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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Messages and Papers of the Presidents, Vol.
+VIII.: James A. Garfield, by James D. Richardson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Messages and Papers of the Presidents, Vol. VIII.: James A. Garfield
+
+Author: James D. Richardson
+
+Release Date: May 10, 2004 [EBook #12318]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRESIDENT GRAFIELD ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Shawn Cruze and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+
+
+A COMPILATION
+OF THE
+MESSAGES AND PAPERS
+OF THE
+PRESIDENTS
+
+
+By JAMES D. RICHARDSON
+
+A Representative from the State of Tennessee
+
+
+
+VOLUME VIII
+
+1897
+
+
+
+
+Prefatory Note
+
+This volume comprises the Garfield-Arthur term of four years and the
+first term of Cleveland. The period covered is from March 4, 1881, to
+March 4, 1889. The death of President Garfield at the hand of an
+assassin early in his Administration created a vacancy in the office of
+the Chief Executive, and for the fourth time in our history the
+Vice-President succeeded to that office. The intense excitement
+throughout the land brought about by the tragic death of the President,
+and the succession of the Vice-President, caused no dangerous strain
+upon our institutions, and once more proof was given, if, indeed,
+further evidence was required, that our Government was strong enough to
+quietly and peacefully endure a sudden change of rulers and of
+administration, no matter how distressing and odious the cause.
+
+During the Administration of President Arthur a treaty between the
+United States and the Republic of Nicaragua was signed, providing for an
+interoceanic canal across the territory of that State. An able and
+learned discussion of this proposition will be found among his papers.
+This treaty was pending when he retired from office, and was promptly
+withdrawn by President Cleveland. The act to regulate and improve the
+civil service of the United States was approved by President Arthur, and
+he put into operation rules and regulations wide in their scope and
+far-reaching for the enforcement of the measure. In his papers will be
+found frequent and interesting discussions of this question. His vetoes
+of "An act to execute certain treaty stipulations relating to Chinese"
+and of "An act making appropriations for the construction, repair, and
+preservation of certain works on rivers and harbors, and for other
+purposes," are interesting and effective papers.
+
+The latter half of the period comprised in this volume, as already
+stated, covers the Administration of Cleveland. His accession to the
+Presidency marked the return of the Democratic party to power. No
+Democrat who had been chosen by his party had held the office since the
+retirement of Buchanan, in 1861. President Cleveland's papers fill 558
+pages of this volume, occupying more space than any other Chief
+Magistrate, Andrew Johnson being next with 457 pages. At an early date
+after Mr. Cleveland's inauguration he became involved in an important
+and rather acrimonious discussion with the Senate on the subject of
+suspensions from office. The Senate demanded of him and of the heads of
+some of the Executive Departments the reasons for the suspension of
+certain officials and the papers and correspondence incident thereto. In
+an exhaustive and interesting paper he declined to comply with the
+demand. His annual message of December, 1887, was devoted exclusively to
+a discussion of the tariff. It is conceded by all to be an able
+document, and is the only instance where a President in his annual
+message made reference to only one question. His vetoes are more
+numerous than those of any other Chief Executive, amounting within the
+four years to over three hundred, or more than twice the number in the
+aggregate of all his predecessors. These vetoes relate to almost all
+subjects of legislation, but mainly to pension cases and bills providing
+for the erection of public buildings throughout the country.
+
+James D. Richardson.
+
+July 4, 1898.
+
+
+
+
+James A. Garfield
+
+March 4, 1881, to September 19, 1881
+
+
+
+James A. Garfield
+
+
+James Abram Garfield was born in Orange, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, November
+19, 1831. His father, Abram Garfield, was a native of New York, but of
+Massachusetts ancestry; descended from Edward Garfield, an English
+Puritan, who in 1630 was one of the founders of Watertown. His mother,
+Eliza Ballou, was born in New Hampshire, of a Huguenot family that fled
+from France to New England after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes
+in 1685. Garfield, therefore, was from lineage well represented in the
+struggles for civil and religious liberty, both in the Old and in the
+New World. His father moved to Ohio in 1830 and settled in what was then
+known as the "Wilderness," now as the "Western Reserve," which was
+occupied by Connecticut people. He died at the age of 33, leaving a
+widow and four small children, of whom James was the youngest. Mrs.
+Garfield brought up her family unaided, and impressed upon them a high
+standard of moral and intellectual worth. James attended school in a log
+hut at the age of 3 years, learned to read, and began that habit of
+omnivorous reading which ended only with his life. At 10 years of age
+was accustomed to manual labor, helping out his mother's meager income
+by work at home or on the farms of the neighbors. Attended the district
+school in the winter months, made good progress, and was conspicuous for
+his assiduity. At the age of 14 had a fair knowledge of arithmetic and
+grammar, and was particularly apt in the facts of American history. His
+imagination was especially kindled by tales of the sea, and he so far
+yielded to his love of adventure that in 1848 he went to Cleveland and
+proposed to ship as a sailor on board a lake schooner. Seeing that this
+life was not the romance he had conceived, he turned promptly from the
+lake; but loath to return home without adventure and without money, he
+drove some months for a boat on the Ohio Canal, when he was promoted
+from the towpath to the boat. Attended the Geauga Seminary at Chester,
+Ohio, during the winter of 1849-50. In the vacations learned and
+practiced the trade of a carpenter, helped at harvest, taught--did
+anything and everything to earn money to pay for his schooling. After
+the first term he asked and needed no aid from home; he had reached the
+point where he could support himself. Was converted under the
+instructions of a Christian preacher, was baptized and received into
+that denomination. As soon as he finished his studies in Chester entered
+(1851) the Hiram Eclectic Institute (now Hiram College), at Hiram,
+Portage County, Ohio, the principal educational institution of his
+church. He was not very quick of acquisition, but his perseverance was
+indomitable and he soon had an excellent knowledge of Latin and a fair
+acquaintance with algebra, natural philosophy, and botany. His
+superiority was easily recognized in the prayer meetings and debating
+societies of the college, where he was assiduous and conspicuous. Living
+here was inexpensive, and he readily made his expenses by teaching in
+the English departments, and also gave instruction in the ancient
+languages. Entered Williams College in the autumn of 1854, and graduated
+with the highest honors in the class of 1856. Returned to Ohio and
+resumed his place as a teacher of Latin and Greek at Hiram Institute,
+and the next year, being then only 26 years of age, was made its
+president. The regulations and practices of his church, known as the
+Christian Church, or Church of the Disciples, permitted him to preach,
+and he used the permission. He also pursued the study of law, entering
+his name in 1858 as a student in a law office in Cleveland, but studying
+in Hiram. Cast his first vote in 1856 for John C. Fremont, the first
+Republican candidate for the Presidency. Married Lucretia Rudolph
+November 11, 1858. In 1859 was chosen to represent the counties of
+Summit and Portage in the Ohio senate. In August, 1861, Governor William
+Dennison commissioned him lieutenant-colonel in the Forty-second
+Regiment Ohio Volunteers. Was promoted to the command of this regiment.
