martagon Common Martagon ditto c.m. +184 ------ canadense Canada-Martagon ditto b.m. +185 ------ tigrinum Tiger Lily l.b. +186 ------ philadelphicum Philadelphia Lily b.m.s. +187 ------ Catesbaei Catesby's Lily b.m.s. +188 Fritillaria imperialis Crown Imperial c.m. +189 ----------- persica Persian Fritillary l. +190 ----------- pyrenaica Pyrenean Fritillary c.m. +191 Uvularia perfoliata Perfoliate Uvularia l.b. +192 -------- amplexifolia Heart-leaved ditto l.b. +193 -------- grandiflora Large-flowered ditto c.m. +194 Erythronium Dens Canis Dog's-tooth Violet c.m. +195 Tulipa sylvestris Italian Yellow Tulip c.m. +196 ------ Gesneriana Common Garden ditto c.m. +196 Hypoxis erecta Upright Hypoxis c.m. +197 Ornithogalum nutans Nodding Star of Bethlehem c.m. +198 ------------ pyrenaicum Pyrenean ditto c.m. +199 ------------ latifolium Broad-leaved ditto c.m. +200 Scilla peruviana Peruvian-Hyacinth c.m. +201 ------ campanulata Spansh Squill c.m. +202 ------ bifolia Two-leaved ditto l.b. +203 ------ praecox Siberian ditto l.b. +204 ------ italica Italian ditto c.m. +205 ------ amoena Early-flowering ditto c.m. +206 Asphodelus luteus Yellow Asphodel c.m. +207 ---------- ramosus Branching ditto c.m. +208 Anthericum ramosum Branching Anthericum c.m. +209 ---------- Liliago Grass-leaved ditto c.m. +210 ---------- Liliastrum St. Bruno's Lily c.m. +211 Convallaria verticillata Verticillate Solomon's Seal l. +212 ----------- racemosa Branching ditto l. +213 ----------- stellata Starry ditto l. +214 Hyacinthus orientalis Garden Hyacinth c.m. +215 ---------- romanus Roman ditto l. +216 ---------- cernuus Nodding ditto c.m. +217 ---------- Muscaria Musk ditto c.m. +218 ---------- monstrosus Feathered ditto c.m. +219 ---------- comosus Purple-Grape or Tassel ditto c.m. +220 ---------- botryoides Blue-Grape ditto c.m. +221 ---------- racemosus Starch ditto c.m. +222 Aletris Uvaria Orange-flowered Aletris l.s. +223 Yucca gloriosa Superb Adam's Needle l.s. +224 ----- filamentosa Thready ditto c.m. +225 Hemerocallis flava Yellow Day Lily c.m. +226 ------------ coerulea Blue ditto l.s. +227 ------------ alba White ditto l.s. +228 ------------ fulva Tawny ditto c.m. +229 ------------ graminea Grass-leaved ditto c.m. + + +HEXANDRIA TRIGYNIA. + +230 Rumex Patentia Patience Dock c.m. +231 ----- italicus Italian ditto c.m. +232 ----- alpinus Alpine ditto c.m. + + +HEXANDRIA TETRAGYNIA. + +233 Saururus cernuus Lizard's Tail c.m. +234 -------- lucidus Shining-leaved ditto c.m. + + +OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. + +235 Oenothera fruticosa Shrubby Oenothera c.m. +236 Oenothera Misouriensis Misour Oenothera l.b. +237 --------- Fraseri Fraser's ditto l.b. +238 --------- angustifolia Narrow-leaved Shrubby ditto c.m. +239 Epilobium angustissimum Narrowest-leaved Willow-herb c.m. +240 --------- Dodonaei Dodonaeus's ditto l.b. + + +OCTANDRIA TRIGYNIA. + +241 Polygonum divaricatum Divaricated Polygonum c.m. +242 --------- scandens Climbing ditto c.m. +243 --------- undulatum Waved-leaved ditto c.m. +244 --------- ochreatum Spear-leaved ditto c.m. +245 --------- virginicum Virginian ditto c.m. + + +ENNEANDRIA TETRAGYNIA. + +246 Rheum Rhaponticum Rhapontic Rhubarb c.m. +247 ----- undulatum Waved-leaved ditto c.m. +248 ----- palmatum Palmated-leaved ditto c.m. +249 ----- tataricum Tartarian ditto c.m. +250 ----- hybridum Bastard ditto c.m. +251 ----- compactum Compact ditto c.m. + + +DECANDRIA MONOGYNIA. + +252 Sophora flavescens Siberian Sophora l.b. +253 ------- alopecuroides Fox-tail ditto l.b. +254 ------- australis Blue Australian ditto l.b. +255 ------- alba White ditto l.b. +256 Cassia marilandica Maryland Cassia l. +257 Dictamnus rubra Fraxinella c.m. + + +DECANDRIA DIGYNIA. + +258 Saxifraga crassifolia Oval-leaved Saxifrage c.m. +259 --------- cordifolia Heart-leaved ditto c.m. +260 --------- Geum Kidney-leaved ditto c.m. +261 --------- geranoides Crane's-bill-leaved ditto c.m. +262 --------- pensylvanica Pennsylvanian ditto l.b. +263 --------- hieracifolia Hawkweed-leaved ditto c.m. +264 Gypsophila paniculata Panicled Gypsophila c.m. +265 ---------- altissima Tall ditto c.m. +266 Dianthus barbatus Common Sweet William c.m. +267 -------- hybridus Mule Pink c.m. +268 -------- superbus Superb ditto c.m. + + +DECANDRIA TRIGYNIA. + +269 Cucabulus viscosus Clammy Bladder Campion c.m. +270 --------- tataricus Tartarian ditto c.m. +271 --------- stellatus Starry ditto l.b. +272 Silene longiflora Long-flowered Catchfly c.m. + + +DECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. + +273 Sedum majus Great Stonecrop c.m. +274 ----- Aizoon Yellow ditto c.m. +275 Agrostemma coronaria Common Rose Campion c.m. +276 ---------- Flos Jovis Umbell'd ditto c.m. +277 Lychnis chalcedonia Scarlet Lychnis c.m. +278 Cerastium repens Creeping Mouse-ear Chickweed c.m. +279 --------- dioicum Spanish ditto c.m. +280 --------- tomentosum Wooly-leaved ditto c.m. +281 --------- sufruticosum Shrubby ditto c.m. +282 --------- strictum Upright ditto c.m. + + +DECANDRIA DECAGYNIA. + +283 Phytolacca decandra Branching Phytolacca l.b. + + +DODECANDRIA MONOGYNIA. + +284 Lythrum virgatum Fine-branched Willow-herb c.m. + + +DODECANDRIA DIGYNIA. + +285 Agrimonia odorata Sweet-scented Agrimony c.m. +286 --------- repens Creeping ditto c.m. +287 --------- Agrimonoides Three-leaved ditto c.m. + + +DODECANDRIA TRIGYNIA. + +288 Euphorbia coralloides Coral-stalk'd Spurge l. +289 --------- pilosa Hairy ditto l. +290 --------- Esula Gromwell-leaved ditto l. +291 --------- falcata Sickle-leaved ditto l. +292 --------- Cyparissias Cypress ditto c.m. +293 --------- palustris Marsh ditto l.b. +294 --------- verrucosa Warted ditto l. +295 --------- multicorymbosa Flax-leaved ditto c.m. + + +DODECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. + +296 Spiraea Aruncus Goat's-beard Meadow Sweet c.m. +297 ------ lobata Lobe-leaved ditto l. +298 ------ trifoliata Three-leaved ditto l.b. + + +ICOSANDRIA POLYGYNIA. + +299 Fragaria monophylla One-leaved Strawberry c.m. +300 -------- virginiana Virginian ditto c.m. +301 -------- grandiflora Pine ditto c.m. +302 -------- chiliensis Chili or White ditto c.m. +303 Potentilla pensylvanica Pensylvanian Cinquefoil c.m. +304 ---------- recta Upright ditto c.m. +305 ---------- hirta Hairy ditto c.m. +306 ---------- mutlifida Cut-leaved ditto c.m. +307 ---------- norwegica Norway ditto c.m. +308 Potentilla grandiflora Great-flowered Cinquefoil c.m. +309 ---------- monspeliensis Montpelier ditto c.m. +310 Geum virginicum Virginian Avens c.m. +311 ---- strictum Upright ditto c.m. +312 ---- potentilloides Cinquefoil ditto c.m. +313 ---- montanum Mountain ditto c.m. + + +POLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA. + +314 Actea racemosa American Herb-Christopher c.m. +315 Podophyllum peltatum Duck's-foot, or May-apple c.m. +316 Chelidonium laciniatum Cut-leaved Celandine c.m. +317 Papaver orientale Oriental Poppy c.m. + + +POLYANDRIA DIGYNIA. + +318 Paeonia coralloides Female Paeony l. +319 ------ humilis Dwarf ditto l. +320 ------ albiflora White-flowered ditto l. +321 ------ officinalis Common or Male ditto c.m. +322 ------ tenuiflora Fine-leaved ditto c.m. +323 ------ fimbriata Fringed-flowered ditto c.m. +324 ------ anomala Siberian ditto c.m. + + +POLYANDRIA TRIGYNIA. + +325 Delphinium intermedium Palmate-leaved Bee Larkspur c.m. +326 ---------- hybridum Bastard ditto l. +327 ---------- elatum Common ditto c.m. +328 ---------- exaltatum American ditto c.m. +329 ---------- grandiflorum Large-flowered ditto c.m. +330 Aconitum Lycoctonum Great Yellow Wolf's-bane c.m. +331 --------- Napellus Common Blue Wolf's-bane c.m. +332 --------- pyrenaicum Pyrenean ditto c.m. +333 --------- japonicum Japan ditto l.b. +334 --------- Anthora Wholesome ditto c.m. +335 --------- variegatum Variegated ditto c.m. +336 --------- ochroleucum Tall ditto c.m. +337 --------- album White-flowered ditto l. +338 --------- volubile Twining ditto l.b. +339 --------- uncinatum Hook-seeded ditto c.m. +340 --------- Cammarum Purple ditto c.m. + + +POLYANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. + +341 Aquilegia canadensis Canadian Columbine c.m. +342 --------- montana Mountain ditto l. +343 --------- sibirica Siberian ditto l. +344 --------- viridiflora Green-flowered ditto l. + + +POLYANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. + +345 Anemone pratensis Meadow Anemone l.b. +346 Anemone coronaria Common Garden ditto l. +347 ------- sylvestris Snow-drop ditto c.m. +348 ------- virginiana Virginian ditto c.m. +349 ------- pensylvanica Pensylvanian ditto c.m. +350 Clematis recta Upright Virgin's-Bower c.m. +351 -------- ochroleuca Yellow ditto l. +352 -------- viorna Leathery-flowered ditto l. +353 -------- integrifolia Intire-leaved ditto c.m. +354 Thalictrum aquilegifolium Feathered Columbine c.m. +355 ---------- simplex Simple-stalked ditto c.m. +356 ---------- lucidum Shining-leaved Meadow Rue c.m. +357 ---------- nigricans Black-flowered ditto c.m. +358 ---------- elatum Tall ditto c.m. +359 ---------- foetidum Stinking ditto c.m. +360 ---------- purpurascens Purple-stalked ditto c.m. +361 ---------- medium German ditto c.m. +362 ---------- atropurpureum Dark-purple-flowered ditto c.m. +363 ---------- rugosum Rough-leaved ditto c.m. +364 ---------- dioicum Dioicous ditto c.m. +365 ---------- sibiricum Siberian ditto c.m. +366 ---------- tuberosum Tubrous-rooted ditto c.m. +367 ---------- angustifolium Narrow-leaved ditto c.m. +368 ---------- contortum Twisted-stalked ditto c.m. +369 ---------- Cornuti Canadian ditto c.m. +370 Thalictrum speciosum Glaucous-leaved Meadow Rue c.m. +371 Ranunculus aconitifolius Fair Maids of France c.m. +372 ---------- platanifolius Plane-leaved Ranunculus c.m. +373 ---------- illyricus Illyrian ditto l.b. +374 ---------- asiaticus Common Persian ditto c.m. +375 Trollius asiaticus Asiatic Globe-flower l.b.s. +376 -------- americanus American ditto l.b.s. +377 Helleborus niger Christmas Rose l.s. +378 ---------- lividus Livid Hellebore l.b.s. + + +DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMA. + +379 