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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoirs of a Cavalier, by Daniel Defoe
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Memoirs of a Cavalier
+       A Military Journal of the Wars in Germany, and the Wars in England.
+       From the Year 1632 to the Year 1648.
+
+
+Author: Daniel Defoe
+
+Release Date: May 4, 2004 [EBook #12259]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMOIRS OF A CAVALIER ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Audrey Longhurst, Audrey Longhurst, Leah Moser and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+MEMOIRS OF A CAVALIER
+
+or
+
+A Military Journal of the Wars in Germany, and the Wars in England.
+From the Year 1632 to the Year 1648.
+
+By Daniel Defoe
+
+Edited with Introduction and Notes by Elizabeth O'Neill
+
+1922
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+Daniel Defoe is, perhaps, best known to us as the author of _Robinson
+Crusoe_, a book which has been the delight of generations of boys and
+girls ever since the beginning of the eighteenth century. For it was
+then that Defoe lived and wrote, being one of the new school of prose
+writers which grew up at that time and which gave England new forms
+of literature almost unknown to an earlier age. Defoe was a vigorous
+pamphleteer, writing first on the Whig side and later for the Tories
+in the reigns of William III and Anne. He did much to foster the
+growth of the newspaper, a form of literature which henceforth became
+popular. He also did much towards the development of the modern novel,
+though he did not write novels in our sense of the word. His books
+were more simple than is the modern novel. What he really wrote were
+long stories told, as is _Robinson Crusoe_, in the first person and
+with so much detail that it is hard to believe that they are works of
+imagination and not true stories. "The little art he is truly master
+of, is of forging a story and imposing it upon the world as truth." So
+wrote one of his contemporaries. Charles Lamb, in criticizing Defoe,
+notices this minuteness of detail and remarks that he is, therefore,
+an author suited only for "servants" (meaning that this method can
+appeal only to comparatively uneducated minds). Really as every boy
+and girl knows, a good story ought to have this quality of seeming
+true, and the fact that Defoe can so deceive us makes his work the
+more excellent reading.
+
+The _Memoirs of a Cavalier_ resembles _Robinson Crusoe_ in so far as
+it is a tale told by a man of his own experiences and adventures. It
+has just the same air of truth and for a long time after its first
+publication in 1720 people were divided in opinion as to whether it
+was a book of real memoirs or not. A critical examination has shown
+that it is Defoe's own work and not, as he declares, the contents of
+a manuscript which he found "by great accident, among other valuable
+papers" belonging to one of King William's secretaries of state.
+Although his gifts of imagination enabled him to throw himself into
+the position of the Cavalier he lapses occasionally into his own
+characteristic prose and the style is often that of the eighteenth
+rather than the seventeenth century, more eloquent than quaint. Again,
+he is not careful to hide inconsistencies between his preface and the
+text. Thus, he says in his preface that he discovered the manuscript
+in 1651; yet we find in the _Memoirs_ a reference to the Restoration,
+which shows that it must have been written after 1660 at least. There
+is abundant proof that the book is really a work of fiction and that
+the Cavalier is an imaginary character; but, in one sense, it is a
+true history, inasmuch as the author has studied the events and spirit
+of the time in which his scene is laid and, though he makes many
+mistakes of detail, he gives us a very true picture of one of the most
+interesting periods in English and European history. The _Memoirs_
+thus represent the English historical novel in its beginnings, a much
+simpler thing than it was to become in the hands of Scott and later
+writers.
+
+The period in which the scene is laid is that of the English Civil
+War, in which the Cavalier fought on the side of King Charles I
+against the Puritans. But his adventures in this war belong to the
+second part of the book. In the first part, he tells of his birth and
+parentage, the foreign travel which was the fashionable completion
+of the education of a gentleman in the seventeenth century, and his
+adventures as a volunteer officer in the Swedish army, where he gained
+the experience which was to serve him well in the Civil War at home.