+In December, 1861, reported to General Buell in Louisville, Ky. Was
+given a brigade and assigned the difficult task of driving the
+Confederate general Humphrey Marshall from eastern Kentucky. General
+Garfield triumphed over the Confederate forces at the battle of Middle
+Creek, January 10, 1862, and in recognition of his services was made a
+brigadier-general by President Lincoln. During the campaign of the Big
+Sandy, while Garfield was engaged in breaking up some scattered
+Confederate encampments, his supplies gave out and he was threatened
+with starvation. Going himself to the Ohio River, he seized a steamer,
+loaded it with provisions, and on the refusal of any pilot to undertake
+the perilous voyage, because of a freshet that had swelled the river, he
+stood at the helm for forty-eight hours and piloted the craft through
+the dangerous channel. In order to surprise Marshall, then intrenched in
+Cumberland Gap, Garfield marched his soldiers 100 miles in four days
+through a blinding snowstorm. Returning to Louisville, he found that
+General Buell was away; overtook him at Columbia, Tenn., and was
+assigned to the command of the Twentieth Brigade. Reached Shiloh in time
+to take part in the second day's fight. Was engaged in all the
+operations in front of Corinth, and in June, 1862, rebuilt the bridges
+on the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, and exhibited noticeable
+engineering skill in repairing the fortifications of Huntsville. Was
+granted leave of absence July 30, 1862, on account of ill health, and
+returned to Hiram, Ohio, where he lay ill for two months. Went to
+Washington on September 25, 1862, and was ordered on court-martial duty.
+November 25 was assigned to the case of General Fitz John Porter. In
+February, 1863, returned to duty under General Rosecrans, then in
+command of the Army of the Cumberland. Rosecrans made him his chief of
+staff, with responsibilities beyond those usually given to this office.
+In this field Garfield's influence on the campaign in middle Tennessee
+was most important. One familiar incident shows and justifies the great
+influence he wielded in its counsels. Before the battle of Chickamauga,
+June 24, 1863, General Rosecrans asked the written opinion of seventeen
+of his generals on the advisability of an immediate advance. All others
+opposed, but Garfield advised it, and his arguments were so convincing
+that Rosecrans determined to seek an engagement. General Garfield wrote
+out all the orders of that fateful day, September 19, excepting one, and
+that one was the blunder that lost the day. Garfield volunteered to take
+the news of the defeat on the right to General George H. Thomas, who
+held the left of the line. It was a bold ride, under constant fire, but
+he reached Thomas and gave the information that saved the Army of the
+Cumberland. For this action he was made a major-general September 19,
+1863--promoted for gallantry on a field that was lost. Yielded to Mr.
+Lincoln's urgent request and on December 5, 1863, resigned his commission
+and hastened to Washington to sit in Congress, to which he had been
+chosen fifteen months before. Was offered a division in the Army of the
+Cumberland by General Thomas, but yielded to the representations of the
+President and Secretary Stanton that he would be more useful in the
+House of Representatives. Was placed on the Committee on Military
+Affairs, then the most important in Congress. In the Thirty-ninth
+Congress (1865) was changed, at his own request, from the Committee on
+Military Affairs to the Committee on Ways and Means. In the Fortieth
+Congress (1867) was restored to the Committee on Military Affairs and
+made its chairman. In the Forty-first Congress the Committee on Banking
+and Currency was created and he was made its chairman. Served also on
+the Select Committee on the Census and on the Committee on Rules. Was
+chairman of the Committee on Appropriations in the Forty-second and
+Forty-third Congresses. In the Forty-fourth, Forty-fifth, and
+Forty-sixth Congresses (the House being Democratic) was assigned to the
+Committee on Ways and Means. In 1876, at President Grant's request, went
+to New Orleans in company with Senators Sherman and Matthews and other
+Republicans, to watch the counting of the Louisiana vote. He made a
+special study of the West Feliciana Parish case, and embodied his views
+in a brief but significant report. In January, 1877, made two notable
+speeches in the House on the duty of Congress in a Presidential
+election, and claimed that the Vice-President had a constitutional
+right to count the electoral vote. Opposed the Electoral Commission,
+yet when the commission was ordered was chosen by acclamation to fill
+one of the two seats allotted to Republican Representatives. Mr. Blaine
+left the House for the Senate in 1877, and this made Mr. Garfield the
+undisputed leader of his party in the House. At this time and
+subsequently was its candidate for Speaker. Was elected to the United
+States Senate January 13, 1880. Attended the Republican convention which
+met at Chicago in June, 1880, where he opposed the renomination of
+President Grant and supported Senator Sherman. On the thirty-sixth
+ballot the delegates broke, their ranks, and, rushing to General
+Garfield, he was unanimously nominated for President on June 8, 1880.
+Was elected November 2, 1880, receiving 214 electoral votes to 144 that
+were cast for Winfield S. Hancock. Was shot July 2, 1881, by an assassin
+in the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad station, in Washington, and died
+from the effects of the wound September 19 at Elberon, N.J. He was
+buried at Cleveland, Ohio.
+
+
+
+INAUGURAL ADDRESS.
+
+Fellow-Citizens: We stand to-day upon an eminence which overlooks a
+hundred years of national life--a century crowded with perils, but
+crowned with the triumphs of liberty and law. Before continuing the
+onward march let us pause on this height for a moment to strengthen our
+faith and renew our hope by a glance at the pathway along which our
+people have traveled.
+
+It is now three days more than a hundred years since the adoption of the
+first written constitution of the United States--the Articles of
+Confederation and Perpetual Union. The new Republic was then beset with
+danger on every hand. It had not conquered a place in the family of
+nations. The decisive battle of the war for independence, whose
+centennial anniversary will soon be gratefully celebrated at Yorktown,
+had not yet been fought. The colonists were struggling not only against
+the armies of a great nation, but against the settled opinions of
+mankind; for the world did not then believe that the supreme authority
+of government could be safely intrusted to the guardianship of the
+people themselves.
+
+We can not overestimate the fervent love of liberty, the intelligent
+courage, and the sum of common sense with which our fathers made the
+great experiment of self-government. When they found, after a short
+trial, that the confederacy of States was too weak to meet the
+necessities of a vigorous and expanding republic, they boldly set it
+aside, and in its stead established a National Union, founded directly
+upon the will of the people, endowed with full power of
+self-preservation and ample authority for the accomplishment of its
+great object.
+
+Under this Constitution the boundaries of freedom have been enlarged,
+the foundations of order and peace have been strengthened, and the
+growth of our people in all the better elements of national life has
+indicated the wisdom of the founders and given new hope to their
+descendants. Under this Constitution our people long ago made themselves
+safe against danger from without and secured for their mariners and flag
+equality of rights on all the seas. Under this Constitution twenty-five
+States have been added to the Union, with constitutions and laws, framed
+and enforced by their own citizens, to secure the manifold blessings of
+local self-government.
+
+The jurisdiction of this Constitution now covers an area fifty times
+greater than that of the original thirteen States and a population
+twenty times greater than that of 1780.
+
+The supreme trial of the Constitution came at last under the tremendous
+pressure of civil war. We ourselves are witnesses that the Union emerged
+from the blood and fire of that conflict purified and made stronger for
+all the beneficent purposes of good government.
+
+And now, at the close of this first century of growth, with the
+inspirations of its history in their hearts, our people have lately
+reviewed the condition of the nation, passed judgment upon the conduct
+and opinions of political parties, and have registered their will
+concerning the future administration of the Government. To interpret and
+to execute that will in accordance with the Constitution is the
+paramount duty of the Executive.
+
+Even from this brief review it is manifest that the nation is resolutely
+facing to the front, resolved to employ its best energies in developing
+the great possibilities of the future. Sacredly preserving whatever has
+been gained to liberty and good government during the century, our
+people are determined to leave behind them all those bitter
+controversies concerning things which have been irrevocably settled, and
+the further discussion of which can only stir up strife and delay the
+onward march.
