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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 12363 ***
+
+THE BOTANIST'S COMPANION,
+
+OR AN INTRODUCTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF PRACTICAL BOTANY, AND THE USES OF
+PLANTS. EITHER GROWING WILD IN GREAT BRITAIN, OR CULTIVATED FOR THE
+PUROSES OF AGRICULTURE, MEDICINE, RURAL OECONOMY, OR THE ARTS.
+
+
+
+By WILLIAM SALISBURY, OF THE BOTANIC GARDEN OF SLOANE-STREET.
+
+
+
+"Behold I have given you every herb bearing seed, and every tree
+yielding fruit, and to you it shall be for meat."
+
+
+
+VOL. II.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE TO THE SECOND VOLUME
+
+
+
+In demonstrating the Plants which occur in our annual herborizing
+excursions, I have found it necessary to put into the hands of my pupils
+some Manual of Botany; and in so doing I have found all that have yet
+been published, deficient in one or two essential points, and
+particularly as relating to the uses to which each plant is adapted;
+with out which, although the charms of the Flora are in themselves truly
+delightful, yet the real value of Botanic knowledge is lost. The study
+of plants, so far as regards their uses and culture, has engaged my
+particular attention for the last twenty-five years, during which time I
+had the honour of conducting a series of experiments on the growth of
+plants, for the Board of Agriculture, which gave me an opportunity of
+ascertaining many facts relative to our Grasses, &c. an account of
+which, I have had some time ready for publication. The necessity of a
+work of this kind in my present profession, has therefore induced me to
+abridge it and put it to press; as such I offer it to the Public. To the
+Subscribers to my Botanic Garden this will also prove of great service;
+it being intended to arrange the plants in their several departments, so
+as to make it a general work of reference both in the fields or garden.
+In the department which treats of the Vegetables used for medicinal
+purposes, I have given as ample descriptions as the nature of the work
+will admit of, having in view the very necessary obligation which the
+younger branch of the profession are under, of paying attention to the
+subject.
+
+In prosecuting this work, I have been more actuated by a desire to
+render to my pupils and others, useful in-formation, than that of
+commencing Author on such a subject; and writing for the press has been
+but very little my employment, I trust that an ample excuse will be
+granted for any errors that may appear, or for the want of that
+happiness of diction with which more able and accomplished Authors may
+be endowed.
+
+
+
+BOTANIC GARDEN,
+
+Sloane Street, May 1816.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME
+
+
+
+PLANTS USEFUL IN AGRICULTURE.
+
+
+
+SECT. 1. Observations on saving Grass-seeds and the use of the British
+Grasses in general, as fodder, &c.
+
+SECT. 2. Observations on Artificial Grasses
+
+SECT. 3. Observations on Plants affording fodder from leaves and roots
+
+SECT. 4. Observations on Grains
+
+SECT. 5. Observations on Miscellaneous Articles
+
+
+
+PLANTS USEFUL IN THE ARTS.
+
+
+
+SECT. 6. Observations on British Trees and Shrubs
+
+SECT. 7. Observations on Medicinal Plants contained in the London,
+Edinburgh, and Dublin Pharmacopoeias
+
+SECT. 8. Observations on Medicinal Plants not in the Pharmacopoeias of the
+present day
+
+Observations on drying and preserving Plants for medicinal use, &c.
+
+SECT. 9. Observations on Plants cultivated for culinary purposes
+
+SECT. 10. Observations on Wild Plants useful for culinary purposes,
+which are not in cultivation
+
+SECT. 11. Observations on Plants useful for Dyeing
+
+SECT. 12. Observations on Plants used in rural oeconomy
+
+
+
+POISONOUS PLANTS GROWING IN GREAT BRITAIN, And their best recommended
+Antidotes.
+
+
+
+SECT. 13. Observations on Nauseous Poisonous Plants
+
+Observations on Acrid Poisonous Vegetables
+
+Observations on Stupefying Poisonous Vegetables
+
+Observations on Foetid Poisons
+
+Observations on Drastic Poisons
+
+Observations on Poisonous Fungi, Mushrooms, &c.
+
+
+
+NOXIOUS PLANTS.
+
+
+
+SECT. 14. Observations on Plants noxious to cattle
+
+SECT. 15. Observations on Annual Weeds, or such as grow wild and do not
+produce food for cattle
+
+Observations on Weeds with creeping roots
+
+Observations on Perennial Weeds
+
+SECT. 16. Observations on Exotic Trees and Shrubs, and the soil to which
+each is best adapted
+
+SECT. 17. Observations on Foreign Hardy Herbaceous Plants, with the
+soil which each is found to thrive best in
+
+SECT. 19. Observations on Hardy Annual Flowers, with the seasons for
+sowing each
+
+SECT. 20. Observations on Hardy Biennial Flowers, with their culture
+
+SECT. 21. Observations on Tender Annual Flowers
+
+SECT. 22. Observations on Foreign Alpine Plants, or such as are adapted
+to the decoration of rock-work, with the best soils for each denoted
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+
+British Plants cultivated for ornamental purposes
+
+Miscellaneous Articles not mentioned under the foregoing heads
+
+On extracting Sugar from Beet-root
+
+On liquid Sugar made from Apple-juice
+
+On the Urtica canadensis, or Canadian Hemp-plant
+
+On the bleeding of Trees and obtaining Sap for the purposes of making
+Wine and brewing Ale
+
+
+
+
+PLANTS USEFUL IN AGRICULTUE.
+
+
+OBSERVATIONS ON THE CULTURE OF GRASSES, AND ON SAVING SEEDS, &c.
+
+
+It is now fifty years since the celebrated Stillingfleet observed, "that
+it was surprising to see how long mankind had neglected to make a proper
+advantage of plants, of so much importance to agriculture as the
+Grasses, which are in all countries the principal food of cattle." The
+farmer, for want of distinguishing and selecting the best kinds, fills
+his pastures either with weeds or improper plants, when by making a
+right choice he would not only procure a more abundant crop from his
+land, but have a produce more nourishing for his flock. One would
+therefore naturally wonder, after this truth has been so long published,
+and that in an age when agriculture and the arts have so much improved,
+that Select Seeds of this tribe of plants are scarcely to be produced.
+
+From the experience I have had on this subject, I find their culture is
+attended with certain difficulties, which arise not so much from the
+nature of the plants, as from the labour requisite to this purpose,
+great attention being necessary for saving Grass-seeds at the seasons
+when the farmer must exert all the strength of his husbandmen to get his
+other business accomplished.
+
+The only mode by which this can be effected is by selecting a proper
+soil for the kinds intended to be saved. The seeds should be drilled
+into the ground at about one foot distance; and care taken that the
+plants are duly weeded of all other kinds that may intrude themselves,
+before they get too firm possession of the soil. The hoe should be
+frequently passed between the drills, in order both to keep the land
+clean and to give vigour to the young plants. The sowing may be done
+either in the spring or in the month of September, which will enable the
+crop to go to seed the following spring. In order to preserve a
+succession of crops, it is necessary every season to keep the ground
+clean all the summer months, to dig or otherwise turn up the land
+between the drills early in the spring, and to be particular in the
+other operations until the seeds ripen. Now this business being so
+inconvenient to the farmer, it is not to be wondered at, that, wherever
+attempts of this kind have been made, they should fail from want of the
+necessary care as above stated, without which it is needless to
+speculate in such an undertaking. There is nevertheless still an
+opportunity, for any one who would give up his land and time to the
+pursuit, to reap a rich and important harvest; as nothing would pay him
+better, or redound more to his credit, than to get our markets regularly
+supplied with select seeds of the best indigenous Grasses, so that a
+proper portion of them may be used for forming pasture and meadow-land.
+
+The above hints are not thrown out by a person who wishes to speculate
+in a theory which is new, but by one who has cultivated those plants
+himself both for seed and fodder, and who would readily wish to promote
+their culture by stating a mode which has proved to him a profitable
+pursuit, and for which he has, already, been honoured with a reward form
+the Society of Arts.
+
+The following observations are intended to embrace such kinds only as
+are likely to be cultivated, with those that are distinguished for some
+particular good properties; as it would be impossible within the limits
+of this small memorandum to enumerate all the plants that are eaten by
+cattle. The same mode shall be pursued under all the different heads in
+this department.
+
+
+
+
+
+PLANTS USEFULL IN AGRICULTURE.
+
+
+
+SECT. I.--GRASSES.
+
+
+
+1. ANTHOXANTHUM odoratum. SWEET-SCENTED VERNAL-GRASS.--This is found
+frequently in all our best meadows, to which it is of great benefit. It
+is an early, though not the most productive grass, and is much relished
+by all kinds of cattle. It is highly odoriferous; if bruised it
+communicates its agreeable scent to the fingers, and when dry perfumes
+the hay. It will grow in almost any soil or situation. About three
+pounds of seed should be sown with other grasses for an acre of land.
+
+
+
+2. ALOPECURUS pratensis. MEADOW FOX-TAIL-GRASS.--One of our most
+productive plants of this tribe: it grows best in a moist soil, is very
+early, being often fit for the scythe by the middle of May. About two
+bushels of seed will sow an acre, with a proportionate quantity of
+Clover; which see.
+
+
+
+3. ALOPECURUS geniculatus. FLOTE FOX-TAIL-GRASS.--Is very good in water
+meadows, being nutritive, and cattle in general are fond of it. We do
+not know if the cultivation of this plant has as yet been attempted.
+
+
+
+4. AGROSTIS capillaris. FINE BENT-GRASS.--Dr. Walker, in his History of
+the Hebrides, speaks very favourably of this grass. I have therefore
+noticed it here, but I do not think it so good as many others. It grows
+on the sandy hills near Combe Wood in Surrey, and forms the principal
+part of the pasturage; but it is neither very productive, nor are cattle
+observed to thrive on it. The seeds are very small; one peck would sow
+an acre.
+
+
+
+5. AGROSTIS pyramidalis. FIORIN-GRASS [Footnote: Fiorin is the Irish
+name of butter].--No plant has engaged the attention of the farmer more
+than this grass, none ever produced more disputes, and none is perhaps
+so little understood. It is perfectly distinct from any species of
+Agrostis indigenous to this country: it is introduced by Dr. Richardson,
+and to that gentleman's extraordinary account of it we are indebted for
+numerous mistakes that have been made respecting it. It is an amphibious
+plant, thriving only in water or wet soils, is very productive, and the
+stalks after a summer's growth secrete a large quantity of sugar. It has
+the power, when the stalks are ripe, of resisting putrefaction, and will
+become blanched and more nutritious by being cut and laid in heaps in
+the winter season, at which time only it is useful. The cultivator of
+this plant must not expect to graze his land, but allow all the growth
+to be husbanded as above; and although it will not be found generally
+advantageous on this account, it nevertheless may be grown to very great
+advantage either in wet soils, or where land can be flooded at pleasure.
+
+The seeds are often barren; and the only mode is to plant the shoots or
+strings in drills at nine inches apart, laying them lengthways along the
+drills, the ends of one touching the other.
+
+
+
+6. AIRA aquatica. WATER HAIR-GRASS.--This is an aquatic, and very much
+relished by cattle, but cannot be propagated for fodder. Water-fowl are
+very fond of the young sweet shoots, as also of the seeds; it may
+therefore be introduced into decoys and other places with good effect.
+Pulling up the plants and throwing them into the water with a weight
+tied to them, is the best mode of introducing it.
+
+
+
+7. ARUNDO arenaria. SEA-SIDE REED-GRASS.--This is also of no value as
+fodder, but it possesses the property of forming by its thick and wiry
+roots considerable hillocks on the shores where it naturally grows:
+hence its value on all new embankments. If it be planted in a sandy
+place, during its growth in the summer the loose soil will be collected
+in the herbage, and the grass continues to grow and form roots in it;
+and thus is the hillock increased. Local acts of parliament have been
+passed, and now exist, for preventing its destruction on the sea-coast
+in some parts of Great Britain, on this account.
+
+
+
+8. ARUNDO Phragmites. COMMON REED.--Is useful for thatching, and making
+slight fences; it grows best in ponds near streams of water; it does not
+often seed, but it could easily be introduced to such places by planting
+its roots in spring: it is a large-growing plant; and where herbage may
+be wanted either for beauty or shelter for water-fowl, nothing can be
+more suitable, and the reeds are of great value.
+
+
+
+9. AVENA flavescens. YELLOW OAT-GRASS.--Is much eaten by cattle, and
+forms a good bottom. It has the property of throwing up flowerstalks all
+the summer; hence its produce is considerable, and it appears to be well
+adapted to pasture. The seeds of this grass are not to be obtained
+separately; hence it is not in cultivation. It is however worthy of
+attention, as the seeds are produced very abundantly in its native
+places of growth. It will grow either in wet or dry soils.
+
+
+
+10. AVENA pubescens. ROUGH OAT-GRASS.--This appears to have some merits,
+but the foliage is extremely bitter. It grows in dry soils.
+
+
+
+11. AVENA elatior. TALL OAT-GRASS.--From the good appearance of this
+grass some persons have recommended it as likely to be useful for
+forming meadows; but it is excessively bitter, and is not liked by
+cattle generally, though when starved they are sometimes observed to eat
+of it. There is a variety of it with knobby roots which is found to be a
+most troublesome and noxious weed in arable lands, particularly in some
+parts of the coast of Hampshire where it abounds. This variety was some
+years ago introduced into the island of St. Kitts, and it has since
+taken such firm possession of the land as to render a large district
+quite useless. Persons should be cautious how they speculate with weeds
+from appearances only.
+
+
+
+12. BRIZA media. QUAKING-GRASS.--Is common in meadow land, and helps to
+make a thick bottom; it does not however appear to be worth the trouble
+of select culture. It is bitter to the taste.
+
+
+
+13. BROMUS mollis. SOFT BROME-GRASS.--Mr. Curtis has given a very clear
+account of this grass, which he says predominates much in the meadows
+near London, but that the seeds are usually ripe and the grass dried up
+before the hay time: hence it is lost; and he in consequence considered
+it only in the light of a weed. It has seldom occurred to me to differ
+in opinion from this gentleman, who certainly has given us, as far as it
+goes, a most perfect description of our useful grasses: but experience
+has convinced me that the Soft Brome-Grass, which seeds and springs up
+so early, makes the chief bulk of most of our meadows in March and
+April; and although it is ripe and over, or nearly so, by the hay
+harvest, yet the food it yields at this early season is of the greatest
+moment, as little else is found fit for the food of cattle before the
+meadow is shut up for hay, and this plant being eaten down at that
+season is not any loss to the hay crop. Whoever examines the seeds of
+this grass will be led to admire how wonderfully it is fitted to make
+its way into the soil at the season of its ripening, when the land is
+thus covered with the whole produce of a meadow. I notice this curious
+piece of mechanism [Footnote: Many seeds of the grasses are provided with
+awns which curl up in dry weather and relax with moisture. Thus by
+change of atmosphere a continued motion is occasioned, which enables the
+seeds to find their way through the foliage to the soil, where it buries
+itself in a short time in a very curious manner.], not that it is
+altogether peculiar to this plant, but to show that Nature has provided
+it means of succeeding in burying itself in the ground, when all the
+endeavours of man could not sow the land with any other to answer a
+similar purpose. If the seeds of this grass were collected and
+introduced in some meadows where it is not common, I am sure the early
+feeding would be thereby improved.
+
+The seeds are sometimes mixed with those of Rye-grass at market, and it
+is known by the name of Cocks: it has the effect of reducing such
+samples in value, but I should not hesitate in preferring such to any
+other. If any one should be inclined to make the above experiment, two
+pecks of the seed sown on an acre will be sufficient.---See Treatise on
+Brit. Grasses by Mr. Curtis, edit. 5.
+
+
+
+14. CYNOSURUS cristatus. CRESTED DOG'S-TAIL-GRASS.--A very fine herbage,
+and much relished by sheep, &c.; it grows best in fine upland loam,
+where it is found to be a most excellent plant both for grazing and hay.
+The seeds are to be purchased sometimes at the seedshops. About twelve
+pounds will sow an acre.---See Observations on laying Land to Grass, in
+the Appendix to this work.
+
+
+
+15. CYNOSURUS coeruleus. BLUE DOG'S-TAIL-GRASS.--Dr. Walker states this
+plant to be remarkably agreeable to cattle, and that it grows nearly
+three feet high in mountainous situations and very exposed places. As
+this grass does not grow wild in this part of the country, we have no
+opportunity of considering its merits. In our Botanic Garden it seldom
+exceeds the height of ten inches or a foot.
+
+It is the earliest grass of all our British species, being often in
+bloom in February.
+
+The above intelligent gentleman, who seems to have studied the British
+Gramina to a considerable extent, says that the following kinds give
+considerable food to sheep and cattle in such situations; I shall
+therefore mention their names, as being with us of little esteem and
+similar to the above.
+
+Phleum alpinum. Eriophorum polystachion. Festuca decumbens. Carex
+flavescens. Carex gigantea, probably Pseudocyperus. Carex trigona,
+probably vulpina. Carex elata, probably atrata. Carex nemorosa, probably
+pendula. And he is of opinion that the seeds may be sown to advantage.
+Be this as may, the observation can only apply to situations in the
+north of Britain, where he has seen them wild; in this part of the
+island we have a number of kinds much better adapted to soil, climate,
+and fodder.
+
+
+
+16. DACTYLIS glomerata. ROUGH COCK'S-FOOT-GRASS.--Has a remarkable rough
+coarse foliage, and is of little account as a grass for the hay-stack;
+but from its early growth and great produce it is now found to be a
+useful plant, and is the only grass at this time known that will fill
+up the dearth experienced by graziers from the time turnips are over
+until the meadows are fit for grazing. Every sheep-farm should be
+provided with a due portion of this on the land; but no more should be
+grown than is wanted for early feed, and what can be kept closely eaten
+down all the season. If it is left to get up it forms large tufts, and
+renders the field unsightly, and scarcely any animal will eat it when
+grown old or when dried in the form of hay. The seed is to be bought;
+two bushels per acres is sown usually alone.
+
+
+
+17. FESTUCA elatior. TALL FESCUE-GRASS.--This in its wild state has been
+considered as a productive and nutritive grass; it grows best in moist
+places; but the seeds have been found in general abortive, and the grass
+consequently only to be propagated by planting the roots, a trouble by
+far too great to succeed to any extent.--See Poa aquatica.
+
+
+
+18. FESTUCA duriuscula. HARD FESCUE-GRASS.--A very excellent grass both
+for green fodder and hay, and would be well worth cultivating; but the
+seeds have not hitherto been saved in any quantity.
+
+I have seen a meadow near Bognor where it formed the principal part of
+the herbage; and it was represented to me by the owner as the best
+meadow in the neighbourhood, and the hay excellent [Footnote: Mr. Curtis
+observes that this grass grows thin on the ground after a time. I have
+sometimes observed this to be the case in the Botanic Garden, but it is
+otherwise in its native state of growth. Nothing stands the dry weather
+better, or makes a more firm sward.].
+
+The seeds of this grass are small, and about one bushel would sow an
+acre of ground.
+
+
+
+19. FESTUCA rubra. RED or CREEPING FESCUE-GRASS.--A fine grass, very
+like duriuscula; but it is not common in this part of the country; it
+grows plentifully on the mountains in Wales.
+
+It does not produce fertile seeds with us in the garden.
+
+
+
+20. FESTUCA pratensis. MEADOW FESCUE-GRASS.--No plant whatever deserves
+so much the attention of the graziers as this grass. It has been justly
+esteemed by Mr. Curtis and all other persons practically acquainted with
+the produce of our meadows. It will grow in almost any soil that is
+capable of sustaining a vegetable, from the banks of rivulets to the top
+of the thin-soiled calcareous hills, where it produces herbage equal to
+any other plant of the kind; and all descriptions of cattle eat it, and
+are nourished by the food. The plant is of easy culture, as it yields
+seeds very abundantly, and they grow very readily. I have made some
+excellent meadows with this seed, which after a trial of ten years are
+now equal to any in the kingdom. The culture of the seed selected is
+now nearly lost, which is a misfortune, I had almost ventured to say a
+disgrace, to our agriculture.
+
+If the farmer could get his land fit for meadow laid down with one
+bushel of this seed, one bushel of Alopecurus pratensis, three pounds of
+Anthoxanthum, and a little Bromus mollis, with Clover, I will venture to
+predict experience will induce him to say, "I will seek no further."
+
+
+
+21. FESTUCA ovina.--SHEEP'S FESCUE-GRASS.--This is very highly spoken of
+in all dissertations that have hitherto been written on the merits of
+our grasses; but its value must be confined to alpine situations, for
+its diminutive size added to its slow growth renders it in my opinion
+very inferior to the duriuscula. In fact, I am of opinion that these are
+often confounded together, and the merits of the former applied to this,
+although they are different in many respects. Those who wish to obtain
+more of its history may consult Stillingfleet's Observations on Grasses,
+p. 384.
+
+
+
+22. FESTUCA vivipara. VIVIPAROUS FESCUE-GRASS.--This affords a striking
+instance of the protection that Nature has contrived for keeping up the
+regular produce of the different species of plants; as when the Festuca
+ovina is found in very high mountainous situations, places not congenial
+to the ripening seeds of so light a nature, the panicle is found to
+become viviparous, i.e. producing perfect plants, which being beaten
+down with heavy rains in the autumn, readily strike root in the ground.
+
+This plant was introduced into our garden many years ago, and still
+preserves this difference; otherwise it is in all respects the same as
+the Festuca ovina.
+
+
+
+23. FESTUCA pinnata. SPIKED FESCUE-GRASS.--I have observed this near the
+Thames side to be the principal grass in some of the most abundant
+meadows; and as the seeds are very plentiful, I am of opinion it might
+be very easily propagated: it is, however, not in cultivation at
+present.
+
+
+
+24. FESTUCA loliacea. DARNEL FESCUE-GRASS.--This in appearance is very
+like the Lolium perenne, but is a more lasting plant in the ground.
+Where I have seen it wild, it is certainly very good; but it is liable
+to the objection of Festuca elatior, the seeds grow but sparingly.
+
+
+
+25. HOLCUS lanatus. YORKSHIRE GRASS, or MEADOW SOFT-GRASS.--This has
+been much recommended as fit for meadow-land. I am not an advocate for
+it. It is late in blooming, and consequently not fit for the scythe at
+the time other grasses are; and I find the lower foliage where it occurs
+in meadows to be generally yellow and in a state of decay, from its
+tendency to mat and lie prostrate. I hear it has been cultivated in
+Yorkshire; hence probably its name. Two bushels of the seed would sow
+an acre; and it is sometimes met with in our seed-shops. It will grow in
+any soil, but thrives best in a moist loam.
+
+
+
+26. HOLCUS mollis. CREEPING SOFT-GRASS.--Mr. Curtis in the third edition
+of his Treatise on Grasses says, he is induced to have a better opinion
+than formerly of this grass, and that Mr. Dorset also thinks it may be
+cultivated to advantage in dry sandy soils. I have never seen it exhibit
+any appearance that has indicated any such thing, and do not recommend
+it.
+
+
+
+27. HORDEUM pratense. MEADOW BARLEY-GRASS.--This is productive, and
+forms a good bottom in Battersea meadows: but although I have heard it
+highly recommended, I should fear it was much inferior to many others.
+One species of Barley-grass, which grows very commonly in our
+sea-marshes, the Hordeum maritimum, is apt to render cattle diseased in
+the mouth, from chewing the seeds, which are armed with a strong bristly
+awn not dissimilar to the spike of this grass.
+
+
+
+28. LOLIUM perenne. RAY- or RYE-GRASS.--This has been long in
+cultivation, and is usually sown with clover under a crop of spring
+corn. It forms in the succeeding autumn a good stock of herbage, and the
+summer following it is commonly mown for hay, or the seed saved for
+market, after which the land is usually ploughed and fallowed, to clear
+it of weeds, or as a preparation for Wheat, by sowing a crop of Winter
+Tares or Turnips. The seed is about six or eight pecks per acre, and ten
+pounds of Clover mixt as the land best suits. Although this is a very
+advantageous culture for such purposes, and when the land is not to
+remain in constant pasture; yet it is by no means a fit grass for
+permanent meadow, as it exhausts the soil, and presently goes into a
+state of decay for want of nourishment, when other plants natural to the
+soil are apt to overpower it. There are several varieties of this
+grass. Some I have seen with the flowers double, others with branched
+panicles; some that grow very luxuriantly, and others that are little
+better than annuals; and there is also a variety in cultivation called
+PACEY's Rye-grass, much sought for. But I am of opinion that nothing but
+a fine rich soil will produce a very good crop, and that the principal
+difference, after all, is owing more to cultivation or change of soil,
+than to any real difference in the plant itself.
+
+
+
+29. MELICA coerulea. BLUE MELIC-GRASS.--This is common on all our heaths;
+it appears coarse, and not a grass likely to be useful. Yet this kind is
+spoken of by Dr. Walker under the name of Fly-bent, who says it is one
+of the most productive and best grasses for sheep-feed in the Highlands
+of Scotland, where it grows to the height of three feet, a size to which
+it never attains in this part of the country. It is found in all soils,
+both in dry and boggy places.
+
+
+
+30. PANICUM germanicum. GERMAN PANIC, or MOHAR.--I notice this plant
+here, although it is not a native of this country; neither is it in
+cultivation. It was introduced some years since by Sir Thomas Tyrrwhit
+from Hungary. It is said there to be the best food of all others for
+horses; and I think it might be cultivated to advantage on high sandy
+soils, as a late crop of green fodder. The seeds are similar to Millet
+[Footnote: The Hungarian horses are remarked for their sleekness, and it
+is said that it is in consequence of being fed on Mohar.].
+
+
+
+31. PANICUM crus galli. COCK'S-FOOT-PANIC-GRASS.--This plant has, I
+believe, never been recommended for cultivation; but it possesses
+qualities which render it worth attention: it will sometimes grow to the
+height of four feet, is very fine food for cattle, and will no doubt
+make excellent hay. It stands dry weather better than most other grasses
+I know. The seeds will not vegetate before May, and the crop not in
+perfection till late September. In dry soils I think it could be
+cultivated to advantage if sown among a crop of Tares or Rye in the
+autumn; and after they are cut in summer, this would spring up and be a
+valuable acquisition in a dry autumn, as it would seldom fail producing
+an abundant crop.
+
+It grows thick, and would tend to clear the land as a smothering crop
+over weeds: it is annual.
+
+
+
+32. PHALARIS arundinacea. REED CANARY-GRASS.--This is not in
+cultivation, but grows plentyfully on the muddy banks of the Thames; it
+will also grow very well in a moderately dry soil; and I have observed
+that cattle eat it when it is young. As it is early and very productive,
+as well as extremely hardy, I think it might become valuable as early
+feed. The seeds of this plant do not readily grow, but it might easily
+be introduced by planting the roots in the spring. The Striped or
+Ribbon Grass of the flower garden is only a variety of this. See Poa
+aquatica.
+
+
+
+33. PHLEUM pratense. TIMOTHY-GRASS, or MEADOW-CAT'S-TAIL-GRASS.--Is very
+coarse and late, and consequently not equal to many of our grasses
+either for hay or pasture. It has been highly recommended in America,
+where it may probably have been found to answer better than it has done
+with us in cultivation. The seed used to be imported from New York, and
+met with a ready sale; but I believe it is seldom imported at this
+time. Dr. Walker says the seeds were taken from South Carolina (where it
+was first cultivated) to that State, by one Timothy Hanson, from whence
+it acquired its name.
+
+The same gentleman supposes it may be introduced into the Highlands of
+Scotland with good effect, but is of my opinion as to its utility in
+England.--Rural Economy of the Hebrides, vol. ii. p. 27.
+
+
+
+34. PHLEUM nodosum. BULBOUS CAT'S-TAIL-GRASS. (Phleum pratense var. ?
+Hudson.)--This affects a drier soil than the Timothy-grass: it grows
+very frequently in dry thin soils, where it maintains itself against the
+parching sun by its bulbous roots, which lie dormant for a considerable
+time, but grow again very readily when the wet weather sets in,--a
+curious circumstance, which gives us an ample proof of the wise
+contrivance of the great Author of Nature to fertilize all kinds of soil
+for the benefit of his creatures here below. There is another instance
+of this in the Poa bulbosa, Bulbous Meadow-grass, which grows on the
+Steine at Brighton, and which I have kept in papers two years out of
+ground, and it has vegetated afterwards.
+
+
+
+35. POA annua. ANNUAL MEADOW-GRASS.--This is the most general plant in
+all nature: it grows in almost every situation where there is any
+vegetation. It has been spoken of as good in cultivation, and has had
+the term Suffolk grass applied to it, from its having been grown in that
+county. I have never seen it in such states, neither can I say I should
+anticipate much benefit to arise from a plant which is not only an
+annual, but very diminutive in size.
+
+
+
+36. POA aquatica. WATER MEADOW-GRASS.--This is quite an aquatic, but is
+eaten when young by cattle, and is very useful in fenny countries: it is
+highly ornamental, and might be introduced into ponds for the same
+purpose as Arundo Phragmites: it might also be planted with Festuca
+elatior and Phalaris arundinacea, in wet dug out places, where it would
+be useful as fodder, and form excellent shelter for game.
+
+
+
+37. POA fluitans. FLOTE FESCUE-GRASS.--This would be of all others the
+most nutritive and best plant for feeding cattle; but it thrives only in
+water. I have noticed it only because it is highly recommended by the
+editor of Mr. Curtis's Observations on British Grasses, 5th edit. The
+cattle are very fond of it; but it is not to be cultivated, unless it be
+in ponds, being perfectly aquatic.
+
+Linnaeus speaks of the seeds being collected and sold in Poland and
+Germany as a dainty for culinary purposes; but I have never seen it used
+here, neither are the seeds to be collected in great quantities.
+Stillingfleet, on the authority of a Mr. Dean, speaks highly of its
+merits in a water-meadow, and also quotes Mr Ray's account of the famous
+meadow at Orchiston near Salisbury. There this, as well as Poa
+trivialis, most certainly is in its highest perfection; but the real and
+general value of grasses or other plants must not be estimated by such
+very local instances, when our object is to direct the student to a
+general knowledge of the subject. See Curtis, art. Poa trivialis.
+
+
+
+38. POA trivialis. ROUGH-STALKED MEADOW-GRASS.--Those who have observed
+this grass in our best watered meadows, and in other low pasture-land,
+have naturally been struck with its great produce and fine herbage. In
+some such places it undoubtedly appears to have every good quality that
+a plant of this nature can possess; it is a principal grass in the
+famous Orchiston meadow near Salisbury, and its amazing produce is
+mentioned in the Bath Agricultural Papers, vol. i. p. 94: but persons
+should not be altogether caught by such appearances; for I have seen it
+in some lands, and such as would produce good red Clover, a very
+diminutive and insignificant plant indeed.
+
+When persons wish to introduce it, they should carefully examine their
+neighbouring pastures, and see how it thrives in such places. The seeds
+are small, and six pounds would be sufficient for an acre, with others
+that affect a similar soil.
+
+
+
+39. POA pratensis. SMOOTH-STALKED MEADOW-GRASS.--This is also a grass of
+considerable merit when it suits the soil; it affects a dry situation,
+and in some such places it is the principal herbage; but I have
+cultivated this by itself for seed in tolerably good land, and after
+some time I found it matted so much by its creeping roots as to become
+quite unproductive both of herbage and seed. Care should therefore be
+taken that only a proper portion of this be introduced. The seeds of
+this and Poa trivialis are the same in bulk, and probably the same
+proportion should be adopted. The seeds of both species hang together by
+a substance like to cobwebs, when thrashed, and require to be rubbed
+either in ashes or dry sand to separate them before sowing.
+
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SECT. II.--ARTIFICIAL GRASSES [Footnote: This technical term is
+generally known to farmers. It is applied to Clovers, and such plants as
+usually grow in pastures, and not strictly Gramina.].
+
+Under this term are included such plants as are sown for fodder, either
+with a view to form permanent pastures when mixed with the grasses, or
+as intermediate crops on arable land. In those cases they are usually
+sown with a spring crop of Oats or Barley, and the artificial grasses
+are protected after the harvest by the stubble left on the ground,
+affording the succeeding season a valuable crop, either for pasturage or
+hay.
+
+
+
+40. ACHILLEA Millefolium. YARROW.--This has been much recommended for
+sheep feed; but I observe it is frequently left untouched by them if
+other green herbage is found on the land. It will thrive in almost any
+soil, but succeeds best in good loam. The seed used is about twelve
+pounds per acre.
+
+
+
+41. ANTHYLLIS vulneraria. KIDNEY VETCH.--This plant is not in
+cultivation, but it has been noticed that where it grows naturally the
+cows produce better milk and in greater quantity. It grows best in
+calcareous soils: the seeds are large, and easily collected. This plant
+well deserves attention.
+
+
+
+42. CICHORIUM Intybus. CICHORY, or BLUE SUCCORY.-Much has been said of
+the good properties of this plant; and if it has them to the full extent
+mentioned by different authors, I wonder there is not little else than
+Cichory grown in this country. It is very prolific, and will grow
+extremely quick after the scythe during the summer months: but I fear,
+from the observations I have made, that it does not possess the
+fattening quality it is said to have. The plant is so extremely bitter,
+that although cattle may be inclined to feed on it early in the spring,
+yet as the season advances and other herbage more palatable is to be met
+with, it is left with its beautiful blue flowers and broad foliage to
+rob the soil and adorn our fields, to the regret of the farmer. It grows
+wild in great abundance in Battersea fields, where my late friend Mr.
+Curtis used ludicrously to say that bad husbandry was exhibited to
+perfection. This plant is there continually seen in the greatest
+abundance, where the ground has not been lately disturbed, even under
+the noses of all the half-starved cattle of that neighbourhood that are
+turned in during the autumn.
+
+The root dried and ground to a powder will improve Coffee, and is
+frequently drunk therewith, especially in Germany, where it is prepared
+in cakes and sold for that purpose.
+
+
+
+43. HEDYSARUM Onobrychis. SAINT-FOIN.--This is certainly one of the most
+useful plants of this tribe, and in the south of England is the life and
+support of the upland farmer: in such places it is the principal fodder,
+both green and in hay, for all his stock. I have not observed it to be
+cultivated in Worcestershire or Herefordshire, where there appears to be
+much land that would grow it, and which is under much inferior crops.
+The seed sown is about four bushels per acre. A mistake is often made in
+mentioning this plant. The newspapers, in quoting prices from Mark Lane,
+call it Cinquefoil, a very different plant, (Potentilla) of rather a
+noxious quality. See Gleanings on Works of Agriculture and Gardening, p.
+88, where a curious blunder occurs of this kind.
+
+
+
+44. LATHYRUS pratensis. MEADOW VETCHLING.--Abounds much in our natural
+meadows, particularly in the best loamy soils, where it is very
+productive and nutritious. It is not in cultivation, for the seeds do
+not readily vegetate; a circumstance much to be regretted, but
+unfortunately the case with several of our other Tares, which would
+otherwise be a great acquisition to our graziers.
+
+
+
+45. LOTUS corniculatus. BIRD'S-FOOT-LOTUS.--There are several varieties
+of this plant; one growing on very dry chalky soils, and which in such
+places helps to make a good turf, and is much relished by cattle. The
+other varieties grow in marshy land, and make much larger plants than
+the other. Here it is also much eaten; and I have also noticed it in
+hay, where it appears to be a good ingredient. As it thus appears to
+grow in any situation, there is no doubt, if the seeds were collected,
+that it might be cultivated with ease, and turn to good account in such
+land as is too light for Clover. In wet and boggy situations it becomes
+very hairy, and in this state its appearance is very different from that
+which it has when growing in chalk, where it is perfectly smooth.
+
+This plant should not be overlooked by the experimental farmer.
+
+It is very highly spoken of in Dr. Anderson's Essays on Agriculture,
+under the mistaken name of Astragalus glycophyllos, p. 489; but a truly
+practical account is given of it by Ellis in his Husbandry, p. 89, by
+the old name Lady-Finger-Grass.
+
+
+
+46. MEDICAGO falcata. YELLOW MEDIC.--Is nearly allied to Lucerne, and is
+equally good for fodder; it will grow on land that is very dry, and
+hence is likely to become a most useful plant; its culture has, however,
+been tried but partially. Some experiments were made with this plant by
+Thomas Le Blanc, Esq., in Suffolk, which are recorded by Professor
+Martyn. Martyn's Miller's Dict. art. Medicago.
+
+
+
+47. MEDICAGO polymorpha. VARIABLE MEDIC.--This is also a plant much
+relished by cattle, but is not in cultivation: it is an annual, and
+perhaps inferior in many respects to the Nonsuch, which it in some
+measure resembles. There are many varieties of this plant cultivated in
+flower gardens on account of the curious shapes of the seed-pods, some
+having a distant resemblance to snails' horns, cater-pillars, &c. under
+which names they are sold in the seed-shops. It grows in sandy hilly
+soils; the wild kind has flat pods.
+
+
+
+48. MEDICAGO sativa. LUCERNE.--Too much cannot be said in praise of this
+most useful perennial plant: it is every thing the farmer can wish for,
+excepting that it will not grow without proper culture. It should be
+drilled at eighteen inches distance, and kept constantly hoed all
+summer, have a large coat of manure in winter, and be dug into the
+ground between the drills. Six or seven pounds of seed will sow an acre
+in this mode.
+
+I have known Lucerne sown with Grass and Clover for forming meadow land;
+but as it does not thrive well when encumbered with other plants, I see
+no good derived from this practice. No plant requires, or in fact
+deserves, better cultivation than this, and few plants yield less if
+badly managed.
+
+
+
+49. MEDICAGO lupulina. TREFOIL, or NONSUCH.--A biennial plant, very
+usefully cultivated with Rye-grass and Clover for forming artificial
+meadows. Trefoil when left on the ground will seed, and these will
+readily grow and renew the plant successively; which has caused some
+persons to suppose it to be perennial. About eight or ten pounds of seed
+are usually sown with six or eight pecks of Rye-grass for an acre, under
+a crop of Barley or Oats.
+
+
+
+50. PLANTAGO lanceolata. RIB-GRASS.--This is a perennial plant, and very
+usefully grown, either mixed with grasses or sometimes alone: it will
+thrive in any soil, and particularly in rocky situations. It is much
+grown on the hills in Wales, where by its roots spreading from stone to
+stone it is often found to prevent the soil from being washed off, and
+has been known to keep a large district fertile which would otherwise be
+only bare rock. Sheep are particularly fond of it. About four pounds
+sown with other seeds for pasture, will render a benefit in any
+situation that wants it. Twenty-four pounds is usually sown on an acre
+when intended for the sole crop, and sown under corn.
+
+
+
+51. POTERIUM Sanguisorba. BURNET.--This plant grows in calcareous soils,
+and is in some places much esteemed. On the thin chalky soils near
+Alresford in Hampshire, I have observed it to thrive better than almost
+any other plant that is cultivated. Sheep are particularly fond of it;
+and I have heard it said that the flavour of the celebrated Lansdown
+mutton arises from the quantity of Burnet growing there. It is also the
+favourite food of deer. This will grow well in any soil, and
+there are few pastures without it but would be benefited by its
+introduction. Twenty-five pounds per acre are sown alone: eight pounds
+mixed with other seeds would be sufficient to give a good plant on the
+ground.
+
+
+
+52. SANGUISORBA officinalis. GREAT CANADA BURNET.--Cattle will eat this
+when young; and it has been supposed to be a useful plant, but I do not
+think it equal to Burnet.
+
+It is perennial, and is often found wild, but has not yet been
+cultivated.
+
+
+
+53. TRIFOLIUM pratense. RED CLOVER.--This is a very old plant in
+cultivation, and perhaps, with little exception, one of the most useful.
+It is very productive and nutritive, but soon exhausts the soil; and
+unless it is in particular places it presently is found to go off, which
+with the grazier is become a general complaint of all our cultivated
+Clovers. It is also well known, that if the crop is mown the plant is
+the sooner exhausted.
+
+Seeds of Clover have the property of remaining long in the ground after
+it has become thus in a manner exhausted; and it frequently occurs that
+ashes being laid on will stimulate the land afresh, and cause the seeds
+to vegetate; which has given rise to the erroneous opinion with many
+persons, that ashes, and particularly soap ashes, will, when sown on
+land, produce Clover.
+
+Red Clover is usually cultivated in stiff clays or loamy soils; and when
+sown alone, about sixteen or eighteen pounds of seed are used for the
+acre.
+
+
+
+54. TRIFOLIUM medium. ZIGZAG, or MOUNTAIN-CLOVER.--Is in some degree
+like the preceeding; it produces a purple flower, and the foliage is
+much the same in appearance: but this is a much stronger perennial, and
+calculated from its creeping roots to last much longer in the land. It
+is equally useful as a food for cattle, and does not possess that
+dangerous quality of causing cattle to be hove, or blown, by eating it
+when fresh and green. This plant is, however, only to be met with in
+upland pastures, and there in its wild state; for it does not seed very
+abundantly, and is not in cultivation.
+
+In the London seed-markets we often hear of a species of red Clover
+termed Cow-grass, and it generally sells for more money, and is said to
+differ in having the characters ascribed to it of this plant, namely, a
+hollow stem; the leaves more sharply pointed; the plant being a stronger
+perennial, and having the property of not causing the above-mentioned
+disorder to cows that eat of it. It is said to be cultivated in
+Hampshire, from whence I have often received the seeds which have been
+purchased purposely for the experiment; but on growing them, I never
+could discover these differences to exist. It is a circumstance worthy
+notice, that the very exact character of the Trifolium medium should
+thus be said to belong to the supposed variety of red Clover. I have
+endeavoured for the last twenty years to find out the true Cow-grass,
+and am of opinion that it has been from some cause mistaken for this
+plant.
+
+The Trifolium medium is, at all events, a plant worth attention, and I
+think it might be easily brought into cultivation; for although it does
+not seed so abundantly as the T. pratense, I have observed it in places
+where a considerable quantity has been perfected, and where it might
+have been easily collected by gathering the capsules.
+
+
+
+55. TRIFOLIUM repens. DUTCH CLOVER.--This is not so robust a plant as
+either of the former kinds, but it creeps on the ground and forms a fine
+bottom in all lands wherever it occurs, either cultivated or wild. This
+has not the property of blowing the cattle in so great a degree as the
+other sorts have. This disease is said to be accelerated by clover being
+eaten whilst the dew is on it: and when green clover is intended to be
+used as fodder, it is always best to mow it in the heat of the day, and
+let it lie till it is whithered, when it may be given to cows with
+safety.
+
+Clover seeds of all kinds are necessary ingredients in laying down land
+to pasture; and the usual quantity is about twelve pounds per acre mixt
+in proportion at the option of the grower.
+
+This kind remains longer in slight soils than the red does; but although
+both are perennial plants, they are apt to go off, for the reason
+pointed out under the head of T. pratense. This plant, as well as the T.
+medium and other perennial kinds, is sometimes found in old pastures on
+loamy soils; and whenever this is the case, it is a certain indication
+of the goodness of the soil, and such as a judicious gardener would make
+choice of for potting his exotic plants in, as he may rest assured that
+the soil which will maintain clover for a succession of seasons will be
+fit loam for such purposes.
+
+
+
+56. TRIFOLIUM procumbens. YELLOW SUCKLING.--An annual very like the
+Nonsuch; it is a very useful plant, seeding very freely in pastures and
+growing readily, by which means it is every year renewed, and affords a
+fine bite for sheep and cattle. I have now and then seen the seeds of
+this in the shops, but it is not common. There is a gentleman who
+cultivates this plant very successfully near Horsham, and who, I am
+informed, states it to be the best kind of Clover for that land. It
+grows very commonly amongst the herbage on Horsham Common, so that it is
+probably its native habitat. The seeds are the smallest of all the
+cultivated Clovers, and of course less in weight will be necessary for
+the land.
+
+
+
+57. TRIFOLIUM ochroleucum. YELLOW CLOVER.--This is not a common plant,
+but it deserves the attention of the grazier. I believe it is not in
+cultivation. In the garden it stands well, and is a large plant. The
+herbage appears to be as good as that of any other kind of Clover, and
+it might, if introduced, be cultivated by similar means.
+
+
+
+58. TRIFOLIUM agrarium. HOP TREFOIL.--This is also a good plant, but not
+in cultivation; it is eaten by cattle in its wild state, is a perennial,
+and certainly deserves a trial with such persons who may be inclined to
+make experiments with these plants.
+
+Buffalo Clover is a kind similar to Trifolium agrarium and Trifolium
+repens, and appears to me to be a hybrid plant. This has been sometimes
+sent to this country from America, and is a larger plant than either. It
+has, however, as far as I have grown it, the same property of exhausting
+the soil as all the other species possess, and is soon found to go off:
+it is not in cultivation to any large extent.
+
+
+
+59. VICIA Cracca. TUFTED VETCH.--Persons who have most noticed this
+plant have imagined it might be introduced into cultivation. It is
+hardy, durable, nutritious, and productive; but, like the Yellow
+Vetchling, the seeds do not readily vegetate; the only way to cultivate
+it, therefore, would be by planting out the roots; which might be done,
+as they are easily parted and are to be procured in great plenty in the
+places where it grows wild.
+
+
+
+60. VICIA sativa. VETCHES, FETCH, or TARE.--A very useful and common
+plant, of which we have two varieties known to the farmer by the name of
+Spring and Winter Tares: they are both annuals. The spring variety is a
+more upright growing plant, and much tenderer than the other: it is
+usually sown in March and April, and affords in general fine summer
+fodder.
+
+The Winter Tares are usually sown at the wheat seed-time, remain all
+winter, and are usually cut in the spring, generally six weeks before
+the spring crop comes in. The Winter Tares are now considered a crop
+worth attention by the farmers near London, who sow them, and sell the
+crop in small bundles in the spring at a very good price. Tares are
+usually sown broadcast, about three bushels and a half to the acre.
+Persons should be careful in procuring the true variety for the winter
+sowing; for I have frequently known a crop fail altogether by sowing the
+Spring Tares, which is a more tender variety, at that season. It should
+be noticed that the seeds of both varieties are so much alike that the
+kinds are not to be distinguished; but the plants are easily known as
+soon as they begin to grow and form stems; the Spring kind having a very
+upright habit, and the Winter Tares trail on the ground. It is usual for
+persons wanting seeds of such to procure a sample; and by growing them
+in a hothouse, or forcing frame, they may soon be able to ascertain the
+kinds. Ellis in his Husbandry says, that if ewes are fed on Tares, the
+lambs they produce will invariably have red flesh.
+
+
+
+61. VICIA sylvatica. WOOD VETCH.--A perennial plant growing in the
+shade; it seems to have all the good properties in general with the
+other sorts of Tares; but it is not in cultivation.
+
+
+
+62. VICIA sepium. BUSH VETCH.--Is also a species much eaten by cattle in
+its wild state, but has not yet been cultivated: it nevertheless would
+be an acquisition if it could be got to grow in quantity.
+
+So much having been said of the different kinds of Tares, perhaps some
+persons may be inclined to think that it would be superfluous to have
+more in cultivation than one or two sorts. To this I would beg leave to
+reply, that they do not all grow exactly in the same situations wild;
+and if they were cultivated, some one of them might be found to suit in
+certain lands better than others; and perhaps we never shall see our
+agriculture at the height of improvement, till by some public-spirited
+measure all those things shall be grown for the purposes of fair
+comparative experiment--an institution much wanted in this country.
+
+
+
+*      *      *      *      *
+
+
+
+HINTS AS TO THE LAYING DOWN LAND TO PERMANENT PASTURE.
+
+
+
+Having endeavoured to explain as nearly as possible the nature and uses
+of the plants which are likely to improve our meadows and pastures; I
+shall proceed to describe the best approved mode of sowing the land, on
+which depends, in a great measure, the future success of the
+husbandman's labour.
+
+Under the head Lolium perenne I observed the practice of sowing clovers
+and that grass with a crop of barley or oats, which is intended as an
+intermediate crop for a season or two, and then the land to be again
+broken up and used for arable crops. And this is a common and useful
+practice; for although neither the Clover or Rye-grass will last long,
+yet both will be found to produce a good crop whilst the land will bear
+it, or until it is overpowered by the natural weeds of the ground
+[Footnote: It is not an uncommon opinion amongst farmers, that Rye-grass
+produces Couch; and this is not extraordinary; for, if the land is at
+all furnished with this weed, it receives great encouragement under this
+mode of culture.], which renders it necessary to the farmer to break it
+up.
+
+I am aware of the difficulty of persuading persons (farmers in
+particular) to adopt any new systems; and I have often, when speaking of
+this subject amongst men of enlightened understandings, been told it
+would be next to madness, to sacrifice the benefit of a crop of oats or
+barley when the land is in fine tilth, and whilst we can grow grass
+seeds underneath it.
+
+"To this I reply, that there is no land whatever, when left for a few
+months in a state of rest, but will produce naturally some kind of
+herbage, good and bad; and thus we find the industry of man excited, and
+the application of the hoe and the weeder continually among all our
+crops, this being essential to their welfare. I cannot help, therefore,
+observing how extremely absurd it is to endeavour to form clean and good
+pasturage under a crop hat gives as much protection to every noxious
+weed as to the young grass itself. Weeds are of two descriptions, and
+each requires a very different mode of extermination: thus, if annual,
+as the Charlock and Poppy, they will flower among the corn, and the
+seeds will ripen and drop before harvest, and be ready to vegetate as
+soon as the corn is removed; and if perennial, as Thistles, Docks,
+Couch-grass, and a long tribe of others in this way, well known to the
+farmer, they will be found to take such firm possession of the ground
+that they will not be got rid of without great trouble and expense.
+
+"Although the crop of corn thus obtained is valuable, yet when a good
+and permanent meadow is wanted, and when all the strength of the land is
+required to nurture the young grass thus robbed and injured, the
+proprietor is often at considerable expense the second year for manure,
+which, taking into consideration the trouble and disadvantage attending
+it, more than counterbalances the profit of the corn crop.
+
+"To accomplish fully the formation of permanent meadows, three things
+are necessary: namely to clean the land, to produce good and perfect
+seeds adapted to the nature of the soil, and to keep the crop clean by
+eradicating all the weeds, till the grasses have grown sufficiently to
+prevent the introduction of other plants. The first of these matters is
+known to every good farmer,--the second may be obtained,--and the third
+may be accomplished by practising the modes in which I have succeeded at
+a small comparative expense and trouble, and which is instanced in a
+meadow immediately fronting Brompton Crescent, the property of Angus
+Macdonald, Esq. which land was very greatly encumbered with noxious
+weeds of all kinds: but, by the following plan, the grasses were
+encouraged to grow up to the exclusion of all other plants; and though
+it has been laid down more than ten years, the pasturage is now at least
+equal to any in the county.
+
+"Grass seeds may be sown with equal advantage both in spring and autumn.
+The land above mentioned was sown in the latter end of August, and the
+seed made use of was one bushel of Meadow-fescue, and one of Meadow
+fox-tail-grass, with a mixture of fifteen pounds of white Clover and
+Trefoil per acre; the land was previously cleaned as far as possible
+with the plough and harrows, and the seeds sown and covered in the usual
+way. In the month of October following, a most prodigious crop of annual
+weeds of many kinds having grown up, were in bloom, and covered the
+ground and the sown grasses; the whole was then mowed and carried off
+the land, and by this management all the annual weeds were at once
+destroyed, as they do not spring again if cut down when in bloom. Thus,
+whilst the stalks and roots of the annual weeds were decaying, the sown
+grasses were getting strength during the fine weather, and what few
+perennial weeds were amongst them were pulled up by hand in their young
+state. The whole land was repeatedly rolled, to prevent the worms and
+frost from throwing the plants out of the ground; and in the following
+spring it was grazed till the latter end of March, when it was left for
+hay, and has ever since continued a good field of grass.
+
+"Several meadows at Roehampton, belonging to the late B. Goldsmid, Esq.,
+were laid down with two bushels of Meadow fescue-grass and fifteen
+pounds of mixed Clover, and sown in the spring along with one peck and a
+half of Barley, intended as a shade to the young grasses. The crop was
+thus suffered to grow till the latter end of June, and then the corn,
+with the weeds, was mowed and carried off the land; the ground was then
+rolled, and at the end of July the grasses were so much grown as to
+admit good grazing for sheep, which were kept thereon for several weeks.
+It should be observed, that the corn is to be mowed whilst in bloom, and
+when there is an appearance of, or immediately after rain; which will be
+an advantage to the grasses, and occasion them to thrive greatly.
+
+"I sowed some fields for the same gentleman in autumn in the same way,
+and found them to succeed equally well."
+
+The above remarks are part of a communication I gave six years since to
+the Society of Arts, for which I was honoured with their prize medal;
+and I have great pleasure in transcribing it [Footnote: See Transactions
+of the Society of Arts, vol. xxvii. p. 70.], as I frequently visit the
+meadows mentioned above, and have the satisfaction of hearing them
+pronounced the best in their respective neighbourhoods. Thus are my
+opinions on this head borne out by twelve years experience. Let the
+sceptic compare this improvement with his pretended advantage of a crop
+of Barley.
+
+It should be observed that our agricultural efforts are intended only to
+assist the operations of nature, and that in all our experiments we
+should consult the soil as to its spontaneous produce, from whence alone
+we can be enabled to adapt, with propriety, plants to proper situations.
+The kinds of selected grass-seeds that are at this time to be purchased
+are few, and consist of Lolium perenne, Festuca pratensis, Alopecurus
+pratensis; Dactylis glomeratus, Cynosurus cristatus; with the various
+kinds of Clovers: and it is not easy to lay down any rule as to the
+mixture or proportion of each different kind that would best suit
+particular lands. Attention however should, in all cases, be paid to the
+plants growing wild in the neighbouring pastures, or in similar soils,
+and the greater portion used of those which are observed to thrive best.
+
+In certain instances I have mentioned particular quantities of seeds to
+be mixed with others; but in general I have stated how much it would
+require to sow an acre with each kind separately; from which a person
+may form a criterion, when several sorts are used, as to what quantity
+of each sort should be adopted. Taking into view, therefore, that
+nothing but a mixture of proper kinds of Grasses, &c. will make good
+pasturage, and that our knowledge is very imperfect on this head at the
+present season, we must advise that particular attention be paid to the
+subject, or little good can be hoped for from all our endeavours.
+
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SECT. III.--FODDER FROM LEAVES AND ROOTS.
+
+
+
+The student in agriculture will find in this department a wide field for
+speculation, which, although it has been greatly improved during the
+last century, still affords much room for experiments.
+
+During the last thirty-five years I have had opportunity of observing
+the great difference in the quantity of cattle brought to one of our
+largest beast-markets in the south of England; and it is well known that
+this has increased in a ratio of more than double; and I am informed by
+a worthy and truly honourable prelate, who has observed the same for
+twenty-five years previously, that it has nearly quadrupled. I have also
+made it my business, as a subject of curiosity, to inquire if the
+increase at other markets has been the same, and from all accounts I am
+convinced of the affirmative. Now as we have ample proofs from the
+statistical accounts of our husbandry, that less corn has not been grown
+in the same period, we shall naturally be inclined to give the merit of
+this increase to the introduction of the Turnip husbandry, which,
+although it is now become so general, is, comparatively speaking, but in
+its infancy; and it is from that branch of our agriculture that has
+sprung the culture of the great variety of fodder of the description
+which I am now about to explain.
+
+And here it may not prove amiss to observe to the botanical student,
+should he hereafter be destined to travel, that by making himself thus
+acquainted with the nature of such vegetables, he may have it in his
+power to render great benefit to society by the introduction of others
+of still superior virtues, for the use both of man and the brute
+creation. When Sir Walter Raleigh undertook his expedition to South
+America, the object of which failed, he had the good fortune from his
+taste for botany to render to his country, and to the world at large, a
+more essential service, by the introduction of one single vegetable,
+than was ever achieved by the military exploits performed before or
+since that period [Footnote: The Potatoe was introduced by Sir Walter
+Raleigh, on his return from the River Plate, in the year 1586.]. It has
+not only been the means of increasing the wealth and strength of
+nations, but more than once prevented a famine in this country when
+suffering from a scarcity of bread-corn and when most of the ports which
+could afford us a supply were shut by the ambition of a powerful enemy.
+
+63. BRASSICA Napus. TURNIP.--Turnips afford the best feed for sheep in
+the autumn and winter months. It is usual to sow them as a preparatory
+crop for Barley, and now very frequently for a crop of Spring Wheat.
+Turnips are not easily raised but where some kind of manure is used to
+stimulate the land. In dry seasons the crop is often destroyed by the
+ravages of a small beetle, which perforates the cotyledons of the
+plants, and destroys the crop on whole fields in a few hours.
+
+Many remedies against this evil are enumerated in our books on
+husbandry. The best preventative, however, appears to be the putting
+manure on the ground in a moist state and sowing the seeds with it, in
+order to excite the young plant to grow rapidly; for the insect does not
+hurt it when the rough leaf is once grown. I have this season seen a
+fine field of Turnips, sown mixt with dung out of a cart and ploughed in
+ridges. The seeds which were not too deeply buried grew and escaped the
+fly; when scarcely a field in the same district escaped the ravages of
+that insect. Turnips are sown either broad-cast or in drills. It takes
+about four pounds of seed per acre in the first mode, and about half the
+quantity in the second.
+
+There are several varieties of turnips grown for cattle; the most
+striking of which are, the White round Norfolk; the Red round ditto; the
+Green round ditto; the Tankard; the Yellow. These varieties are nearly
+the same in goodness and produce: the green and red are considered as
+rather more hardy than the others. The tankard is long-rooted and stands
+more out of the ground, and is objected to as being more liable to the
+attack of early frosts. The yellow is much esteemed in Scotland, and
+supposed to contain more nutriment [Footnote: The usual season for
+sowing the above varieties is within a fortnight or three weeks after
+Midsummer.]. The Stone and Dutch turnips are grown for culinary
+purposes, and are also sometimes sown after the corn is cleared, as
+being small and of early growth; these in such cases are called stubble
+turnips, and often in fine autumns produce a considerable quantity of
+herbage. For a further account of the culture &c. see Dickson's Modern
+Husbandry, vol. ii. p. 639.
+
+There is nothing in husbandry requiring more care than the saving seeds
+of most of the plants of this tribe, and in particular of the Genus
+Brassica. If two sorts of turnips or cabbages are suffered to grow and
+bloom together, the pollen of each kind will be sufficiently mixed to
+impregnate each alternately, and a hybrid kind will be the produce, and
+in ninety-nine times out of a hundred a worse variety than either.
+Although this is generally the result of an indiscriminate mixture, yet
+by properly adapting two different kinds to grow together, new and
+superior varieties are sometimes produced. One gentleman having profited
+by this philosophy, has succeeded in producing some fine new varieties
+of fruits and vegetables, much to the honour of his own talents and his
+country's benefit [Footnote: See Mr Knight On the Apple-tree.]. It is
+well known to gardeners that the cabbage tribe are liable to sport thus
+in their progeny; and to some accidental occurrence of this nature we
+are indebted for the very useful plant called the
+
+
+
+64. ROOTA-BAGA. SWEDISH TURNIP.--Which is a hybrid plant par-taking of
+the turnip and cabbage, and what has within these few years added so
+much to the benefit of the grazier. This root is much more hardy than
+any of the turnips; it will stand our winters without suffering injury
+from frosts, and is particularly ponderous and nutritious.
+
+It is usually cultivated as the common trunip, with this difference,
+that it requires to be sown as early in some lands as the month of May,
+it being a plant which requires a longer time to come to maturity.
+
+Every judicious farmer who depends on turnips for foddering his stock in
+the winter, will do well to guard against the loss sometimes occasioned
+by the failure of his Turnips from frost and wet. Various ways of doing
+this are recommended, as stacking &c. But if he has a portion of his
+best land under Swedish turnip, he will have late in the winter a
+valuable crop that will be his best substitute. Another advantage is
+this, that it will last a fortnight longer in the spring, and
+consequently be valuable on this account. The quantity of seed usually
+sown is the same as for the common kinds of turnip. There are two
+varieties of this plant, one white and the other yellow: the latter is
+the most approved.
+
+
+
+65. BRASSICA Napo Brassica. KOHLRABBI.--A hardy kind of Turnip cabbage,
+grown much in Germany for fodder: it is very nutritive, and has the
+property of resisting frost better than either the turnips or
+cattle-cabbage. The seed and culture of this are the same as of
+Drum-head cabbage.
+
+There are two varieties of this plant, the green and the purple; the
+latter is generally most esteemed.
+
+
+
+66. BRUSSELS SPROUTS.--This is a large variety of cabbage, very
+productive and hardy. The culture is the same as for Cattle-cabbage.
+
+
+
+67. BRASSICA oleracea. DRUM-HEAD CABBAGE.--This is usually sown in March
+and the plants put out into beds, and then transplanted into the fields;
+this grows to a most enormous size, and is very profitable. About four
+pounds of seed is sufficient for an acre.
+
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SEC. IV.--GRAINS.
+
+
+
+73. AVENA sativa. COMMON OATS.--A grain very commonly known, of which we
+have a number of varieties, from the thin old Black Oats to the fine
+Poland variety and the celebrated Potatoe-Oats.
+
+These give the farmer at all times the advantage of a change of seeds, a
+measure allowed on all hands to be essential to good husbandry. The
+culture is various; thin soils growing the black kind in preference,
+which is remarkably hardy, where the finer sorts affecting a better soil
+will not succeed. It is applicable both to the drill and broad-cast. The
+seed is from six pecks to four bushels per acre, and the crop from seven
+to fourteen quarters.
+
+
+
+74. CARUM Carui. CARAWAY SEEDS.--The seeds of this are in demand both by
+druggists and confectioners. It is cultivated in Kent and Essex; where
+it, being a biennial plant, is sown with a crop of spring corn, and left
+with the stubble during the succeeding winter, and after clearing the
+land in the spring is left to go to seed. It requires a good hot dry
+soil; but although the crop is often of great value, it so much exhausts
+the land as to be hazardous culture in many light soils where the
+dunghill is not handy.
+
+The seed is about ten pounds per acre, and the crop often five or six
+sacks.
+
+
+
+75. CORIANDRUM sativum. CORIANDER.--Is grown in the stiff lands, in
+Essex, and is an annual of easy but not of general culture. The seeds
+are used by druggists and rectifiers of spirits, and form many of the
+cordial drinks.
+
+The quantity of seed and produce are similar to those of Caraway.
+
+
+
+76. ERVUM Lens. LENTILS.--Once cultivated here for the seeds, which are
+used for soups; but it is furnished principally from Spain, and can at
+all times be purchased for less than it can be grown for.
+
+
+
+77. HORDEUM distichon. COMMON TWO-ROWED BARLEY.--A grain now in very
+general cultivation, and supposed to be the best kind grown for malting.
+The season for sowing barley is in the spring, and the crop varies
+according to soil and culture; it is sown either broad-cast, drilled, or
+dibbled. The quantity of seed sown is from three pecks to three bushels
+per acre, and the produce from three to eleven quarters.
+
+As the process of malting may not be generally understood by that class
+of readers for which this work is mostly intended, I shall give a short
+sketch of it.--It is a natural principle of vegetation, that every seed
+undergoes a change before it is formed into the young plant. The
+substance of the cotyledons, which when ground forms the nutritious
+flower of which bread is made, changes into two particular substances,
+i. e. sugar and mucilage; and whilst mankind form from it the principal
+staff of life as an edible commodity, the same parts of the seed in
+barley are by certain means made into malt, which is only another term
+for the sugar of that grain. To effect this, the barley is steeped in
+water, and afterwards laid in heaps, in which state it vegetates in a
+few days, and the saccharine fermentation is by that means carried on to
+a certain pitch, when it is put on a kiln to which a fire is applied,
+and it is by that means dried. It is then perfect malt, and fit for the
+purpose of brewing.
+
+Pearl and Scotch Barley, used for soup and medicinal purposes, are made
+from the grain by being put into a mill, which merely grinds off the
+husk. The Pearl barley is mostly prepared in Holland, but the Scotch is
+made near Edinburgh in considerable quantities. A description of an
+improved Mill for this purpose is to be seen in the Edinburgh
+Encyclopaedia, p. 283.
+
+
+
+78. HORDEUM vulgare. BERE, BIG, or WINTER BARLEY.--This is a coarser
+grain than the Two-rowed Barley, and hence it is not so well adapted to
+the purpose of malting. It is grown on cold thin soils, being much
+hardier than the former.
+
+It is now often sown in October, and in the month of May or June
+following it is mown and taken off the land for green fodder. The plants
+will notwithstanding this produce in August a very abundant crop of
+grain. Hence this is a valuable mode of culture for the farmer.
+
+The other varieties of Barley are,
+
+
+
+79. HORDEUM hexastichon. SIX-ROWED BARLEY.--This is also a coarse grain;
+and although it was once in cultivation here, it has been altogether
+superseded by the Bere, which is a better kind.