Teucrium lucidum Shining-leaved Germander c.m. +380 -------- multiflorum Many-flowered ditto c.m. +381 Hyssopus nepetoides Square-stalked Hyssop l. +382 Nepeta pannonica Hungarian Cat-Mint c.m. +383 ------ incana Hoary ditto c.m. +384 ------ violacea Violet-flowered ditto c.m. +385 ------ Nepetella Small ditto c.m. +386 ------ nuda Spanish ditto c.m. +387 ------ tuberosa Tuberous-rooted ditto c.m. +388 Sideritis hyssopifolia Hyssop-leaved Iron-wort l. +389 --------- scordioides Crenated ditto l. +390 --------- hirsuta Hairy ditto +391 Mentha crispa Curled-leaved Mint c.m. +392 Mentha niliaca White Mint c.m. +393 ------ auriculata Ear-leaved ditto c.m. +394 Lamium Orvala Balm-leaved Archangel l. +395 ------ rugosum Wrinkled-leaved ditto c.m. +396 ------ garganicum Wolly ditto c.m. +397 ------ molle Pellitoria-leaved ditto c.m. +398 Betonica stricta Danish Betony c.m. +399 ------- incana Hoary ditto c.m. +400 ------- orientalis Oriental ditto c.m. +401 ------- hirsuta Hairy ditto c.m. +402 Stachys circinata Blunt-leaved Stachys c.m. +403 ------- lanata Woolly-leaved ditto c.m. +404 ------- cretica Cretan ditto c.m. +405 ------- recta Upright ditto c.m. +406 Marrubium supinum Procumbent Base Horehound c.m. +407 --------- hispanicum Spanish ditto c.m. +408 --------- peregrinum Saw-leaved ditto c.m. +409 Phlomis tuberosa Tuberous-rooted Phlomis c.m. +410 ------- Herba venti Rough-leaved ditto l.b. +411 Origanum hybridum Bastard ditto l.b. +412 -------- heracloticum Winter ditto c.m. +413 Thymus virginicus Virginian Thyme l. +414 Melissa grandiflora Great-flowered Balm c.m. +415 ------- graeca Grecian ditto c.m. +416 Dracocephalum virginicum Virginian Dragon's-head l. +417 ------------- ruyschianum Hyssop-leaved ditto c.m. +418 ------------- sibiricum Siberian ditto c.m. +419 Scutellaria albida Hairy Skull-cap c.m. +420 ----------- integrifolia Entire-leaved ditto l.b. +421 ----------- lupulina Great-flowered ditto l.b. + + +DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. + +422 Chelone glabra White-flowered Chelone l.b. +423 ------- obliqua Red ditto l.b. +424 ------- ruelloides Scarlet ditto l.b. +425 ------- formosa Tall ditto l.b. +426 Antirrhinum purpureum Purple Toad-flax c.m. +427 ----------- genistifolium Broom-leaved ditto l. +428 ----------- triornithophorum Whorl-leaved ditto l.b. +429 Scrophularia betonicaefolia Betony-leaved Figwort l. +430 ------------ orientalis Oriental ditto l. +431 Digitalis lutea Yellow Foxglove c.m. +432 --------- ambigua Great ditto c.m. +433 --------- ferruginea Iron-coloured ditto c.m. +434 Dodartia orientalis Eastern Dodartia l. +435 Penstemon pubescens American Penstemon l.b. +436 -------- Iaevigatum Smooth-leaved ditto l.b. +437 Mimulus ringens Oblong-leaved Monkey-flower l. +438 Mimulus guttatus Yellow Monkey-flower l.b. +439 Acanthus mollis Smooth Bear's-Breech c.m. +440 -------- spinosa Prickly ditto c.m. + + +TETRADYNAMIA SILICULOSA. + +441 Myagrum perenne Perennial Gold-of-Pleasure c.m. +442 Cochlearia Draba Draba-leaved Scurvy-Grass c.m. +443 Iberis sempervirens Evergreen Candy-Tuft c.m. +444 Alyssum saxatile Shrubby Madwort c.m. +445 Lunaria rediviva Perennial Honesty c.m. + + +TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA. + +446 Sisymbrium strictissimum Spear-leaved Sisymbrium c.m. +447 Hesperis matronalis Single Garden Rocket c.m. +448 Bunias orientalis Oriental Bunias c.m. + + +MONADELPHIA DECANDRIA. + +449 Geranium aconitifolium Aconite-leaved Crane's-bill c.m. +450 -------- angulosum Angular-stalked ditto c.m. +451 -------- maculatum Spotted ditto c.m. +452 -------- macorhizum Long-rooted ditto c.m. +453 -------- palustre Marsh ditto l. +454 -------- reflexum Reflexed-flowered ditto c.m. +455 -------- striatum Striped-flowered ditto c.m. +456 -------- lividum Wrinkled ditto c.m. + + +MONADELPHIA POLYANDRIA. + +457 Althaea cannabina Hemp-leaved Marsh-Mallow c.m. +458 Lavatera thuringiacea Large-flowered Lavatera c.m. +459 Alcea rosa Common Holyoak c.m. +460 Hibiscus palutris Marsh Hibiscus l.b. +461 Kitiabella vitifolia Vine-leaved Kitiabella c.m. + + +DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. + +462 Ononis antiquorum Tall Rest-Harrow l. +463 Lupinus perennis Perennial Lupine l.b. +464 Glycine Apios Tuberous-rooted Glycine l. +465 Orobus Lathyroides Upright Bitter-Vetch c.m. +466 ------ angustifolius Narrow-leaved ditto l.b. +467 ------ niger Black-flowered ditto c.m. +468 ------ vernus Spring ditto l. +469 Lathyrus tuberosus Tuberous-rooted Lathyrus c.m. +470 -------- heterophyllus Various-leaved ditto c.m. +471 -------- pisiformis Siberian ditto c.m. +472 Vicia pisiformis Pale-flowered Vetch c.m. +473 Glycyrrhiza echinata Prickly-leaved Liquorice c.m. +474 ----------- glabra Common ditto c.m. +475 Coronilla varia Purple Coronilla c.m. +476 Hedysarum canadense Canada Saintfoin c.m. +477 Galega officinalis Officinal Goat's-rue c.m. +478 ------ montana Mountain ditto l.b. +479 Phaca alpina Alpine Phaca, or Bastard-Vetch l.b. +480 Astralagus alopecuroides Foxtail Milk-Vetch l.b. +481 --------- virescens Green-flowered ditto c.m. +482 --------- galegiformis Goat's-rue-leaved ditto c.m. +483 --------- Cicer Bladder-podded ditto l.b. +484 --------- Onobrichis Purple-spiked ditto c.m. +485 Trifolium hybridum Bastard Trefoil, or Clover c.m. +486 --------- rubens Long-spiked ditto c.m. +487 --------- alpestre Oval-spiked ditto c.m. +488 --------- Lupinaster Bastard Lupine c.m. +489 Lotus maritimus Sea Bird's-foot Trefoil c.m. +490 Medicago Karstiensis Creeping-rooted Medick c.m. +491 -------- prostrata Procumbent ditto c.m. + + +POLYADELPHIA POLYANDRIA. + +492 Hypericum calycinum Great-flowered St. John's-wort c.m.s. +493 --------- perfoliatum Perfoliate ditto c.m.s. +494 --------- Ascyron Red-leavedditto c.m.s. + + +SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA AEQUALIS. + +495 Scorzonera hispanica Spanish Viper's-grass c.m. +496 Sonchus sibiricus Siberian Sow-thistle c.m. +497 Prenanthes purpurea Purple Prenanthes l. +498 Hieracium amplexicaule Heart-leaved Hawkweed c.m. +499 --------- pyrenaicum Pyrenean ditto c.m. +500 Crepis pontica Roman Crepis c.m. +501 Catananche caerulea Blue Catananche c.m. +502 Serratula praealta Tall Saw-wort c.m. +503 --------- coronata Lyre-leaved ditto c.m. +504 --------- spicata Spike-flowered ditto b.l. +505 Carduus canus Hoary Thistle c.m. +506 ------- ciliatus Ciliated ditto c.m. +507 ------- tuberosus Tuberous-rooted ditto c.m. +508 ------- serratuloides Saw-wort ditto c.m. +509 Cnicus oleraceus Pale-flowered Cnicus c.m. +510 ------ ferox Prickly ditto c.m. +511 ------ centauroides Centaury ditto c.m. +512 Cynara Scolymus French Artichoke c.m. +513 Carthamus corymbosus Umbelled Carthamus l.b. +514 Carline acaulis Stemless Carline l.b.s. +515 Cacalia hastata Spear-leaved Cacalia c.m. +516 ------ suaveolens Sweet-scented ditto c.m. +517 ------ saracenica Creeping-rooted ditto c.m. +518 Eupatorium maculatum Spotted Eupatorium c.m. +519 ---------- altissimum Tall ditto c.m. +520 Eupatorium trifoliatum Three-leaved Eupatorium c.m. +521 ---------- perfoliatum Perfoliate ditto l.b. +522 ---------- Ageratoides Nettle-leaved ditto b.l. +523 Chrysocoma linosyris German Goldy-locks c.m. +524 ---------- biflora Two-flowered ditto c.m. + + +SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA. + +525 Tanacetum macrophyllum Various-leaved Tansy c.m. +526 --------- Balsamita Cost-Mary c.m. +527 Artemisia Abrotanum Common Southernwood c.m. +528 --------- santonicum Tartarian ditto or Wormseed c.m. +529 --------- pontica Roman ditto c.m. +530 --------- Dracunculus Tarragon c.m. +531 Conyza linifolia Flax-leaved Flea-bane c.m. +532 Tussilago paradoxa Downy-leaved Coltsfoot c.m. +533 --------- lobata Lobated ditto c.m. +534 --------- alba White ditto c.m. +535 Senecio luridus Dingy-coloured Groundsel c.m. +536 ------- coriaceus Thick-leaved ditto c.m. +537 Dahlia superflua Purple Dahlia c.m. +538 ------ v. rosea c.m. +539 ------ frustranea Red ditto c.m. +540 ------ v. lutea Yellow ditto c.m. +541 ------ v. violacea Violet ditto c.m. +542 Boltonia asteroides Aster-leaved Boltonia c.m. +543 Aster hyysopifolius Hyssop-leaved Aster c.m. +544 ----- dumosus Purple-flowered ditto c.m. +545 ----- ericoides Heath-leaved ditto c.m. +546 ----- multiflorus Many-flowered ditto c.m. +547 ----- linearifolus Linear-leaved ditto c.m. +548 ----- foliolosus Many-leaved ditto c.m. +549 ----- salicifolius Willow-leaved ditto c.m. +550 ----- linifolius Flax-leaved ditto c.m. +551 ----- rigidus Rough-leaved ditto c.m. +552 ----- acris Biting ditto c.m. +553 ----- umbellatus Umbel'd ditto c.m. +554 ----- novae anglicae New England ditto c.m. +555 ----- grandiflorus Great-flowered ditto c.m. +556 ----- patens Spreading ditto c.m. +557 ----- aestivus Labrador ditto c.m. +558 ----- undulatus Wave-leaved ditto c.m. +559 ----- concolor Woolly ditto c.m. +560 ----- Amellus Italian ditto c.m. +561 ----- sibiricus Siberian ditto c.m. +562 ----- flexuosus Bending-stalk'd ditto c.m. +563 ----- divaricatus Divaricated ditto c.m. +564 ----- longifolius Long-leaved ditto c.m. +565 ----- cordifolius Heart-leaved ditto c.m. +566 Aster corymbosus Purple-stalk Aster c.m. +567 ----- paniculatus Smooth-stalked panicled ditto c.m. +568 ----- puniceus Small Purple-stalked ditto c.m. +569 ----- laevis Smooth ditto c.m. +570 ----- novi belgii New-Holland ditto c.m. +571 ----- Tradescanti Tradescant's ditto c.m. +572 ----- pendulus Pendulous ditto c.m. +573 ----- diffusus Diffuse red-flowered ditto c.m. +574 ----- divergens Spreading downy-leaved ditto c.m. +575 ----- tardiflorus Spear-leaved ditto c.m. +576 ----- spectabilis Showy ditto c.m. +577 ----- mutabilis Variable ditto c.m. +578 ----- macrophyllus Broad-leaved-white ditto c.m. +579 ----- fragilis Brittle ditto c.m. +580 ----- junceus Slender-stalked ditto c.m. +581 ----- elegans Elegant ditto c.m. +582 ----- glaberrimus Smooth ditto c.m. +583 ----- lucidus Shining ditto c.m. +584 ----- sessiliflorus Sessil-flowered ditto c.m. +585 ----- altissimus Tallest ditto c.m. +586 Solidago viminea Twiggy Golden Rod