+Many a real Cavalier must have had just such a career as Defoe's hero
+describes as his own. After a short time at Oxford, "long enough for
+a gentleman," he embarked on a period of travel, going to Italy by
+way of France. The Cavalier, however, devotes but little space to
+description, vivid enough as far as it goes, of his adventures in
+these two counties for a space of over two years. Italy, especially,
+attracted the attention of gentlemen and scholars in those days,
+but the Cavalier was more bent on soldiering than sightseeing and he
+hurries on to tell of his adventures in Germany, where he first really
+took part in warfare, becoming a volunteer officer in the army of
+Gustavus Adolphus, the hero King of Sweden, and where he met with
+those adventures the story of which forms the bulk of the first part
+of the _Memoirs_.
+
+To appreciate the tale, it will be necessary to have a clear idea
+of the state of affairs in Europe at the time. The war which was
+convulsing Germany, and in which almost every other European power
+interfered at some time, was the Thirty Years' War (1618--1648), a
+struggle having a special character of its own as the last of the
+religious wars which had torn Europe asunder for a century and the
+first of a long series of wars in which the new and purely political
+principle of the Balance of Power can be seen at work. The struggle
+was, nominally, between Protestant and Catholic Germany for, during
+the Reformation period, Germany, which consisted of numerous states
+under the headship of the Emperor, had split into two great camps. The
+Northern states had become Protestant under their Protestant princes.
+The Southern states had remained, for the most part, Catholic or had
+been won back to Catholicism in the religious reaction known as the
+Counter-Reformation. As the Catholic movement spread, under a Catholic
+Emperor like Ferdinand of Styria, who was elected in 1619, it was
+inevitable that the privileges granted to Protestants should be
+curtailed. They determined to resist and, as the Emperor had the
+support of Spain, the Protestant Union found it necessary to call in
+help from outside. Thus it was that the other European powers came to
+interfere in German affairs. Some helped the Protestants from motives
+of religion, more still from considerations of policy, and the long
+struggle of thirty years may be divided into marked periods in which
+one power after another, Denmark, Sweden, France, allied themselves
+with the Protestants against the Emperor. The _Memoirs_ are
+concerned with the first two years of the Swedish period of the war
+(1630--1634), during which Gustavus Adolphus almost won victory
+for the Protestants who were, however, to lose the advantage of his
+brilliant generalship through his death at the battle of Luetzen in
+1632. Through the death of "this conquering king," the Swedes lost the
+fruits of their victory and the battle of Luetzen marks the end of what
+may be termed the heroic period of the war. Gustavus Adolphus stands
+out among the men of his day for the loftiness of his character as
+well as for the genius of his generalship. It is, therefore, fitting
+enough that Defoe should make his Cavalier withdraw from the Swedish
+service after the death of the "glorious king" whom he "could never
+mention without some remark of his extraordinary merit." For two years
+longer, he wanders through Germany still watching the course of the
+war and then returns to England, soon to take part in another war at
+home, namely the Civil War, in which the English people were divided
+into two great parties according as they supported King Charles I or
+the members of the Long Parliament who opposed him. According to the
+_Memoirs_, the Cavalier "went into arms" without troubling himself "to
+examine sides." Defoe probably considered this attitude as typical
+of many of the Cavalier party, and, of course, loyalty to the king's
+person was one of their strongest motives. The Cavalier does not enter
+largely into the causes of the war. What he gives us is a picture of
+army life in that troubled period. It will be well, however, to bear
+in mind the chief facts in the history of the times.
+
+From the beginning of his reign, Charles had had trouble with his
+parliaments, which had already become very restless under James I.