+
+
+
+80. HORDEUM zeocriton. BATTLEDORE BARLEY.--This is a fine grain, but
+very tender, and not now in cultivation in this country.
+
+NAKED BARLEY. The two first species sometimes produce a variety which
+thrashes out of the husks similar to wheat: these are very heavy and
+fine grain, but they are not in cultivation: for what reason I know not.
+
+
+
+81. PANICUM miliaceum. MILLET.--Millet is of two kinds, the brown and
+yellow. They are sometimes sown in this country for feeding poultry, and
+also for dressing; i. e. it is divested of the husk by being passed
+through a mill, when it is equal to rice for the use of the pastrycook.
+The seed used is from one to two bushels per acre. This is more commonly
+grown in Italy, and on the shores of the Mediterranean sea, from which
+large quantities are annually exported to the more northern countries.
+
+
+
+82. PAPAVER somniferum. MAW-SEED.--The large white Opium Poppy is grown
+for seed for feeding birds, and also for pressing the oil, which is used
+by painters. The heads are also used by the apothecaries; which see
+under the head Medicinal Plants. About two pounds of seed to the acre.
+
+
+
+83. PHALARIS canariensis. CANARY-SEED.--This is grown mostly in the Isle
+of Thanet, and sent to London &c. for feeding canary and other
+song-birds, and considered a very profitable crop to the farmer. It is
+sown in April, and the quantity of seed is about one bushel and a half
+per acre.
+
+
+
+84. PISUM sativum. THE PEA [Footnote: At the request of Sir John
+Sinclair I made an experiment, from directions given by a French
+emigrant, of mixing Pease with urine in which had been steeped a
+considerable quantity of pigeon's dung. In the course of twenty-four
+hours they had swoln very much, when they were put into the ground. An
+equal quantity were steeped in water; and the same quantity also that
+had not been steeped, were sown in three adjoining spots of land. There
+was a difference in the coming up of the crops, of some days in each;
+but that with the above preparation took the lead, and was by far the
+best crop on the ground. This is an experiment worth attending to. It is
+usual to prepare wheat in a similar way, but no other grain that I have
+ever heard of.].--The Gray Hog-pea used to be the only one considered
+sufficiently hardy for culture in the fields; but since the improvement
+in our agriculture we have all the finer varieties cultivated in large
+quantities. The seed used is about two bushels and a half per acre, and
+the produce varies from three to ten quarters.
+
+The varieties of Peas are many, but the principal ones used in
+agriculture are the Early Charlton Pea; the Dwarf Marrow; the Prussian
+Blue. All these are dwarf kinds; and as the demand for this article in
+time of war is great for the navy and army, if the farmer's land will
+suit, and produce such as will boil, they will fetch a considerably
+greater price in proportion.
+
+The varieties that are found to boil are either used whole, or split,
+which is done by steeping them in water till the cotyledons swell, after
+which they are dried on a kiln and passed through a mill; which just
+breaking the husk, the two cotyledons fall apart.
+
+
+
+85. POLYGONUM Fagopyrum. BUCK-WHEAT.--This is usually sown in places
+where pheasants are bred, as the seed is the best food for those birds;
+it is also useful for poultry and hogs. I have eaten bread and cakes
+made of the flower, which are also very palatable. Two bushels are
+usually sown per acre. The season is May; and it is often sown on foul
+land in the summer, as it grows very thick on the land, and helps to
+clean it by smothering all the weeds. The crop does not stand on the
+ground more than ten or twelve weeks.
+
+
+
+86. SECALE cereale. RYE.--This is often grown for a spring crop of green
+food, by sowing it early in the autumn, as it is very hardy and is not
+affected by frost. It grows fast in the spring months, and affords a
+very luxuriant crop of green fodder. Tares and Rye are frequently sown
+mixed together for the same purpose, and the Tares find a support in the
+stalks of the Rye, by which means they produce a larger crop than they
+make by themselves. The grain is the next in estimation to Wheat, and is
+frequently used for making bread. The quantity sown per acre is the same
+as Wheat.
+
+
+
+87. SINAPIS nigra. BLACK MUSTARD.--This is grown in Essex in great
+quantities for the seeds, which are sold to the manufacturers of flower
+of mustard, and is considered better flavoured, stronger, and capable of
+keeping better, than the white kind for such purpose. It is also in use
+for various medicinal preparations; which see. About two bushels of seed
+sown broad-cast are sufficient for an acre.
+
+This plant affords another striking instance of the care of Providence
+in preserving the species of the vegetable kingdom, it being noticed in
+the Isle of Ely and other places, that wherever new ditches are thrown
+out, or the earth dug to any unusual depth, the seeds of Black Mustard
+immediately throw up a crop. In some places it has been proved to have
+lain thus embalmed for ages.
+
+Flower of mustard, which is now become so common on our tables, and
+which is an article of very considerable trade, is but a new
+manufacture. A respectable seedsman who lived in Pall-Mall was the first
+who prepared it in this state for sale. The seeds of the white sort had
+been used to be bruised in a mortar and eaten sometimes as a condiment,
+but only in small quantities.
+
+When used fresh it is weak, and has an unpleasant taste; but after
+standing a few hours the essential oil unites with the water which is
+used, and it then becomes considerably stronger, and the flavour is
+improved. It is prepared by drying the seeds on a kiln and grinding them
+to a powder. As this article is become of considerable importance from
+the demand, it has occasioned persons to speculate in its adulteration,
+which is now I believe often practised. Real flower of mustard will bear
+the addition of an equal quantity of salt without its appearing too much
+in the taste. In an old work, Hartman's treasure of Health, I find it to
+have been practised by a noble lady of that time to make mustard for
+keeping, with sherry wine with the addition of a little sugar, and
+sometimes a little vinegar. Query, Is this, with the substitution of a
+cheaper wine, the secret of what is called Patent Mustard?
+
+
+
+88. TRITICUM aestivum. SPRING WHEAT.--Wheat is a grain well known in most
+countries in Europe. It has been in cultivation for many ages. This
+species was introduced some years ago from the Barbary coast, and has
+been found very beneficial for sowing in the spring, when it often
+produces a large crop. It takes a shorter time to come to maturity than
+the other sorts; and as it is a more profitable crop to the farmer on
+good soils than Barley, it is frequently sown after Turnips are over.
+This has, perhaps, been one of the best improvements in Grain husbandry
+that was ever introduced, as it gives the grower great advantages which
+he could not have under the common culture of Wheat at the usual
+seed-time. This is little different in appearance from the Common White
+Wheat. But there was a small variety of it with rounder grains sent to
+the Board of Agriculture from the Cape of Good Hope about the year 1801,
+of which I saved a small quantity of seeds which was distributed among
+the members; and I have lately seen a sample of it in the hands of a
+gentleman in Devonshire, who speaks very highly of it as producing a
+large crop in a short time, and that the flower was so much esteemed,
+that the millers gave him a higher price for it than the finest samples
+at market of the other kinds would sell for. I believe this variety is
+very scarce. It is now twelve years since I grew it, from which what I
+saw, and all other in cultivation, if any there are, have sprung.
+
+
+
+89. TRITICUM compositum. EGYPTIAN WHEAT.--This is a species with
+branched ears, and commonly having as many as three and four divisions.
+It is much cultivated in the eastern countries, but has not been found
+to answer so well in this country as the common cultivated species.
+
+
+
+90. TRITICUM hybernum. COMMON WHEAT.--Of this grain we have a number of
+varieties, which are grown according to the fashion of countries,
+differing in the colour of the ear and also of the grain. The most
+esteemed sorts are the Hertfordshire White and the Essex Red Wheat,
+which are both much cultivated and equally esteemed. The season for
+growing these kinds is usually September and October. The drill, dibble,
+and broad-cast modes are all used, as the land and convenience of the
+farmer happen to suit, and the produce varies accordingly; as does also
+the quantity of seed sown. From two pecks to two bushels and a half are
+sown on an acre.
+
+Wheat is liable to the ravages of many terrestrious insects which attack
+its roots; and also some very curious diseases. One of these has been
+very clearly elucidated by our munificent patron of science, Sir Joseph
+Banks, in the investigation of a parasitical plant which destroys the
+blood of the stalk and leaves, renders the grain thin, and in some cases
+quite destroys the crop, which has done that gentleman's penetration
+great credit [Footnote: Sir Joseph Banks On the Blight in Corn.]. An
+equally extraordinary disease is the Smut, which converts the
+farinaceous parts of the grain to a black powder resembling smut: a
+cirumstance too well known to many farmers. Those who wish to consult
+the remedies recommended against this, may refer to The Annals of
+Agriculture, and most other books on the subject. It is usual with
+farmers to mix the Wheat with stale urine or brine, and to dry it by
+sifting it with slaked lime, which has the effect of causing it to
+vegetate quickly, and to prevent the attacks of many insects when the
+seed is first put into the ground. This is considered as productive of
+great benefit to the crop; but it is also to be remarked, that it is
+almost the only grain that is ever prepared with this mixture, although
+it might be applied with equal propriety to all others. See article
+Pisum sativum.
+
+
+
+91. TRITICUM turgidum. CONE WHEAT.--This a fine grain, and cultivated
+much in the strong land in the Vale of Evesham, where it is found to
+answer better than any other sorts. It is distinguished by the square
+and thick spike, and having a very long arista or beard.
+
+The following sorts of Wheat are mentioned as being in cultivation. But
+I have not seen them, neither do I think any of them equal to the sorts
+enumerated above:
+
+Triticum nigrum. BLACK-GRAINED WHEAT. Triticum polonicum. POLISH WHEAT.
+Triticum monococcon. ONE-GRAINED WHEAT. Triticum Spelta. SPELT WHEAT.
+
+Besides the use of Wheat for bread and other domestic purposes, large
+quantities are every season consumed in making starch, which is the pure
+fecula of the grain obtained by steeping it in water and beating it in
+coarse hempen bags, by which means the fecula is thus caused to exude
+and diffuse through the water. This, from being mixed with the
+saccharine matter of the grain, soon runs into the acetous fermentation,
+and the weak acid thus formed by digesting on the fecula renders it
+white. After setting, the precipitate is washed several times, and put
+by in square cakes and dried on kilns. These in drying part into flakes,
+which gives the form to the starch of the shops.
+
+Starch is soluble in hot water, and becomes of the nature of gum. It is
+however insoluble in cold water, and on this account when pulverized it
+makes most excellent hair-powder.
+
+
+
+92. Vicia Faba. THE BEAN.--Several kinds of Beans are cultivated by
+farmers. The principal are the Horse-Bean or Tick-Bean; the Early
+Mazagan; and the Long-pods. Beans grow best in stiff clayey soils, and
+in such they are the most convenient crop. The season for planting is
+either the winter or spring month, as the weather affords opportunity.
+They are either drilled, broad-cast sown, or put in by the dibble, which
+is considered not only the most eligible mode but in ge-neral affording
+the best crops. The seed is from one to three bushels per acre.
+
+
+
+93. ZEA Mays. INDIAN CORN, or MAIZE. In warmer climates, as the South of
+France, and the East and West Indies, this is one of the most useful
+plants; the seeds forming good provender for poultry, hogs and cattle,
+and the green tops excellent fodder for cattle in general. I once saw a
+small early variety, that produced a very good crop, near Uxbridge; but
+I believe it is not in cultivation.
+
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SECT. V.--MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES.
+
+
+
+94. CANNABIS sativa. HEMP.--This plant is cultivated in some parts of
+this country. It is usually sown in March, and is fit to harvest in
+October. It is then pulled up and immersed in water; when the woody
+parts of the stalks separating from the bark, which sloughs off and
+undergoes a decomposition by which the fibres are divided, it is then
+combed (hackled), dried, and reduced to different fineness of texture,
+and spun for various purposes. It requires good land, and the seed is
+usually two bushels and a half per acre.
+
+The seed, which ripens about the time the hemp is pulled, is useful for
+feeding birds and poultry, and very nourishing.
+
+
+
+95. DIPSACUS Fullonum. FULLER'S TEAVEL.--The heads of this plant are
+used for combing kerseymeres and finer broad cloths. The heads are
+generally fit to cut about the latter end of August, and are then
+separated and made up into bundles, and sold to the clothiers. The large
+heads are called Kings; the next size Middlings; and the smaller
+Minikins. The reason they are separated before sending to market is,
+that the large and small will not fit together on the frame in which
+they are fixed to the water-wheel, so that it is usual for the
+proprietor of the fulling-mills to purchase all of either one or the
+other size. The crop is considered very valuable, but the culture is
+confined to a small district in Somersetshire. The plant is biennial,
+and is usually sown in May, and the crop kept hoed during that season.
+In the following spring the plants bloom, and when the seeds are ripe
+the heads are fit for cutting; when they are assorted as above for the
+dealers. Three pounds of seed are used to an acre, and the plants at the
+last stirring are left from two feet to two feet and a half apart.
+
+
+
+96. HUMULUS Lupulus. THE HOP.--The Hop is cultivated for brewing, being
+the most wholesome bitter we have, though the brewers are in the habit
+of using other vegetable bitters, which are brought from abroad and sold
+at a much cheaper rate. There is, however, a severe penalty on using any
+other than Hops for such purpose.
+
+The Hops are distinguished by several varieties grown in Kent,
+Worcestershire, and at Farnham. The last place produces the best kind.
+For its culture more at length see Agriculture of Surry, by Mr.
+Stevenson.
+
+
+
+97. ISATIS tinctoria. WOAD.--Is cultivated in the county of
+Somersetshire. It is used, after being prepared, for dyeing &c. It is
+said to be the mordant used for a fine blue on woollen. The foliage,
+which is like Spinach, is gathered during the summer months, and steeped
+in vats of water. After some time a green fecula is deposited in the
+bottom of the water, which is washed, and made into cakes and sold for
+use.
+
+It is a perennial plant, and found wild in great abundance near
+Guildford, where great quantities might be gathered for use, and where a
+great deal of the seed could be collected. Its culture is very similar
+to that of the Teazle, with this difference, it requires the hoe at work
+constantly all the summer months.
+
+The two plants Weld and Woad from the similarity of names are frequently
+confounded with each other, and some of the best agricultural writers
+have fallen into this error. They are two very different plants, and
+ought to be well defined, being each of them of very material
+consequence in this country.
+
+
+
+98. LINUM usitatissimum. FLAX, or LINT-SEED.--Is grown for the purpose
+of making cloth, and has been considered a very profitable crop. The
+culture and management is similar to that of Hemp, and the seeds are in
+great demand for pressing. Lintseed oil, which it produces, is much used
+by painters, and is the only vegetable oil that is found fit for such
+purposes in general. The seeds are of several uses to the farmer; a tea
+is made of it, and mixed with skimmed milk, for fattening house-lambs
+and calves. Oxen are often fattened on the seed itself; but the cakes
+after the oil is expressed are a very common and most excellent article
+for fattening both black cattle and sheep. These are sold at from 10 l.
+to 16 l. per thousand.
+
+It will require three bushels of Flax-seed for one acre, as it must be
+sown thick on the land. Lintseed cake has been used also for manure; and
+I have seen fine crops of Turnips where it has been powdered and sown in
+the drills with the seed.
+
+
+
+99. RESEDA luteola. DYER'S-WEED, or WELD.--Is often confounded with
+Woad, but is altogether a very different plant. Weld is cultivated on
+the chalky hills of Surry, being sown under a crop of Barley, and the
+second year cleaned by hoeing, and then left to grow till it blooms,
+when it is pulled and tied up in small bundles, and after drying is sent
+to market, where it is purchased for dyeing yellow, and is in great
+request.
+
+
+
+100. RUBIA tinctoria. MADDER.--This very useful dyeing drug used to be
+grown in this country in considerable quantities, but it is not
+cultivated here at the present time. The principal part of what is used
+now is brought from Holland, and affords a considerable article of trade
+to the Dutch farmers. Those who wish to be informed of the mode of
+culture may consult Professor Martyn's edition of Miller's Dictionary.
+
+Some years since Sir Henry Englefield, Bart., obtained a premium from
+the Society of Arts for the discovery of a fine tint drawn from Madder,
+called the Adrianople red. It was found that it was to be obtained from
+a variety of the Rubia brought from Smyrna; and Mr. Smyth, our consul at
+that city, was prevailed on by Dr. Charles Taylor to procure seeds from
+thence, which the Society did me the honour of committing to my care;
+and I have now a considerable stock of that kind, from whence I have
+myself obtained the same beautiful and superior tint. See Trans. Soc.
+Arts. vol. 27, p. 40.
+
+
+
+101. ULEX europaeus. FURZE, GORSE, or WHIN.--Is used in husbandry for
+fences, and is also much cultivated for fuel for burning lime, heating
+ovens, &c. Cattle and sheep relish it much; but it cannot be eaten by
+them except when young, in consequence of its strong spines; to obviate
+which an implement has been invented for bruising it. When it grows wild
+on our waste land, it is common to set it on fire in the summer months,
+and the roots and stems will throw up from the ground young shoots,
+which are found very useful food for sheep and other animals. It is
+readily grown from seeds, six pounds of which will be enough for an acre
+of land.
+
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+PLANTS USEFUL IN THE ARTS.
+
+
+
+SECT. VI.--BRITISH TREES AND SHRUBS.
+
+
+
+102. ACER Pseudo-Platanus. SYCAMORE.--The wood of this tree is soft and
+of little use, unless it is for the turners' purposes, who make boxes
+and other small toys of it. It is not of value as timber.
+
+
+
+103. ACER campestre. THE MAPLE.--Before the introduction of Mahogany and
+other fine woods the Maple was the principal wood used for all kinds of
+cabinet work, and was much esteemed: the knobs which grow on those trees
+in an old state afforded the most beautiful specimens, and according to
+Evelyn were collected by the curious at great prices. The Maple trees in
+this country are none of them at the present day old enough to afford
+that fine-veined variegation in the timber which is alluded to in this
+account.
+
+
+
+104. ARBUTUS Unedo. THE STRAWBERRY-TREE.--Is a native of the islands in
+the celebrated Lake of Killarney in Ireland, where it grows to a large
+size. We know of no particular use to which it is applied. It is however
+one of our most ornamental evergreen shrubs, producing beautiful
+flowers, which vary from transparent white to deep red, in the winter
+months, at which season also the fruit appears; which taking twelve
+months to come to maturity affords the singular phaenomenon in plants, of
+having lively green leaves, beautiful flowers, and fruit as brilliant as
+the richest strawberry, in the very depth of our winter. We have a fine
+variety of this plant with scarlet blossoms, and also one with double
+flowers, both of which are singularly ornamental to the shrubbery.
+
+
+
+105. ARBUTUS Uva Ursi. BEAR-BERRIES.--A small trailing plant of great
+repute as a medicine, but of no use in any other respect.
+
+
+
+106. BERBERIS vulgaris. BARBERRY.--This has long been cultivated in
+gardens for its fruit, which is a fine acid, and it is used as a
+conserve, and also for giving other sweeter fruits a flavour. The common
+wild kind has stones in the fruit, which renders it disagreeable to eat.
+There is a variety without stones called the Male Barberry, which is
+preferred on this account.
+
+This tree is subject to a disease in the summer, caused apparently from
+a yellow fungus growing on the leaves and young shoots; and it is said
+that where it grows near corn fields it imparts its baneful influence to
+the grain, for which reason it is recommended in some of our books on
+agriculture to exterminate the trees.
+
+
+
+107. BETULA alba. BIRCH-TREE.--Is in great use and of considerable value
+on some estates for making brooms, and the timber for all purposes of
+turnery-ware and carving. The sap of the Birch-tree is drawn by
+perforating the bark in the early state of vegetation. It is fermented,
+and makes a very pleasant and potent beverage called Birch Wine.
+
+
+
+108. BETULA Alnus. ALDER-TREE.--This is a valuable tree for planting in
+moors and wet places. The wood is used for making clogs, pattens, and
+other such purposes; and the bark for dyeing and manufacturing some of
+the finer kinds of leather. This wood is of considerable value for
+making charcoal for gunpowder. In charring it a considerable quantity of
+acetic acid is extracted, which is of great value for the purpose of
+bleaching, &c. &c.
+
+
+
+109. BUXUS sempervirens. BOX-TREE.--The wood of Box is of great value
+for musical instruments, and for forming the handles of many tools:
+being very hard, it admits of a fine polish. This tree is growing in
+quantity at Box-hill in Surry, and has given name to that place.
+
+This was planted by a late Duke of Norfolk, and has succeeded so well,
+that the wood has been cut twice, and sold each time for treble the
+value of the fee-simple of the land.
+
+It forms a better cover for game than any other plant; and being very
+bitter, is not liable to be destroyed by any animal eating it down. An
+infusion of the leaves is frequently given as a vermifuge with good
+effect.
+
+There is a smaller variety of this, much used for making edging to
+gravel walks in gardens.
+
+
+
+110. CARPINUS Betulus. THE HORNBEAM.--This grows to a large tree, but is
+not of much account as timber: it is however very useful in forming
+ornamental fences, and is well adapted to this purpose from the tendency
+of its young branches to grow thick.
+
+
+
+111. CLEMATIS Vitalba. TRAVELLER'S JOY.--A beautiful creeping shrub very
+useful to the farmers for making shackles for gates and hurdles, or
+withs for tying faggots and other articles. Whenever this plant is found
+in the hedges, &c. it is a certain indication of a ckalky under stratum
+in the soil.
+
+
+
+112. CORNUS sanguinea. DOG-WOOD.--This is planted in pleasuregrounds as
+an ornamental shrub, and from the red appearance of the wood in the
+winter forms a beautiful constrast in plantations. It is also used by
+butchers for making skewers.
+
+
+
+113. CORYLUS Avellana. THE HAZEL.--Is a well known shrub of large growth
+producing nuts, which are much admired. The Filbert is an improved
+variety of this plant. The farmers in Kent are the best managers of
+Filberts, and it is the only place where they are grown with any
+certainty; which appears to be owing principally to the trees being
+regularly pruned of the superfluous wood. It is performed in the month
+of March when the plants are in bloom, and is the only time when the
+fruit-bearing wood can be distinguished.
+
+
+
+114. CRATAEGUS Aria. WHITE BEAM-TREE.--Is a beautiful tree producing very
+hard wood, and is much in esteem for cogs of millwork and various other
+purposes.
+
+
+
+115. CRATAEGUS Oxyacantha. THE QUICKSET, or WHITE-THORN.--This is in
+great request for making fences, and is the best plant we know for such
+purposes if properly managed. It is readily propagated by sowing the
+hips, or fruit, which does not readily grow the first season; it is
+therefore usual to bury them mixed with saw-dust, or sand, one year, and
+then to sow them in beds.
+
+
+
+116. DAPHNE Laureola. SPURGE- or WOOD-LAUREL.--Is used in medicine;
+which see.
+
+We have many species of Daphne which are very ornamental to our
+shrubberies and green-houses: these are propagated principally by
+grafting; and the Wood-Laurel being hardy and of ready growth forms the
+stock principally used. It is readily propagated by seeds, which in
+three years will make plants large enough for this purpose.
+
+The plant in all its parts is excessively acrid. I remember a man being
+persuaded to take the leaves reduced to powder, as a remedy for
+Syphilis, and he died in consequence in great agony in a few hours.
+
+
+
+117. DAPHNE Mezerium. MEZERION.--Is a very beautiful shrub, and is one
+of the earliest productions of Flora, often exhibiting its brilliant
+scarlet flowers in January and February. We have also a white variety of
+this shrub in the gardens. The bark and roots are extremely acrimonious,
+and are used in medicine.
+
+
+
+118. ERICA vulgaris. THE COMMON HEATH, HEATHER, or LING.---This
+spontaneous produce of most of our sandy waste lands is of much usin
+rural oeconomy.
+
+It is of considerable value for making brooms, and affords food to
+sheep, goats, and other animals; particularly to the grouse and
+heath-cock. The branches of heath placed upright in a wooden frame form
+the couch of repose to the brave Highlander. It is also stated that an
+excellent beverage was brewed from the tops of this plant, but the art
+of making it is now lost. This is the most common of the species, but
+all the others have similar properties. They are very ornamental plants.
+A numerous variety of heaths are brought from the Cape of Good Hope, and
+afford great pleasure to the amateur of exotic plants, being the
+greatest ornaments to our green-houses.
+
+
+
+119. EUONYMUS europaeus. SPINDLE-TREE.--An ornamental shrub. The wood is
+in great request for making skewers for butchers, as it does not impart
+any unpleasant taste to the meat.
+
+
+
+120. FAGUS Castanea. THE SPANISH CHESNUT.--This tree produces timber
+similar to oak in point of durability, and the bark also contains a
+considerable quantity of tannin. The Chesnut was in greater plenty in
+this country many years ago than at the present day; large forests are
+represented to have been in the neighbourhood of London; and we are led
+to believe such may have been the case, as many of the old buildings
+when examined have been found to be built of this timber. The fruit is
+used as a dainty at table; but the variety which is brought from
+Portugal and Spain is much larger than what are grown in this country.
+The large kind imported from those countries is grafted, and kept on
+purpose for the fruit. It is an improvement to graft this variety by
+taking the scions from trees in bearing, and they will produce fruit in
+a few years and in a dwarf state.
+
+
+
+121. FAGUS sylvatica. THE BEECH.--The timber of the Beech is valuable
+for making wheels, and is applied to many other useful purposes in
+domestic oeconomy. The seeds of the Beech are very useful for fattening
+hogs.
+
+This tree affords many beautiful varieties in foliage, the handsomest of
+which is the Copper Beech, whose purple leaves form a fine contrast in
+colour with the lively green of the common sort.
+
+
+
+123. FRAXINUS excelsior. THE ASH.--The wood of the Ash is considered the
+best timber for all purposes of strong husbandry utensils. The wheels
+and axle-trees of carriages, the shafts for carts, and the cogs for
+mill-work, are principally made of this timber. The young wood when gown
+in coppices is useful for hop-poles, and the small underwood is said to
+afford the best fuel of any when used green. Coppice-land usually sells
+for a comparatively greater price according as this wood prevails in
+quantity, on account of its good quality as fuel alone.
+
+
+
+124. HEDERA Helix. IVY.--A common plant in woods, and often planted in
+shady places to hide walls and buildings. The leaves are good food for
+deer and sheep in winter. The Irish Ivy, which was brought from that
+country, is a fine variety with broad leaves. It was introduced by Earl
+Camden.
+
+
+
+125. HIPPOPHAE Rhamnoides. SEA BUCKTHORN.--This is a scarce shrub; but
+is very useful as a plant for forming shelter on the hills near the
+sea-coast, it having been found to stand the sea-breeze better than any
+plant of the kind that is indigenous to this country.
+
+
+
+126. ILEX aquifolium. HOLLY.--A well-known evergreen of singular beauty,
+of which we have many varieties, both striped, and of different colours
+in the leaf. Birdlime is made from the inner bark of this tree, by
+beating it in a running stream and leaving it to ferment in a close
+vessel. If iron be heated with charcoal made of holly with the bark on,
+the iron will be rendered brittle; but if the bark be taken off, this
+effect will not be produced. Ray's Works and Travels by Scott.
+
+
+
+127. JUNIPERUS communis. JUNIPER.--An evergreen shrub, very common on
+waste lands. The berries are used in preparing the well-known spiritous
+liquor gin, and have been considered of great use in medicine.
+
+
+
+128. LIGUSTRUM vulgare. PRIVET.--A shrub of somewhat humble growth, very
+useful for forming hedges where shelter is wanted more than strength. It
+bears clipping, and forms a very ornamental fence. There is a variety of
+this with berries, and another nearly evergreen.
+
+
+
+129. MESPILUS germanica. THE MEDLAR.--Is cultivated for its fruit, and
+of which we have a variety called the Dutch Medlar; it is larger than
+our English one, but I do not think it better flavoured.
+
+
+
+130. PINUS sylvestris. THE SCOTCH FIR.--A very useful tree in
+plantations for protecting other more tender sorts when young. It is
+also now very valuable as timber:--necessity, the common parent of
+invention, has taught our countrymen its value. When foreign deal was
+worth twenty pounds per load, they contrieved to raise the price of this
+to about nine or ten pounds, and it was then thought proper for use;
+before which period, and when it could be bought for little money, it
+was deemed only fit for fuel. On the South Downs I know some plantations
+of this tree, which have been sold, after twenty-five years growth, at a
+price which averaged a profit of twenty shillings per annum per acre, on
+land usually let for sheep-pasture at one shilling and six-pence.
+
+
+
+131. POPULUS alba. WHITE POPLAR. This is a very ornamental tree. The
+leaves on the under surface are of a fine white, and on the reverse of a
+very dark green; and when growing on large trees are truly beautiful, as
+every breath of air changes the colour as the leaves move. The wood of
+all the species of poplar is useful for boards, or any other purposes if
+kept dry. It is much in demand for floor-boards for rooms, it not
+readily taking fire; a red-hot poker falling on a board, would burn its
+way through it, without causing more combustion than the hole through
+which it passed.
+
+
+
+132. POPULUS monilifera. CANADA POPLAR.--This is also known by the name
+of BLACK ITALIAN POPLAR, but from whence it had this name I do not know.
+This species, which is the finest of all the kinds, grows very commonly
+in woods and hedges in many parts of Worcestershire and Herefordshire,
+where it reaches to prodigious sizes. Perhaps no timber is more useful
+than this; it is very durable, and easy to be converted to all purposes
+in building. The floors of a great part of Downton Castle, the seat of
+R. Payne Knight, Esq. are laid with this wood, which have been used
+forty years and are perfectly sound. Trees are now growing on his estate
+which are three and four feet in diameter. I have one growing in my
+Botanic garden which is eight years old, and measures upwards of six
+cubic feet of timber. The parent of this tree which grew at Brompton I
+converted into boards. It was nineteen years growing; and when cut down
+it was worth upwards of fourteen pounds, rating it at the then price of
+deal, for which it was a good substitute. Some fine specimens of this
+tree are also to be seen at Garnins, the seat of Sir J. G. Cotterell,
+Bart. the present worthy member for the county of Hereford.
+
+
+
+133. PRUNUS domestica. THE COMMON PLUM-TREE.--This is the parent of our
+fruit of this name.
+
+
+
+134. PRUNUS Cerasus. WILD CHERRY-TREE.--Is the parent of our fine
+cherries. It is cultivated much in Scotland for the timber, which is
+hard, and of use for furniture and other domestic purposes. It is the
+best and most lasting stock for grafting on. Persons who are about to
+plant this fruit would do well to inquire into the nature of the stock,
+as no fruit-tree is so liable to disease and become gummy as cherries
+are, and that is often much owing to the improved kinds being sown for
+stocks, which are of a more tender texture and of course less hardy than
+this.
+
+
+
+135. PRUNUS insititia. SLOE-TREE.--Is of little use except when it
+occurs in fences. The fruit is a fine acid, and is much used by the
+common people, mixed with other fruits less astringent and acid, to
+flavour made wines. It is believed that much Port wine is improved by
+the same means.
+
+
+
+136. PYRUS communis. PEAR-TREE.--This is the parent of all our fine
+varieties of this fruit, and is used as the stock for propagating them;
+these are raised from seeds for that purpose. The wood of the Peartree
+is in great esteem for picture frames, it receiving a stain better than
+almost any other timber known.
+
+
+
+137. PYRUS Malus. CRAB-TREE.--A tree of great account, as being the
+parent of all our varieties of apples, and is the stock on which the
+fine varieties are usually grafted. A dwarf variety of this tree, called
+the Paradise Apple, is used for stocks for making dwarf apple trees for
+gardens.
+
+The juice of the Crab is called verjuice, which is in considerable
+demand for medicinal and other purposes.
+
+
+
+138. QUERCUS robur. THE OAK.--Is a well known tree peculiar to Great
+Britain, and of the greatest interest to us as a nation. It is of very
+slow growth; but the timber is very strong and lasting, and hence it is
+used for building our shipping. The bark is supposed to contain more
+tannin than that of any other tree, and is valuable on that account. The
+acorns, or fruit, are good food for hogs, which are observed to grow
+very fat when turned into the forests at the season when they are ripe.
+The tree is raised from the acorn, which grows very readily.
+
+We have accounts of Oak trees growing to great ages, and to most
+enormous sizes. One instance is mentioned by Evelyn, of one growing at
+Cowthorp, near Weatherby, in 1776, which within three feet of the ground
+was sixteen yards in circumference, and its height about eighty-five
+feet. Hunter's Evelyn's Sylva, p. 500.
+
+
+
+139. ROSA rubiginosa. SWEET-BRIAR.--Is a very fragrant shrub, for which
+it has long been cultivated in the gardens. There are several varieties
+in the nurseries; as the Double-flowering, Evergreen, &c. which are much
+esteemed.
+
+
+
+140. RUBUS Idaeus. THE RASPBERRY.--Produces a well known fruit in great
+esteem, and of considerable use both as food and for medicine.
+
+
+
+141. RUBUS fruticosus. BRAMBLE.--Produces a black insipid fruit, but
+which is used by the poor people for tarts and to form a made wine: when
+mixt with the juice of sloes it is rendered very palatable.
+
+
+
+142. RUBUS caesius.--Is a dwarf kind of bramble, and produces fruit of a
+pleasant acid, and where it grows in plenty it is used by the poor
+people for pies and other purposes of domestic oeconomy.
+
+
+
+143. SALIX Russelliana. THE WILLOW.--No trees in this country are of
+more use than the species of this genus: many are grown for
+basket-makers in form of osiers, and other larger sorts serve for
+stakes, rails, hop-poles, and many other useful purposes. The bark of
+several species has been considered as useful for tanning leather. The
+charcoal of the Willow is also much in demand for making gunpowder.
+
+
+
+144. SALIX viminalis. THE OSIER.--These are cultivated in watery places
+for making baskets, which are become a profitable article, and are the
+shoots of one season's growth cut every winter. The species best adapted
+to this purpose, besides the common osier, are
+
+The Salix vitellina. Golden Willow. The Salix monandria. Monandrous
+Willow. The Salix triandria. Triandrous Willow. The Salix mollissima.
+Silky-leaved Willow. The Salix stipularis. Auriculated Osier. The Salix
+purpurea. Bitter Purple Willow. The Salix Helix. Rose Willow. The Salix
+Lambertiana. Boyton Willow. The Salix Forbyana. Basket Osier. The Salix
+rubra. Green Osier. The Salix nigricans. Dark Purple Osier.
+
+
+
+145. SAMBUCUS nigra. ELDER.--The timber of the Elder is useful for
+making musical instruments, and the berries made into wine and fermented
+make a useful and valuable beverage. A variety with green berries is
+much esteemed for wine also.
+
+
+
+146. SORBUS Aucuparia. QUICKEN-TREE, or MOUNTAIN-ASH.--In this part of
+Britain we usually find this tree in plantations, where it is very
+ornamental; and the berries, which are of a fine scarlet, are the food
+of many species of birds. The wood is also useful for posts, &c. and is
+considered lasting.
+
+
+
+147. SORBUS domestica. TRUE SERVICE.--Produces a fruit much like the
+Medlar, and when ripe is in great esteem. The only tree in this country
+in a wild state, is growing in Bewdley Forest, Worcester-shire.
+
+
+
+148. SPARTIUM Scoparium. BROOM.--Is a very ornamental plant, and is used
+for making besoms. It was once considered as a specific in the cure of
+dropsy, but is now seldom used for medicial purposes.
+
+
+
+149. STAPHYLEA pinnata. BLADDER-NUT.--This is not a common plant in this
+country. I know of no other use to which it is applied, but its being
+cultivated in nurseries and sold as an ornamental shrub. The
+seed-vessel, from whence it takes its name, is a curious example of the
+inflated capsule.
+
+
+
+150. TAMARIX gallica. A shrub of large growth; and being less affected
+by the sea breeze than any others, is useful to form a shelter in
+situations where the bleak winds will not admit of trees of more tender
+kinds to flourish.
+
+
+
+151. TAXUS baccata. THE YEW.--Was formerly much esteemed for making
+bows: but since those instruments of war and destruction have given
+place to the more powerful gun-powder, it is not so much in request. The
+wood is very hard and durable, and admits of a fine polish. The foliage
+of Yew is poisonous to cattle, who will readily eat it, if cut and
+thrown in their way in frosty weather.
+
+
+
+152. TILIA europaea. THE LIME or LINDEN-TREE.--Is a very ornamental tree
+in plantations, and from its early putting forth its leaves is much
+esteemed. The flowers emit a very fine scent, and the inhabitants of
+Switzerland make a favourite beverage from them. The wood is very soft,
+though white and beautiful. It is much used for the ornamental boxes,
+&c. so well known by the name of Turnbridge-ware.
+
+
+
+153. VACCINIUM uliginosum. GREAT BILBERRY. Vaccinium Vitis Idaea, RED
+WHORTLE-BERRY, and Vaccinium Oxycoccos, CRANBERRY, are all edible fruits,
+but do not grow in this part of the kingdom. Great quantities of
+Cranberries are imported every winter and spring from Russia; they are
+much esteemed by the confectioners for tarts, &c. and are sold at high
+prices. These three kinds grow only in wet boggy places. A species which
+is native of America, called Vaccinium macrocarpon, has been very
+successfully cultivated at Spring Grove by Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. and
+which has also been attempted in various other places, but not with the
+same success. The fruit of this species is larger and of better flavour
+than either of the other kinds.
+
+
+
+154. VACCINIUM Myrtillus. WHORTS, or BILBERRIES.--To a common observer
+this would appear to be a very insignificant shrub; it is not uncommonly
+met with on our heaths: but it is only in particular places where it
+fruits in abundance, and in such districts it is of considerable value.
+
+The waste lands on Hindhead and Blackdown in Surry and Sussex are
+noticed for producing this fruit, which is similar to Black Currants.
+They are gathered in the months of August and September, and sold at the
+neighbouring markets.
+
+In a calculation of the value of this plant with an intelligent
+nurseryman in that county, we found that from 500 l. to 700 l. were
+earned and realized annually by the neighbouring poor, who employed
+their families in this labour, and who are in the habit of travelling
+many miles for this purpose. The fruit is ripe in August, and at that
+season is met with in great plenty in all the neighbouring towns.
+
+
+
+155. VISCUM album. MISSELTO.--A parasitical plant well known, and
+formerly of much repute in medicine, but wholly disregarded in the
+present practice. Birdlime is made from the berries.
+
+Dr. Pulteney in tracing the history of Botanic science quotes Pliny for
+an account of the veneration in which this plant was held by the Druids,
+who attributed almost divine efficacy to it, and ordained the collecting
+it with rites and ceremonies not short of the religious strictness which
+was countenanced by the superstition of the age. It was cut with a
+golden knife, and when the moon was six days old gathered by the priest,
+who was clothed with white for the occasion, and the plant received on a
+white napkin, and two white bulls sacrificed. Thus consecrated, Misselto
+was held to be an antidote to poison, and prevented sterility. Query,
+Has not the custom of hanging up Misselto at merry-makings, and the
+ceremony so well known among our belles, some relation to above
+sacrifice?
+
+
+
+156. ULEX europaeus. COMMON FURZE.--The culture of this shrub is given in
+the Agricultural Plants, being good for feeding cattle; its principal
+use however is for fuel, and it is frequently grown for such purposes.
+It is common on most of our waste lands. It also forms good fences, but
+should always be kept short and young, otherwise it becomes thin,
+especially in good land where it grows up and makes large bushes.
+
+
+
+157. ULMUS campestris. THE ELM.--We have a number of varieties of the
+Elm; the most esteemed is that with the smooth bark. The timber has been
+long in request for water-pipes, and for boards, which are converted
+into various uses in domestic oeconomy.
+
+
+
+158. ULMUS montana. BROAD-LEAVED ELM.--This has not been considered of
+so great value as the common sort, but it is of much more free growth;
+and I have been informed that in the West of England the timber has been
+found to be good and lasting.
+
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SECT. VII.--PLANTS USEFUL IN MEDICINE.
+
+
+
+The initial letters in this class distinguish the Pharmacopoeia in which
+each plant is inserted.
+
+"By the wise and unchangeable laws of Nature established by a Being
+infinitely good and infinitely powerful,--not only man, the lord of the
+creation, 'fair form who wears sweet smiles, and looks erect on heaven,'
+but every subordinate being becomes subject to decay and death: pain and
+disease, the inheritance of mortality, usually accelerate his
+dissolution. To combat these, to alleviate when it has not the power to
+avert, Medicine, honoured art! comes to our assistance.
+
+"It will not be expected that we should here give a history of this
+ancient practice, or draw a parallel betwixt the success of former
+physicians and those of modern times: all that concerns us to remark is,
+that the ancients were infinitely more indebted to the vegetable kingdom
+for the materials of their art than the moderns. Not so well acquainted
+with the oeconomy of nature, which teaches us that plants were chiefly
+destined for the food of various animals, they sought in every herb some
+latent healing virtue, and frequently endeavoured to make up the want of
+efficacy in one by the combination of numbers: hence the extreme length
+of their farraginous prescriptions. More enlightened ideas of the
+operations of medicine have taught the moderns greater simplicity and
+conciseness in practice. Perhaps there is a danger that this simplicity
+may be carried to far, and become finally detrimental to the practice."
+
+The above is quoted from the Preface to a Catalogue of Medicinal Plants
+published by my predecessor in 1783: and it may be observed, that the
+medical student has, at the present season, a still less number of
+plants to store up in memory, owing, probably, to the great advances
+that chemistry has made in the mean time, through which mineral articles
+in many instances have superseded those of the vegetable kingdom. But,
+nevertheless, as Dr. Woodville has justly observed, "it would be
+difficult to show that this preference is supported by any conclusive
+reasoning drawn from a comparative superiority of the former;" or that
+the more general use of them has led to greater success in the practice
+of the healing art. It is however evident, that we have much to regret
+the almost total neglect of the study of medical botany by the younger
+branches of the professors of physic, when we are credibly informed that
+Cow-parsley has been administered for Hemlock, and Foxglove has been
+substituted for Coltsfoot [Footnote: See the account of a dreadful
+accident of this nature, in Gent. Mag. for Sept. 1815.], from which
+circumstance, some valuable lives have been sacrificed. It is therefore
+high time that those persons who are engaged in the business of pharmacy
+should be obliged to become so far acquainted with plants, as to be able
+to distinguish at sight all such as are useful in diet or medicine, and
+more particularly such as are of poisonous qualities.
+
+The medical student has so many subjects for his consideration, that it
+is not desirable he should have a greater number of vegetables to
+consult than are necessary. And we cannot help lamenting the difficulty
+he has to struggle with in consequence of the great difference of names
+which the Pharmacopoeias of the present day exhibit. The London,
+Edinburgh, and Dublin, in many instances, enforce the necessity of
+learning a different term in each for the same thing, and none of which
+are called by the same they were twenty years ago. Surely it would be
+the means of forwarding the knowledge of drugs, if each could be
+distinguished by one general term.
+
+The candidate for medical knowledge, however, is not the only one who
+has at times to regret this confusion of names. The Linnaean system is an
+easy and delightful path to the knowledge of plants; but, like all other
+human structures, it has its imperfections, and some of which have been
+modified by judicious alterations. Yet the teachers of this science, as
+well as the students, have often to deprecate the unnecessary change in
+names which has been made by many writers, though., in many cases, no
+more reason appears for it than there generally would be to change
+Christian and surnames of persons.
+
+In the following section, I shall enumerate and describe those plants
+which are contained in the lists of the three colleges; and afterwards a
+separate list of those which, although they have been expunged, are
+still sometimes used by medical men.
+
+I shall also endeavour to give such descriptions as are concise, at the
+same time sufficient for general knowledge, and for which reason I have
+taken Lewis's Materia Medica for my text, unless where improvements have
+been made in certain subjects I have consulted more modern authorities.
+It should be observed, that writers on medical plants, with few
+exceptions, have copied from one another: or with a little alteration as
+to words only.
+
+And as some vegetables, from their affinitiy, may be confounded with
+others, whereby those possessing medical qualities may be substituted
+for others having none, or even poisonous ones, I shall in some
+instances enumerate a list of similar plants, which, with attention to
+their botanical characters, it is hoped will prevent those dangerous
+errors we have lately witnessed. As it is our business, in demonstrating
+plants, to guard the student against such confusion, it will be proper
+that specimens of such as come under this head be preserved, as a work
+for reference and contrast wherever doubts may arise.
+
+
+
+158. ACONITUM Napellus. COMMON BLUE MONKSHOOD. The Leaves. L. E.--Every
+part of the fresh plant is strongly poisonous, but the root is
+unquestionably the most powerful, and when chewed at first imparts a
+slight sensation of acrimony, and a pungent heat of the lips, gums,
+palate and fauces, which is succeeded by a general tremor and sensation
+of chilliness.
+
+This plant has been generally prepared as an extract or inspissated
+juice, after the manner directed in the Edinburgh and many of the
+foreign Pharmacopoeias, and, like all virulent medicines, it should be
+first administered in small doses. Stoerck recommends two grains of the
+extract to be rubbed into a powder with two drums of sugar, and as a
+dose to begin with ten grains of this powder two or three times a-day.
+
+Similar Plants.--Aconitum japonicum; A. pyrenaicum; Delphinium elatum;
+D. exallatum.
+
+Instead of the extract, a tincture has been made of the dried leaves
+macerated in six times their weight of spirit of wine, and forty drops
+given for a dose.--Woodville's Med. Bot. 965.
+
+The Dublin College has ordered the Aconitum Neomontanum, which is not
+common in this country [Footnote: In plants of so very poisonous a
+nature as the Aconite, it is the duty of every one who describes them to
+be particular. Here seems to have been a confusion. The A. Neomontanum
+is figured in Jacquin's Fl. Austriaca, fasc. 4. p. 381; and the first
+edition of Hortus Kewensis under A. Napellus erroneously quotes that
+figure: but both Gmelin in Syst. Vegetabilium, p. 838, and Wildenow in
+Spec. Plant. p. 1236, quote it under its proper name, A. Neomontanum.
+Now the fact is, that the Napellus is the Common Blue Monkshood; and
+the Neomontanum is altogether left out of the second edition of the
+Hortus Kewensis for the best of all reasons, it is not in this country;
+or, if it is, it must be very scarce, and, of course, not the plant used
+in medicine.].
+
+
+
+160. ACORCUS Calamus. SWEET RUSH. The Root. L.--It is generally looked
+upon as a carminative and stomachic medicine, and as such is sometimes
+made use of in practice. It is said by some to be superior in aromatic
+flavour to any other vegetable that is produced in these northern
+climates; but such as I have had an opportunity of examining, fell
+short, in this respect, of several of our common plants. It is,
+nevertheless, a sufficiently elegant aromatic. It used to be an
+ingredient in the Mithridate and Theriaca of the London Pharmacopoeia,
+and in the Edinburgh. The fresh root candied after the manner directed
+in our Dispensatory for candying eryngo root, is said to be employed at
+Constantinople as a preservative against epidemic diseases. The leaves
+of this plant have a sweet fragrant smell, more agreeable, though
+weaker, than that of the roots.--Lewis's Mat. Med.
+
+
+
+161. AESCULUS Hippocastanum. HORSE-CHESNUT. The Bark and Seed. E. D.--
+With a view to its errhine power, the Edinburgh College has introduced
+the seeds into the Materia Medica, as a small portion of the powder
+snuffed up the nostrils readily excites sneezing; even the infusion or
+decoction of this fruit produces this effect; it has therefore been
+recommended for the purpose of producing a discharge from the nose,
+which, in some complaints of the head and eyes is found to be of
+considerable benefit.
+
+On the continent, the Bark of the Horse Chesnut-tree is held in great
+estimation as a febrifuge; and, upon the credit of several respectable
+authors, appears to be a medicine of great efficacy.--Woodville's Med.
+Bot. 615.
+
+
+
+162. AGRIMONIA Eupatoria. COMMON AGRIMONY. The Herb. D.--The leaves have
+an herbaceous, somewhat acrid, roughish taste, accompanied with an
+aromatic flavour. Agrimony is said to be aperient, detergent, and to
+strengthen the tone of the viscera: hence it is recommended in scorbutic
+disorders, in debility and laxity of the intestines, &c. Digested in
+whey, it affords an useful diet-drink for the spring season, not
+ungrateful to the palate or stomach.
+
+
+
+163. ALLIUM Porrum. LEEK. The Root. L.--This participates of the virtues
+of garlic, from which it differs chiefly in being much weaker. See the
+article ALLIUM.
+
+
+
+164. ALLIUM sativum. GARLIC. The Root. L. E. D.--This pungent root warms
+and stimulates the solids, and attenuates tenacious juices. Hence in
+cold leucophelgmatic habits it proves a powerful expectorant, diuretic,
+and emmenagogue; and, if the patient is kept warm, sudorific. In humoral
+asthmas, and catarrhous disorders of the breast, in some scurvies,
+flatulent colics, hysterical and other diseases proceeding from laxity
+of the solids, and cold sluggish indisposition of the fluids, it has
+generally good effects: it has likewise been found serviceable in some
+hydropic cases. Sydenham relates, that he has known the dropsy cured by
+the use of garlic alone; he recommends it chiefly as a warm
+strengthening medicine in the beginning of the disease.
+
+Garlic made into an unguent with oils, &c. and applied externally, is
+said to resolve and discuss cold tumors, and has been by some greatly
+esteemed in cutaneous diseases. It has likewise sometimes been employed
+as a repellent. Sydenham assures us, that among all the substances which
+occasion a derivation or revulsion from the head, none operate more
+powerfully than garlic applied to the soles of the feet: hence he was
+led to make use of it in the confluent small-pox about the eighth day,
+after the face began to swell; the root cut in pieces, and tied in a
+linen cloth, was applied to the soles, and renewed once a day till all
+danger was over.
+
+
+
+165. ALLIUM Cepa. ONION. The Root. D.--These roots are considered rather
+as articles of food than of medicine: they are supposed to afford little
+or no nourishment, and when eaten liberally they produce flatulencies,
+occasion thirst, headachs, and turbulent dreams: in cold phlegmatic
+habits, where viscid mucus abounds, they doubtless have their use; as by
+their stimulating quality they tend to excite appetite, attenuate thick
+juices, and promote their expulsion: by some they are strongly
+recommended in suppressions of urine and in dropsies. The chief
+medicinal use of onions in the present practice is in external
+applications, as a cataplasm for suppurating tumours, &c.
+
+
+
+166. ALTHAEA officinalis. MARSH-MALLOW. The Leaves and Root. L.--This
+plant has the general virtues of an emollient medicine; and proves
+serviceable in a thin acrimonious state of the juices, and where the
+natural mucus of the intestines is abraded. It is chiefly recommended in
+sharp defluxions upon the lungs, hoarseness, dysenteries, and likewise
+in nephritic and calculous complaints; not, as some have supposed, that
+this medicine has any peculiar power of dissolving or expelling the
+calculus; but as, by lubricating and relaxing the vessels, it procures a
+more free and easy passage. Althaea root is sometimes employed externally
+for softening and maturing hard tumours: chewed, it is said to give ease
+in difficult dentition of children.
+
+The officinal preparations are:-Decoctio Althaeae officinalis, and Syrupus
+Althaeae.
+
+Similar Plants.--Malva officinalis; M. rotundifolia; M. mauritanica;
+Lavatera arborscens.
+
+This root gives name to an officinal syrup [L. E.] and ointment [L.] and
+is likewise an ingredient in the compound powder of gum tragacanth [L.
+E.] and the oil and plaster of mucilages [L.] though it does not appear
+to communicate any particular virtue to the two last, its mucilaginous
+matter not being dissoluble in oils.--Lewis's Mat. Med.
+
+
+
+167. AMYGDALUS communis. SWEET and BITTER ALMONDS. L. E. D.--The oils
+obtained by expression from both sorts of almonds are in their sensible
+qualities the same. The general virtues of these oils are, to blunt
+acrimonious humours, and to soften and relax the solids: hence their use
+internally, in tickling coughs, heat of urine, pains and inflammations:
+and externally in tension and rigidity of particular parts.
+
+
+
+168. ANCHUSA tinctoria. ALKANET-ROOT. E. D.--Alkanet-root has little or
+no smell: when recent, it has a bitterish astringent taste, but when
+dried scarcely any. As to its virtues, the present practice expects not
+any from it. Its chief use is for colouring oils, unguents, and
+plasters. As the colour is confined to the cortical part, the small
+roots are best, these having proportionally more bark than the large.
+
+
+
+169. ANETHUM graveolens. DILL. The Seeds. L.--Their taste is moderately
+warm and pungent; their smell aromatic, but not of the most agreeable
+kind. These seeds are recommended as a carminative, in flatulent colics
+proceeding from a cold cause or a viscidity of the juices. The most
+efficacious preparations of them are, the distilled oil, and a tincture
+or extract made with rectified spirit. The oil and simple water
+distilled from them are kept in the shops.--Lewis.
+
+
+
+
+170. ANETHUM Foeniculum. FENNEL. Seeds. E.--These are supposed to be
+stomachic and carminative; but this, and indeed all the other effects
+ascribed to them, as depending upon their stimulant and aromatic
+qualities, must be less considerable than those of Dill, Aniseed, or
+Caraway, though termed one of the four greater hot seeds.--Woodville's
+Med. Bot. p. 129.
+
+
+
+171. ANGELICA Archangelica. GARDEN ANGELICA. The Root, Leaves, and
+Seeds. E.--All the parts of Angelica, especially the roots, have a
+fragrant aromatic smell, and a pleasant bitterish warm taste, glowing
+upon the lips and palate for a long time after they have been chewed.
+The flavour of the seeds and leaves is very perishable, particularly
+that of the latter, which, on being barely dried, lose greatest part of
+their taste and smell: the roots are more tenacious of their flavour,
+though even these lose part of it upon keeping. The fresh root, wounded
+early in the spring, yields and odorous yellow juice, which slowly
+exsiccated proves an elegant gummy resin, very rich in the virtues of
+the Angelica. On drying the root, this juice concretes into distinct
+moleculae, which, on cutting it longitudinally, appear distributed in
+little veins: in this state they are extracted by pure spirit, but not
+by watery liquors.
+
+This resin is considered one of the most elegant aromatics of European
+growth, though little regarded in the present practice, and is rarely
+met with in prescription; neither does it enter any officinal
+composition.
+
+
+
+172. ANTHEMIS nobilis. CHAMOMILE. The Flowers. L.E.D.--These have a
+strong not ungrateful, aromatic smell, but a very bitter nauseous taste.
+They are accounted carminative, aperient, emollient, and in some measure
+anodyne: and stand recommended in flatulent colics, for promoting the
+uterine purgations, in spasmodic affections, and the pains of women in
+child-bed: sometimes they have been employed in intermittent fevers, and
+the nephritis. These flowers are also frequently used externally in
+discutient and antiseptic fomentations, and in emollient glysters. The
+double-flowered variety is usually cultivated for medicine, but the wild
+kind with single flowers is preferable.
+
+Similar Plants.--Anthemis arvensis; A. Cotula; Pyrethrum maritimum.
+
+
+
+173. ANTHEMIS Pyrethrum. PELLITORY OF SPAIN. The Root. L.--The principal
+use of Pyrethrum in the present practice is as a masticatory, for
+promoting the salival flux, and evacuating viscid humours from the head
+and neighbouring parts: by this means it very generally relieves the
+tooth-ach, pains of the head, and lethargic complaints. If a piece of
+the root, the size of a pea, be placed against the tooth, it instantly
+causes the saliva to flow from the surrounding glands, and gives
+immediate relief in all cases of that malady.
+
+
+
+174. APIUM Petroselium. COMMON PARSLEY. The Root. E.--Both the roots and
+seeds of Parsley are directed by the London College for medicinal use:
+the former have a sweetish taste, accompanied with a slight warmth of
+flavour somewhat resembling that of a carrot; the latter are in taste
+warmer and more aromatic than any other part of the plant, and also
+manifest considerable bittenress.
+
+These roots are said to be aperient and diuretic, and have been
+employed in apozems to relieve nephritic pains, and obstructions of
+urine.
+
+Although Parsley is commonly used at table, it is remarkable that facts
+have been adducted to prove, that in some constitutions it occasions
+epilepsy, or at least aggravates the epileptic fit in those who are
+subject to this disease. It has been supposed also to produce
+inflammation in the eyes.--Woodville's Med. Bot. p. 43. A variety which
+produces larger roots, called Hamburgh Parsley, is commonly grown for
+medicinal uses.
+
+
+
+175. ARBUTUS Uva Ursi. TRAILING ARBUTUS or BEAR-BERRY. The Leaves.--This
+first drew the attention of physicians as an useful remedy in calculous
+and nephritic affections; and in the years 1763 and 1764, by the
+concurrent testimonies of different authors, it acquired remarkable
+celebrity, not only for its efficacy in gravelly complaints, but in
+almost every other to which the urinary organs are liable, as ulcers of
+the kidneys and bladder, cystirrhoea, diabetes, &c. It may be employed
+either in powder or decoction; the former is most commonly preferred,
+and given in doses from a scruple to a dram two or three times a-day.--
+Woodville's Med. Botany.
+
+
+
+176. ARNICA montana. MOUNTAIN ARNICA. The whole Plant. E. D.--The odour
+of the fresh plant is rather unpleasant, and the taste acrid,
+herbaceous, and astringent; and the powdered leaves act as a strong
+sternutatory.
+
+This plant, according to Bergius, is an emetic, errhine, diuretic,
+diaphoretic, emmenagogue; and from its supposed power of attenuating the
+blood, it has been esteemed so peculiarly efficacious in obviating the
+bad consequences occasioned by falls and bruises, that it obtained the
+appellation of Panacea Lapsorum.--Woodville's Med. Bot. p. 43.
+
+
+
+177. ARTEMISIA Absinthium. WORMWOOD, The Herb. L.--Wormwood is a strong
+bitter; and was formerly much used as such against weakness of the
+stomach, and the like, in medicated wines and ales. At present it is
+rarely employed in these intentions, on account of the ill relish and
+offensive smell which it is accompanied with. These it may be in part
+freed from by keeping, and totally by long coction, the bitter remaining
+entire. An extract made by boiling the leaves in a large quantity of
+water, and evaporating the liquor with a strong fire, proves a bitter
+sufficiently grateful, without any disgustful flavour.
+
+
+
+178. ARTEMISIA Abrotanum. SOUTHERNWOOD. Leaves. D.--Southernwood has a
+strong, not very disagreeable smell; and a nauseous, pungent, bitter
+taste; which is totally extracted by rectified spirit, less perfectly by
+watery liquors. It is recommended as an anthelmintic; and in cold
+lencophlegmatic habits, as a stimulant, detergent, aperient, and
+sudorific. The present practice has almost entirely confined its use to
+external applications. The leaves are frequently employed in discutient
+and antiseptic fomentations; and have been recommended also in lotions
+and unguents for cutaneous eruptions, and the falling off of the hair.
+
+
+
+179. ARTEMISIA maritima. SEA WORMWOOD. Tops. D.--In taste and smell, it
+is weaker and less unpleasant than the common worm-wood. The virutes of
+both are supposed to be of the same kind, and to differ only in
+strength.
+
+The tops used to enter three of our distilled waters, and give name to a
+conserve. They are an ingredient also in the common fomentation and
+green oil.
+
+
+
+180. ARTEMISIA Santonica. ROMAN WORMWOOD. Seeds. E. D.--It is a native
+of the warmer countries, and at present difficultly procurable in this,
+though as hardy and as easily raised as any of the other sorts. Sea
+wormwood has long supplied its place in the markets, and been in general
+mistaken for it.
+
+Roman wormwood is less ungrateful than either of the others: its smell
+is tolerably pleasant: the taste, though manifestly bitter, scarcely
+disagreeable. It appears to be the most eligible of the three as a
+stomachic; and is likewise recommended by some in dropsies.
+
+
+
+181. ARUM maculatum. BITING ARUM. Fresh Root. L. E.--This root is a
+powerful stimulant and attenuant. It is reckoned a medicine of great
+efficacy in some cachectic and chlorotic cases; in weakness of the
+stomach occasioned by a load of viscid phlegm, and in such disorders in
+general as proceed from a cold sluggish indisposition of the solids and
+lentor of the fluids. I have experienced great benefit from it in
+rheumatic pains, particularly those of the fixed kind, and which were
+seated deep. In these cases I have given from ten grains to a scruple of
+the fresh root twice or thrice a day, made into a bolus or emulsion with
+unctuous and mucilaginous substances, which cover its pungency, and
+prevent its making any painful impression on the tongue. It generally
+excited a slight tingling sensation through the whole habit, and, when
+the patient was kept warm in bed, produced a copious sweat.
+
+The only officinal preparation, in which this root was an ingredient,
+was a compound powder; in which form its virtues are very precarious.
+Some recommend a tincture of it drawn with wine; but neither wine,
+water, nor spirit, extract its virtues.--Lewis's Mat. Med.
+
+
+
+182. ASARUM Europaeum, ASARABACCA. The Leaves. L. E. D.--Both the roots
+and leaves have a nauseous, bitter, acrimonious, hot taste; their smell
+is strong, and not very disagreeable. Given in substance from half a
+dram to a dram, they evacuate powerfully both upwards and downwards. It
+is said that tinctures made in spirituous menstrua possess both the
+emetic and cathartic virtues of the plant: that the extract obtained by
+inspissating these tinctures acts only by vomit, and with great
+mildness: that an infusion in water proves cathartic, rarely emetic:
+that aqueous decoctions made by long boiling, and the watery extract,
+have no purgative or emetic quality, but prove notable diaphoretics,
+diuretics, and emmenagogues.
+
+Its principal use at present is as a sternutatory. The root of asarum is
+perhaps the strongest of all the vegetable errhines, white hellebore
+itself not excepted. Snuffed up the nose, in the quantity of a grain or
+two, it occasions a large evacuation of mucus, and raises a plentiful
+spitting. The leaves are considerably milder, and may be used to the
+quantity of three, four, or five grains. Geoffroy relates, that after
+snuffing up a dose of this errhine at night, he has frequently observed
+the discharge from the nose to continue for three days together; and
+that he has known a paralysis of the mouth and tongue cured by one dose.
+He recommends this medicine in stubborn disorders of the head,
+proceeding from viscid tenacious matter, in palsies, and in soporific
+distempers. The leaves are an ingredient in the pulvis sternutatoris of
+the shops.
+
+
+
+183. ASPIDIUM Filix-Mas. Polypodium, Linn. MALE FERN. The Roots. L. E.
+D.--They are said to be aperient and anthelmintic. Simon Pauli tells us,
+that they have been the grand secret of some empirics against the broad
+kind of worms called taenia; and that the dose is one, two, or three
+drams of the powder. Two other kinds of Ferns used to be recommended;
+but this, being the strongest, has therefore been made choice of in
+preference, though the College of Edinburgh still retain them in their
+Catalogue of Simples.--Lewis's Mat. Med.
+
+
+
+184. ASTRAGALUS Tragacanthus. GOATS-THORN. The Gum. L. E. D.--This gum
+is of a strong body, and does not perfectly dissolve in water. A dram
+will give to a pint of water the consistence of a syrup, which a whole
+ounce of gum Arabic is scarce sufficient to do. Hence its use for
+forming troches, and the like purposes, in preference to the other gums.
+It is used in an officinal powder, and is an ingredient in the compound
+powders of ceruss and amber.--Lewis's Mat. Med.
+
+
+
+185. ATROPA Belladonna. DEADLY NIGHTSHADE. The Leaves, L. E. D.--
+Belladonna was first employed as an external application, in the form of
+fomentation, to scirrhus and cancer. It was afterwards administered
+internally in the same affections; and numerous cases, in which it had
+proved successful, were given on the authority of the German
+practitioners. It has been recommended, too, as a remedy in extensive
+ulceration, in paralysis, chronic rheumatism, epilepsy, mania, and
+hydrophobia, but with so little discrimination, that little reliance can
+be placed on the testimonies in its favour; and, in modern practice, it
+is little employed. It appears to have a peculiar action on the eye:
+hence it has been used in amaurosis; and from its power of causing
+dilatation of the pupil, when topically applied under the form of
+infusion, it has been used before performing the operation for cataract.
+A practice which is hazardous, as the pupil, though much dilated by the
+application, instantly contracts when the instrument is introduced. When
+given internally, its dose is from one to three grains of the dried
+leaves, or one grain of the inspissated juice.--Murray's Mat. Med. p.
+174.
+
+I have had a cancer of the lip entirely cured by it: a scirrhosity in a
+woman's breast, of such kind as frequently proceeds to cancer, I have
+found entirely discussed by the use of it. A sore, a little below the
+eye, which had put on a cancerous appearance, was much mended by the
+internal use of the Belladonna; but the patient having learned somewhat
+of the poisonous nature of the medicine, refused to continue the use of
+it; upon which the sore grain spread, and was painful; but, upon a
+return to the use of the Belladonna, was again mended to a considerable
+degree; when the same fears again returning, the use of it was again
+laid aside, and with the same consequence, the sore becoming worse. Of
+these alternate states, connected with the alternate use of and
+abstinence from the Belladonna, there were several of these alterations
+which fell under my own observation [Footnote: See the Poisonous Plants,
+in a future page].--Cullen's Mat. Med. vol. ii. p. 270.