c.m. +587 -------- mexicana Mexican ditto c.m. +588 -------- sempervirens Narrow-leaved Evergreen do. c.m. +589 -------- elliptica Oval-leaved ditto c.m. +590 -------- stricta Willow-leaved ditto c.m. +591 -------- latifolia Broad-leaved ditto c.m. +592 -------- laevigata Fleshy-leaved ditto c.m. +593 -------- caesia Maryland ditto c.m. +594 -------- lateriflora Red-stalked ditto c.m. +595 -------- altissima Tall ditto c.m. +596 -------- arguta Sharp Notched ditto c.m. +597 -------- canadensis Canadian ditto c.m. +598 -------- procera Great ditto c.m. +599 -------- reflexa Reflexed ditto c.m. +600 -------- lanceolata Grass-leaved ditto c.m. +601 -------- serotina Upright ditto c.m. +602 -------- nemoralis Woolly-stalked ditto c.m. +603 -------- bicolor Two-cloured ditto c.m. +604 -------- aspera Rough-leaved ditto c.m. +605 -------- flexicaulis Crooked-stalked ditto c.m. +606 -------- ambigua Angular-stalked ditto c.m. +607 -------- rigida Hard-leaved ditto c.m. +608 Cineraria sibirica Heart-leaved Cineraria c.m. +609 Inula squarrosa Net-leaved Inula c.m. +610 ----- salicina Willow-leaved ditto l.b. +611 ----- ensifolia Sword-leaved ditto c.m. +612 Helenium autumnale Smooth Helenium c.m. +613 Chrysanthemum corymbosum Large White Chrysanthemum c.m. +614 Chrysanthemum indicum Purple Indian Chrysanthemum c.m. +615 ------------- millefoliatum Tansy-leaved ditto c.m. +616 ------------- v. ----- a Quilled White. +617 ------------- v. ----- b Double White. +618 ------------- v. ----- c Bright Yellow. +619 ------------- v. ----- d Straw-coloured +620 ------------- v. ----- e Quilled Straw-coloured. +621 ------------- v. ----- f Purple Quilled. +622 ------------- v. ----- g Lilac-coloured. +623 ------------- v. ----- h Spanish brown. +624 ------------- v. ----- i Copper-coloured. +625 ------------- v. ----- j Quilled Lilac. +626 Achillea alpina Alpine Millefoil or Maudlin c.m. +627 -------- cristata Slender-branched ditto c.m. +628 -------- serrata Saw'd-leaved ditto c.m. +629 -------- impatiens Impatient ditto c.m. +630 -------- santolina Lavender-Cotton-leaved ditto c.m. +631 -------- tanacetifolia Tansy-leaved ditto c.m. +632 -------- nobilis Showy ditto c.m. +633 -------- abrotanifolia Southernwood-leaved ditto c.m. +634 Buphthalmum grandiflorum Great-flowered Ox-eye l. +635 ----------- salicifolium Willow-leaved ditto l. + + +SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA FRUTRANEA. + +636 Helianthus multiflorus Perennial Sun-flower c.m. +637 ---------- tuberosus Jerusalem Artichoke c.m. +638 ---------- divaricatus Rough-leaved Sun-flower c.m. +639 ---------- decapetalus Ten-petal'd ditto c.m. +640 ---------- altissimus Tall ditto c.m. +641 ---------- giganteus Gigantic ditto c.m. +642 Rudbeckia laciniata Broad-jagged-leaved Rudbeckia c.m. +643 --------- digitata Narrow-jagged-leaved do. c.m. +644 --------- fulgida Bright purple do. l.b. +645 --------- purpurea Common purple do. l.b. +646 Coreopsis verticillata Whorl-leaved Coreopsis c.m. +647 --------- tripteris Three leaved ditto c.m. +648 --------- aurea Hemp-leaved ditto c.m. +649 Coreopsis procera Tall Coreopsis c.m. +650 --------- alternifolia Alternate-leaved ditto c.m. +651 --------- auriculata Ear-leaved ditto c.m. +652 --------- minima Least ditto l.b. +653 Centaurea Cenaureum Great Centaury c.m. +654 --------- alpina Alpine ditto l.b. +655 --------- montana Mountain ditto c.m. +656 --------- sempervirens Evergreen ditto c.m. +657 --------- sibirica Siberian ditto c.m. +658 --------- phrygia Austrian ditto c.m. +659 Centaurea glastifolia Woad-leaved Centaury l.b. +661 --------- rhapontica Swiss ditto l.b. +662 --------- sonchifolia Sow-thistle-leaved ditto l.b. +663 --------- aurea Great Yellow ditto l.b. + + +SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA NECESSARIA. + +664 Silphium scabrum Rough-leaved Silphium c.m. +665 -------- terebinthinum Broad-leaved ditto c.m. +666 -------- perfoliatum Perfoliate ditto c.m. +667 -------- connatum Round-stalked ditto c.m. +668 -------- Asteriscus Hairy-stalked ditto c.m. +669 -------- trifoliatum Three-leaved ditto c.m. + + +SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA SEGREGATA. + +670 Echinops Ritro Small Globe Thistle c.m. +671 -------- sphaerocephalus Great ditto c.m. + + +SYNGENESIA MONOGAMIA. + +672 Lobelia Cardinalis Scarlet Cardinal flower l. +673 ------- siphylitica Blue ditto l. + + +GYNANDRIA TRIANDRIA. + +674 Sisyrinchium striatum Striated Sisyrinchium l. + + +GYNANDRIA POLYANDRIA. + +675 Arum Dracunculus Long-sheathed Arum c.m. +676 ---- venosum Varied ditto c.m. + + +MONOECIA PENTANDRIA. + +677 Parthenium integrifolium Intire-leaved Parthenium c.m. +678 Urtica nivea Snowy Nettle c.m. + + +DIOECIA HEXANDRIA. + +669 Smilax herbacea Herbaceous Smilax b.l.s. + + +DIOECIA DODECANDRIA. + +680 Datisca cannabina Bastard Hemp c.m. + + +DIOECIA MONADELPHIA. + +681 Napaea laevis Smooth Napaea l.b. +682 ----- scabra Rough ditto c.m. + + +POLYGAMIA MONOECIA. + +683 Veratrum album White Hellebore l.b.s. +684 -------- nigrum Dark-flowered Veratrum l.b.s. + + + * * * * * + + +SECTION XVIII.-HARDY ANNUAL FLOWERS. + + + +These are cultivated by sowing their seeds, in the months of March or +April, in the places where they are to remain and flower during the +summer months. + + + + ENGLISH NAMES. LATIN NAMES. + +1 Alyssum sweet Alyssum halimifolium +2 Alkekengi Physalis Alkakengi +3 Arctotus annual Arctotus anthemoides +4 Argemone or Devil's Fig Argemone mexicana +5 Asphodel annual Anthericum anuum +6 Aster China quilled +7 ----- red Aster chinensis +8 ----- white Aster chinensis +9 ----- purple Aster chinensis +10 ---- superb Aster chinensis +11 ---- Bonnet Aster chinensis +12 ---- striped Aster chinensis +13 Balm Moldavian Dracocephalon moldavicum +14 ---- white Dracocephalon moldavicum +15 ---- hoary Dracocephalon moldavicum +16 Belvidera Chenopodium Scoparium +17 Bladder Ketmia Hibiscus trionum +18 Candytuft purple Iberis umbellata +19 --------- white Iberis umbellata +20 --------- Normandy Iberis umbellata +21 Caterpillar Scorpiurus vermiculata +22 Catchfly pendulous Silene pendula +23 -------- Lobel's Armeria +24 Cyanus major Centaurea Crupina +25 ------ minor Centaurea Cyanus +26 Clary purple topped Salvia Hormium +27 ----- Red ditto Salvia Hormium +28 Chrysamthemum white-quill'd Chrysamthemum coronarium +29 ----------- yellow ditto Chrysamthemum tricolor +30 Hawkweed red Crepis rubra +31 -------- yellow Crepis barbata +32 Hedgehogs Medicago polymorpha, v. intertexta +33 Honeywort great Cerinthe major +34 --------- small Cerinthe minor +35 Indian Corn Zea mays +36 Jacobaea Senecio elegans +37 Larkspur Tall Rocket Delphinium Ajacis +38 -------- Dwarf Rocket Delphinium Ajacis +39 -------- Rose Larkspur Delphinium Ajacis +40 -------- Branching ditto Delphinium Ajacis +41 Lavatera Red Lavatera trimestris +42 -------- white Lavatera trimestris +43 Lobel's Catchfly red Silene armeria +44 ---------------- white Silene armeria +45 Love-lies-bleeding Amaranthus caudatus +46 Lupine yellow Lupinus luteus +47 ------ straw-coloured Lupinus luteus +48 ------ large blue Lupinus hirsutus +49 ------ small ditto Lupinus varius +50 ------ rose Lupinus pilosus +51 ------ blue Dutch Lupinus var +52 ------ white Lupinus albus +53 Mallow-curled Malva crispa +54 Marigold French Tagetes patula +55 -------- African Tagetes erecta +56 -------- small cape Calendula pluvialis +57 -------- great Cape Calendula hybrida +58 -------- starry Calendula stellata +59 Mignionette Reseda odorata +60 Nasturtium great Tropaeolum majus +61 ---------- small Tropaeolum minus +62 Nettle Roman Urtica pilulifera +63 Nigella Roman Nigella Romana +64 ------- Spanish Nigella Hispanica +65 ------- small Nigella sativa +66 Nolana Trailing Noalan prostrata +67 Noli-me-Tangere Impatiens Noli-me-Tangere +68 Oenothera purple Oenothera purpurea +69 Pea sweet purple Lathyrus odoratus +70 --------- scarlet Lathyrus odoratus +71 --------- white Lathyrus odoratus +72 --------- black Lathyrus odoratus +73 --------- striped Lathyrus odoratus +74 --------- painted lady Lathyrus odoratus +75 Pea jointed-podded Lathyrus articulatus +76 --- Anson's Lathyrus magellanicus +77 --- Painted Lady Crown Lathyrus sativus +78 --- Tangier scarlet Lathyrus tingitanus +79 --- purple Lathyrus tingitanus +80 --- red-winged Lotus tetragonolobus +81 --- yellow ditto Lotus tetragonolobus +82 Persicaria red Polygonum orientale +83 ---------- white Polygonum orientale +84 Poppy carnation Papaver somniferum +85 ----- dwarf Rhoeas +86 Quaking-grass Briza maxima +87 Saltwort Rose Salsola rosacea +88 Scabious starry Scabiosa stellata +89 Snails Medicago scutella +90 Soapwort Saponaria Vaccaria +91 Stock purple 10-week Cheiranthus annuus +92 ----- scarlet 10-week Cheiranthus annuus +93 ----- white 10-week Cheiranthus annuus +94 ----- white Prussian Cheiranthus annuus +95 ----- purple ditto Cheiranthus annuus +96 Stock Virginian white Cheiranthus maritimus +97 --------------- red Cheiranthus annuus +98 Stramonium purple Datula Tatula +99 ---------- white Datula stramonium +100 Spinage strawberry Blitum virgatum +101 Sunflower tall Helianthus annuus +102 --------- dwarf Helianthus annuus +103 --------- double Helianthus annuus +104 Sultan sweet purple Centaurea moschata +105 ------ white Centaurea moschata +106 ------ yellow Centaurea suaveolens +107 Toadflax three-leaved Antirrhinium triphyllum +108 Trefoil crimson Trifolium incarnatum +109 Venus's Looking-glass Campanula speculum +110 -----Navelwort Cynoglossum linifolium +111 Xeranthemum yellow shining Xeranthemum lucidum +112 ----------- white Xeranthemum annuum +113 ----------- purple double Xeranthemum annuum +114 Zinnia yellow Zinnia pauciflora +115 ------ red Zinnia multiflora +116 ------ elegant Zinnia elegans +117 ------ violet-coloured Zinnia tenniflora +118 ------ whorl-leaved Zinnia verticillata + + + * * * * * + + +SECTION XIX.