+Charles's parliaments disapproved of his foreign policy and their
+unwillingness to grant subsidies led him to fall back on questionable
+methods of raising money, especially during the eleven years
+(1629--1640) in which he ruled without a parliament. Charles had no
+great scheme of tyranny, but avoided parliaments because of their
+criticism of his policy. At first the opposition had been purely
+political, but the parliament of 1629 had attacked also Charles's
+religious policy. He favoured the schemes of Laud (archbishop of
+Canterbury 1633--1649) and the Arminian school among the clergy, who
+wished to revive many of the old Catholic practices and some of the
+beliefs which had been swept away by the Reformation. Many people
+in England objected not only to these but even to the wearing of the
+surplice, the simplest of the old vestments, on the use of which Laud
+tried to insist. This party came to be known as Puritans and they
+formed the chief strength of the opposition to the King in the Long
+Parliament which met in 1640. For their attack on the Church led many
+who had at first opposed the King's arbitrary methods to go over to
+his side. Thus, the moderate men as well as the loyalists formed a
+king's party and the opposition was almost confined to men who hated
+the Church as much as the King. The Puritans who loved simplicity
+of dress and severity of manners and despised the flowing locks and
+worldly vanities which the Cavaliers loved were, by these, nicknamed
+Roundheads on account of their short hair. Defoe, in the _Memoirs_,
+gives us less of this side of the history of the times than might have
+been expected. The war actually began in August, 1642, and what
+Defoe gives us is military history, correct in essentials and full
+of detail, which is, however, far from accurate. For instance, in his
+account of the battle of Marston Moor, he makes prince Rupert command
+the left wing, whereas he really commanded the right wing, the left
+being led by Lord Goring who, according to Defoe's account, commanded
+the main battle. He conveys to us, however, the true spirit of the
+war, emphasizing the ability and the mistakes on both sides, showing
+how the king's miscalculations or Rupert's rashness deprived the
+Royalist party of the advantages of the superior generalship and
+fighting power which were theirs in the first part of the war and how
+gradually the Roundheads got the better of the Cavaliers. The detailed
+narrative comes to an end with the delivery of the King to the
+Parliament by the Scots, to whom he had given himself up in his
+extremity. A few lines tell of his trial and execution and the
+_Memoirs_ end with some pages of "remarks and observations" on the
+war and a list of coincidences which had been noted in its course.
+The latter, savouring somewhat of superstition, appear natural in
+what purports to be a seventeenth century text, but the summing up of
+conclusions about the war is rather such as might be made by a more or
+less impartial observer at a later date than by one who had taken an
+active part in the struggle. In reading the _Memoirs_ this mixture of
+what belongs to the seventeenth century with the reflections of Defoe,
+in many ways a typical eighteenth century figure, must be borne in
+mind. The inaccuracies are pointed out in the notes, but these need
+not prevent us from entering with zest into the spirit of the story.
+
+E. O'NEILL.
+
+4 _March_ 1908.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+  INTRODUCTION.
+  PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.
+  TEXT: Part I.
+        Part II.
+  NOTES.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.
+
+
+As an evidence that 'tis very probable these Memorials were written
+many years ago, the persons now concerned in the publication assure
+the reader that they have had them in their possession finished, as
+they now appear, above twenty years; that they were so long ago found
+by great accident, among other valuable papers, in the closet of an
+eminent public minister, of no less figure than one of King William's
+secretaries of state.
+
+As it is not proper to trace them any farther, so neither is there any
+need to trace them at all, to give reputation to the story related,
+seeing the actions here mentioned have a sufficient sanction from all
+the histories of the times to which they relate, with this addition,
+that the admirable manner of relating them and the wonderful variety
+of incidents with which they are beautified in the course of a private
+gentleman's story, add such delight in the reading, and give such a
+lustre, as well to the accounts themselves as to the person who was
+the actor, that no story, we believe, extant in the world ever came
+abroad with such advantage.
+
+It must naturally give some concern in the reading that the name of a
+person of so much gallantry and honour, and so many ways valuable
+to the world, should be lost to the readers. We assure them no small
+labour has been thrown away upon the inquiry, and all we have been
+able to arrive to of discovery in this affair is, that a memorandum
+was found with this manuscript, in these words, but not signed by any
+name, only the two letters of a name, which gives us no light into the
+matter, which memoir was as follows:--
+
+_Memorandum_.
+
+"I found this manuscript among my father's writings, and I understand
+that he got them as plunder, at, or after, the fight at Worcester,
+where he served as major of ----'s regiment of horse on the side of
+the Parliament. I.K."
+
+As this has been of no use but to terminate the inquiry after the
+person, so, however, it seems most naturally to give an authority to
+the original of the work, viz., that it was born of a soldier; and
+indeed it is through every part related with so soldierly a style, and
+in the very language of the field, that it seems impossible anything
+but the very person who was present in every action here related,
+could be the relater of them.