+
+
+
+186. CARDAMINE pratensis. LADIES SMOCK. The Leaves. L. E. D.--Long ago
+it was employed as a diuretic; and, of late, it has been introduced in
+nervous diseases, as epilepsy, hysteria, choraea, asthma, &c. A dram or
+two of the powder is given twice or thrice a-day. It has little sensible
+operation.
+
+
+
+187. CARUM Carui. CARAWAY. The Seeds. L. E. D.--These are in the number
+of the four greater hot seeds; and frequently employed as a stomachic
+and carminative in flatulent colics, and the like. Their officinal
+preparations are an essential oil and a spiritous water; they were used
+as ingredients also in the compound juniper water, tincture of sena,
+stomachic tincture, oxymel of garlic, electuary of bayberries and of
+scammony, and the cummin-seed plaster.
+
+
+
+188. CENTAUREA benedicta. BLESSED THISTLE. The Leaves. E. D.--The herb
+should be gathered when in flower, great care taken in drying it, and
+kept in a very dry airy place, to prevent its rotting or growing mouldy,
+which it is very apt to do. The leaves have a penetrating bitter taste,
+not very strong or very durable, accompanied with an ungrateful flavour,
+which they are in great measure freed from by keeping.
+
+The virtues of this plant seem to be little known in the present
+practice. We have frequently experienced excellent effects from a light
+infusion of carduus in loss of appetite, where the stomach was injured
+by irregularities. A stronger infusion made in cold or warm water, if
+drunk freely, and the patient kept warm, occasions a plentiful sweat,
+and promotes all the secretions in general.
+
+The seeds of this plant are also considerably bitter, and have been
+sometimes used for the same purposes as the leaves.
+
+
+
+189. CHIRONIA Centaurium. LESSER CENTAURY. The Tops. L. E. D.--This is
+justly esteemed to be the most efficacious bitter of all the medicinal
+plants indigenous to this country. It has been recommended as a
+substitute for Gentian, and, by several, thought to be a more useful
+medicine: experiments have also shown it to possess an equal degree of
+antiseptic power.
+
+Many authors have observed, that, along with the tonic and stomachic
+qualities of a bitter, Centaury frequently proves cathartic; but it is
+possible that this seldom happens, unless it be taken in very large
+doses. The use of this, as well as of the other bitters, was formerly
+common in febrile disorders previous to the knowledge of Peruvian-bark,
+which now supersedes them perhaps too generally; for many cases of fever
+occur which are found to be aggravated by the Cinchona, yet afterwards
+readily yield to the simple bitters.--Woodville, p. 277.
+
+
+
+190. COCHLEARIA officinalis. SCURVY-GRASS. The Herb. E.--Is antiseptic,
+attenuant, aperient, and diuretic, and is said to open obstructions of
+the viscera and remoter glands, without heating or irritating the
+system. It has long been considered as the most effectual of all the
+antiscorbutic plants; and its sensible qualities are sufficiently
+powerful to confirm this opinion. In the rheumatismus vagus, called by
+Sydenham Rheumatismus scorbuticus, consisting of wandering pains of long
+continuance, accompanied with fever, this plant, combined with Arum and
+Wood-Sorrel, is highly commended both by Sydenham and Lewis.
+
+We have testimony of its great use in scurvy, not only from physicians,
+but navigators; as Anson, Linschoten, Maartens, Egede, and others. And
+it has been justly noticed, that this plant grows plentifully in those
+high latitudes where the scurvy is most obnoxious. Forster found it in
+great abundance in the islands of the South Seas.--Woodville, p. 395.
+
+
+
+191. COCHLEARIA Armoracia. HORSE-RADISH. The Root. E.-The medical
+effects of this root are, to stimulate the solids, attenuate the juices,
+and promote the fluid secretions: it seems to extend its action through
+the whole habit, and affect the minutest glands. It has frequently done
+great service in some kinds of scurvies and other chronic disorders
+proceeding from a viscidity of the juices, or obstructions of the
+excretory ducts. Sydenham recommends it likewise in dropsies,
+particularly those which sometimes follow intermittent fevers. Both
+water and rectified spirit extract the virtues of this root by infusion,
+and elevate them in distillation: along with the aqueous fluid an
+essential oil arises, possessing the whole taste and pungency of the
+horse-radish. The College have given us a very elegant compound water,
+which takes its name from this root.
+
+
+
+192. COLCHICUM autumnale. MEADOW-SAFFRON. The Roots. L. E. D.--The
+roots, freed from the outer blackish coat and fibres below, are white,
+and full of a white juice. In drying they become wrinkled and dark
+coloured. Applied to the skin, it shows some signs of acrimony; and
+taken internally, it is said sometimes to excite a sense of burning
+heat, bloody stools, and other violent symptoms. In the form of syrup,
+however, it has been given to the extent of two ounces a-day without any
+bad consequence. It is sometimes employed as a diuretic in dropsy. It is
+now supposed to be a principal ingredient in the celebrated French gout
+medicine L'Eau Medicinale.
+
+
+
+193. CONIUM maculatum. HEMLOCK. The Leaves. L. E. D.--Physicians seem
+somewhat in dispute about the best mode of exhibiting this medicine;
+some recommending the extract, as being most easily taken in the form of
+pills; others the powder, as not being subject to that variation which
+the extract is liable to, from being made in different ways. With
+respect to the period, likewise, at which the plant should be gathered,
+they seem not perfectly agreed; some recommending it when in its full
+vigour, and just coming into bloom, and others, when the flowers are
+going off. An extract of the green plant is ordered by the College in
+their last list. Dr. Cullen has for many years commended the making it
+from the unripe seeds; and this mode the College of Physicians at
+Edinburgh have thought proper to adopt in their late Pharmacopoeia.
+
+Similar Plants.--Aethusa Cynapium; Apium Petroselium; Oenanthe crocata;
+Oe. fistulosa; Phellandrium aquaticum.
+
+
+
+194. CORIANDRUM sativum. CORIANDER. The Seeds. L. E. D.-These, when
+fresh, have a strong disagreeable smell, which improves by drying, and
+becomes sufficiently grateful. They are recommmended as carminative and
+stomachic.
+
+
+
+195. CROCUS sativus. TRUE SAFFRON. The Stigmata. L. E. D.--There are
+three sorts of saffron met with in the shops, two of which are brought
+from abroad, the other is the produce of our own country. This last is
+greatly superior to the two former.
+
+This medicine is particularly serviceable in hysteric depressions
+proceeding from a cold cause, or obstruction of the uterine secretions,
+where other aromatics, even those of the more generous kind, have little
+effect. Saffron imparts the whole of its virtue and colour to rectified
+spirit, proof spirit, wine, vinegar, and water: a tincture used to be
+drawn with vinegar, but it looses greatly its colour in keeping. There
+can be little use for preparations of saffron, as the drug itself will
+keep good for any length of time.
+
+
+
+196. CUMINUM Cymini. CUMMIN. The Seeds. L.--Cummin seeds have a
+bitterish warm taste, accompanied with an aromatic flavour, not of the
+most agreeable kind. They are accounted good carminatives, but not very
+often made use of. An essential oil of them used to be kept in the
+shops, and they gave name to a plaster and cataplasm.--Lewis's Mat. Med.
+
+
+
+197. CYNARA Scolymus. ARTICHOKE. The Leaves. E.--The bitter juice of the
+leaf, mixed with an equal part of Madeira wine, is recommended in an
+ounce dose night and morning, as a powerful diuretic in dropsy. An
+infusion of the leaf may likewise be used.
+
+
+
+198. DAPHNE Mezereum. THE MEZEREON. The Roots. L. E. D.--This plant is
+extremely acrid, especially when fresh, and, if retained in the mouth,
+excites great and long continued heat and inflammation, particularly of
+the throat and fauces. The bark and berries of Mezereon in different
+forms have been long externally used to obstinate ulcers and ill
+conditioned sores. In France, the former is strongly recommended as an
+application to the skin, which, under certain management, produces a
+continued serious discharge without blistering, and is thus rendered
+useful in many chronic diseases of a local nature answering the purpose
+of what has been called a perpetual blister, while it occasions less
+pain and inconvenience.
+
+In this country Mezereon is principally employed for the cure of some
+siphylitic complaints; and in this way Dr. Donald Monro was the first
+who gave testimony of its efficacy in the successful use of the Lisbon
+Diet Drink.
+
+The considerable and long-continued heat and irritation that is produced
+in the throat when Mezereon is chewed, induced Dr. Withering to think of
+giving it in a case of difficulty of swallowing, seemingly occasioned by
+a paralytic affection. The patient was directed to chew a thin slice of
+the root as often as she could bear it, and in about a month recovered
+her power of swallowing. This woman had suffered the complaint three
+years, and was greatly reduced, being totally unable to swallow solids,
+and liquids but very imperfectly.--Woodville's Med. Bot. p. 720.
+
+
+
+199. DATURA Stramonium. THORN APPLE. The whole Plant. E.--Dr. Woodville
+informs us, that an extract of this plant has been the preparation
+usually employed, and from one to ten grains and upwards a-day: but the
+powdered leaves after the manner of those directed for hemlock would
+seem, for the reason given, to be a preparation more certain and
+convenient.
+
+It has been much celebrated as a medicine in epilepsy and convulsions
+and mania; but it is of a violent narcotic quality, and extremely
+dangerous in its effects.
+
+Stramonium has been recommended, as being of considerable use in cases
+of asthma, on the authority of some eminent physicians of the East
+Indies; and the late Dr. Roxburgh has stated to me many instances
+wherein it had performed wonders in that dreadful malady.
+
+The Datura Metal, Purple-flowered Thorn-apple, is much like the
+Stramonium, except in the flowers and the stalks being of a purple
+colour. I have made particular inquiry of Dr. Roxburgh if any particular
+kind was used in preference, and he said not; that both the above sorts
+were used; and, in fact, not only these, but the Datura Tatula, another
+species which grows wild there, and is cultivated in our stoves for the
+sake of its beautiful flowers, is also used for the same purposes.
+
+The mode of using it was by cutting the whole plant up after drying, and
+smoking it in a common tobacco-pipe; and which, in some cases in this
+country also, has given great ease in severe attacks; and I know several
+persons who use it with good effect to this day. In vegetables of such
+powerful effects as this is known to have, great care ought to be taken
+in their preparation, which, I fear, is not always so much attended to
+as the nature of this subject requires [Footnote: See Observations on and
+Directions for preparing and preserving Herbs in general, et the end of
+this section.].
+
+
+
+200. DAUCUS sylvestris. WILD CARROT. The Seeds. L.--These seeds possess,
+though not in a very considerable degree, the aromatic qualities common
+to those of the umbelliferous plants, and hence have long been deemed
+carminative and emmenagogue; but they are chiefly esteemed for their
+diuretic powers, and for their utility in calculus and nephritic
+complaints, in which an infusion of three spoonfuls of the seeds in a
+pint of boiling water has been recommended; or the seeds may be
+fermented in malt liquor, which receives from them an agreeable flavour
+resembling that of the lemon-peel.--Woodville's Med. Bot. p. 132.
+
+Similar Plants.--Sison Amonum; Daucus Carota.
+
+
+
+201. DAUCUS Carota. CULTIVATED CARROT. The Roots. L. E. D.--The
+expressed juice, or a decoction of these roots, has been recommended in
+calculous complaints, and as a gargle for infants in aphtous affections
+or excoriations of the mouth; and a poultice of scraped carrots has been
+found an useful application to phagedenic ulcers, and to cancerous and
+putrid sores.
+
+
+
+202. DELPHINIUM Staphis Agria. STAVES AGRIA. The Seeds. L. D.--
+Stavesacre was employed by the ancients as a cathartic, but it operates
+with so much violence both upwards and downwards, that its internal use
+has been, among the generality of practitioners, for some time laid
+aside. It is chiefly employed in external applications for some kinds of
+cutaneous eruptions; and for destroying lice and other insects; insomuch
+that it has from this virtue received its name in different languages,
+Herba pedicularis, Herbe aux poux, Lauskraut, Lousewort.
+
+
+
+203. DIANTHUS caryophyllus. CLOVE-PINK. The Petals. E.--These flowers
+are said to be cardiac and alexipharmac. Simon Paulli relates, that he
+has cured many malignant fevers by the use of a de-coction of them;
+which he says powerfully promoted sweat and urine without greatly
+irritating nature, and also raised the spirits and quenched thirst. The
+flowers are chiefly valued for their pleasant flavour, which is entirely
+lost even by light coction. Lewis says, the College directed the syrup,
+which is the only officinal preparation of them, to be made by infusion.
+
+
+
+204. DIGITALIS purpurea. FOXGLOVE. The Leaves. L. E. D.--The leaves of
+Foxglove have a nauseous taste, but no remarkable smell. They have been
+long used externally to sores and scrophulous tumours with considerable
+advantage. Its diuretic effects, for which it is now so deservedly
+received into the Materia Medica, were entirely overlooked. To this
+discovery Dr. Withering has an undoubted claim; and the numerous cures
+of dropsy related by him and other practitioners of established
+reputation, afford incontestable proofs of its diuretic powers, and of
+its practical importance in the cure of those diseases. The dose of
+dried leaves in powder is from one grain to three twice a-day; but if a
+liquid medicine be preferred, a dram of the dried leaves is to be
+infused for four hours in half a pint of boiling water, adding to the
+strained liquor an ounce of any spiritous water. One ounce of this
+infusion given twice a-day is a medium dose; it is to be continued in
+these doses till it either acts upon the kidneys; the stomach, or the
+pulse, (which it has a remarkable power of lowering,) or the bowels.--
+Woodville's Med. Bot. p. 221.
+
+This is now become a very popular medicine, but if used incautiously is
+attended with danger. Medical practitioners should make themselves
+perfectly acquainted with this plant, as the leaves are the only part
+used; and their not being readilly discriminated when separated from the
+flowers, several accidents have occurred. In the Gent. Mag. for
+September 1815 is recorded a very extraordinary mistake, where the life
+of a child was sacrificed to the ignorance of a person who administered
+this instead of Coltsfoot; a plant so very dissimilar, that, had it not
+been well authenticated, I should not have believed the fact.
+
+Similar Plants.--Verbascum nigrum; V. Thapsus; Cynoglossum officinale,
+or, after the above mistake, any other plant with a lanceolate leaf, we
+fear, may be confounded with it.
+
+
+
+205. ERYNGIUM maritimum. SEA-HOLLY. Roots. D.--The roots are slender,
+and very long; of a pleasant sweetish taste, which on chewing for some
+time is followed by a light degree of aromatic warmth and acrimony. They
+are accounted aperient and diuretic, and have also been celebrated as
+aphrodisiac: their virtues, however, are too weak to admit them under
+the head of medicines. The candied root is ordered to be kept in the
+shops.--Lewis's Mat. Med.
+
+
+
+206. FERULA assafoetida. ASSAFOETIDA. Gum. L. E. D.--This drug has a
+strong fetid smell, somewhat like that of garlick; and a bitter, acrid,
+biting taste. It looses with age of its smell and strength, a
+circumstance to be particularly regarded in its exhibition. It consists
+of about one-third part pure resin, and two-thirds of gummy matter; the
+former soluble in rectified spirit, the other in water. Proof-spirit
+dissolves almost the whole into a turbid liquor; the tincture in
+rectified spirit is transparent.
+
+Assafoetida is the strongest of the fetid gums, and of frequent use in
+hysteric and different kinds of nervous complaints. It is likewise of
+considerable efficacy in flatulent colics; and for promoting all the
+fluid secretions in either sex. The ancients attributed to this medicine
+many other virtues which are at present not expected from it.--Lewis's
+Mat. Med.
+
+
+
+207. FICUS Carica. COMMON FIG. Fruit. L. D.--The recent fruit completely
+ripe is soft, succulent, and easily digested, unless eaten in immoderate
+quantities, when it is apt to occasion flatulency, pain of the bowels,
+and diarrhoea. The dried fruit is pleasanter to the taste, and is more
+wholesome and nutritive. Figs are supposed to be more nutritious by
+having their sugar united with a large portion of mucilaginous matter,
+which, from being thought to be of an oily nature, has been long
+esteemed an useful demulcent and pectoral; and it is chiefly with a view
+of these effects that they have been medicinally employed.
+
+
+
+208. FRAXINUS Ornus. MANNA. L. E. D.--There are several sorts of Manna
+in the shops. The larger pieces, called Flake Manna, are usually
+preferred; though the smaller grains are equally as good, provided they
+are white, or of a pale yellow colour, very light, of a sweet not
+unpleasant taste, and free from any visible impurities.
+
+Manna is a mild agreeable laxative, and may be given with saftey to
+children and pregnant women: nevertheless, in some particular
+constitutions it acts very unkindly, producing flatulencies and
+distension of the viscera.--Lewis's Mat. Med.
+
+
+
+209. GENTIANA lutea. YELLOW GENTIAN. Root. L. D.--This root is a strong
+bitter, and, as such, very frequently made use of in practice: in taste
+it is less exceptionable than most of the other substances of this
+class: infusions of it, flavoured with orange peel, are sufficiently
+grateful. It is the capital ingredient in the bitter wine; and a
+tincture and infusion of it are kept in the shops.
+
+Lewis mentions a poisonous root being mixed among some of the Gentian
+brought to London; the use of which occasioned in some instances death.
+This was internally of a white colour, and void of bitterness. There is
+no doubt but this was the root of the Veratrum album, a poisonous plant
+so similar, that it might readily be mistaken for it.--Lewis's Mat. Med.
+
+
+
+210. GEUM urbanum. COMMON AVENS. Root. D.--This has a warm, bitterish,
+astringent taste, and a pleasant smell, somewhat of the clove kind,
+especially in the spring, and when produced in dry warm soils. Parkinson
+observes, that such as is the growth of moist soils has nothing of this
+flavour. This root has been employed as a stomachic, and for
+strengthening the tone of the viscera in general: it is still in some
+esteem in foreign countries, though not taken notice of among us. It
+yields, on distillation, an elegant odoriferous essential oil, which
+concretes into a flaky form.--Lewis's Mat. Med.
+
+Similar Plants.--Geum rivale; G. intermedium.
+
+
+
+211. GLYCYRRHIZA glabra. LIQUORICE. Root. L. D.--This is produced
+plentifully in all the countries of Europe: that which is the growth of
+our own is preferable to such as comes from abroad; this last being
+generally mouldy, which this root is very apt to become, unless kept in
+a dry place.
+
+The powder of liquorice usually sold is often mingled with flower, and,
+I fear, too often with substances not quite so wholesome. The best sort
+is of a brownish yellow colour (the fine pale yellow being generally
+sophisticated) and of a very rich sweet taste, much more agreeable than
+that of the fresh root. Liquorice is almost the only sweet that quenches
+thirst.
+
+This root is a very useful pectoral, and excellently softens acrimonious
+humours, at the same time that it proves gently detergent: and this
+account is warranted by experience. It is an ingredient in the pectoral
+syrup, pectoral troches, the compound lime waters, decoction of the
+woods, compound powder of gum tragacanth, lenitive electuary, and
+theriaca. An extract is directed to be made from it in the shops; but
+this preparation is brought chiefly from abroad, though the foreign
+extract is not equal to such as is made with proper care among
+ourselves.--Lewis's Mat. Med.
+
+
+
+212. GRATIOLA officinalis. HEDGE-HYSSOP. Herb. E. D.--The leaves have a
+very bitter disagreeable taste: an infusion of a handful of them when
+fresh, or a dram when dried, is said to operate strongly as a cathartic.
+Kramer reports that he has found the root of this plant a medicine
+similar in virtue to Ipecacuanha.
+
+Similar Plants.--Lythrum Salicaria; Scutellaria galericulata.
+
+
+
+213. HELLEBORUS niger. BLACK HELLEBORE. Root. L.--The tase of Hellebore
+is acrid and bitter. Its acrimony, as Dr. Grew observes, is first felt
+on the tip of the tongue, and then spreads immediately to the middle,
+without being much perceived on the intermediate part: on chewing it for
+a few minutes, the tongue seems benumbed, and affected with a kind of
+paralytic stupor, as when burnt by eating any thing too hot.
+
+Our Hellebore is at present looked upon principally as an alterative,
+and in this light is frequently employed, in small doses, for
+attenuating viscid humours, promoting the uterine and urinary
+discharges, and opening inveterate obstructions of the remoter glands:
+it often proves a very powerful emmenagogue in plethoric habits, where
+steel is ineffectual or improper. An extract made from this root with
+water, is one of the mildest, and for the purposes of a cathartic the
+most effectual preparation of it: this operates sufficiently, without
+occasioning the irritation which the pure resin is accompanied with. A
+tincture drawn with proof-spirit contains the whole virtue of the
+Hellebore, and seems to be one of the best preparations of it: this
+tincture, and the extract, used to be kept in the shops. The College of
+Edinburgh used to make this root an ingredient in the purging cephalic
+tincture, and compound tincture of jalap; and its extract, in the
+purging deobstruent pills, gamboge pills, the laxative mercurial pills,
+and the compound cathartic extract.--Lewis's Mat. Med.
+
+Similar Plant.--Helleborus viridis.
+
+
+
+214. HELLEBORUS foetidus. BEARSFOOT. Leaves. L.--The root is a strong
+cathartic; it destroys worms, and is recommended in different species of
+mania. It is commonly substituted for that of the Helleborus viridis,
+which is a more dangerous medicine. Hill's Herbal, p. 32. Great care
+ought to be used in the administering this plant: many instances of its
+dreadful effects are related. (See Poisonous Plants.)
+
+Similar Plant.--Helleborus viridis.
+
+
+
+215. HORDEUM distichon. PEARL BARLEY. Seeds. L. E.--Barley, in its
+several states, is more cooling, less glutionous, and less nutritious
+than wheat or oats; among the ancients, decoctions of it were the
+principal aliment, and medicine, in acute diseases. The London College
+direct a decoction of pearl barley; and both the London and Edinburgh
+make common barley an ingredient in the pectoral decoction.
+
+
+
+216. HUMULUS Lupulus. THE HOP.--The flowers and seed-vessels are used in
+gout and rheumatism, under the form of infusion in boiling-water. The
+powder formed into an ointment with lard, is said to ease the pain of
+open cancer. A pillow stuffed with hops is an old and successful mode of
+procuring sleep in the watchfulness of delirious fever.
+
+
+
+217. HYOSCYAMUS niger. HENBANE. Leaves and Seeds. L. E.--Henbane is a
+strong narcotic poison, and many instances of its deleterious effects
+are recorded by different authors; from which it appears, that any part
+of the plant, when taken in sufficient quantity, is capable of producing
+very dangerous and terrible symptoms. It is however much employed in the
+present days as an anodyne. Dr. Withering found it of great advantage in
+a case of difficult deglutition. Stoerck and some others recommend this
+extract in the dose of one grain or two; but Dr. Cullen observes, that
+he seldom discovered its anodyne effects till he had proceeded to doses
+of eight or ten grains, and sometimes to fifteen and even to twenty. The
+leaves of Henbane are said to have been applied externally with
+advantage, in the way of poultice, to resolve scirrhous tumours, and to
+remove some pains of the rheumatic and arthritic kind.
+
+Similar Plants.--Verbascum Lychnites; V. nigrum.
+
+The roots of the Henbane are to be distinguished by their very powerful
+and narcotic scent.
+
+
+
+218. HYSSOPUS officinalis. HYSSOP. The Herb. L. E. D.--The leaves of
+Hyssop have an aromatic smell, and a warm pungent taste. Besides the
+general virtues of aromatics, they are particularly recommeded in
+humoral asthmas, coughs, and other disorders of the breast and lungs;
+and said to notably promote expectoration.
+
+
+
+219. INULA Helenium. ELECAMPANE. Root. D.--Elecampane root possesses the
+general virtues of alexipharmics: it is principally recommended for
+promoting expectoration in humoural asthmas and coughs; in which
+intention, it used to be employed in the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia:
+liberally taken, it is said to excite urine, and loosen the belly. In
+some parts of Germany, large quantities of this root are candied, and
+used as a stomachic, for strengthening the tone of the viscera in
+general, and for attenuating tenacious juices. Spiritous liquors extract
+its virtues in greater perfection than watery ones: the former scarce
+elevate any thing in distillation: with the latter, an essential oil
+arises, which concretes into white flakes; this possesses at first the
+flavour of the elecampane, but is very apt to lose it in keeping.
+
+
+
+220. JUNIPERUS Sabina. SAVINE. The Tops. L. E. D.--Savine is a warm
+irritating aperient medicine, capable of promoting all the glandular
+secretions. The distilled oil is one of the most powerful emmenagogues;
+and is found of good service in obstructions of the uterus, or other
+viscra, proceeding from a laxity and weakness of the vessels, or a cold
+sluggish indisposition of the juices.
+
+Similar Plants.--Juniperus oxycedrus; J. Phoenicea. These should be
+particularly distinguished, as Savine is attended with danger when taken
+immoderately.
+
+
+
+221. JUNIPERUS communis. JUNIPER. Berries. L. E. D.--Juniper berries
+have a strong, not disagreeable smell; and a warm, pungent sweet taste,
+which, if they are long chewed, or previously well bruised, is followed
+by a bitterish one. The pungency seems to reside in the bark; the sweet
+in the juice; the aromatic flavour in oily vesicles, spread through the
+substance of the pulp, and distinguishable even by the eye; and the
+bitter in the seeds: the fresh berries yield, on expression, a rich,
+sweet, honey-like, aromatic juice; if previously pounded so as to break
+the seeds, the juice proves tart and bitter.
+
+
+
+222. LACTUCA virosa. WILD LETTUCE. Leaves. E.--Dr. Collin at Vienna
+first brought the Lactuca virosa into medical repute; and its character
+has lately induced the College of Physicians at Edinburgh to insert it
+in the Catalogue of the Materia Medica. More than twenty-four cases of
+dropsy are said by Collin to have been successfully treated, by
+employing an extract prepared from the expressed juice of this plant,
+which is stated not only to be powerfully diuretic, but, by attenuating
+the viscid humours, to promote all the secretions, and to remove
+visceral obstructions. In the more simple cases proceeding from
+debility, the extract in doses of eighteen to thirty grains a-day,
+proved sufficient to accomplish a cure; but when the disease was
+inveterate, and accompanied with visceral obstructions, the quantity of
+extract was increased to three drams; nor did larger doses, though they
+excited nausea, ever produce any other bad effect; and the patients
+continued so strong under the use of this remedy, that it was seldom
+necessary to employ any tonic medicines.--Woodville's Med. Bot. p. 76.
+
+Similar Plants.--Sonchus arvensis; Lactuca Scariola.
+
+
+
+223. LAVANDULA Spica. LAVENDER. Flowers. L. D.--Lavender has been an
+officinal plant for a considerable time, though we have no certain
+accounts of it given by the ancients. Its medical virtue resides in the
+essential oil, which is supposed to be a gentle corroborant and
+stimulant of the aromatic kind; and is recommended in nervous
+debilities, and various affections proceeding from a want of energy in
+the animal functions.--Woodville's Med. Bot. p. 323.
+
+
+
+224. LAURUS nobilis. BAY-TREE. Leaves and Berries. L.--In distillation
+with water, the leaves of bay yield a small quantity of very fragrant
+essential oil; with rectified spirit, they afford a moderately warm
+pungent extract. The berries yield a larger quantity of essential oil:
+they discover likewise a degree of unctuosity in the mouth; give out to
+the press an almost insipid fluid oil; and on being boiled in water, a
+thicker butyraceous one of a yellowish-green colour, impregnated with
+the flavour of the berry. An infusion of the leaves is sometimes drunk
+as tea; and the essential oil of the berries may be given from one to
+five or six drops on sugar, or dissolved by means of mucilages, or in
+spirit of wine.--Woodville's Med Bot. p. 680, 681.
+
+
+
+225. LAURUS Sassafras. SASSAFRAS-TREE. Bark. L. E. D.--Its medical
+character was formerly held in great estimation; and its sensible
+qualities, which are stronger than any of the woods, may have probably
+contributed to establish the opinion so generally entertained of its
+utility in many inveterate diseases: for, soon after its introduction
+into Europe, it was sold at a very high price, and its virtues were
+extolled in publications professedly written on the subject. It is now,
+however, thought to be of very little importance, and seldom employed
+but in conjunction with other medicines of a more powerful nature.
+
+Dr. Cullen found that a watery infusion of it taken warm and pretty
+largely, was very effectual in promoting sweat; but he adds, "to what
+particular purpose this sweating was applicable, I have not been able to
+determine." In some constitutions sassafras, by its extreme fragrance,
+is said to produce headache: to deprive it of this effect, the decoction
+ought to be employed.--Woodville's Mat. Med. p. 677.
+
+
+
+226. LEONTODON Taraxicum. N EBION. Root. L.--The roots contain a bitter
+milky juice; they promise to be of use as asperient and detergent
+medicines; and have sometimes been directed in this intention with good
+success. Boerhaave esteems them capable, if duly continued, of resolving
+almost all kinds of coagulations, and opening very obstinate
+obstructions of the viscera.
+
+
+
+227. LINUM usitatissimum. FLAX. The Seeds. L. E.--Linseed yields to the
+press a considerable quantity of oil; and boiled in water, a strong
+mucilage: these are occasionally made use of for the same purposes as
+other substances of that class; and sometimes the seeds themselves in
+emollient and maturating cataplasms. They have also been employed in
+Asia, and, in times of scarcity, in Europe, as food: but are not
+agreeable, or in general wholesome.
+
+
+
+228. LINUM catharticum. PURGING-FLAX. The Herb. L. D.-This is a very
+small plant, not above four or five inches high, found wild upon chalky
+hills, and in dry pasture-grounds. Its virtue is expressed in its title:
+an infusion in water or whey of a handful of the fresh leaves, or a dram
+of them in substance when dried, is said to purge without inconvenience.
+
+
+
+229. LOBELIA siphylitica. BLUE CARDINAL FLOWER. The Root. E.--Every part
+of the plant abounds with a milky juice, and has a rank smell. The root,
+which is the part directed for medicinal use, in taste resembles
+tobacco, and is apt to excite vomiting. It derived its name,
+Siphylitica, from its efficacy in the cure of Siphylis, as experienced
+by the North American Indians, who considered it a specific to that
+disease.
+
+A decoction was made of a handful of the roots in three measures of
+water. Of this, half a measure is taken in the morning fasting, and
+repeated in the evening; and the dose is gradually increased till its
+purgative effects become too violent, when the decoction is to be
+intermitted for a day or two, and then renewed till a perfect cure is
+effected. But it does not appear that the antisiphylitic powers of
+Lobelia have been confirmed by any instances of European practice.--
+Woodville's Med. Bot. p. 251.
+
+
+
+230. LYTHRUM Salicaria. WILLOW HERB. The Herb. D.--This is used
+internally in dropsies, obstinate gleets, and leucorrhoea.
+
+Similar Plants.--Epilobium palustre; Epilob. angustifolium; Epilob.
+hirsutum.
+
+
+
+231. MALVA sylvestris. COMMON MALLOW. Herb. L. E.--The leaves are ranked
+the first of the four emollient herbs: they were formerly of some
+esteem, in food, for loosening the belly; at present, decoctions of them
+are sometimes employed in dysenteries, heat and sharpness of urine, and
+in general for obtunding acrimonious humours: their principal use is in
+emollient glysters, cataplasms, and fomentations.
+
+
+
+232. MARRUBIUM vulgare. HORFHOUND. Herb. E. D.--It is greatly extolled
+for its efficacy in removing obstructions of the lungs and other
+viscera. It has chiefly been employed in humoural asthmas. Mention is
+made of its successful use in scirrhous affections of the liver,
+jaundice, cachexies, and menstrual suppressions.--Woodville's Med. Bot.
+p. 333.
+
+Similar Plants.--Ballota nigra; B. alba.
+
+
+
+233. MELISSA officinalis. BALM. Herb. L. E.--This herb, in its recent
+state, has a weak roughish aromatic taste, and a pleasant smell,
+somewhat of the lemon kind. On distilling the fresh herb with water, it
+impregnates the first runnings pretty strongly with its grateful
+flavour. Prepared as tea, however, it makes a grateful diluent drink in
+fevers; and in this way it is commonly used, either by itself, or
+acidulated with the juice of lemons.--Woodville's Med. Bot. p. 335, 336.
+
+
+
+234. MENTHA viridis. SPEAR-MINT. Leaves. L. D.--The virtues of Mint are
+those of a warm stomachic and carminative: in loss of appetite, nauseae,
+continual retchings to vomit, and (as Boerhaave expresses it) almost
+paralytic weakness of the stomach, there are few simples perhaps of
+equal efficacy. In colicky pains, the gripes to which children are
+subject, lienteries, and other kinds of immoderate fluxes, this plant
+frequently does good service. It likewise proves beneficial in sundry
+hysteric cases, and affords an useful cordial in languors and other
+weaknesses consequent upon delivery. The best preparations for these
+purposes are, a strong infusion made from the dry leaves in water (which
+is much superior to one from the green herb) or rather a tincture or
+extract prepared with rectified spirit.
+
+The essential oil, a simple and spirituous water, and a conserve, are
+kept in the shops: the Edinburgh College directs an infusion of the
+leaves in the distilled water. This herb is an ingredient also in the
+three alexitereal waters; and its essential oil in the stomach plaster
+and stomach pills.--Lewis's Mat. Med.
+
+
+
+235. MENTHA Piperita. PEPPER-MINT. Herb. L. E. D.--The leaves have a
+more penetrating smell than any of the other mints, and a much warmer,
+pungent, glowing taste like pepper, sinking as it were into the tongue.
+The principal use of this herb is in flatulent colics, languors, and
+other like disorders; it seems to act as soon as taken, and extends its
+effects through the whole system, instantly communicating a glowing
+warmth. Water extracts the whole of the pungency of this herb by
+infusion, and elevates it in distillation. Its officinal preparations
+are an essential oil, and a simple and spirituous water.
+
+
+
+236. MENTHA Pulegium. PENNYROYAL. Herb. L. E. D.--Pennyroyal is a warm
+pungent herb of the aromatic kind, similar to mint, but more acrid and
+less agreeable. It has long been held in great esteem, and not
+undeservedly, as an aperient and deobstruent, particularly in hysteric
+complaints, and suppressions of the uterine purgations. For these
+purposes, the distilled water is generally made use of, or, what is of
+equal efficacy, an infusion of the leaves. It is observable, that both
+water and rectified spirit extract the virtues of this herb by infusion,
+and likewise elevate greatest part of them in distillation.--Lewis's
+Mat. Med.
+
+
+
+237. MENYANTHES trifoliata. BUCK-BEAN. Leaves. L. E. D.--This is an
+efficacious aperient and deobstruent; it promotes the fluid secretions,
+and, if liberally taken, gently loosens the belly. It has of late gained
+great reputation in scorbutic and scrophulous disorders; and its good
+effects in these cases have been warranted by experience: inveterate
+cutaneous diseases have been removed by an infusion of the leaves, drunk
+to the quantity of a pint a-day, at proper intervals, and continued some
+weeks. Boerhaave relates, that he was relieved of the gout by drinking
+the juice mixed with whey.
+
+
+
+238. MOMORDICA Elaterium. SPIRTING CUCUMBER. Fruit L. E. D.--Elaterium
+is a strong cathartic, and very often operates also upwards. Two or
+three grains are accounted in most cases a sufficient dose. Simon Paulli
+relates some instances of the good effects of this purgative in
+dropsies: but cautions practitioners not to have recourse to it till
+after milder medicines have proved ineffectual; to which caution we
+heartily subscribe. Medicines indeed in general, which act with violence
+in a small dose, require the utmost skill to manage them with any
+tolerable degree of safety: to which may be added, that the various
+manners of making these kinds of preparations, as practised by different
+hands, must needs vary their power.
+
+
+
+239. MORUS nigra. MULBERRY. Fruit. L.--It has the common qualities of
+the other sweet fruits, abating heat, quenching thirst, and promoting
+the grosser secretions; an agreeable syrup made from the juice is kept
+in the shops. The bark of the roots has been in considerable esteem as a
+vermifuge; its taste is bitter, and somewhat astringent.--Lewis's Mat.
+Med.
+
+
+
+240. NICOTIANA Tabacum. TOBACCO. Leaves. L. E. D.--Tobacco is sometimes
+used externally in unguents for destroying cutaneous insects, cleansing
+old ulcers, &c. Beaten into a mash with vinegar or brandy, it has
+sometimes proved serviceable for removing hard tumours of the
+hypochondres.
+
+
+
+241. ORIGANUM Majorana. SWEET MARJORAM. Herb. L. E.-It is a moderately
+warm aromatic, yielding its virtues both to aqueous and spirituous
+liquors by infusion, and to water in distillation. It is principally
+celebrated in disorders of old people. An essential oil of the herb is
+kept in the shops. The powder of the leaves proves an agreeable errhine.
+
+
+
+242. ORIGANUM vulgare. POT MARJORAM. Herb. L. D.--It has an agreeable
+aromatic smell approaching to that of marjoram, and a pungent taste much
+resembling thyme, to which it is likewise thought to be more nearly
+allied in its medicinal qualities than to any of the other verticillatae,
+and therefore deemed to be emmenagogue, tonic, stomachic, &c.
+
+The dried leaves used instead of tea are said to be extremely grateful.
+They are also employed in medicated baths and fomentations.--Woodville's
+Med. Bot. p. 345.
+
+
+
+243. OXALIS Acetosella. WOOD SORREL. Herb. L.--In taste and medical
+qualities it is similar to the common sorrel, but considerably more
+grateful, and hence is preferred by the London College. Boiled with
+milk, it forms an agreeable whey; and beaten with sugar, a very elegant
+conserve.--Lewis's Mat. Med.
+
+
+
+244. PAPAVER Rhoeas. RED POPPY. Petals. L. E. D.--The flowers of this
+plant yield upon expression a deep red juice, and impart the same colour
+by infusion to aqueous liquors. A syrup of them is kept in the shops:
+this is valued chiefly for its colour; though some expect from it a
+lightly anodyne virtue.
+
+
+
+245. PAPAVER somniferum. OPIUM POPPY. Gum. L. E. D.-Poppy heads, boiled
+in water, impart to the menstruum their narcotic juice, together with
+the other juices which they have in common with vegetable matters in
+general. The liquor strongly pressed out, suffered to settle, clarified
+with whites of eggs, and evaporated to a due consistence, yields about
+one-fifth or one-sixth the weight of the heads, of extract. This
+possesses the virtues of opium; but requires to be given in double its
+dose to answer the same intention, which it is said to perform without
+occasioning nausea and giddiness, the usual consequences of the other.
+
+The general effects of this medicine are, to relax the solids, ease
+pain, procure sleep, promote perspiration, but restrain all other
+evacuations. When its operation is over, the pain, and other symptoms
+which it had for a time abated, return; and generally with greater
+violence than before, unless the cause has been removed by the
+diaphoresis or relaxation which it occasioned.
+
+The operation of opium is generally attended with a slow, but strong and
+full pulse, a dryness of the mouth, a redness and light itching of the
+skin: and followed by a degree of nausea, a difficulty of respiration,
+lowness of the spirits, and a weak languid pulse.
+
+With regard to the dose of opium, one grain is generally sufficient, and
+often too large a one; maniacal persons, and those who have been long
+accustomed to take it, require three or more grains to have the due
+effect. Among the eastern nations, who are habituated to opium, a dram
+is but a moderate dose: Garcias relates, that he knew one who every day
+took ten drams. Those who have been long accustomed to its use, upon
+leaving it off, are seized with great lowness, languor, and anxiety;
+which are relieved by having again recourse to opium, and, in some
+measure, by wine or spirituous liquors.
+
+Similar Plants.--Papaver hybridum; P. Argemone.
+
+
+
+246. PASTINACA Opoponax. OPOPONAX, or CANDY CARROT. Gum Opoponax. L.--
+The juice is brought from Turkey and the East Indies, sometimes in round
+drops or tears, but more commonly in irregular lumps, of a
+reddish-yellow colour on the outside, with specks of white, inwardly of
+a paler colour, and frequently variegated with large white pieces.
+
+Boerhaave frequently employed it, along with ammoniacum and galbanum, in
+hypochondriacal disorders, obstructions of the abdominal viscera from a
+sluggishness of mucous humours, and a want of due elasticity of the
+solids.
+
+
+
+247. PIMPINELLA Anisum. ANISEED. The Seeds. L. E. D.-These seeds are in
+the number of the four greater hot seeds: their principal use is in cold
+flatulent disorders, where tenacious phlegm abounds, and in the gripes
+to which young children are subject. Frederick Hoffman strongly
+recommends them in weakness of the stomach, diarrhoeas, and for
+strengthening the tone of the viscera in general; and thinks they well
+deserve the appellation given them by Helmont, intestinorum solamen.
+
+
+
+248. PINUS sylvestris. SCOTCH FIR. Tar, yellow Resin, and Turpentine. L.
+D.--Tar, which is well known from its oeconomical uses, is properly an
+empyreumatic oil of turpentine, and has been much used as a medicine,
+both internally and externally. Tar-water, or water impregnated with the
+more soluble parts of tar, was some time ago a very popular remedy in
+various obstinate disorders, both acute and chronic, especially in
+small-pox, scurvy, ulcers, fistulas, rheumatisms, &c.
+
+Turpentine is an extract also from the same tree, which is used for
+various purposes of medicine and the arts.
+
+
+
+249. PINUS Abies. SPRUCE-FIR. Burgundy Pitch. L. E. D.--This is entirely
+confined to external use, and was formerly an ingredient in several
+ointments and plasters. In inveterate coughs, affections of the lungs,
+and other internal complaints, plasters of this resin, by acting as a
+tropical stimulus, are frequently found of considerable service.--
+Woodville's Med. Bot.
+
+
+
+250. POLYGONUM Bistorta. BISTORT. The Roots. L. E. D.--All the parts of
+bistort have a rough austere taste, particularly the root, which is one
+of the strongest of the vegetable stringents. It is employed in all
+kinds of immoderate haemorrhages and other fluxes, both internally and
+externally, where astringency is the only intention. It is certainly a
+very powerful styptic, and is to be looked on simply as such; the
+sudorific, antipestilential, and other like virtues attributed to it, it
+has no other claim to, than in consequence of this property, and of the
+antiseptic power which it has in common with other vegetable styptics.
+The largest dose of the root in powder is one dram.
+
+
+
+251. PRUNUS domestica. FRENCH PRUNES. The Fruit. L. E. D.--The medical
+effects of the damson and common prunes are, to abate heat, and gently
+loosen the belly: which they perform by lubricating the passage, and
+softening the excrement. They are of considerable service in costiveness
+accompanied with heat or irritation, which the more stimulating
+cathartics would tend to aggravate: where prunes are not of themselves
+sufficient, their effects may be promoted by joining with them a little
+rhubarb or the like; to which may be added some carminative ingredient,
+to prevent their occasioning flatulencies. Prunelloes have scarce any
+laxative quality: these are mild grateful refrigerants, and, by being
+occasionally kept in the mouth, usefully allay the thirst of hydropic
+persons.
+
+
+
+252. PUNICA Granatum. POMEGRANATE. Rind of the Fuit. L. E. D.--This
+fruit has the general qualities of the other sweet summer fruits,
+allaying heat, quenching thirst, and gently loosening the belly. The
+rind is a strong astringent, and as such is occasionally made use of.
+
+
+
+253. PYRUS Cydonia. QUINCE. The Kernels. L.--The seeds abound with a
+mucilaginous substance, of no particular taste, which they readily
+impart to watery liquors: an ounce will render three pints of water
+thick and ropy like the white of an egg. A syrup and jelly of the fruit,
+and mucilage of the seeds, used to be kept in the shops.
+
+
+
+254. QUEROUS pedunculata. OAK. Bark. L. E. D.--This bark is a strong
+astringent; and hence stands recommended in haemorrhagies, alvine fluxes,
+and other preternatural or immoderate secretions.
+
+
+
+255. RHAMNUS catharticus. BUCKTHORN. Berries. L. E.--Buckthorn-berries
+have a faint disagreeable smell, and a nauseous bitter taste. They have
+long been in considerable esteem as cathartics; and celebrated in
+dropsies, rheumatisms, and even in the gout; though in these cases they
+have no advantage above other purgatives, and are more offensive, and
+operate more churlishly, than many which the shops are furnished with:
+they generally occasion gripes, sickness, dry the mouth and throat, and
+leave a thirst of long duration. The dose is about twenty of the fresh
+berries in substance, and twice or thrice this number in decoction, an
+ounce of the expressed juice, or a dram of the dried berries.
+
+
+
+256. RHEUM palmatum. TURKEY RHUBARB. Roots. L. E. D.--Rhubarb is a mild
+cathartic, which operates without violence or irritation, and may be
+given with safety even to pregnant women and to children. In some
+people, however, it always occasions severe griping. Besides its
+purgative quality, it is celebrated for an astringent one, by which it
+strengthens the tone of the stomach and intestines, and proves useful in
+diarrhoea and disorders proceeding from a laxity of the fibres. Rhubarb
+in substance operates more powerfully as a cathartic than any of the
+preparations of it. Watery tinctures purge more than the spirituous
+ones; whilst the latter contain in greater perfection the aromatic,
+astringent, and corroborating virtues of the rhubarb. The dose, when
+intended as a purgative, is from a scruple to a dram or more.
+
+The Turkey rhubarb is, among us, universally preferred to the East India
+sort.
+
+The plant is common in our gardens, but their medicinal powers are much
+weaker than in those from abroad.
+
+RHODODENDRON Chrysanthemum. YELLOW-FLOWERED RHODODENDRON. See No. 290.
+
+
+
+257. RHUS Toxicodendron. POISON-OAK. Leaves. L. E.--Of considerable use
+in paralytic affections, and is much used in the present day.
+
+It is, however, often substituted by the Rhus radicans, which has not
+the medical properties that this plant has; and it is to be regretted
+that the leaves of both species are so much alike, that, when gathered,
+they are not to be distinguished.
+
+
+
+258. RICINUS communis. PALMA CHRISTI. Seeds and Oil. L. E. D.--The oil,
+commonly called nut or castor oil, is got by expression, retains
+somewhat of the mawkishness and acrimony of the nut; but is, in general,
+a safe and mild laxative in cases where we wish to avoid irritation, as
+in those of colic, calculus, gonorrhoea, &c. and some likewise use it as
+a purgative in worm-cases. Half an ounce or an ounce commonly answers
+with an adult, and a dram or two with an infant. The castor oil which is
+imported is not so good as the expressed oil from the nut made in this
+country. The disagreeable taste is from the coats of the seeds; the best
+kind is pressed out after the seeds are decorticated.
+
+
+
+259. ROSA centifolia. DAMASK ROSE. Petals. L. E. D.--In distillation
+with water, it yields a small portion of a butyraceous oil, whose
+flavour exactly resembles that of the roses. This oil, and the distilled
+water, are very useful and agreeable cordials. Hoffmann strongly
+recommends them as of singular efficacy for raising the strength,
+cheering and recruiting the spirits, and allaying pain; which they
+perform without raising any heat in the constitution, rather abating it
+when inordinate. Although the damask rose is recommended by Dr.
+Woodville, yet, having grown this article for sale, I find that the
+preference is always given to the Provence rose by those who distil
+them.
+
+
+
+260. ROSA gallica. RED OFFICINAL ROSE. Petals. L. E. D.-This has very
+little of the fragrance of the foregoing sort; it is a mild and grateful
+astringent, especially before the flower has opened: this is
+considerably improved by hasty exsiccation, but both the astringency and
+colour are impaired by slow drying. In the shops are prepared a conserve
+and a tincture.
+
+
+
+261. ROSA canina. DOG-ROSE. The Pulp of the Fruit. L. E.-The fruit,
+called heps or hips, has a sourish taste, and obtains a place in the
+London Pharmacopoeia in the form of a conserve: for this purpose, the
+seeds and chaffy fibres are to be carefully removed; for, if these
+prickly fibres are not entirely scraped off from the internal surface of
+the hips, the conserve is liable to produce considerable irritation on
+the primae viae.
+
+
+
+262. ROSMARINUS officinalis. ROSEMARY. Tops. L. E. D.--Rosemary has a
+fragrant smell and a warm pungent bitterish taste, approaching to those
+of lavender: the leaves and tender tops are strongest; next to these the
+cup of the flower; the flowers themselves are considerably the weakest,
+but most pleasant. Aqueous liquors extract great share of the virtues of
+rosemary leaves by infusion, and elevate them in distillation: along
+with the water arises a considerable quantity of essential oil, of an
+agreeable strong penetrating smell. Pure spirit extracts in great
+perfection the whole aromatic flavour of the rosemary, and elevates very
+little of it in distillation: hence the resinous mass left upon
+abstracting the spirit, proves an elegant aromatic, very rich in the
+peculiar qualities of the plant. The flowers of rosemary give over great
+part of their flavour in distillation with pure spirit; by watery
+liquors, their fragrance is much injured; by beating, destroyed.
+
+
+
+263. RUBIA tinctorum. MADDER. Roots. L. E. D.--It has little or no
+smell; a sweetish taste, mixed with a little bitterness. The virtues
+attributed to it are those of a detergent and aperient; whence it has
+been usually ranked among the opening roots, and recommended in
+obstructions of the viscera, particularly of the kidneys, in
+coagulations of the blood from falls or bruises, in the jaundice, and
+beginning dropsies.
+
+It is observable, that this root, taken internally, tinges the urine of
+a deep red colour; and in the Philosophical Transactions we have an
+account of its producing a like effect upon the bones of animals which
+had it mixed with their food: all the bones, particularly the more solid
+ones, were changed, both externally and internally, to a deep red, but
+neither the fleshy nor cartilaginous parts suffered any alteration: some
+of these bones macerated in water for many weeks together, and
+afterwards steeped and boiled in spirit of wine, lost none of their
+colour, nor communicated any tinge to the liquors.
+
+
+
+264. RUMEX Acetosa. SORREL. Leaves. L.--These have an agreeable acid
+taste. They have the same medicinal qualities as the Oxalis Acetosella,
+and are employed for the same purposes.
+
+Sorrel taken in considerable quantities, or used prepared for food, will
+be found of great advantage when a refrigerant and antiscorbutic regimen
+is required.--Woodville's Med. Bot.
+
+
+
+265. RUTA graveolens. RUE. Leaves. L. E. D.--These are powerfully
+stimulating, attenuating, and detergent: and hence, in cold phlegmatic
+habits, they quicken the circulation, dissolve tenacious juices, open
+obstructions of the excretory glands, and promote the fluid secretions.
+The writers on the Materia Medica in general have entertained a very
+high opinion of the virtues of this pant. Boerhaave is full of its
+praises; particularly of the essential oil, and the distilled water
+cohobated or redistilled several times from fresh parcels of the herb:
+after somewhat extravagantly commending other waters prepared in this
+manner, he adds, with regard to that of rue, that the greatest
+commendations he can bestow upon it fall short of its merit: "What
+medicine (says he) can be more efficacious for promoting perspiration,
+in cases of epilepsies, and for expelling poison?" Whatever service rue
+may be of generally, it undoubtedly has its use in the two last cases:
+the cohobated water, however, is not the most efficacious preparation.
+
+
+
+266. SALIX fragilis. CRACK WILLOW. Bark. L. D.-The bark of the branches
+of this tree manifests a considerable degree of bitterness to the taste,
+and is also astringent; hence it has been thought a good substitute for
+the Peruvian bark, and, upon trial, was found to stop the paroxysms of
+intermittents: it is likewise recommended in other cases requiring tonic
+or astringent remedies. Not only the bark of this species of Salix, but
+that of several others, possess similar qualities, particularly of the
+Salix alba pentandria, and capraea, all of which are recommended in
+foreign Pharmacopoeias. But, in our opinion, the bark of the Salix
+triandria is more effectual than that of any other of this genus; at
+least, its sensible qualities give it a decided preference.--Woodville's
+Med Bot.
+
+
+
+267. SALVIA officinalis. GREEN AND RED SAGE. Herb. E. D.--Its effects
+are, to moderately warm and strengthen the vessels; and hence, in cold
+phlegmatic habits, it excites appetite, and proves serviceable in
+debilities of the nervous system.
+
+The red sage, mixed with honey and vinegar, is used for a gargle in sore
+throats. Aqueous infusions of the leaves, with the addition of a little
+lemon juice, prove an useful diluting drink in febrile disorders, of an
+elegant colour, and sufficiently acceptable to the palate.
+
+
+
+268. SAMBUCUS nigra. COMMON ELDER. Flowers and Berries. L. E. D.--The
+parts of the Sambucus which are proposed for medicinal use in the
+Pharmacopoeias, are the inner bark, the flowers, and the berries. The
+flowers have an agreeable flavour, which they give over in distillation
+with water, and impart by infusion, both to water and rectified spirit:
+on distilling a large quantitiy of them with water, a small portion of a
+butyraceous essential oil separates. Infusions made from the fresh
+flowers are gently laxative and aperient; when dry, they are said to
+promote chiefly the cuticular excretion, and to be particularly
+serviceable in erysipetalous and eruptive disorders.--Woodville's Med.
+Bot. 598.
+
+
+
+269. SCILLA maritima. SQUILL. Root. L. E. D.--This root is to the taste
+very nauseous, intensely bitter and acrimonious; much handled, it
+exulcerates the skin. With regard to its medical virtues, it powerfully
+stimulates the solids, and attenuates viscid juices; and by these
+qualities promotes expectoration, urine, and perspiration: if the dose
+is considerable, it proves emetic, and sometimes purgative. The
+principal use of this medicine is where the primae viae abound with mucous
+matter, and the lungs are oppressed by tenacious phlegm.
+
+
+
+270. SCROPHULARIA nodosa. KNOTTY FIGWORT. Herb. D.--The roots are of a
+white colour, full of little knobs or protuberances on the surface: this
+appearance gained it formerly some repute against scrophulous disorders
+and the piles; and from hence it received its name: but modern
+practitioners expect no such virtues from it. It has a faint unpleasant
+smell, and a somewhat bitter disagreeable taste.
+
+
+
+271. SINAPIS nigra. BLACK MUSTARD. Seeds. L. E. D.--By writers on the
+Materia Medica, mustard is considered to promote appetite, assist
+digestion, attenuate viscid juices, and, by stimulating the fibres, to
+prove a general remedy in paralytic and rheumatic affections. Joined to
+its stimulant qualities, it frequently, if taken in considerable
+quantity, opens the body, and increases the urinary discharge; and hence
+has been found useful in dropsical complaints.--Woodville's Med. Bot. p.
+404.
+
+
+
+272. SINAPIS alba. WHITE MUSTARD. Seeds. L. E. D.--These have been
+recommended to be taken whole in cases of rheumatism and have been known
+to produce considerable relief.
+
+
+
+273. SISYMBRIUM Nasturtium. WATER-CRESSES. Herb. E.-Hoffman recommends
+this as of singular efficacy for accelerating the circulation,
+strengthening the viscera, opening obstructions of the glands, promoting
+the fluid secretions, and purifying the blood and humours: for these
+purposes, the expressed juice, which contains the peculiar taste and
+pungency of the herb, may be taken in doses of an ounce or two, and
+continued for a considerable time.
+
+
+
+274. SIUM nodiflorum. CREEPING WATER-PARSNEP. The Root. D.-This plant
+has not been admitted into the Materia Medica of any of the
+Pharmacopoeias which we have seen, except that of the London College,
+into which it was received in the character of an antiscorbutic, or
+rather as the corrector of acrid humours, especially when manifested by
+cutaneous eruptions and tumours in the lymphatic system, for which we
+have the testimony of Beirie and Ray; but the best proofs of its
+efficacy are the following given by Dr. Withering: "A young lady, six
+years old, was cured of an obstinate disease by taking three large
+spoonfuls of the juice twice-a-day; and I have repeatedly given to
+adults three or four ounces every morning in similar complaints with the
+greatest advantage. It is not nauseous; and children take it readily if
+mixed with milk. In the dose I have given, it neither affects the head,
+the stomach, nor the bowels." Woodville's Med. Bot. 146.
+
+
+
+275. SMILAX Sarsaparilla. SARSAPARILLA. Root. L. E. D.--This root was
+first brought into Europe by the Spaniards, about the year 1565, with
+the character of a specific for the cure of the lues venerea, which made
+its appearance a little before that time, and likewise of several
+obstinate chronic disorders. Whatever good effects it might have
+produced in the warmer climates, it proved unsuccessful in this. It
+appears, however, from experience, that though greatly unequal to the
+character which it bore at first, it is in some cases of considerable
+use as a sudorific, where more acrid medicines are improper.
+
+
+
+276. SOLANUM Dulcamara. BITTERSWEET. Stalk. L. D.--The taste of the
+twigs and roots, as the name of the plant expresses, is both bitter and
+sweet; the bitterness being first perceived, and the sweet afterwards.
+They are commended for resolving coagulated blood, and as a cathartic,
+diuretic, and deobstruent.
+
+
+
+277. SOLIDAGO Virga aurea. GOLDEN ROD. Flowers and Leaves. D.--The
+leaves have a moderately astringent bitter taste, and hence prove
+serviceable in debility and laxity of the viscera, and disorders
+proceeding from that cause.
+
+
+
+278. SPARTIUM scoparium. BROOM. Tops and Seeds. L. D.-These have a
+nauseous bitter taste: decoctions of them loosen the belly, promote
+urine, and stand recommended in hydropic cases. The flowers are said to
+prove cathartic in decoction, and emetic in substance, though in some
+places, as Lobel informs us, they are commonly used, and in large
+quantity, in salads, without producing any effect of this kind. The
+qualities of the seeds are little better determined: some report that
+they purge almost as strongly as hellebore, in the dose of a dram and a
+half; whilst the author above mentioned relates, that he has given a
+decoction of two ounces of them as a gentle emetic.
+
+
+
+279. SPIGELLA marylandica. WORM GRASS. Root. L. E. D.-About forty years
+ago, the anthelmintic virtues of the root of this plant were discovered
+by the Indians; since which time it has been much used here. I have
+given it in hundreds of cases, and have been very attentive to its
+effects. I never found it do much service, except when it proved gently
+purgative. Its purgative quality naturally led me to give it in febrile
+diseases which seem to arise from viscidity in the primae viae; and in
+these cases it succeeded to admiration, even when the sick did not void
+worms.
+
+To a child of two years of age who had been taking ten grains of the
+root twice a-day without having any other effect than making her dull
+and giddy, I prescribed twenty-two grains morning and evening, which
+purged her briskly, and brought away five large worms. [Communications
+from Dr. Gardner.]-Woodville's Med. Bot.
+
+
+
+280. TANACETUM vulgare. TANSY. Herb. E. D.--Considered as a medicine, it
+is a moderately warm bitter, accompanied with a strong, not very
+disagreeable flavour. Some have had a great opinion of it in hysteric
+disorders, particularly those proceeding from a deficiency or
+suppression of the usual course of nature.
+
+
+
+281. TEUCRIUM Marum. CAT THYME. Herb. D.--The leaves have an aromatic
+bitterish taste; and, when rubbed betwixt the fingers, a quick pungent
+smell, which soon affects the head, and occasions sneezing: distilled
+with water, they yield a very acrid, penetrating essential oil,
+resembling one obtained by the same means from scurvy-grass. These
+qualities sufficiently point out the uses to which this plant might be
+applied; at present, it is little otherwise employed than in cephalic
+snuffs.
+
+
+
+282. TEUCRIUM Chamaedrys. GERMANDER. Herb. D.--The leaves, tops, and
+seeds, have a bitter taste, with some degree of astringency and aromatic
+flavour. They were recommended as sudorific, diuretic, and emmenagogue,
+and for strengthening the stomach and viscera in general. With some they
+have been in great esteem in intermittent fevers; as also in scrophulous
+and other chronic disorders.
+
+
+
+283. TORMENTILLA erecta. TORMENTIL, or UPRIGHT SEPTFOIL. Root. L. E. D.
+--The root is the only part of this plant which is used medicinally; it
+has a strong styptic taste, but imparts no peculiar sapid flavour. This
+has been long held in great estimation as an astringent. Dr. Cullen has
+used it with gentian with great effect in intermittent fevers. Lewis
+recommends an ounce and a half of the powdered root to be boiled in
+three pints of water to a quart, adding towards the end of the boiling a
+dram of cinnamon. Of the strained liquor, sweetened with an ounce of any
+agreeable syrup, two ounces or more may be taken four or five times a-day.
+
+
+
+284. TUSSILAGO Farfara. COLTSFOOT. Herb. L. E. D.--Tussilago stands
+recommended in coughs and other disorders of the breast and lungs: the
+flowers were an ingredient in the pectoral decoction of the Edinburgh
+Pharmacopoeia.
+
+
+
+285. VALERIANA officinalis. VALERIAN. Root. L. E. D.--Valerian is a
+medicine of great use in nervous disorders, and is particularly
+serviceable in epilepsies proceeding from a debility in the nervous
+system. It was first brought into esteem in these cases by Fabius
+Columna, who by taking the powdered root, in the dose of half a
+spoonful, was cured of an inveterate epilepsy after many other medicines
+had been tried in vain. Repeated experience has since confirmed its
+efficacy in this disorder; and the present practice lays considerable
+stress upon it.
+
+
+
+286. VERATRUM album. WHITE HELLEBORE. Root. L. E. D.-The root has a
+nauseous, bitterish, acrid taste, burning the mouth and fauces: wounded
+when fresh, it emits an extremely acrimonious juice, which mixed with the
+blood, by a wound, is said to prove very dangerous: the powder of the
+dry root, applied to an issue, occasions violent purging: snuffed up the
+nose, it proves a strong, and not always a safe, sternutatory. This
+root, taken internally, acts with extreme violence as an emetic, and has
+been observed, even in a small dose, to occasion convulsions and other
+terrible disorders. The ancients sometimes employed it in very obstinate
+cases, and always made this their last resource.
+
+Similar Plant.--Gentiana lutea, which see.
+
+
+
+287. VERONICA Beccabunga. BROOKLIME. Herb. L. D.--This plant was
+formerly considered of great use in several diseases, and was applied
+externally to wounds and ulcers; but if it have any peculiar efficacy,
+it is to be derived from its antiscorbutic virtue.
+
+As a mild refrigerant juice, it is preferred where an acrimonious state
+of the fluids prevails, indicated by prurient eruptions upon the skin,
+or in what has been called the hot scurvy.--Woodville's Med. Bot. 364.
+
+
+
+288. VITIS vinifera. GRAPE VINE. Raisins and different Wines. L. E.--
+These are to cheer the spirits, warm the habit, promote perspiration,
+render the vessels full and turgid, raise the pulse, and quicken the
+circulation. The effects of the full-bodied wines are much more durable
+than those of the thinner; all sweet wines, as Canary, abound with a
+glutinous nutritious substance; whilst the others are not nutrimental,
+or only accidentally so by strengthening the organs employed in
+digestion: sweet wines in general do not pass off freely by urine, and
+heat the constitution more than an equal quantity of any other, though
+containing full as much spirit: red port, and most of the red wines,
+have an astringent quality, by which they strengthen the tone of the
+stomach and intestines, and thus prove serviceable for restraining
+immoderate secretions: those which are of an acid nature, as Renish,
+pass freely by the kidneys, and gently loosen the belly: it is supposed
+that these last exasperate, or occasion gout and calculous disorders,
+and that new wines of every kind have this effect.
+
+The ripe fruit of grapes, of which there are several kinds, properly
+cured and dried, are the raisins and currants of the shops: the juice of
+these also, by fermentation, affords wine as well as vinegar and tartar.
+
+The medical use of raisins is, their imparting a very pleasant flavour
+both to aqueous and spiritous menstrua. The seeds or stones are supposed
+to give a disagreeable relish, and hence are generally directed to be
+taken out: nevertheless I have not found that they have any disagreeable
+taste.--Lewis's Mat. Med.
+
+
+
+289. ULMUS campestris. ELM. Bark. L. E. D.--The leaves have a bitterish
+astringent taste, and are recommended in powder, to the extent of at
+least two drams a-day, in ulcerations of the urinary passages and
+catarrhus vesicae. The powder has been used with opium, the latter being
+gradually increased to a considerable quantity, in diabetes, and it is
+said with advantage. Some use it for alleviating the dyspeptic symptoms
+in nephritic calculous ailments.--Lewis's Mat. Med.
+
+
+
+290. RHODODENDRON Chrysanthemum. YELLOW-FLOWERED RHO-DODENDRON. E. The
+Leaves.--This species of Rhododendron has lately been introduced into
+Britain: it is a native of Siberia, affecting mountainous situations,
+and flowering in June and July.