+
+The supremacy of the nation and its laws should be no longer a subject
+of debate. That discussion, which for half a century threatened the
+existence of the Union, was closed at last in the high court of war by a
+decree from which there is no appeal--that the Constitution and the laws
+made in pursuance thereof are and shall continue to be the supreme law
+of the land, binding alike upon the States and the people. This decree
+does not disturb the autonomy of the States nor interfere with any of
+their necessary rights of local self-government, but it does fix and
+establish the permanent supremacy of the Union.
+
+The will of the nation, speaking with the voice of battle and through
+the amended Constitution, has fulfilled the great promise of 1776 by
+proclaiming "liberty throughout the land to all the inhabitants
+thereof."
+
+The elevation of the negro race from slavery to the full rights of
+citizenship is the most important political change we have known since
+the adoption of the Constitution of 1787. No thoughtful man can fail to
+appreciate its beneficent effect upon our institutions and people. It
+has freed us from the perpetual danger of war and dissolution. It has
+added immensely to the moral and industrial forces of our people. It has
+liberated the master as well as the slave from a relation which wronged
+and enfeebled both. It has surrendered to their own guardianship the
+manhood of more than 5,000,000 people, and has opened to each one of
+them a career of freedom and usefulness. It has given new inspiration to
+the power of self-help in both races by making labor more honorable to
+the one and more necessary to the other. The influence of this force
+will grow greater and bear richer fruit with the coming years.
+
+No doubt this great change has caused serious disturbance to our
+Southern communities. This is to be deplored, though it was perhaps
+unavoidable. But those who resisted the change should remember that
+under our institutions there was no middle ground for the negro race
+between slavery and equal citizenship. There can be no permanent
+disfranchised peasantry in the United States. Freedom can never yield
+its fullness of blessings so long as the law or its administration
+places the smallest obstacle in the pathway of any virtuous citizen.
+
+The emancipated race has already made remarkable progress. With
+unquestioning devotion to the Union, with a patience and gentleness not
+born of fear, they have "followed the light as God gave them to see the
+light." They are rapidly laying the material foundations of
+self-support, widening their circle of intelligence, and beginning to
+enjoy the blessings that gather around the homes of the industrious
+poor. They deserve the generous encouragement of all good men. So far as
+my authority can lawfully extend, they shall enjoy the full and equal
+protection of the Constitution and the laws.
+
+The free enjoyment of equal suffrage is still in question, and a frank
+statement of the issue may aid its solution. It is alleged that in many
+communities negro citizens are practically denied the freedom of the
+ballot. In so far as the truth of this allegation is admitted, it is
+answered that in many places honest local government is impossible if
+the mass of uneducated negroes are allowed to vote. These are grave
+allegations. So far as the latter is true, it is the only palliation
+that can be offered for opposing the freedom of the ballot. Bad local
+government is certainly a great evil, which ought to be prevented; but
+to violate the freedom and sanctities of the suffrage is more than an
+evil. It is a crime which, if persisted in, will destroy the Government
+itself. Suicide is not a remedy. If in other lands it be high treason to
+compass the death of the king, it shall be counted no less a crime here
+to strangle our sovereign power and stifle its voice.
+
+It has been said that unsettled questions have no pity for the repose
+of nations. It should be said with the utmost emphasis that this
+question of the suffrage will never give repose or safety to the States
+or to the nation until each, within its own jurisdiction, makes and
+keeps the ballot free and pure by the strong sanctions of the law.
+
+But the danger which arises from ignorance in the voter can not be
+denied. It covers a field far wider than that of negro suffrage and the
+present condition of the race. It is a danger that lurks and hides in
+the sources and fountains of power in every state. We have no standard
+by which to measure the disaster that may be brought upon us by
+ignorance and vice in the citizens when joined to corruption and fraud
+in the suffrage.
+
+The voters of the Union, who make and unmake constitutions, and upon
+whose will hang the destinies of our governments, can transmit their
+supreme authority to no successors save the coming generation of voters,
+who are the sole heirs of sovereign power. If that generation comes to
+its inheritance blinded by ignorance and corrupted by vice, the fall of
+the Republic will be certain and remediless.
+
+The census has already sounded the alarm in the appalling figures which
+mark how dangerously high the tide of illiteracy has risen among our
+voters and their children.
+
+To the South this question is of supreme importance. But the
+responsibility for the existence of slavery did not rest upon the South
+alone. The nation itself is responsible for the extension of the
+suffrage, and is under special obligations to aid in removing the
+illiteracy which it has added to the voting population. For the North
+and South alike there is but one remedy. All the constitutional power of
+the nation and of the States and all the volunteer forces of the people
+should be surrendered to meet this danger by the savory influence of
+universal education.
+
+It is the high privilege and sacred duty of those now living to educate
+their successors and fit them, by intelligence and virtue, for the
+inheritance which awaits them.
+
+In this beneficent work sections and races should be forgotten and
+partisanship should be unknown. Let our people find a new meaning in the
+divine oracle which declares that "a little child shall lead them," for
+our own little children will soon control the destinies of the Republic.
+
+My countrymen, we do not now differ in our judgment concerning the
+controversies of past generations, and fifty years hence our children
+will not be divided in their opinions concerning our controversies. They
+will surely bless their fathers and their fathers' God that the Union
+was preserved, that slavery was overthrown, and that both races were
+made equal before the law. We may hasten or we may retard, but we can
+not prevent, the final reconciliation. Is it not possible for us now to
+make a truce with time by anticipating and accepting its inevitable
+verdict?
+
+Enterprises of the highest importance to our moral and material
+well-being unite us and offer ample employment of our best powers. Let
+all our people, leaving behind them the battlefields of dead issues,
+move forward and in their strength of liberty and the restored Union win
+the grander victories of peace.
+
+The prosperity which now prevails is without parallel in our history.
+Fruitful seasons have done much to secure it, but they have not done
+all. The preservation of the public credit and the resumption of specie
+payments, so successfully attained by the Administration of my
+predecessors, have enabled our people to secure the blessings which the
+seasons brought.
+
+By the experience of commercial nations in all ages it has been found
+that gold and silver afford the only safe foundation for a monetary
+system. Confusion has recently been created by variations in the
+relative value of the two metals, but I confidently believe that
+arrangements can be made between the leading commercial nations which
+will secure the general use of both metals. Congress should provide that
+the compulsory coinage of silver now required by law may not disturb our
+monetary system by driving either metal out of circulation. If possible,
+such an adjustment should be made that the purchasing power of every
+coined dollar will be exactly equal to its debt-paying power in all the
+markets of the world.
+
+The chief duty of the National Government in connection with the
+currency of the country is to coin money and declare its value. Grave
+doubts have been entertained whether Congress is authorized by the
+Constitution to make any form of paper money legal tender. The present
+issue of United States notes has been sustained by the necessities of
+war; but such paper should depend for its value and currency upon its
+convenience in use and its prompt redemption in coin at the will of the
+holder, and not upon its compulsory circulation. These notes are not
+money, but promises to pay money. If the holders demand it, the promise
+should be kept.
+
+The refunding of the national debt at a lower rate of interest should be
+accomplished without compelling the withdrawal of the national-bank
+notes, and thus disturbing the business of the country.
+
+I venture to refer to the position I have occupied on financial
+questions during a long service in Congress, and to say that time and
+experience have strengthened the opinions I have so often expressed on
+these subjects.
+
+The finances of the Government shall suffer no detriment which it may be
+possible for my Administration to prevent.
+
+The interests of agriculture deserve more attention from the Government
+than they have yet received. The farms of the United States afford homes
+and employment for more than one-half our people, and furnish much the
+largest part of all our exports. As the Government lights our coasts for
+the protection of mariners and the benefit of commerce, so it should
+give to the tillers of the soil the best lights of practical science and
+experience.