+
+The accounts of battles, the sieges, and the several actions of which
+this work is so full, are all recorded in the histories of those
+times; such as the great battle of Leipsic, the sacking of Magdeburg,
+the siege of Nuremburg, the passing the river Lech in Bavaria; such
+also as the battle of Kineton, or Edgehill, the battles of Newbury,
+Marston Moor, and Naseby, and the like: they are all, we say, recorded
+in other histories, and written by those who lived in those times, and
+perhaps had good authority for what they wrote. But do those relations
+give any of the beautiful ideas of things formed in this account?
+Have they one half of the circumstances and incidents of the actions
+themselves that this man's eyes were witness to, and which his memory
+has thus preserved? He that has read the best accounts of those
+battles will be surprised to see the particulars of the story so
+preserved, so nicely and so agreeably described, and will confess
+what we allege, that the story is inimitably told; and even the great
+actions of the glorious King GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS receive a lustre
+from this man's relations which the world was never made sensible of
+before, and which the present age has much wanted of late, in order to
+give their affections a turn in favour of his late glorious successor.
+
+In the story of our own country's unnatural wars, he carries on the
+same spirit. How effectually does he record the virtues and glorious
+actions of King Charles the First, at the same time that he frequently
+enters upon the mistakes of his Majesty's conduct, and of his friends,
+which gave his enemies all those fatal advantages against him, which
+ended in the overthrow of his armies, the loss of his crown and life,
+and the ruin of the constitution!
+
+In all his accounts he does justice to his enemies, and honours
+the merit of those whose cause he fought against; and many accounts
+recorded in his story, are not to be found even in the best histories
+of those times.
+
+What applause does he give to gallantry of Sir Thomas Fairfax, to his
+modesty, to his conduct, under which he himself was subdued, and to
+the justice he did the king's troops when they laid down their arms!
+
+His description of the Scots troops in the beginning of the war, and
+the behaviour of the party under the Earl of Holland, who went over
+against them, are admirable; and his censure of their conduct, who
+pushed the king upon the quarrel, and then would not let him fight, is
+no more than what many of the king's friends (though less knowing as
+soldiers) have often complained of.
+
+In a word, this work is a confutation of many errors in all the
+writers upon the subject of our wars in England, and even in that
+extraordinary history written by the Earl of Clarendon; but the
+editors were so just that when, near twenty years ago, a person
+who had written a whole volume in folio, by way of answer to and
+confutation of Clarendon's "History of the Rebellion," would have
+borrowed the clauses in this account, which clash with that history,
+and confront it,--we say the editors were so just as to refuse them.
+
+There can be nothing objected against the general credit of this work,
+seeing its truth is established upon universal history; and almost all
+the facts, especially those of moment, are confirmed for their general
+part by all the writers of those times. If they are here embellished
+with particulars, which are nowhere else to be found, that is the
+beauty we boast of; and that it is that much recommend this work to
+all the men of sense and judgment that read it.
+
+The only objection we find possible to make against this work is, that
+it is not carried on farther, or, as we may say finished, with the
+finishing the war of the time; and this we complain of also. But then
+we complain of it as a misfortune to the world, not as a fault in the
+author; for how do we know but that this author might carry it on, and
+have another part finished which might not fall into the same hands,
+or may still remain with some of his family, and which they cannot
+indeed publish, to make it seem anything perfect, for want of the
+other parts which we have, and which we have now made public? Nor is
+it very improbable but that if any such farther part is in being, the
+publishing these two parts may occasion the proprietors of the third
+to let the world see it, and that by such a discovery the name of the
+person may also come to be known, which would, no doubt, be a great
+satisfaction to the reader as well as us.
+
+This, however, must be said, that if the same author should have
+written another part of this work, and carried it on to the end of
+those times, yet as the residue of those melancholy days, to the
+Restoration, were filled with the intrigues of government, the
+political management of illegal power, and the dissensions and
+factions of a people who were then even in themselves but a faction,
+and that there was very little action in the field, it is more than
+probable that our author, who was a man of arms, had little share in
+those things, and might not care to trouble himself with looking at
+them.