+
+Little attention was paid to this remedy till the year 1779, when it was
+strongly recommended by Koelpin as an efficacious medicine, not only in
+rheumatism and gout, but even in venereal cases; and it is now very
+generally employed in chronic rheumatisms in various parts of Europe.
+The leaves, which are the part directed for medicinal use, have a
+bitterish subastringent taste, and, as well as the bark and young
+branches, manifest a degree of acrimony. Taken in large doses they prove
+a narcotic poison, producing those symptoms which we have described as
+occasioned by many of the order Solanaceae.
+
+Dr. Home, who tried it unsuccessfully in some cases of acute rheumatism,
+says, it appears to be one of the most powerful sedatives which we have,
+as in most of the trials it made the pulse remarkably slow, and, in one
+patient, reduced it 38 beats. And in other cases in which the
+Rhododendron has been used at Edinburgh, it has been productive of good
+effects; and, accordingly, it is now introduced into the Edinburgh
+Pharmacopoeia.
+
+The manner of using this plant by the Siberians was, by putting two
+drams of the dried leaves in an earthen-pot with about ten ounces of
+boiling-water, keeping it near a boiling heat for a night, and this they
+took in the morning; and by repeating it three or four times it
+generally affected a cure. It is said to occasion heat, thirst, a degree
+of delirium, and a peculiar sensation of the parts affected.--
+Woodville's Med. Bot. p. 239.
+
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SECT. VIII.--MEDICINAL PLANTS not contained in either of the BRITISH
+DISPENSATORIES.
+
+
+
+For the use of the Medical Student I selected in the foregoing section
+such plants as are contained in the Pharmacopoeias of the present day:
+but there are many mentioned in Woodville's Medical Botany, Lewis's
+Dispensatory, &c. which, although discarded from the College list, are
+nevertheless still used by medical practitioners and others.
+
+It would be difficult to give a full history of all the plants that have
+from time to time been recommended for medical uses. The old writers, as
+Gerard, Parkinson, Lyte, &c. attributed medical virtues to all the
+plants which came under their notice; and, on the other hand, as we
+observed above, the vegetable department of the Pharmacopoeias has from
+time to time been reduced so much, that, if we had confined ourselves to
+that alone, we fear our little treatise on this head would, by many
+persons, be thought defective. The following list is therefore given, as
+containing what are used, though probably not so much by practitioners
+in medicine, as by our good housewives in the country, who, without
+disparagement to medical science, often relieve the distresses of their
+families and neighbours by the judicious application of drugs of this
+nature, and many of which are also sold for the same purposes in the
+London herb-shops.
+
+
+
+291. ACANTHUS mollis. SMOOTH BEARS-BREECH. The Leaves.--Are of a soft
+sweetish taste, and abound with a mucilaginous juice: its virtues do not
+seem to differ from those of Althea and other mucilaginous plants.
+
+
+
+292. ACHILLA Ptarmica. SNEEZEWORT. The Root.--The roots have and acrid
+smell, and a hot biting taste: chewed, they occasion a plentiful
+discharge of saliva; and when powdered and snuffed up the nose, provoke
+sneezing. These are sold at the herb-shops as a substitute for pellitory
+of Spain.
+
+
+
+293. ACHILLEA Ageratum. MAUDLIN. The Leaves and Flowers.--This has a
+light agreeable smell; and a roughish, somewhat warm and bitterish
+taste. These qualities point out its use as a mild corroborant; but it
+has long been a stranger in practice, and is now omitted both by the
+London and Edinburgh Colleges. It is however in use by the common
+people.
+
+
+
+294. ACHILLEA Millefolium. YARROW. The Leaves.--The leaves have a rough
+bitterish taste, and a faint aromatic smell. Their virtues are those of
+a very mild astringent, and as such they stand recommended in
+haemorrhages both internal and external, diarrhoeas, debility and laxity
+of the fibres; and likewise in spasmodic hysterical affections.
+
+
+
+295. AJUGA reptans. BUGLE. The Leaves.--These have at first a sweetish
+taste, which gradually becomes bitterish and roughish. They are
+recommended as vulnerary medicines, and in all cases where mild
+astringents or corroborants are proper.
+
+
+
+296. ALCHEMILLA vulgaris. LADY'S MANTLE. The Leaves.--These discover to
+the taste a moderate astringency, and were formerly much esteemed in
+some female weaknesses, and in fluxes of the belly. They are now rarely
+made use of; though both the fresh leaves and roots might doubtless be
+of service in cases where mild astringents are required.
+
+
+
+297. AMMI majus. BISHOPS-WEED. The Seeds.--The seeds of common
+bishops-weed are large and pale-coloured: their smell and taste are
+weak, and without any thing of the origanum flavour of the true ammi,
+which does not grow in this country. They are ranked among the four
+lesser hot seeds, but are scarcely otherwise made use of than as an
+ingredient in the theriaca.--Lewis's Mat. Med.
+
+
+
+298. AMYGDALUS Persica. ALMONDS. Flowers.--They have a cathartic effect,
+and especially to children have been successfully given in the character
+of a vermifuge for this purpose; an infusion of a dram of the flowers
+dried, or half an ounce in their recent state, is the requisite dose.
+The expressed oil of almonds has been for a long time, and is at
+present, in use for many purposes in medicine. The concentrated acid of
+the bitter almond is a most dangerous poison to man and all other
+animals.
+
+
+
+299. ANAGALLIS arvensis. PIMPERNEL. The Leaves.--Many extraordinary
+virtues have been attributed to them. Geoffroy esteems them cephalic,
+sudorific, vulnerary, anti-maniacal, anti-epileptic, and alexiteral.
+
+
+
+300. ANCHUSA angustifolia. BUGLOSS. The Roots, Leaves, and Flowers.--
+Bugloss has a slimy sweetish taste, accompanied with a kind of coolness:
+the roots are the most glutinous, and the flowers the least so. These
+qualities point out its use in hot bilious or inflammatory distempers,
+and a thin acrimonious state of the fluids. The flowers are one of the
+four called cordial flowers: the only quality they have that can entitle
+them to this appellation, is, that they moderately cool and soften,
+without offending the palate or stomach; and thus in warm climates, or
+in hot diseases, may in some measure refresh the patient.
+
+
+
+301. ANEMONE Hepatica. HEPATICA. The Leaves.--It is a cooling gently
+restringent herb; and hence recommended in a lax state of the fibres as
+a corroborant.
+
+
+
+302. ANTIRRHINIUM Elatine. FLUELLIN. The Root, Bark, and Leaves.--They
+were formerly accounted excellent vulneraries, and of great use for
+cleansing and healing old ulcers and cancerous sores: some have
+recommended them internally in leprous and scrophulous disorders; as
+also in hydropic cases.
+
+
+
+303. ANTIRRHINIUM Linaria. TOAD FLAX. The Flowers.--An infusion of them
+is said to be very efficacious in cutaneous disorders; and Hammerin
+gives an instance in which these flowers, with those of verbascum, used
+as tea, cured an exanthematous disorder, which had resisted various
+other remedies tried during the course of three years.--Woodville's Med.
+Bot. p. 372.
+
+
+
+304. AQUILEGIA vulgaris. COLUMBINE. The Leaves, Flowers, and Seeds.--It
+has been looked upon as aperient; and was formerly in great esteem among
+the common people for throwing out the small-pox and measles. A
+distilled water, medicated vinegar, and conserve, were prepared from the
+flowers; but they have long given place to medicines of greater
+efficacy.
+
+
+
+305. ARISTOLOCHIA longa. LONG BIRTHWORT. The Roots.--This is a tuberous
+root, sometimes about the size of the finger, sometimes as thick as a
+man's arm: great virtues used to be ascribed to this plant as a specific
+in most uterine obstructions and gout: the outside is of a brownish
+colour; the inside yellowish.
+
+
+
+306. ARTEMISIA vulgaris. MUGWORT. The leaves.--These have a light
+aromatic smell, and an herbaceous bitterish taste. They are principally
+celebrated as uterine and anti-hysteric: an infusion of them is
+sometimes drunk, either alone or in conjunction with other substances,
+in suppressions of immoderate fluxes. This medicine is certainly a very
+mild one, and considerably less hot than most others to which these
+virtues are attributed.
+
+
+
+307. ASCLEPIAS Vincetoxium. SWALLOW WORT. The Root.--This root is
+esteemed sudorific, diuretic, and emmenagogue, and frequently employed
+by the French and German physicians as an alexipharmic, sometimes as a
+succedaneum to contrayerva; whence it has received the name of
+Contrayerva Germanorum. Among us it is rarely made use of.
+
+
+
+308. ASPERULA odorata. SWEET WOODROOF. The Flowers.--It has an
+exceedingly pleasant smell, which is improved by moderate exsiccation;
+the taste is sub-saline, and somewhat austere. It imparts its flavour to
+vinous liquors. Asperula is supposed to attenuate viscid humours, and
+strengthen the tone of the bowels: it was recommended in obstructions of
+the liver and biliary ducts, and by some in epilepsies and palsies:
+modern practice has nevertheless rejected it.
+
+
+
+309. ASPLENIUM Ceterach. SPLEENWORT.--It is recommended as a pectoral,
+and for promoting urine in nephritic cases. The virtue which it has been
+most celebrated for, is that which it has the least title to, i. e.
+diminish the spleen.
+
+
+
+310. ASPLENIUM Scolophendrium. HARTS-TONGUE. The Leaves.--These have a
+roughish, somewhat mucilaginous taste. They are recommended in
+obstructions of the viscera, and for strengthening their tone; and have
+sometimes been made use of for these intentions, either alone, or in
+conjunction with maiden-hair, or the other plants of similar properties.
+
+
+
+311. ATROPA Mandragora. MANDRAKE. The Leaves.--The qualities of this
+plant are very doubtful: it has a strong disagreeable smell resembling
+that of the narcotic herbs, to which class it is usually referred. It
+has rarely been any otherwise made use of in medicine, than as an
+ingredient in one of the old officinal unguents. Both that composition
+and the plant itself are rejected from our Pharmacopoeias.
+
+
+
+312. BALLOTA nigra. BASE HOREHOUND. The Leaves.--These are doubtless an
+useful aperient and deobstruent; promote the fluid secretions in
+general, and liberally taken loosen the belly. They are an ingredient
+only in the theriaca.
+
+
+
+313. BELLIS perennis. DAISIES. The Leaves.--They have a subtile subacrid
+taste, and are recommended as vulneraries, and in asthmas and hectic
+fevers, and such disorders as are occasioned by drinking cold liquors
+when the body has been much heated.
+
+
+
+214. BERBERIS vulgaris. BERBERRY. The Bark and Fruit.--The outward bark
+of the branches and the leaves have an astringent acid taste; the inner
+yellow bark, a bitter one: this last is said to be serviceable in the
+jaundice; and by some, to be an useful purgative.
+
+The berries, which to the taste are gratefully acid, and moderately
+restringent, have been given with good success in bilious fluxes, and
+diseases proceeding from heat, acrimony, or thinness of the juices.
+
+
+
+315. BETONICA officinalis. WOOD BETONY. The Leaves.--These and the
+flowers have an herbaceous, roughish, somewhat bitterish taste,
+accompanied with a very weak aromatic flavour. This herb has long been a
+favourite among writers on the Materia Medica, who have not been wanting
+to attribute to it abundance of good qualities. Experience does not
+discover any other virtue in betony than that of a mild corroborant: as
+such, an infusion or light decoction of it may be drunk as tea, or a
+saturated tincture in rectified spirit given in suitable doses, in
+laxity and debility of the viscera, and disorders proceeding from
+thence.
+
+
+
+316. BETULA alba. BIRCH TREE. The bark and Sap.--Upon deeply wounding or
+boring the trunk of the tree in the beginning of spring, a sweetish
+juice issues forth, sometimes, as is said, in so large quantity, as to
+equal in weigth to the whole tree and root: one branch will bleed a
+gallon or more a day. This juice is chiefly recommended in scorbutic
+disorders, and other foulnesses of the blood: its most sensible effect
+is to promote the urinary discharge.
+
+
+
+317. BORAGO officinalis. BORAGE. The Flowers.--An exhilarating virtue
+has been attributed to the flowers of borage, which are hence ranked
+among the so called cordial flowers: but they appear to have very little
+claim to any virtue of this kind, and seem to be altogether
+insignificant.
+
+
+
+318. BRYONIA alba. WHITE BRYONY. The Roots.--This is a strong irritating
+cathartic; and as such has sometimes been successfully exhibited in
+maniacal cases, in some kinds of dropsies, and in several chronical
+disorders, where a quick solution of viscid juices, and a sudden
+stimulus on the solids, were required.
+
+
+
+319. CALENDULA officinalis. MARIGOLD. The Flowers.--These are supposed
+to be aperient and attenuating; as also cardiac, alexipharmic, and
+sudorific: they are principally celebrated in uterine obstructions, the
+jaundice, and for throwing out the small-pox. Their sensible qualities
+give little foundation for these virtues: they have scarcely any taste,
+and no considerable smell. The leaves of the plant discover a viscid
+sweetishness, accompanied with a more durable saponaceous pungency and
+warmth: these seem capable of answering some useful purposes, as a
+stimulating, aperient, antiscorbutic medicine.
+
+
+
+320. CANNABIS sativa. HEMP. The Seeds.--These have some smell of the
+herb; their taste is unctuous and sweetish; on expression they yield a
+considerable quantity of insipid oil: hence they are recommended (boiled
+in milk, or triturated with water into an emulsion) against coughs, heat
+of urine, and the like. They are also said to be useful in incontinence
+of urine; but experience does not warrant their having any virtues of
+this kind.
+
+
+
+321. CARTHAMUS tinctorius. SAFFLOWER. The Seeds.--These have been
+celebrated as a cathartic: they operate very slowly, and for the most
+part disorder the bowels, especially when given in substance; triturated
+with aromatic distilled waters, they form an emulsion less offensive,
+yet inferior in efficacy to more common purgatives.
+
+
+
+322. CENTAUREA Cyanus. BLUE-BOTTLE. The Flowers.--As to their virtues,
+notwithstanding the present practice expects not any from them, they
+have been formerly celebrated against the bites of poisonous animals,
+contagious diseases, palpitations of the heart, and many other
+distempers.
+
+
+
+323. CENTAUREA rhapontica. GREATER CENTAURY. The Root.--It has a rough
+somewhat acrid taste, and abounds with a red viscid juice; its rough
+taste has gained it some esteem as an astringent; its acrimony as an
+aperient; and its glutinous quality as a vulnerary: the present practice
+takes little notice of it in any intention.
+
+
+
+324. CHELIDONIUM majus. GREAT CELANDINE. The Leaves and Juice.--This is
+an excellent medicine in the jaundice; it is also good against all
+obstructions of the viscera, and, if continued a time, will do great
+service against the scurvy. The juice also is used successfully for sore
+eyes, removing warts, &c. It should be used fresh, for it loses the
+greatest part of its virtue in drying.
+
+
+
+325. CHENOPODIUM olidum. STINKING GOOSEFOOT. The Leaves.--Its smell has
+gained it the character of an excellent anti-hysteric; and this is the
+only use it is applied to. Tournefort recommends a spiritous tincture,
+others a decoction in water, and others a conserve of the leaves, as of
+wonderful efficacy in uterine disorders.
+
+
+
+326. CHRYSANTHEMUM Leucanthemum. OX-EYE DAISY. The Leaves.--Geoffroy
+relates that the herb, gathered before the flowers have come forth, and
+boiled in water, imparts an acrid taste, penetrating and subtile like
+pepper; and that this decoction is an excellent vulnerary and diuretic.
+
+
+
+327. CISTUS ladanifetus. GUM CISTUS.--The gum labdanum is procured from
+this shrub, and is its only produce used in medicine. This is an
+exudation from the leaves and twigs in the manner of manna, more than of
+any thing else. They get it off by drawing a parcel of leather thongs
+over the shrubs. It is not much used, but it is a good cephalic.--Hill's
+Herbal, p. 72.
+
+
+
+328. CLEMATIS recta. UPRIGHT VIRGIN'S BOWER.--The whole plant is
+extremely acrid. It was useful for Dr. Stoerck to employ the leaves and
+flowers in ulcers and cancers, as well as an extract prepared from the
+former; yet the preparation which he chiefly recommended was an infusion
+of two or three drams of the leaves in a pint of boiling water, of which
+he gave four ounces three times a-day, while the powdered leaves were
+applied as an escharotic to the ulcers.--Wood-ville's Med. Bot. p. 481.
+
+
+
+329. COCHLEARIA Coronopus. SWINES-CRESS.--This is an excellent diuretic,
+safe and yet very powerful. The juice may be taken; and it is good for
+the jaundice, and against all inward obstructions, and against the
+scurvy: the leaves may also be eaten as sallet, or dried and given in
+decoction.--Hill's Hebal, p. 105.
+
+
+
+330. CONVALLARIA Polygonatum. SOLOMON'S SEAL. The Root.--The root has
+several joints, with some flat circular depressions, supposed to
+resemble the stamp of a seal. It has a sweetish mucilaginous taste. As
+to its virtues, practitioners do not now expect any considerable ones
+from it, and pay very little regard to the vulnerary qualities which it
+was formerly celebrated for. It is used by pugilists to remove the black
+appearance occasioned from extravasated blood, and for curing bruises on
+the face, particularly black-eyes obtained by boxing.
+
+
+
+331. CONVALLARIA majalis. MAY LILY. The Roots and Flowers.--The roots of
+this abound with a soft mucilage, and hence they have been used
+externally in emollient and maturating cataplasms: they were an
+ingredient in the suppurating cataplasm of the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia.
+Those of the wild plant are very bitter: dried, they are said to prove a
+gentle errhine; as also are the flowers.
+
+
+
+332. CONVOLVULUS sepium. BIND-WEED.--The poor people use the root of
+this plant fresh gathered and boiled in ale as a cathartic; and it is
+found generally to answer that purpose. It would, however, nauseate a
+delicate stomach; but for people of strong constitutions there is not a
+better medicine.
+
+
+
+333. CUSCUTA europaea. DODDER. The whole plant gathered green is to be
+boiled in water with a little ginger and allspice, and this decoction
+operates as a cathartic; it also opens obstructions of the liver, and is
+good in the jaundice and many other disorders arising from the like
+cause.--Hill's Herbal.
+
+
+
+334. CYNOGLOSSUM officinale. HOUNDS-TONGUE. The Root.--The virtues of
+this root are very doubtful: it is generally supposed to be narcotic,
+and by some to be virulently so: others declare that it has no virtue of
+this kind, and look upon it as a mere glutinous astringent.
+
+
+
+335. CYPERUS longus. LONG CYPERUS. The Root.--This is long, slender,
+crooked, and full of knots: outwardly of a dark-brown or blackish
+colour, inwardly whitish; of an aromatic smell, and an agreeable warm
+taste: both the taste and smell are improved by moderate exsiccation.
+Cyperus is accounted a good stomachic and carminative, but is at present
+very little regarded.
+
+
+
+336. DICTAMNUS albus. WHITE or BASTARD DITTANY. The Root.--The cortical
+part of the root, dried and rolled up into quills, is sometimes brought
+to us. This is of a white colour, a weak, not very agreeable smell; and
+a durable bitter, lightly pungent taste. It is recommended as an
+alexipharmic.
+
+
+
+337. EQUISETUM palustre. HORSE-TAIL. The Herb.--It is said to be a very
+strong astringent: it has indeed a manifest astringency, but in a very
+low degree.
+
+
+
+338. ERYSIMUM officinale.--It is said to be attenuant, expectorant, and
+diuretic; and has been strongly recommended in chronical coughs and
+hoarseness. Rondeletius informs us that the last-mentioned complaint,
+occasioned by loud speaking, was cured by this plant in three days.
+Other testimonies of its good effects in this disorder are recorded by
+writers on the Materia Medica, of whom we may mention Dr. Cullen; who
+for this purpose recommends the juice of the Erysimum to be mixed with
+an euqal quantity of honey and sugar; in this way also it is said to be
+an useful remedy in ulcerations of the mouth and throat.--Woodville's
+Med. Bot. p. 407.
+
+
+
+339. ERYSIMUM Alliaria. SAUCE ALONE.--The leaves of this plant are very
+acrimonious, and have a strong flavour of onions. It is considered as a
+powerful diaphoretic, diuretic, and antiscorbutic.--Woodville's Med.
+Bot.
+
+
+
+340. EUPATORIUM cannabinum. HEMP AGRIMONY, &c. Leaves.--They are greatly
+recommended for strengthening the tone of the viscera, and as an
+aperient; and said to have excellent effects in the dropsy, jaundice,
+cachexies, and scorbutic disorders. Boerhaave informs us, that this is
+the common medicine of the turf-diggers in Holland, against scurvies,
+foul ulcers, and swellings in the feet, which they are subject to. The
+roof of this plant is said to operate as a strong cathartic.
+
+
+
+341. EUPHORBIA Esula. SPURGE FLAX. Its Berries.--These are useful in
+removing warts and excrescences, if bruised and laid thereon. They are
+so acrid in their nature as to be altogether unfit for internal use.
+
+
+
+342. EUPHRASIA officinalis. EYEBRIGHT. Leaves.--It was formerly
+celebrated as an ophtalmic, both taken internally and applied
+externally. Hildanus says he has known old men of seventy, who had lost
+their sight, recover it again by the use of this herb.
+
+
+
+343. FRAGARIA vesca. THE STRAWBERRY. The Leaves and Fruit.--They are
+somewhat styptic, and bitterish; and hence my be of some service in
+debility and laxity of the viscera, and immoderate secretions, or a
+suppression of the natural evacuations depending thereon: they are
+recommended in haemorrhages and fluxes; and likewise as aperients, in
+suppressions of urine, obstructions of the viscera, in the jaundice, &c.
+The fruit is in general very grateful both to the palate and stomach:
+like other fruits of the dulco-acid kind, they abate heat, quench
+thirst, loosen the belly, and promote urine.
+
+
+
+344. FUMARIA officinalis. FUMITORY. The Leaves.--The medical effects of
+this herb are, to strengthen the tone of the bowels, gently loosen the
+belly, and promote the urinary and other natural secretions. It is
+principally recommended in melancholic, scorbutic, and cutaneous
+disorders; for opening obstructions of the viscera, attenuating and
+promoting the evacuations of viscid juices.
+
+
+
+345. GALEGA officinalis. GOAT'S RUE. The Herb.--This is celebrated as an
+alexipharmic; but its sensible qualities discover no foundation for any
+virtues of this kind: the taste is merely leguminous; and in Italy
+(where it grows wild) it is said to be used as food.
+
+
+
+346. GALIUM Aparine. GOOSEGRASS, OR CLEAVERS. The Leaves.--It is
+recommended as an aperient, and in chronic eruptions; but practice has
+little regard to it.
+
+
+
+347. GALIUM verum. LADIES BEDSTRAW, OR CHEESE-RENNET. The Herb.--This
+herb has a subacid taste, with a very faint, not disagreeable smell: the
+juice changes blue vegetable infusions to a red colour, and coagulates
+milk, thus exhibiting marks of acidity. It stands recommended as a mild
+styptic, and in epilepsy; but has never been much in use.
+
+
+
+348. GERANIUM robertianum. HERB ROBERT. The leaves.--They have an
+austere taste, and have hence been recommended as astringent: but they
+have long been disregarded in practice.
+
+
+
+349. GLECHOMA hederacea. GROUND-IVY. The Leaves.--This herb is an useful
+corroborant, aperient, and detergent; and hence stands recommended
+against laxity, debility, and obstructions of the viscera: some have had
+a great opinion of it for cleansing and healing ulcers of the internal
+parts, even of the lungs; and for purifying the blood. It is customary
+to infuse the dried leaves in malt liquors, to which it readily imparts
+its virtues; a practice not to be commended, unless it is for the
+purpose of medicine.
+
+
+
+350. HEDERA helix. IVY. The Leaves and Berries.--The leaves have very
+rarely been given internally; notwithstanding they are recommended (in
+the Ephem. natur. curios. vol. ii. obs. 120.) against the atrophy of
+children; their taste is nauseous, acrid, and bitter. Externally they
+have sometimes been employed for drying and healing ichorous sores, and
+likewise for keeping issues open. The berries were supposed by the
+ancients to have a purgative and emetic quality; later writers have
+recommended them in small doses, as diaphoretics and alexipharmics; and
+Mr. Boyle tells us, that in the London plague the powder of them was
+given with vinegar, with good success, as a sudorific. It is probable
+the virtue of the composition was rather owing to the vinegar than to
+the powder.
+
+
+
+351. HERNIARIA glabra. RUPTUREWORT. The Leaves.--It is a very mild
+restringent, and may, in some degree, be serviceable in disorders
+proceeding from a weak flaccid state of the viscera: the virtue which it
+has been most celebrated for, it has little title to, that of curing
+hernias.
+
+
+
+352. HYPERICUM perforatum. ST. JOHN'S WORT. The Leaves and Flowers.--Its
+taste is rough and bitterish; the smell disagreeable. Hypericum has long
+been celebrated as a corroborant, diuretic, and vulnerary; but more
+particularly in hysterical and maniacal disorders: it has been reckoned
+of such efficacy in these last, as to have thence received the name of
+fuga daemonum.
+
+
+
+353. JASMINUM officinale. JASMINE. The Flowers.--The flowers have a
+strong smell, which is liked by most people, though to some
+disagreeable: expressed oils extract their fragrance by infusion; and
+water elevates somewhat of it in distillation, but scarcely any
+essential oil can be obtained from them: the distilled water, kept for a
+little time, loses its odour.
+
+
+
+354. IRIS Pseudoacorus. FLOWER-DE-LUCE. The Root.--The roots, when
+recent, have a bitter, acrid, nauseous taste, and taken into the stomach
+prove strongly cathartic; and hence the juice is recommended in
+dropsies, in the dose of three or four scruples. By drying they lose
+this quality, yet still retain a somewhat pungent, bitterish taste:
+their smell in this state is of the aromatic kind.
+
+
+
+355. IRIS florentina. FLORENTINE IRIS, OR ORRIS-ROOT.--The roots grown
+in this country have neither the odour nor the other qualities that
+those possess which are grown in warmer climates: so that, for the
+purposes of medicine, they are usually imported from Leghorn.
+
+The root in its recent state is extremely acrid, and, when chewed,
+excites a pungent heat in the mouth which continues several hours; but
+on being dried, this acrimony is almost wholly dissipated, the taste
+becomes slightly bitter, and the smell approaching to that of violets.
+It is now chiefly used in its dried state, and ranked as a pectoral or
+expectorant. The principal use of the roots is, however, for the
+purposes of perfumery, for which it is in considerable demand.
+
+
+
+356. LACTUCA sativa. GARDEN LETTUCE. The Leaves and Seeds.--It smells
+strongly of opium, and resembles it in its effects; and its narcotic
+power, like that of the poppy heads, resides in its milky juice. An
+extract from the expressed juice is recommended in small doses in
+dropsy. In those diseases of long standing proceeding from visceral
+obstructions, it has been given to the extent of half an ounce a-day. It
+is said to agree with the stomach, to quench thirst, to be greatly
+laxative, powerfully diuretic, and somewhat diaphoretic.
+
+
+
+357. LAMIUM album. WHITE ARCHANGEL, OR DEAD NETTLE. The Flowers.--The
+flowers have been particularly celebrated in female weaknesses, as also
+in disorders of the lungs; but they appear to be of very weak powers.
+
+
+
+358. LAVENDULA Stoechas. ARABIAN STOECHAS, OR FRENCH LAVEN-DER. The
+Flowers.--They have a very fragrant smell, and a warm, aromatic,
+bitterish, subacrid taste: distilled with water, they yield a
+considerable quantity of a fragrant essential oil; to rectified spirit
+it imparts a strong tincture, which inspissated proves an elegant
+aromatic extract, but is seldom used in medicine.
+
+
+
+359. LEONURUS Cardiaca. MOTHERWORT. The Leaves.--These have a bitter
+taste, and a pretty strong smell: they are supposed to be useful in
+hysteric disorders, to strengthen the stomach, to promote urine; and
+indeed it may be judged from their smell and taste, that their medical
+virtues are considerable, though they are now rejected both from the
+London and Edinburgh Pharmacopoeias.
+
+
+
+360. LILIUM candidum. WHITE LILY. The Roots.--These are used in
+poultices. The good housewife doctors cut the roots in slices and steep
+them in brandy; and they are said to be an excellent remedy for all
+bruises and green wounds: for which purposes it is applied by them with
+considerable effect.
+
+
+
+361. LITHOSPERMUM officinale. GROMWELL. The Seeds.--These are roundish,
+hard, and of a whitish colour, like little pearls. Powdered, they have
+been supposed peculiarly serviceable in calculous disorders. Their taste
+is merely farinaceous.
+
+
+
+362. LYSIMACHIA Nummularia. MONEYWORT, OR HERB TWOPENCE. The Leaves.--
+Their taste is subastringent, and very slightly acid: hence they stand
+recommended by Boerhaave in the hot scurvy, and in uterine and other
+haemorrhagies. But their effects are so inconsiderable, that common
+practice takes no notice of them.
+
+
+
+363. MALVA alcea. VERVAIN-MALLOW. The Leaves.--Alcea agrees in quality
+with the Althaea and Malva vulgaris; but appears to be less mucilaginous
+than either.
+
+
+
+364. MATRICARIA Parthenium. COMMON WILD FEVERFEW. The Leaves and
+Flowers.--Simon Pauli relates, that he has experienced most happy
+effects from it in obstructions of the uterine evacuations. I have often
+seen, says he, from the use of a decoction of Matricaria and chamomile
+flowers with a little mugwort, hysteric complaints instantly relieved,
+and the patient from a lethargic state, returned as it were into life
+again. Matricaria is likewise recommended in sundry other disorders, as
+a warm stimulating bitter: all that bitters and carminatives can do,
+says Geoffroy, may be expected from this. It is undoubtedly a medicine
+of some use in these cases, though not perhaps equal to chamomile
+flowers alone, with which the Matricaria agrees in sensible qualities,
+except in being weaker.
+
+
+
+365. NEPETA Calamintha. FIELD CALAMINT. The Leaves.--This is a low
+plant, growing wild about hedges and highways, and in dry sandy soils.
+The leaves have a quick warm taste, and smell strongly of pennyroyal: as
+medicines, they differ little otherwise from spearmint, than in being
+somewhat hotter, and of a less pleasant odour; which last circumstance
+has procured calamint the preference in hysteric cases.
+
+
+
+366. NEPETA cataria. NEP, OR CATMINT. The Leaves.--This is a moderately
+aromatic plant, of a strong smell, not ill resembling a mixture of mint
+and pennyroyal; it is also recommended in hysteric cases.
+
+
+
+367. NIGELLA romana. FENNEL-FLOWER. The Seeds.--They have a strong, not
+unpleasant smell; and a subacrid, somewhat unctuous disagreeable taste.
+They stand recommended as aperient, diuretic, &c. but being suspected to
+have noxious qualities should be used with caution.
+
+
+
+368. NYMPHAEA alba. WHITE WATER-LILY. The Root and Flowers.--These have a
+rough, bitterish, glutinous taste, (the flowers are the least rough,)
+and when fresh a disagreeable smell, which is in great measure lost by
+drying: they are recommended in alvine fluxes, gleets, and the like. The
+roots are supposed by some to be in an eminent degree narcotic.
+
+
+
+369. OCYMUM Basilicum. BASIL. The Leaves.--These have a soft, somewhat
+warm taste; and when rubbed, a strong unpleasant smell, which by
+moderate drying becomes more agreeable. They are said to attenuate
+viscid phlegm, promote expectoration, and the uterine secretions.
+
+
+
+370. OPHIOGLOSSUM vulgatum. ADDERS-TONGUE. The Leaf.--An ointment is
+made of the fresh leaves, and it is a good application to green wounds.
+It is a very antient application, although now discarded from the
+apothecary's shop.
+
+
+
+371. PAEONIA corolloides. MALE PEONY. The Seeds.--These are strong, and
+worn round the neck to assist detention, and are probably as good as
+other celebrated anodyne beads which have been so long recommended for
+the same purpose.
+
+
+
+372. PHELLANDRIUM aquaticum. WATER HEMLOCK.--The seeds of this plant,
+according to Dr. Lange, when taken in large doses, produce a remarkable
+sensation of weight in the head, accompanied with giddiness,
+intoxication, &c. It may probably prove, however, an active medicine,
+especially in wounds and inveterate ulcers of different kinds, and even
+in cancers; also in phthisis pulmonalis, asthma, dyspepsia, intermittent
+fevers, &c. About two scruples of the seed, two or three times a-day,
+was the ordinary dose given. Medicines of this kind should be used with
+great caution.--Woodville's Med. Bot. p. 91, 92.
+
+
+
+373. PIMPINELLA saxifraga. BURNET SAXIFRAGE. The Root, Leaves, and
+Seeds.--This root promises from its sensible qualities, to be a medicine
+of considerable utility, though little regarded in common pratice.
+Stahl, Hoffman, and other German physicians, are extremely fond of it,
+and recommend it as an excellent stomachic, resolvent, detergent,
+diuretic, diaphoretic, and alexipharmic.
+
+
+
+374. PLANTAGO major. COMMON BROAD-LEAVED PLANTAIN.--The leaves are
+slightly astringent, and the seeds said to be so; and hence they stand
+recommended in haemorrhages, and other cases where medicines of this kind
+are proper. The leaves bruised a little, are the usual application of
+the common people to slight flesh wounds. The Edinburgh College used to
+direct an extract to be made from the leaves.
+
+
+
+375. POTENTILLA anserina. SILVERWEED. The Leaves.--The sensible
+qualities of Anserina promise no great virtue of any kind, for to the
+taste it discovers only a slight roughness, from whence it was thought
+to be entitled to a place among the milder corroborants. As the
+astringency of Tormentil is confined chiefly to its root, it might be
+thought that the same circumstance would take place in this plant; but
+the root is found to have no other than a pleasant sweetish taste, like
+that of parsnip, but not so strong.
+
+
+
+376. POTENTILLA reptans. CINQUEFOIL, OR FIVE-LEAVED GRASS. Root.--The
+root is moderately astringent: and as such is sometimes given internally
+against diarrhoeas and other fluxes; and employed in gargarisms for
+strengthening the gums, &c. The cortical part of the root may be taken,
+in substance, to the quantity of a dram: the internal part is
+considerably weaker, and requires to be given in double the dose to
+produce the same effect. It is scarcely otherwise made use of than as an
+ingredient in Venice treacle.--Lewis's Mat. Med.
+
+
+
+377. POPULUS niger. THE BLACK POPLAR. Its Buds.--The young buds or
+rudiments of the leaves, which appear in the beginning of spring, abound
+with a yellow, unctuous odorous juice. They have hitherto been employed
+chiefly in an ointment, which received its name from them; though they
+are certainly capable of being applied to other purposes: a tincture of
+them made in rectified spirit, yields upon being isnpissated, a fragrant
+resin superior to many of those brought from abroad.
+
+
+
+378. PRIMULA officinalis. COWSLIP. The Flowers.--The flowers appear in
+April; they have a pleasant sweet smell, and a subacrid, bitterish,
+subastringent taste. An infusion of them, used as tea, is recommended as
+a mild corroborant in nervous complaints. A strong infusion of them,
+with a proper quantity of sugar, forms an agreeable syrup, which for a
+long time maintained a place in the shops. By boiling, even for a little
+time, their fine flavour is destroyed. A wine is also made of the
+flowers, which is given as an opiate.
+
+
+
+379. PRUNELLA vulgaris. SELFHEAL. The Leaves.--It has an herbaceous
+roughish taste, and hence stands recommended in haemorrhages and alvine
+fluxes. It has been principally celebrated as a vulnerary, whence its
+name; and in gargarisms for aphthae and inflammations of the fauces.
+
+
+
+380. PULMONARIA officinalis. SPOTTED LUNGWORT. The Leaves.--They stand
+recommended against ulcers of the lungs, phthisis, and other like
+disorders.--Lewis's Mat. Med.
+
+
+
+381. RANUNCULUS Ficaria. PILEWORT. The Leaves and Root.--The roots
+consist of slender fibres, with some little tubercles among them. These,
+with the leaves, are considered of considerable eficacy in the cure of
+haemorrhoids; for which purpose, considerable quantities are sold at
+herb-shops in London.
+
+
+
+382. RANUNCULUS Flammula. SMALL SPEARWORT.--It has been lately
+discovered that this plant possesses very active powers as an emetic,
+and it is supposed to be useful in some cases of vegetable poisons.
+
+
+
+383. RHAMNUS Frangula. THE BLACK OR BERRY-BEARING ALDER. Its Bark.--The
+internal bark of the trunk or root of the tree, given to the quantity of
+a dram, purges violently, occasioning gripes, nausea, and vomiting.
+These may be in good measure prevented by the addition of aromatics; but
+we have plenty of safer and less precarious purgatives.
+
+
+
+384. RHUS coriaria. ELM-LEAVED SUMACH.--Both the leaves and berries have
+been employed in medicine; but the former are more astringent and tonic,
+and have been long in common use, though at present discarded from the
+Pharmacopoeias.
+
+
+
+385. RIBES nigrum.--The juice of black currants boiled up with sugar to
+a jelly, is an excellent remedy against sore throats.
+
+
+
+386. RUMEX Hydrolapathum. THE GREAT WATER DOCK.--The leaves of the docks
+gently loosen the belly, and have sometimes been made ingredients in
+decoctions for removing a costive habit. The roots, in conjunction with
+other medicines, are celebrated for the cure of scorbutic and cutaneous
+disorders, for which the following receipt is given by Lewis.
+
+Six ounces of the roots of the water dock, with two of saffron; and of
+mace, cinnamon, gentian root, liquorice root, and black pepper, each
+three ounces, (or, where the pepper is improper, six ounces of
+liquorice,) are to be reduced into coarse powder, and put into a mixture
+of two gallons of wine, with half a gallon of strong vinegar, and the
+yolks of three egs; and the whole digested, with a moderate warmth, for
+three days, in a glazed vessel close stopped: from three to six ounces
+of this liquor are to be taken every morning on an empty stomach, for
+fourteen or twenty days, or longer.
+
+
+
+387. SALVIA Sclarea. GARDEN CLARY. The Leaves and Seeds.--These have a
+warm, bitterish, pungent taste; and a strong, not very agreeable smell:
+the touch discovers in the leaves a large quantity of glutinous or
+resinous matter. They are principally recommended in female weaknesses,
+in hysteric disorders, and in flatulent colics.
+
+
+
+388. SAMBUCUS Ebulus. DWARF ELDER, OR DANEWORT. The Root, Bark, and
+Leaves.--These have a nauseous, sharp, bitter taste, and a kind of acrid
+ungrateful smell: they are all strong cathartics, and as such are
+recommended in dropsies, and other cases where medicines of that kind
+are indicated. The bark of the root is said to be strongest: the leaves
+the weakest. But they are all too churlish medicines for general use:
+they sometimes evacuate violently upwards, almost always nauseate the
+stomach, and occasion great uneasiness of the bowels. By boiling they
+become (like the other drastics) milder, and more safe in operation.
+Fernelius relates, that by long coction they entirely lose their
+purgative virtue. The berries of this plant are likewise purgative, but
+less virulent than the other parts. A rob prepared from them may be
+given to the quantity of an ounce, as a cathartic; and in smaller ones
+as an aperient and deobstruent in chronic disorders: in this last
+intention, it is said by Haller to be frequently used in Switzerland, in
+the dose of a dram.
+
+
+
+389. SANICULA officinalis. SANICLE. The Leaves.--These have an
+herbaceous, roughish taste: they have long been celebrated for sanative
+virtues, both internally and externally; nevertheless their effects, in
+any intention, are not considerable enough to gain them a place in the
+present practice.
+
+
+
+390. SAPONARIA officinalis. SOAPWORT. The Herb and Root.--The roots
+taste sweetish and somewhat pungent; and have a light smell like those
+of liquorice: digested in rectified spirit they yield a strong tincture,
+which loses nothing of its taste or flavour in being inspissated to the
+consistence of an extract. This elegant root has not come much into
+practice among us, though it promises, from its sensible qualities, to
+be a medicine of considerable utility: it is greatly esteemed by the
+German physicians as an aperient, corroborant, and sudorific; and
+preferred by the College of Wirtemberg, by Stahl, Neumann, and others,
+to sarsaparilla.
+
+
+
+391. SAXIFRAGA granulata.--Linnaeus describes the taste of this plant to
+be acrid and pungent, which we have not been able to discover. Neither
+the tubercles of this root, nor the leaves, manifest to the organs of
+taste any quality likely to be of medicinal use; and therefore, though
+this species of Saxifraga has been long employed as a popular remedy in
+nephritic and gravelly disorders, yet we do not find, either from its
+sensible qualities or from any published instances of its efficacy, that
+it deserves a place in the Materia Medica.--Woodville's Med. Bot. p.
+551.
+
+
+
+392. SCABIOSA succisa. DEVIL'S BIT. The Leaves and Roots.--These stand
+recommended as alexipharmics, but they have long given place to
+medicines of greater efficacy.
+
+
+
+393. SCANDIX Cerefolium. Chervil. The Leaves.--Geoffroy assures us, that
+he has found it from experience to be of excellent service in dropsies:
+that in this disorder it promotes the discharge of urine when
+suppressed, renders it clear when feculent and turbid, and when high and
+fiery of a paler colour; that it acts midly without irritation, and
+tends rather to allay than excite inflammation. He goes so far as to
+say, that dropsies which do not yield to this medicine are scarce
+capable of being cured by any other. He directs the juice to be given in
+the dose of three or four ounces every fourth hour, and continued for
+some time, either alone, or in conjunction with nitre and syrup.
+
+
+
+394. SEDUM Telephium. ORPINE. The Leaves.--This is a very thick-leaved
+juicy plant, not unlike the houseleeks. It has a mucilaginous roughish
+taste, and hence is recommended as emollient and astringent, but has
+never been much regarded in practice.
+
+
+
+395. SEMPERVIVUM tectorum. GREATER HOUSE-LEEK. The Leaves.--These are
+principally applied in cases of erysipelatous and other hot eruptions of
+the skin, in which they are of immediate service in allaying the pain
+arising therefrom: great quantities are cultivated in Surrey, and
+brought to the London markets. It is remarkable of this plant, that its
+juice, when purified by filtration, appears of a dilute yellowish colour
+upon the admixture of an equal quantity of rectified spirit of wine; but
+forms a beautiful white, light coagulum, like the finer kinds of
+pomatum: this proves extremely volatile; for when freed from the aqueous
+phlegm, and exposed to the air, it altogether exhales in a very little
+time.
+
+
+
+396. SENECIO Jacobaea. RAGWORT. The Leaves.--Their taste is roughish,
+bitter, pungent, and extremely unpleasant: they stand strongly
+recommended by Simon Pauli against dysenteries; but their forbidding
+taste has prevented its coming into practice.
+
+
+
+397. SOLANUM nigrum. COMMON NIGHTSHADE. The Leaves and Berries.--In the
+year 1757, Mr. Gataker, surgeon to the Westminster Hospital, called the
+attention of the Faculty to this plant, by a publication recommending
+its internal use in old sores, srophulous and cancerous ulcers,
+cutaneous eruptions, and even dropsies; all of which were much relieved
+or completely cured of it.
+
+
+
+398. SPIRAEA Ulmaria. MEADOW-SWEET. The Leaves and Flowers.--The flowers
+have a very pleasant flavour, which water extracts from them by
+infusion, and elevates in distillation.
+
+
+
+399. SPIRAEA Filipendula. DROPWORT. The Root.--The root consists of a
+number of tubercles, fastened together by slender strings; its taste is
+rough and bitterish, with a slight degree of pungency. These qualities
+point out its use in a flaccid state of the vessels, and a sluggishness
+of the juices: the natural evacuations are in some measure restrained or
+promoted by it, where the excess or deficiency proceeds from this cause.
+Hence some have recommended it as an astringent in dysenteries, a
+diuretic, and others as an aperient and deobstruent in scrophulous
+habits.
+
+
+
+400. SYMPHYTUM officinale. COMFREY. The Root.--The roots are very large,
+black on the outside, white within, full of a viscid glutinous juice, of
+no particular taste. They agree in quality with the roots of Althaea;
+with this difference, that the mucilage of it is somewhat
+stronger-bodied. Many ridiculous histories of the consolidating virtues
+of this plant are related by authors.
+
+
+
+401. TAMUS communis. BLACK BRYONY.--The root is one of the best
+diuretics known in medicine. It is an excellent remedy in the gravel and
+all obstructions of urine, and other disorders of the like nature.
+
+
+
+402. TANACETUM vulgare. TANSY. The Leaves.--These have a bitterish warm
+aromatic taste; and a very pleasant smell, approaching to that of mint
+or a mixture of mint and maudlin. Water elevates their flavour in
+distillation; and rectified spirit extracts it by infusion. They have
+been recommended in hysteric cases.
+
+
+
+403. TEUCRIUM Chamaepitys. GROUND PINE. The Leaves.--These are
+recommended as aperient and vulnerary, as also in gouty and rheumatic
+pains.
+
+
+
+404. THYMUS vulgaris. THYME. The Leaves and Flowers.--A tea made of the
+fresh tops of thyme is good in asthmas and diseases of the lungs. It is
+recommended against nervous complaints; but for this purpose the wild
+thyme is preferable. There is an oil made from thyme that cures the
+tooth-ache, a drop or two of it being put upon lint and applied to the
+tooth; this is commonly called oil of origanum.
+
+
+
+405. TRIGONELLA Foenum-graecum. FOENUGREEK. The Seeds.--They are of a
+yellow colour, a rhomboidal figure; have a disagreeable strong smell,
+and a mucilaginous taste. Their principal use is in cataplasms,
+fomentations, and the like, and in emollient glysters.
+
+
+
+406. VERBASCUM Thapsus. MULLEIN. The Leaves and Flowers.--Their taste
+discovers a glutinous quality; and hence they stand recommended as an
+emollient, and is in some places held in great esteem in consumptions.
+The flowers of mullein have an agreeable, honeylike sweetness: an
+extract prepared from them by rectified spirit of wine tastes extremely
+pleasant.
+
+
+
+407. VERBENA officinalis. COMMON WILD VERVAIN. The Leaves and Root.--
+This is one of the medicines which we owe to the superstition of former
+ages; the virtue it has been celebrated for is as an amulet, on which a
+pamphlet was some years ago published. It was recommended to wear the
+root by a ribband tied round the neck for the cure of the scrophula, and
+for which purpose, even now, much of the root is sold in London. As the
+age of superstition is passing by, it will be needless to say more on
+the subject at present.
+
+
+
+408. VERONICA officinalis. MALE SPEEDWELL. The Leaves.--Hoffman and Joh.
+Francus have written express treatises on this plant, recommending
+infusions of it, drunk in the form of tea, as very salubrious in many
+disorders, particularly those of the breast.
+
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+Observations on the Drying and Preserving of Herbs, &c. for Medicinal
+Purposes.
+
+
+
+The student who has paid attention to the subject described in the
+foregoing sections, will be struck with the admirable contrivance of
+Divine Wisdom; that has caused such astringent substances as are
+contained in the oak and Peruvian bark, to be produced from the same
+soil, and in a similar way to those mucilaginous and laxative ones which
+we find in the juice of the marsh-mallow, and the olive oil. It is not
+intended in this small elementary work to enter into any investigation
+of the primitive parts of the vegetable creation, or how such different
+particles are secreted. It may therefore suffice, that, although the
+science of vegetable physiology admits of many very beautiful and
+instructing illustrations, yet they only go so far as to prove to us,
+that the first and grand principle of vegetable life and existence, as
+well as of the formation of all organic substances, consists in a system
+of attraction and combination of the different particles of nature, as
+they exist and are imbibed from the soil and the surrounding atmosphere.
+Thus, during their existence, we observe a continual series of
+aggregation of substance; but no sooner does the principle of life
+become extinct, than the agents of decomposition are at work, dividing
+and selecting each different substance, and carrying it back from whence
+it came:--"From dust thou comest, and to dust thou shalt return." This,
+therefore, seems to be the sum total of existence; the explanation of
+which, with all its interesting ramifications, is more fully explained
+by the learned professors in what is called the science of chemistry.
+
+As plants of all descriptions, and their several parts, form a link of
+that chain by which the welfare of the universe is connected, the
+industry of mankind is excited to preserve them for the different
+purposes to which they are applicable, in the oeconomy of human
+existence, to whose use the greater part of the animal and vegetable
+creation appears to be subservient. As men, then, and rational beings,
+it becomes our duty so to manage those things, when necessary, as to
+counteract as much as possible the decomposition and corruption which
+are natural to all organized bodies when deprived of the living
+principle.
+
+We find that some vegetables are used fresh, but the greater part are
+preserved in a dry state; in which, by proper management, they can be
+kept for a considerable time afterwards, both for our own use as well as
+for that of others who reside at a distance from the place of their
+production.
+
+In the preparation of the parts of plants for medicinal purposes, we
+should always have in view the extreme volatility of many of those
+substances, and how necessary it therefore is, that the mode of
+preparation and drying should be done as quickly as possible, in order
+to counteract the effects of the air and light, which continue to
+dissipate, without intermission, these particles, during the whole time
+that any vegetable, either fresh or dried, is left to its influence.
+
+If we consider the nature of hops, which I shall take as an example, as
+being prepared in this way on the largest scale, we shall find they
+consist of three different principles; namely, an aroma, combined with
+an agreeable bitter taste, and a yellow colour; all of which properties
+are, by the consumers and dealers therein, expected to exist in the
+article after drying.
+
+The art of drying hops, therefore, has been a subject of speculation for
+many years; and although we find the kiln apparatus for preserving them
+differ in many places, from the various opinions of the projectors, yet
+they are all intended for the same mode of action, i. e. the producing
+of a proper degree of heat, which must be regulated according to the
+state of the atmosphere at the gathering season, and the consequent
+quantity of the watery extract that the hops contain at the time: thus
+it is usual to have two kilns of different temperatures at work at the
+same time. It should, however, be observed, that the principal art of
+drying hops is in doing it as quickly as possible, so as not to injure
+them in their colour. As soon as they are dried, it is considered
+necessary to put them up into close and thick bags.
+
+It should be observed, that all vegetables contain at every period of
+their growth two distinct species of moiture: the one called by
+naturalists the common juice, which is the ascending sap, and is replete
+with watery particles: the other is termed the proper juice, which
+having passed up through the leaves, and being there concocted and
+deprived of the watery part, contains the principle on which various
+properties and virtues of the plant depend. We therefore find that the
+operations above described only go to this, that the watery particles in
+the common juice should be evaporated, as being a part necessary to be
+got rid of; and the proper juice being of a volatile nature, the less
+time the plants are exposed for that purpose, the less of this precious
+material will be lost: and as those parts are flying off continually
+from all dried vegetables, there should be one general rule made with
+regard to their peparation; for, if we instance mint, balm, pennyroyal,
+&c., the longer these are kept in the open air, the weaker are they
+found to be in their several parts.
+
+From hence we may naturally infer, that the usual mode in which the
+generality of herbs are dried, is not so good for the purpose, as one
+would be if contrived on similar principles, as, during the length of
+time necessary for the purpose, a great deal of the principal parts of
+the plants must of course be evaporated and lost; for little else is
+regarded than to dry them so as to prevent putrefaction. Although the
+generality of herbs met with are prepared as above described, yet in
+such articles as Digitalis, Hyoscyamus, Conium, Toxicodendron, &c.,
+where the quantity necessary for a dose is so small, and so much depends
+on its action, practitioners are often obliged to prepare it themselves.
+I shall therefore relate the following mode as the best adapted to that
+purpose. The Digitalis is prepared by collecting the leaves in the
+summer, and stripping them off from the foot-stalks; these should be
+then carefully exposed to a slow heat, and the watery extract slowly
+thrown off; in which they should not be exposed to any great degree of
+heat, which by its action will deprive them of their fine green colour.
+When this is effected, the whole may be put in contact with a heat that
+will enable the operator to reduce it to a fine powder. And in order to
+keep it with its virtues perfect, it will be necessary to deprive it as
+much as possible of the influence of air and light. Hence it is
+preserved in close glass bottles which are coated, and also placed in a
+dark part of the elaboratory. Now, it is necessary that all plants
+intended to be used in a dried state, should be prepared and protected
+in a similar manner; and although it may be considered as a superfluous
+trouble, so far as regards the more common kinds, particular attention
+should be paid to these, when a small quantity is a dose, and an
+over-dose a certain poison.
+
+Other kinds of vegetables require a certain degree of fermentation, as
+Tobacco. The prinicpal art of preserving it consists in this operation
+being duly performed; for which purpose, as soon as the leaves of the
+herb are fit, the foot-stalks are broken, and the leaves left on, in
+order for the moisture in part to be evaporated. Afterwards these are
+gathered and tied in handfuls, and hung up in the shade to dry; and when
+sufficiently divested of moisture, the bundles are collected together
+and laid in large boxes or tubs, in which these are fermented, and
+afterwards taken out again and dried; when it is found fit to pack up
+for the market.
+
+The properties of Stramonium, which has been so much recommended for
+curing asthma, consist pricipally in the aroma, which is only to be
+preserved in a similar manner: and I have found from experience, that if
+the leaves are separated from the plant in a manner similar to that of
+tobacco, and the rest of the plant, noth roots, stalks, and
+seed-vessels, be slit and sufficiently dried in the sun or in an oven,
+and the whole fermented together, a very different article is the
+produce than what it is when dried in the usual way, and left entirely
+to the chance influence of the atmosphere.
+
+In the common operation of hay-making it may also be observed, that the
+continued turning it over and admitting its parts to the action of the
+sun and the air, is for the purpose of getting rid of the watery
+particles contained in it; and the quicker this is done, the better it
+is. And although this operation is so essentially necessary, yet care
+should be taken at the same time, that it be not made too dry, so as to
+prevent a due degree of fermentation being allowed to take place in the
+rick. And it may be observed that the best grasses, or other plants used
+for hay, if made too dry, so as to prevent the natural fermentation
+which their proper juices will excite, can never make either palatable
+or nutritive food for cattle. Neither can the same be effected if the
+article is used in too small quantities. It should be observed, that
+herbs of all kinds should be gathered for peserving when in full bloom;
+but when roots or barks are recommended, these should be collected in
+the autumn months. The principles laid down for preserving dried plants
+generally, will apply to these parts also.
+
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SECTION IX.--PLANTS USED FOR CULINARY PURPOSES.
+
+
+
+"Man's first great ruling passion is to eat."
+
+
+
+In the following section I have confined myself principally to such as
+are in cultivation. There are many of our indigenous plants which, in
+times of scarcity, and in other cases of necessity, are used as food by
+the people in the neighbourhood where they grow. But of these I shall
+make a separate list.
+
+
+
+409. ARTICHOKE. Cynara Scolymus.--We have several varieties of this
+plant in cultivation; but the most approved are the large green and the
+globe. They are propagated by taking off the young suckers from the old
+roots in May, and planting them in a piece of rich land. Artichokes have
+been raised from seed, but they are seldom perfected in this country.
+
+
+
+410. ARTICHOKE, JERUSALEM. Helianthus tuberosus.--Is cultivated for the
+sake of its tubers, similar to the potatoe; but they are not generally
+esteemed.
+
+
+
+411. ASPARAGUS. Asparagus officinalis.--A very delicious vegetable in
+the spring, and well known to all amateurs of gardening.
+
+There is a variety called the Gravesend Asparagus, and another called
+the Battersea; but it is the richness of the soil and manure that makes
+the only difference.
+
+
+
+412. BASIL, SWEET. Ocymum Basilicum.--A pot-herb of considerable use for
+culinary purposes. It is an annual; and the seeds should be sown in a
+hot-bed in March, and transplanted into the open ground. It is usually
+dried as other pot-herbs.
+
+
+
+413. BEANS. Vicia Faba.--The varieties of the garden-beans are as
+follow:--
+
+The early Mazagan and Longpod are planted in November. These will
+usually be fit for use in June.
+
+The Windsor.
+The Toker.
+The Sword Longpod.
+The Green Toker.
+The White-blossomed.
+
+These are sown usually in succession from January to March, and afford a
+continuance of crop during the season.
+
+
+
+414. BEANS, FRENCH OR KIDNEY. Phaseolus vulgaris.--The kidney beans are
+of two kinds; such as run up sticks and flower on the tops. Of this
+description we have in cultivation the following:--
+
+The Scarlet Runner. The Dutch Runner.
+
+Both these are much esteemed.
+
+Of dwarf kinds we have many varieties. The pollen of these plants is
+very apt to become mixed; and, consequently, hybrid kinds differing in
+the colour of the seeds are often produced. The season for sowing these
+is from April till June.
+
+The Black, or Negro Beans. The Blue Dwarf. The Early Yellow. The Black
+Speckled. The Red Speckled. The Magpie. The Canterbury.
+
+All these varieties are good and early beans. The white Canterbury is
+the kind most esteemed for pickling; the other sorts being all of them
+more or less discoloured: and this kind is the sort generally sold for
+such purpose in the London markets.
+
+
+
+415. BEET, RED. Beta vulgaris v. rubra.--The roots of this variety are
+used both in soups and for early spring salads: it is cultivated by
+sowing the seeds in March; and the roots are usually kept all winter.
+
+The white beet is only a variety of the other; and it is the tops that
+are usually eaten of this kind as a substitute for spinach. Its culture
+is the same as that of the red kind.
+
+
+
+416. BORECOLE. Brassica Rapa.--Of borecole we have two varieties; the
+purple, and green. The former is in much esteem amongst the Germans, who
+make a number of excellent dishes from it in the winter.
+
+The culture is the same as for winter cabbage of other kinds.
+
+
+
+417. BRUSSELS SPROUTS. Brassica Rapa.--This is also a useful variety of
+the cabbage species, which is very productive, forming a large number of
+beautiful small close-headed cabbages on their high stalks in the winter
+season. The seeds are sown in March.
+
+
+
+418. BURNET. Poterium Sanguisorba.--The young leaves of this plant are
+eaten with other tender herbs in the spring, and are considered a
+wholesome addition to mustard, cress, corn-salad, &c.
+
+
+
+419. CABBAGE. Brassica oleracea.--The varieties of cabbage are numerous.
+The most esteemed are,
+
+The Early York. The Early Sugar-loaf. The Early Battersea. The Early
+Russia.
+
+They are all sown in August, and planted out for an early summer-crop,
+and are usually in season in May and June.
+
+The Large Battersea. The Red Cabbage. The Green Savoy. The White Savoy.
+
+These are usually sown in March, and planted for a winter crop.
+
+The use and qualities of the cabbage are too well known to need any
+further description.
+
+
+
+420. CAULIFLOWER. Brassica oleracea var.--The varieties are,
+
+The Early. The Late.
+
+The early cauliflower is sown in the first week in September, and
+usually sheltered under bell or hand glasses during the winter. By this
+means the crop is fit for table in the months of May and June.
+
+The late sort is usually sown in the month of March, and planted out for
+a succession to the first crop.
+
+
+
+421. CAPERS. Capparis spinosa.--This is the flower-pod before it opens
+of the above shrub, and is only kept as an ornamental plant here. I am
+induced to notice this plant, as I have known some things used in
+mistake for capers that are dangerous. I once saw an instance of this,
+in the seed-vessels of the Euphorbia Lathyris (which is a poisonous
+plant) being pickled by an ignorant person.
+
+
+
+422. CAPSICUM. Capsicum annuum.--Cayenne pepper is made from a small
+variety of this plant.
+
+We have many varieties cultivated here in hot-beds; namely, yellow and
+red, of various shapes, as long, round, and heart-shaped. All these are
+very useful, either pickled by themselves, or mixed with any other
+substances, as love-apple, radish pods, &c. to which they impart a very
+fine warm flavour.
+
+
+
+423. CARROT. Daucus Carota.--
+
+The Orange Carrot.--For winter use.
+
+The Early Horn ditto.--For summer use.--The former is usually sown in
+March; the latter being smaller, and more early, is commonly raised on
+hot-beds. The Early Horn Carrot may likewise be sown in August, and is
+good all winter.
+
+
+
+424. CELERY. Apium graveolens.--Celery is now so generally known as to
+render a description of the plant useless; nor need it be told, that the
+stalks blanched are eaten raw, stewed, &c. It should be used with great
+caution, if grown in wet land, as it has been considered poisonous in
+such cases. The season of sowing celery is in April. We have a variety
+of this, which is red, and much esteemed.
+
+
+
+425. CELERIAC. This is a variety of the Apium graveolens. It is hollow
+in the stem, and the roots are particularly large: although this is much
+used in Germany, it is not so much esteemed by us as the celery.
+
+
+
+426. CHAMPIGNON. Agaricus pratensis.--This plant is equal in flavour to
+the mushroom when boiled or stewed: it is rather dry, and has little or
+no scent whatever.
+
+
+
+427. CHARDOONS. Cynara Cardunculus.--The gardeners blanch the stalks as
+they do celery; and they are eaten raw with oil, pepper, and vinegar;
+or, if fancy directs, they are also either boiled or stewed.
+
+
+
+428. CHERVIL. Scandix Cerefolium.--This plant is so much used by the
+French and Dutch, that there is scarcely a soup or salad but what
+chervil makes part of it: it is grateful to the taste. See article
+oenanthe crocata in the Poisonous Plants.
+
+
+
+429. CIVES. Allium Schoenoprasum.--This is an excellent herb for salads
+in the spring: it is also useful for soups, &c. &c. It is perennial, and
+propagated by its roots, which readily part at any season.
+
+
+
+430. CLARY. Salvia Sclarea.--The seeds are sown in autumn. It is
+biennial. The recent leaves dipped in milk, and then fried in butter,
+were formerly used as a dainty dish; but now it is mostly used as a
+pot-herb, and for making an useful beverage called Clary Wine, viz.--Put
+four pounds of sugar to five gallons of water, and the albumen of three
+eggs well beaten; boil these together for about sixteen minutes, then
+skim the liquor; and when it is cool, add of the leaves and blossoms two
+gallons, and also of yeast half a pint; and when this is completed, put
+it all together into a vessel and stir it two or three times a-day till
+it has done fermenting, and then stop it close for two months:
+afterwards draw it into a clean vessel, adding to it a quart of good
+brandy. In two months it will be fit to bottle.
+
+
+
+431. COLEWORT. Brassica oleracea var.--This is a small variety of the
+common cabbage, which is sown in June, and planted out for autumn and
+winter use. These are often found to stand the severe frosts of our
+winter when the large sort of cabbages are killed; but its principal use
+with gardeners is, to have a crop that will occupy the land after the
+beans and pease are over, and perhaps Colewort is the most advantageous
+for such purposes.
+
+
+
+432. CORN SALAD. Valeriana Locusta.--An annual, growing wild in
+Battersea fields, and many other parts of this kingdom.
+
+It is usually sown in August, and stands the winter perfectly well; it
+is very similar to lettuce, and is a good substitute for it in the
+spring and winter seasons.
+
+
+
+433. COSTMARY Tanacetum Balsamita.--Is used as a herb in salad. This is
+a perennial plant of easy culture.
+
+
+
+434. CRESS. Lepidium sativum.--There are two varieties of cress, the
+curled and common. This is an ingredient with mustard in early salads.
+
+
+
+435. CRESS, AMERICAN. Erysimum Barbarea.--This is cultivated for salads,
+and is much esteemed. It is increased by sowing the seeds in the spring.
+This is only good in the winter and spring seasons.
+
+
+
+436. CUCUMBERS. Cucumis sativus.--Many sorts of cucumbers are cultivated
+by gardeners. The most esteemed are,
+
+The Southgate Cucumber. The Long Prickly. The Long Turkey. The White
+Spined.
+
+The early crop is usually sown in hot-beds in the spring, and is a crop
+on which most gardeners have always prided themselves, each on his best
+mode of management of this crop. They will also grow if sown in April,
+and planted out in the open ground.
+
+The short prickly cucumber is grown for gerkins.
+
+
+
+437. DILL. Anethum graveolens.--This is similar to fennel, and used in
+pickling. It is esteemed useful as a medicinal herb also; which see.
+
+
+
+438. ENDIVE. Cichorium Endivia.--Of this we have three varieties in
+cultivation.
+
+The Green Curled. The White Curled. The Batavian, or Broad-leaved.
+
+These are sown usually in June and July, and planted out for use in the
+autumn and winter. Endive is well known as forming a principal part of
+our winter salads; for which purpose, it is usual with gardeners to
+blanch it, by tying the plants up together, and laying them in dry
+places.
+
+
+
+439. ESCHALOT. Allium ascalonium.--This species of allium is very
+pungent: its scent is not unpleasant, but is very strong, and, in
+general, it is preferred to the onion for making soups and gravies. It
+is propagated by planting the bulbs in September and October: they are
+fit to take up in May and June, when they are dried and kept for use.