+
+Our manufactures are rapidly making us industrially independent, and are
+opening to capital and labor new and profitable fields of employment.
+Their steady and healthy growth should still be matured. Our facilities
+for transportation should be promoted by the continued improvement of
+our harbors and great interior waterways and by the increase of our
+tonnage on the ocean.
+
+The development of the world's commerce has led to an urgent demand for
+shortening the great sea voyage around Cape Horn by constructing ship
+canals or railways across the isthmus which unites the continents.
+Various plans to this end have been suggested and will need
+consideration, but none of them has been sufficiently matured to warrant
+the United States in extending pecuniary aid. The subject, however, is
+one which will immediately engage the attention of the Government with a
+view to a thorough protection to American interests. We will urge no
+narrow policy nor seek peculiar or exclusive privileges in any
+commercial route; but, in the language of my predecessor, I believe it
+to be the right "and duty of the United States to assert and maintain
+such supervision and authority over any interoceanic canal across the
+isthmus that connects North and South America as will protect our
+national interest."
+
+The Constitution guarantees absolute religious freedom. Congress is
+prohibited from making any law respecting an establishment of religion
+or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The Territories of the United
+States are subject to the direct legislative authority of Congress, and
+hence the General Government is responsible for any violation of the
+Constitution in any of them. It is therefore a reproach to the
+Government that in the most populous of the Territories the
+constitutional guaranty is not enjoyed by the people and the authority
+of Congress is set at naught. The Mormon Church not only offends the
+moral sense of manhood by sanctioning polygamy, but prevents the
+administration of justice through ordinary instrumentalities of law.
+
+In my judgment it is the duty of Congress, while respecting to the
+uttermost the conscientious convictions and religious scruples of every
+citizen, to prohibit within its jurisdiction all criminal practices,
+especially of that class which destroy the family relations and endanger
+social order. Nor can any ecclesiastical organization be safely
+permitted to usurp in the smallest degree the functions and powers of
+the National Government.
+
+The civil service can never be placed on a satisfactory basis until it
+is regulated by law. For the good of the service itself, for the
+protection of those who are intrusted with the appointing power against
+the waste of time and obstruction to the public business caused by the
+inordinate pressure for place, and for the protection of incumbents
+against intrigue and wrong, I shall at the proper time ask Congress to
+fix the tenure of the minor offices of the several Executive Departments
+and prescribe the grounds upon which removals shall be made during the
+terms for which incumbents have been appointed.
+
+Finally, acting always within the authority and limitations of the
+Constitution, invading neither the rights of the States nor the reserved
+rights of the people, it will be the purpose of my Administration to
+maintain the authority of the nation in all places within its
+jurisdiction; to enforce obedience to all the laws of the Union in the
+interests of the people; to demand rigid economy in all the expenditures
+of the Government, and to require the honest and faithful service of all
+executive officers, remembering that the offices were created, not for
+the benefit of incumbents or their supporters, but for the service of
+the Government.
+
+And now, fellow-citizens, I am about to assume the great trust which you
+have committed to my hands. I appeal to you for that earnest and
+thoughtful support which makes this Government in fact, as it is in law,
+a government of the people.
+
+I shall greatly rely upon the wisdom and patriotism of Congress and of
+those who may share with me the responsibilities and duties of
+administration, and, above all, upon our efforts to promote the welfare
+of this great people and their Government I reverently invoke the
+support and blessings of Almighty God.
+
+March 4, 1881.
+
+
+
+SPECIAL MESSAGES.
+
+
+Executive Mansion,
+_Washington, April 6, 1881.
+To the Senate of the United States:_
+
+I transmit herewith in response to the resolution of the Senate of the
+18th ultimo, a report of the Secretary of State, with accompanying
+papers, in relation to the capitulations of the Ottoman Empire.
+
+JAMES A. GARFIELD
+
+
+Executive Mansion,
+_Washington, May 20, 1881.
+To the Senate of the United States:_
+
+I transmit herewith a report of the Secretary of State, with
+accompanying papers, submitted in response to the Senate resolution of
+the 12th ultimo, touching the case of Michael P. Boyton.[A]
+
+JAMES A. GARFIELD
+
+[Footnote A: Arrested and imprisoned by authorities of Great Britain.]
+
+
+
+EXECUTIVE ORDER.
+
+
+Executive Mansion,
+_Washington, May 28, 1881._
+
+Dear Sir:[A] I am directed by the President to inform you that the
+several Departments of the Government will be closed on Monday, the 30th
+instant, to enable the employees to participate in the decoration of the
+graves of the soldiers who fell during the rebellion.
+
+Very respectfully,
+
+J. STANLEY BROWN, _Private Secretary_.
+
+[Footnote A: Addressed to the heads of the Executive Departments, etc.]
+
+
+
+DEATH OF PRESIDENT GARFIELD.
+
+
+ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE ASSASSINATION TO REPRESENTATIVES OF
+THE UNITED STATES ABROAD.
+
+[From the Washington Post, July 3, 1881.]
+
+
+Department of State,
+_Washington, July 2, 1881._
+
+James Russell Lowell,
+_Minister, etc., London:_
+
+The President of the United States was shot this morning by an assassin
+named Charles Guiteau. The weapon was a large-sized revolver. The
+President had just reached the Baltimore and Potomac station, at about
+9.20, intending, with a portion of his Cabinet, to leave on the limited
+express for New York. I rode in the carriage with him from the Executive
+Mansion and was walking by his side when he was shot. The assassin was
+immediately arrested, and the President was conveyed to a private room
+in the station building and surgical aid at once summoned. He has now,
+at 10.20, been removed to the Executive Mansion. The surgeons, on
+consultation, regard his wounds as very serious, though not necessarily
+fatal. His vigorous health gives strong hopes of his recovery. He has
+not lost consciousness for a moment. Inform our ministers in Europe.
+
+JAMES G. BLAINE, _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+PUBLIC ANNOUNCEMENT OF DEATH BY THE PHYSICIANS.
+
+[From the New York Herald, September 20, 1881.]
+
+Elberon, N.J., _September 19--11.30 p.m._
+
+The President died at thirty-five minutes past 10 p.m. After the
+bulletin was issued at half past 5 this evening the President continued
+in much the same condition as during the afternoon, the pulse varying
+from 102 to 106, with rather increased force and volume. After taking
+nourishment he fell into a quiet sleep about thirty-five minutes before
+his death, and while asleep his pulse ran to 120 and was somewhat more
+feeble. At ten minutes after 10 o'clock he awoke, complaining of severe
+pain over the region of the heart, and almost immediately became
+unconscious, and ceased to breathe at twenty-five minutes to 11.
+
+D.W. BLISS.
+FRANK H. HAMILTON.
+D. HAYES AGNEW.
+
+
+ANNOUNCEMENT TO THE VICE-PRESIDENT.
+
+[From the New-York Times, September 20, 1881.]
+
+[Long Branch, N.J., _September 19, 1881_.]
+
+Hon. Chester A. Arthur,
+_No. 123 Lexington Avenue, New York:_
+
+It becomes our painful duty to inform you of the death of President
+Garfield and to advise you to take the oath of office as President of
+the United States without delay. If it concur with your judgment, we
+will be very glad if you will come here on the earliest train to-morrow
+morning.