+
+But besides all this, it might happen that he might go abroad again
+at that time, as most of the gentlemen of quality, and who had an
+abhorrence for the power that then governed here, did. Nor are we
+certain that he might live to the end of that time, so we can give
+no account whether he had any share in the subsequent actions of that
+time.
+
+'Tis enough that we have the authorities above to recommend this part
+to us that is now published. The relation, we are persuaded, will
+recommend itself, and nothing more can be needful, because nothing
+more can invite than the story itself, which, when the reader enters
+into, he will find it very hard to get out of till he has gone through
+it.
+
+
+
+
+MEMOIRS OF A CAVALIER.
+
+PART I.
+
+
+It may suffice the reader, without being very inquisitive after my
+name, that I was born in the county of Salop, in the year 1608, under
+the government of what star I was never astrologer enough to
+examine; but the consequences of my life may allow me to suppose some
+extraordinary influence affected my birth.
+
+My father was a gentleman of a very plentiful fortune, having an
+estate of above L5000 per annum, of a family nearly allied to several
+of the principal nobility, and lived about six miles from the town;
+and my mother being at ---- on some particular occasion, was surprised
+there at a friend's house, and brought me very safe into the world.
+
+I was my father's second son, and therefore was not altogether so much
+slighted as younger sons of good families generally are. But my father
+saw something in my genius also which particularly pleased him, and so
+made him take extraordinary care of my education.
+
+I was taught, therefore, by the best masters that could be had,
+everything that was needful to accomplish a young gentleman for the
+world; and at seventeen years old my tutor told my father an academic
+education was very proper for a person of quality, and he thought me
+very fit for it: so my father entered me of ---- College in Oxford,
+where I continued three years.
+
+A collegiate life did not suit me at all, though I loved books well
+enough. It was never designed that I should be either a lawyer,
+physician, or divine; and I wrote to my father that I thought I had
+stayed there long enough for a gentleman, and with his leave I desired
+to give him a visit.
+
+During my stay at Oxford, though I passed through the proper exercises
+of the house, yet my chief reading was upon history and geography,
+as that which pleased my mind best, and supplied me with ideas most
+suitable to my genius; by one I understood what great actions had been
+done in the world, and by the other I understood where they had been
+done.
+
+My father readily complied with my desire of coming home; for besides
+that he thought, as I did, that three years' time at the university
+was enough, he also most passionately loved me, and began to think of
+my settling near him.
+
+At my arrival I found myself extraordinarily caressed by my father,
+and he seemed to take a particular delight in my conversation. My
+mother, who lived in perfect union with him both in desires and
+affection, received me very passionately. Apartments were provided for
+me by myself, and horses and servants allowed me in particular.
+
+My father never went a-hunting, an exercise he was exceeding fond of,
+but he would have me with him; and it pleased him when he found me
+like the sport. I lived thus, in all the pleasures 'twas possible for
+me to enjoy, for about a year more, when going out one morning with my
+father to hunt a stag, and having had a very hard chase, and gotten
+a great way off from home, we had leisure enough to ride gently back;
+and as we returned my father took occasion to enter into a serious
+discourse with me concerning the manner of my settling in the world.
+
+He told me, with a great deal of passion, that he loved me above all
+the rest of his children, and that therefore he intended to do very
+well for me; and that my eldest brother being already married
+and settled, he had designed the same for me, and proposed a very
+advantageous match for me, with a young lady of very extraordinary
+fortune and merit, and offered to make a settlement of L2000 per annum
+on me, which he said he would purchase for me without diminishing his
+paternal estate.
+
+There was too much tenderness in this discourse not to affect me
+exceedingly. I told him I would perfectly resign myself unto his
+disposal. But as my father had, together with his love for me, a very
+nice judgment in his discourse, he fixed his eyes very attentively on
+me, and though my answer was without the least reserve, yet he
+thought he saw some uneasiness in me at the proposal, and from thence
+concluded that my compliance was rather an act of discretion than
+inclination; and that, however I seemed so absolutely given up to what
+he had proposed, yet my answer was really an effect of my obedience
+rather than my choice.