+
+
+
+440. FENNEL. Anethum Foeniculum.--The use of this plant is so well knwon
+in the kitchen, as to render an account of it useless. It is propagated
+by sowing seeds in the spring.
+
+
+
+441. GARLICK. Allium sativum.--This is used in the art of cookery in
+various ways, for soups, pickles, &c. It is cultivated by planting the
+small cloves or roots in the month of October. It is fit to pull up in
+spring; and the roots are dried for use.
+
+
+
+442. GOURD. Cucurbita Melopepo.--The inhabitants of North America boil
+the squash or melon gourds when about the size of small oranges, and eat
+them with their meat. The pulp is used with sour apples to make pies. In
+scarcity it is a good substitute for fruit.
+
+
+
+443. KOHLRABBI, or TURNEP-ROOTED CABBAGE. Brassica Rapa var.--We have
+two kinds of this in cultivation; but although these are both much eaten
+in Germany, they are not esteemed with us: in fact, we have so many
+varieties of the cabbage kind all the year round for culinary purposes,
+that nothing could much improve them. In countries further north than we
+are, this is probably an acquisition, as, from its hardiness, it is
+likely to stand the frost better than some of the more delicate
+varieties.
+
+
+
+444. LEEKS. Allium Porrum.--There are two kinds of leeks: the Welsh and
+London.
+
+Leeks are used principally in soups; they partake much of the nature of
+onions, but for this purpose are in general more esteemed. This plant
+has been so long cultivated in this country, that its native place is
+not known.
+
+The seeds are sown in the spring, and it is in use all the winter.
+
+
+
+445. LETTUCE. Lactuca sativa.--The varieties of lettuce are many. They
+are,
+
+Green Coss. White do. Silesia do. Brown do. Egyptian do. Brown Dutch.
+White Cabbage. Imperial. Hammersmith Hardy. Tennis-ball.
+
+These are sown every summer month. The brown and Egyptian coss are sown
+in August, and commonly stand the winter; and in the spring are fit for
+use.
+
+
+
+446. LOVE-APPLE. Solanum Lycopersicum.--The Portuguese and Spaniards are
+so very fond of this fruit, that there is not a soup or gravy but what
+this makes an ingredient in; and it is deemed cooling and nutritive. It
+is also called Tomatas, or Tomatoes.
+
+The green fruit makes a most excellent pickle with capsicums and other
+berries. It is annual, and raised in hot-bed, and planted out.
+
+
+
+447. MARJORAM, WINTER. Origanum vulgare.--This is used as a sweet herb,
+and is a good appendage to the usual ingredients in stuffing, &c. It is
+a perennial plant, and propagated by planting out its roots in the
+spring of the year.
+
+
+
+448. MARJORAM, SWEET. Origanum Marjorana.--This is also used for the
+same purpose as the last mentioned. It is an annual, and not of such
+easy culture as the last, requiring to be raised from seeds in an
+artificial heat. It is usually dried and kept for use.
+
+
+
+449. MARYGOLD. Calendula officinalis.--An annual plant usually sown in
+the spring. The petals of the flowers are eaten in broths and soups, to
+which they impart a very pleasant flavour.
+
+
+
+450. MUSHROOM. Agaricus campestris.--Is cultivated and well known at our
+tables for its fine taste and utility in sauces. These plants do not
+produce seeds that can be saved; they are therefore cultivated by
+collecting the spawn, which is found in old hot-beds and in meadow
+lands.
+
+Various methods have been lately devised for raising mushrooms
+artificially: but none seem to be equal to those raised in beds, as is
+described in all our books of gardening. Raising this vegetable in close
+rooms by fire heat has been found to produce them with a bad flavour;
+and they are not considered so wholesome as those grown in the open air,
+or when that element is admitted at times freely to the beds.
+
+
+
+451. MUSTARD, WHITE. Sinapis alba.--This is sown early in the spring; to
+be eaten as salad with cress and other things of the like nature; it is
+of easy culture. A salad of this kind may be readily raised on a piece
+of thick woollen-cloth, if the seeds are strewed thereon and kept damp;
+a convenient mode practised at sea on long voyages. Cress and rap may be
+raised in the same manner.
+
+
+
+452. ONION. Allium oleraceum.--The kinds of onions in cultivation are,
+
+The Deptford. The Reading. The White Spanish. The Portugal. The Globe,
+and The Silver skinned.
+
+All these varieties are usually sown in the spring of the year, and are
+good either eaten in their young state, or after they are dried in the
+winter. The silver skinned kind is mostly in use for pickling. The globe
+and Deptford kinds are remarkable for keeping late in the spring. A
+portion of all the other sorts should be sown, as they are all very
+good, and some kinds will keep, when others will not.
+
+
+
+453. ONION, WELSH. Allium fistulosum.--This is sown in August for the
+sake of the young plants, which are useful in winter salads, and are
+more hardy than the other cultivated sorts.
+
+
+
+454. PARSLEY. Petroselium vulgare.--A well known potherb sown in the
+spring; and the plants, if not suffered to go to seed, will last two
+years. See aethusa Cynapium, in Poisonous Plants.
+
+
+
+455. PARSNEP. Pastinaca sativa.--This is a well known esculent root, and
+is raised by sowing the seeds in the spring.
+
+
+
+456. PEA. Pisum sativum.--This is a well known dainty at our tables
+during spring and summer. The varieties in cultivation are,
+
+Turner's Early Frame. Early Charlton. Golden Hotspur. Double Dwarf.
+
+These are usually sown in November and December, and will succeed each
+other in ripening in June, if the season is fine, and afford a crop all
+that month.
+
+The Dwarf Marrow-fat. The Royal Dwarf. The Prussia Blue. The Spanish
+Dwarf.
+
+These varieties are usually sown in gardens when it is not convenient to
+have them grow up sticks, being all of a dwarf kind.
+
+The Tall Marrow-fat. The Green Marrow-fat. The Imperial Egg Pea. The
+Rose, or Crown Pea. The Spanish Morotto. Knight's Marrow Pea. The Grey
+Rouncival. The Sickle Pea.
+
+This last variety has no skin in the pods. These are used as kidney
+beans, as also in the usual way. These varieties are of very large
+growth, and are only to be cultivated when there is considerable room,
+and must be supported on sticks placed in the ground for that purpose.
+The grey pea is usually eaten when in a dry state boiled. Hot grey peas
+used to be an article of common sale among our itinerant traders in
+London streets, but it has been dropped for some years. One or other of
+the different kinds of the larger varieties should be put into the
+ground every three weeks from March to the 1st week in June, and a crop
+is thereby insured constantly till the beginning of October.
+
+It should be remarked, that peas, as well as all vegetable seeds, are
+liable to sport and become hybrid sorts; some of which are at times
+saved for separate culture, and are called, when found good, by
+particular names; so that every twenty or thirty years many of the kinds
+are changed. Thus Briant, in his Flora Diaetetica, enumerates fourteen
+varieties, a few only of which bear the same name as those now in the
+list of the London seedsmen.
+
+
+
+457. POMPION. Cucurbita Pepo.--This is of the gourd species, and grows
+to a large size. It is not much in use with us: but in the south of
+Europe the inhabitants use the pulp with some acid fruits for pastry,
+and it is there very useful. It is also sometimes used in a similar
+manner here with apples. Almost all the gourd species are similar in
+taste and nutriments when used this way.
+
+
+
+458. PURSLANE. Portulaca oleracea.--Two kinds of Purslane, the green and
+the golden, are cultivated. These are eaten with vinegar, &c. the same
+as other salad oils, and are a fine vegetable in warm weather. The seeds
+are usually sown in the spring.
+
+
+
+459. RADISH. Raphanus sativus.--The varieties in cultivation are,
+
+The Early Scarlet. The Early Purple Short-top. The Salmon Radish. The
+White Turnip Radish. The Red Turnip Radish. The Black Spanish.
+
+The above are sown almost every month in the year, and when the weather
+is fine, every good garden may have a supply all the year of those
+useful and wholesome vegetables.
+
+The black Spanish radish is a large rooted variety usually sown in
+August, and is eaten in the winter season.
+
+The poor labouring man's fare, which is usually eaten under the hedge of
+the field of his employment, is often accompanied with a dried onion;
+and was this root more known than it generally is, it would yield him,
+at the expense of two-pence, with a little labour in his cottage garden,
+an equally pleasant and more useful sauce to his coarse but happy meals.
+I have observed many instances of this oeconomy amongst the labouring
+classes in my youth, but fear it is not quite so commonly made use of in
+the present day.
+
+
+
+460. RADISH, HORSE. Cochlearia Armoracea.--The root of this vegetable is
+a usual accompaniment to the loyal and standard English dishes, the
+smoking baron and the roast surloin; with which it is most generally
+esteemed.
+
+It should not be passed unnoticed here, that this very grateful and
+wholesome root is not at all times to be eaten with impunity. One or two
+instances of its deleterious effects have been witnessed by my much
+esteemed friend Dr. Taylor, the worthy Secretary at the Society of Arts,
+and which he has communicated to me. I shall insert his own words,
+particularly as it may be the means of preventing the botanical student
+from falling into the same error, after arriving with the usual good
+appetite, from his recreative task of herborizing excursions. "Some
+gentlemen having ordered a dinner at a tavern, of which scraped
+horse-radish was one; some persons in company took a small quantity, and,
+dipping it in salt, ate of it: these were soon seized with a suppression
+of urine, accompanied with inflammation of the kidneys, which shortly
+after proved fatal to one of the company. The Doctor was consulted; but
+not knowing exactly the cause of the complaint, of course was at a loss
+to apply a remedy in time. But another circumstance of the like nature
+having come under his notice, and being apprized of it, by a well
+applied corrective medicine he recovered the patient. It should,
+therefore, be made a general observation, under such circumstances, and
+those are not the most unpleasant we meet with in our researches, 'never
+to eat horse-radish on an empty stomach.'"
+
+
+
+461. RAMPION. Campanula Rapunculus.--This plant is remarkable for its
+milky juice. In France, it is cultivated for its roots, which are boiled
+and eaten with salads; but in England it is little noticed, except by
+the French cooks, who use it as an ingredient in their soups and
+gravies. It is propagated by planting its roots in the spring.
+
+
+
+462. RHAPONTIC RHUBARB. Rheum Rhaponticum.--The radical leaf-stalks of
+this plant being thick and juicy, and having an acid taste, are
+frequently used in the spring as a substitute for gooseberries before
+they are ripe, in making puddings, pies, tarts, &c. If they are peeled
+with care, they will bake and boil very well, and eat agreeably.
+
+
+
+463. ROCAMBOLE. Allium sativum.--The rocambole is merely the bulbs on
+the top of the flower-stalk of the garlic, it being a viviparous plant.
+The flavour of this being somewhat different, is used in the kitchen
+under the above name.
+
+
+
+464. SAGE. Salvia officinalis.--Of this we have two varieties, green and
+red. The latter is considered the best for culinary purposes: it is the
+well-known sauce for geese and other water-fowl. It is propagated by
+cuttings in the spring.
+
+
+
+465. SALSAFY. Tragopogon porrifolium.--A biennial, sown in March, and is
+usually in season during winter. The roots are the parts used, which are
+very sweet, and contain a large quantity of milky juice: it is a good
+vegetable plain boiled, and the professors of cookery make many fine
+dishes of it.
+
+
+
+466. SAVORY, SUMMER. Satureja hortensis.
+
+467. SAVORY, WINTER. Satureja montana.
+
+Both sorts are used for the same purposes, as condiments among other
+herbs for stuffing, and are well known to cooks. The former is an
+annual, and raised by sowing the seeds in March and April. The other,
+being perennial, is propagated either by the same means or by cuttings
+in the spring of the year. It is also dried for winter use.
+
+
+
+468. SAVOY CABBAGE. Brassica oleracea, (var.)
+
+The Green Savoy. The White or Yellow Savoy.
+
+A well-known species of cabbage grown for winter use, and is one of our
+best vegetables of that season. It is raised by sowing the seeds in May,
+and planting the plants in any spot of ground in July after a crop of
+peas or beans. Savoys stand the frost better than most other kinds of
+cabbages with close heads.
+
+
+
+469. SCORZONERA. Scorzonera tingitana.--The roots of this are very
+similar to salsafy, and its culture and use nearly the same.
+
+
+
+470. SEA KALE. Crambe maritima.--This grows wild on our sea-coasts,
+particularly in Devonshire, where it has long been gathered and eaten by
+the inhabitants thereabouts. It was used also to be cultivated; but was
+in general lost to our gardens, till my late partner, Mr. Curtis, having
+paid a visit to his friend Dr. Wavell at Barnstaple, found it at that
+gentleman's table; and on his return he collected some seeds, and
+planted a considerable spot of ground with it at Brompton in 1792; at
+which time it was again introduced to Covent-Garden, but with so little
+successs, that no person was found to purchase it, and consequently the
+crop was useless.
+
+This celebrated botanist, however, published a small tract on its uses
+and culture, which met with a considerable sale, and introduced it again
+to general cultivation.
+
+The seeds should be sown in March, and the following year the plants are
+fit for forming plantations, when they should be put out in rows about
+three feet apart, and one foot in the row. The vegetable is blanched
+either by placing over the crowns of the root an empty garden-pot, or by
+earthing it up as is usually done with celery. It is easily forced, by
+placing hot dung on the pots; and is brought forward in January, and
+from thence till May.
+
+It has been noticed of sea-kale, that, on eating it, it does not impart
+to the urine that strong and unpleasant scent which asparagus and other
+vegetables do.
+
+
+
+471. SKIRRETS. Sium Sisarum.--The roots of this plant are very similar
+to parsneps, both in flavour and quality; they are rather sweeter, and
+not quite so agreeable to some palates. It is a biennial sown in March,
+and used all the winter.
+
+
+
+472. SORREL, COMMON. Rumex Acetosa.--Bryant says the Irish, who are
+particularly fond of acids, eat the leaves with their milk and fish; and
+the Laplanders use the juice of them as rennet to their milk. The
+Greenlanders cure themselves of the scurvy, with the juice mixed with
+that of the scurvy-grass. The seeds may be sown, or the roots planted,
+in spring or autumn; it is not in general cultivation, but is to be
+found abundantly wild in meadows, &c.
+
+
+
+473. SORREL, ROUND-LEAVED, or FRENCH. Rumex scutatus.--The leaves of the
+plant have more acidity in them than the common; and although not in
+general use, it is one of the best salad-herbs in the early part of the
+year: it is propagated in the same mode as the common sort.
+
+
+
+474. SPINACH, Spinacia oleracea.---Two sorts of this vegetable are
+cultivated. The Round-leaved, which is very quick in its growth, is sown
+for summer use; and if the seeds are put into the ground every three
+weeks, a constant succession is obtained while the weather is warm; but
+frost will soon destroy it.
+
+The Prickly Spinach is not so quick in growth, and is hardy enough to
+stand our winters: it is therefore sown in August, and succeeds the
+round-leaved sort; and is a good vegetable all our winter months.
+
+
+
+475. TARRAGON. Artemisia Dracunculus.--The leaves of this make a good
+ingredient with salad in the spring; and it also makes an excellent
+pickle. It is propagated by planting the small roots in spring or
+autumn, being a perennial.
+
+
+
+476. THYME. Thymus vulgaris.--This is a well-known potherb used in
+broths and various modes of cookery: it is propagated by seeds and
+cuttings early in the spring.
+
+
+
+477. TRUFFLES. Lycoperdon Tuber.--Not in cultivation. The poor people in
+this country find it worth their while to train up dogs for the purpose
+of finding them, which, by having some frequently laid in their way,
+become so used to it, that they will scrape them up in the woods; hence
+they are called Truffle-dogs. The French cooks use them in soups, &c. in
+the same manner as mushrooms. The truffle is mostly found in beech
+woods: I have mentioned this, because it is very generally met with at
+table, although it is not in cultivation.
+
+
+
+478. TURNEPS. Brassica Rapa.--The varieties in use for garden culture
+are, the Early Dutch, the Early Stone, and the Mouse-tail Turnep. The
+culture and uses of the turnep are too well known to require any
+description.
+
+The country people cut a raw turnep in thin slices, and a lemon in the
+same manner: and by placing the slices alternately with sugar-candy
+between each, the juice of the turnep is extracted, and is used as a
+pleasant and good remedy in obstinate coughs, and will be found to
+relieve persons thus afflicted, if taken immediately after each fit.
+Although this is one of the remedies my young medical friends may be led
+to despise, yet I would, nevertheless, advise them to make use of it
+when need occasions.
+
+The yellow turnep is also much esteemed as a vegetable; but is dry, and
+very different in taste from any of the common kinds.
+
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SECTION X.--CULINARY PLANTS NOT IN CULTIVATION.
+
+
+
+The following section cannot be too closely studied by people in all
+ranks of life. Many of our most delicate vegetables are found growing
+wild; and in times of scarcity, and after hard winters, many articles of
+this department will be found highly acceptable to all, and the
+condition of the poorer classes would be bettered by a more intimate
+knowledge of those plants. In fact, these and the medicinal plants ought
+to be known to every one: and in order to facilitate the study of them,
+I have been thus particular in my description of the different kinds.
+
+
+
+479. AGARIC, ORANGE. Agaricus deliciosus.--This agaric well boiled and
+seasoned with pepper and salt, has a flavour similar to that of a
+roasted muscle. In this way the French, in general, make use of it. It
+is in high perfection about September, and is chiefly to be found in dry
+woods.
+
+
+
+480. ALEXANDERS. Smyrnium Olustratum.--If the poorer people were aware
+of the value of this plant, which is now quite neglected, it might be
+turned to good account as an article of food, and that, in all
+likelihood, of the most wholesome kind.
+
+Bryant thinks it was much esteemed by the monks, and states that it has,
+ever since the destruction of the abbeys in this country, remained in
+many places growing among the rubbish; hence the reason of its being
+found wild in such places.
+
+
+
+481. ALEXANDERS, ROUND-LEAVED. Smyrnium perfoliatum.---It is said that
+the leaves and stalks boiled are more pleasant to the taste than the
+other kind of Alexanders.
+
+
+
+482. ARROWHEAD. Sagittaria sagittifolia.--The roots of this plant are
+said to be very similar to the West-India arrow-root. They are sometimes
+dried and pounded, but are reported to have an acrid unpleasant taste;
+but this might perhaps be got rid of by washing the powder in water.
+
+
+
+483. BLACKBERRY. Rubus fruticosus.--The berries of this plant are well
+known in the country; but if too many be eaten, they are apt to cause
+swelling in the stomach, sickness, &c.
+
+
+
+484. BRIONY, BLACK. Tamus communis.--Although this is considered a
+poisonous plant, the young leaves and shoots are eaten boiled by the
+common people in the spring.
+
+
+
+485. BURDOCK. Arctium Lappa.--Mr. Bryant in his Flora Diaetetica says
+that many people eat the tenders talks of this plant boiled as
+asparagus.
+
+
+
+486. BURNET. Sanguisorba officinalis.--The young leaves form a good
+ingredient in salads. They have somewhat the flavour of cucumbers.
+
+
+
+487. BUTTERWORT. Pinguicula vulgaris.--The inhabitants of Lapland and
+the north of Sweden give to milk the consistence of cream by pouring it
+warm from the cow upon the leaves of this plant, and then instantly
+straining it and laying it aside for two or three days till it acquires
+a degree of acidity.
+
+This milk they are extremely fond of; and once made, they need not
+repeat the use of the leaves as above, for a spoonful or less of it will
+turn another quantity of warm milk, and make it like the first, and so
+on, as often as they please to renew their food.--Lightfoot's Flor.
+Scot. p. 77.
+
+
+
+488. CHAMPIGNON. Agaricus pratensis.--There is little or no smell to be
+perceived in this plant, and it is rather dry; yet when boiled or stewed
+it communicates a good flavour, and is equal to the common mushroom.
+
+
+
+489. CHANTARELLE. Agaricus Chantarellus.--This agaric, when broiled with
+pepper and salt, has a taste very similar to that of a roasted cockle,
+and is considered by the French a great delicacy. It is found
+principally in woods and old pastures, and is in good perfection about
+the middle of September.
+
+
+
+490. CHARLOCK. Sinapis arvensis.--The young plant is eaten in the spring
+as turnep-tops, and is considered not inferior to that vegetable. The
+seeds of this have sometimes been saved and sold for feeding birds
+instead of rape; but being hot in its nature, it has been known to cause
+them to be diseased.
+
+
+
+491. CHICKWEED. Alsine media.--This is a remarkably good herb boiled in
+the spring; a circumstance not sufficiently attended to.
+
+
+
+492. CLOUD-BERRY. Rubus Chamaemorus.--This plant grows wild in some parts
+of the north of England: the fruit has nearly the shape of the currant,
+and is reckoned in Norway, where it grows abundantly, a favourite dish.
+
+
+
+493. COTTON-THISTLE. Onopordon Acanthium.--The tender stalks of this
+plant, peeled and boiled, are by some considered good; but it has a
+peculiar taste which is not agreeable to all.
+
+Bryant in his Flora Diaetetica says that the bottoms of the flowers are
+eaten as artichokes.
+
+
+
+494. COW-PARSNEP. Heracleum Sphondylium.--The inhabitants of Kamschatka
+about the beginning of July collect the foot-stalks of the radical
+leaves of this plant, and, after peeling off the rind, dry them
+separately in the sun; and then tying them in bundles, they lay them up
+carefully in the shade. In a short time afterwards, these dried stalks
+are covered over with a yellow saccharine efflorescence tasting like
+liquorice, and in this state they are eaten as a delicacy.
+
+The Russians, not content with eating the stalks thus prepared, contrive
+to get a very intoxicating spirit from them, by first fermenting them in
+water with the greater bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum), and then
+distilling the liquor to what degree of strength they please; which
+Gmelin says is more agreeable to the taste than spirits made from corn.
+This may, therefore, prove a good succedaneum for whisky, and prevent
+the consumption of much barley, which ought to be applied to better
+purposes. Swine and rabbits are very fond of this plant.---Lightfoot's
+Fl. Scot.
+
+
+
+495. DANDELION. Leontodum Taraxacum.--This is a good salad when blanched
+in the spring. The French, who eat more vegetables than our country
+people do, use this in the spring as a common dish: it is similar to
+endive in taste.
+
+
+
+496. DEWBERRY. Rubus caesius.--The dewberry is very apt to be mistaken
+for the blackberry; but it may be easily distinguished by its fruit
+being not so large, and being covered with blue bloom similar to that
+seen on plums: it has a very pleasant taste, and is said to communicate
+a grateful flavour to red wine when steeped in it.
+
+
+
+497. EARTH-NUT. Bunium Bulbocastanum.--The roots are eaten raw, and
+considered a delicacy here, but thought much more of in Sweden, where
+they are an article of trade: they are eaten also stewed as chesnuts.
+
+
+
+498. ELDER. Sambucus nigra.--The young shoots of elder are boiled with
+other herbs in the spring and eaten; they are also very good pickled in
+vinegar. Lightfoot says, in some countries they dye cloth of a brown
+colour with them.
+
+
+
+499. FAT-HEN. Chenopodium viride et album.--These are boiled and eaten
+as spinach, and are by no means inferior to that vegetable.
+
+
+
+500. FUCUS, SWEET. Fucus saccharatus.--This grows upon rocks and stones
+by the sea-shore. It consists of a long single leaf, having a short
+roundish foot-stalk, the leaf representing a belt or girdle. This is
+collected and eaten the same as laver, as are also the two following
+kinds.
+
+
+
+501. FUCUS, PALMATED. Fucus palmatus.--This plant also grows by the
+sea-side, and has a lobed leaf.
+
+
+
+502. FUCUS, FINGERED. Fucus digitatus.--This is also to be found by the
+sea-side, growing upon rocks and stones; it has long leaves springing in
+form of fingers when spread.
+
+
+
+503. GOOD KING HENRY. Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus.--The leaves and stalk
+of this plant are much esteemed. The plant was used to be cultivated,
+but of late years it has been superseded by the great number of other
+esculent vegetables more productive than this. The young shoots blanched
+were accounted equal to asparagus, and were made use of in a similar
+manner.
+
+
+
+504. HEATH. Erica vulgaris.--Formerly the young tops are said to have
+been used alone to brew a kind of ale; and even now, I am informed, the
+inhabitants of Isla and Jura (two islands on the coast of Scotland)
+continue to brew a very potable liquor, by mixing two-thirds of the tops
+of heath with one of malt.--Lightfoot's Fl. Scot.
+
+
+
+505. HOPS. Humulus Lupulus.--Independently of the great use of hops in
+making beer, and for medicinal uses, where the plant grows wild, it
+affords the neighbours a dainty in the spring months. The young shoots,
+called hop-tops, when boiled, are equal in flavour to asparagus, and are
+eagerly sought after for that purpose.
+
+
+
+506. LADIES-SMOCK. Cardamine pratensis.--This is good as a salad herb.
+
+
+
+507. LAVER. Fucus esculentus.--This is collected by sailors and people
+along the sea-coasts; is eaten both raw and boiled, and esteemed and
+excellent antiscorbutic. The leaves of this Fucus are very sweet, and,
+when washed and hanged up to dry, will exude a substance like that of
+sugar.
+
+
+
+508. MAPLE. Acer Pseudo-platanus.--By tapping this tree it yields a
+liquor not unlike that of the birch-tree, from which the Americans make
+a sugar, and the Highlanders sometimes an agreeable and wholesome wine.
+--Lightfoot's Fl. Scot.
+
+
+
+509. MARSH MARIGOLD. Caltha palustris.--The flower-buds, before opening,
+are picked, and are considered a good substitute for capers.
+
+
+
+510. MEADOW-SWEET. Spiraea Filipendula.--The roots of this, in Sweden,
+are ground and made into bread.
+
+
+
+511. MILK-THISTLE. Carduus marianus.--The young leaves in the spring,
+cut close to the root with part of the stalks on, are said to be good
+boiled.
+
+
+
+512. MOREL. Phallus esculentus.--The morel grows in wet banks and moist
+pastures. It is used by the French cooks, the same as the truffle, for
+gravies, but has not so good a flavour: it is in perfection in May and
+June.
+
+
+
+513. MUSHROOM, VIOLET. Agaricus violaceus.--This mushroom requires more
+broiling than all the rest; but when well done and seasoned, it is very
+good. It is found in dry woods, old pastures, &c. where it grows to a
+large size.
+
+
+
+514. MUSHROOM, BROWN. Agaricus cinnamomeus.--The whole of this plant has
+a nice smell, and when stewed or broiled has a pleasant flavour. It is
+to be found as the one above, and is fit for use in October.
+
+
+
+515. ORPINE. Sedum telephium.--The leaves are eaten in salads, and are
+considered equal to purslane.
+
+
+
+516. OX-TONGUE, COMMON. Picris Echioides.--The leaves are said to be
+good boiled.
+
+
+
+517. PEAS, EARTH-NUT. Orobus tuberosus.--The roots of this, when boiled,
+are said to be nutritious. The Scotch Highlander chews the root as a
+substitute for tobacco.
+
+
+
+518. PILEWORT. Ranunculus Ficaria.--The young leaves in spring are
+boiled by the common people in Sweden, and eaten as greens. The roots
+are sometimes washed bare by the rains, so that the tubercles appear
+above ground; and in this state have induced the ignorant in
+superstitious times to fancy that it has rained wheat, which these
+tubercles sometimes resemble.
+
+
+
+519. SALEP. Orchis Morio.--The powder of these roots is used for a
+beverage of that name. This is imported chiefly from Turkey. It grows in
+this country, although it is never noticed: the roots are smaller than
+those imported, but will answer the purpose equally well.
+
+
+
+520. SALTWORT. Salicornia europaea.--This is gathered on the banks of the
+Thames and Medway, and brought to London, where it is sold as samphire.
+It makes a very good pickle, but by no means equal to the true kind.
+
+
+
+521. SAMPHIRE. Crithmum maritimum.--This has long been in much esteem as
+a pickle: it grows on the high cliffs on the Kentish coast, where people
+make a trade of collecting it by being let down from the upper part in
+baskets. A profession of great danger.
+
+
+
+522. SCURVY-GRASS. Cochlearia officinalis.--The leaves are hot and
+pungent, but are considered very good, and frequently eaten between
+bread and butter.
+
+
+
+523. SAUCE ALONE. Erysimum Alliaria.--This is very good boiled with
+salt-meat in the spring, when other vegetables are scarce. It is
+valuable to the poor people; and is, in general, a common plant under
+hedges.
+
+
+
+524. SEA BINDWEED. Convolvulus Soldanella.--This plant is to be found
+plentifully on our maritime coasts, where the inhabitants plucks the
+tender stalks, and pickle them. It is considered to have a cathartic
+quality.
+
+
+
+525. SEA-PEAS. Pisum maritimum.--These peas have a bitterish
+disagreeable taste, and are therefore rejected when more pleasant food
+is to be got. In the year 1555 there was a great famine in England, when
+the seeds of this plant were used as food, and by which thousands of
+families were preserved.
+
+
+
+526. SEA-WORMWOOD. Artemisia maritima.--Those who travel the country in
+searching after and gathering plants, if they chance to meet with sour
+or ill-tasted ale, may amend it by putting an infusion of sea-wormwood
+into it, whereby it will be more agreeable to the palate, and less
+hurtful to the stomach.--Threlkeld. Syn. Pl. Hibern.
+
+This is an ingredient in the common purl, the usual morning beverage of
+our hardy labouring men in London.
+
+
+
+527. SEA-ORACH, GRASS-LEAVED. Atriplex littoralis.--This plant is eaten
+in the same manner as the Chenopodium.
+
+
+
+528. SEA-BEET. Beta maritima.--This is a common plant on some of our
+sea-coasts. The leaves are very good boiled, as are also the roots.
+
+
+
+529. SILVER-WEED. Potentilla anserina.--The roots of this plant taste
+like parsneps, and are frequently eaten in Scotland either roasted or
+boiled.
+
+In the islands of Tiras and Col they are much esteemed, as answering in
+some measure the purposes of bread, they having been known to support
+the inhabitants for months together during a scarcity of other
+provisions. They put a yoke on their ploughs, and often tear up their
+pasture-grounds with a view to get the roots for their use; and as they
+abound most in barren and impoverished soils, and in seasons when other
+crops fail, they afford a most seasonable relief to the inhabitants in
+times of the greatest scarcity. A singular instance this of the bounty
+of Providence to these islands.--Lightfoot's Fl. Scot.
+
+
+
+530. SOLOMON'S-SEAL. Convallaria Polygonatum.--The roots are made into
+bread, and the young shoots are eaten boiled.
+
+
+
+531. SPATLING-POPPY. Cucubalus Behen.--Our kitchen-gardens scarcely
+afford a better-flavoured vegetable than the young tender shoots of this
+when boiled. They ought to be gathered when they are not above two
+inches long. If the plant was in cultivation, no doubt but what it would
+be improved, and would well reward the gardener's trouble: it sends
+forth a vast quantity of sprouts, which might be nipped off when of a
+proper size; and there would be a succession of fresh ones for at least
+two months.
+
+It being a perennial too, the roots might be transplanted into beds like
+those of asparagus.--Bryant's Fl. Diaetetica, p. 64.
+
+
+
+532. SPEEDWELL. Veronica spicata.--This is used by our common people as
+a substitute for tea, and is said to possess a somewhat astringent
+taste, like green tea.
+
+
+
+533. SPOTTED HAWKWEED. Hypochaeris maculata.--The leaves are eaten as
+salad, and are also boiled.
+
+
+
+534. STINGING-NETTLE. Urtica dioica.--The young shoots in the spring are
+eaten boiled with fat meat, and are esteemed both wholesome and
+nutritive.
+
+
+
+535. SHRUBBY STRAWBERRY. Rubus arcticus.--The fruit of this plant is
+very similar in appearance to a strawberry: its odour is of the most
+grateful kind; and its flavour has that delicate mixture of acid and
+sweet, which is not to be equalled by our best varieties of that fruit.
+
+
+
+536. SWEET CICELY. Scandix odorata.--The leaves used to be employed in
+the kitchen as those of cervil. The green seeds ground small, and used
+with lettuce or other cold salads, give them an agreeable taste. It also
+grows in abundance in some parts of Italy, where it is considered as a
+very useful vegetable.
+
+
+
+537. WATER-CRESS. Sisymbrium Nasturtium.--A well known herb in common
+use, but is not in cultivation, although it is one of our best salads.
+
+
+
+538. WILLOW-HERB. Epilobium angustifolium.--The young shoots of these
+are eaten as asparagus.
+
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SECTION XI.--PLANTS USEFUL IN DYEING.
+
+
+
+There is no department of the oeconomy of vegetables in which we are more
+at a loss than in the knowledge of their colouring principles; and as
+this subject presents to the student an opportunity of making many
+interesting and useful experiments, I trust I shall stand excused, if I
+enter more fully into the nature of it than I have found it necessary to
+do in some of the former sections.
+
+The following list of plants, which is given as containing colours of
+different kinds, are the same as have been so considered for many years
+past: for, latterly, little has been added to our stock of knowledge on
+this head. It may however be proper to observe, that a great number of
+vegetables still contain this principle in a superior degree, and only
+want the proper attention paid to the abstracting it.
+
+Most of our dyeing drugs are from abroad; and even the culture of
+madder, which was once so much grown by our farmers, is now lost to us,
+to the great advantage of the Dutch, who supply our markets. But there
+is no reason why the agriculturist, or the artisan, should be so much
+beholden to a neighbouring nation, as to pay them enormous prices for
+articles which can be so readily raised at home; and, according to the
+general report of the consumers, managed in a way far superior to what
+it generally is when imported.
+
+Let the botanical student therefore pay attention to this particular;
+for it is a wide field, in which great advantages may be reaped, either
+in this country or in any other part of the world where he may hereafter
+become an inhabitant.
+
+The art of dyeing, generally considered, is kept so great a secret, that
+few persons have had the opportunity of making experiments. The
+extracting colours from their primitive basis is a chemical operation,
+and cannot be expected in this place; but as some persons may be
+inclined to ascertain these properties of vegetables, I shall go just so
+far into the subject as to give an idea of the modes generally used; and
+to state the principles on which the colouring property is fixed when
+applied to the purposes of dyeing cloth.
+
+In the article Madder, page 32, I mentioned having made an extract
+similar to the Adrianople red. For which purpose, a sufficient quanitity
+of the roots should be taken fresh out of the ground, washed clean from
+the dirt, bruised in a mortar, and then boiled in rain-water till the
+whole becomes tinged of a red colour, then put into a cloth and all the
+colouring matter pressed out. This should again be put into hot water in
+a clean glazed earthen-pan, to which should be added a small quantity of
+water in which alum had been dissolved, and the whole stirred up
+together; then immediately add a lump of soda or pot-ash, stirring the
+whole up, when an effervescence will take place, the allum that had
+united with the juice of the madder will be found to become neutralized
+by the pot-ash, and the result will be a precipitate of the red fecula.
+This may be washed over in different waters, and either put by for use
+in a liquid state, or filtered and dried in powder or cakes. Most
+vegetable colours will not, however, admit of being extracted by water,
+and it is necessary to use an acid for that purpose: vinegar is the most
+common. But in making the extract from roots with acids, great care
+should be taken that they are sufficiently cleared from mould, sand,
+&c.; for, if the same should contain either iron, or any metallic
+substance, its union with the acid will cause a blackness, and of course
+spoil the tint. In a similar mode are all the different colouring
+principles extracted, either from leaves, flowers, fruits, or woods. The
+preparation of woad is a curious process on similar principles; which
+see in page 31.
+
+Weld, or dyers weed, is generally used after it is dried. The whole
+plant is ground in a mill, and the extract made by boiling it. It is
+then managed with alum and acids agreeably to the foregoing rules, which
+are necessary for throwing out the colour.
+
+
+
+Instructions how Substances may be tried, whether they are serviceable
+in Dyeing, from Hopson's Translation of Weigleb's Chemistry.
+
+
+
+"In order to discover if any vegetable contains a colouring principle
+fit for dyeing, it should be bruised and boiled in water, and a bit of
+cotton, linen, or woollen stuff, which has previously been well cleaned,
+boiled in this decoction for a certain time, and rinsed out and dried.
+If the stuff becomes coloured, it is a sign that the colour may be
+easily extracted; but if little or no colour be perceived, we are not
+immediately to conclude that the body submitted to the trial has no
+colour at all, but must first try how it will turn out with the addition
+of saline substances. It ought, therefore, to be boiled with pot-ash,
+common salt, sal ammoniac, tartar, vinegar, alum, or vitriol, and then
+tried upon the stuff: if it then exhibit no colour, it may safely be
+pronounced to be unfit for dyeing with. But if it yields a dye or
+colour, the nature of this dye must then be more closely examined, which
+may be done in the following manner:--
+
+Let a saturated decoction of the colouring substance be well clarified,
+distributed into different glass vessels, and its natural colour
+observed. Then to one portion of it let there be added a solution of
+common salt; to the second, some sal ammoniac; and to the third, alum;
+to the fourth, pot-ash; to the fifth, vitriolic or marine acid; and to
+the sixth, some green vitriol: and the mixtures be suffered to stand
+undisturbed for the space of twenty-four hours. Now in each of these
+mixtures the change of colour is to be observed, as likewise whether it
+yields a precipitate or not.
+
+If the precipitate by the pure acid dissolve in an alkaline lixivium
+entirely, and with a colour, they may be considered as resino-
+mucilaginous particles, in which the tingeing property of the
+body must be looked for, which, in its natural state, subsists in an
+alkalino-saponaceous compound. But if the precipitate be only partly
+dissolved in this manner, the dissolved part will then be of the nature
+of a resinous mucilage, which in the operation has left the more earthy
+parts behind. But if nothing be precipitated by the acids, and the
+colour of the decoction is rendered brighter, it is a mark of an
+acido-mucilaginous compound, which cannot be separated by acids. In this
+there are mostly commonly more earthy parts, which are soon made to
+appear by the addition of an alkali.
+
+When, in the instances in which green vitriol has been added, a black
+precipitate is produced, it indicates an astringent earthy compound, in
+which there are few mucilaginous particles. The more the colour verges
+to black, the more of this acid and mucilaginous substance will be found
+in it.
+
+The mixture of alum with a tingeing decoction shows by the coloured
+precipitate that ensues from it, on the one hand, the colour it yields,
+and on the other hand, by the precipitate dissolving either partly or
+entirely in a strong alkaline lixivium, whether or not some of the earth
+of alum has been precipitated together with the colouring particles.
+Such substances as these must not, in general, be boiled with alum,
+although this latter ingredient may be very properly used in the
+preparation of the stuff.
+
+When a tingeing decoction is precipitated by an alkaline lixivium, and
+the precipitate is not redissolved by any acid, for the most part
+neither one nor the other of these saline substances ought to be used,
+but the neutral salts will be greatly preferable. In all these
+observations that are made with respect to the precipitation effected by
+means of different saline substances, attention must be paid at the same
+time to the change of colour which ensues, in order to discover whether
+the colour brightens, or entirely changes.
+
+When the colour of a decoction is darkened by the above-mentioned
+additions without becoming turbid, it shows that the colouring matter is
+more concentrated and inspissated. When the colour is brightened, a
+greater degree of solution and attenuation has taken place in the
+colouring matter in consequence of the addition. If the colour becomes
+clearer, and after a little time some of the tingeing substance is
+separated, it shows that part of the colour is developed, but that
+another part has been set loose from its combination by the saline
+substance.
+
+But if the colouring matter is separated in great abundance by the
+saline addition, (the colour being brightened at the same time,) it may
+be considered as a sign that the colouring substance is entirely
+separated from the decoction, and that only an inconsiderable part, of a
+gummy nature, remains behind united with the additaments, which is in a
+very diluted state.--This is an effect of the solution of tin, as also
+sometimes of the pure acids.
+
+If, indeed, a portion of the colouring substance be separated by a
+saline addition, but the rest of the colouring decoction becomes
+not-withstanding darker, it shows that the rest of the colouring
+particles have been more concentrated, and hence have acquired a greater
+power of tingeing. With regard to the proportion of the addition, the
+following circumstances may serve by way of guide:
+
+When the colour of a decoction is darkened by the addition, without any
+precipitate being produced, no detriment can easily arise from using a
+redundancy of it, because the colour will not be further darkened by it.
+But if the colour be required to be brighter, the trial must first be
+made, which is the proportion by which the colour is darkened the most,
+and then less of it must be employed.
+
+When the colour of a decoction is brightened by an addition without a
+precipitation ensuing, this addition can never be used in a larger
+quantity without hurting the colouring particles; because the colouring
+particles would be made too light, and almost entirely destroyed.--Such
+is the consequence of too large an addition of the solution of tin or of
+a pure acid.
+
+When the addition produces a brighter colour, and part only of the
+colouring substance is separated without a further addition occasioning
+a fresh separation, somewhat more of it than what is wanted may be added
+to produce the requisite shading; because experience shows that, by this
+means, a greater quantity of tingeing particles is united with the
+woolly fibres of the cloth, and is capable of being, as it were,
+concentrated in them: for which purpose, however, these barks must be
+boiled down. This effect is chiefly observed with sal ammoniac and wine
+vinegar.
+
+When by an addition which causes a separation of the colouring substance
+the colour becomes brighter in proportion the more there is used of it,
+it must be employed in a moderate quantity only; because otherwise, more
+and more of the colouring substance will be separated, and its tingeing
+power diminished. But when a colour is rendered dark at first by an
+addition, and afterwards, upon more of the same substance being added,
+becomes brighter, and this in proportion to the quantity that is added,
+it will be found that the darkening power has its determined limits; and
+that, for producing the requisite degree of darkness, neither too much
+nor too little must be taken.
+
+---
+
+To the before-mentioned principles also, the different proofs bear a
+reference, by which the fixity and durability of the colour with which a
+stuff has been dyed may be tried. Of these, some may be called natural,
+other artificial. The natural proof consists in exposing the dyed stuff
+to the air, sun, and rain. If the colour is not changed by this exposure
+in twelve or fourteen days, it may be considered as genuine; but if it
+is, the contrary is allowed. This proof, however, is not adapted to
+every colour; because some of them resist it, and yet will fade in
+consequence of the application of certain acids; others, on the
+contrary, that can not resist the natural proof remain unchanged by the
+latter. Colours, therefore, may be arranged in three classes; and to
+each of these a particular kind of artificial proof allotted. The first
+class is tried with alum, the second with soap, and the third with
+tartar.
+
+For the proof with alum: Half an ounce of this is dissolved in one pound
+of boiling water in an earthenware vessel; into this is put, for
+instance, a drachm of yarn or worsted, or a piece of cloth of about two
+fingers breadth; this is suffered to boil for the space of five minutes,
+and is then washed in clean water. In this manner are tried crimson,
+scarlet, flesh-colour, violet, ponceau, peach-blossom colour, different
+shades of blue, and other colours bordring upon these.
+
+For the proof with soap: Two drachms of this substance are boiled in a
+pint of water, and the small piece of dyed stuff that is to be tried is
+put into it, and likewise suffered to boil for the space of five
+minutes. With this all sorts of yellow, green, madder-red, cinnamon, and
+similar colours, are tried.
+
+In the same manner is made the proof with tartar; only this should be
+previously pounded very small, in order that it may be more easily
+dissolved. With this all colours bordering upon the fawn are tried.
+
+From the above we discover that the art of applying and fixing colours
+in dyeing depends on the chemical affinity between the cloth and the
+dyeing principle: and accordingly as this is more or less strong, so is
+the facility with which the substance is coloured, and on this the
+deepness of the dye depends: for frequently one kind of cloth will be
+found to receive no colour at all, whilst another will receive from the
+same composition a deep tinge. Cotton, for instance, receives scarcely
+any tinge from the same bath that will dye woollen a deep scarlet. Wool
+is that which appears to have the strongest affinity to colouring
+matter; next to it is silk; then linen; and cotton the weakest, and is
+therefore the most difficult of all to dye perfectly. Thus, if a piece
+of linen cloth be dipped into a solution of madder, it will come out
+just tinged with the colour; but if a piece of the same be previously
+dipped into a solution of alum or copperas, and dried previously to
+being dipped in the madder, the alum will become so far impregnated with
+the colouring principle, that the cloth will receive a perfect dye, and
+be so fixed that it cannot be separated by any common means. Thus it
+will be observed, that the art of dyeing permanent colours depends on
+this intermediate principle, which is termed a mordant. These mordants
+are very numerous; and on a knowledge of them appears to rest the
+principal secret of dyeing. The following mode is, however, a very
+convenient one for makig experiments on fixing the colouring principles
+of any vegetable extract: To have several pieces of cloth, woollen,
+cotton, silk, and linen, dipped in the different mordants, and by
+keeping a small vessel filled with the colouring solution on a fire in a
+state a little below boiling, by cutting small pieces of each, and
+immersing them in the colour, and examining and comparing with each
+other. Experiments of this kind are well worth the attention of persons;
+for, when we refer to this department, we shall find very few plants
+which are either now, or ever have been, cultivated for this purpose,
+although it is well known that so many contain this principle. I have
+inserted the following, as being known to contain the different colours
+mentioned; but there are many other plants equally productive of this
+principle that remain quite unnoticed at present.
+
+
+
+539. ACANTHUS mollis. BEAR'S-BREECH.--This gives a fine yellow, which
+was in use among the ancients.
+
+
+
+540. ACTAEA spicata. BANEBERRY.--The juice of the berries affords a deep
+black, and is fixed with alum.
+
+
+
+541. ANCHUSA officinalis. YELLOW ANCHUSA, or BLUE-FLOWERED BUGLOSS.--The
+juice of the corolla gives out to acids a beautiful green.
+
+
+
+542. ANTHEMIS tinctoria.--The flowers afford a shining yellow.
+
+
+
+543. ANTHYLLIS vulneraria. KIDNEY-VETCH.--The whole plant gives out a
+yellow, which is in use for colouring the garments of the country-
+people.--Linn.
+
+
+
+544. ARBUTUS uva-ursi. BEAR'S-BERRY.--The leaves boiled in an acid will
+dye a brown.
+
+
+
+545. ASPERULA tinctoria. WOODROOF.--The roots give a red similar to
+madder.
+
+
+
+546. ANEMONE Pulsatilla. PASQUE-FLOWER.--The corolla, a green tincture.
+
+
+
+547. ARUNDO Phragmites. COMMON REED-GRASS.--The pamicle, a green.
+
+
+
+548. BERBERIS vulgaris. BARBERRIES.--The inner bark, a yellow.
+
+
+
+549. BROMUS secalinus. BROME-GRASS.--The panicle, a green.
+
+
+
+550. BIDENS tripartita. HEMP AGRIMONY..--The herb, a good yellow.
+
+
+
+551. BETULA alba. BIRCH.--The leaves, a yellow.
+
+
+
+552. BETULA nana. DWARF-BIRCH.--The leaves, a yellow.
+
+
+
+553. BETULA Alnus. ALDER.--The bark affords a brown colour; which with
+the addition of copperas becomes black.
+
+
+
+554. CALENDULA officinalis. COMMON MARIGOLD.--The radius of the corolla,
+if bruised, affords a fine orange. The corolla dried and reduced to
+powder will also afford a yellow pigment.
+
+
+
+555. CALTHA palustris. MARSH-MARIGOLD.--The juice of the corolla, with
+alum, gives a yellow.
+
+
+
+556. CAMPANULA rotundifolia. ROUND-LEAVED BELL-FLOWER.--A blue pigment
+is made from the corolla; with the addition of alum it produces a green
+colour.
+
+
+
+557. CARPINUS Betulus. HORNBEAM.--The bark, a yellow.
+
+
+
+558. CHAEROPHYLLUM sylvestre. COW-PARSLEY.--The umbels produce a yellow
+colour, and the juice of the other parts of the plant a beautiful green.
+
+
+
+559. CARTHAMUS tinctorius. SAFFLOWER.--The radius of the corolla,
+prepared with an acid, affords a fine rose-coloured tint.
+
+
+
+560. CENTAUREA Cyanus. BLUE-BOTTLE.--The juice of the corolla gives out
+a fine blue colour.
+
+
+
+561. COMARUM palustre. MARSH-CINQUEFOIL.--The dried root forms a red
+pigment. It is also used to dye woollens of a red colour.
+
+
+
+562. CUSCUTA europaea. DODDER.--The herb gives out a lightish red.
+
+
+
+563. CRATAEGUS Oxycantha. HAWTHORN.--The bark of this plant, with
+copperas, is used by the Highlanders to dye black.
+
+
+
+564. DATISCA cannabina. BASTARD-HEMP.--This produces a yellow; but is
+not easily fixed, therefore it presently fades to a light tinge.
+
+
+
+565. DELPHINIUM Consolida. BRANCHING LARKSPUR.--The petals bruised yield
+a fine blue pigment, and with alum make a permanent blue ink.
+
+
+
+566. FRAXINUS excelsior. MANNA.--The bark immersed in water gives a blue
+colour.
+
+
+
+567. GALIUM boreale. CROSS-LEAVED BEDSTRAW.--The roots yield a beautiful
+red, if treated as madder.
+
+
+
+568. GALIUM verum. YELLOW BEDSTRAW.--The flowers treated with alum
+produce a fine yellow on woollen. The roots, a good red.
+
+
+
+569. GENISTA tinctoria.--The flowers are in use among the country-people
+for dyeing cloth yellow.
+
+
+
+570. GERANIUM sylvaticum. MOUNTAIN CRANESBILL.--The Icelanders use the
+flowers of this plant to dye a violet colour.
+
+
+
+571. HIERACIUM umbellatum. HAWKWEED.--The whole herb bruised and boiled
+in water gives out a yellow dye.
+
+
+
+572. HUMULUS Lupulus. HOP.--The strobiles are used for dyeing; but
+although they yield a yellow colour, the principal use is as a mordant.
+
+
+
+573. HYPERICUM perforatum. PERFORATED ST. JOHN'S WORT.--The flowers dye
+a fine yellow.
+
+
+
+574. IRIS germanica. GERMAN IRIS.--The juice of the corolla treated with
+alum makes a good permanent green ink.
+
+
+
+575. ISATIS tinctoria. WOAD.--The leaves steeped in water till the parts
+are decomposed, produces a fine blue fecula, which is made into cakes,
+and sold to the woollen-dyers. For its culture, see p. 32.
+
+
+
+576. LICHEN Roccella. ORCHIL.--The fine purple called orchil is
+extracted from this moss.
+
+
+
+577. LITHOSPERMUM officinale. GROMWELL.--The roots afford a fine red,
+which is used by the young girls in Sweden to colour their faces.
+
+
+
+578. LYCOPODIUM complanatum. CLUB-MOSS.--The juice of this plant
+extracted by an acid forms a most beautiful yellow.
+
+
+
+579. LYCOPUS europaeus. WATER-HOREHOUND.--The juice of this gives out a
+black colour, and is sometimes used by the common people for dyeing
+woollen cloth. The gypsies are said to use the juice of this plant to
+colour their faces with.
+
+
+
+580. LYSIMACHIA vulgaris. LOOSESTRIFE.--The juice of the whole herb is
+used to dye woollen yellow.
+
+
+
+581. MYRICA Gale. SWEET GALE.--The whole shrub tinges woollen of a
+yellow colour.
+
+
+
+582. NYMPHAEA alba. WHITE WATER-LILY.--The Highlanders make a dye with it
+of a dark chesnut colour.--Light. Fl. Sc.
+
+
+
+583. ORIGANUM vulgare. WILD MARJORAM.--The tops and flowers contain a
+purple colour, but it is not to be fixed.
+
+
+
+584. PHYTOLACCA decandra. VIRGINIAN POKEWEED.--The leaves and berries
+produce a beautiful rose-colour, but it is very fugacious.
+
+
+
+585. PRUNUS domestica. PLUM.--The bark is used by the country people to
+dye cloth yellow.
+
+
+
+586. PYRUS Malus. APPLE,-The bark of this plant, also, produces a yellow
+colour.
+
+
+
+587. QUERCUS Robur. OAK.--The juice of the oak mixed with vitriol forms
+a black ink; the galls ar employed for the same purpose.
+
+
+
+588. RESEDA Luteola. DYER'S WEED, or WELD.--The most usual plant from
+which the yellow dye is extracted. For its culture, see p. 32.
+
+
+
+589. RHAMNUS Frangula. BUCKTHORN.--The bark produces a slight yellow,
+and the unripe berries impart to wool a green colour.
+
+
+
+590. RHAMNUS catharticus. PURGING BUCKTHORN.--The bark yields a most
+beautiful yellow colour; and the ripe berries in the autumn produce a
+brilliant scarlet.
+
+
+
+591. RHUS Cotinus. VENUS'S SUMACH.--The bark of the stalks produces a
+yellow colour; the bark of the roots produces a red.
+
+
+
+592. RHUS coriaria. ELM-LEAVED SUMACH.--This plant is possessed of the
+same qualities as the one above.
+
+
+
+593. RUBIA tinctorum.--The root produces a red colour. For its culture,
+see p. 32.
+
+
+
+
+594. RUMEX maritima. DOCK.--The whole herb gives out a yellow colour.
+
+
+
+595. SALIX pentandra. WILLOW.--The leaves produce a yellow colour.
+
+
+
+596. SCABIOSA succisa. DEVIL'S BIT SCABIUS.--The dried leaves produce a
+yellow colour.
+
+
+
+597. SERRATULA tinctoria. SAW-WORT.--The whole herb produces a yellow
+tincture.
+
+
+
+598. SENECIO Jacobaea. RAGWORT.--The roots, stalks, and leaves, before
+the flowering season, give out a green colour which can be fixed on
+wool.
+
+
+
+599. STACHYS sylvatica. HEDGE-HOREHOUND.--The whole herb is said to dye
+a yellow colour.
+
+
+
+600. THALICTRUM flavum. YELLOW MEADOW-RUE.--The roots and leaves both
+give out a fine yellow colour.
+
+
+
+601. THAPSIA villosa. DEADLY CARROT.--The umbels are employed by the
+spanish peasants to dye yellow.
+
+
+
+602. TORMENTILLA erecta. ERECT TORMENTIL.--This root is red, and might
+probably be usefully employed.
+
+
+
+603. TRIFOLIUM pratense. MEADOW-CLOVER.--The inhabitants of Scania
+employ the heads to dye their woollen cloth green.
+
+
+
+604. URTICA dioica. NETTLE.--The roots of bettles are used to dye eggs
+of a yellow colour against the feast of Easter by the religious of the
+Greek church, as are also madder and logwood for the same purpose.
+
+
+
+605. XANTHIUM strumarium. LESSER BURBOCK.--The whole herb with the fruit
+dyes a most beautiful yellow.
+
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SECTION XII.---PLANTS USED IN RURAL OECONOMY.
+
+
+
+The following few plants are such as are used for domestic purposes
+which do not fall under any of the foregoing heads, and I therefore have
+placed them together here.
+
+
+
+606. CONFERVA.--This green thready substance has the power of rendering
+foetid water sweet; for which purpose, when water is scarce, it is
+usually put into water-tubs and reservoirs.
+
+
+
+607. CORYLUS Avellana. HAZEL NUT.--The young shoots of hazel put into
+casks with scalding water, render them sweet if they are musty, or
+contain any bad flavour.
+
+
+
+608. CROCUS vernus. SPRING CROCUS.--Is well kown as a spring flower,
+producing one of the most cheerful ornaments to the flower-garden early
+in the spring. It affords a great variety in point of beauty and colour,
+and is an article of considerable trade among the Dutch gardeners, who
+cultivate a great number of varieties, which every year are imported
+into this and other countries.
+
+
+
+609. EQUISETUM hyemale. DUTCH RUSH.--Of this article great quantities
+are brought from Holland for the purpose of polishing mahogany. The
+rough parts of the plant are discovered to be particles of flint.
+
+
+
+610. ERIOPHORUM polystachion. COTTON GRASS.--The down of the seeds has
+been used, instead of feathers, for beds and cushions; and the foliage
+in the north of Scotland is considered useful as fodder.
+
+
+
+611. GALIUM verum. YELLOW LADIES' BEDSTRAW.--The foliage affords the
+dairy-maid a fine rennet for making cheese.
+
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SECTION XIII.--POISONOUS PLANTS GROWING IN GREAT BRITAIN.
+
+
+
+"On the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die."
+
+
+
+I have found it necessary to be particular in my description of the
+articles in this section, as I find that, although the knowledge of
+Botany has in some measure increased, yet, in general, we are not better
+acquainted with the Poisonous Vegetables than we were thirty years ago.
+Many and frequent are the accidents which occur in consequence of
+mistakes being made with those plants; but it in general happens that,
+from feelings easily appreciated, persons do not like to detail such
+misfortunes; which not only hides the mischief, but prevents, in a great
+measure, the antidotes becoming so well known as for the good of society
+we could wish they were. This I experienced in my researches after
+several facts which I wished to ascertain regarding this subject.
+However, whilst we have in common use such plants as Foxglove, Hemlock,
+and Henbane, and which are now so generally sold in our herb-shops,
+people who sell them ought to be particularly careful not to let such
+fall into the hands of ignorant persons, and thereby be administered
+either in mistake or in improper quantities. Our druggists and
+apothecaries are careful in not selling to strangers the more common
+preparations of Mercury, or Arsenic, drugs which in themselves carry
+fear and dismay in their very names; yet we can get any poisonous
+vegetables either in the common market, or of herb-dealers, which are
+more likely to be abused in their application than other poisons which
+are of not more dangerous tendencies.
+
+The effects of Vegetable Poisons on the human frame vary according to
+circumstances. The most usual are: that of disturbing the nervous
+function, producing vertigo, faintness, delirium, madness, stupor, or
+apoplexy, with a consequent loss of understanding, of speech, and of all
+the senses; and, frequently, this dreadful scene ends in death in a
+short period.
+
+It is, however, fortunate that these dangerous plants, which either grow
+wild, or are cultivated in this country, are few in number; and it is
+not less so, that the most virulent often carry with them their own
+antidote, as many of them, from their disagreeable taste, produce nausea
+and sickness, by which their mischief is frequently removed; and when
+this is not the case, it points out that the best and most effectual one
+is the application of emetics: and it may be almost considered a divine
+dispensation, that a plant, very common in all watery places, should be
+ready at hand, which has from experience proved one of the most active
+drugs of this nature, and this is the Ranunculus Flammula, Water-
+Spearwort. The juice of this plant, in cases of such emergency, may be
+given in the quantity of a table-spoonful, and repeated every three
+minutes until it operates, which it usually will do before the third is
+taken into the stomach.
+
+After the vomiting is over, the effects often remain, by part of the
+deleterious qualities being absorbed by the stomach; and as it often
+happens, in such cases, that medical assistance may not be at hand, I
+shall, under the head of each class, give their proper antidote, which
+should be in all cases applied as soon as possible, even before medical
+assistance is procured. And it should not be forgotten that, in dreadful
+cases where the medicine cannot be forced down through the usual
+channel, recourse should be had to the use of clysters.
+
+Under each of the following heads I shall describe such cases as have
+come under my notice; as they may be useful for comparison: and shall
+put under each of the more dangerous the Plantae affines, describing as
+accurately as possible the differences.
+
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+BITTER NAUSEOUS POISONS.
+
+
+
+These are much altered by vegetable acids in general, and especially by
+oxymuriatic acid; but they still retain much of their poisonous quality,
+which appears to be rendered more active by alkalies. The tanning
+decoctions of nut-galls, acacia, and other strong astringents, Venice
+treacle, wine, spiritous liquors, and spices, are useful.
+
+
+
+623. CHELIDONIUM majus. CELANDINE.--The yellow juice of this plant is
+extremely acrid and narcotic. It is not at all like any plant used for
+culinary purposes, and therefore there is not any great danger likely to
+arise from its being confounded with any useful vegetable.
+
+
+
+624. CICUTA virosa. COWBANE.--Two boys and six girls, who found some
+roots of this plant in a water-meadow, ate of them. The two boys were
+soon seized with pain of the pericardia, loss of speech, abolition of
+all the senses, and terrible convulsions. The mouth closely shut, so
+that it could not be opened by any means. Blood was forced from the
+ears, and the eyes were horribly distorted.
+
+Both the boys died in half an hour from the first accession of the
+symptoms.
+
+The six girls, who had taken a smaller quantity of the roots than the
+boys, were likewise seized with epileptic symptoms; but in the interval
+of the paroxysms, some Venice-treacle dissolved in vinegar was given to
+them; in consequence of which they vomited, and recovered: but one of
+them had a very narrow escape for her life. She lay nine hours with her
+hands and feet outstretched, and cold: all this time she had a
+cadaverous countenance, and her respiration could scarcely be perceived.
+When she recovered, she complained a long time of a pain in her stomach,
+and was unable to eat any food, her tongue being much wounded by her
+teeth in the convulsive fits.
+
+Plantae affines.
+
+Celery is smaller than this plant.
+
+Parsley is also smaller in all its parts.
+
+Alexanders differs from it, as a plant not of so high growth.
+
+Angelica may be mistaken for this, but has a more agreeable scent.
+
+All the water parsneps may be confounded with it: but these are known by
+the smallness of the umbels; and they are generally in bloom, so that
+this circumstance is a good criterion.
+
+Care should at all times be taken, not to make use of any umbelliferous
+plants growing in water, as many of them are, if not altogether
+poisonous, very unwholesome.
+
+
+
+625. COLCHICUM autumnale. MEADOW-SAFFRON.--Baron Stoerch asserts, that
+on cutting the fresh root into slices, the acrid particles emitted from
+it irritated the nostrils, fauces, and breast; and that the ends of the
+fingers with which it had been held became for a time benumbed; that
+even a single grain in a crumb of bread taken internally produced a
+burning heat and pain in the stomach and bowels, urgent strangury,
+tenesmus, colic pais, cephalalgia, hiccup, &c. From this relation, it
+will not appear surprising that we find several instances recorded, in
+which the Colchicumproved a fatal poison both to man, and brute animals.
+Two boys, after eating this plant, which they found growing in a meadow,
+died in great agony. Violent symptoms have been produced by taking the
+flowers. The seeds, likewise, have been known to produce similar
+effects.
+
+
+
+626. OENANTHE crocata. HEMLOCK. WATER DROPWORT.--Eleven French prisoners
+had the liberty of walking in and about the town of Pembroke; three of
+them being in the fields a little before noon, found and dug up a large
+quantity of this plant with its roots, which they took to be wild
+celery, to eat with their bread and butter for dinner. After washing it
+a while in the fields they all three ate, or rather tasted of the roots.
+
+As they were entering the town, without any previous notice of sickness
+at the stomach or disorder in the head, one of them was seized with
+convulsions. The other two ran home, and sent a surgeon to him. The
+surgeon first endeavoured to bleed, and then to vomit him; but those
+endeavours were fruitless, and the soldier died in a very short time.
+
+Ignorant yet of the cause of their comrade's death, and of their own
+danger, they gave of these roots to the other eight prisoners, who all
+ate some of them with their dinner: the quantity could not be
+ascertained. A few minutes after, the remaining two who gathered the
+plant were seized in the same manner as the first; of which one died:
+the other was bled, and a vomit forced down, on account of his jaws
+being as it were locked together. This operated, and he recovered; but
+he was for some time affected with a giddiness in his head; and it is
+remarkable, that he was neither sick nor in the least disordered in his
+stomach. The others being bled and vomited immediately, were secured
+from the approach of any bad symptoms. Upon examination of the plant
+which the French prisoners mistook for wild celery, Mr. Howell discovered
+it to be this plant, which grows very plentifully in the neighbourhood
+of Haverfordwest.
+
+Although the above account, which Mr. Wilmer has so minutely described,
+seems well attested, and corroborated by the above gentleman, yet I was
+informed by the late Mr. Adams, comptroller of the Customs at Pembroke,
+that the Oenanthe does not, that he could find, grow in that part of the
+country; but that what the above unfortunate French officers did
+actually eat was the wild Celery, which grows plentifully in all the wet
+places near that town. I take the liberty of mentioning this
+circumstance; as it will serve to keep in mind the fact, that celery,
+when found wild, and growing in wet places, shold be used cautiously, it
+being in such situations of a pernicious tendency. For such whose
+curiosity may lead them to become acquainted with the Oenanthe crocata,
+it grows in plenty near the Red House in Battersea fields on the Thames'
+bank. The water-courses on the marsh at Northfleet have great quantities
+of the Apium graveolens growing in them.
+
+Plantae affines.
+
+Cultivated celery differs from it when young, first in the shape and
+size of its roots. The Oenanthe is perennial, and has a large root, which
+on being cut is observed to be full of juice, which exudes in form of
+globules. The celery, on the contrary, has roots in general much
+smaller, particularly when in a wild state.
+
+The leaves of celery have somewhat the same flavour, but are smaller;
+the nerves on the lobes of the leaves are also very prominent, and
+somewhat more pointed.
+
+When the two plants are in bloom, a more conspicuous difference is
+apparent in the involucrum and seeds, the character of which should be
+consulted.