-BIENNIAL FLOWERS. + + +Biennial Flowers, i.e. such as do not bloom the same year they are +raised from seeds. + +These should be sown in the month of May or June, and let remain in the +place till the month of September, when they should be planted into +beds, and in the following spring placed out where they are to flower. + + + +1 Canterbury Bells Campanula media +2 Iron-coloured Foxglove Digitalis ferruginea +3 Hollyoak Alcea rosa +4 Honesty Lunaria rediviva +5 Stocks red Brompton Cheiranthus incanus +6 ------ white ditto Cheiranthus incanus +7 ------ purple ditto Cheiranthus incanus +8 ------ Queen Cheiranthus incanus +9 ------ Twickenham Cheiranthus incanus +10 Wallflower Cheiranthus fruticulosus + + + * * * * * + + +SECTION XX.-TENDER ANNUAL FLOWERS. + + +Such as are usually sown in hot-beds in the months of February or March, +and grown in the stove or green-house after the removal of the plants in +the summer months, for which purpose they are very ornamental. + + + +ENGLISH NAMES LATIN NAMES + +1 Amaranthus three-coloured Amaranthus tricolor +2 ---------- two-coloured ---------- bicolor +3 ---------- globe white Gomphrena globosa +4 ---------- purple Gomphrena globosa +5 Balsam Impatiens Balsamita +6 ------ scarlet Impatiens coccinea +7 Striped double white +8 Browallia blue Browallia elata +9 --------- white Browallia elata +10 Cacalia scarlet Cacalia coccinea +11 Capsicum large red Capsicum annuum +12 -------- yellow Capsicum annuum +13 -------- small red horn Capsicum annuum +14 -------- yellow ditto Capsicum annuum +15 -------- cherry Capsicum annuum +16 -------- Cayenne Capsicum annuum +17 Calceolaria wing-leaved Calceolaria pinnata +18 Convolvulus large-flowered Convolvulus major +19 ----------- minor ----------- tricolor +20 Cockscomb dwarf Celosia cristata +21 --------- tall Celosia cristata +22 --------- branching Celosia cristata +23 --------- buff or yellow Celosia cristata +24 Egg plant white Solanum Melongena +25 --------- purple Solanum Melongena +26 Impomaea Scarlet Impomaea coccinea +27 ------- wing-leaved ------- Quamoclit +28 Ice plant Mesembryanthemum crystallinum +29 Love apple Solanum Lycopersicum +30 Sensitive plant Mimosa pudica +31 Stramonium double purple Datura Metel +32 ---------- Double white ------ v. flore albo + + + * * * * * + + +SECTION XXI.-FOREIGN ALPINE PLANTS. + +ADAPTED TO THE DECORATION OF ROCK-WORK. + + + +The following list comprises a number of plants of great beauty and +interest; but, being in general too small for the open borders, are only +to be preserved either in pots; planted in rock-work, or in such other +places where they are not overgrown by plants of larger size. There are +many others of a similar kind that we grow in gardens, but which, being +difficult to keep, we have thought fit not to insert; as persons who try +to cultivate such in the open ground have in general the mortification +to find that they do not compensate for the care and trouble necessary +for preserving them. + + + +1 Ancistrum lucidum Shining Ancistrum b.l. +2 --------- laevigatum Smooth ditto b.l. +3 --------- latebrosum Hairy ditto b.l. +4 Veronica aphylla Naked-stalked Speedwell b.l. +5 -------- bellidoides Daisy-leaved ditto b.l. + + +TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. + +6 Trichonema Bulbocodium Crocus-leaved Trichonema b.l. + + +TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. + +7 Asperula crassifolia Thick-leaved Woodroofe b.l. +8 Houstonia caerulea Blue Houstonia l. +9 Mitchella repens Creeping Mitchella l. +10 Plantago alpina Alpine Plantain l. +11 -------- subulata Awl-leaved ditto l. +12 Cornus canadensis Herbaceous Dog-wood b. +13 Alchemilla pentaphylla Five-leaved Lady's Mantle b.l. +14 ---------- argentata Silvery-leaved ditto b.l. + + +PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. + +15 Cynoglossum Omphaloides Blue Venus's Navelwort b.l. +16 Aretia vitaliana Primrose aretia l. +17 Androsace villosa Hairy Androsace l. +18 Primula cortusoides Bear's-ear Primrose b.l. +19 ------ villosa Hairy Primula b.l. +20 ------ nivea Snowy ditto b.l. +21 ------ marginata Margined ditto b.l. +22 ------ Auricula Common Yellow Auricula b.l. +23 ------ lonigfolia Long-leaved ditto b.l. +24 ------ helvetica Swiss ditto b.l. +25 Primula integrifolia Entire-leaved Auricula b.l. +26 Cortusa Mathioli Siberian Bear's-ear Sanicle b. +27 Soldanella alpina Alpine Soldanella b.l. +28 Dodecatheon Meadia American Cowslip b.l. +29 Cyclamen Coum Round-leaved Cyclamen l. +30 -------- hederaefolium Ivy-leaved ditto l. +31 Lysimachia dubia Purple Loosestrife l. +32 Phlox pilosa Hairy Lychnidea l. +33 ----- ovata Oval-leaved ditto l. +34 ----- suffruticosa Shrubby ditto l. +35 ----- stolonifera Creeping ditto l. +36 ----- subulata Awl-leaved ditto l. +37 ----- setacea Bristly ditto l. +38 Convulvulus lineatus Dwarf Bindweed l. +39 Campanulla pulla Dark-flowered Bell-flower b.l. +40 ---------- carpatica Carpasian ditto b.l. +41 ---------- pumila Purple-dwarf ditto b.l. +42 ---------- v. alba White-dwarf ditto b.l. +43 ---------- nitida Shining-leaved ditto b.l. +44 ---------- barbata Bearded ditto b.l. +45 ---------- azurea Azure-coloured ditto b.l. +46 Phyteuma hemisphaerica Small Rampion b.l. +47 Verbascum Myconi Borage-leaved Mullein l. + + +PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA. + +48 Gentiana acaulis Gentianella l. +49 -------- asclepiadea Swallow-wort Gentian l. +50 Bupleurum petraeum Rock Thorough-wax l. + + +PENTANDRIA TRIGYNIA. + +51 Telephium Imperati True Orphine l. + + +PENTANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. + +52 Statice cordata Heart-leaved Thrift l. +53 ------- flexuosa Zigzag ditto l. +54 Linum flavum Yellow Flax l. +55 ----- austriacum Austrian ditto l. + + +HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. + +56 Convallaria bifolia Two-leaved Lilly of the Valley l.b. + + +HEXANDRIA TRIGYNIA. + +57 Trillium cernuum Drooping-flowered Trillium b. +58 -------- sessile Sessile-flowered ditto b. +59 Helonias bullata Spear-leaved Helonias b. +60 -------- asphodeloides Grass-leaved ditto b. + + +OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA. + +61 Rhexia mariana Hairy Rexia b. +62 Oenothera rosea Rose-flowered Tree Primrose l.b. +63 --------- pumila Dwarf Yellow ditto l.b. +64 Epilobium cordifolium Heart-leaved Willow-herb b.l. + + +OCTANDRIA DIGYNIA. + +65 Moehringia muscosa Mossy Moehringia l. + + +DECANDRIA DIGYNIA. + +66 Saxifraga Cotyledon Pyramidal Saxifrage l. +67 --------- Aizoon Margined ditto c.m. +68 --------- ligulata Strap-leaved ditto c.m. +69 --------- rosularis Rose-leaved ditto c.m. +70 --------- mutata House-leek ditto c.m. +71 --------- Androsace Blunt-leaved ditto c.m. +72 --------- caesia Gray ditto c.m. +73 --------- pilosa Hairy ditto c.m. +74 --------- sarmentosa Creping ditto c.m. +75 --------- cuneifolia Wedge-leaved ditto c.m. +76 --------- aspera Rough-leaved ditto c.m. +77 --------- rotundifolia Round-leaved ditto c.m. +78 --------- ajugaefolia Ground Pine-leaved ditto c.m. +79 --------- sibirica Siberian Pine-leaved ditto c.m. +80 --------- adscendens Ascending Saxifrage c.m. +81 --------- viscosa Clammy ditto c.m. +82 Tiarella cordifolia Heart-leaved Tiarella c.m. +83 Mitella diphylla Two-leaved Mitella c.m. +84 Gypsophila repens Creeping Gypsophila l.b. +85 ---------- prostrata Trailing ditto l.b. +86 Saponaria acymoides Basil-leaved Soap-wort l. +87 -------- superbus Feathered ditto l. +88 -------- pungens Pungent ditto l. +89 -------- alpinus Alpine ditto l. +90 -------- capitatus Headed-flowered ditto l. +91 -------- glaucus Glaucous ditto l. +92 -------- virgineus Maiden ditto l. + + +DECANDRIA TRIGYNIA. + +93 Silene anemoena Siberian Catchfly l. +94 ------ alpestris Mountain ditto l. +95 ------ rupestris Rock ditto l. +96 ------ saxifraga Saxifrage ditto l. +97 ------ vallesia Downy ditto l. +98 Stellaria scapigera Naked-stalk'd Stitch-wort l. +99 Arenaria tetraquetra Square Sand-wort l. +100 ------- balearica Small ditto l. +101 ------- saxatilis Rock ditto l. +102 ------- striata Striated ditto l. +103 ------- grandiflora Great-flowered ditto l. +104 ------- liniflora Flax-flowered ditto l. + + +DECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. + +105 Sedum Aizoon Yellow Stonecrop c.m. +106 ----- Anacampseros Evergreen Orpine c.m. +107 ----- hybridum Bastard Sedum c.m. +108 ----- populifolium Poplar-leaved ditto c.m. +109 ----- virens Green ditto c.m. +110 ----- glaucum Glaucous ditto c.m. +111 ----- deficiens Round-leaved ditto c.m. +112 ----- hispanicum Spanish ditto l. +113 Lychnis quadridentata Small-flowering Lychnis l.b. + + +DODECANDRIA MONOGYNIA. + +114 Asarum canadense Canadian Asarabaca l.b. + + +DODECANDRIA DIGYNIA. + +115 Sempervivum globiferum Globular House-leek l. +116 ----------- arachnoideum Cobweb ditto l. +117 ----------- hirtum Hairy ditto l. +118 ----------- montanum Mountain ditto l. +119 ----------- cuspidatum Prickly-leaved ditto l. +120 ----------- sediforme Stone-crop-leaved ditto l. + + +ICOSANDRIA POLYGYNIA. + +121 Rubus arcticus Dwarf Bramble l.b. +122 Potentilla sericea Silky Cinquefoil l.b. +123 ---------- multifida Multifid ditto l. +124 ---------- bifurca Bifid ditto l. +125 ---------- tridentata Trifid-leaved ditto l. +126 Geum potentilloides Cinquefoil Avens l. +127 ---- reptans Creeping ditto l. + + +POLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA. + +128 Sanguinaria canadensis Canada Puccoon l.b. +129 Papaver nudicaule Naked-stalked Poppy l. +130 Cistus grandiflorus Great-flowered Cistus l. + + +POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA. + +131 Anemone Hepatica Common Liverwort c.m. +132 ------- hortensis Star Anemone l.b. +133 ------- dichotoma Forked ditto l.b. +134 Adonis vernalis Spring Adonis Flower c.m. +135 Ranunculus amplexicaulus Plaintain-leaved Crow-foot l.b. +136 ---------- alpestris Alpine ditto l.b. +137 ---------- glacialis Two-flowered ditto l.b. +138 Isopyrum thalictroides Thalictrum-leaved Isopyrum c.m. + + +DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMA. + +139 Teucrium multiflorum Many-flowered Germander c.m. +140 -------- pyrenaicum Pyrenean ditto c.m. +141 Dracocephalum denticulatum Tooth-leaved Dragon's-head c.m. +142 ------------- austriacum Austrian ditto b.l. +143 ------------- grandiflorum Great-flowered ditto l. +144 Scutellaria alpina Alpine Skull-cap l. +145 ----------- grandiflora Large-flowered ditto l. +146 Prunella laciniata Cut-leaved Self-heal c.m. +147 -------- grandiflora Large-flowered ditto c.m. +148 -------- hyssopifolia Hyssop-leaved ditto c.m. +149 -------- latifolia Broad-leaved ditto c.m. + + +DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMA. + +150 Erinus alpinus Alpine Erinus l.b. + + +TETRADYNAMIA SILICULOSA. + +151 Draba aizoides Hairy-leaved Willow-grass l.b. +152 Lepidium alpinum Mountain Pepper-wort l.b. +153 Iberis saxatilis Rock Candy-tuft l.b. +154 Alyssum montanum Mountain Mad-wort l. +155 ------- utriculatum Bladder-podded ditto l. +156 ------- deltoideum Purple-flowered ditto l. +157 ------- campestre Small yellow ditto l. + + +TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA. + +158 Cardamine asarifolia Heart-leaved Lady's Smock l. +159 --------- bellidifolia Daisy-leaved ditto l. +160 --------- trifolia Three-leaved ditto l.b. +161 Cheiranthus alpinus Alpine Stock l. +162 Arabis alpina Alpine Wall-Cress l. +163 ----- lucida Shining-leaved ditto l. +164 ----- bellidifolia Daisy-leaved ditto l. +165 ----- sibirica Siberian ditto l.b. + + +MONADELPHIA PENTANDRIA. + +166 Erodium Reichardi Dwarf Erodium c.m. + + +DIADELPHIA HEXANDRIA. + +167 Fumaria cucullaria Naked-stalked Fumitory l. +168 ------- nobilis Great-flowered ditto l. +169 Fumaria cava Hollow-rooted Fumitory l. +170 ------- solida Solid-rooted ditto l. +171 ------- spectabilis Scarlet ditto l. + + +DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA. + +172 Hedysarum obscorum Creeping-rooted Hedysarum l.b. +173 Astragalus pilosus Hairy Milk-Vetch l. +174 ---------- falcatus Sickle-podded ditto l. +175 ---------- uliginosus Marsh ditto l. +176 ---------- monspessulanus Montpelier ditto l. +177 ---------- exscapus Stalkless ditto l. +178 ---------- campestris Field ditto l. + + +SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA AEQUAIS. + +179 Leontodon aureum Golden Dandelion l. + + +POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA. + +180 Artemisia glacialis Creeping Wormwood c.m. +181 Gnaphalium plantagineum Plaintain-leaved Everlasting l. +182 Erigeron philadelphicum Philadelphia Erigeron l. +183 -------- purpureum Purple ditto l.b. + + +SYNGENESIA MONOGAMIA. + +184 Lobelia minuta Least Cardinal Flower +185 Viola palmata Palmated Violet b. +186 ----- cucullata Hollow-leaved ditto l. +187 ----- canadensis Canadian ditto l.b. +188 ----- striata Striated ditto l.b. +189 ----- pubescens Downy ditto l.b. +190 ----- biflora Two-flowered ditto l.b. +191 ----- grandiflora Great-flowered ditto l.b. +192 ----- calcarata Alpine ditto l.b. +193 ----- cornuta Pyrenean ditto l.b. +194 ----- obliqua Oblique-leaved ditto l.b. +195 Tussilago alpina Alpine Colt's-foot c.m. +196 Senecio abrotanifolia Southernwood-leaved Grounsel c.m. +197 Aster alpinus Alpine Star-wort l.b. +198 Doronicum bellidiastrum Daisy-leaved Leopard's-Bane l.b. +199 Bellis lusitania Portugal Daisy l.b. +200 Bellium minutum Bastard Daisy l.b. +201 Anthemis Pyrethrum Pellitory of Spain l.b. +202 Achillea tomentosa Woolly Milfoil l.b. +203 -------- Clavannae Silvery-leaved ditto l.b. + + +GYNANDRIA DIANDRIA. + +204 Cypripedium album White Ladies-Slipper b. + + +GYNANDRIA TRIANDRIA. + +205 Sisyrinchum anceps Small Sisyrinchum c.m. +206 Arum tenuifolium Fine-leaved Arum c.m. + + +CRYPTOGAMIA FILICES. + +207 Polypodium marginale Margin-flowered Polypody b.l. +208 ---------- auriculatum Eared ditto b.l. +209 Onoclea sensibilis Sensitive Fern b. +210 Equisetum filiforme Fine Horse-tail l. + + + * * * * * + + +APPENDIX + + + +BRITISH PLANTS CULTIVATED FOR ORNAMENTAL PURPOSES. + + +1. ALISMA Plantago. I cannot pass over this beautiful aquatic without +giving it a place amongst the ornamental plants with which our country +abounds. In pieces of water this is of considerable interest both as to +flowers and foliage, and no place of the kind should ever be destitute +of such a beauty. It is of easy culture; the plant taken from its place +of growth and sunk into the water with a stone to keep it in its place, +is a ready and easy mode of planting it, and there is no fear when once +introduced but it will succeed. + + + +2. ANDROMEDA polifolia. This is a beautiful little shrub, and grown in +gardens for the sake of its flowers; it is also an evergreen. This plant +will not succeed unless it is planted in bog earth,--for a description +of which see page 152 of this volume. + + + +3. AQUILEGIA vulgaris. COLUMBINE.--We have scarcely a plant affording +more beauty or greater variety than this. It is commonly, when found +wild, of a blue colour, but when the seeds are sown in the garden a +variety of tints is produced. It is a perennial, but easily raised from +seed, which should be sown in the spring. + + + +4. ANTHEMIS maritima. A double-flowering variety of this plant used to +be common in the gardens near London, but is now scarce: it is very +beautiful, and constantly in bloom during summer. It is propagated by +planting the roots in the spring and autumn. + + + +5. ANTIRRHINUM linaria, v. Peloria.--I cannot pass over this singular +and beautiful flower without notice. There is a fine figure of it in the +Flora Londinensis: it is very ornamental, and the structure of the bloom +is truly interesting. It is easily propagated by planting the roots in +the spring months, but it is not common. + + + +6. ANTIRRHINUM majus. SNAPDRAGON.--This is also a plant deserving the +attention of the lover of flowers: it is capable of culture into many +very beautiful and interesting varieties. + + + +7. BELLIS perennis. DAISY.--This plant affords us many very beautiful +varieties for the flower garden. The large Red Daisy and all the other +fine kinds are only this plant improved by culture. + + + +8. BUTOMIS umbellatus. This is an aquatic, and well adapted to ornament +pieces of water. Its beautiful flowers in the summer months are inferior +to scarcely any plants growing in such places, and its foliage will form +protection for any birds, &c., which are usually kept in such places. It +is easily propagated by planting it in such places. + + + +9. CALTHA palustris. MARSH MARIGOLD.--This fine yellow flower is also +made double by culture, and finds a place in the flower garden. + + + +10. CHEIRANTHUS fruticulosus. WALLFLOWER.--Is a plant possessing great +beauty, and very interesting on account of its fine scent. We have this +plant also improved by culture, making many fine double varieties. It is +a biennial, and easily raised from seeds, which should be sown in June. +The double varieties are cultivated by cuttings of the branches. + + + +11. CYPRIPEDIUM Calceolus. LADIES SLIPPER.--A flower of the most +uncommon beauty, but is now become scarce; it is a native of the woods +near Skipton in Yorkshire, but has been so much sought for by the lovers +of plants as to become almost extinct. It is difficult to propagate; but +when the plants have been for some years growing, will admit of being +parted, so that it may be increased in that way: it will not bear to be +often removed, and should be left to grow in the same place for several +years without being disturbed. It succeeds best in bog earth or rotten +leaves. + + + +12. DELPHINIUM Ajacis. LARKSPUR.--This is also an annual flower, +affording a pleasing variety in the flower garden in the summer months. +For it culture, see p. 188. + + + +13. DIANTHUS Caryophyllus. THE CARNATION.--All our fine varieties of the +carnation are the produce of this plant. + +The common single variety produces seed in great abundance, but the +improved double varieties are sparing in produce: the fine kinds of this +flower are reared by layers put down about the month of July; they may +also be propagated by cuttings, but the other is the most eligible and +certain mode. + + + +14. EPILOBIUM angustifolium. A plant of singular ornament. There is also +a white variety of this found in gardens. + + + +15. ERICA vulgaris. There is now in cultivation in the gardens a +double-flowering variety of this plant, which is highly interesting and +of singular beauty. It grows readily in bog earth, and is raised by +layers. + + + +16. ERICA Daboeica. IRISH HEATH.--A plant of singular beauty and of easy +culture; and being of small growth and almost constantly in bloom, has +also obtained a place in the shrubbery. + + + +17. FRITILLARIA Meleagris. A very ornamental bulbous plant, of which the +Dutch gardeners have many improved varieties, varying in the colour and +size of the blossoms: these are usually imported in August, and should +be immediately planted, as the bulbs will not keep long when out of +ground, unless they are covered with sand. + + + +18. GALANTHUS nivalis. SNOWDROP.--The first of the productions of Flora +which reminds us of the return of spring after the dark and dreary days +of winter. This plant is also made double by cultivation, but is not +handsomer than the common wild one. The best time for planting the bulbs +of Snowdrops is in the month of September. + + + +19. GENTIANA verna. VERNAL GENTIAN.--A delightful little plant of the +finest blue colour the Flora exhibits in all her glory: its scent is +also delightful: it is somewhat scarce and difficult to procure; but if +more generally known, few gardens would be destitute of such a treasure. +It is of tolerably easy culture, and grows well in loam: it is small, +and is best kept in a pot. + + + +20. GENTIANA Pneumonanthe. MARSH GENTIAN.--Is also a beautiful plant, +and grows well in any moist place. From its beautiful blue flowers it is +well adapted to the flower garden; it delights in bog earth. + + + +21. GERANIUM phaeum. BLACK-FLOWERED GERANIUM.--This is a perennial, and +makes a fine ornamental plant for the shrubbery: it will grow in any +soil and situation. + + + +22. GLAUCUM Phoeniceum. PURPLE HORN POPPY.--An annual flower of +singular beauty, and deserving a place in the flower garden. + + + +23. GNAPHALIUM margaritaceum. AMERICAN CUDWEED.