+
+WILLIAM WINDOM,
+_Secretary of the Treasury._
+WILLIAM H. HUNT,
+_Secretary of the Navy._
+THOMAS L. JAMES,
+_Postmaster-General._
+WAYNE MacVEAGH,
+_Attorney-General._
+S.J. KIRKWOOD,
+_Secretary of the Interior._
+
+[The Secretaries of State and of War were absent from Long Branch.]
+
+
+REPLY OF THE VICE-PRESIDENT.
+
+[From the Evening Star, Washington, September 20, 1881.]
+
+New York, _September 20, 1881_.[A]
+
+I have your message announcing the death of President Garfield. Permit
+me to renew through you the expression of sorrow and sympathy which I
+have already telegraphed to Attorney-General MacVeagh. In accordance
+with your suggestion, I have taken the oath of office as President
+before the Hon. John R. Brady, justice of the supreme court of the State
+of New York. I will soon advise you further in regard to the other
+suggestion in your telegram.
+
+C.A. ARTHUR.
+
+[Footnote A: Addressed to the Cabinet.]
+
+
+ANNOUNCEMENT TO REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES
+ABROAD.
+
+[From the Sun, New York, September 21, 1881.]
+
+[Long Branch, N.J., _September 20, 1881_.]
+
+Lowell, _Minister, London:_
+
+James A. Garfield, President of the United States, died at Elberon,
+N.J., last night at ten minutes before 11 o'clock. For nearly eighty
+days he suffered great pain, and during the entire period exhibited
+extraordinary patience, fortitude, and Christian resignation. The sorrow
+throughout the country is deep and universal. Fifty millions of people
+stand as mourners by his bier. To-day, at his residence in the city of
+New York, Chester A. Arthur, Vice-President, took the oath of office as
+President, to which he succeeds by virtue of the Constitution. President
+Arthur has entered upon the discharge of his duties. You will formally
+communicate these facts to the British Government and transmit this
+dispatch by telegraph to the American ministers on the Continent for
+like communication to the Governments to which they are respectively
+accredited.
+
+BLAINE, _Secretary_.
+
+
+ANNOUNCEMENT TO REPRESENTATIVES OF FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS
+IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+[From official records, Department of State.]
+
+Department of State
+_Washington, September 20, 1881._
+
+Sir: It is my sad duty to announce to you that the illness of the
+President of the United States, which you have followed with an anxiety
+similar to our own and a sympathy which you have repeatedly testified to
+this Department during the sorrowful period that has passed since he was
+shot by an assassin on the 2d of July, terminated last evening, when he
+expired at thirty-five minutes past 10 o'clock.
+
+As soon as the order and details of the funeral ceremonies are arranged
+you will be duly informed thereof.
+
+ROBERT R. HITT,
+_Acting Secretary._
+
+
+ANNOUNCEMENT TO THE ARMY.
+
+[From official records, War Department.]
+
+General Orders, No. 71.
+
+Headquarters of the Army,
+Adjutant-General's Office,
+_Washington, September 20, 1881._
+
+I. The following order of the Secretary of War announces to the Army the
+death of James A. Garfield, President of the United States:
+
+War Department, _September 20, 1881_.
+
+With profound sorrow the Secretary of War announces to the Army that
+James A. Garfield, President of the United States, died at Elberon,
+N.J., at twenty-five minutes before 11 in the evening of September 19,
+1881.
+
+The great grief which is felt by the nation at the untimely death of the
+President will be especially felt by the Army, in whose service he bore
+so distinguished a part during the War of the Rebellion. In him the Army
+has lost a beloved Commander in Chief, friend, and former comrade.
+
+Proper honors will be paid to the memory of the late Chief Magistrate of
+the nation at headquarters of each military department and division and
+at each military station.
+
+The General of the Army will give the necessary instructions for
+carrying this order into effect.
+
+ROBT. T. LINCOLN, _Secretary of War_.
+
+II. On the day after the receipt of this order at the headquarters of
+military commands in the field, and at each military station, and at the
+Military Academy at West Point, the troops and cadets will be paraded at
+10 o'clock a.m. and the order read to them, after which all labor for
+the day will cease.
+
+At dawn of day thirteen guns will be fired at each military post, and
+afterwards at intervals of thirty minutes between the rising and setting
+sun a single gun, and at the close of the day a national salute of
+thirty-eight guns.
+
+The national flag will be displayed at half-staff at the headquarters of
+the several military divisions and departments and at all military
+stations until the remains of the late Chief Magistrate are consigned to
+their final resting place at Cleveland, Ohio, at 2 p.m. on the 26th
+instant.
+
+The officers of the Army of the United States will wear the badge of
+mourning on the left arm and on their swords and the colors of the
+regiments will be draped in mourning for the period of six months.
+
+III. The following officers of the Army will, with a like number of
+officers of the Navy selected for the purpose, compose the guard of
+honor and accompany the remains of their late Commander in Chief from
+the national capital to Cleveland, Ohio, and continue with them until
+they are consigned to their final resting place: The General of the
+Army, Major-General Winfield S. Hancock, Quartermaster-General M.C.
+Meigs, Adjutant-General R.C. Drum, Inspector-General D.B. Sacket.
+
+By command of General Sherman:
+R.C. DRUM, _Adjutant-General_.
+
+
+[From official records, War Department.]
+
+General Orders, No. 72.
+
+Headquarters of the Army,
+Adjutant-General's Office,
+_Washington, September 20, 1881._
+
+The following order has been received from the War Department:
+
+The Secretary of War announces to the Army that upon the death of James
+A. Garfield, President of the United States, Chester A. Arthur,
+Vice-President, on the 20th day of September, 1881, at his residence in
+the city of New York, took the oath of office as President of the United
+States, to which office he succeeded by virtue of the Constitution.
+President Arthur has entered upon the discharge of his official duties.
+
+ROBT. T. LINCOLN,
+_Secretary of War._
+By command of General Sherman:
+R.C. DRUM, _Adjutant-General_.
+
+
+ANNOUNCEMENT TO THE NAVY.
+
+[From official records, Navy Department.]
+
+General Order.
+
+Navy Department,
+_Washington, September 20, 1881._
+
+The officers and men of the Navy and of the Marine Corps of the United
+States are hereby notified that President Garfield died at Long Branch
+on the 19th instant at 10 o'clock and 40 minutes p.m. Under the
+Constitution and laws of the Government Chester A. Arthur, then
+Vice-President, duly took the oath as President of the United States,
+and has entered upon the duties of that office. As President and
+Commander in Chief of the Navy of the United States he will be obeyed
+and respected by all persons connected with this Department. It is
+becoming that at a time when the heart of the nation is heavy with grief
+a proper expression should be given to the respect and affection so
+sincerely and universally entertained for the memory of the wise,
+patriotic, and noble Chief Magistrate who has departed this life under
+circumstances so distressing. To this end the officers of the Navy will
+see to it that all honors and ceremonies befitting the occasion are
+observed by their respective commands in accordance with the regulations
+of the service.
+
+The offices of the Department will remain closed for all business during
+the time the remains of the President shall lie in state at the Capitol.
+
+WILLIAM H. HUNT,
+_Secretary of the Navy._
+
+
+[From official records, Navy Department.]
+
+Special Order.