+
+It may be mistaken for Parsley; but it is both much larger in foliage
+and higher in growth; it is also different from it in the shape of the
+roots.
+
+These are the two plants most likely to be confounded with it. But the
+student should also consult the difference existing between this plant
+and the following, which, although somewhat alike in appearance, may be
+confounded.
+
+Angelica.
+
+Chervil.
+
+Alexanders.
+
+Hemlock.
+
+Skirret.
+
+Cow Parsley.
+
+Lovage.
+
+Wild Parsnep.
+
+Fool's Parsley.
+
+Hamburgh Parsley.
+
+
+
+627. PRUNUS Lauro-cerasus. THE COMON LAUREL.--The leaves of the laurel
+have a bitter taste, with a flavour resembling that of the kernels of
+the peach or apricot; they communicate an agreeable flavour to aqueous
+and spirituous fluids, either by infusion or distillation. The distilled
+water applied to the organs of smelling strongly impresses the mind with
+the same ideas as arise from the taste of peach blossoms or apricot
+kernels: it is so extremely deleterious in its nature, and sometimes so
+sudden in its operation, as to occasion instantaneous death; but it more
+frequently happens that epileptic symptoms are first produced. This
+poison was discovered by accident in Ireland in the year 1728: before
+which, it was no uncommon practice there, to add a certain quantity of
+laurel water to brandy, or other spirituous liquors, to render them
+agreeable to the palate. At that time three women drank some
+laurel-water; and one of them a short time afterwards became violently
+disordered, lost her speech, and died in about an hour.
+
+A gentleman at Guildford, some few years back, also, by making an
+experiment as he intended on himself, was poisoned by a small dose: he
+did not survive the taking it more than two hours.
+
+In consequence of the above poisonous principle existing in the laurel,
+it has been recommended to persons to be cautious hwo they make use of
+the leaves of that shrub, which is a usual practice with cooks for
+giving flavour to custards, blanch-mange, and other made-dishes, lest
+the narcotic principle should be also conveyed, to the detriment of the
+health of persons who eat of them.
+
+And the same may be said of the kernels of all stone-fruits; for the
+flavours given to noyau, ratafia, and other liquors which are highly
+prized by epicures, are all of them derived from the same principle as
+laurel-water, and which, on chemical investigation, is found to be
+prussic acid. This exists in considerable quantities in the bitter
+almond, and which when separated proves to be the most active poison
+known, to the human as well as all other animal existence. This
+principle, and its mode of extraction, should not be made more public
+than the necessity of scientific research requires. We cannot with
+propriety accuse either this tree or the laurel as being poisonous,
+because the ingenuity of mankind has found out a mode of extracting this
+active acidulous principle, and which is so very small in proportion to
+the wholesome properties of the fruit, as not to be suspected of any
+danger but for this discovery. As well might we accuse wheat of being
+poisonous, because it yields on distillation brandy, which has been
+known to kill many a strong-bodied fellow who has indulged in this
+favourite beverage to excess. An eminent chemist informs me, that he has
+made experiments with the oxalic acid, and found that when this was also
+concentrated, it has similar effects; insomuch that no animal can
+contain a grain of it if taken into the throat or stomach: and thus
+might we also be led to consider the elegant, and in itself harmless,
+wood-sorrel, as a poisonous plant.
+
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+ACRID POISONS.
+
+
+
+These should be attacked by strong decoctions of oak-bark, gall-nuts,
+and Peruvian bark; after which soft mucilaginous matters should be used,
+as milk, fat broth, or emulsions.
+
+
+
+628. ACONITUM Napelhus. BLUE MONKSHOOD.--This is a very poisonous plant;
+and many instances have been adduced of its dangerous effects.
+
+It has probably obtained the name of Wolfsbane, from a tradition that
+wolves, in searching for particular roots which they in part subsist
+upon in winter, frequently make a mistake, and eat of this plant, which
+proves fatal to them.
+
+A weaver in Spitalfields, having supped upon some cold meat and salad,
+was suddenly taken ill; and when the surgeon employed upon this
+occcasion visited him, he found him in the following situation:--"He was
+in bed, with his head supported by an assistant, his eyes and teeth were
+fixed, his nostrils compressed, his hands, feet, and forehead cold, no
+pulse to be perceived, his respiration short, interrupted, and
+laborious."
+
+Soon after he had eaten of the above, he complained of a sensation of
+heat affecting the tongue and fauces; his teeth appeared loose; and it
+was very remarkable, although a looking-glass was produced, and his
+friends attempted to reason him out of the extravagant idea, yet he
+imagined that his face was swelled to twice its usual size. By degrees
+the heat, wich at first only seemed to affect the mouth and adjacent
+parts, diffused itself over his body and extremities: he had an
+unsteadiness and lassitue in his joints, particularly of the knees and
+ancles, with an irritable twitching of the tendons, which seemed to
+deprive him of the power of walking; and he thought that in all his
+limbs he perceived an evident interruption to the circulation of the
+blood. A giddiness was the next symptom, which was not accompanied with
+nausea. His eyes became watery, and he could not see distinctly; a kind
+of humming noise in his ears continually disturbed him, until he was
+reduced to the state of insensibility before described.
+
+Plantae affines.
+
+Although the mischief which is recited above occurred from the root
+having been purchased at market, I do not know of any vegetable in
+common use likely to be confounded with this. It might by chance be
+mistaken for the smaller tubers of Jerusalem artichoke.
+
+In foliage it comes near to the other species of Aconitum, and to the
+perennial Larkspurs.
+
+However, as this is a plant much grown in pleasure-grounds on account of
+its beautiful blue flowers, great care should be taken not to use any
+roots taken from such places that cannot be well ascertained.
+
+
+
+629. ACONITUM Lycoctonum. YELLOW WOLFSBANE.--Every part of this plant is
+accounted poisonous. In fact, I think it is proper that all the species
+should be considered as such, and never be made use of, either in
+medicine or otherwise, without great care in their administration.
+
+
+
+630. ACTAEA spicata. BANEBERRY.--This plant is also considered as a
+deadly poison; but we have no authentical accounts of its mischievous
+effects, although Parkinson has mentioned it in these words:--
+
+"The inhabitants of all the mountaines and places wheresoever it
+groweth, as some writers say, do generally hold it to be a most
+dangerous and deadly poison, both to man and beast; and they used to
+kill the wolves herewith very speedily."
+
+This is not a common plant, growing only in some particular situa-tions,
+as near Ingleborough in Yorkshire.
+
+
+
+631. RHUS Toxicodendron. POISON-ASH.-The juice of the leaves of this
+plant is so very acrid as often to corrode the skin, if the leaves are
+gathered when the dew is on them. Great care should certainly be taken
+in the giving such a medicine internally, as also in its preparation, it
+being usually administered in a dried state.
+
+Planta affinis.
+
+Rhus radicans differs from this in having a more trailing habit of
+growth; otherwise it is scarcely different, so little so, as to baffle a
+distinction being made by description alone.
+
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+STUPEFYING POISONS.
+
+
+
+The substances that deaden the effects of the poisons of this class are
+vegetable acids, which should be thrown into the stomach in large
+quantities. After the operation of emetics, cream of tartar is also
+considered of great use, as also oxymuriatic acid, infusions of
+nut-gall, oak bark; warm spices are considered also of use, for they may
+separate some part of the deleterious matter, as is shown by their
+effect when mixed with decoction of these plants; acerb and astringent
+wines are also of great use.
+
+
+
+632. AETHUSA Cynapium. FOOL'S PARSLEY.--Fool's Parsley seems generally
+allowed to be a plant which possesses poisonous qualities. Baron Haller
+has taken a great deal of pains to collect what has been said concerning
+it, and quotes many authorities to show that this plant has been
+productive of the most violent symptoms; such as anxiety, hiccough, and
+a delirium even for the space of three months, stupor, vomiting,
+convulsions, and death.
+
+Where much parsley is used, the mistress of the house therefore would do
+well to examine the herbs previous to their being made use of; but the
+best precaution will be, always to sow that variety called Curled
+parsley, which cannot be mistaken for this or any other plant. We might
+also observe, that the scent is strong and disagreeable in the aethusa:
+but this property, either in the plant or the poison, is not at all
+times to be trusted in cases of this nature.
+
+Plantae affines.
+
+Parsley. The lobes of the leaves are larger in this plant, and are not
+quite so deep a green. The leaves of fool's parsley are also finer
+cleft, and appear to end more in a short point.
+
+Celery, being much larger, cannot easily be confounded with it.
+
+Chervil. Fool's parsley, when young, differs from this plant but very
+little, being much the same in size, and the laciniae of the leaves of a
+similar form. Chervil, however, is much lighter in colour, and the
+flavour more pleasant, both to the taste and smell.
+
+Hemlock is commonly a larger plant; and, exclusive of the generic
+distinctions, may be generally known by its spotted stalk.
+
+When fool's parsley is in bloom, it is readily known by the length of
+the involucrum.
+
+
+
+633. ATROPA Belladonna. DEADLY NIGHTSHADE.--Some boys and girls
+perceiving in a garden at Edinburgh the beautiful berries of the deadly
+nightshade, and unacquainted with their poisonous quality, ate several.
+In a short time dangerous symptoms appeared; a swelling of the abdomen
+took place; they became convulsed. The next morning one of them died,
+and another in the evening of the same day, although all possible care
+was taken of them.
+
+Another case is related by Dr. Lambert, who was desired to visit two
+children at Newburn, in Scotland, who the preceding day had swallowed
+some of the berries of the deadly nightshade. He found them in a
+deplorable situation. The eldest (ten years of age) was delirious in
+bed, and affected with convulsive spasms: the younger was not in a much
+better condition in his mother's arms. The eyes of both the children
+were particularly affected. The whole circle of the cornea appeared
+black, the iris being so much dilated as to leave no vestige of the
+pupil. The tunica conjunctiva much inflamed. These appearances,
+accompanied with a remarkable kind of staring, exhibited a very
+affecting scene. The symptoms came on about two hours after they had
+eaten the berries: they appeared at first as if they had been
+intoxicated, afterwards lost the power of speaking, and continued the
+whole night so unruly, that it was with much difficulty they were kept
+in bed. Neither of these ever recovered.
+
+
+
+634. DATURA Stramonium. THORN-APPLE.--The seeds and leaves of the
+thorn-apple received into the human stomach produce first a vertigo, and
+afterwards madness. If the quantity is large, and vomiting is not
+occasioned, it will undoubtedly prove fatal. Boerhaave informs us, that
+some boys eating some seeds of the thorn-apple which were thrown out of
+a garden, were seized with giddiness, horrible imaginations, terrors,
+and delirium. Those that did not soon vomit, died.
+
+
+
+635. HYOSCYAMUS niger. HENBANE.--Henbane is a very dangerous poison. The
+seeds, leaves, and root, received into the human stomach, are all
+poisonous.
+
+The root in a superior degree produces sometimes madness; and if taken
+in large quantity, and the stomach does not reject it by vomiting, a
+stupor and apopleptic symptoms, terminating in death, are the usual
+consequences.
+
+A case of the bad effects of the roots of this plant, which occurred in
+Ireland, is mentioned by Dr. Threlkeld. In the winter season, some men
+working in a garden threw up some roots which were supposed to be
+Skirrets, and those were cooked for dinner. About two hours after they
+were eaten, a person who partook of them was taken with an unusual
+lassitude, as if being much fatigued, heat and dryness both in the mouth
+an the throat, a giddiness accompanied with dimness of sight, and a
+partial stoppage in his urine. Several others who had eaten at the same
+table, as also servants who had partaken, were subjected to the like
+influence. Medical assistance being at hand, by the use of emetics they
+were relieved; but it was many days before the whole of them had
+recovered from those dreadful symptoms.
+
+Two children having both eaten of the berries of this plant, the one a
+boy (who recovered) being taken ill, vomitted, and was supposed to have
+thrown them off his stomach: the other, a little girl, died in
+convulsions the next morning. As mothers and kindred souls do not like
+names to be made public in these cases, I cannot help feeling some
+desire to suppress a publicity of a fact in which a near and dear
+relative was materially interested. In justice, however, to the public,
+I must mention that I can vouch for the fact, and trust it may not pass
+without notice, so far as to let the berries be supposed anything but
+wholesome.
+
+Plantae affines.
+
+The idea of Skirrets being confounded with this plant, is, I think,
+erroneous, if it has leaves on, as they are not pinnated, and very
+different from it. When the Hyoscyamus is in bloom, it has
+curiously-formed flowers of an uncommonly disgusting hue. The scent of
+this plant, on bruising it, and its general appearance, render it almost
+impossible that any one should mistake it. The roots, in the winter
+season, when destitute of leaves, may, however, be mistaken for those of
+Parsnep, Parsley, Skirret, and many others of similar shape, and of
+which it is out of our power to give a distinguishing character.
+
+
+
+636. LACTUCA virosa. STRONG-SCENTED WILD LETTUCE.--The juice of this
+plant is a very powerful opiate, and care should be taken how it is made
+use of. I have not heard of any dangerous effects having been produced
+by it. The strong and disagreeable scent and bitter nauseous taste will
+most likely always operate as a preservative to its being used for food;
+and as a medicine, it is hoped its use will be confined to the judicious
+hand of a medical botanist.
+
+Plantae affines.
+
+All the kinds of garden lettuce; but it may be distinguished by its
+spines on the back of the leaves. It may be remarked, that the milky
+juice of all lettuce has similar properties to the above; but the juice
+is not milky till such time as the plant produces seed-stalks, and then
+the taste in general is too nauseous for it to be eaten.
+
+
+
+637. SOLANUM Dulcamara. BITTERSWEET.--The berries of this plant have
+been sometimes eaten by children, and have produced very alarming
+effects. It is common in hedges, and should be at all times as much
+extirpated as possible.
+
+
+
+638. SOLANUM nigrum. DEADLY NIGHTSHADE.--Webfer has given us an account
+of some children that were killed in consequence of having eaten the
+berries of this plant for black currants. And others have spoken of the
+direful effects of the whole plant so much, that, from the incontestable
+proofs of its deleterious qualities, persons cannot be too nice in
+selecting their pot-herbs, particularly those who make a practice of
+gathering from dunghills and gardens Fat-Hen, &c. as there is some
+distant similitude betwixt these plants, and their places of growth are
+the same.--Curtis's Fl. Lond. fasc. 2.
+
+Plantae affines.
+
+All the Chenopodia grow with this plant wild, and are somewhat alike in
+appearance; but the Solanum may at all times be distinguished by its
+disagreeable strong scent.
+
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+FOETID POISONS.
+
+
+
+These come near to the Stupefying Poisons; but they are not treated in
+the same manner; for ether, wine, or acids combined with spirits, appear
+the properest things to destroy their deleterious properties: spices are
+then indicated, except for savine, which requires instead thereof acids.
+
+
+
+639. CONIUM maculatum. HEMLOCK.--Two soldiers quartered at Waltham Abbey
+collected in the fields adjoining to that town a quantity of herbs
+sufficient for themselves and two others for dinner when boiled with
+bacon. These herbs were accordingly dressed, and the poor men ate of the
+broth with bread, and afterwards the herbs with bacon: in a short time
+they were all seized with vertigo. Soon after they were comatose, two of
+them became convulsed, and died in about three hours.
+
+Plantae affines.
+
+Parsley differs from this except in size and colour of the leaves.
+
+Celery is also much like this plant, and particularly so if found wild;
+but which, for reasons given before, should never be collected to be
+eaten.
+
+Fool's parsley is very like it; and when the hemlock is in a small
+state, and this plant luxuriant, I have been in some doubt as to
+pointing out a perfect difference, especially when they are not in
+fructification. The spots on hemlock form generally a distinguishing
+mark.
+
+
+
+640. DIGITALIS purpurea. FOXGLOVE.--A few months ago, a child was ill of
+a pulmonary complaint, and the apothecary had desired the nurse to
+procure a small quantity of Coltsfoot and make it a little tea; and
+accordingly the good woman went to a shop in London, where she procured,
+as she supposed, three pennyworth of that herb, and made a decoction, of
+which she gave the patient a tea-cupful; a few minutes after which she
+found symptoms of convulsions make their appearance, and sent for the
+apothecary: but who, unfortunately, was so totally ignorant of botany as
+not to know the plant, but supposing it to be Coltsfoot, after the
+infant died, took his leave, without ay remark further, than that the
+disorder which occasioned its death had arisen from some accidental and
+unusual cause. The nurse, however, did not feel perfectly satisfied of
+this fact, and carried the remainder of the herb to Apothecaries-Hall;
+and having applied there for information, was referred to Mr. Leffler, a
+gentleman who had from his botanical researches that season obtained the
+Sloanean prize; who told her the mistake. He also went and saw the body,
+and investigated the whole case in a way that has done that young
+gentleman great credit; and from him I have been favoured with this
+account. Had the medical attendant but known the difference between the
+two plants when he was called in first, there was a chance of the child
+being saved to its distressed parents. And here was certainly a striking
+instance of medical men neglecting so far the study of botany, as not to
+know one of the most useful as well as one of the most dangerous plants
+of the present Pharmacopoeia.
+
+
+
+641. HELLEBORUS foetidus. BEARSFOOT.--The country-people are in the habit
+of chopping up the leaves of this plant and giving it to children for
+removing worms; but it is a dangerous medicine, and should be made use
+of with great caution. It is also recommended as a medicine for the same
+purpose in horses. As much of the chopped leaves as will lie on a
+crown-piece, given amongst a feed of corn for three days, and remitted
+three days, and repeated thus for nine doses, has been known to remove
+this disease.
+
+"I heard a melancholy story of a mother in this city; viz. that a
+Country Colleagh gave some of this plant to her two sons, one of six,
+the other of four years of age, to kill worms; and that before four in
+the afternoon they were both corpses."-Dr. Threlkeld, in a short account
+of the plants in the neighbourhood of Dublin.
+
+
+
+642. JUNIPERUS Salvina. SAVINE.--The expressed juice of this plant is
+very poisonous, and often known to produce the most violent effects. It
+is sometimes used by persons for expelling worms in children, but should
+be used with great caution; for, if the quantity taken into the stomach
+is more than it can digest, all the dreadful effects of the poisons of
+this class are certain to be the immediate consequence.
+
+
+
+643. SCROPHULARIA aquatica. WATER-BETONY.--Every part of this plant is
+said to be violently narcotic; but its very disagreeable strong scent
+and extremely bitter taste render it not likely to be used in mistake
+for any culinary vegetable; and although we know what its effects are
+from report, we do not think it of so dangerous a tendency as some of
+our poisonous vegetables.
+
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+DRASTIC POISONS.
+
+
+
+These purge both upwards and downwards with great violence by means of
+their acrid poisonous resin, which also violently affects the throat and
+passages. Although alkalies have been recommended in this case, in order
+to divide this resin, and that a solution of soap is proper, yet the
+vegetable acids are also very useful, and have a great effect in
+diminishing the purgative effect. Besides this, it appears still more
+advantageous to give astringents: Venice treacle, decoctions of bark or
+cascarilla, pomegranate rind, and balaustines; all which certainly
+precipitate this drastic principle.
+
+
+
+644. ASCLEPIAS syriaca. SYRIAN DOGSBANE.--All the species of Asclepias
+have a white acrid juice which is considered poisonous. It is observed
+to be very acrid when applied to any sensible part of the mouth or
+throat.
+
+
+
+645. BRYONIA alba. WILD VINE, or WHITE BRYONY.--The berries of this
+plant, when hanging on the hedges, have the appearance of white grapes,
+and have been eaten by children. They are known to produce dreadful
+effects; but it frequently happens that they produce nausea on the
+stomach, by which they operate as an emetic of themselves.
+
+
+
+646. EUPHORBIA Lathyris. CAPER SPURGE.--A plant common in old gardens,
+but not indigenous. The seed-vessels are much in shape of caper-buds:
+hence its name. People have been in the habit of pickling these berries,
+from which some dangerous symptoms have arisen; it is probable that the
+vinegar may have been the means of checking its bad effects. It should,
+however, never be used as food.
+
+
+
+647. EUPHORBIA amygdaloides. WOOD SPURGE.--The juice of this plant has
+been known to produce very dangerous swellings in the mouth and throat
+of persons who have occasionally put it into their mouths. We do not
+know that it is very dangerous; and nothing is likely to tempt any
+persons to use it as food or otherwise.
+
+
+
+648. MERCURIALIS perennis. DOG'S MERCURY.--This plant is of a soporific
+deleterious nature, and is said to be noxious to both man and beast.
+Many instances are recorded of its fatal effects.
+
+Mr. Ray acquaints us with the case of a man, his wife, and three
+children, who were poisoned by eating it fried with bacon: and a
+melancholy instance is related in the Philosophical Transactions, Number
+CCIII., of its pernicious effects upon a family who ate at supper the
+herb boiled and fried. It produced at first nausea and vomiting, and
+comatose symptoms afterwards; two of the children slept twenty-four
+hours; when they awoke, they vomited again, and recovered. The other
+girl could not be awakened during four days; at the expiration of which
+time she opened her eyes and expired.
+
+Plantae affines.
+
+It appears that the different species of Chenopodium have been mistaken
+for this plant. I do not see myself any very near likeness: but as all
+the species of Chenopodium have been called English Mercury, it is
+possible that the name may have been the cause of the mistake.
+
+
+
+649. MERCURIALIS annua. ANNUAL DOG'S MERCURY.--Persons who are in the
+habit of gathering wild herbs to cook, should be careful of this. It
+grows plentifully in all rich grounds, and is common with Fat Hen and
+the other herbs usually collected for such purposes in the spring, and
+from which it is not readily distinguished: at least, I cannot describe
+a difference that a person ignorant of botany can distinguish it by.
+
+
+
+650. PERIPLOCA graeca.--This is an ornamental creeping plant, and
+commonly grown in gardens for covering verandas, and other places for
+shade.
+
+I once witnessed a distressing case. A nurse walking in a garden
+gathered flower of this plant, and gave it to a child which she had in
+her arms. The infant having put it to its mouth, it caused a
+considerable swelling and inflammation, which came on so suddenly, that,
+had it not been that one of the labourers had met with a similar
+accident, no one would have known the cause. The child was several days
+before it was out of danger, as the inflammation had reached the throat.
+
+
+
+651. VERATRUM album. WHITE HELLEBORE.--The roots of this plant, and also
+of the Veratrum nigrum, have been imported mixed with the roots of
+yellow gentian, and have proved poisonous.--Lewis's Materia Medica.
+
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+POISONOUS FUNGI.
+
+
+
+The deleterious effects of these generally show themselves soon after
+they are in the stomach. Vomiting should be immediately excited, and
+then the vegetable acids should be given; either vinegar, lemon-juice,
+or that of apples; after which, give ether and antispasmodic remedies,
+to stop the excessive bilious vomiting. Infusions of gall-nut, oak-bark,
+and Peruvian bark, are recommended as capable of neutralizing the
+poisonous principle of mushrooms. It is however the safest way not to
+eat any of these plants until they have been soaked in vinegar. Spirit
+of wine, and ether, extract some part of their poison; and tanning
+matter decomposes the greatest part of it.
+
+
+Agaricus bulbosus.
+-------- necator.
+-------- mamosus.
+-------- piperitus.
+-------- campanulatus.
+-------- muscarius.
+
+These are kown to be poisonous. But the fungi should all be used with
+great caution; for I believe even the Champignon and Edible mushroom to
+possess deleterious qualities when grown in certain places.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SECTION XIV.--PLANTS NOXIOUS TO CATTLE.
+
+
+
+The foregoing lists of poisonous plants are most of them of less
+dangerous tendency to cattle than to the human species: for although
+many of them may be mistaken for wholesome, yet, when they are growing
+wild, it will be observed, that the discriminating powers of the brute
+creation in this point are so correct, that very few have been known to
+be eaten by them.
+
+The following are a few of a different class, which, as not containing
+any thing particularly disagreeable to the taste of cattle, are
+frequently eaten by them to their injury.
+
+The agricultural student should make himself perfectly acquainted with
+those.
+
+
+
+652. CICUTA virosa. COWBANE.--Linnaeus observes, that cattle have died in
+consequence of eating the roots. It is fortunate that this plant is not
+very plentiful: it is poisonous to all kinds of cattle except goats. The
+flower of this plant is not unlike that of water-parsneps, which cows at
+some seasons will eat great quantities of.
+
+
+
+653. BEAR'S GARLICK. Allium ursinum.
+
+654. CROW GARLICK. Allium vineale.
+
+These plants very frequently occur in meadow-land, and have property of
+giving a strong garlick flavour to the milk yielded by cows that feed
+there; and which is often also communicated to the butter.
+
+
+
+655. DARNELL GRASS. Lolium temulentum.--This grass has the faculty of
+causing poultry or birds to become intoxicated, and so much so that it
+causes their death.
+
+
+
+656. LOUSEWORT. Pedicularis palustris.--This plant, which abounds in wet
+meadows, is said to produce a lousy disease in cows if they eat of it.
+
+
+
+657. MAYWEED. Anthemis cotula.--This is altogether of such an acrid
+nature, that the hands of persons employed in weeding crops and reaping,
+are often so blistered and corroded as to prevent their working. It also
+has been known to blister the mouths and nostrils of cattle when feeding
+where it grows.
+
+
+
+658. COLCHICUM autumnale. MEADOW-SAFFRON.--This is a common plant in
+pasture-land in Worcestershire, Herefordshire, and other counties. Many
+are the instances that have occurred of the bad effects of it to cattle.
+I have this last autumn known several cows that died in consequence of
+eating this plant.
+
+
+
+659. MELILOT. Trifolium officinale.--This plant when eaten by cows
+communicates a disagreeable taste to milk and butter.
+
+
+
+660. ROUND-LEAVED SUN-DEW. Drosera rotundifolia.--Very common on marshy
+commons, and is said to be poisonous to sheep, and to give them the
+disease called the rot.
+
+
+
+661. SEA BARLEY-GRASS. Hordeum maritimum.--This grass has been known in
+the Isle of Thanet and other places to produce a disease in the mouths
+of horses, by the panicles of the grass penetrating the skin.
+
+
+
+662. WATER-HEMLOCK. Phellandrium aquaticum.--Linnaeus informs us that the
+horses in Sweden by eating of this plant are seized with a kind of
+palsy, which he supposes is brought upon them, not so much by any
+noxious qualities in the plant itself, as by a certain insect which
+breeds in the stalks, called by him for that reason Curculio
+paraplecticus [Syst. Nat. 510]. The Swedes give swine's dung for the
+cure.
+
+
+
+663. YEW. Taxus baccata.--This is poisonous to cattle: farmers and other
+persons should be careful of this being thrown where sheep or cattle
+feed in snowy weather. It is particularly dangerous to deer, for they
+will eat of it with avidity when it comes in their way.
+
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SECTION XV.--PLANTS NOXIOUS IN AGRICULTURE.
+
+
+
+Annual Weeds, or such as grow wild in Fields, and that do not produce
+any Food for Cattle.
+
+Many weeds are troublesome to the farmer amongst his crops; but which,
+by affording a little fodder at some season or other, in some degree
+compensate for their intrusion. But as the following are not of this
+description, they ought at all times to be extirpated: for it should be
+recollected, that the space occupied by such a plant would, in many
+instances, afford room for many ears of wheat, &c.
+
+The following are annuals, and chiefly grow among arable crops, as corn,
+&c. As these every year spring up from seeds, it is a very difficult
+matter for the farmer to prevent their increase, especially since the
+practice of fallowing land has become almost obsolete. It is a fact
+worthy notice, that the seeds of most of the annual weeds will lie in
+the ground for many years, if they happen to be place deep: so that all
+land is more or less impregnated with them, and a fresh supply is
+produced every time the land is ploughed. It is therefore proper that
+annual weeds of every description should be prevented as much as
+possible can be from going to seed, for one year's crop will take
+several seasons to eradicate. The only effectual mode we are acquainted
+with of getting rid of annual weeds is, either by hoeing them up when
+young, or by cutting the plants over with any instrument whilst in
+bloom; for it should be observed, that those never spring from the roots
+if cut over at that period of their growth, which oftentimes may be
+easily accomplished.
+
+I once observed a crop of burnet, in which Bromus secalius (Lob Grass)
+was growing, whose spike stood a considerable height above the crop, and
+several acres of which a boy or woman might have cut over in a short
+space of time: but it was not so: the grass seeds and burnet were
+suffered to ripen together, and no means could be devised to separate
+the two when threshed. For this reason the burnet seeds never could find
+a market, and consequently the trouble of saving it, as well as the
+crop, was lost to the grower. I mention this as an instance of many that
+frequently occur. How many times do we see with crops of winter tares
+wild oats seeding in them? or Carduus mutans standing so high above
+those crops that they might be thus extirpated with great ease?
+
+It may be observed, that it is in culture of this nature where annual
+seeds multiply. A regular crop of wheat will, by its thickness on the
+ground, retard their growth by smothering them; but the other gives them
+every facility, and particularly autumnal-sown crops.
+
+
+
+664. Blue-bottle    -    -    -    Centaurea Cyanus.
+665. White-blite    -    -    -    Chenopodium album.
+666. Charlock       -    -    -    Sinapis arvensis.
+667. Chickweed      -    -    -    Alsine media.
+668. Cockle         -    -    -    Agrostemma Githago.
+669. Cleavers       -    -    -    Galium Aparine.
+670. Corn Marigold  -    -    -    Chrysanthemum segetum.
+671. Corn Crowfoot  -    -    -    Ranunculus arvensis.
+672. Corn Chamomile -    -    -    Matricaria Chamomilla.
+673. Weak-scented do     -    -    ---------- inodora.
+674. Grass, Lob     -    -    -    Bromus secalinus.
+675. -----  Bearded Oat  -    -    Acena fatua.
+676. -----  Field Foxtail     -    Alopecurus agrestis.
+677. -----  Darnel  -    -    -    Lolium temulentum.
+678. Groundsel, common   -    -    Senecio vulgaris.
+679. Wall Barley    -    -    -    Hordeum murinum.
+680. Mallow, common -    -    -    Malva sylvestris.
+681. Mayweed, stinking 	 -    -    Anthemis Cotula.
+682. Melilot        -    -    -    Trifolium officinale.
+683. Mustard, white -    -    -    Sinapis alba.
+684. -------, hedge -    -    -    Erysimum Barbarea.
+685. Nettle, Stinging, small  -    Urtica urens.
+686. ------, Dead   -    -    -    Lamium albium.
+687. Nipplewort     -    -    -    Lapsana communis.
+688. Orach, wild    -    -    -    Atriplex hastata.
+689. -----, spreading 	 -    -    -------- patulata.
+690. Pilewort       -    -    -    Ranunculus ficaria.
+691. Persicaria, spotted-leaved    Polygonum Ficaria.
+692. ----------, pale-flowered     --------- pensylvanicum.
+693. ----------, climbing     -    --------- Convolvulus.
+694. Pheasant-eye   -    -    -    Adonis autumnalis.
+695. Poppy, common red 	 -    -    Papaver Rhoeas.
+696. Poppy, long rough-headed -    Papaver Argemone.
+697. Radish, wild   -    -    -    Raphanus Raphanistrum.
+698. Shepherd's Needle   -    -    Scandix Pecten Veneris.
+699. Spearwort      -    -    -    Ranunculus Flammula.
+700. Spurry, Corn   -    -    -    Spergula arvensis.
+701. Thistle, Spear -    -    -    Carduus lanceolatus.
+702. -------  Star  -    -    -    Centaurea Calcitrapa.
+703. ------- Marsh  -    -    -    Carduus palustris.
+704. ------- Dwarf  -    -    -    ------- acaulis.
+705. Tine Tare, smooth-podded -    Ervum tetraspermum.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Creeping-rooted Weeds.
+
+
+
+The following are such as are perennial, and are of the most troublesome
+nature, being xtremely difficult to get rid of in consequence of their
+creeping roots. It unfortunately appens that, where the land is the most
+worked, and the roots the more broken thereby, the more the crop of
+weeds increases on the land. Therefore, the only effectual mode of
+extirpating plants of this nature, is by picking out the roots after the
+plough, or by digging them up at every opportunity by some proper
+instrument.
+
+Where weeds of this nature occur, there is too often thought to be more
+labour than profit in their extirpation. And although this is an
+argument of some propriety, where a farmer is tenant at will, or where
+his strength is not proportionate to the land: yet if land is worth any
+thing at all, that, whatever it may be, is lost, if it is suffered thus
+to become barren. And as prevention is in most cases considered
+preferable to cure, more care ought to be taken than generally is, of
+all our hedges and waste pieces of land by road sides, &c. Many of these
+plants are found growing in such places, and their seeds are of that
+nature that they are calculated to fly to considerable distances,--a
+contrivance in nature to fertilize the ground in her own way; but which,
+as agriculturists, it is the business of men to check.
+
+
+
+706. Bindweed, small    -    -    Convolvulus arvensis.
+707. Bindweed, large    -    -    ----------- sepium.
+708. Bistort       -    -    -    Polygonum bistorta.
+709. Brakes        -    -    -    Pteris aquilina.
+710. Clown's Woundwort  -    -    Stachys palustris.
+711. Cammock       -    -    -    Ononis arvensis.
+712. Coltsfoot     -    -    -    Tussilago Farfara.
+713. Crowfoot, creeping -    -    Ranunculus repens.
+714. Goutweed      -    -    -    Aegopodium Podagraria.
+715. Grass, Garden Couch     -    Triticum repens.
+716. -----, Couchy-bent      -    Agrostis stolonifera.
+717. -----, Couch Oat, or Knot    Avena elatior.
+718. -----, Creeping-soft    -    Holcus mollis.
+719. Horsetail, Corn    -    -    Equisetum arvense.
+720. Persicaria, willow-leaved    Polygonum amphibium.
+721. Rest Harrow   -    -    -    Ononis spinosa.
+722. Sow-Thistle, Corn  -    -    Sonchus arvensis.
+723. Spatling Poppy     -    -    Cucubalus Behen.
+724. Stinging-Nettle, large  -    Urtica dioica.
+725. Silverweed    -    -    -    Potentilla anserina.
+726. Sneezewort    -    -    -    Achillea Ptarmica.
+727. Thistle, melancholy     -    Carduus heterophyllus.
+728. -------, cursed    -    -    ------- arvensis.
+729. Water Horehound    -    -    Lycopus europaeus.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+Perennial Weeds.
+
+
+
+This enumeration of noxious plants contains principally those which,
+although they are very troublesome, are more easy of extirpation than
+the last: for although the most of them are perennial, yet, as their
+roots do not spread as those of the above list do, they are to be
+effectually removed by taking up the plants by their roots. It should,
+however, be always noticed, that it is to little account to endeavour to
+clear any land of such incumbrances, if any waste places which are
+separated only by a hedge are allowed to grow these things with
+impunity; for the seeds will invariably find their way. The contrivance
+of nature in their formation is a curious and pleasant subject for the
+philosophical botanist; at the same time it is one of those curses which
+was impelled on human labour.
+
+
+
+730. Butter-bur    -    -    -    Tussilago Petasites.
+731. Burdock       -    -    -    Arctium Lappa.
+732. Bugloss, small     -    -    Lycopis arvensis.
+733. Crowfoot, round-rooted  -    Ranunculus bulbosus.
+734. --------, tall     -    -    Ranunculus acris.
+735. Dock, curdled -    -    -    Rumex crispus.
+736. ----, broad-leaved -    -    ----- obtusifolius.
+737. ----, sharp-pointed     -    ----- acutus.
+738. Fleabane, common   -    -    Inula dysenteria.
+739. Garlick, crow -    -    -    Allium vineale.
+740. -------, bear -    -    -    ------ ursinum.
+741. Grass, turfy hair  -    -    Aira caespitosa.
+742. -----, meadow soft -    -    Holcus lanatus.
+743. -----, carnation   -    -    Carex caespitosa.
+744. Knapweed, common   -    -    Centaurea nigra.
+745. --------, great    -    -    --------- Scabiosa.
+746. Mugwort       -    -    -    Artemisa vulgaris.
+747. Meadow-sweet  -    -    -    Spiraea ulmaria.
+748 Ox-eye Daisy Chrysanthemum    Leucanthe-mum
+749. Plantain, great    -    -    Plantago major.
+750. Ragwort, common    -    -    Senecio Jacobaea.
+751. -------, marsh     -    -    ------- aquaticus.
+752. Rush, common  -    -    -    Juncus conglomeratus.
+753. ----, blueish -    -    -    ------ glaucus.
+754. ----, flat-jointed -    -    ------ squarrosus.
+755. ----, round-jointed     -    ------ articulatus.
+756. ----, bulbous -    -    -    ------ bulbosus.
+757. Scabious, common   -    -    Scabiosa avensis.
+758. Thistle, milk -    -    -    Carduus marianus.
+759. -------, meadow    -    -    ------- pratensis.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SECTION XVI.-EXOTIC TREES AND SHRUBS.
+
+
+
+The fashionable rage for planting ornamental trees and shrubs having so
+much prevailed of late years, that we meet with them by the road sides,
+&c. almost as common as we do those of our native soil, I have therefore
+enumerated them in this section.
+
+Our limits will not admit of giving any particular descriptions of each;
+but as persons are often at a loss to know what soil each tree is known
+to thrive in best, we have endeavoured to supply that information; which
+will be understood by applying to the following
+
+
+
+ABBREVIATED CHARACTERS.
+
+c.m. read common garden mould.
+b.m.   -  bog mould.
+l.     -  loam.
+b.l.   -  bog and loam, the greater part bog.
+l.b.   -  loam and bog, the greater part loam.
+s.     -  sheltered situation.
+a.     -  annual.
+bi.    -  biennial.
+p.     -  perennial.
+shr.   -  tree or shrub.
+c.     -  creeper.
+w.     -  adapted to covering walls.
+
+As the soils recommended may not be generally understood; a little
+attention to the following rules will enable persons to discover what is
+fit for their purposes.
+
+Loam--the kind best adapted to the purpose of growing plants, is of a
+moderately close texture, between clay and sand, differing from the
+former in want of tenacity when wet; and not becoming hard when dry; nor
+is it loose and dusty like the latter; but in both states possesses
+somewhat of a saponaceous quality. It varies in colour from yellow to
+brown, and is commonly found in old pastures: it may also be remarked,
+that where any perennial species of Clover (Trifolium) are found wild,
+it is almost a certain indication of a fertile loam, and such as
+contains the proper food of plants in abundance.
+
+Bog-mould--is frequently found on waste lands, where Heaths (Ericae) are
+produced: it is composed of decayed vegetable matter and white sand. The
+best sort is light when dry, of a black colour, and easily reduced to
+powder. Care should be taken to distinguish it from Peat, which is hard
+when dry, destitute in a great measure of the sand, and mostly of a red
+colour. This contains in great quantities sulphureous particles and
+mineral oil, which are known to be highly destructive to vegetation.
+
+The mould formed from rotten leaves is a good substitute for bog-mould
+if mixed with sand, and is often made use of for the same purposes.
+These earths should be dug from the surface to the depth of a few inches
+and laid in heaps, that the roots, &c. contained therein may be
+decomposed: and before they are used should be passed through a coarse
+screen, particularly if intended for plants in pots.
+
+As loam has been found to contain the greatest portion of the real
+pabulum of plants, it has long been used for such as are planted in
+pots; and the component parts of bog-earth being of a light nature, a
+mixture of the two in proper proportions will form a compost in which
+most kinds of plants will succeed. Attention should be paid to the
+consistence of the loam; as the more stiff it is, the greater portion of
+the other is necessary.
+
+
+
+DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+1 JASMINUM officinale. w.          Common white Jasmine        c.m.
+2 -------- v. argen. variegat. w.  Silver-striped ditto        c.m.
+3 -------- v. aureo variegat. w.   Gold-striped ditto          c.m.
+4 -------- fruticans, w.           Yellow ditto                c.m.
+5 -------- humile, w.              Dwarf yellow ditto          b.l.
+6 Phillyrea media, w.              Privet-leaved Phillyrea     c.m.
+7 --------- v. virgata             Twiggy ditto                c.m.
+8 --------- v. pendula             Pendulous ditto             c.m.
+9 --------- oleaefolia             Olive-leaved ditto          c.m.
+10 -------- buxifolia              Box-leaved ditto            c.m.
+10 -------- angustifolia           Narrow-leaved ditto         c.m.
+12 -------- v. rosmarinifolia      Rosemary-leaved ditto       c.m.
+13 -------- brachiata              Dwarf ditto                 c.m.
+14 -------- v. latifolia           Broad-leaved ditto          c.m.
+15 -------- v. laevis              Smooth broad-leaved ditto   c.m.
+16 -------- v. spinosa             Prickly broad-leaved ditto  c.m.
+17 -------- v. obliqua             Hex-leaved ditto            c.m.
+18 Chionanthus virginicus          Fringe Tree                 b.m.
+19 Syringa vulgaris                Blue lilac                  c.m.
+20 ------- v. alba                 White ditto                 c.m.
+21 -------- persica                Persian ditto               c.m.
+22 -------- v. lacinita            Cut-leaved ditto            c.m.
+23 -------- latifolia              Broad-leaved ditto          c.m.
+
+
+TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+24 Cephalanthus occidentalis       Button-wood                 b.l.
+25 Houstonia coccinea              Scarlet Houstonia           b.l.s.
+26 Buddlea globosa                 Globe-flowered Buddlea      b.l.s.
+27 Cornus florida                  Great-flowering Dog-wood    c.m.
+28 ------ mascula                  Cornelian Cherry            c.m.
+29 ------ sericea                  Blue-berried ditto          c.m.
+30 ------ alba                     White-berried ditto         c.m.
+31 ------ stricta                  Upright ditto               c.m.
+32 ------ sibirica                 Siberian ditto              c.m.
+33 ------ paniculata               Panicled ditto              c.m.
+34 ------ alternifolia             Alternate-leaved ditto      c.m.
+35 ------ v. virescens             Green-twigged ditto         c.m.
+36 Ptelea trifoliata               Shrubby Bean-trefoil        c.m.
+37 Elaeagnus angustifolia          Narrow-leaved Oleaster      c.m.
+38 -------- v. latifolia           Broad-leaved ditto          c.m.
+
+
+TETRANDRIA DIGYNIA.
+
+39 Hamamelis virginica             Witch Hazel                 c.m.
+
+
+TETRANDRIA TETRAGYNIA.
+
+40 Ilex opaca                      Carolina Holly              b.l.
+41 ---- v. angustifolia            Narrow-leaved ditto         b.l.
+42 ---- primoides                  Deciduous ditto             b.l.
+43 ---- Cassine                    Dahoon ditto                l.
+44 ---- vomitoria                  South Sea Tea Tree          l.
+
+
+PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+45 Azalea pontica                  Yellow Azalea               b.s.
+46 ------ nudiflora                Red ditto                   b.s.
+47 ------ v. coccinea              Scarlet ditto               b.s.
+48 ------ v. carnea                Flesh-coloured ditto        b.s.
+49 ------ v. alba                  Early white ditto           b.s.
+50 ------ v. bicolor               Red and white ditto         b.s.
+51 ------ v. papilionacea          Variegated ditto            b.s.
+52 ------ v. partita               Downy ditto                 b.s.
+53 ------ v. aurantia              Orange ditto                b.s.
+54 ------ v. viscosa               Late white ditto            b.s.
+55 ------ v. vittata               White striped ditto         b.s.
+56 ------ v. fissa                 Narrow petalled ditto       b.s.
+57 ------ v. floribunda            Cluster-flowered ditto      b.s.
+58 ------ v. glauca                Glaucus-leaved ditto        b.s.
+59 ------ v. scabra                Rough-leaved ditto          b.s.
+60 Lonicera dioica. c.             Glaucous Honeysuckle        c.m.
+61 -------- sempervirens. c.       Trumpet ditto               l.
+62 -------- grata. c.              Evergeen Honeysuckle        c.m.
+63 -------- implexa. c.            Minorca ditto               l.
+64 -------- nigra                  Black-berried ditto         c.m.
+65 -------- tatarica               Tartarian ditto             c.m.
+66 -------- pyrenaica              Pyrenean ditto              c.m.
+67 -------- Alpigena               Red-berried ditto           c.m.
+68 Lonicera caerulea               Blue-berried ditto          c.m.
+69 -------- Symphoricarpos         St. Peter's Wort            c.m.
+70 -------- Diervilla              Yellow-flowered Honeysuckle c.m.
+71 -------- Caprifolium c.         Italian white ditto         c.m.
+72 -------- v. rubra c.            Italian early red ditto     c.m.
+73 -------- Periclym. v. serotina c. Late red ditto            c.m.
+74 -------- v. quercifolia         Oak-leaved ditto            c.m.
+75 -------- v. belgica             Dutch ditto                 c.m.
+76 Lycium barbarum. w.             Willow-leaved Boxthorn      c.m.
+77 ------ europaeum. w.            European ditto              c.m.
+78 Sideroxylon lycoides            Willow-leaved Iron-wood     b.l.
+79 Rhamnus latifolius              Broad-leaved ditto          c.m.
+80 ------- alpinus                 Alpine ditto                b.m.
+81 ------- theezans                Tea ditto                   c.m.
+82 ------- alnifolius              Alder-leaved ditto          c.m.
+83 ------- Paliurus                Christ's Thorn              c.m.
+84 ------- volubilis. c.           Supple-jack Tree            c.m.
+85 ------- Ziziphus                Shining-leaved ditto        c.m.
+86 ------- Alaternus               Common Alaternus            c.m.
+87 ------- fol. argen. var.        Silver-striped ditto        c.m.s.
+88 ------- fol. aureo var.         Gold-striped ditto          c.m.s.
+89 ------- v. angustifolius        Jagged-leaved ditto         c.m.
+90 Celastrus scandeus              Climbing Staff-Tree         c.m.
+90 Ceanothus americanus            New Jersey Tea Tree         c.m.
+92 Euonymus latifolius             Broad-leaved Spindle-Tree   c.m.
+93 -------- verrucosus             Warted ditto                c.m.
+94 -------- atro-purpureus         Purple-flowered ditto       c.m.
+95 -------- americanus             Evergreen ditto             c.m.
+96 Itea virginica                  Virginian Itea              b.l.
+97 ---- buxifolia                  Box-leaved ditto            b.l.
+98 Ribes glandulosum               Glandulous Currant          c.m.
+99 ----- petraeum                  Rock ditto                  c.m.
+100 ---- floridum                  Large-flowered ditto        c.m.
+101 ---- diacanthum                Two-spined Gooseberry       c.m.
+102 ---- oxyacanthoides            Hawthorn-leaved ditto       c.m.
+103 ---- canadense                 Canadian ditto              c.m.
+104 ---- Cynosbatea                Prickly-fruited Currant     c.m.
+105 ---- prostratum                Procumbent ditto            c.m.
+106 ---- alpinum                   Alpine ditto                c.m.
+107 Hedera quinquefolia. w.        Virginian Creeper           c.m.
+108 ----- Helix v. latifolia       Broad-leaved Ivy. c.        c.m.
+109 Vitis vitifera. c.             Common Grape                c.m.
+110 ----- Labrusca. c.             Downy-leaved ditto          c.m.
+111 ----- vulpina. c.              Fox Grape                   c.m.
+112 ----- laciniata. c.            Parsley-leaved Vine         c.m.
+113 ----- arborea. c.              Pepper Vine                 c.m.
+
+
+PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA.
+
+114 Periploca graeca. c.           Virginian Silk-Tree         c.m.
+115 Salsola prostrata              Trailing Saltwort           c.m.
+116 Ulmus americana                American Elm                c.m.
+117 ----- v. alba                  White American ditto        c.m.
+118 ----- v. pendula               Drooping ditto              c.m.
+119 ----- nemoralis                Twiggy ditto                c.m.
+120 ----- pumila                   Dwarf ditto                 c.m.
+121 ----- crispa                   Curled-leaved ditto         c.m.
+122 Bupleurum fruticosum           Shrubby Hare's-ear          c.m.
+
+
+PENTANDRIA TRIGYNIA.
+
+123 Rhus Typhinum                  Virginian Sumach            c.m.
+124 ---- glabrum                   Smooth ditto                c.m.
+125 ---- Vernix                    Varnish Tree                c.m.
+126 ---- copallinum                Lentiscus-leaved Sumach     c.m.
+127 ---- radicans. c.              Upright Poison Ash          c.m.
+128 ---- Toxicodendron. c.         Trailing or officinal ditto c.m.
+129 ---- Cotinus                   Venus's Sumach              c.m.
+130 ---- Coriaria                  Elm-leaved ditto            c.m.
+131 Viburnum Tinus                 Laurustinus                 c.m.
+132 -------- fol. variegat.        Striped-leaved ditto        c.m.
+133 -------- lucidum               Shining-leaved ditto        c.m.
+134 -------- strictum              Upright ditto               c.m.
+135 -------- nudum                 Oval-leaved Viburnum        c.m.
+136 -------- cassinoides           Thick-leaved ditto          l.s.
+137 -------- nitidum               Shining-leaved ditto        b.l.
+138 -------- laevigatum            Cassioberry Bush            b.l.
+139 -------- prunifolium           Thick-leaved Viburnum       c.m.
+140 -------- Lentago               Pear-leaved ditto           c.m.
+141 -------- dentatum              Tooth-leaved ditto          c.m.
+142 -------- v. pubescens          Downy-leaved ditto          c.m.
+143 ------- -acerifolium           Maple-leaved ditto          c.m.
+144 -------- Opulus v. americana   American Gelder Rose        c.m.
+145 -------- v. rosea              Snow-ball ditto             c.m.
+146 -------- alnifolium            Alder-leaved ditto          c.m.
+147 Sambucus canadensis            Canadian Elder              c.m.
+148 -------- nigra v. laciniata    Cut-leaved ditto            c.m.
+149 -------- racemosa              Clustered-flowered ditto    c.m.
+150 Staphylea trifolia             Three-leaved Bladder-Nut    c.m.
+151 Tamarix germanica              German Tamarisk             c.m.
+
+
+PENTANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.
+
+152 Aralia spinosa                 Angelica Tree               b.l.
+
+
+PENTANDRIA POLYGYNIA.
+
+153 Zanthorhiza Apifolium          Parsley-leaved Zanthorhiza  b.
+
+
+HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+154 Prinos verticillatus           Whorl-leaved Winter-berry   b.l.
+155 ------ glaber                  Smooth ditto                b.l.
+156 ------ lanceolatus             Lanceolate-leaved ditto     b.l.
+157 ------ laevigatus              Spear-leaved ditto          b.l.
+158 Berberis canadensis            Canadian Barberry           b.l.
+159 -------- cretica               Cretan ditto                b.l.
+160 -------- sibirica              Siberian ditto              b.l.
+
+
+HEPTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+161 Aesculus Hippocastanum         Common Horse Chesnut        c.m.
+162 ------- flava                  Yellow-flowered ditto       c.m.
+163 ------- Pavia                  Scarlet-flowered ditto      c.m.
+164 ------- parviflora             Small-flowered ditto        c.m.
+
+
+OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+165 Koelreuteria paniculata        Panicled Koelreuteria       b.l.
+166 Vaccinium stamineum            Green-twigged Bleaberry     b.m.
+167 --------- diffusum             Shining-leaved ditto        b.m.
+168 --------- fuscatum             Brown ditto                 b.m.
+169 --------- angustifolium        Narrow-leaved ditto         b.m.
+170 --------- frondosum            Obtuse-leaved ditto         b.m.
+171 --------- venustum             Red-twigged ditto           b.m.
+172 --------- resinosum            Clammy ditto                b.m.
+173 --------- amoenum              Broad-leaved ditto          b.m.
+174 --------- virgatum             Twiggy-leaved ditto         b.m.
+175 --------- tenellum             Gale-leaved ditto           b.m.
+176 --------- macrocarpon          Large-fruited ditto         b.m.
+177 --------- nitidum              Shining-leaved ditto        b.m.
+178 --------- ligustrinum          Privet-leaved ditto         b.m.
+179 --------- pumilum              Dwarf ditto                 b.m.
+180 Erica ciliaris                 Ciliated Heath              b.m.s.
+181 ----- mediterranea             Mediterranean ditto         b.m.s.
+182 ----- australis                Spanish ditto               b.m.s.
+183 ----- herbacea                 Herbaceous ditto            b.m.
+184 ----- arborea                  Tree ditto                  b.m.s.
+185 Daphne alpina                  Alpine Daphne               b.l.
+186 ------ pontica                 Two-flowered ditto          b.l.s.
+187 ------ Cneorum                 Trailing ditto              b.l.
+188 ------ Tartonraira             Silver-leaved Daphne        b.l.s.
+189 ------ collina                 Hairy ditto                 b.l.s.
+190 ------ Gnidium                 Flax-leaved ditto           b.l.s.
+191 Dirca palustris                Marsh Leatherwood           b.m.
+
+
+OCTANDRIA DIGYNIA.
+
+192 Polygonum frutescens           Shrubby Polygonum           b.s.
+
+
+ENNEANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+193 Laurus Benzoin                 Benjamin Tree               c.m.
+194 ------ nobilis                 Sweet Bay                   c.m.
+195 Sassafras                      Sassafras Tree              b.l.
+
+
+DECANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+196 Sophora japonica               Japan Sophora               c.m.
+197 Cercis Siliquastrum            European Judas Tree         c.m.
+198 ------ canadensis              American ditto              c.m.
+199 Guilandina dioica              Canadian Bonduc             c.m.
+200 Ruta graveolens                Common Rue                  c.m.
+201 ---- montana                   Mountain ditto              c.m.
+202 Kalmia latifolia               Broad-leaved Kalmia         b.s.
+203 ------ angustifolia            Narrow-leaved ditto         b.s.
+204 ------ v. carnea               Pale-flowered ditto         b.s.
+205 ------ glauca                  Glaucus-leaved ditto        b.s.
+206 Ledum palustre                 Marsh Rosemary              b.s.
+207 ----- v. decumbens             Dwarf ditto                 b.s.
+208 ----- latifolium               Labrador Tea                b.s.
+209 ----- buxifolium               Box-leaved Ledum            b.s.
+210 Rhodora canadensis             Canadian Rhodora            b.m.
+211 Rhodorendron ferrugineum       Rusty-leaved Rhododendron   b.m.
+212 ------------ dauricum          Dauric ditto                b.m.
+213 ------------ hirsutum          Hairy ditto                 b.m.
+214 ------------ ponticum          Pontic ditto                b.m.
+215 ------------ fol. variegat.    Striped-leaved ditto        b.m.
+216 ------------ cataubiense       Large ditto                 b.m.
+217 ------------ maximum           Large-leaved ditto          b.m.
+218 ------------ punctatum         Dotted ditto                b.m.
+219 Andromeda mariana              Maryland Andromeda          b.m.
+220 --------- v. oblonga           Oval-leaved ditto           b.m.
+221 --------- ferruginea           Rusty-leaved ditto          b.m.
+222 --------- polyfolia, v. major  Broad-leaved rusty ditto    b.m.
+223 --------- paniculata           Panicled ditto              b.m.
+224 --------- arborea              Tree ditto                  b.m.
+225 --------- racemosa             Branching ditto             b.m.
+226 --------- axillaris            Notch-leaved ditto          b.m.
+227 --------- coriacea             Thick-leaved ditto          b.m.
+228 --------- acuminata            Acute-leaved ditto          b.m.
+229 --------- calyculata           Globe-flowered ditto        b.m.
+230 --------- v. latifolia         Broad Box-leaved ditto      b.m.
+231 --------- v. angustifolia      Narrow-leaved ditto         b.m.
+232 --------- Catesbaei            Catesby's ditto             b.m.
+233 Epigaea repens                 Creeping Epigaea            b.s.
+234 Gualtheria procumbens          Procumbent Gualtheria       b.s.
+235 Arbutus Unedo                  Common Strawberry Tree      b.l.
+236 ------- v. fl. rubro           Scarlet-flowered ditto      b.l.
+237 ------- v. flore pleno         Double-flowered ditto       b.l.
+238 ------- v. angustifolia        Narrow-leaved ditto         b.l.
+239 ------- v. crispa              Curled-leaved ditto         b.l.
+240 ------- Andrachne              Eastern ditto               b.l.
+241 Clethra alnifolia              Alder-leaved Clethra        b.l.
+242 ------- v. pubescens           Pubescent ditto             b.l.
+243 Styrax officinale              Officinal Styrax            b.l.
+244 ------ grandifolium            Large-leaved ditto          l.
+245 ------ laevigatum              Smooth-leaved ditto         l.
+
+
+DECANDRIA DIGYNIA.
+
+246 Hydrangea arborescens          Tree Hydrangea              c.m.
+247 --------- hortensis            Changeable-flowered ditto   c.m.
+248 --------- glauca               Glaucous-leaved ditto       b.l.
+249 --------- radiata              Rayed-flowered ditto        b.l.
+
+
+DODECANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+250 Halesia tetraptera             Wing-seeded Snow-drop Tree  c.m.
+
+
+DODECANDRIA TRIGYNIA.
+
+251 Euphorbia spinosa              Shrubby Euphorbia           b.l.
+252 Aristotelia Macqui             Shining-leaved Aristotelia  b.s.
+
+
+ICOSANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+253 Philadelphus coronarius        Common Syringa              c.m.
+254 ------------ nanus             Dwarf ditto                 c.m.
+255 Punica Granatum. w.            Pomegranata                 l.w.s.
+256 ------ flore pleno. w.         Double-flowered ditto       l.w.s.
+257 ------ flore luteo. w.         Yellow-flowered ditto       l.w.s.
+258 ------ flore albo. w.          White-flowered ditto        l.w.s.
+259 ------ nana. w.                Dwarf ditto                 l.w.s.
+260 Amygdalus Persica              Peach Tree                  c.m.
+261 --------- v. flore pleno       Double-flowering ditto      c.m.
+262 --------- v. Nectarina         Nectarine                   c.m.
+263 --------- nana                 Rough-leaved Almond         c.m.
+264 --------- pumila               Dwarf ditto                 c.m.
+265 --------- communis             Common ditto                c.m.
+266 --------- fol. variegat.       Striped-leaved ditto        c.m.
+267 --------- chinensis            Chinese ditto               c.m.
+268 --------- orientalis           Silvery-leaved ditto        c.m.
+269 --------- sibirica             Siberian ditto              c.m.
+270 Prunus virginiana              Virginian Bird-Cherry       c.m.
+271 ------ caroliniana             Carolinian ditto            c.m.
+272 ------ lusitanica              Portugal Laurel             c.m.
+273 Lauro-Cerasus                  Common Laurel               c.m.
+274 ----- Maheleb                  Perfumed Cherry             c.m.
+275 ----- Armeniaca                Apricot Tree                c.m.
+276 ----- pumila                   Dwarf Bird-Cherry           c.m.
+277 ----- pendula                  Weeping Cherry              c.m.
+278 ----- pennsylvanica            Pennsylvanian Bird-Cherry   c.m.
+279 ----- nigra                    Black ditto                 c.m.
+280 ----- cerasifera               Mirobalum Plum-Tree         c.m.
+281 ----- rubra                    Cornish Bird-Cherry         c.m.
+282 ----- Cerasus, v. flore pleno  Double-flowering ditto      c.m.
+283 ----- domestica                Common Plum                 c.m.
+284 ----- v. flore pleno           Double-flowering ditto      c.m.
+285 ----- sibirica                 Siberian ditto              c.m.
+
+
+ICOSANDRIA DIGYNIA.
+
+286 Crataegus Crus galli           Cockspur Thorn              c.m.
+287 -------- v. pyracanthifolia    Pyracanthus-leaved ditto    c.m.
+288 -------- salicifolia           Willow-leaved ditto         c.m.
+289 -------- Aria, v. suecica      Swedish White Beam Tree     c.m.
+290 -------- coccinea              American Hawthorn           c.m.
+291 -------- sanguinea             Bloody ditto                c.m.
+292 -------- cordata               Maple-leaved ditto          c.m.
+293 -------- pyrifolia             Pear-leaved ditto           c.m.
+294 -------- elliptica             Oval-leaved ditto           c.m.
+295 -------- glandulosa            Hollow-leaved ditto         c.m.
+296 -------- flava                 Yellow-berried ditto        c.m.
+297 -------- parviflora            Gooseberry-leaved ditto     c.m.
+298 -------- punctata              Great-fruited ditto         c.m.
+299 -------- v. aurea              Great Yellow-fruited ditto  c.m.
+300 -------- Azarolus              Parsley-leaved ditto        c.m.
+301 -------- monogynia, v. coc.    Scarlet Thorn               c.m.
+302 -------- tomentosa             Woolly-leaved ditto         c.m.
+303 -------- odoratissima          Sweet-scented ditto         c.m.
+
+
+ICOSANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.
+
+304 Mespillus Pyracantha           Evergreen Thorn             c.m.
+305 --------- Chamae Mespillus     Bastard Quince              c.m.
+306 --------- canadensis           Snowy Service               c.m.
+307 --------- Cotoneaster          Dwarf Mespilus              c.m.
+308 --------- arbutifolia          Arbutus-leaved ditto        c.m.
+309 --------- fructu rubro         Red-fruited ditto           c.m.
+310 --------- fructu albo          White-fruited ditto         c.m.
+311 --------- tomentosa            Woolly ditto                c.m.
+312 --------- Amelanchier          Alpine ditto                c.m.
+313 --------- pennsylvanica        Pennsylvanian ditto         c.m.
+314 Pyrus Pollveria                Woolly-leaved Pear-tree     c.m.
+315 ----- spectabilis              Chinese Apple-tree          c.m.
+316 ----- prunifolia               Large Siberian Crab         c.m.
+317 Pyrus baccata                  Small Siberian Crab         c.m.
+318 ----- coronaria                Sweet-scented ditto         c.m.
+319 ----- angustifolia             Narrow-leaved ditto         c.m.
+320 ----- Cydonia                  Common Quince               c.m.
+321 ----- salicifolia              Willow-leaved Crab          c.m.
+322 ----- praecox                  Early-flowering ditto       c.m.
+323 Spiraea laevigata              Smooth-leaved Spiraea       c.m.
+324 ------ salicifolia             Willow-leaved ditto         c.m.
+325 ------ v. paniculata           Panicled ditto              c.m.
+326 ------ v. latifolia            Broad-leaved ditto          c.m.
+327 ------ tomentosa               Woolly-leaved ditto         c.m.
+328 ------ Hypericifolia           Hypericum-leaved ditto      c.m.
+329 ------ crenata                 Crenated ditto              c.m.
+330 ------ chamaedrifolia          Germander-leaved ditto      c.m.
+331 ------ thalictroides           Meadow Rue leaved ditto     l.
+332 ------ Opulifolia Guelder      Rose leaved ditto           c.m.
+333 ------ sorbifolia Mountain     Ash-leaved ditto            b.m.
+334 ------ sibirica                Siberian ditto              c.m.
+
+
+ICOSANDRIA POLYGYNIA.
+
+335 Rosa Lutea                     Single Yellow Rose           l.
+336 ---- bicolor                   Red and Yellow Austrian ditto l.
+337 ---- sulphurea                 Double Yellow ditto          l.s.
+338 ---- blanda                    Hudson's Bay ditto           l.
+339 ---- cinnamonema. fl. pl.      Double cinnamon ditto        c.m.
+340 ---- pimpinellifolia           Small Burnet-leaved ditto    c.m.
+341 ---- spinosissima v.           Striped-flowered Scotch Rose c.m.
+342 ---- v. ruberrima              Red Scotch ditto             c.m.
+343 ---- v. flore pleno            Double Scotch ditto          c.m.
+344 ---- v. altissima              Tall Scotch ditto            c.m.
+345 ---- v. versicolor             Marbled Scotch ditto         c.m.
+346 ---- carolina                  Single Burnet-leaved ditto   c.m.
+347 ---- v. flore-pleno            Double Burnet-leaved ditto   c.m.
+348 ---- v. pimpinellifolia        Single Pennsylvanian ditto   c.m.
+349 ---- v. pimpinellifol. fl. pl. Double Pennsylvanian ditto   b.m.
+350 ---- v. diffusa                Spreading Carolina ditto     c.m.
+351 ---- v. stricta                Upright Carolina Rose        c.m.
+352 ---- villosa, v. flore pleno   Double Apple-bearing ditto   c.m.
+353 ---- provincialis              Common Provins ditto         c.m.
+354 ---- v. ruberrima              Scarlet Provins ditto        c.m.
+355 ---- v. pallida                Blush Provins ditto          c.m.
+356 ---- v. alba                   White Provins ditto          c.m.
+357 ---- v. multiflora             Rose de Meaux                c.m.
+358 ---- v. bicolor                Rose de Pompone              c.m.
+359 ---- v. humilis                Rose de Rheims               c.m.
+360 ---- v. prolifera              Childing's Provins ditto     c.m.
+361 ---- v. lusitanica             Blandford or Portugal ditto  c.m.