--This plant affords +beautiful white flowers, which drying and keeping their colour, it is +worth attention on that account, as it affords a pleasing variety with +the different Xeranthema, and others of the like class in winter. + + + +24. HIERACUM aurantiacum. GRIM-THE-COLLIER.--This is an old inhabitant +of our gardens, and affords a pleasing variety. + + + +25. HOTTONIA palustris. WATER VIOLET.--This is a plant of singular +beauty in spring; it is an aquatic, and makes a fine appearance in our +ponds in the time of its bloom. + + + +26. IBERIS amara. CANDYTUFT.--An annual flower of considerable beauty +and interest. We have several varieties of this sold in the seed-shops. + + + +27. IMPATIENS NOLI ME TANGERE.--A very curious flower which is grown as +an annual. The construction of the seed-vessel causing the seeds to be +discharged with an elastic force is a pleasing phaenomenon. + + + +28. LATHYRUS sylvestris.--EVERLASTING PEA.--This is also a great +ornament, and frequently found in gardens; it grows very readily from +seeds sown in the spring of the year. + + + +29. LEUCOJUM aestivum. SUMMER SNOW FLAKE.--This is a very noxious plant +in the meadows where it grows wild. I have seen it in the neighbourhood +of Wooking in Surrey quite overpower the grass with its herbage in the +spring, and no kind of that animal that we know of will eat it. + +It is however considered an ornamental plant, and is often found in our +flower gardens. It is of easy culture: the roots may be planted in any +of the autumn or winter months. + + + +30. MALVA moschata. MUSK MALLOW.--This makes a fine appearance when in +bloom, for which purpose it is often propagated in gardens: its scent, +which is strong of vegetable musk, is also very pleasant. + + + +31. MELLITIS mellyssophyllum. MELLITIS grandiflora. BASTARD BALM.--Both +these plants are very beautiful, and are deserving a place in the flower +garden: they are of easy culture, and will grow well under the shade of +trees, a property that will always recommend them to the notice of the +curious. + + + +32. MENYANTHES Nymphoides. ROUND-LEAVED BOG BEAN.--This is a +beautiful aquatic, and claims a place in all ornamental pieces of water. + + + +33. NARCISSUS poeticus. NARCISSUS Pseudo Narcissus.--These are much +cultivated in gardens for the sake of the flowers. The florists have by +culture made several varieties, as Double blossoms which are great +ornaments. The season for planting the bulbs of Narcissus of all +kinds is the month of October: they will grow well in any soil, and +thrive best under the shade of trees. + + + +34. NUPHAR minima is also beautiful, but it is not common. It +will form an ornament for pieces of water. + + + +35. NYMPHAEA alba. NYMPHAEA lutea.--These are aquatics, and scarcely +any plant is more deserving of our attention. The fine appearance of the +foliage floating on the surface, which is interspersed with beautiful +flowers, will render any piece of water very interesting: it should also +be observed that gold-fish are found to thrive best when they have the +advantage of the shade of these plants. It is difficult in deep water to +make them take root, being liable to float on the surface, in which +state they will not succeed. But if the plants are placed in some +strong clay or loam tied down in wicker baskets and then placed in the +water, there is no fear of their success: they should be placed where +the water is sufficiently deep to inundate the roots two feet or a +little more. + + + +36. OPHRYS apifera. BEE ORCHIS.--There are few plants that are more +generally admired than all the Orchideae for their singular beauty and +uncommon structure. The one in question so very much resembles the +humble-bee in appearance, that I have known persons mistake this flower +for the animal. It is unfortunate for the amateurs of gardening that +most plants of this tribe are difficult of propagation, and are not of +easy culture. I have sometimes succeeded with this and other species, by +the following method:--to take up the roots from their native places of +growth as early as they can be found, and then procure some chalk and +sift it through a fine sieve, and also some good tenacious loam; mix +both in equal quantities in water; a large garden-pot should then be +filled with some rubble of chalk, about one third deep, and then the +above compost over it, placing the roots in the centre, at the usual +depth they grew before. As the water drains away, the loam and chalk +will become fixed closely round the bulbs, and they will remain alive +and grow. By this method I have cultivated these plants for some years +together. + +In this way all those kinds growing in chalk may be made to grow; but +such as the Orchis moryo, maculata, and pyramidalis, may be grown in +loam alone, planted in pots in the common way. Care should be taken that +the pots in which they are planted are protected from wet and frost in +the winter season. + + + +37. ORNITHOGALUM latifolium and umbellatum are also ornamental, and are +often cultivated for their beautiful flower. The season for planting the +bulbs is about the month of September. + + + +38. PAPAVER somniferum. GREATER POPPY. PAPAVER Rhoeas. CARNATION POPPY. +--These are made by culture into numerous varieties, and are very +beautiful; but the aroma, which is pregnant with opium, renders too many +of them unpleasant for the garden. + + + +39. POLEMONIUM coeruleum. GREEK VALERIAN, or JACOB'S LADDER.--Is also a +beautiful perennial, and claims the notice of the gardener. Its +variety, with white flowers, is also ornamental. It is raised +from seeds, which are sold in plenty in our seed-shops. + + + +40. PRIMULA officinalis. COWSLIP. PRIMULA vulgaris. PRIMROSE. PRIMULA +elatior. OXLIP. PRIMULA farinose. BIRD'S EYE.--All well known ornaments +of numerous varieties, double and single. The third species is the +parent of the celebrated Polyanthus. The last is also an interesting +little plant with a purple flower. It grows best in bog earth. + + + +41. ROSA rubiginosa. SWEET BRIAR.--This lovely and highly extolled shrub +has long claimed a place in our gardens. We have several varieties with +double flowers, which are highly prized by the amateurs of gardening. + + + +42. SAXIFRAGA umbrosa. LONDON PRIDE.---A beautiful little plant for +forming edgings to the flower garden, or for decorating rock-work. + + + +43. SAXIFRAGA oppositifolia. PURPLE SAXIFRAGE.--Perhaps we have few +flowers early in the spring that deserve more attention than this. It +blooms in the months of February and March, and in that dreary season, +in company with the Snow-drop, Crocus, and Hepaticas, will form a most +delightful group of Flora's rich production. The Saxifrage is a native +of high mountains, and it can only be propagated by being continually +exposed to the open and bleakest part of the garden: it succeeds best in +pots. It should be parted every spring, and a small piece about the size +of a shilling planted in the centre of a small pot, and it will fill the +surface by the autumn. The soil bestsuited to it is loam. + + + +44. SEDUM acre. STONE CROP. SEDUM rupestre. ROCK GINGER.--All the +species of Sedums are very ornamental plants, and are useful for +covering rocks or walls, where they will generally grow with little +trouble. The easiest mode of propagating and getting them to grow on +such places is first to make the place fit for their reception, by +putting thereon a little loam made with a paste of cow-dung; then +chopping the plants in small pieces, and strowing them on the place: if +this is done in the spring, the places will be well covered in a short +time. + + + +45. STATICE Armeria. THRIFT.--This plant is valuable for making edgings +to the flower garden. It should be parted, and planted for this purpose +either in the months of August and September, or April and May. + + + +46. STIPA pinnata. FEATHER GRASS.--We have few plants of more interest +than this; its beautiful feathery bloom is but little inferior to the +plumage of the celebrated Bird of Paradise. It is frequently worn in the +head-dress of ladies. + + + +47. SWERTIA perennis. MARSH SWERTIA.--This is a beautiful little plant, +and worth the attention of all persons who are fond of flowers that will +grow in boggy land. It is a perennial, and of easy culture. + + + +48. TROLLIUS europaeus. GLOBE FLOWER.--This is also a fine plant: +when cultivated in a moist soil its beautiful yellow flowers afford a +pleasing accompaniment to the flower border and parterre in the spring +of the year. It is easily raised by parting its roots. + + + +49. TULIPA sylvestris.--This beautiful flower is also an inhabitant of +our flower-gardens; it is called the Sweet-scented Florentine Tulip. It +has a delightful scent when in bloom, and is highly worthy the attention +of amateurs of flower gardens. It should be planted in September, and +will grow in almost any soil or situation. + + + +50. TYPHA latifolia. TYPHA angustifolia. TYPHA minor.--These are all +very fine aquatics, and worth a place in all pieces of water; the +foliage forms a fine shelter for water-fowl. + + + +51. VIOLA tricolor. HEART'S-EASE.--Is an annual of singular beauty, and +forms many pleasing and interesting varieties. + + + +52. VIOLA odorata must not be passed over among our favourite native +flowers. This is of all other plants in its kind the most interesting. +It forms also several varieties; as Double purple, Double white, and the +Neapolitan violet. The latter one is double, of a beautiful light blue +colour, and flowers early; it is rather tender, and requires the +protection of a hot-bed frame during winter. It is best cultivated in +pots. + + + +53. VINCA minor. LESSER PERIWINKLE.--This is also a beautiful little +evergreen, of which the gardeners have several varieties in cultivation; +some with double flowers, others with white and red-coloured corols, +which form a pleasing diversity in summer. + + + +54. VINCA major. GREAT PERIWINKLE.