+
+Navy Department,
+_Washington, September 23, 1881._
+
+Struck down by the hand of a cowardly assassin, in the day of his vigor
+and usefulness, on the eve of departure from the capital in search of
+much-needed rest from the toils and cares of office, our Chief
+Magistrate, President, and Commander in Chief, James A. Garfield, after
+bearing with heroic fortitude untold suffering, succumbed to the dread
+summons and yielded up his life at Elberon, N.J., on the evening of the
+19th instant. The nation mourns its loss. The funeral services will take
+place at Cleveland, Ohio, on Monday, the 26th instant. It is eminently
+fit and proper that special honors should be paid to the memory of the
+late President on that day, and the Department therefore directs that at
+all naval stations and on board all vessels in commission the flags
+shall be at half-mast from sunrise to sunset and a gun fired every half
+hour during that period. The period of mourning by half-masted colors
+will cease at sunset. On foreign stations this order will be carried out
+on the day after its receipt. The navy-yards will be closed and all work
+suspended during the day. Officers of the Navy and Marine Corps will, as
+a further mark of respect, wear crape on the left arm and sword hilt for
+six months from the 20th instant.
+
+ED. T. NICHOLS,
+_Acting Secretary of the Navy._
+
+
+ACTION OF SENATORS AND OF REPRESENTATIVES ELECT IN
+WASHINGTON.
+
+The members of the Senate and members elect of the House of
+Representatives in Washington held meetings on September 22 and selected
+the following gentlemen to accompany the remains of the late President
+to Cleveland, Ohio:
+
+Senators Henry B. Anthony, of Rhode Island; John Sherman, of Ohio;
+Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware; John J. Ingalls, of Kansas; James L.
+Pugh, of Alabama; Henry W. Blair, of New Hampshire; Johnson N. Camden,
+of West Virginia, and John T. Morgan, of Alabama.
+
+Representatives elect John Randolph Tucker, of Virginia; John A. Kasson,
+of Iowa; Samuel J. Randall, of Pennsylvania; Frank Hiscock, of New York;
+Benjamin Wilson, of West Virginia; John R. Thomas, of Illinois; Amos
+Townsend, of Ohio, and Charles M. Shelley, of Alabama.
+
+
+ORDERS OF THE HEADS OF THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS.
+
+[From the National Republican, Washington, September 21, 1881.]
+
+LONG BRANCH, _September 20._[A]
+
+It has been agreed here by all the heads of Departments that the
+Departments shall remain closed from this time until the conclusion of
+President Garfield's funeral ceremonies in Washington, and it is
+understood that you will notify the acting heads of all Departments of
+this arrangement. * * *
+
+ROBERT T. LINCOLN,
+_Secretary of War._
+
+[Footnote A: Sent to the chief clerk of the War Department.]
+
+
+[From official records, Treasury Department.]
+
+Order.
+
+Treasury Department,
+Office of the Secretary,
+_Washington, D.C., September 20, 1881._
+
+It is ordered, as a mark of respect to the memory of President Garfield,
+that the Treasury Department be closed during this day.
+
+H.F. FRENCH,
+_Acting Secretary._
+
+
+[From official records, Treasury Department.]
+
+Notice.
+
+Treasury Department,
+Office Of The Secretary,
+_Washington, D.C., September 21, 1881._
+
+As a token of respect to the memory of the late President, James A.
+Garfield, the Treasury Department will be closed to public business
+to-day at 12 o'clock noon, and remain closed Thursday and Friday, the
+22d and 23d instant.
+
+H.F. FRENCH,
+_Acting Secretary._
+
+
+[From official records, Treasury Department.]
+
+Order.
+
+Treasury Department,
+Office of the Secretary,
+_Washington, D.C., September 24, 1881._
+
+In accordance with the proclamation of the President[B] appointing
+Monday, the 26th day of September, as a day of humiliation and mourning,
+being the day of the burial of the late President, James A. Garfield, it
+is ordered that this Department be closed during that day.
+
+H.F. FRENCH,
+_Acting Secretary._
+
+[Footnote B: See p. 34.]
+
+
+[From official records, Post-Office Department.]
+
+Post-Office Department,
+_Washington, D.C., September 20, 1881._
+
+_Ordered_, That, owing to the death of President James A. Garfield, this
+Department be closed for all public business until after the funeral
+party shall have left Washington for Ohio.
+
+RICHD. A. ELMER,
+_Acting Postmaster-General_.
+
+
+[From official records, Post-Office Department.]
+
+POST-OFFICE DEPARTMENT,
+_Washington, D.C., September 24, 1881._
+
+_Ordered_, That, in conformity with the action of other executive
+branches of the Government, this Department be closed on Monday next,
+the 26th instant, and that the day be fittingly observed by all persons
+connected therewith as the occasion of the consignment to their final
+resting place of the remains of the late beloved and honored Chief
+Magistrate of the United States, James A. Garfield.
+
+RICHD. A. ELMER, _Acting Postmaster-General._
+
+
+[From official records, Interior Department.]
+
+Order.
+
+Department of the Interior,
+_Washington, September 20, 1881._
+
+As a token of respect to the memory of the late President, James A.
+Garfield, the Department of the Interior and the several bureaus and
+offices thereof will be closed to public business until Saturday, the
+24th instant.
+
+A. BELL, _Acting Secretary_.
+
+
+[From official records, Interior Department.]
+
+Order.
+
+Department of the Interior,
+_Washington, September 24, 1881._
+
+In pursuance of the proclamation of the President of the United
+States[A] appointing Monday, the 26th instant, as a day of humiliation
+and mourning for the death of the late President, this Department and
+the several bureaus and offices thereof will be closed to business on
+that day.
+
+A. BELL, _Acting Secretary_.
+
+[Footnote A: See p. 34.]
+
+
+Funeral Announcement to the Public.
+
+[From the New-York Times, September 21, 1881.]
+
+[ELBERON, N.J., _September 20, 1881._]
+
+The remains of the late President of the United States will be removed
+to Washington by special train on Wednesday, September 21, leaving
+Elberon at 10 a.m. and reaching Washington at 4 p.m. Detachments from
+the United States Army and from the marines of the Navy will be in
+attendance on arrival at Washington to perform escort duty. The remains
+will lie in state in the Rotunda of the Capitol on Thursday and Friday,
+and will be guarded by deputations from the Executive Departments and by
+officers of the Senate and House of Representatives.
+
+Religious ceremonies will be observed in the Rotunda at 3 o'clock on
+Friday afternoon. At 5 o'clock the remains will be transferred to the
+funeral car and be removed to Cleveland, Ohio, _via_ the Pennsylvania
+Railroad, arriving there Saturday at 2 p.m. In Cleveland the remains
+will lie in state until Monday at 2 p.m., and be then interred in
+Lakeview Cemetery. No ceremonies are expected in the cities and towns
+along the route of the funeral train beyond the tolling of bells.
+Detailed arrangements for final sepulture are committed to the municipal
+authorities of Cleveland, under the direction of the executive of the
+State of Ohio.
+
+JAMES G. BLAINE,
+_Secretary of State._
+
+
+OFFICIAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE FUNERAL.
+
+[From official records, War Department.]
+
+Order of Arrangement for the Funeral at Washington City of James A.
+Garfield, Late President of the United States.
+
+The remains of the late President will lie in state in the Rotunda of
+the Capitol until 3 o'clock p.m. on Friday, the 23d instant, when they
+will be borne to the depot of the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad and
+thence conveyed to their final resting place at Cleveland, Ohio.
+
+Order of Procession.
+
+FUNERAL ESCORT.
+
+(Under command of Brevet Major-General R.B. Ayres.)
+Battalion of District of Columbia Volunteers.
+Battalion of marines.
+Battalion of foot artillery.
+Battery of light artillery.
+
+
+CIVIC PROCESSION.
+
+(Under command of Chief Marshal Colonel Robert Boyd.)
+Clergymen in attendance.
+Physicians who attended the late President.
+Guard of honor.
+Guard of honor.