+363 ---- v. ----------             Rose St. Francis             c.m.
+363 Rosa provincialis v. ----      Shailer's Provins ditto      c.m.
+364 ---- ferox                     Hedgehog ditto               c.m.
+365 ---- brancteata                Ld. Macartney's White Rose   c.m.
+366 ---- centifolia                Dutch Hundred-leaved ditto   c.m.
+367 ---- v. rubicans               Blush Hundred-leaved ditto   c.m.
+368 ---- v. Singletoniae           Singleton's Hundred-leaved do. c.m.
+369 ---- v. holosericea            Single Velvet ditto          c.m.
+370 ---- v. holoserica fl. pl.     Double Velvet ditto          c.m.
+371 ---- v. sultana                Sultan Rose                  c.m.
+372 ---- v. stebennensis           Stepney ditto                c.m.
+373 ---- v. ------------           Lisbon ditto                 c.m.
+374 ---- v. ------------           Bishop ditto                 c.m.
+375 ---- v. ------------           Cardinal ditto               c.m.
+376 ---- v. ------------           Blush Royal ditto            c.m.
+377 ---- v. ------------           Petit Hundred-leaved ditto   c.m.
+378 ---- v. ------------           Pluto ditto                  c.m.
+379 ---- v. ------------           Monstrous Hundred-leaved do. c.m.
+380 ---- v. ------------           Fringe ditto                 c.m.
+381 ---- v. ------------           Plicate ditto                c.m.
+382 ---- v. ------------           Two-coloured Hund.-leaved do. c.m.
+383 ---- v. ------------           Shell ditto                  c.m.
+384 ---- parvifolia                Burgundy Rose                b.m.
+385 ---- gallica                   Red officinal Rose           c.m.
+386 ---- v. versicolor             Rosa mundi                   c.m.
+387 ---- v. marmorea               Marbled Rose                 c.m.
+388 ---- v. Royal                  Virgin ditto                 c.m.
+389 ---- v. major                  Giant ditto                  c.m.
+390 ---- damascena                 Red Damask ditto             c.m.
+391 ---- v. rubicans               Blush Damask ditto           c.m.
+392 ---- v. versicolor             York and Lancaster ditto     c.m.
+393 ---- v. menstrualis            Red Monthly ditto            c.m.
+394 ---- v. menstrualis alba       White Monthly ditto          c.m.
+395 ---- v. Belgica                Blush Belgic ditto           c.m.
+396 ---- v. -------                Great Royal ditto            c.m.
+397 ---- v. -------                Blush Monthly ditto          c.m.
+398 ---- v. -------                Red Belgic ditto             c.m.
+399 ---- v. -------                Goliah Rose                  c.m.
+400 ---- v. -------                Imperial Blush ditto         c.m.
+401 ---- multiflora                Many-flowered ditto          c.m.
+402 ---- sempervirens. c.          Evergreen Rose               c.m.
+403 ---- turbinata                 Frankfort ditto              c.m.
+404 ---- rubiginosa v. Semidoule   Sweet Briar                  c.m.
+405 ---- v. muscosa                Mossy ditto                  c.m.
+406 ---- v. sempervirens           Manning's Blush ditto        c.m.
+407 ---- v. flore pleno            Double Red ditto             c.m.
+408 ---- v.                        Royal ditto                  c.m.
+409 ---- muscosa                   Moss Provence Rose           c.m.
+410 ---- moschata                  Single Musk ditto            c.m.
+411 Rosa v. flore pleno            Double Musk Rose             c.m.
+412 ---- alpina                    Alpine Rose                  c.m.
+413 ---- v. rubro                  Red Alpine ditto             c.m.
+414 ---- canina, v. flore pleno    Double Dog-rose              c.m.
+415 ---- pendulina                 Rose without Thorns          c.m.
+416 ---- alba                      Single White Rose            c.m.
+417 ---- v. flore pleno            Double White ditto           c.m.
+418 ---- v. prolifera              Cluster Maiden's Blush ditto c.m.
+419 ---- v. major                  Great Maiden's Blush ditto   c.m.
+420 ---- procera                   Tall Rose                    c.m.
+421 ---- americana                 American Yellow ditto        c.m.
+422 Rubus occidentalis             American Bramble             c.m.
+423 ----- odoratus                 Flowering ditto              c.m.
+424 ----- fruticosus inermis. c.   Bramble without Thorns       c.m.
+425 ----- v. laciniata. c.         Cut-leaved Bramble           c.m.
+426 ----- v. flore pleno           Double-flowered ditto        c.m.
+427 Calycanthus floridus           Carolina Allspice            l.
+428 ----------- v. oblongus        Long-leaved ditto            l.
+429 ----------- praecox. w.        Early-flowered Chinese ditto l.s.
+
+
+POLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+430 Tilia americana                Broad-leaved American Lime   c.m.
+431 ----- v. corallina             Red-twigged ditto            c.m.
+432 ----- pubescens                Pubescent ditto              c.m.
+433 ----- alba                     White-leaved ditto           c.m.
+434 Cistus populifolius            Poplar-leaved Cistus         l.s.
+435 ------ v. minor                Small Poplar-leaved ditto    l.s.
+436 ------ laurifolius             Laurel-leaved ditto          l.s.
+437 ------ Ladaniferus             Gum Cistus                   c.m.
+438 ------ monspeliensis           Montpellier Cistus           l.s.
+439 ------ laxus                   Waved-leaved ditto           l.s.
+440 ------ salvifolius             Sage-leaved ditto            l.s.
+441 ------ incanus                 Hoary ditto                  l.s.
+442 ------ albidus                 White-leaved ditto           l.s.
+443 ------ crispus                 Curled-leaved ditto          l.s.
+444 ------ halimifolius            Sea Purslane-leaved ditto    l.s.
+445 ------ halimifol. v. angustifol. Narrow-leaved Cistus       l.s.
+446 ------ umbellatus              Umbelled-flowered ditto      l.s.
+447 ------ roseus                  Red-leaved ditto             l.s.
+448 ------ marifolius              Marum-leaved ditto           l.s.
+449 ------ Tuberaria               Plantain-leaved ditto        l.s.
+450 ------ apenninus               Apennine ditto               c.m.
+451 ------ mutabilis               Changeable ditto             l.s.
+
+
+POLYANDRIA DIGYNIA.
+
+452 Fothergillia alnifolia         Alder-leaved Fothergillia    b.s.
+
+
+POLYANDRIA DIGYNIA.
+
+453 Liriodendron Tulipifera        Common Tulip Tree            c.m.
+454 Magnolia grandiflora           Laurel-leaved Magnolia       b.l.s.
+455 -------- v. obovata            Broad-leaved ditto           b.l.s.
+456 -------- v. lanceolata         Long-leaved ditto            b.l.s.
+457 -------- v. ferruginea         Ferrugineous ditto           b.l.s.
+458 -------- glauca                Swamp ditto                  b.l.s.
+459 -------- acuminata             Blue-flowering ditto         b.l.s.
+460 -------- tripetala             Umbrella Tree                b.l.s.
+461 -------- auriculata            Large-leaved ditto           b.l.s.
+462 -------- purpurea              Purple Chinese ditto         b.l.s.
+463 Annona triloba                 Trifid-fruited Custard Apple b.l.s.
+464 Atragena alpina. c.            Alpine Atragena              b.l.
+465 -------- austriaca. c.         Austrian ditto               b.l.
+466 Clematis cirrhosa. c.          Evergreen Virgin's Bower     b.l.
+467 -------- florida. c.           Large-flowered ditto         b.l.
+468 -------- flore pleno           Double ditto                 c.m.
+469 -------- viticella. c.         Purple-flowered ditto        b.l.
+470 -------- v. fl. pleno. c.      Double Purple-flowered ditto c.m.
+471 -------- crispa. c.            Curled-flowered ditto        b.l.
+472 -------- orientalis. c.        Eastern ditto                b.l.
+473 -------- virginiana. c.        Virginian ditto              c.m.
+474 -------- flammula. c.          Sweet-scented ditto          c.m.
+
+
+DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMIA.
+
+475 Teucrium flavum                Yellow Teucrium              l.s.
+476 Satureja montana               Winter Savory                c.m.
+477 Hyssopus officinalis           Common Hyssop                c.m.
+478 Lavandula Spica                Lavender                     c.m.
+479 --------- v. flore albo        White-flowered ditto         c.m.
+480 --------- Stoechas             French ditto                 c.m.s.
+481 Phlomis fruticosa              Jerusalem Sage               c.m.
+482 Thymus vulgaris                Common Thyme                 c.m.
+483 ------ v. fol. variegat.       Silver Thyme                 c.m.
+484 ------ vulgaris. latifolia     Broad-leaved Thyme           c.m.
+485 ------ Zygis                   Linear-leaved ditto          c.m.
+
+
+DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA.
+
+486 Bignonia Catalpa               Common Catalpa               c.m.
+487 -------- radicans              Great trumpet Flower         c.m.
+488 -------- v. minor              Small ditto                  c.m.
+489 -------- capreolata            Four-leaved ditto            l.s.
+490 Vitex Agnus                    Castus Chaste Tree           c.m.
+491 ----- v. latifolia             Broad-leaved ditto           c.m.
+
+
+TETRADYNAMIA SILICULOSA.
+
+492 Vella Pseudo-cytisus           Shrubby Vella                l.s.
+
+
+MONADELPHIA POLYANDRIA.
+
+493 Hibiscus Syriacus              Althaea Frutex               c.m.
+494 -------- v. ruber              Red-flowered ditto           c.m.
+495 -------- v. albus              White-flowered ditto         c.m.
+496 -------- v. fol. variegat.     Striped-leaved ditto         c.m.
+497 -------- v. flore pleno        Double White-flowered ditto  c.m.
+498 Stuartia Malacodendron         Common Stuartia              b.l.s.
+499 -------- marilandia            Maryland ditto               b.l.s.
+500 Gordonia pubescens             Loblolly Bay                 b.l.s.
+
+
+DIADELPHIA OCTANDRIA.
+
+501 Polygala Chamaebuxus           Box-leaved Milkwort          b.m.
+
+
+DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA.
+
+502 Spartium Junceum               Spanish Broom                c.m.
+503 -------- flore pleno           Double-flowered ditto        l.s.
+504 -------- decumbens             Trailing Broom               c.m.
+505 -------- Scorpius              Scorpion ditto               c.m.
+506 -------- multiflorum           Portugal White ditto         c.m.
+507 -------- patens                Woolly-podded ditto          c.m.
+508 -------- purgans               Purging ditto                c.m.
+509 -------- radiatum              Starry ditto                 b.m.
+510 Genista candicans              Evergreen genista            c.m.
+511 ------- triquetra              Triangular ditto             c.m.
+512 ------- sagittalis             Jointed ditto                l.
+513 ------- sibirica               Siberian ditto               c.m.
+514 ------- germanica              German ditto                 l.
+515 ------- hispanica              Spanish ditto                l.
+516 ------- lusitanica             Portugal ditto               l.
+517 Amorpha fruticosa              Bastard Indigo               c.m.
+518 Ononis rotundifolia            Round-leaved Rest-Harrow     l.
+519 ------ fruticosa               Shrubby ditto                l.
+520 Glycine frutescens             Shrubby Kidney-bean Tree     c.m.
+521 Cytisus Laburnum               Common Laburnum              c.m.
+522 ------- v. latifolium          Scotch ditto                 c.m.
+523 ------- alpinus                Alpine Cytisus               c.m.
+524 ------- nigricans              Black ditto                  c.m.
+525 ------- divaricatus            Divaricated ditto            c.m.
+526 ------- sessifolius            Sessile-leaved ditto         c.m.
+527 ------- hirsutus               Hairy Evergreen ditto        c.m.s.
+528 ------- purpureus              Purple-flowered ditto        b.l.
+529 ------- austriacus             Austrian ditto               l.
+530 ------- supinus                Trailing ditto               l.
+531 ------- capitatus              Large Yellow-flowered ditto  c.m.
+532 ------- biflorus               Two-flowered ditto           c.m.
+533 Robinia Pseudo-Acacia          Common Acacia                c.m.
+534 ------- hispida                Rose Acacia                  c.m.
+535 Robinia glutinosa              Glutinous Acacia             c.m.
+536 ------- Caragana               Caragana ditto               c.m.
+537 ------- Altagana               Siberian ditto               l.
+538 ------- Chamlagu               Shining-leaved ditto         l.
+539 ------- spinosa                Thorny ditto                 l.
+540 ------- Halodendron            Salt Tree                    l.
+541 ------- frutescens             Shrubby Robinia              l.
+542 ------- pygmea                 Dwarf ditto                  l.
+543 ------- jubata                 Bearded ditto                l.
+544 Colutea arborescens            Common Bladder Senna         c.m.
+545 ------- cruenta                Eastern ditto                c.m.
+546 ------- Pococki                Pocock's ditto               c.m.
+547 Coronilla Emeris               Scorpion Senna               c.m.
+548 Astralagus tragacantha         Goat's Thorn                 l.
+
+
+POLYADELPHIA POLYANDRIA.
+
+549 Hypericum calycinum            Great-flowered St. John's-wort c.m.
+550 --------- hircinum             Foetid ditto                 c.m.
+551 --------- v. minus             Lesser Foetid ditto          c.m.
+552 --------- elatum               Tall ditto                   c.m.
+553 --------- prolificum           Proliferous ditto            c.m.
+554 --------- olympicum            Olympian ditto               l.s.
+555 --------- Kalmianum            Kalmia-leaved ditto          c.m.
+
+
+SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA AEQUALIS.
+
+556 Santolina Chamaecyparissus     Lavender cotton              c.m.
+557 --------- rosmarinifolius      Rosemary-leaved ditto        c.m.
+
+
+SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA.
+
+558 Gnaphalium Stoechas            Narrow-leaved Everlasting    l.s.
+559 Baccharis halimifolia          Groundsel tree               c.m.
+560 Cineraria maritima             Sea Rag-wort                 l.s.
+
+
+GYNANDRIA PENTANDRIA.
+
+561 Passiflora caerulea. c.        Blue Passion Flower          c.m.s.
+
+
+GYNANDRIA HEXANDRIA.
+
+562 Aristolochia Sipho. c.         Tree Birthwort               l.
+
+
+MONOECIA TRIANDRIA.
+
+563 Axyris Ceratoides              Shrubby Axyris               l.s.
+564 Comptonia asplenifolia         Fern-leaved Gale             b.s.
+
+
+MONOECIA TETRANDRIA.
+
+565 Aucuba japonica                Blotched-leaved Aucuba       l.b.s.
+566 Betula populifolia             Poplar-leaved Birch          c.m.
+567 ------ nigra                   Black ditto                  c.m.
+568 ------ papyracea               Paper ditto                  c.m.
+569 ------ pumila                  Hairy-leaved Dwarf ditto     b.m.
+570 ------ oblongata               Oblong-leaved ditto          c.m.
+571 ------ laciniata               Cut-leaved Alder             c.m.
+572 ------ incana                  Glaucous-leaved Alder        c.m.
+573 ------ v. angulata             Elm-leaved ditto             c.m.
+574 Buxus balearicus               Minorca Box                  l.s.
+575 ----- semperv. v. variegat.    Striped-leaved ditto         c.m.
+576 ----- v. angustifolia          Narrow-leaved ditto          c.m.
+577 Morus alba                     White Mulberry               c.m.
+578 ----- nigra                    Black ditto                  c.m.
+579 ----- papyracea                Paper ditto                  c.m.
+580 ----- rubra                    Red ditto                    c.m.
+
+
+MONOECIA PENTANDRIA.
+
+581 Iva frutescens                 Bastard Jesuit's-Bark Tree   c.m.
+
+
+MONOECIA POLYANDRIA.
+
+582 Quercus Phellos                Willow-leaved Oak            l.
+583 ------- v. serioea             Dwarf Willow-leaved ditto    l.
+584 ------- Ilex                   Evergreen Oak                c.m.
+585 ------- v. serrata             Sawed-leaved Evergreen ditto c.m.
+586 ------- v. oblonga             Oblong-leaved Evergreen do.  c.m.
+587 ------- Suber                  Cork tree                    c.m.
+588 ------- virens                 Live Oak                     c.m.
+589 ------- Prinos                 Chesnut-leaved Oak           l.s.
+590 ------- v. oblonga             Long-leaved ditto            l.
+591 ------- aquatica               Water Oak                    l.
+592 ------- v. heterophylla        Various-leaved Water Oak     l.
+593 ------- v. elongata            Long-leaved Water ditto      l.
+594 ------- v. indivisa            Entire-leaved Water ditto    l.
+595 ------- v. attenuata           Narrow-leaved Water ditto    l.
+596 ------- nigra                  Black Oak                    c.m.
+597 ------- rubra                  Red ditto                    c.m.
+598 ------- v. coccinea            Scarlet ditto                c.m.
+599 ------- v. montana             Mountain Red ditto           c.m.
+600 ------- discolor               Downy-leaved ditto           c.m.
+601 ------- alba                   White Oak                    c.m.
+602 ------- aegilops               Large prickly-cupped ditto   l.
+603 ------- Cerris                 Turkey Oak                   c.m.
+604 Fagus pumila                   Chinquapin Chesnut           l.s.
+605 ----- ferruginea               Copper Beech                 c.m.
+606 ----- sylvatica v. purpurea    Purple ditto                 c.m.
+607 ----- v. asplenifolia          Fern-leaved ditto            c.m.
+608 Carpinus virginiana            Virginian Hornbeam           c.m.
+609 Carpinus Ostrya                Hop Hornbeam                 c.m.
+610 Corylus rostrata               American Cuckold Nut         c.m.
+611 ------- Colurna                Constantinople ditto         c.m.
+612 Platanus orientalis            Palmated Plane Tree          c.m.
+613 -------- v. acerifolia         Maple-leaved ditto           c.m.
+614 -------- v. undulata           Waved-leaved ditto           c.m.
+615 -------- occidentalis          Lobed-leaved ditto           c.m.
+616 Liquidamber Styraciflua        Maple-leaved Gum Tree        l.
+
+
+MONOECIA MONADELPHIA.
+
+617 Pinus pinaster                 Pinaster                     c.m.
+618 ----- Inops                    Jersey Pine                  l.
+619 ----- resinosa                 Pitch ditto                  l.
+620 ----- halepensis               Aleppo Pine                  l.
+621 ----- Pinea                    Stone Pine                   l.
+622 ----- Taeda                    Frankincense ditto           l.
+623 ----- v. rigida                Three-leaved ditto           l.
+624 ----- v. variabilis            Two and three-leaved ditto   l.
+625 ----- v. alopecuroides         Fox-tail ditto               l.
+626 ----- v. Cembra                Siberian stone ditto         c.m.
+627 ----- Strobus                  Weymouth ditto               c.m.
+628 ----- Cedrus                   Cedar of Lebanon             c.m.
+629 ----- Larix                    Red Larch                    c.m.
+630 ----- v. pendula               Black Larch                  c.m.
+631 ----- Picea                    Silver Fir                   c.m.
+632 ----- Balsamea                 Balm of Gilead Fir           c.m.
+633 ----- canadensis               Hemlock Spruce Fir           c.m.
+634 ----- nigra                    Black ditto                  c.m.
+635 ----- alba                     White ditto                  c.m.
+636 ----- Abies                    Red or Common ditto          c.m.
+637 ----- sylvestris v. tatarica   Tartarian Pine               l.
+638 ----- v. montana               Mountain ditto               l.
+639 ----- v. divaricata            Hudson's Bay ditto           l.
+640 ----- v. maritima              Sea Pine                     l.
+641 Thuja occidentalis             American Arbor-Vitae         c.m.
+642 ----- orientalis               Chinese ditto                c.m.
+643 Cupressus sempervirens         Upright Cypress              c.m.
+644 --------- v. horizontalis      Male Spreading ditto         c.m.
+645 --------- disticha             Deciduous ditto              c.m.
+646 --------- v. nutans            Long-leaved Deciduous ditto  l.
+647 --------- thyoides             Arbor-Vitae-leaved ditto     c.m.
+648 --------- pendula              Cedar of Goa                 l.s.
+
+
+DIOECIA DIANDRIA.
+
+649 Salix phylicaefolia            Phylica-leaved Willow        c.m.
+650 ----- babylonica               Weeping Willow               c.m.
+651 ----- retusa                   Blunt-leaved ditto           c.m.
+652 Salix incubacea                Spreading Willow             c.m.
+653 ----- ulmifolia                Elm-leaved ditto             c.m.
+654 ----- hastata                  Halbert-leaved ditto         c.m.
+655 ----- myrtilloides             Myrtle-leaved ditto          c.m.
+656 ----- Lapponum                 Lapland ditto                c.m.
+657 ----- tristis                  Narrow-leaved American ditto c.m.
+
+
+DIOECIA TRIANDRIA.
+
+658 Empetrum rubrum                Red Crow Berry               b.m.
+659 Hippophaë canadensis           Canada Sea Buck-thorn        b.l.s.
+660 Myrica cerifera                Candleberry Myrtle           b.l.
+661 ------ v. latifolia            Broad-leaved ditto           b.l.
+
+
+DIOECIA PENTANDRIA.
+
+662 Pistachia Terebinthus          Pistachia Nut Tree           l.s.
+663 Xanthoxylum Clava              Herculis Tooth-ach Tree      c.m.
+
+
+DIOECIA HEXANDRIA.
+
+664 Smilax aspera. c.              Rough Bindweed               l.b.
+665 ------ lanceolata. c.          Spear-leaved ditto           l.b.
+666 ------ rotundifolia. c.        Round-leaved ditto           l.b.
+667 ------ Bona Nox. c.            Ciliated ditto               l.b.
+668 ------ laurifolia. c.          Laurel-leaved ditto          l.b.
+669 ------ sassaparilla. c.        Sassaparilla ditto           l.b.
+670 ------ tamnoides. c.           Briony-leaved ditto          l.b.
+671 ------ caduca. c.              Deciduous ditto              l.b.
+
+
+DIOECIA OCTANDRIA.
+
+672 Populus dilatata               Lombardy Poplar              c.m.
+673 ------- balsamifera            Tacamahac ditto              c.m.
+674 ------- candicans              White-leaved ditto           c.m.
+675 ------- laevigata              Smooth-leaved ditto          c.m.
+676 ------- monilifera             Canadian ditto               c.m.
+677 ------- graeca                 Athenian ditto               c.m.
+678 ------- heterophylla           Various-leaved ditto         c.m.
+679 ------- angulata               Carolina ditto               c.m.
+
+
+DIOECIA DECANDRIA.
+
+680 Coriaria myrtifolia            Myrtle-leaved Sumach         c.m.
+
+
+DIOECIA DODECANDRIA.
+
+681 Menispermum canadense. c.      Canada Moon-seed             l.b.
+682 ----------- carolinianum. c.   Carolina ditto               l.b.
+
+
+DIOECIA MONADELPHIA.
+
+683 Juniperus thuifera             Spanish Juniper              c.m.
+684 --------- Sabina               Common Savin                 c.m.
+685 --------- v. tamariscifolia    Tamarisk-leaved ditto        c.m.
+686 Juniperus v. fol. variegat.    Variegated Savin             c.m.
+687 --------- virginiana           Red Cedar                    c.m.
+688 --------- repens               Creeping ditto               c.m.
+689 --------- Oxycedrus            Brown-berried ditto          l.b.s.
+690 --------- phoenicea            Phoenicean ditto             l.b.s.
+691 --------- bermudiana           Bermudian ditto              l.b.s.
+692 --------- communis v. suecica  Swedish ditto                c.m.
+693 --------- montana              Alpine ditto                 l.b.
+694 Ephedra monostachya            Shrubby Horse tail           l.b.
+695 ------- distachya              Greater ditto                l.b.
+696 Cissampelos smilacina          Smilax-leaved Cissampelos    l.b.
+
+
+DIOECIA SYNGENESIA.
+
+697 Ruscus Hypoglossum             Broad-leaved Alexandrian Laurel c.m.
+698 ------ Hypophyllum             Double-leaved ditto          b.m.
+699 ------ racemosus               Common ditto                 b.m.
+
+
+POLYGAMIA MONOECIA.
+
+700 Atriplex Halimus               Sea Purslane                 c.m.
+701 Acer tataricum                 Tartarian Maple              c.m.
+702 ---- rubrum                    Scarlet ditto                c.m.
+703 ---- v. pallidum               Pale ditto                   c.m.
+704 ---- saccharinum               Sugar Maple                  c.m.
+705 ---- platanoides               Plane-leaved ditto           c.m.
+706 ---- v. laciniatum             Cut-leaved ditto             c.m.
+707 ---- montanum                  Mountain ditto               c.m.
+708 ---- pensylvanicum             Pennsylvanian ditto          c.m.
+709 ---- monspessulanum            Montpellier ditto            c.m.
+710 ---- creticum                  Cretan ditto                 c.m.
+711 ---- Negundo                   Ash-leaved ditto             c.m.
+712 ---- Opalus                    Italian ditto                c.m.
+
+
+POLYGAMIA DIOECIA.
+
+713 Gleditsia triacanthos          Three-thorned Acacia         c.m.
+714 --------- v. horrida           Strong-spined ditto          c.m.
+715 --------- v. monosperma        Single-seeded ditto          c.m.
+716 Fraxinus rotundifolia          Round-leaved Ash             c.m.
+717 -------- excelsior v. crispa   Curled-leaved ditto          c.m.
+718 -------- v. diversifolia       Various-leaved ditto         c.m.
+719 -------- v. pendula            Weeping Ash                  c.m.
+720 -------- v. striata            Striped-barked ditto         c.m.
+721 -------- v. variegata          Blotch-leaved ditto          c.m.
+722 -------- Ornus                 Flowering ditto              c.m.
+723 -------- americana             American ditto               c.m.
+724 -------- chinensis             Chinese ditto                c.m.
+725 -------- rotundifolia          Round-leaved ditto           c.m.
+726 Diospyrus Lotus                Date Plum Tree               c.m.
+727 Diospyrus virginiana           Virginian Plum Tree          c.m.
+728 Nyssa integrifolia             Mountain Tupello             l.b.
+729 ----- denticulata              Water ditto                  l.b.
+
+
+POLYGAMIA TRIOECIA.
+
+730 Ficus Garica                   Common Fig-Tree              c.m.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+FOREIGN HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS.
+
+
+
+In enumerating the foregoing, as well as the plants of the present
+section, I have had more than one object in view; being desirous to put
+in only such plants as were ornamental or curious, at the same time to
+insert none but what are perfectly hardy; yet, independently of this, to
+make it sufficiently general, to give to such persons who might wish to
+study plants scientifically, a sufficient number for examples in every
+genus. For this purpose I have retained a portion of the Umbelliferous
+and other plants. Although not to be distinguished for their general
+beauty or appearance, yet they are calculated to afford the student the
+best plants for comparison, and for that reason I have arranged them
+according to the Linnaean System.
+
+
+
+DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+ 1 Veronica sibirica          Siberian Speedwell           c.m.
+ 2 -------- virginica         Virginian ditto              c.m.
+ 3 -------- spuria            Bastard ditto                c.m.
+ 4 -------- maritima          Blue-flowered Sea ditto      c.m.
+ 5 -------- longifolia        Long-leaved ditto            c.m.
+ 6 -------- incana            Hoary ditto                  c.m.
+ 7 -------- incicisa          Cut-leaved ditto             c.m.
+ 8 -------- Allioni           Creeping ditto               c.m.
+ 9 -------- Teucrium          Hungarian ditto              c.m.
+10 -------- urticaefolia      Nettle-leaved ditto          c.m.
+11 -------- orientalis        Oriental ditto               c.m.
+12 -------- candida           White-leaved ditto           c.m.
+13 -------- multifida         Multifid ditto               c.m.
+14 -------- latifolia         Broad-leaved ditto           c.m.
+15 Verinoca prostrata         Trailing Sea Speedwell       c.m.
+16 -------- austriaca         Austrian ditto               c.m.
+17 -------- pinnata           Wing'd-leaved ditto          c.m.
+18 -------- paniculata        Panicled ditto               c.m.
+19 -------- Gentianoides      Gentian-leaved ditto         c.m.
+20 Gratiola officinalis       Hedge-Hyssop                 c.m.
+21 Verbena urticaefolia       Nettle-leaved Vervain        c.m.
+22 Lycopus virginicus         Virginian Lycopus            c.m.
+23 Monarda fistulosa          Hollow-stalked Monarda       l.
+24 ------- didyma             Scarlet ditto                l.
+25 ------- purpurea           Purple ditto                 l.
+26 Salvia lyrata              Lyre-leaved Sage             l.b.
+27 ------ virgata             Twiggy-branched ditto        c.m.
+28 ------ sylvestris          Spotted-stalked ditto        c.m.
+29 ------ nemorosa            Spear-leaved ditto           c.m.
+30 ------ austriaca           Austrian ditto               c.m.
+31 ------ Disermas            Long-spiked ditto            c.m.
+32 ------ verticillata        Whorl-flowered ditto         c.m.
+33 ------ glutinosa           Yellow-flowered ditto        c.m.
+34 ------ lineata             Flax-leaved ditto            l.b.
+35 Collinsonia canadensis     Nettle-leaved Collinsonia    c.m.
+
+
+TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+36 Valeriana Phu              Garden Valerian              c.m.
+37 Ixia chinensis             Chinese Ixia                 l.b.
+38 Galdiolus communis         Common red Corn-Flag         c.m.
+39 --------- byzantinus       Larger ditto                 c.m.
+40 Iris susiana               Chalcedonian Iris            l.b.
+41 ---- florentina            Florentine ditto             c.m.
+42 ---- germanica             German ditto                 c.m.
+43 ---- lurida                Dingy ditto                  c.m.
+44 ---- sambucina             Elder-scented ditto          c.m.
+45 ---- dalmatica             Dalmatian ditto              c.m.
+46 ---- variegata             Variegated-flowered ditto    c.m.
+47 ---- biflora               Two-flowered ditto           l.b.
+48 ---- pumila                Dwarf ditto                  c.m.
+49 ---- sibirica              Siberian ditto               c.m.
+50 ---- squalens              Brown-flowered ditto         c.m.
+51 ---- versicolor            Various coloured ditto       c.m.
+52 ---- spuria                Spurious ditto               c.m.
+53 ---- ochroleuca            Pale Yellow ditto            c.m.
+54 ---- graminea              Grass-leaved ditto           c.m.
+55 ---- ephium                Spanish Bulbous ditto        c.m.
+56 ---- ephioides             English Bulbous ditto        c.m.
+57 ---- persica               Persian ditto                l.b.
+58 ---- halophila             Long-leaved ditto            c.m.
+59 ---- subbiflora            One- and Two-flowered ditto  c.m.
+60 ---- virginica             Virginian ditto              c.m.
+61 Iris aphylla               Naked-stalked Iris           c.m.
+62 ---- flexuosa              Bending-stalked ditto        c.m.
+63 Commelina erecta           Upright Commelina            c.m.
+
+
+TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+64 Scabiosa alpina            Alpine Scabious              c.m.
+65 -------- leucantha         Snowy ditto                  c.m.
+66 -------- sylvatica         Broad-leaved ditto           c.m.
+67 -------- ochroleuca        Pale white ditto             c.m.
+68 Crucianella anomala        Anomalous Crucianella        c.m.
+69 Asperula Taurina           Broad-leaved Woodroof        c.m.
+70 Plantago maxima            Broad-leaved Plantain        c.m.
+71 -------- v. rosea          Rose ditto                   c.m.
+72 -------- altissima         Tall ditto                   c.m.
+73 -------- asiatica          Asiatic ditto                c.m.
+74 Sanguisorba media          Short-spiked Burnet-saxifrage c.m.
+75 -------- canadensis        Canadian ditto               c.m.
+
+
+PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+76 Anchusa angustifolia       Narrow-leaved Bugloss        c.m.
+77 Pulmonaria angustifolia    Narrow-leaved Lungwort       l.b.
+78 ---------- virginica       Virginian ditto              l.b.
+79 Borago orientalis          Eastern Borage               l.b.
+80 Symphytum orientale        Eastern Comfrey              l.b.
+81 --------- asperrimum       Siberian ditto               c.m.
+82 Hydrophyllum virginicum    Virginian Water-leaf         l.b.
+83 ------------ canadense     Canadian ditto               l.b.
+84 Lysimachia Ephemeron       Willow-leaved Loose-strife   l.
+85 ---------- stricta         Bulb-bearing ditto           b.s.
+86 ---------- ciliata         Ciliated ditto               c.m.
+87 Plumbago europaea          European Lead-wort           c.m.
+88 Phlox paniculata           Panicled Lychnidea           c.m.
+89 ----- undulata             Wave-leaved ditto            c.m.
+90 ----- suaveolens           White-flowered ditto         c.m.
+91 ----- carolina             Carolina ditto               c.m.
+92 ----- maculata             Spotted-stalked ditto        c.m.
+93 ----- glaberrima           Smooth-stalked ditto         c.m.
+94 Convolvulus americanus     American Bind-weed           c.m.
+95 Polemonium reptans         Creeping Greek Valerian      c.m.
+96 Campanula persicifolia     Peach-leaved Campanula       l.
+97 --------- pyramidalis      Pyramidal ditto              l.
+98 --------- lilifolia        Lily ditto                   c.m.
+99 --------- rapunculoides    Nettle-leaved ditto          c.m.
+100 -------- americana        American ditto               l.
+101 -------- versicolor       Various-coloured ditto       l.b.
+102 -------- sibirica         Siberian ditto               l.b.
+103 Phyteuma spicata          Spike-flowered Horn-Rampion  c.m.
+104 Triosteum perfoliatum     Fever Wort                   l.b.
+105 Verbascum ferrugineum     Rusty-leaved Mullein         l.
+106 -------- phoeniceum       Purple-flowered ditto        l.
+107 Hyoscyamus Scopolia       Nightshade-leaved Henbane    b.
+108 Physalis Alkekengi        Winter Cherry                c.m.
+109 Atropa Mandragora         Mandrake                     l.s.
+110 Viola montana             Mountain Violet              c.m.
+111 Tabernamonta Amsonia      Alternate-leaved Taberna montana
+112 ------------ angustifolia Narrow-leaved ditto          l.s.
+
+
+PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA.
+
+113 Apocynum venetum          Spear-leaved Dog's-bane      c.m.
+114 -------- androsaemifolium Fly-catching ditto           l.b.
+115 -------- cannabium        Hemp-leaved ditto            c.m.
+116 Asclepius syriaca         Syrian Swallow-wort          c.m.
+117 --------- amoena          Oval-leaved ditto            c.m.
+118 --------- incarnata       Flesh-coloured ditto         c.m.
+119 --------- sibirica        Siberian ditto               l.b.
+120 --------- Vincetoxicum    Officinal ditto              c.m.
+121 --------- exaltata        Tall ditto                   l.b.
+122 --------- tuberosa        Orange Apocynum or ditto     l.b.
+123 --------- nigra           Black ditto                  c.m.
+124 Heuchera americana        American Spanicle            c.m.
+125 Gentiana lutea            Yellow Gentian               l.b.
+126 -------- saponaria        Soapwort-leaved ditto        l.b.
+127 --------- cruciata        Cross-wort ditto             l.b.
+128 Eryngium planum           Flat-leaved Eryngo           l.
+129 -------- amethystinum     Amethystian ditto            l.
+130 -------- Bourgati         Cut-leaved ditto             l.
+131 -------- alpinum          Alpine ditto                 l.
+132 Astrantia major           Great Black Masterwort       c.m.
+133 Ferrula communis          Gigantic Fennel              l.
+134 ------- nodiflora         Knotted ditto                l.
+135 Laserpitium latifolium    Broad-leaved Laser-wort      l.
+136 Heracleum elegans         Elegant-leaved Cow Parsnep   c.m.
+137 Ligusticum laevisticum    Common Lovage                c.m.
+138 ---------- peloponnese    Hemlock-leaved ditto         c.m.
+139 Angelica archangelica     Garden Angelica              c.m.
+140 Sium Falcaria             Creeping-rooted Skirret      l.b.
+141 Phellandrium Mutellina    Mountain Phellandrium        l.b.
+142 Chaerophyllum bulbosum    Bulbous-rooted Chaerophyllum c.m.
+143 ------------ hirsutum     Hairy ditto                  c.m.
+144 ------------ aromaticum   Sweet-scented ditto          c.m.
+145 Sesseli montanum          Long-leaved Meadow-saxifrage c.m.
+146 Thapsia villosa           Deadly carrot                c.m.
+147 Smyrnium aureum           Golden Alexanders            l.b.
+
+
+PENTANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.
+
+148 Aralia racemosa           Berry-bearing Aralia         c.m.
+149 Aralia nudicaulis         Naked-stalk'd Atalia         l.b.
+150 Statice Cephalotes        Large single-stalk'd Statice l.
+151 ------- speciosa          Plaintain-leaved ditto       l.
+152 ------- tatarica          Tartarian ditto              l.
+
+
+HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+153 Tradescantia virginica    Virginian Spider-wort        c.m.
+154 Narcissus angustifolius   Narrow-leaved Narcissus      c.m.
+155 --------- biflorus        Two-flowered ditto           c.m.
+156 --------- majalis         Late-flowering white ditto   c.m.
+157 Narcissus incomparabilis  Peerless Daffodil            c.m.
+158 --------- major           Large ditto                  c.m.
+159 --------- orientalis      Oriental ditto               c.m.
+160 --------- Tazetta         Polyanthus Narcissus         c.m.
+161 --------- odorus          Sweet-scented ditto          c.m.
+162 --------- Jonquilla       Jonquil                      c.m.
+163 --------- hispanicus      Spanish-white ditto          c.m.
+164 --------- Bulbocodium     Hoop Petticoat ditto         l.b.
+165 --------- minor           Lesser daffodil              c.m.
+166 Amaryllis lutea           Yellow Amaryllis             l.
+167 Allium victorialis        Long rooted Garlick          c.m.
+168 ------ sphaerocephalon    Small round-headed ditto     c.m.
+169 ------ descendens         Purple-headed ditto          c.m.
+170 ------ nutans             Nodding ditto                c.m.
+171 ------ senescens          Narcissus-leaved Garlick     c.m.
+172 ------ multibulbosum      Broad-leaved ditto           c.m.
+173 ------ flavum             Yellow Garlick               c.m.
+174 ------ Moly               Yellow Moly                  c.m.
+175 ------ tartaricum         Tartarian Garlick            c.m.
+176 ------ subhirsutum        Hairy ditto                  c.m.
+177 ------ pallens            Pale-flowered ditto          c.m.
+178 Lilium candidum           White Lilly                  c.m.
+179 ------ bulbiferum         Orange ditto                 c.m.
+180 ------ pomponium          Pomponian ditto              b.m.
+181 ------ chalcedonium       Scarlet Martagon ditto       c.m.
+182 ------ superbum           Superb ditto                 b.m.
+183 ------ martagon           Common Martagon ditto        c.m.
+184 ------ canadense          Canada-Martagon ditto        b.m.
+185 ------ tigrinum           Tiger Lily                   l.b.
+186 ------ philadelphicum     Philadelphia Lily            b.m.s.
+187 ------ Catesbaei          Catesby's Lily               b.m.s.
+188 Fritillaria imperialis    Crown Imperial               c.m.
+189 ----------- persica       Persian Fritillary           l.
+190 ----------- pyrenaica     Pyrenean Fritillary          c.m.
+191 Uvularia perfoliata       Perfoliate Uvularia          l.b.
+192 -------- amplexifolia     Heart-leaved ditto           l.b.
+193 -------- grandiflora      Large-flowered ditto         c.m.
+194 Erythronium Dens Canis    Dog's-tooth Violet           c.m.
+195 Tulipa sylvestris         Italian Yellow Tulip         c.m.
+196 ------ Gesneriana         Common Garden ditto          c.m.
+196 Hypoxis erecta            Upright Hypoxis              c.m.
+197 Ornithogalum nutans       Nodding Star of Bethlehem    c.m.
+198 ------------ pyrenaicum   Pyrenean ditto               c.m.
+199 ------------ latifolium   Broad-leaved ditto           c.m.
+200 Scilla peruviana          Peruvian-Hyacinth            c.m.
+201 ------ campanulata        Spansh Squill                c.m.
+202 ------ bifolia            Two-leaved ditto             l.b.
+203 ------ praecox            Siberian ditto               l.b.
+204 ------ italica            Italian ditto                c.m.
+205 ------ amoena             Early-flowering ditto        c.m.
+206 Asphodelus luteus         Yellow Asphodel              c.m.
+207 ---------- ramosus        Branching ditto              c.m.
+208 Anthericum ramosum        Branching Anthericum         c.m.
+209 ---------- Liliago        Grass-leaved ditto           c.m.
+210 ---------- Liliastrum     St. Bruno's Lily             c.m.
+211 Convallaria verticillata  Verticillate Solomon's Seal  l.
+212 ----------- racemosa      Branching ditto              l.
+213 ----------- stellata      Starry ditto                 l.
+214 Hyacinthus orientalis     Garden Hyacinth              c.m.
+215 ---------- romanus        Roman ditto                  l.
+216 ---------- cernuus        Nodding ditto                c.m.
+217 ---------- Muscaria       Musk ditto                   c.m.
+218 ---------- monstrosus     Feathered ditto              c.m.
+219 ---------- comosus        Purple-Grape or Tassel ditto c.m.
+220 ---------- botryoides     Blue-Grape ditto             c.m.
+221 ---------- racemosus      Starch ditto                 c.m.
+222 Aletris Uvaria            Orange-flowered Aletris      l.s.
+223 Yucca gloriosa            Superb Adam's Needle         l.s.
+224 ----- filamentosa         Thready ditto                c.m.
+225 Hemerocallis flava        Yellow Day Lily              c.m.
+226 ------------ coerulea     Blue ditto                   l.s.
+227 ------------ alba         White ditto                  l.s.
+228 ------------ fulva        Tawny ditto                  c.m.
+229 ------------ graminea     Grass-leaved ditto           c.m.
+
+
+HEXANDRIA TRIGYNIA.
+
+230 Rumex Patentia            Patience Dock                c.m.
+231 ----- italicus            Italian ditto                c.m.
+232 ----- alpinus             Alpine ditto                 c.m.
+
+
+HEXANDRIA TETRAGYNIA.
+
+233 Saururus cernuus          Lizard's Tail                c.m.
+234 -------- lucidus          Shining-leaved ditto         c.m.
+
+
+OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+235 Oenothera fruticosa       Shrubby Oenothera            c.m.
+236 Oenothera Misouriensis    Misour Oenothera             l.b.
+237 --------- Fraseri         Fraser's ditto               l.b.
+238 --------- angustifolia    Narrow-leaved Shrubby ditto  c.m.
+239 Epilobium angustissimum   Narrowest-leaved Willow-herb c.m.
+240 --------- Dodonaei        Dodonaeus's ditto            l.b.
+
+
+OCTANDRIA TRIGYNIA.
+
+241 Polygonum divaricatum     Divaricated Polygonum        c.m.
+242 --------- scandens        Climbing ditto               c.m.
+243 --------- undulatum       Waved-leaved ditto           c.m.
+244 --------- ochreatum       Spear-leaved ditto           c.m.
+245 --------- virginicum      Virginian ditto              c.m.
+
+
+ENNEANDRIA TETRAGYNIA.
+
+246 Rheum Rhaponticum         Rhapontic Rhubarb            c.m.
+247 ----- undulatum           Waved-leaved ditto           c.m.
+248 ----- palmatum            Palmated-leaved ditto        c.m.
+249 ----- tataricum           Tartarian ditto              c.m.
+250 ----- hybridum            Bastard ditto                c.m.
+251 ----- compactum           Compact ditto                c.m.
+
+
+DECANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+252 Sophora flavescens        Siberian Sophora             l.b.
+253 ------- alopecuroides     Fox-tail ditto               l.b.
+254 ------- australis         Blue Australian ditto        l.b.
+255 ------- alba              White ditto                  l.b.
+256 Cassia marilandica        Maryland Cassia              l.
+257 Dictamnus rubra           Fraxinella                   c.m.
+
+
+DECANDRIA DIGYNIA.
+
+258 Saxifraga crassifolia     Oval-leaved Saxifrage        c.m.
+259 --------- cordifolia      Heart-leaved ditto           c.m.
+260 --------- Geum            Kidney-leaved ditto          c.m.
+261 --------- geranoides      Crane's-bill-leaved ditto    c.m.
+262 --------- pensylvanica    Pennsylvanian ditto          l.b.
+263 --------- hieracifolia    Hawkweed-leaved ditto        c.m.
+264 Gypsophila paniculata     Panicled Gypsophila          c.m.
+265 ---------- altissima      Tall ditto                   c.m.
+266 Dianthus barbatus         Common Sweet William         c.m.
+267 -------- hybridus         Mule Pink                    c.m.
+268 -------- superbus         Superb ditto                 c.m.
+
+
+DECANDRIA TRIGYNIA.
+
+269 Cucabulus viscosus        Clammy Bladder Campion       c.m.
+270 --------- tataricus       Tartarian ditto              c.m.
+271 --------- stellatus       Starry ditto                 l.b.
+272 Silene longiflora         Long-flowered Catchfly       c.m.
+
+
+DECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.
+
+273 Sedum majus               Great Stonecrop              c.m.
+274 ----- Aizoon              Yellow ditto                 c.m.
+275 Agrostemma coronaria      Common Rose Campion          c.m.
+276 ---------- Flos Jovis     Umbell'd ditto               c.m.
+277 Lychnis chalcedonia       Scarlet Lychnis              c.m.
+278 Cerastium repens          Creeping Mouse-ear Chickweed c.m.
+279 --------- dioicum         Spanish ditto                c.m.
+280 --------- tomentosum      Wooly-leaved ditto           c.m.
+281 --------- sufruticosum    Shrubby ditto                c.m.
+282 --------- strictum        Upright ditto                c.m.
+
+
+DECANDRIA DECAGYNIA.
+
+283 Phytolacca decandra       Branching Phytolacca         l.b.
+
+
+DODECANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+284 Lythrum virgatum          Fine-branched Willow-herb    c.m.
+
+
+DODECANDRIA DIGYNIA.
+
+285 Agrimonia odorata         Sweet-scented Agrimony       c.m.
+286 --------- repens          Creeping ditto               c.m.
+287 --------- Agrimonoides    Three-leaved ditto           c.m.
+
+
+DODECANDRIA TRIGYNIA.
+
+288 Euphorbia coralloides     Coral-stalk'd Spurge         l.
+289 --------- pilosa          Hairy ditto                  l.
+290 --------- Esula           Gromwell-leaved ditto        l.
+291 --------- falcata         Sickle-leaved ditto          l.
+292 --------- Cyparissias     Cypress ditto                c.m.
+293 --------- palustris       Marsh ditto                  l.b.
+294 --------- verrucosa       Warted ditto                 l.
+295 --------- multicorymbosa  Flax-leaved ditto            c.m.
+
+
+DODECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.
+
+296 Spiraea Aruncus           Goat's-beard Meadow Sweet    c.m.
+297 ------ lobata             Lobe-leaved ditto            l.
+298 ------ trifoliata         Three-leaved ditto           l.b.
+
+
+ICOSANDRIA POLYGYNIA.
+
+299 Fragaria monophylla       One-leaved Strawberry        c.m.
+300 -------- virginiana       Virginian ditto              c.m.
+301 -------- grandiflora      Pine ditto                   c.m.
+302 -------- chiliensis       Chili or White ditto         c.m.
+303 Potentilla pensylvanica   Pensylvanian Cinquefoil      c.m.
+304 ---------- recta          Upright ditto                c.m.
+305 ---------- hirta          Hairy ditto                  c.m.
+306 ---------- mutlifida      Cut-leaved ditto             c.m.
+307 ---------- norwegica      Norway ditto                 c.m.
+308 Potentilla grandiflora    Great-flowered Cinquefoil    c.m.
+309 ---------- monspeliensis  Montpelier ditto             c.m.
+310 Geum virginicum           Virginian Avens              c.m.
+311 ---- strictum             Upright ditto                c.m.
+312 ---- potentilloides       Cinquefoil ditto             c.m.
+313 ---- montanum             Mountain ditto               c.m.
+
+
+POLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+314 Actea racemosa            American Herb-Christopher    c.m.
+315 Podophyllum peltatum      Duck's-foot, or May-apple    c.m.
+316 Chelidonium laciniatum    Cut-leaved Celandine         c.m.
+317 Papaver orientale         Oriental Poppy               c.m.
+
+
+POLYANDRIA DIGYNIA.
+
+318 Paeonia coralloides       Female Paeony                l.
+319 ------ humilis            Dwarf ditto                  l.
+320 ------ albiflora          White-flowered ditto         l.
+321 ------ officinalis        Common or Male ditto         c.m.
+322 ------ tenuiflora         Fine-leaved ditto            c.m.
+323 ------ fimbriata          Fringed-flowered ditto       c.m.
+324 ------ anomala            Siberian ditto               c.m.
+
+
+POLYANDRIA TRIGYNIA.
+
+325 Delphinium intermedium    Palmate-leaved Bee Larkspur  c.m.
+326 ---------- hybridum       Bastard ditto                l.
+327 ---------- elatum         Common ditto                 c.m.
+328 ---------- exaltatum      American ditto               c.m.
+329 ---------- grandiflorum   Large-flowered ditto         c.m.
+330 Aconitum Lycoctonum       Great Yellow Wolf's-bane     c.m.
+331 --------- Napellus        Common Blue Wolf's-bane      c.m.
+332 --------- pyrenaicum      Pyrenean ditto               c.m.
+333 --------- japonicum       Japan ditto                  l.b.
+334 --------- Anthora         Wholesome ditto              c.m.
+335 --------- variegatum      Variegated ditto             c.m.
+336 --------- ochroleucum     Tall ditto                   c.m.
+337 --------- album           White-flowered ditto         l.
+338 --------- volubile        Twining ditto                l.b.
+339 --------- uncinatum       Hook-seeded ditto            c.m.
+340 --------- Cammarum        Purple ditto                 c.m.
+
+
+POLYANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.
+
+341 Aquilegia canadensis      Canadian Columbine           c.m.
+342 --------- montana         Mountain ditto               l.
+343 --------- sibirica        Siberian ditto               l.
+344 --------- viridiflora     Green-flowered ditto         l.
+
+
+POLYANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.
+
+345 Anemone pratensis         Meadow Anemone               l.b.
+346 Anemone coronaria         Common Garden ditto          l.
+347 ------- sylvestris        Snow-drop ditto              c.m.
+348 ------- virginiana        Virginian ditto              c.m.
+349 ------- pensylvanica      Pensylvanian ditto           c.m.
+350 Clematis recta            Upright Virgin's-Bower       c.m.
+351 -------- ochroleuca       Yellow ditto                 l.
+352 -------- viorna           Leathery-flowered ditto      l.
+353 -------- integrifolia     Intire-leaved ditto          c.m.
+354 Thalictrum aquilegifolium Feathered Columbine          c.m.
+355 ---------- simplex        Simple-stalked ditto         c.m.
+356 ---------- lucidum        Shining-leaved Meadow Rue    c.m.
+357 ---------- nigricans      Black-flowered ditto         c.m.
+358 ---------- elatum         Tall ditto                   c.m.
+359 ---------- foetidum       Stinking ditto               c.m.
+360 ---------- purpurascens   Purple-stalked ditto         c.m.
+361 ---------- medium         German ditto                 c.m.
+362 ---------- atropurpureum  Dark-purple-flowered ditto   c.m.
+363 ---------- rugosum        Rough-leaved ditto           c.m.
+364 ---------- dioicum        Dioicous ditto               c.m.
+365 ---------- sibiricum      Siberian ditto               c.m.
+366 ---------- tuberosum      Tubrous-rooted ditto         c.m.
+367 ---------- angustifolium  Narrow-leaved ditto          c.m.
+368 ---------- contortum      Twisted-stalked ditto        c.m.
+369 ---------- Cornuti        Canadian ditto               c.m.
+370 Thalictrum speciosum      Glaucous-leaved Meadow Rue   c.m.
+371 Ranunculus aconitifolius  Fair Maids of France         c.m.
+372 ---------- platanifolius  Plane-leaved Ranunculus      c.m.
+373 ---------- illyricus      Illyrian ditto               l.b.
+374 ---------- asiaticus      Common Persian ditto         c.m.
+375 Trollius asiaticus        Asiatic Globe-flower         l.b.s.
+376 -------- americanus       American ditto               l.b.s.
+377 Helleborus niger          Christmas Rose               l.s.
+378 ---------- lividus        Livid Hellebore              l.b.s.
+
+
+DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMA.
+
+379 Teucrium lucidum          Shining-leaved Germander     c.m.
+380 -------- multiflorum      Many-flowered ditto          c.m.
+381 Hyssopus nepetoides       Square-stalked Hyssop        l.
+382 Nepeta pannonica          Hungarian Cat-Mint           c.m.
+383 ------ incana             Hoary ditto                  c.m.
+384 ------ violacea           Violet-flowered ditto        c.m.
+385 ------ Nepetella          Small ditto                  c.m.
+386 ------ nuda               Spanish ditto                c.m.
+387 ------ tuberosa           Tuberous-rooted ditto        c.m.
+388 Sideritis hyssopifolia    Hyssop-leaved Iron-wort      l.
+389 --------- scordioides     Crenated ditto               l.
+390 --------- hirsuta         Hairy ditto
+391 Mentha crispa             Curled-leaved Mint           c.m.
+392 Mentha niliaca            White Mint                   c.m.
+393 ------ auriculata         Ear-leaved ditto             c.m.
+394 Lamium Orvala             Balm-leaved Archangel        l.
+395 ------ rugosum            Wrinkled-leaved ditto        c.m.
+396 ------ garganicum         Wolly ditto                  c.m.
+397 ------ molle              Pellitoria-leaved ditto      c.m.
+398 Betonica stricta          Danish Betony                c.m.
+399 ------- incana            Hoary ditto                  c.m.
+400 ------- orientalis        Oriental ditto               c.m.
+401 ------- hirsuta           Hairy ditto                  c.m.
+402 Stachys circinata         Blunt-leaved Stachys         c.m.
+403 ------- lanata            Woolly-leaved ditto          c.m.
+404 ------- cretica           Cretan ditto                 c.m.
+405 ------- recta             Upright ditto                c.m.
+406 Marrubium supinum         Procumbent Base Horehound    c.m.
+407 --------- hispanicum      Spanish ditto                c.m.
+408 --------- peregrinum      Saw-leaved ditto             c.m.
+409 Phlomis tuberosa          Tuberous-rooted Phlomis      c.m.
+410 ------- Herba venti       Rough-leaved ditto           l.b.
+411 Origanum hybridum         Bastard ditto                l.b.
+412 -------- heracloticum     Winter ditto                 c.m.
+413 Thymus virginicus         Virginian Thyme              l.
+414 Melissa grandiflora       Great-flowered Balm          c.m.
+415 ------- graeca            Grecian ditto                c.m.
+416 Dracocephalum virginicum  Virginian Dragon's-head      l.
+417 ------------- ruyschianum Hyssop-leaved ditto          c.m.
+418 ------------- sibiricum   Siberian ditto               c.m.
+419 Scutellaria albida        Hairy Skull-cap              c.m.
+420 ----------- integrifolia  Entire-leaved ditto          l.b.
+421 ----------- lupulina      Great-flowered ditto         l.b.
+
+
+DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA.
+
+422 Chelone glabra              White-flowered Chelone     l.b.
+423 ------- obliqua             Red ditto                  l.b.
+424 ------- ruelloides          Scarlet ditto              l.b.
+425 ------- formosa             Tall ditto                 l.b.
+426 Antirrhinum purpureum       Purple Toad-flax           c.m.
+427 ----------- genistifolium   Broom-leaved ditto         l.
+428 ----------- triornithophorum  Whorl-leaved ditto       l.b.
+429 Scrophularia betonicaefolia  Betony-leaved Figwort     l.
+430 ------------ orientalis     Oriental ditto             l.
+431 Digitalis lutea             Yellow Foxglove            c.m.
+432 --------- ambigua           Great ditto                c.m.
+433 --------- ferruginea        Iron-coloured ditto        c.m.
+434 Dodartia orientalis         Eastern Dodartia           l.
+435 Penstemon pubescens         American Penstemon         l.b.
+436 -------- Iaevigatum         Smooth-leaved ditto        l.b.
+437 Mimulus ringens             Oblong-leaved Monkey-flower  l.
+438 Mimulus guttatus            Yellow Monkey-flower       l.b.
+439 Acanthus mollis             Smooth Bear's-Breech       c.m.
+440 -------- spinosa            Prickly ditto              c.m.
+
+
+TETRADYNAMIA SILICULOSA.
+
+441 Myagrum perenne             Perennial Gold-of-Pleasure c.m.
+442 Cochlearia Draba            Draba-leaved Scurvy-Grass  c.m.
+443 Iberis sempervirens         Evergreen Candy-Tuft       c.m.
+444 Alyssum saxatile            Shrubby Madwort            c.m.
+445 Lunaria rediviva            Perennial Honesty          c.m.
+
+
+TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA.
+
+446 Sisymbrium strictissimum    Spear-leaved Sisymbrium    c.m.
+447 Hesperis matronalis         Single Garden Rocket       c.m.
+448 Bunias orientalis           Oriental Bunias            c.m.
+
+
+MONADELPHIA DECANDRIA.
+
+449 Geranium aconitifolium      Aconite-leaved Crane's-bill c.m.
+450 -------- angulosum          Angular-stalked ditto      c.m.
+451 -------- maculatum          Spotted ditto              c.m.
+452 -------- macorhizum         Long-rooted ditto          c.m.
+453 -------- palustre           Marsh ditto                l.
+454 -------- reflexum           Reflexed-flowered ditto    c.m.
+455 -------- striatum           Striped-flowered ditto     c.m.
+456 -------- lividum            Wrinkled ditto             c.m.
+
+
+MONADELPHIA POLYANDRIA.
+
+457 Althaea cannabina           Hemp-leaved Marsh-Mallow   c.m.
+458 Lavatera thuringiacea       Large-flowered Lavatera    c.m.
+459 Alcea rosa                  Common Holyoak             c.m.
+460 Hibiscus palutris           Marsh Hibiscus             l.b.
+461 Kitiabella vitifolia        Vine-leaved Kitiabella     c.m.
+
+
+DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA.
+
+462 Ononis antiquorum           Tall Rest-Harrow           l.
+463 Lupinus perennis            Perennial Lupine           l.b.
+464 Glycine Apios               Tuberous-rooted Glycine    l.
+465 Orobus Lathyroides          Upright Bitter-Vetch       c.m.
+466 ------ angustifolius        Narrow-leaved ditto        l.b.
+467 ------ niger                Black-flowered ditto       c.m.
+468 ------ vernus               Spring ditto               l.
+469 Lathyrus tuberosus          Tuberous-rooted Lathyrus   c.m.
+470 -------- heterophyllus      Various-leaved ditto       c.m.
+471 -------- pisiformis         Siberian ditto             c.m.
+472 Vicia pisiformis            Pale-flowered Vetch        c.m.
+473 Glycyrrhiza echinata        Prickly-leaved Liquorice   c.m.
+474 ----------- glabra          Common ditto               c.m.
+475 Coronilla varia             Purple Coronilla           c.m.
+476 Hedysarum canadense         Canada Saintfoin           c.m.
+477 Galega officinalis          Officinal Goat's-rue       c.m.
+478 ------ montana              Mountain ditto             l.b.
+479 Phaca alpina                Alpine Phaca, or Bastard-Vetch l.b.
+480 Astralagus alopecuroides    Foxtail Milk-Vetch         l.b.
+481 --------- virescens         Green-flowered ditto       c.m.
+482 --------- galegiformis      Goat's-rue-leaved ditto    c.m.
+483 --------- Cicer             Bladder-podded ditto       l.b.
+484 --------- Onobrichis        Purple-spiked ditto        c.m.
+485 Trifolium hybridum          Bastard Trefoil, or Clover c.m.
+486 --------- rubens            Long-spiked ditto          c.m.
+487 --------- alpestre          Oval-spiked ditto          c.m.
+488 --------- Lupinaster        Bastard Lupine             c.m.
+489 Lotus maritimus             Sea Bird's-foot Trefoil    c.m.
+490 Medicago Karstiensis        Creeping-rooted Medick     c.m.
+491 -------- prostrata          Procumbent ditto           c.m.
+
+
+POLYADELPHIA POLYANDRIA.
+
+492 Hypericum calycinum         Great-flowered St. John's-wort c.m.s.
+493 --------- perfoliatum       Perfoliate ditto           c.m.s.
+494 --------- Ascyron           Red-leavedditto            c.m.s.
+
+
+SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA AEQUALIS.
+
+495 Scorzonera hispanica        Spanish Viper's-grass      c.m.
+496 Sonchus sibiricus           Siberian Sow-thistle       c.m.
+497 Prenanthes purpurea         Purple Prenanthes          l.
+498 Hieracium amplexicaule      Heart-leaved Hawkweed      c.m.
+499 --------- pyrenaicum        Pyrenean ditto             c.m.
+500 Crepis pontica              Roman Crepis               c.m.
+501 Catananche caerulea         Blue Catananche            c.m.
+502 Serratula praealta          Tall Saw-wort              c.m.
+503 --------- coronata          Lyre-leaved ditto          c.m.
+504 --------- spicata           Spike-flowered ditto       b.l.
+505 Carduus canus               Hoary Thistle              c.m.
+506 ------- ciliatus            Ciliated ditto             c.m.
+507 ------- tuberosus           Tuberous-rooted ditto      c.m.
+508 ------- serratuloides       Saw-wort ditto             c.m.
+509 Cnicus oleraceus            Pale-flowered Cnicus       c.m.
+510 ------ ferox                Prickly ditto              c.m.
+511 ------ centauroides         Centaury ditto             c.m.
+512 Cynara Scolymus             French Artichoke           c.m.
+513 Carthamus corymbosus        Umbelled Carthamus         l.b.
+514 Carline acaulis             Stemless Carline           l.b.s.
+515 Cacalia hastata             Spear-leaved Cacalia       c.m.
+516 ------ suaveolens           Sweet-scented ditto        c.m.
+517 ------ saracenica           Creeping-rooted ditto      c.m.
+518 Eupatorium maculatum        Spotted Eupatorium         c.m.
+519 ---------- altissimum       Tall ditto                 c.m.
+520 Eupatorium trifoliatum      Three-leaved Eupatorium    c.m.
+521 ---------- perfoliatum      Perfoliate ditto           l.b.
+522 ---------- Ageratoides      Nettle-leaved ditto        b.l.
+523 Chrysocoma linosyris        German Goldy-locks         c.m.
+524 ---------- biflora          Two-flowered ditto         c.m.
+
+
+SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA.
+
+525 Tanacetum macrophyllum      Various-leaved Tansy       c.m.
+526 --------- Balsamita         Cost-Mary                  c.m.
+527 Artemisia Abrotanum         Common Southernwood        c.m.
+528 --------- santonicum        Tartarian ditto or Wormseed c.m.
+529 --------- pontica           Roman ditto                c.m.
+530 --------- Dracunculus       Tarragon                   c.m.
+531 Conyza linifolia            Flax-leaved Flea-bane      c.m.
+532 Tussilago paradoxa          Downy-leaved Coltsfoot     c.m.
+533 --------- lobata            Lobated ditto              c.m.
+534 --------- alba              White ditto                c.m.
+535 Senecio luridus             Dingy-coloured Groundsel   c.m.
+536 ------- coriaceus           Thick-leaved ditto         c.m.
+537 Dahlia superflua            Purple Dahlia              c.m.
+538 ------ v. rosea                                        c.m.
+539 ------ frustranea           Red ditto                  c.m.
+540 ------ v. lutea             Yellow ditto               c.m.
+541 ------ v. violacea          Violet ditto               c.m.
+542 Boltonia asteroides         Aster-leaved Boltonia      c.m.
+543 Aster hyysopifolius         Hyssop-leaved Aster        c.m.
+544 ----- dumosus               Purple-flowered ditto      c.m.
+545 ----- ericoides             Heath-leaved ditto         c.m.
+546 ----- multiflorus           Many-flowered ditto        c.m.
+547 ----- linearifolus          Linear-leaved ditto        c.m.
+548 ----- foliolosus            Many-leaved ditto          c.m.
+549 ----- salicifolius          Willow-leaved ditto        c.m.
+550 ----- linifolius            Flax-leaved ditto          c.m.
+551 ----- rigidus               Rough-leaved ditto         c.m.
+552 ----- acris                 Biting ditto               c.m.
+553 ----- umbellatus            Umbel'd ditto              c.m.
+554 ----- novae anglicae        New England ditto          c.m.
+555 ----- grandiflorus          Great-flowered ditto       c.m.
+556 ----- patens                Spreading ditto            c.m.
+557 ----- aestivus              Labrador ditto             c.m.