-I know of no plant of more beauty, +when it is properly managed, than this. It is an evergreen of the most +pleasing hue, and will cover any low fences or brick-work in a short +space of time. The flowers, which are purple, form a pleasing variety in +the spring months. + + + +* * * * * + + + +MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES + + + +53. BETA vulgaris. I have noticed this plant before, both as to its +culinary uses and for feeding cattle: but having received a +communication from a friend of mine who resides in the interior of +Russia, relative to his establishment for extracting sugar from this +root, I cannot omit relating it here, as it appears to be an interesting +part of agricultural oeconomy. + +"I have here two extensive fabrics for the purpose of making sugar from +the Red Beet, and we find that it yields us that useful article in great +abundance; i. e. from every quarter of the root (eight bushels +Winchester measure) I obtain ten pounds weight of good brown sugar; and +this when refined produces us four pounds of the finest clarified lump +sugar, and the molasses yield good brandy on distillation. This is not +all; for while we are now working the article the cows are stall-fed on +the refuse from the vats after mashing; and those animals give us milk +in abundance, and the butter we are making is equal to any that is made +in the summer, when those animals are foraging our best meads."-- +Dashkoff, in the government of Orel, 1500 miles from St. Petersburgh, +Jan 7, 1816. + +The above account, which is so extremely flattering, may no doubt lead +persons to imagine that the culture of the beet for the same purpose in +this country might be found to answer: and as it is our aim in this +little work to give the best information on these subjects without +prejudice, I shall beg leave to make use of the following observation, +which is not my own, but one that was made on this subject by a Russian +gentleman, whom I have long had the honour of enumerating among my best +friends; and who is not less distinguished for his application both to +the arts and oeconomy, than he is for his professional duties, and his +readiness at all times to communicate information for the general good. + +"The land where the Beet is grown is of an excellent quality, very deep +and fertile, and such as will grow any crop for a series of years +without manure. Such soils are seldom found in this country but what may +be cultivated to more advantage. In such land, and such alone, will this +vegetable imbibe a large quantity of the saccharine fluid; for it would +be in vain to look for it in such Beet roots as have been grown on poor +land made rich by dint of manure. + +"It may also be a circumstance worth remarking, that although the sugar +thus obtained is very good for common use, it by no means answers the +purpose of the confectioner, as it is not fit for preserving; and for +this purpose the cane sugar alone is used; so that although great merit +may attach to the industry of a person who in times of scarcity can +produce such an useful article as sugar from a vegetable so easily +grown, yet when cane sugar can be imported at a moderate rate, it will +always supersede the use of the other." + + + +56. PYRUS malus. THE APPLE.--This useful fruit, now growing so much to +decay in this country, which was once so celebrated for its produce, is +grown in great perfection in all the northern provinces of France; and +she supplied the London markets with apples this season, for which she +was paid upwards of 50,000 l.; and can most likely offer us good cyder +on moderate terms. + +The French people, ever alive to improvement and invention, having +discovered a mode of extracting sugar in considerable quantity from this +fruit, I shall transcribe the particulars of it. + +On the Preparation of Liquid Sugar from Apples or Pears. By M. DUBUC. +(Ann. de Chim. vol. lxviii.)--"Several establishments have been made in +the South of France for making sugar from grapes; it is therefore +desired to communicate the same advantage to the North of France, as +apples and pears will produce sugar whose taste is equally agreeable as +that of grapes, and equally cheap. + +"Eight quarts of the full ripe juice of the Orange Apples was boiled for +a quarter of an hour, and forty grammes of powdered chalk added to it, +and the boiling continued for ten minutes longer. The liquor was +strained twice through flannel, and afterwards reduced by boiling to one +half of its former bulk, and the operation finished by a slow heat until +a thick pellicle rose on the surface, and a quart of the syrup weighed +two pounds. By this method two pounds one ounce of liquid sugar was +obtained, very agreeable in flavour, and which sweetened water very +well, and even milk, without curdling it. + +"Eight quarts of the juice of apples called Doux levesque, yielded by +the same process two pounds twelve ounces of liquid sugar. + +"Eight quarts of the juice of the sour apples called Blanc mollet, +yielded two pounds ten ounces of good sugar. + +"Eight quarts of the juice of the watery apples called Girard, yielded +two pounds and a half. + +"Twenty-five chilogrammes, or fifty-pounds of the above four apples, +yielded nearly fourty-two pounds of juice; which took three ounces of +chalk and the white of six eggs, and produced more than six pounds of +excellent liquid sugar. + +"In order to do without the white of eggs, twenty pounds of the juice of +the above apples were saturated with eleven drachms of chalk, and +repeatedly strained through flannel, but it was still thick and +disagreeable to the taste; twelve drachms of charcoal powder were then +added, and the whole boiled for about ten minutes, and then strained +through flannel; it was then clear, but higher-coloured than usual; +however, it produced very good sugar. Six quarts of apple-juice were +also treated with seven drachms of chalk, and one ounce of baker's +small-coal previously washed until it no longer coloured the water, with +the same effect. + +"Eight quarts of apple juice, of several different kinds and in +different stages of ripeness, of which one-third was still sour, were +saturated with twelve drachms of chalk, and clarified with the whites of +six eggs; some malate of lime was deposited in small crystals towards +the end, and separated by passing the syrup very hot through the +flannel. Very near two pounds of sugar were obtained. + +"Ten pounds of bruised apples, similar to the last, were left to +macerate for twenty-four hours, and four quarts of the juice were +treated with five drachms of chalk and the white of an egg: it yielded +one pound six ounces of liquid sugar; so that the maceration had been of +service. + +"Twenty-four pounds of the pear called Pillage, yielded nine quarts of +juice, which required eighteen drachms of chalk and the whites of two +eggs, and yielded about twenty-four ounces of sugar, which was less +agreeable to the taste than that of ripe apples. + +"Six quarts of juice from one part of the above pears, and two of ripe +apples, (orange and girard,) treated with eight drachms of chalk and the +whites of two eggs, yielded twenty-six ounces of very fine-tasted sugar, +superior to the preceding. + +"Six quarts of juice, of an equal quantity of apples and pears, treated +with ten drachms of chalk and thirteen of prepared charcoal, deposited +some malate of lime, and yielded a sugar rather darker than the +preceding, but very well tasted. + +"Cadet de Vaux says, that apple juice does not curdle milk, and that a +small quantity of chalk added to it destroys some part of the saccharine +principle. But eight quarts of juice from ripe apples called orange, +which was evidently acid, as it curdled milk and reddened infusion of +turnsole and that of violet, were treated with four drachms of chalk and +the white of an egg: it yielded twenty-two ounces of syrup, between +thirty-two and thirty-three degrees of the hydrometer, which did not +curdle milk. Another eight quarts of the same juice evaporated to +three-fourths of its volume, and strained, yielded twenty-three ounces +of clear syrup, which curdled milk, and was browner than that of the +neutralized juice, and approached towards treacle in smell and taste. +Perhaps the apple called Jean-hure, used by Mr. Cadet, possesses the +valuable properties of furnishing good sugar by mere evaporation. It is +necessary to observe, that unless the fire is slackened towards the end +the syrup goes brown, and acquires the taste and smell of burnt sugar. + +"A hundred weight of apples yield about eighty-four pounds of juice, +which produce nearly twelve pounds of liquid sugar. Supposing, +therefore, the average price of apples to be one franc twenty cents +(tenpence) the hundred-weight, and the charge amounts to forty cents +(four-pence), good sugar may be prepared for three or four sols (two- +pence) per pound [Footnote: A gramme, fifteen grains English.-A drachm, +one-eighth of an ounce.]. The only extra apparatus necessary is a couple +of copper evaporating pans."--Retrospect, vol. vi. p. 14. + +The distressed state of our orchards in the Cider counties has lately +much engaged the attention of all persons who are accustomed to travel +through them; and no one can possibly view the miserable condition of +the trees, without being forcibly struck with their bad appearance: the +principal case of which, I am sorry to say, has arisen from +mismanagement [Footnote: Vide Observations on Orchards, lately published +by the author of this work.]; and it certainly does in a great measure +tarnish the laurels of our boasted agriculturists, when we find such +great quantities of this useful fruit produced in France, that very +country which we have been taught to believe so greatly behind us in the +general oeconomy of life. + + + +57. SPERGULA arvensis.--This plant has been recommended as a crop for +feeding cattle, and is stated to be cultivated for that purpose in some +parts of Germany and Flanders: but I believe we have many other plants +better calculated for the purpose here. + + + +58. VIOLA odorata.