+Hearse.
+Bearers.
+Bearers.
+
+(The officers of the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps in the city, and not
+on duty with the troops forming the escort, in full dress, will form,
+right in front, on either side of the hearse--the Army on the right and
+the Navy and Marine Corps on the left--and compose the guard of honor.)
+
+Family of the late President.
+Relatives of the late President.
+Ex-Presidents of the United States.
+The President.
+The Cabinet ministers.
+The Diplomatic Corps.
+The Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the
+  United States.
+The Senators of the United States.
+Members of the United States House of Representatives.
+Governors of States and Territories and Commissioners of the
+  District of Columbia.
+The judges of the Court of Claims, the judiciary of the
+  District of Columbia, and judges of the United States courts.
+The Assistant Secretaries of State, Treasury, and Interior Departments.
+The Assistant Postmasters-General.
+The Solicitor-General and the Assistant Attorneys-General.
+Organized societies.
+Citizens and strangers.
+
+The troops designated to form the escort will assemble on the east side
+of the Capitol and form line fronting the eastern portico of the Capitol
+precisely at 2 o'clock p.m. on Friday, the 23d instant.
+
+The procession will move on the conclusion of the religious services at
+the Capitol (appointed to commence at 3 o'clock), when minute guns will
+be fired at the navy-yard by the vessels of war which may be in port, at
+Fort Myer, and by the battery of artillery stationed near the Capitol
+for that purpose. At the same hour the bells of the several churches,
+fire-engine houses, and the schoolhouses will be tolled.
+
+The civic procession will form in accordance with directions to be given
+by the chief marshal.
+
+The officers of the Army and Navy selected to compose the guard of honor
+and accompany the remains to their final resting place will assemble at
+4 p.m. at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad depot, where they will
+receive the body of the late President and deposit it in the car
+prepared for the purpose.
+
+ROBERT T. LINCOLN,
+_Secretary of War._
+WILLIAM H. HUNT,
+_Secretary of the Navy._
+J. DENT,
+_President Board of Commissioners District of Columbia._
+
+
+[From the Washington Post, September 23, 1881.]
+
+Circular.
+
+Headquarters of the Army,
+Adjutant-General's Office,
+_Washington, September 22, 1881._
+
+The officers of the Army in this city not otherwise ordered for special
+duty on this occasion will assemble in full uniform at 3 p.m. on the 23d
+instant on the east front of the Capitol and form line, right in front,
+on the right of the hearse, to act as a guard of honor to the remains of
+the late President of the United States from the Capitol to the
+Baltimore and Potomac Railroad depot.
+
+By command of General Sherman:
+R.C. DRUM, _Adjutant-General_.
+
+
+[From records in possession of Colonel Amos Webster.]
+
+Orders, No. 22.
+
+Adjutant-General's Office,
+District of Columbia Militia,
+_September 21, 1881._
+
+Pursuant to orders from the honorable Secretary of War, the troops
+comprising the militia of the District of Columbia will assemble in
+full-dress uniform at 3 p.m. on the 21st instant on Sixth street NW.,
+the right resting on Pennsylvania avenue, the left extended south, to
+take part in and form a portion of the escort to the remains of the late
+President, and will also hold themselves in readiness to participate at
+the funeral ceremonies on Friday, the 23d instant, The formation will be
+as follows on both occasions:
+
+Washington Light Infantry Corps, Captain W.G. Moore.
+Union Veteran Corps, Captain S.E. Thomason.
+National Rifles, Captain J.O.P. Burnside.
+Washington Light Guards, Lieutenant P.S. Hodgson.
+Butler Zouaves, Captain C.B. Fisher.
+Capital City Guards, Captain W.S. Kelly.
+Washington Cadets, Captain C.A. Dolan.
+
+The officers of Light Battery A, District of Columbia Artillery, will
+report to adjutant-general District of Columbia Militia for duty as aids
+on both occasions.
+
+A. WEBSTER,
+_Adjutant-General District of Columbia Militia._
+
+
+[From records in possession of Colonel Amos Webster.]
+
+General Order No. 23.
+
+Adjutant-General's Office,
+District of Columbia Militia,
+_September 22, 1881._
+
+Pursuant to orders from the honorable Secretary of War, and in
+compliance with general order No. 22 from these headquarters, all the
+organizations comprising the militia of the District of Columbia will
+assemble in full-dress uniform at 2 p.m. on the 23d instant on the
+ground east of the Capitol, right resting on B street N., the left
+extending south, facing west. The formation will be the same as
+designated in general order No. 22. Upon their arrival on the ground
+designated each commanding officer will report in person to the
+commanding officer of the District Volunteers.
+
+By order of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia:
+AMOS WEBSTER,
+_Adjutant-General District of Columbia Militia, Commanding._
+
+
+[From the Washington Post, September 23, 1881.]
+
+Special Order.
+
+Navy Department,
+_Washington, September 22, 1881._
+
+The officers of the Navy and Marine Corps on duty and resident in
+Washington will assemble to-morrow, the 23d instant, at 3 o'clock p.m.,
+at the east front of the Capitol, in full dress, to accompany the
+remains of the late President Garfield to the Baltimore and Potomac
+Railroad depot.
+
+Commander H.L. Howison, United States Navy, is hereby appointed
+adjutant, and will direct the formation of the officers of the Navy and
+Marine Corps.
+
+ED. T. NICHOLS,
+_Acting Secretary of the Navy._
+
+
+[From the Medical Record, New York, 1881, vol. 20, p. 364.]
+
+OFFICIAL BULLETIN OF THE AUTOPSY ON THE BODY OF PRESIDENT GARFIELD.
+
+The following official bulletin was prepared by the surgeons who have
+been in attendance upon the late President:
+
+By previous Arrangement a _post-mortem_ examination of the body of
+President Garfield was made this afternoon in the presence and with the
+assistance of Drs. Hamilton, Agnew, Bliss, Barnes, Woodward, Reyburn,
+Andrew H. Smith, of Elberon, and Acting Assistant Surgeon D.S. Lamb, of
+the Army Medical Museum, of Washington. The operation was performed by
+Dr. Lamb. It was found that the ball, after fracturing the right
+eleventh rib, had passed through the spinal column in front of the
+spinal cord, fracturing the body of the first lumbar vertebra, driving a
+number of small fragments of bone into the adjacent soft parts, and
+lodging below the pancreas, about 2-1/2 inches to the left of the spine
+and behind the peritoneum, where it had become completely encysted.
+
+The immediate cause of death was secondary hemorrhage from one of the
+mesenteric arteries adjoining the track of the ball, the blood rupturing
+the peritoneum and nearly a pint escaping into the abdominal cavity.
+This hemorrhage is believed to have been the cause of the severe pain in
+the lower part of the chest complained of just before death. An abscess
+cavity 6 inches by 4 in dimensions was found in the vicinity of the gall
+bladder, between the liver and the transverse colon, which were strongly
+adherent. It did not involve the substance of the liver, and no
+communication was found between it and the wound.
+
+A long suppurating channel extended from the external wound, between the
+loin muscles and the right kidney, almost to the right groin. This
+channel, now known to be due to the burrowing of pus from the wound, was
+supposed during life to have been the track of the ball.
+
+On an examination of the organs of the chest evidences of severe
+bronchitis were found on both sides, with broncho-pneumonia of the lower
+portions of the right lung, and, though to a much less extent, of the
+left. The lungs contained no abscesses and the heart no clots. The liver
+was enlarged and fatty, but not from abscesses. Nor were any found in
+any other organ except the left kidney, which contained near its surface
+a small abscess about one-third of an inch in diameter.