+
+So he returned very quick upon me: "Look you, son, though I give you
+my own thoughts in the matter, yet I would have you be very plain with
+me; for if your own choice does not agree with mine, I will be your
+adviser, but will never impose upon you, and therefore let me know
+your mind freely." "I don't reckon myself capable, sir," said I, with
+a great deal of respect, "to make so good a choice for myself as you
+can for me; and though my opinion differed from yours, its being your
+opinion would reform mine, and my judgment would as readily comply as
+my duty." "I gather at least from thence," said my father, "that your
+designs lay another way before, however they may comply with mine; and
+therefore I would know what it was you would have asked of me if I had
+not offered this to you; and you must not deny me your obedience in
+this, if you expect I should believe your readiness in the other."
+
+"Sir," said I, "'twas impossible I should lay out for myself just
+what you have proposed; but if my inclinations were never so contrary,
+though at your command you shall know them, yet I declare them to be
+wholly subjected to your order. I confess my thoughts did not tend
+towards marriage or a settlement; for, though I had no reason to
+question your care of me, yet I thought a gentleman ought always to
+see something of the world before he confined himself to any part of
+it. And if I had been to ask your consent to anything, it should have
+been to give me leave to travel for a short time, in order to qualify
+myself to appear at home like a son to so good a father."
+
+"In what capacity would you travel?" replied my father. "You must go
+abroad either as a private gentleman, as a scholar, or as a soldier."
+"If it were in the latter capacity, sir," said I, returning pretty
+quick, "I hope I should not misbehave myself; but I am not so
+determined as not to be ruled by your judgment." "Truly," replied my
+father, "I see no war abroad at this time worth while for a man to
+appear in, whether we talk of the cause or the encouragement; and
+indeed, son, I am afraid you need not go far for adventures of that
+nature, for times seem to look as if this part of Europe would find us
+work enough." My father spake then relating to the quarrel likely
+to happen between the King of England and the Spaniard,' [1] for I
+believe he had no notions of a civil war in his head.
+
+In short, my father, perceiving my inclinations very forward to go
+abroad, gave me leave to travel, upon condition I would promise to
+return in two years at farthest, or sooner, if he sent for me.
+
+While I was at Oxford I happened into the society of a young
+gentleman, of a good family, but of a low fortune, being a younger
+brother, and who had indeed instilled into me the first desires of
+going abroad, and who, I knew, passionately longed to travel, but had
+not sufficient allowance to defray his expenses as a gentleman. We
+had contracted a very close friendship, and our humours being very
+agreeable to one another, we daily enjoyed the conversation of
+letters. He was of a generous free temper, without the least
+affectation or deceit, a handsome proper person, a strong body, very
+good mien, and brave to the last degree. His name was Fielding and we
+called him Captain, though it be a very unusual title in a college;
+but fate had some hand in the title, for he had certainly the lines of
+a soldier drawn in his countenance. I imparted to him the resolutions
+I had taken, and how I had my father's consent to go abroad, and would
+know his mind whether he would go with me. He sent me word he would go
+with all his heart.
+
+My father, when he saw him, for I sent for him immediately to come
+to me, mightily approved my choice; so we got our equipage ready, and
+came away for London.
+
+'Twas on the 22nd of April 1630, when we embarked at Dover, landed in
+a few hours at Calais, and immediately took post for Paris. I shall
+not trouble the reader with a journal of my travels, nor with the
+description of places, which every geographer can do better than I;
+but these Memoirs being only a relation of what happened either to
+ourselves, or in our own knowledge, I shall confine myself to that
+part of it.
+
+We had indeed some diverting passages in our journey to Paris, as
+first, the horse my comrade was upon fell so very lame with a slip
+that he could not go, and hardly stand, and the fellow that rid with
+us express, pretended to ride away to a town five miles off to get a
+fresh horse, and so left us on the road with one horse between two of
+us. We followed as well as we could, but being strangers, missed the
+way, and wandered a great way out the road. Whether the man performed
+in reasonable time or not we could not be sure, but if it had not been
+for an old priest, we had never found him. We met this man, by a very
+good accident, near a little village whereof he was curate. We spoke
+Latin enough just to make him understand us, and he did not speak it
+much better himself; but he carried us into the village to his house,
+gave us wine and bread, and entertained us with wonderful courtesy.