--This is a very useful plant in medicine, affording +a syrup which has long been used in the practice. It is however +discarded from the London Pharmacopoeia. + + + +59. URTICA canadensis. CANADIAN HEMP NETTLE.--During the late war, +when, from unfortunate circumstances and misunderstandings amongst the +potentates of Europe, the commercial intercourse was checked, great +speculations were made among the people to discover substitutes for such +articles as were of certain demand; and one of the principal was of +course the article Hemp, which, although it can be partially cultivated +in this country, is a plant of that nature that we should find the +article at a most enormous price were we dependent on our own supply +alone. The great growth that supplies all the markets in the world is +Russia, where land is not only cheap, but of better quality than here; +but with which country we were once unhappily deprived of the advantage +of trade. This caused persons to seek for substitutes: and I once saw +one that was made from bean-stalks, not to be despised; but it is +probable that none has reached so high in perfection as that produced +from the plant above named. A person has grown and manufactured this +article in Canada, and has exhibited some samples in London, which it is +said have obtained the sanction of government, and that the same person +is now engaged in growing in North America a considerable quantity of +this article. As this, therefore, is a subject of great interest to us +as a maritime nation, I shall insert the following account that is given +of this plant. I am, however, quite unacquainted with its culture or +manufacture, and cannot pledge myself for the accuracy of the detail. + +"PERENNIAL HEMP. Cultivation.--Affects wet mellow land, but may be +cultivated with advantage on upland black mould or loam, if moist and of +middling good quality. Manure will assist the produce. It may be planted +from the beginning of October to the latter end of March, in drills +about fifteen inches asunder and nine inches distance in the drills. + +"Propagation.--Sow the seeds in a bed in the month of March, and +transplant the roots next autumn twelvemonth, as above directed; or +divide the old roots, which is the quickest way of obtaining a crop. + +"Time of Harvesting.--If a fine quality of Hemp is desired, mow the +crop when it is in full bloom; but should a greater produce of inferior +quality be more desirable, it should stand until the seeds are nearly +ripe. It should remain in the field about a week after it is mown, and +when sufficiently dry gathered in bundles and stacked as Hemp. + +"Separation of Hemp from the Pulps.--Rot it in water, as practised with +Hemp. + +"The Perennial Hemp grows to the height of from four to six feet. + +"The root inclines horizontally with numerous fleshy fibres at the +extremity. + +"The buds many, and resembling the buds of the Lily of the Valley. + +"It is the Urtica canadensis of Kalm, one of which was brought over and +planted by the side of this plant, and we could not find any difference." + + + +60. LAPSANA communis. NIPPLE-WORT.--This plant is considered by the +country people as a sovereign remedy for the piles. The plant is +immersed in boiling water, and the cure is effected by applying the +steam arising therefrom to the seat of the disease; and this, with +cooling medicine and proper regimen, is seldom known to fail in curing +this troublesome disease. + + + +61. DAPHNE laureola. WOOD LAUREL.--The leaves of this plant have little +or no smell but a very durable nauseous acrid taste. If taken internally +in small doses, as ten or twelve grains, they are said to operate with +violence by stool and sometimes by vomit, so as not to be ventured on +with safety, unless their virulence be previously abated by long +boiling, and even then they are much to precarious to be trusted to. The +flowers are of a different nature, being in taste little other than +mucilaginous and sweetish, and of a light pleasant smell. The pulpy part +of the berries appears also to be harmless. The bark macerated in water +has of late been much employed in France as a topical application to the +skin for the purpose of excoriating and exciting a discharge. + + + +62. RUMEX acutus. SHARP-POINTED DOCK.--The root of this plant has long +been used in medicine, and considered as useful in habitual costiveness, +obstructions of the viscera, and in scorbutic and cutaneous maladies; in +which case both external and internal applications have been made of it. +A decoction of half or a whole drachm of the dry roots has been +considered a dose.--Lewis's Mat. Medica. + + + +63. ELYMUS arenarius. ELYMUS geniculatus. LIME GRASS.--The foliage of +these grasses make excellent mats and baskets; and where they grow in +quantity afford a livelihood to many industrious persons who manufacture +these articles. + + + +64. SALSOLA Kali. GLASS-WORT, or KELP. Soda and Barilla are yielded by +this plant. The ashes of this vegetable yield an alkaline salt, which is +of considerable use for making glass, soap, &c. The small quantity grown +in this country is by no means equal to the demand, and Spain has the +advantage of trade in this article, where the plant grows wild in the +greatest abundance. An impure alkali similar to these is obtained from +the combustion of other marine plants, as the Fuci, &c. by the people in +Scotland. + + + +65. BORAGO officinalis. BORAGE--A fine cooling beverage is made from +this herb, called Cool Tankard. It is merely an infusion of the leaves +and flowers put into water, with the addition of wine, nutmeg, &c. &c. + + + +* * * * * + + + +OBSERVATIONS on the BLEEDING TREES, and procuring the Sap for making +Wine, and brewing Ale. + +In the article BIRCH TREE, (p. 34, No. 107, of this volume,) we have +mentioned the abstracting the sap for the purpose of making wine; and as +this is practicable, and may be obtained in some places at little +expense and trouble, I shall take the liberty of transcribing the +following curious paper on the subject. + +"To obtain the greatest store of sap in the shortest time from the body +of a tree, bore it quite through the pith, and the very inner rind on +the other side, leaving only the bark unpierced on the north-east side. +This hole to be made sloping upwards with a large auger, and that under +a large arm near the ground. This way the tree will in a short time +afford liquor enough to brew with; and with some of these sweet saps, +one bushel of malt will make as good ale as four bushels with ordinary +water. The Sycamore yields the best brewing sap. + +"The change of weather has a great effect on the bleeding of plants. +When the weather changes from warm to cold, Birch ceases to bleed, and +upon the next warmth begins again: but the contrary obtains in the +Walnut-tree, and frequently in the Sycamore, which upon a fit of cold +will bleed plentifully, and, as that remits, stop. A morning sun after +frost will make the whole bleeding tribe bleed afresh. + +"From the latter end of January to the middle of May trees will bleed. +Those that run first, are the Poplar, Asp, Abele, Maple, Sycamore. Some, +as Willows and the Birch, are best to tap about the middle of the +season, and the Walnut towards the latter end of March. + +"When a large Walnut will bleed no longer in the body or branches, it +will run at the root, and longer on the south or sunny side than on the +north or shady side. + +"A culinary fire will have the same or greater effect than the sun, and +immediately set trees a-bleeding in the severest weather. Branches of +Maple or Willow cut off at both ends, will bleed and cease at pleasure +again and again as you approach them to or withdraw them from the fire, +provided you balance them in your hand, and often invert them to prevent +the falling and expence of the sap; but at length they cease. + +"A Birch will not bleed however deeply the bark only may be wounded: it +is necessary to pierce into the substance of the wood."--Dr. Tonge in +Phil. Trans. No. 43. + + +THE END + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Botanist's Companion, Vol. II +by William Salisbury + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOTANIST'S COMPANION, VOL. II *** + +***** This file should be named 12363.txt or 12363.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/2/3/6/12363/ + +Produced by Tobias von der Haar + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + +Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's +eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII, +compressed (zipped), HTML and others. + +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks replace the old file and take over +the old filename and etext number. The replaced older file is renamed. +VERSIONS based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving +new filenames and etext numbers. + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + +EBooks posted prior to November 2003, with eBook numbers BELOW #10000, +are filed in directories based on their release date. If you want to +download any of these eBooks directly, rather than using the regular +search system you may utilize the following addresses and just +download by the etext year. + + https://www.gutenberg.org/etext06 + + (Or /etext 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99, + 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90) + +EBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are +filed in a different way. The year of a release date is no longer part +of the directory path. The path is based on the etext number (which is +identical to the filename). The path to the file is made up of single +digits corresponding to all but the last digit in the filename. For +example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at: + + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/0/2/3/10234 + +or filename 24689 would be found at: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/6/8/24689 + +An alternative method of locating eBooks: + https://www.gutenberg.org/GUTINDEX.ALL + + |