+
+In reviewing the history of the case in connection with the autopsy it
+is quite evident that the different suppurating surfaces, and especially
+the fractured, spongy tissue of the vertebrae, furnish a sufficient
+explanation of the septic condition which existed.
+
+D.W. BLISS.
+J.K. BARNES.
+J.J. WOODWARD.
+ROBERT REYBURN.
+FRANK H. HAMILTON.
+D. HAYES AGNEW.
+ANDREW H. SMITH.
+D.S. LAMB.
+
+
+[September 20, 1881.]
+
+FORMAL OATH OF OFFICE ADMINISTERED TO PRESIDENT ARTHUR.
+
+President Chester A. Arthur took the formal oath of office as President
+of the United States in the room of the Vice-President, in the Capitol,
+Thursday, September 22, 1881, at 12.10 o'clock p.m. Chief Justice
+Morrison R. Waite administered the oath prescribed by the Constitution
+in the presence of the members of the Cabinet, the Justices of the
+Supreme Court, ex-Presidents Grant and Hayes, General W.T. Sherman, and
+a number of Senators and Representatives.
+
+[For Inaugural Address of President Arthur see pp. 33-34.]
+
+
+ACTION OF CONGRESS.
+
+President Arthur, in his first annual message to the first session of
+the Forty-seventh Congress, thus announced the death of his predecessor:
+
+    An appalling calamity has befallen the American people since their
+    chosen representatives last met in the halls where you are now
+    assembled. We might else recall with unalloyed content the rare
+    prosperity with which throughout the year the nation has been
+    blessed. Its harvests have been plenteous; its varied industries
+    have thriven; the health of its people has been preserved; it has
+    maintained with foreign governments the undisturbed relations of
+    amity and peace. For these manifestations of His favor we owe to Him
+    who holds our destiny in His hands the tribute of our grateful
+    devotion.
+
+    To that mysterious exercise of His will which has taken from us the
+    loved and illustrious citizen who was but lately the head of the
+    nation we bow in sorrow and submission.
+
+    The memory of his exalted character, of his noble achievements, and
+    of his patriotic life will be treasured forever as a sacred
+    possession of the whole people.
+
+    The announcement of his death drew from foreign governments and
+    peoples tributes of sympathy and sorrow which history will record as
+    signal tokens of the kinship of nations and the federation of
+    mankind.
+
+
+The Senate on December 6, 1881, adopted the following resolution:
+
+    _Resolved_, That a committee of six Senators be appointed on the
+    part of the Senate to join such committee as may be appointed on the
+    part of the House to consider and report by what token of respect
+    and affection it may be proper for the Congress of the United States
+    to express the deep sensibility of the nation to the event of the
+    decease of the late President, James A. Garfield, and that so much
+    of the message of the President as relates to that melancholy event
+    be referred to said committee.
+
+The committee on the part of the Senate, having been subsequently
+increased to eight, comprised the following-named gentlemen:
+
+John Sherman, of Ohio; George H. Pendleton, of Ohio; Henry L. Dawes, of
+Massachusetts; Elbridge G. Lapham, of New York; Thomas F. Bayard, of
+Delaware; John T. Morgan, of Alabama; Omar D. Conger, of Michigan, and
+Joseph E. Brown, of Georgia.
+
+The House of Representatives on December 6, 1881, passed the following
+resolution:
+
+    _Resolved_, That a committee of one member from each State
+    represented in this House be appointed on the part of the House to
+    join such committee as may be appointed on the part of the Senate to
+    consider and report by what token of respect and affection it may be
+    proper for the Congress of the United States to express the deep
+    sensibility of the nation to the event of the decease of their late
+    President, James Abram Garfield, and that so much of the message of
+    the President as refers to that melancholy event be referred to said
+    committee.
+
+The committee on the part of the House of Representatives comprised the
+following-named gentlemen:
+
+William McKinley, Jr., of Ohio; Romualdo Pacheco, of California; James
+B. Belford, of Colorado; John T. Wait, of Connecticut; William H.
+Forney, of Alabama; Poindexter Dunn, of Arkansas; Edward L Martin, of
+Delaware; Robert H.M. Davidson, of Florida; Alexander H. Stephens, of
+Georgia; Joseph G. Cannon, of Illinois; Godlove S. Orth, of Indiana;
+John A. Kasson, of Iowa; John A. Anderson, of Kansas; John G. Carlisle,
+of Kentucky; Randall L. Gibson, of Louisiana; Nelson Dingley, jr., of
+Maine; Robert M. McLane, of Maryland; Benjamin W. Harris, of
+Massachusetts; Roswell G. Horr, of Michigan; Mark H. Dunnell, of
+Minnesota; Charles E. Hooker, of Mississippi; Nicholas Ford, of
+Missouri; Edward K. Valentine, of Nebraska; George W. Cassidy, of
+Nevada; Joshua G. Hall, of New Hampshire; John Hill, of New Jersey;
+Samuel S. Cox, of New York; Robert B. Vance, of North Carolina; Melvin
+C. George, of Oregon; Charles O'Neill, of Pennsylvania; Jonathan Chace,
+of Rhode Island; D. Wyatt Aiken, of South Carolina; Augustus H.
+Pettibone, of Tennessee; Roger Q. Mills, of Texas; Charles H. Joyce, of
+Vermont; J. Randolph Tucker, of Virginia; Benjamin Wilson, of West
+Virginia, and Charles G. Williams, of Wisconsin.
+
+The following concurrent resolutions were adopted by both Houses of
+Congress on December 21, 1881:
+
+    Whereas the melancholy event of the violent and tragic death of
+    James Abram Garfield, late President of the United States, having
+    occurred during the recess of Congress, and the two Houses sharing
+    in the general grief and desiring to manifest their sensibility upon
+    the occasion of the public bereavement: Therefore
+
+    _Be it resolved by the House of Representatives (the Senate
+    concurring),_ That the two Houses of Congress will assemble in the
+    Hall of the House of Representatives on a day and hour to be fixed
+    and announced by the joint committee, and that in the presence of
+    the two Houses there assembled an address upon the life and
+    character of James Abram Garfield, late President of the United
+    States, be pronounced by Hon. James G. Blaine, and that the
+    President of the Senate _pro tempore_ and the Speaker of the House
+    of Representatives be requested to invite the President and
+    ex-Presidents of the United States, the heads of the several
+    Departments, the judges of the Supreme Court, the representatives of
+    the foreign governments near this Government, the governors of the
+    several States, the General of the Army, and the Admiral of the
+    Navy, and such officers of the Army and Navy as have received the
+    thanks of Congress who may then be at the seat of Government to be
+    present on the occasion.
+
+    _And be it further resolved,_ That the President of the United
+    States be requested to transmit a copy of these resolutions to Mrs.
+    Lucretia R. Garfield, and to assure her of the profound sympathy of
+    the two Houses of Congress for her deep personal affliction and of
+    their sincere condolence for the late national bereavement.
+
+February 1, 1882, both Houses of Congress adopted the following resolution:
+
+    _Resolved by the House of Representatives (the Senate concurring),_
+    That Monday, the 27th day of February, 1882, be set apart for the
+    memorial services upon the late President, James A. Garfield.
+
+[For proclamation of President Arthur appointing, in consequence of the
+death of James Abram Garfield, late President of the United States, a
+day of humiliation and mourning, see p. 34.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Messages and Papers of the Presidents,
+Vol. VIII.: James A. Garfield, by James D. Richardson
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRESIDENT GRAFIELD ***
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