+558 ----- undulatus             Wave-leaved ditto          c.m.
+559 ----- concolor              Woolly ditto               c.m.
+560 ----- Amellus               Italian ditto              c.m.
+561 ----- sibiricus             Siberian ditto             c.m.
+562 ----- flexuosus             Bending-stalk'd ditto      c.m.
+563 ----- divaricatus           Divaricated ditto          c.m.
+564 ----- longifolius           Long-leaved ditto          c.m.
+565 ----- cordifolius           Heart-leaved ditto         c.m.
+566 Aster corymbosus            Purple-stalk Aster         c.m.
+567 ----- paniculatus           Smooth-stalked panicled ditto c.m.
+568 ----- puniceus              Small Purple-stalked ditto c.m.
+569 ----- laevis                Smooth ditto               c.m.
+570 ----- novi belgii           New-Holland ditto          c.m.
+571 ----- Tradescanti           Tradescant's ditto         c.m.
+572 ----- pendulus              Pendulous ditto            c.m.
+573 ----- diffusus              Diffuse red-flowered ditto c.m.
+574 ----- divergens             Spreading downy-leaved ditto c.m.
+575 ----- tardiflorus           Spear-leaved ditto         c.m.
+576 ----- spectabilis           Showy ditto                c.m.
+577 ----- mutabilis             Variable ditto             c.m.
+578 ----- macrophyllus          Broad-leaved-white ditto   c.m.
+579 ----- fragilis              Brittle ditto              c.m.
+580 ----- junceus               Slender-stalked ditto      c.m.
+581 ----- elegans               Elegant ditto              c.m.
+582 ----- glaberrimus           Smooth ditto               c.m.
+583 ----- lucidus               Shining ditto              c.m.
+584 ----- sessiliflorus         Sessil-flowered ditto      c.m.
+585 ----- altissimus            Tallest ditto              c.m.
+586 Solidago viminea            Twiggy Golden Rod          c.m.
+587 -------- mexicana           Mexican ditto              c.m.
+588 -------- sempervirens       Narrow-leaved Evergreen do. c.m.
+589 -------- elliptica          Oval-leaved ditto          c.m.
+590 -------- stricta            Willow-leaved ditto        c.m.
+591 -------- latifolia          Broad-leaved ditto         c.m.
+592 -------- laevigata          Fleshy-leaved ditto        c.m.
+593 -------- caesia             Maryland ditto             c.m.
+594 -------- lateriflora        Red-stalked ditto          c.m.
+595 -------- altissima          Tall ditto                 c.m.
+596 -------- arguta             Sharp Notched ditto        c.m.
+597 -------- canadensis         Canadian ditto             c.m.
+598 -------- procera            Great ditto                c.m.
+599 -------- reflexa            Reflexed ditto             c.m.
+600 -------- lanceolata         Grass-leaved ditto         c.m.
+601 -------- serotina           Upright ditto              c.m.
+602 -------- nemoralis          Woolly-stalked ditto       c.m.
+603 -------- bicolor            Two-cloured ditto          c.m.
+604 -------- aspera             Rough-leaved ditto         c.m.
+605 -------- flexicaulis        Crooked-stalked ditto      c.m.
+606 -------- ambigua            Angular-stalked ditto      c.m.
+607 -------- rigida             Hard-leaved ditto          c.m.
+608 Cineraria sibirica          Heart-leaved Cineraria     c.m.
+609 Inula squarrosa             Net-leaved Inula           c.m.
+610 ----- salicina              Willow-leaved ditto        l.b.
+611 ----- ensifolia             Sword-leaved ditto         c.m.
+612 Helenium autumnale          Smooth Helenium            c.m.
+613 Chrysanthemum corymbosum    Large White Chrysanthemum  c.m.
+614 Chrysanthemum indicum       Purple Indian Chrysanthemum c.m.
+615 ------------- millefoliatum Tansy-leaved ditto         c.m.
+616 ------------- v. -----      a Quilled White.
+617 ------------- v. -----      b Double White.
+618 ------------- v. -----      c Bright Yellow.
+619 ------------- v. -----      d Straw-coloured
+620 ------------- v. -----      e Quilled Straw-coloured.
+621 ------------- v. -----      f Purple Quilled.
+622 ------------- v. -----      g Lilac-coloured.
+623 ------------- v. -----      h Spanish brown.
+624 ------------- v. -----      i Copper-coloured.
+625 ------------- v. -----      j Quilled Lilac.
+626 Achillea alpina             Alpine Millefoil or Maudlin  c.m.
+627 -------- cristata           Slender-branched ditto       c.m.
+628 -------- serrata            Saw'd-leaved ditto           c.m.
+629 -------- impatiens          Impatient ditto              c.m.
+630 -------- santolina          Lavender-Cotton-leaved ditto c.m.
+631 -------- tanacetifolia      Tansy-leaved ditto           c.m.
+632 -------- nobilis            Showy ditto                  c.m.
+633 -------- abrotanifolia      Southernwood-leaved ditto    c.m.
+634 Buphthalmum grandiflorum    Great-flowered Ox-eye        l.
+635 ----------- salicifolium    Willow-leaved ditto          l.
+
+
+SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA FRUTRANEA.
+
+636 Helianthus multiflorus      Perennial Sun-flower         c.m.
+637 ---------- tuberosus        Jerusalem Artichoke          c.m.
+638 ---------- divaricatus      Rough-leaved Sun-flower      c.m.
+639 ---------- decapetalus      Ten-petal'd ditto            c.m.
+640 ---------- altissimus       Tall ditto                   c.m.
+641 ---------- giganteus        Gigantic ditto               c.m.
+642 Rudbeckia laciniata         Broad-jagged-leaved Rudbeckia c.m.
+643 --------- digitata          Narrow-jagged-leaved do.     c.m.
+644 --------- fulgida           Bright purple do.            l.b.
+645 --------- purpurea          Common purple do.            l.b.
+646 Coreopsis verticillata      Whorl-leaved Coreopsis       c.m.
+647 --------- tripteris         Three leaved ditto           c.m.
+648 --------- aurea             Hemp-leaved ditto            c.m.
+649 Coreopsis procera           Tall Coreopsis               c.m.
+650 --------- alternifolia      Alternate-leaved ditto       c.m.
+651 --------- auriculata        Ear-leaved ditto             c.m.
+652 --------- minima            Least ditto                  l.b.
+653 Centaurea Cenaureum         Great Centaury               c.m.
+654 --------- alpina            Alpine ditto                 l.b.
+655 --------- montana           Mountain ditto               c.m.
+656 --------- sempervirens      Evergreen ditto              c.m.
+657 --------- sibirica          Siberian ditto               c.m.
+658 --------- phrygia           Austrian ditto               c.m.
+659 Centaurea glastifolia       Woad-leaved Centaury         l.b.
+661 --------- rhapontica        Swiss ditto                  l.b.
+662 --------- sonchifolia       Sow-thistle-leaved ditto     l.b.
+663 --------- aurea             Great Yellow ditto           l.b.
+
+
+SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA NECESSARIA.
+
+664 Silphium scabrum            Rough-leaved Silphium        c.m.
+665 -------- terebinthinum      Broad-leaved ditto           c.m.
+666 -------- perfoliatum        Perfoliate ditto             c.m.
+667 -------- connatum           Round-stalked ditto          c.m.
+668 -------- Asteriscus         Hairy-stalked ditto          c.m.
+669 -------- trifoliatum        Three-leaved ditto           c.m.
+
+
+SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA SEGREGATA.
+
+670 Echinops Ritro              Small Globe Thistle          c.m.
+671 -------- sphaerocephalus    Great ditto                  c.m.
+
+
+SYNGENESIA MONOGAMIA.
+
+672 Lobelia Cardinalis          Scarlet Cardinal flower      l.
+673 ------- siphylitica         Blue ditto                   l.
+
+
+GYNANDRIA TRIANDRIA.
+
+674 Sisyrinchium striatum       Striated Sisyrinchium        l.
+
+
+GYNANDRIA POLYANDRIA.
+
+675 Arum Dracunculus            Long-sheathed Arum           c.m.
+676 ---- venosum                Varied ditto                 c.m.
+
+
+MONOECIA PENTANDRIA.
+
+677 Parthenium integrifolium    Intire-leaved Parthenium     c.m.
+678 Urtica nivea                Snowy Nettle                 c.m.
+
+
+DIOECIA HEXANDRIA.
+
+669 Smilax herbacea             Herbaceous Smilax            b.l.s.
+
+
+DIOECIA DODECANDRIA.
+
+680 Datisca cannabina           Bastard Hemp                 c.m.
+
+
+DIOECIA MONADELPHIA.
+
+681 Napaea laevis               Smooth Napaea                l.b.
+682 ----- scabra                Rough ditto                  c.m.
+
+
+POLYGAMIA MONOECIA.
+
+683 Veratrum album              White Hellebore              l.b.s.
+684 -------- nigrum             Dark-flowered Veratrum       l.b.s.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SECTION XVIII.-HARDY ANNUAL FLOWERS.
+
+
+
+These are cultivated by sowing their seeds, in the months of March or
+April, in the places where they are to remain and flower during the
+summer months.
+
+
+
+   ENGLISH NAMES.                LATIN NAMES.
+
+1 Alyssum sweet                Alyssum halimifolium
+2 Alkekengi                    Physalis Alkakengi
+3 Arctotus annual              Arctotus anthemoides
+4 Argemone or Devil's Fig      Argemone mexicana
+5 Asphodel annual              Anthericum anuum
+6 Aster                        China quilled
+7 ----- red                    Aster chinensis
+8 ----- white                  Aster chinensis
+9 ----- purple                 Aster chinensis
+10 ---- superb                 Aster chinensis
+11 ---- Bonnet                 Aster chinensis
+12 ---- striped                Aster chinensis
+13 Balm Moldavian              Dracocephalon moldavicum
+14 ---- white                  Dracocephalon moldavicum
+15 ---- hoary                  Dracocephalon moldavicum
+16 Belvidera                   Chenopodium Scoparium
+17 Bladder Ketmia              Hibiscus trionum
+18 Candytuft purple            Iberis umbellata
+19 --------- white             Iberis umbellata
+20 --------- Normandy          Iberis umbellata
+21 Caterpillar                 Scorpiurus vermiculata
+22 Catchfly pendulous          Silene pendula
+23 -------- Lobel's            Armeria
+24 Cyanus major                Centaurea Crupina
+25 ------ minor                Centaurea Cyanus
+26 Clary purple topped         Salvia Hormium
+27 ----- Red ditto             Salvia Hormium
+28 Chrysamthemum white-quill'd Chrysamthemum coronarium
+29 -----------   yellow ditto  Chrysamthemum tricolor
+30 Hawkweed red                Crepis rubra
+31 -------- yellow             Crepis barbata
+32 Hedgehogs                   Medicago polymorpha, v. intertexta
+33 Honeywort great             Cerinthe major
+34 --------- small             Cerinthe minor
+35 Indian Corn                 Zea mays
+36 Jacobaea                    Senecio elegans
+37 Larkspur Tall Rocket        Delphinium Ajacis
+38 -------- Dwarf Rocket       Delphinium Ajacis
+39 -------- Rose Larkspur      Delphinium Ajacis
+40 -------- Branching ditto    Delphinium Ajacis
+41 Lavatera Red                Lavatera trimestris
+42 -------- white              Lavatera trimestris
+43 Lobel's Catchfly red        Silene armeria
+44 ---------------- white      Silene armeria
+45 Love-lies-bleeding          Amaranthus caudatus
+46 Lupine yellow               Lupinus luteus
+47 ------ straw-coloured       Lupinus luteus
+48 ------ large blue           Lupinus hirsutus
+49 ------ small ditto          Lupinus varius
+50 ------ rose                 Lupinus pilosus
+51 ------ blue Dutch           Lupinus var
+52 ------ white                Lupinus albus
+53 Mallow-curled               Malva crispa
+54 Marigold French             Tagetes patula
+55 -------- African            Tagetes erecta
+56 -------- small cape         Calendula pluvialis
+57 -------- great Cape         Calendula hybrida
+58 -------- starry             Calendula stellata
+59 Mignionette                 Reseda odorata
+60 Nasturtium great            Tropaeolum majus
+61 ---------- small            Tropaeolum minus
+62 Nettle Roman                Urtica pilulifera
+63 Nigella Roman               Nigella Romana
+64 ------- Spanish             Nigella Hispanica
+65 ------- small               Nigella sativa
+66 Nolana Trailing             Noalan prostrata
+67 Noli-me-Tangere             Impatiens Noli-me-Tangere
+68 Oenothera purple            Oenothera purpurea
+69 Pea sweet purple            Lathyrus odoratus
+70 --------- scarlet           Lathyrus odoratus
+71 --------- white             Lathyrus odoratus
+72 --------- black             Lathyrus odoratus
+73 --------- striped           Lathyrus odoratus
+74 --------- painted lady      Lathyrus odoratus
+75 Pea jointed-podded          Lathyrus articulatus
+76 --- Anson's                 Lathyrus magellanicus
+77 --- Painted Lady Crown      Lathyrus sativus
+78 --- Tangier scarlet         Lathyrus tingitanus
+79 --- purple                  Lathyrus tingitanus
+80 --- red-winged              Lotus tetragonolobus
+81 --- yellow ditto            Lotus tetragonolobus
+82 Persicaria red              Polygonum orientale
+83 ---------- white            Polygonum orientale
+84 Poppy carnation             Papaver somniferum
+85 ----- dwarf                 Rhoeas
+86 Quaking-grass               Briza maxima
+87 Saltwort Rose               Salsola rosacea
+88 Scabious starry             Scabiosa stellata
+89 Snails                      Medicago scutella
+90 Soapwort                    Saponaria Vaccaria
+91 Stock purple 10-week        Cheiranthus annuus
+92 ----- scarlet 10-week       Cheiranthus annuus
+93 ----- white 10-week         Cheiranthus annuus
+94 ----- white Prussian        Cheiranthus annuus
+95 ----- purple ditto          Cheiranthus annuus
+96 Stock Virginian white       Cheiranthus maritimus
+97 --------------- red         Cheiranthus annuus
+98 Stramonium purple           Datula Tatula
+99 ---------- white            Datula stramonium
+100 Spinage strawberry         Blitum virgatum
+101 Sunflower tall             Helianthus annuus
+102 --------- dwarf            Helianthus annuus
+103 --------- double           Helianthus annuus
+104 Sultan sweet purple        Centaurea moschata
+105 ------ white               Centaurea moschata
+106 ------ yellow              Centaurea suaveolens
+107 Toadflax three-leaved      Antirrhinium triphyllum
+108 Trefoil crimson            Trifolium incarnatum
+109 Venus's Looking-glass      Campanula speculum
+110 -----Navelwort             Cynoglossum linifolium
+111 Xeranthemum yellow shining Xeranthemum lucidum
+112 ----------- white          Xeranthemum annuum
+113 ----------- purple double  Xeranthemum annuum
+114 Zinnia yellow              Zinnia pauciflora
+115 ------ red                 Zinnia multiflora
+116 ------ elegant             Zinnia elegans
+117 ------ violet-coloured     Zinnia tenniflora
+118 ------ whorl-leaved        Zinnia verticillata
+
+
+      *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SECTION XIX.-BIENNIAL FLOWERS.
+
+
+Biennial Flowers, i.e. such as do not bloom the same year they are
+raised from seeds.
+
+These should be sown in the month of May or June, and let remain in the
+place till the month of September, when they should be planted into
+beds, and in the following spring placed out where they are to flower.
+
+
+
+1 Canterbury Bells                 Campanula media
+2 Iron-coloured Foxglove           Digitalis ferruginea
+3 Hollyoak                         Alcea rosa
+4 Honesty                          Lunaria rediviva
+5 Stocks red Brompton              Cheiranthus incanus
+6 ------ white ditto               Cheiranthus incanus
+7 ------ purple ditto              Cheiranthus incanus
+8 ------ Queen                     Cheiranthus incanus
+9 ------ Twickenham                Cheiranthus incanus
+10 Wallflower	                   Cheiranthus fruticulosus
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SECTION XX.-TENDER ANNUAL FLOWERS.
+
+
+Such as are usually sown in hot-beds in the months of February or March,
+and grown in the stove or green-house after the removal of the plants in
+the summer months, for which purpose they are very ornamental.
+
+
+
+ENGLISH NAMES                          LATIN NAMES
+
+1 Amaranthus three-coloured            Amaranthus tricolor
+2 ---------- two-coloured              ---------- bicolor
+3 ---------- globe white               Gomphrena globosa
+4 ---------- purple                    Gomphrena globosa
+5 Balsam                               Impatiens Balsamita
+6 ------ scarlet                       Impatiens coccinea
+7 Striped double white
+8 Browallia blue                       Browallia elata
+9 --------- white                      Browallia elata
+10 Cacalia scarlet                     Cacalia coccinea
+11 Capsicum large red                  Capsicum annuum
+12 -------- yellow                     Capsicum annuum
+13 -------- small red horn             Capsicum annuum
+14 -------- yellow ditto               Capsicum annuum
+15 -------- cherry                     Capsicum annuum
+16 -------- Cayenne                    Capsicum annuum
+17 Calceolaria wing-leaved             Calceolaria pinnata
+18 Convolvulus large-flowered          Convolvulus major
+19 ----------- minor                   ----------- tricolor
+20 Cockscomb dwarf                     Celosia cristata
+21 --------- tall                      Celosia cristata
+22 --------- branching                 Celosia cristata
+23 --------- buff or yellow            Celosia cristata
+24 Egg plant white                     Solanum Melongena
+25 --------- purple                    Solanum Melongena
+26 Impomaea Scarlet                    Impomaea coccinea
+27 ------- wing-leaved                 ------- Quamoclit
+28 Ice plant                           Mesembryanthemum crystallinum
+29 Love apple                          Solanum Lycopersicum
+30 Sensitive plant                     Mimosa pudica
+31 Stramonium double purple            Datura Metel
+32 ---------- Double white             ------ v. flore albo
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SECTION XXI.-FOREIGN ALPINE PLANTS.
+
+ADAPTED TO THE DECORATION OF ROCK-WORK.
+
+
+
+The following list comprises a number of plants of great beauty and
+interest; but, being in general too small for the open borders, are only
+to be preserved either in pots; planted in rock-work, or in such other
+places where they are not overgrown by plants of larger size. There are
+many others of a similar kind that we grow in gardens, but which, being
+difficult to keep, we have thought fit not to insert; as persons who try
+to cultivate such in the open ground have in general the mortification
+to find that they do not compensate for the care and trouble necessary
+for preserving them.
+
+
+
+1 Ancistrum lucidum             Shining Ancistrum         b.l.
+2 --------- laevigatum          Smooth ditto              b.l.
+3 --------- latebrosum          Hairy ditto               b.l.
+4 Veronica aphylla              Naked-stalked Speedwell   b.l.
+5 -------- bellidoides          Daisy-leaved ditto        b.l.
+
+
+TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+6 Trichonema Bulbocodium        Crocus-leaved Trichonema  b.l.
+
+
+TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+7 Asperula crassifolia          Thick-leaved Woodroofe    b.l.
+8 Houstonia caerulea            Blue Houstonia            l.
+9 Mitchella repens              Creeping Mitchella        l.
+10 Plantago alpina              Alpine Plantain           l.
+11 -------- subulata            Awl-leaved ditto          l.
+12 Cornus canadensis            Herbaceous Dog-wood       b.
+13 Alchemilla pentaphylla       Five-leaved Lady's Mantle b.l.
+14 ---------- argentata         Silvery-leaved ditto      b.l.
+
+
+PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+15 Cynoglossum Omphaloides      Blue Venus's Navelwort    b.l.
+16 Aretia vitaliana             Primrose aretia           l.
+17 Androsace villosa            Hairy Androsace           l.
+18 Primula cortusoides          Bear's-ear Primrose       b.l.
+19 ------ villosa               Hairy Primula             b.l.
+20 ------ nivea                 Snowy ditto               b.l.
+21 ------ marginata             Margined ditto            b.l.
+22 ------ Auricula              Common Yellow Auricula    b.l.
+23 ------ lonigfolia            Long-leaved ditto         b.l.
+24 ------ helvetica             Swiss ditto               b.l.
+25 Primula integrifolia         Entire-leaved Auricula    b.l.
+26 Cortusa Mathioli             Siberian Bear's-ear Sanicle b.
+27 Soldanella alpina            Alpine Soldanella         b.l.
+28 Dodecatheon Meadia           American Cowslip          b.l.
+29 Cyclamen Coum                Round-leaved Cyclamen     l.
+30 -------- hederaefolium       Ivy-leaved ditto          l.
+31 Lysimachia dubia             Purple Loosestrife        l.
+32 Phlox pilosa                 Hairy Lychnidea           l.
+33 ----- ovata                  Oval-leaved ditto         l.
+34 ----- suffruticosa           Shrubby ditto             l.
+35 ----- stolonifera            Creeping ditto            l.
+36 ----- subulata               Awl-leaved ditto          l.
+37 ----- setacea                Bristly ditto             l.
+38 Convulvulus lineatus         Dwarf Bindweed            l.
+39 Campanulla pulla             Dark-flowered Bell-flower b.l.
+40 ---------- carpatica         Carpasian ditto           b.l.
+41 ---------- pumila            Purple-dwarf ditto        b.l.
+42 ---------- v. alba           White-dwarf ditto         b.l.
+43 ---------- nitida            Shining-leaved ditto      b.l.
+44 ---------- barbata           Bearded ditto             b.l.
+45 ---------- azurea            Azure-coloured ditto      b.l.
+46 Phyteuma hemisphaerica       Small Rampion             b.l.
+47 Verbascum Myconi             Borage-leaved Mullein     l.
+
+
+PENTANDRIA DIGYNIA.
+
+48 Gentiana acaulis             Gentianella               l.
+49 -------- asclepiadea         Swallow-wort Gentian      l.
+50 Bupleurum petraeum           Rock Thorough-wax         l.
+
+
+PENTANDRIA TRIGYNIA.
+
+51 Telephium Imperati           True Orphine              l.
+
+
+PENTANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.
+
+52 Statice cordata              Heart-leaved Thrift       l.
+53 ------- flexuosa             Zigzag ditto              l.
+54 Linum flavum                 Yellow Flax               l.
+55 ----- austriacum             Austrian ditto            l.
+
+
+HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+56 Convallaria bifolia          Two-leaved Lilly of the Valley l.b.
+
+
+HEXANDRIA TRIGYNIA.
+
+57 Trillium cernuum             Drooping-flowered Trillium b.
+58 -------- sessile             Sessile-flowered ditto    b.
+59 Helonias bullata             Spear-leaved Helonias     b.
+60 -------- asphodeloides       Grass-leaved ditto        b.
+
+
+OCTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+61 Rhexia mariana               Hairy Rexia               b.
+62 Oenothera rosea              Rose-flowered Tree Primrose l.b.
+63 --------- pumila             Dwarf Yellow ditto        l.b.
+64 Epilobium cordifolium        Heart-leaved Willow-herb  b.l.
+
+
+OCTANDRIA DIGYNIA.
+
+65 Moehringia muscosa           Mossy Moehringia          l.
+
+
+DECANDRIA DIGYNIA.
+
+66 Saxifraga Cotyledon          Pyramidal Saxifrage       l.
+67 --------- Aizoon             Margined ditto            c.m.
+68 --------- ligulata           Strap-leaved ditto        c.m.
+69 --------- rosularis          Rose-leaved ditto         c.m.
+70 --------- mutata             House-leek ditto          c.m.
+71 --------- Androsace          Blunt-leaved ditto        c.m.
+72 --------- caesia             Gray ditto                c.m.
+73 --------- pilosa             Hairy ditto               c.m.
+74 --------- sarmentosa         Creping ditto             c.m.
+75 --------- cuneifolia         Wedge-leaved ditto        c.m.
+76 --------- aspera             Rough-leaved ditto        c.m.
+77 --------- rotundifolia       Round-leaved ditto        c.m.
+78 --------- ajugaefolia        Ground Pine-leaved ditto  c.m.
+79 --------- sibirica           Siberian Pine-leaved ditto c.m.
+80 --------- adscendens         Ascending Saxifrage       c.m.
+81 --------- viscosa            Clammy ditto              c.m.
+82 Tiarella cordifolia          Heart-leaved Tiarella     c.m.
+83 Mitella diphylla             Two-leaved Mitella        c.m.
+84 Gypsophila repens            Creeping Gypsophila       l.b.
+85 ---------- prostrata         Trailing ditto            l.b.
+86 Saponaria acymoides          Basil-leaved Soap-wort    l.
+87 -------- superbus            Feathered ditto           l.
+88 -------- pungens             Pungent ditto             l.
+89 -------- alpinus             Alpine ditto              l.
+90 -------- capitatus           Headed-flowered ditto     l.
+91 -------- glaucus             Glaucous ditto            l.
+92 -------- virgineus           Maiden ditto              l.
+
+
+DECANDRIA TRIGYNIA.
+
+93 Silene anemoena              Siberian Catchfly         l.
+94 ------ alpestris             Mountain ditto            l.
+95 ------ rupestris             Rock ditto                l.
+96 ------ saxifraga             Saxifrage ditto           l.
+97 ------ vallesia              Downy ditto               l.
+98 Stellaria scapigera          Naked-stalk'd Stitch-wort l.
+99 Arenaria tetraquetra         Square Sand-wort          l.
+100 ------- balearica           Small ditto               l.
+101 ------- saxatilis           Rock ditto                l.
+102 ------- striata             Striated ditto            l.
+103 ------- grandiflora         Great-flowered ditto      l.
+104 ------- liniflora           Flax-flowered ditto       l.
+
+
+DECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA.
+
+105 Sedum Aizoon                Yellow Stonecrop          c.m.
+106 ----- Anacampseros          Evergreen Orpine          c.m.
+107 ----- hybridum              Bastard Sedum             c.m.
+108 ----- populifolium          Poplar-leaved ditto       c.m.
+109 ----- virens                Green ditto               c.m.
+110 ----- glaucum               Glaucous ditto            c.m.
+111 ----- deficiens             Round-leaved ditto        c.m.
+112 ----- hispanicum            Spanish ditto             l.
+113 Lychnis quadridentata       Small-flowering Lychnis   l.b.
+
+
+DODECANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+114 Asarum canadense            Canadian Asarabaca        l.b.
+
+
+DODECANDRIA DIGYNIA.
+
+115 Sempervivum globiferum      Globular House-leek       l.
+116 ----------- arachnoideum    Cobweb ditto              l.
+117 ----------- hirtum          Hairy ditto               l.
+118 ----------- montanum        Mountain ditto            l.
+119 ----------- cuspidatum      Prickly-leaved ditto      l.
+120 ----------- sediforme       Stone-crop-leaved ditto   l.
+
+
+ICOSANDRIA POLYGYNIA.
+
+121 Rubus arcticus              Dwarf Bramble             l.b.
+122 Potentilla sericea          Silky Cinquefoil          l.b.
+123 ---------- multifida        Multifid ditto            l.
+124 ---------- bifurca          Bifid ditto               l.
+125 ---------- tridentata       Trifid-leaved ditto       l.
+126 Geum potentilloides         Cinquefoil Avens          l.
+127 ---- reptans                Creeping ditto            l.
+
+
+POLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+128 Sanguinaria canadensis      Canada Puccoon            l.b.
+129 Papaver nudicaule           Naked-stalked Poppy       l.
+130 Cistus grandiflorus         Great-flowered Cistus     l.
+
+
+POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA.
+
+131 Anemone Hepatica            Common Liverwort          c.m.
+132 ------- hortensis           Star Anemone              l.b.
+133 ------- dichotoma           Forked ditto              l.b.
+134 Adonis vernalis             Spring Adonis Flower      c.m.
+135 Ranunculus amplexicaulus    Plaintain-leaved Crow-foot l.b.
+136 ---------- alpestris        Alpine ditto              l.b.
+137 ---------- glacialis        Two-flowered ditto        l.b.
+138 Isopyrum thalictroides      Thalictrum-leaved Isopyrum c.m.
+
+
+DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMA.
+
+139 Teucrium multiflorum        Many-flowered Germander   c.m.
+140 -------- pyrenaicum         Pyrenean ditto            c.m.
+141 Dracocephalum denticulatum  Tooth-leaved Dragon's-head c.m.
+142 ------------- austriacum    Austrian ditto            b.l.
+143 ------------- grandiflorum  Great-flowered ditto      l.
+144 Scutellaria alpina          Alpine Skull-cap          l.
+145 ----------- grandiflora     Large-flowered ditto      l.
+146 Prunella laciniata          Cut-leaved Self-heal      c.m.
+147 -------- grandiflora        Large-flowered ditto      c.m.
+148 -------- hyssopifolia       Hyssop-leaved ditto       c.m.
+149 -------- latifolia          Broad-leaved ditto        c.m.
+
+
+DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMA.
+
+150 Erinus alpinus              Alpine Erinus             l.b.
+
+
+TETRADYNAMIA SILICULOSA.
+
+151 Draba aizoides              Hairy-leaved Willow-grass l.b.
+152 Lepidium alpinum            Mountain Pepper-wort      l.b.
+153 Iberis saxatilis            Rock Candy-tuft           l.b.
+154 Alyssum montanum            Mountain Mad-wort         l.
+155 ------- utriculatum         Bladder-podded ditto      l.
+156 ------- deltoideum          Purple-flowered ditto     l.
+157 ------- campestre           Small yellow ditto        l.
+
+
+TETRADYNAMIA SILIQUOSA.
+
+158 Cardamine asarifolia        Heart-leaved Lady's Smock l.
+159 --------- bellidifolia      Daisy-leaved ditto        l.
+160 --------- trifolia          Three-leaved ditto        l.b.
+161 Cheiranthus alpinus         Alpine Stock              l.
+162 Arabis alpina               Alpine Wall-Cress         l.
+163 ----- lucida                Shining-leaved ditto      l.
+164 ----- bellidifolia          Daisy-leaved ditto        l.
+165 ----- sibirica              Siberian ditto            l.b.
+
+
+MONADELPHIA PENTANDRIA.
+
+166 Erodium Reichardi           Dwarf Erodium             c.m.
+
+
+DIADELPHIA HEXANDRIA.
+
+167 Fumaria cucullaria          Naked-stalked Fumitory    l.
+168 ------- nobilis             Great-flowered ditto      l.
+169 Fumaria cava                Hollow-rooted Fumitory    l.
+170 ------- solida              Solid-rooted ditto        l.
+171 ------- spectabilis         Scarlet ditto             l.
+
+
+DIADELPHIA DECANDRIA.
+
+172 Hedysarum obscorum          Creeping-rooted Hedysarum l.b.
+173 Astragalus pilosus          Hairy Milk-Vetch          l.
+174 ---------- falcatus         Sickle-podded ditto       l.
+175 ---------- uliginosus       Marsh ditto               l.
+176 ---------- monspessulanus   Montpelier ditto          l.
+177 ---------- exscapus         Stalkless ditto           l.
+178 ---------- campestris       Field ditto               l.
+
+
+SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA AEQUAIS.
+
+179 Leontodon aureum            Golden Dandelion          l.
+
+
+POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA.
+
+180 Artemisia glacialis         Creeping Wormwood         c.m.
+181 Gnaphalium plantagineum     Plaintain-leaved Everlasting l.
+182 Erigeron philadelphicum     Philadelphia Erigeron     l.
+183 -------- purpureum          Purple ditto              l.b.
+
+
+SYNGENESIA MONOGAMIA.
+
+184 Lobelia minuta              Least Cardinal Flower
+185 Viola palmata               Palmated Violet           b.
+186 ----- cucullata             Hollow-leaved ditto       l.
+187 ----- canadensis            Canadian ditto            l.b.
+188 ----- striata               Striated ditto            l.b.
+189 ----- pubescens             Downy ditto               l.b.
+190 ----- biflora               Two-flowered ditto        l.b.
+191 ----- grandiflora           Great-flowered ditto      l.b.
+192 ----- calcarata             Alpine ditto              l.b.
+193 ----- cornuta               Pyrenean ditto            l.b.
+194 ----- obliqua               Oblique-leaved ditto      l.b.
+195 Tussilago alpina            Alpine Colt's-foot        c.m.
+196 Senecio abrotanifolia       Southernwood-leaved Grounsel c.m.
+197 Aster alpinus               Alpine Star-wort          l.b.
+198 Doronicum bellidiastrum     Daisy-leaved Leopard's-Bane l.b.
+199 Bellis lusitania            Portugal Daisy            l.b.
+200 Bellium minutum             Bastard Daisy             l.b.
+201 Anthemis Pyrethrum          Pellitory of Spain        l.b.
+202 Achillea tomentosa          Woolly Milfoil            l.b.
+203 -------- Clavannae          Silvery-leaved ditto      l.b.
+
+
+GYNANDRIA DIANDRIA.
+
+204 Cypripedium album           White Ladies-Slipper      b.
+
+
+GYNANDRIA TRIANDRIA.
+
+205 Sisyrinchum anceps          Small Sisyrinchum         c.m.
+206 Arum tenuifolium            Fine-leaved Arum          c.m.
+
+
+CRYPTOGAMIA FILICES.
+
+207 Polypodium marginale        Margin-flowered Polypody  b.l.
+208 ---------- auriculatum      Eared ditto               b.l.
+209 Onoclea sensibilis          Sensitive Fern            b.
+210 Equisetum filiforme         Fine Horse-tail           l.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+APPENDIX
+
+
+
+BRITISH PLANTS CULTIVATED FOR ORNAMENTAL PURPOSES.
+
+
+1. ALISMA Plantago. I cannot pass over this beautiful aquatic without
+giving it a place amongst the ornamental plants with which our country
+abounds. In pieces of water this is of considerable interest both as to
+flowers and foliage, and no place of the kind should ever be destitute
+of such a beauty. It is of easy culture; the plant taken from its place
+of growth and sunk into the water with a stone to keep it in its place,
+is a ready and easy mode of planting it, and there is no fear when once
+introduced but it will succeed.
+
+
+
+2. ANDROMEDA polifolia. This is a beautiful little shrub, and grown in
+gardens for the sake of its flowers; it is also an evergreen. This plant
+will not succeed unless it is planted in bog earth,--for a description
+of which see page 152 of this volume.
+
+
+
+3. AQUILEGIA vulgaris. COLUMBINE.--We have scarcely a plant affording
+more beauty or greater variety than this. It is commonly, when found
+wild, of a blue colour, but when the seeds are sown in the garden a
+variety of tints is produced. It is a perennial, but easily raised from
+seed, which should be sown in the spring.
+
+
+
+4. ANTHEMIS maritima. A double-flowering variety of this plant used to
+be common in the gardens near London, but is now scarce: it is very
+beautiful, and constantly in bloom during summer. It is propagated by
+planting the roots in the spring and autumn.
+
+
+
+5. ANTIRRHINUM linaria, v. Peloria.--I cannot pass over this singular
+and beautiful flower without notice. There is a fine figure of it in the
+Flora Londinensis: it is very ornamental, and the structure of the bloom
+is truly interesting. It is easily propagated by planting the roots in
+the spring months, but it is not common.
+
+
+
+6. ANTIRRHINUM majus. SNAPDRAGON.--This is also a plant deserving the
+attention of the lover of flowers: it is capable of culture into many
+very beautiful and interesting varieties.
+
+
+
+7. BELLIS perennis. DAISY.--This plant affords us many very beautiful
+varieties for the flower garden. The large Red Daisy and all the other
+fine kinds are only this plant improved by culture.
+
+
+
+8. BUTOMIS umbellatus. This is an aquatic, and well adapted to ornament
+pieces of water. Its beautiful flowers in the summer months are inferior
+to scarcely any plants growing in such places, and its foliage will form
+protection for any birds, &c., which are usually kept in such places. It
+is easily propagated by planting it in such places.
+
+
+
+9. CALTHA palustris. MARSH MARIGOLD.--This fine yellow flower is also
+made double by culture, and finds a place in the flower garden.
+
+
+
+10. CHEIRANTHUS fruticulosus. WALLFLOWER.--Is a plant possessing great
+beauty, and very interesting on account of its fine scent. We have this
+plant also improved by culture, making many fine double varieties. It is
+a biennial, and easily raised from seeds, which should be sown in June.
+The double varieties are cultivated by cuttings of the branches.
+
+
+
+11. CYPRIPEDIUM Calceolus. LADIES SLIPPER.--A flower of the most
+uncommon beauty, but is now become scarce; it is a native of the woods
+near Skipton in Yorkshire, but has been so much sought for by the lovers
+of plants as to become almost extinct. It is difficult to propagate; but
+when the plants have been for some years growing, will admit of being
+parted, so that it may be increased in that way: it will not bear to be
+often removed, and should be left to grow in the same place for several
+years without being disturbed. It succeeds best in bog earth or rotten
+leaves.
+
+
+
+12. DELPHINIUM Ajacis. LARKSPUR.--This is also an annual flower,
+affording a pleasing variety in the flower garden in the summer months.
+For it culture, see p. 188.
+
+
+
+13. DIANTHUS Caryophyllus. THE CARNATION.--All our fine varieties of the
+carnation are the produce of this plant.
+
+The common single variety produces seed in great abundance, but the
+improved double varieties are sparing in produce: the fine kinds of this
+flower are reared by layers put down about the month of July; they may
+also be propagated by cuttings, but the other is the most eligible and
+certain mode.
+
+
+
+14. EPILOBIUM angustifolium. A plant of singular ornament. There is also
+a white variety of this found in gardens.
+
+
+
+15. ERICA vulgaris. There is now in cultivation in the gardens a
+double-flowering variety of this plant, which is highly interesting and
+of singular beauty. It grows readily in bog earth, and is raised by
+layers.
+
+
+
+16. ERICA Daboeica. IRISH HEATH.--A plant of singular beauty and of easy
+culture; and being of small growth and almost constantly in bloom, has
+also obtained a place in the shrubbery.
+
+
+
+17. FRITILLARIA Meleagris. A very ornamental bulbous plant, of which the
+Dutch gardeners have many improved varieties, varying in the colour and
+size of the blossoms: these are usually imported in August, and should
+be immediately planted, as the bulbs will not keep long when out of
+ground, unless they are covered with sand.
+
+
+
+18. GALANTHUS nivalis. SNOWDROP.--The first of the productions of Flora
+which reminds us of the return of spring after the dark and dreary days
+of winter. This plant is also made double by cultivation, but is not
+handsomer than the common wild one. The best time for planting the bulbs
+of Snowdrops is in the month of September.
+
+
+
+19. GENTIANA verna. VERNAL GENTIAN.--A delightful little plant of the
+finest blue colour the Flora exhibits in all her glory: its scent is
+also delightful: it is somewhat scarce and difficult to procure; but if
+more generally known, few gardens would be destitute of such a treasure.
+It is of tolerably easy culture, and grows well in loam: it is small,
+and is best kept in a pot.
+
+
+
+20. GENTIANA Pneumonanthe. MARSH GENTIAN.--Is also a beautiful plant,
+and grows well in any moist place. From its beautiful blue flowers it is
+well adapted to the flower garden; it delights in bog earth.
+
+
+
+21. GERANIUM phaeum. BLACK-FLOWERED GERANIUM.--This is a perennial, and
+makes a fine ornamental plant for the shrubbery: it will grow in any
+soil and situation.
+
+
+
+22. GLAUCUM Phoeniceum. PURPLE HORN POPPY.--An annual flower of
+singular beauty, and deserving a place in the flower garden.
+
+
+
+23. GNAPHALIUM margaritaceum. AMERICAN CUDWEED.--This plant affords
+beautiful white flowers, which drying and keeping their colour, it is
+worth attention on that account, as it affords a pleasing variety with
+the different Xeranthema, and others of the like class in winter.
+
+
+
+24. HIERACUM aurantiacum. GRIM-THE-COLLIER.--This is an old inhabitant
+of our gardens, and affords a pleasing variety.
+
+
+
+25. HOTTONIA palustris. WATER VIOLET.--This is a plant of singular
+beauty in spring; it is an aquatic, and makes a fine appearance in our
+ponds in the time of its bloom.
+
+
+
+26. IBERIS amara. CANDYTUFT.--An annual flower of considerable beauty
+and interest. We have several varieties of this sold in the seed-shops.
+
+
+
+27. IMPATIENS NOLI ME TANGERE.--A very curious flower which is grown as
+an annual. The construction of the seed-vessel causing the seeds to be
+discharged with an elastic force is a pleasing phaenomenon.
+
+
+
+28. LATHYRUS sylvestris.--EVERLASTING PEA.--This is also a great
+ornament, and frequently found in gardens; it grows very readily from
+seeds sown in the spring of the year.
+
+
+
+29. LEUCOJUM aestivum. SUMMER SNOW FLAKE.--This is a very noxious plant
+in the meadows where it grows wild. I have seen it in the neighbourhood
+of Wooking in Surrey quite overpower the grass with its herbage in the
+spring, and no kind of that animal that we know of will eat it.
+
+It is however considered an ornamental plant, and is often found in our
+flower gardens. It is of easy culture: the roots may be planted in any
+of the autumn or winter months.
+
+
+
+30. MALVA moschata. MUSK MALLOW.--This makes a fine appearance when in
+bloom, for which purpose it is often propagated in gardens: its scent,
+which is strong of vegetable musk, is also very pleasant.
+
+
+
+31. MELLITIS mellyssophyllum. MELLITIS grandiflora. BASTARD BALM.--Both
+these plants are very beautiful, and are deserving a place in the flower
+garden: they are of easy culture, and will grow well under the shade of
+trees, a property that will always recommend them to the notice of the
+curious.
+
+
+
+32. MENYANTHES Nymphoides. ROUND-LEAVED BOG BEAN.--This is a
+beautiful aquatic, and claims a place in all ornamental pieces of water.
+
+
+
+33. NARCISSUS poeticus. NARCISSUS Pseudo Narcissus.--These are much
+cultivated in gardens for the sake of the flowers. The florists have by
+culture made several varieties, as Double blossoms which are great
+ornaments. The season for planting the bulbs of Narcissus of all
+kinds is the month of October: they will grow well in any soil, and
+thrive best under the shade of trees.
+
+
+
+34. NUPHAR minima is also beautiful, but it is not common. It
+will form an ornament for pieces of water.
+
+
+
+35. NYMPHAEA alba. NYMPHAEA lutea.--These are aquatics, and scarcely
+any plant is more deserving of our attention. The fine appearance of the
+foliage floating on the surface, which is interspersed with beautiful
+flowers, will render any piece of water very interesting: it should also
+be observed that gold-fish are found to thrive best when they have the
+advantage of the shade of these plants. It is difficult in deep water to
+make them take root, being liable to float on the surface, in which
+state they will not succeed. But if the plants are placed in some
+strong clay or loam tied down in wicker baskets and then placed in the
+water, there is no fear of their success: they should be placed where
+the water is sufficiently deep to inundate the roots two feet or a
+little more.
+
+
+
+36. OPHRYS apifera. BEE ORCHIS.--There are few plants that are more
+generally admired than all the Orchideae for their singular beauty and
+uncommon structure. The one in question so very much resembles the
+humble-bee in appearance, that I have known persons mistake this flower
+for the animal. It is unfortunate for the amateurs of gardening that
+most plants of this tribe are difficult of propagation, and are not of
+easy culture. I have sometimes succeeded with this and other species, by
+the following method:--to take up the roots from their native places of
+growth as early as they can be found, and then procure some chalk and
+sift it through a fine sieve, and also some good tenacious loam; mix
+both in equal quantities in water; a large garden-pot should then be
+filled with some rubble of chalk, about one third deep, and then the
+above compost over it, placing the roots in the centre, at the usual
+depth they grew before. As the water drains away, the loam and chalk
+will become fixed closely round the bulbs, and they will remain alive
+and grow. By this method I have cultivated these plants for some years
+together.
+
+In this way all those kinds growing in chalk may be made to grow; but
+such as the Orchis moryo, maculata, and pyramidalis, may be grown in
+loam alone, planted in pots in the common way. Care should be taken that
+the pots in which they are planted are protected from wet and frost in
+the winter season.
+
+
+
+37. ORNITHOGALUM latifolium and umbellatum are also ornamental, and are
+often cultivated for their beautiful flower. The season for planting the
+bulbs is about the month of September.
+
+
+
+38. PAPAVER somniferum. GREATER POPPY. PAPAVER Rhoeas. CARNATION POPPY.
+--These are made by culture into numerous varieties, and are very
+beautiful; but the aroma, which is pregnant with opium, renders too many
+of them unpleasant for the garden.
+
+
+
+39. POLEMONIUM coeruleum. GREEK VALERIAN, or JACOB'S LADDER.--Is also a
+beautiful perennial, and claims the notice of the gardener. Its
+variety, with white flowers, is also ornamental. It is raised
+from seeds, which are sold in plenty in our seed-shops.
+
+
+
+40. PRIMULA officinalis. COWSLIP. PRIMULA vulgaris. PRIMROSE. PRIMULA
+elatior. OXLIP. PRIMULA farinose. BIRD'S EYE.--All well known ornaments
+of numerous varieties, double and single. The third species is the
+parent of the celebrated Polyanthus. The last is also an interesting
+little plant with a purple flower. It grows best in bog earth.
+
+
+
+41. ROSA rubiginosa. SWEET BRIAR.--This lovely and highly extolled shrub
+has long claimed a place in our gardens. We have several varieties with
+double flowers, which are highly prized by the amateurs of gardening.
+
+
+
+42. SAXIFRAGA umbrosa. LONDON PRIDE.---A beautiful little plant for
+forming edgings to the flower garden, or for decorating rock-work.
+
+
+
+43. SAXIFRAGA oppositifolia. PURPLE SAXIFRAGE.--Perhaps we have few
+flowers early in the spring that deserve more attention than this. It
+blooms in the months of February and March, and in that dreary season,
+in company with the Snow-drop, Crocus, and Hepaticas, will form a most
+delightful group of Flora's rich production. The Saxifrage is a native
+of high mountains, and it can only be propagated by being continually
+exposed to the open and bleakest part of the garden: it succeeds best in
+pots. It should be parted every spring, and a small piece about the size
+of a shilling planted in the centre of a small pot, and it will fill the
+surface by the autumn. The soil bestsuited to it is loam.
+
+
+
+44. SEDUM acre. STONE CROP. SEDUM rupestre. ROCK GINGER.--All the
+species of Sedums are very ornamental plants, and are useful for
+covering rocks or walls, where they will generally grow with little
+trouble. The easiest mode of propagating and getting them to grow on
+such places is first to make the place fit for their reception, by
+putting thereon a little loam made with a paste of cow-dung; then
+chopping the plants in small pieces, and strowing them on the place: if
+this is done in the spring, the places will be well covered in a short
+time.
+
+
+
+45. STATICE Armeria. THRIFT.--This plant is valuable for making edgings
+to the flower garden. It should be parted, and planted for this purpose
+either in the months of August and September, or April and May.
+
+
+
+46. STIPA pinnata. FEATHER GRASS.--We have few plants of more interest
+than this; its beautiful feathery bloom is but little inferior to the
+plumage of the celebrated Bird of Paradise. It is frequently worn in the
+head-dress of ladies.
+
+
+
+47. SWERTIA perennis. MARSH SWERTIA.--This is a beautiful little plant,
+and worth the attention of all persons who are fond of flowers that will
+grow in boggy land. It is a perennial, and of easy culture.
+
+
+
+48. TROLLIUS europaeus. GLOBE FLOWER.--This is also a fine plant:
+when cultivated in a moist soil its beautiful yellow flowers afford a
+pleasing accompaniment to the flower border and parterre in the spring
+of the year. It is easily raised by parting its roots.
+
+
+
+49. TULIPA sylvestris.--This beautiful flower is also an inhabitant of
+our flower-gardens; it is called the Sweet-scented Florentine Tulip. It
+has a delightful scent when in bloom, and is highly worthy the attention
+of amateurs of flower gardens. It should be planted in September, and
+will grow in almost any soil or situation.
+
+
+
+50. TYPHA latifolia. TYPHA angustifolia. TYPHA minor.--These are all
+very fine aquatics, and worth a place in all pieces of water; the
+foliage forms a fine shelter for water-fowl.
+
+
+
+51. VIOLA tricolor. HEART'S-EASE.--Is an annual of singular beauty, and
+forms many pleasing and interesting varieties.
+
+
+
+52. VIOLA odorata must not be passed over among our favourite native
+flowers. This is of all other plants in its kind the most interesting.
+It forms also several varieties; as Double purple, Double white, and the
+Neapolitan violet. The latter one is double, of a beautiful light blue
+colour, and flowers early; it is rather tender, and requires the
+protection of a hot-bed frame during winter. It is best cultivated in
+pots.
+
+
+
+53. VINCA minor. LESSER PERIWINKLE.--This is also a beautiful little
+evergreen, of which the gardeners have several varieties in cultivation;
+some with double flowers, others with white and red-coloured corols,
+which form a pleasing diversity in summer.
+
+
+
+54. VINCA major. GREAT PERIWINKLE.-I know of no plant of more beauty,
+when it is properly managed, than this. It is an evergreen of the most
+pleasing hue, and will cover any low fences or brick-work in a short
+space of time. The flowers, which are purple, form a pleasing variety in
+the spring months.
+
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES
+
+
+
+53. BETA vulgaris. I have noticed this plant before, both as to its
+culinary uses and for feeding cattle: but having received a
+communication from a friend of mine who resides in the interior of
+Russia, relative to his establishment for extracting sugar from this
+root, I cannot omit relating it here, as it appears to be an interesting
+part of agricultural oeconomy.
+
+"I have here two extensive fabrics for the purpose of making sugar from
+the Red Beet, and we find that it yields us that useful article in great
+abundance; i. e. from every quarter of the root (eight bushels
+Winchester measure) I obtain ten pounds weight of good brown sugar; and
+this when refined produces us four pounds of the finest clarified lump
+sugar, and the molasses yield good brandy on distillation. This is not
+all; for while we are now working the article the cows are stall-fed on
+the refuse from the vats after mashing; and those animals give us milk
+in abundance, and the butter we are making is equal to any that is made
+in the summer, when those animals are foraging our best meads."--
+Dashkoff, in the government of Orel, 1500 miles from St. Petersburgh,
+Jan 7, 1816.
+
+The above account, which is so extremely flattering, may no doubt lead
+persons to imagine that the culture of the beet for the same purpose in
+this country might be found to answer: and as it is our aim in this
+little work to give the best information on these subjects without
+prejudice, I shall beg leave to make use of the following observation,
+which is not my own, but one that was made on this subject by a Russian
+gentleman, whom I have long had the honour of enumerating among my best
+friends; and who is not less distinguished for his application both to
+the arts and oeconomy, than he is for his professional duties, and his
+readiness at all times to communicate information for the general good.
+
+"The land where the Beet is grown is of an excellent quality, very deep
+and fertile, and such as will grow any crop for a series of years
+without manure. Such soils are seldom found in this country but what may
+be cultivated to more advantage. In such land, and such alone, will this
+vegetable imbibe a large quantity of the saccharine fluid; for it would
+be in vain to look for it in such Beet roots as have been grown on poor
+land made rich by dint of manure.
+
+"It may also be a circumstance worth remarking, that although the sugar
+thus obtained is very good for common use, it by no means answers the
+purpose of the confectioner, as it is not fit for preserving; and for
+this purpose the cane sugar alone is used; so that although great merit
+may attach to the industry of a person who in times of scarcity can
+produce such an useful article as sugar from a vegetable so easily
+grown, yet when cane sugar can be imported at a moderate rate, it will
+always supersede the use of the other."
+
+
+
+56. PYRUS malus. THE APPLE.--This useful fruit, now growing so much to
+decay in this country, which was once so celebrated for its produce, is
+grown in great perfection in all the northern provinces of France; and
+she supplied the London markets with apples this season, for which she
+was paid upwards of 50,000 l.; and can most likely offer us good cyder
+on moderate terms.
+
+The French people, ever alive to improvement and invention, having
+discovered a mode of extracting sugar in considerable quantity from this
+fruit, I shall transcribe the particulars of it.
+
+On the Preparation of Liquid Sugar from Apples or Pears. By M. DUBUC.
+(Ann. de Chim. vol. lxviii.)--"Several establishments have been made in
+the South of France for making sugar from grapes; it is therefore
+desired to communicate the same advantage to the North of France, as
+apples and pears will produce sugar whose taste is equally agreeable as
+that of grapes, and equally cheap.
+
+"Eight quarts of the full ripe juice of the Orange Apples was boiled for
+a quarter of an hour, and forty grammes of powdered chalk added to it,
+and the boiling continued for ten minutes longer. The liquor was
+strained twice through flannel, and afterwards reduced by boiling to one
+half of its former bulk, and the operation finished by a slow heat until
+a thick pellicle rose on the surface, and a quart of the syrup weighed
+two pounds. By this method two pounds one ounce of liquid sugar was
+obtained, very agreeable in flavour, and which sweetened water very
+well, and even milk, without curdling it.
+
+"Eight quarts of the juice of apples called Doux levesque, yielded by
+the same process two pounds twelve ounces of liquid sugar.
+
+"Eight quarts of the juice of the sour apples called Blanc mollet,
+yielded two pounds ten ounces of good sugar.
+
+"Eight quarts of the juice of the watery apples called Girard, yielded
+two pounds and a half.
+
+"Twenty-five chilogrammes, or fifty-pounds of the above four apples,
+yielded nearly fourty-two pounds of juice; which took three ounces of
+chalk and the white of six eggs, and produced more than six pounds of
+excellent liquid sugar.
+
+"In order to do without the white of eggs, twenty pounds of the juice of
+the above apples were saturated with eleven drachms of chalk, and
+repeatedly strained through flannel, but it was still thick and
+disagreeable to the taste; twelve drachms of charcoal powder were then
+added, and the whole boiled for about ten minutes, and then strained
+through flannel; it was then clear, but higher-coloured than usual;
+however, it produced very good sugar. Six quarts of apple-juice were
+also treated with seven drachms of chalk, and one ounce of baker's
+small-coal previously washed until it no longer coloured the water, with
+the same effect.
+
+"Eight quarts of apple juice, of several different kinds and in
+different stages of ripeness, of which one-third was still sour, were
+saturated with twelve drachms of chalk, and clarified with the whites of
+six eggs; some malate of lime was deposited in small crystals towards
+the end, and separated by passing the syrup very hot through the
+flannel. Very near two pounds of sugar were obtained.
+
+"Ten pounds of bruised apples, similar to the last, were left to
+macerate for twenty-four hours, and four quarts of the juice were
+treated with five drachms of chalk and the white of an egg: it yielded
+one pound six ounces of liquid sugar; so that the maceration had been of
+service.
+
+"Twenty-four pounds of the pear called Pillage, yielded nine quarts of
+juice, which required eighteen drachms of chalk and the whites of two
+eggs, and yielded about twenty-four ounces of sugar, which was less
+agreeable to the taste than that of ripe apples.
+
+"Six quarts of juice from one part of the above pears, and two of ripe
+apples, (orange and girard,) treated with eight drachms of chalk and the
+whites of two eggs, yielded twenty-six ounces of very fine-tasted sugar,
+superior to the preceding.
+
+"Six quarts of juice, of an equal quantity of apples and pears, treated
+with ten drachms of chalk and thirteen of prepared charcoal, deposited
+some malate of lime, and yielded a sugar rather darker than the
+preceding, but very well tasted.
+
+"Cadet de Vaux says, that apple juice does not curdle milk, and that a
+small quantity of chalk added to it destroys some part of the saccharine
+principle. But eight quarts of juice from ripe apples called orange,
+which was evidently acid, as it curdled milk and reddened infusion of
+turnsole and that of violet, were treated with four drachms of chalk and
+the white of an egg: it yielded twenty-two ounces of syrup, between
+thirty-two and thirty-three degrees of the hydrometer, which did not
+curdle milk. Another eight quarts of the same juice evaporated to
+three-fourths of its volume, and strained, yielded twenty-three ounces
+of clear syrup, which curdled milk, and was browner than that of the
+neutralized juice, and approached towards treacle in smell and taste.
+Perhaps the apple called Jean-hure, used by Mr. Cadet, possesses the
+valuable properties of furnishing good sugar by mere evaporation. It is
+necessary to observe, that unless the fire is slackened towards the end
+the syrup goes brown, and acquires the taste and smell of burnt sugar.
+
+"A hundred weight of apples yield about eighty-four pounds of juice,
+which produce nearly twelve pounds of liquid sugar. Supposing,
+therefore, the average price of apples to be one franc twenty cents
+(tenpence) the hundred-weight, and the charge amounts to forty cents
+(four-pence), good sugar may be prepared for three or four sols (two-
+pence) per pound [Footnote: A gramme, fifteen grains English.-A drachm,
+one-eighth of an ounce.]. The only extra apparatus necessary is a couple
+of copper evaporating pans."--Retrospect, vol. vi. p. 14.
+
+The distressed state of our orchards in the Cider counties has lately
+much engaged the attention of all persons who are accustomed to travel
+through them; and no one can possibly view the miserable condition of
+the trees, without being forcibly struck with their bad appearance: the
+principal case of which, I am sorry to say, has arisen from
+mismanagement [Footnote: Vide Observations on Orchards, lately published
+by the author of this work.]; and it certainly does in a great measure
+tarnish the laurels of our boasted agriculturists, when we find such
+great quantities of this useful fruit produced in France, that very
+country which we have been taught to believe so greatly behind us in the
+general oeconomy of life.
+
+
+
+57. SPERGULA arvensis.--This plant has been recommended as a crop for
+feeding cattle, and is stated to be cultivated for that purpose in some
+parts of Germany and Flanders: but I believe we have many other plants
+better calculated for the purpose here.
+
+
+
+58. VIOLA odorata.--This is a very useful plant in medicine, affording
+a syrup which has long been used in the practice. It is however
+discarded from the London Pharmacopoeia.
+
+
+
+59. URTICA canadensis. CANADIAN HEMP NETTLE.--During the late war,
+when, from unfortunate circumstances and misunderstandings amongst the
+potentates of Europe, the commercial intercourse was checked, great
+speculations were made among the people to discover substitutes for such
+articles as were of certain demand; and one of the principal was of
+course the article Hemp, which, although it can be partially cultivated
+in this country, is a plant of that nature that we should find the
+article at a most enormous price were we dependent on our own supply
+alone. The great growth that supplies all the markets in the world is
+Russia, where land is not only cheap, but of better quality than here;
+but with which country we were once unhappily deprived of the advantage
+of trade. This caused persons to seek for substitutes: and I once saw
+one that was made from bean-stalks, not to be despised; but it is
+probable that none has reached so high in perfection as that produced
+from the plant above named. A person has grown and manufactured this
+article in Canada, and has exhibited some samples in London, which it is
+said have obtained the sanction of government, and that the same person
+is now engaged in growing in North America a considerable quantity of
+this article. As this, therefore, is a subject of great interest to us
+as a maritime nation, I shall insert the following account that is given
+of this plant. I am, however, quite unacquainted with its culture or
+manufacture, and cannot pledge myself for the accuracy of the detail.
+
+"PERENNIAL HEMP. Cultivation.--Affects wet mellow land, but may be
+cultivated with advantage on upland black mould or loam, if moist and of
+middling good quality. Manure will assist the produce. It may be planted
+from the beginning of October to the latter end of March, in drills
+about fifteen inches asunder and nine inches distance in the drills.
+
+"Propagation.--Sow the seeds in a bed in the month of March, and
+transplant the roots next autumn twelvemonth, as above directed; or
+divide the old roots, which is the quickest way of obtaining a crop.
+
+"Time of Harvesting.--If a fine quality of Hemp is desired, mow the
+crop when it is in full bloom; but should a greater produce of inferior
+quality be more desirable, it should stand until the seeds are nearly
+ripe. It should remain in the field about a week after it is mown, and
+when sufficiently dry gathered in bundles and stacked as Hemp.
+
+"Separation of Hemp from the Pulps.--Rot it in water, as practised with
+Hemp.
+
+"The Perennial Hemp grows to the height of from four to six feet.
+
+"The root inclines horizontally with numerous fleshy fibres at the
+extremity.
+
+"The buds many, and resembling the buds of the Lily of the Valley.
+
+"It is the Urtica canadensis of Kalm, one of which was brought over and
+planted by the side of this plant, and we could not find any difference."
+
+
+
+60. LAPSANA communis. NIPPLE-WORT.--This plant is considered by the
+country people as a sovereign remedy for the piles. The plant is
+immersed in boiling water, and the cure is effected by applying the
+steam arising therefrom to the seat of the disease; and this, with
+cooling medicine and proper regimen, is seldom known to fail in curing
+this troublesome disease.
+
+
+
+61. DAPHNE laureola. WOOD LAUREL.--The leaves of this plant have little
+or no smell but a very durable nauseous acrid taste. If taken internally
+in small doses, as ten or twelve grains, they are said to operate with
+violence by stool and sometimes by vomit, so as not to be ventured on
+with safety, unless their virulence be previously abated by long
+boiling, and even then they are much to precarious to be trusted to. The
+flowers are of a different nature, being in taste little other than
+mucilaginous and sweetish, and of a light pleasant smell. The pulpy part
+of the berries appears also to be harmless. The bark macerated in water
+has of late been much employed in France as a topical application to the
+skin for the purpose of excoriating and exciting a discharge.
+
+
+
+62. RUMEX acutus. SHARP-POINTED DOCK.--The root of this plant has long
+been used in medicine, and considered as useful in habitual costiveness,
+obstructions of the viscera, and in scorbutic and cutaneous maladies; in
+which case both external and internal applications have been made of it.
+A decoction of half or a whole drachm of the dry roots has been
+considered a dose.--Lewis's Mat. Medica.
+
+
+
+63. ELYMUS arenarius. ELYMUS geniculatus. LIME GRASS.--The foliage of
+these grasses make excellent mats and baskets; and where they grow in
+quantity afford a livelihood to many industrious persons who manufacture
+these articles.
+
+
+
+64. SALSOLA Kali. GLASS-WORT, or KELP. Soda and Barilla are yielded by
+this plant. The ashes of this vegetable yield an alkaline salt, which is
+of considerable use for making glass, soap, &c. The small quantity grown
+in this country is by no means equal to the demand, and Spain has the
+advantage of trade in this article, where the plant grows wild in the
+greatest abundance. An impure alkali similar to these is obtained from
+the combustion of other marine plants, as the Fuci, &c. by the people in
+Scotland.
+
+
+
+65. BORAGO officinalis. BORAGE--A fine cooling beverage is made from
+this herb, called Cool Tankard. It is merely an infusion of the leaves
+and flowers put into water, with the addition of wine, nutmeg, &c. &c.
+
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+OBSERVATIONS on the BLEEDING TREES, and procuring the Sap for making
+Wine, and brewing Ale.
+
+In the article BIRCH TREE, (p. 34, No. 107, of this volume,) we have
+mentioned the abstracting the sap for the purpose of making wine; and as
+this is practicable, and may be obtained in some places at little
+expense and trouble, I shall take the liberty of transcribing the
+following curious paper on the subject.
+
+"To obtain the greatest store of sap in the shortest time from the body
+of a tree, bore it quite through the pith, and the very inner rind on
+the other side, leaving only the bark unpierced on the north-east side.
+This hole to be made sloping upwards with a large auger, and that under
+a large arm near the ground. This way the tree will in a short time
+afford liquor enough to brew with; and with some of these sweet saps,
+one bushel of malt will make as good ale as four bushels with ordinary
+water. The Sycamore yields the best brewing sap.
+
+"The change of weather has a great effect on the bleeding of plants.
+When the weather changes from warm to cold, Birch ceases to bleed, and
+upon the next warmth begins again: but the contrary obtains in the
+Walnut-tree, and frequently in the Sycamore, which upon a fit of cold
+will bleed plentifully, and, as that remits, stop. A morning sun after
+frost will make the whole bleeding tribe bleed afresh.
+
+"From the latter end of January to the middle of May trees will bleed.
+Those that run first, are the Poplar, Asp, Abele, Maple, Sycamore. Some,
+as Willows and the Birch, are best to tap about the middle of the
+season, and the Walnut towards the latter end of March.
+
+"When a large Walnut will bleed no longer in the body or branches, it
+will run at the root, and longer on the south or sunny side than on the
+north or shady side.
+
+"A culinary fire will have the same or greater effect than the sun, and
+immediately set trees a-bleeding in the severest weather. Branches of
+Maple or Willow cut off at both ends, will bleed and cease at pleasure
+again and again as you approach them to or withdraw them from the fire,
+provided you balance them in your hand, and often invert them to prevent
+the falling and expence of the sap; but at length they cease.
+
+"A Birch will not bleed however deeply the bark only may be wounded: it
+is necessary to pierce into the substance of the wood."--Dr. Tonge in
+Phil. Trans. No. 43.
+
+
+THE END
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Botanist's Companion, Vol. II
+by William Salisbury
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 12363 ***