+After this he sent into the village, hired a peasant, and a horse for
+my captain, and sent him to guide us into the road. At parting he
+made a great many compliments to us in French, which we could just
+understand; but the sum was, to excuse him for a question he had
+a mind to ask us. After leave to ask what he pleased, it was if we
+wanted any money for our journey, and pulled out two pistoles, which
+he offered either to give or lend us.
+
+I mention this exceeding courtesy of the curate because, though
+civility is very much in use in France, and especially to strangers,
+yet 'tis a very unusual thing to have them part with their money.
+
+We let the priest know, first, that we did not want money, and next
+that we were very sensible of the obligation he had put upon us; and
+I told him in particular, if I lived to see him again, I would
+acknowledge it.
+
+This accident of our horse was, as we afterwards found, of some use
+to us. We had left our two servants behind us at Calais to bring our
+baggage after us, by reason of some dispute between the captain of the
+packet and the custom-house officer, which could not be adjusted, and
+we were willing to be at Paris. The fellows followed as fast as they
+could, and, as near as we could learn, in the time we lost our way,
+were robbed, and our portmanteaus opened. They took what they pleased;
+but as there was no money there, but linen and necessaries, the loss
+was not great.
+
+Our guide carried us to Amiens, where we found the express and our two
+servants, who the express meeting on the road with a spare horse, had
+brought back with him thither.
+
+We took this for a good omen of our successful journey, having escaped
+a danger which might have been greater to us than it was to our
+servants; for the highwaymen in France do not always give a traveller
+the civility of bidding him stand and deliver his money, but
+frequently fire on him first, and then take his money.
+
+We stayed one day at Amiens, to adjust this little disorder, and
+walked about the town, and into the great church, but saw nothing
+very remarkable there; but going across a broad street near the great
+church, we saw a crowd of people gazing at a mountebank doctor, who
+made a long harangue to them with a thousand antic postures, and gave
+out bills this way, and boxes of physic that way, and had a great
+trade, when on a sudden the people raised a cry, "_Larron, Larron_!"
+(in English, "Thief, thief"), on the other side the street, and all
+the auditors ran away, from Mr Doctor to see what the matter was.
+Among the rest we went to see, and the case was plain and short
+enough. Two English gentlemen and a Scotchman, travellers as we were,
+were standing gazing at this prating doctor, and one of them catched
+a fellow picking his pocket. The fellow had got some of his money, for
+he dropped two or three pieces just by him, and had got hold of
+his watch, but being surprised let it slip again. But the reason of
+telling this story is for the management of it. This thief had his
+seconds so ready, that as soon as the Englishman had seized him they
+fell in, pretended to be mighty zealous for the stranger, takes the
+fellow by the throat, and makes a great bustle; the gentleman not
+doubting but the man was secured let go his own hold of him, and left
+him to them. The hubbub was great, and 'twas these fellows cried,
+"_Larron, larron_!" but with a dexterity peculiar to themselves had
+let the right fellow go, and pretended to be all upon one of their own
+gang. At last they bring the man to the gentleman to ask him what the
+fellow had done, who, when he saw the person they seized on, presently
+told them that was not the man. Then they seemed to be in more
+consternation than before, and spread themselves all over the street,
+crying, "_Larron, larron_!" pretending to search for the fellow; and
+so one one way, one another, they were all gone, the noise went over,
+the gentlemen stood looking one at another, and the bawling doctor
+began to have the crowd about him again. This was the first French
+trick I had the opportunity of seeing, but I was told they have a
+great many more as dexterous as this.
+
+We soon got acquaintance with these gentlemen, who were going to
+Paris, as well as we; so the next day we made up our company with
+them, and were a pretty troop of five gentlemen and four servants.
+
+As we had really no design to stay long at Paris, so indeed, excepting
+the city itself, there was not much to be seen there. Cardinal
+Richelieu, who was not only a supreme minister in the Church, but
+Prime Minister in the State, was now made also General of the King's
+Forces, with a title never known in France before nor since, viz.,
+Lieutenant-General "au place du Roi," in the king's stead, or, as some
+have since translated it, representing the person of the king.
+
+Under this character he pretended to execute all the royal powers in
+the army without appeal to the king, or without waiting for orders;
+and having parted from Paris the winter before had now actually begun
+the war against the Duke of Savoy, in the process of which he restored
+the Duke of Mantua, and having taken Pignerol from the duke, put it
+into such a state of defence as the duke could never force it out of
+his hands, and reduced the duke, rather by manage and conduct than
+by force, to make peace without it; so as annexing it to the crown of
+France it has ever since been a thorn in his foot that has always
+made the peace of Savoy lame and precarious, and France has since made
+Pignerol one of the strongest fortresses in the world.
+
+As the cardinal, with all the military part of the court, was in the
+field, so the king, to be near him, was gone with the queen and all
+the court, just before I reached Paris, to reside at Lyons. All these
+considered, there was nothing to do at Paris; the court looked like a
+citizen's house when the family was all gone into the country, and
+I thought the whole city looked very melancholy, compared to all the
+fine things I had heard of it.
+
+The queen-mother and her party were chagrined at the cardinal, who,
+though he owed his grandeur to her immediate favour, was now grown too
+great any longer to be at the command of her Majesty, or indeed in her
+interest; and therefore the queen was under dissatisfaction and her
+party looked very much down.
+
+The Protestants were everywhere disconsolate, for the losses they had
+received at Rochelle, Nimes, and Montpelier had reduced them to an
+absolute dependence on the king's will, without all possible hopes of
+ever recovering themselves, or being so much as in a condition to
+take arms for their religion, and therefore the wisest of them plainly
+foresaw their own entire reduction, as it since came to pass. And I
+remember very well that a Protestant gentleman told me once, as we
+were passing from Orleans to Lyons, that the English had ruined them;
+and therefore, says he, "I think the next occasion the king takes to
+use us ill, as I know 'twill not be long before he does, we must all
+fly over to England, where you are bound to maintain us for having
+helped to turn us out of our own country." I asked him what he meant
+by saying the English had done it? He returned short upon me: "I do
+not mean," says he, "by not relieving Rochelle, but by helping to ruin
+Rochelle, when you and the Dutch lent ships to beat our fleet, which
+all the ships in France could not have done without you."
+
+I was too young in the world to be very sensible of this before, and
+therefore was something startled at the charge; but when I came to
+discourse with this gentleman, I soon saw the truth of what he said
+was undeniable, and have since reflected on it with regret, that the
+naval power of the Protestants, which was then superior to the royal,
+would certainly have been the recovery of all their fortunes, had it
+not been unhappily broke by their brethren of England and Holland,
+the former lending seven men-of-war, and the latter twenty, for the
+destruction of the Rochellers' fleet; and by these very ships the
+Rochellers' fleet were actually beaten and destroyed, and they never
+afterwards recovered their force at sea, and by consequence sunk under
+the siege, which the English afterwards in vain attempted to prevent.
+
+These things made the Protestants look very dull, and expected the
+ruin of all their party, which had certainly happened had the cardinal
+lived a few years longer.
+
+We stayed in Paris, about three weeks, as well to see the court and
+what rarities the place afforded, as by an occasion which had like to
+have put a short period to our ramble.
+
+Walking one morning before the gate of the Louvre, with a design to
+see the Swiss drawn up, which they always did, and exercised just
+before they relieved the guards, a page came up to me, and speaking
+English to me, "Sir," says he, "the captain must needs have your
+immediate assistance." I, that had not the knowledge of any person
+in Paris but my own companion, whom I called captain, had no room to
+question, but it was he that sent for me; and crying out hastily to
+him, "Where?" followed the fellow as fast as 'twas possible. He led
+me through several passages which I knew not, and at last through a
+tennis-court and into a large room, where three men, like gentlemen,
+were engaged very briskly two against one. The room was very dark, so
+that I could not easily know them asunder, but being fully possessed
+with an opinion before of my captain's danger, I ran into the room
+with my sword in my hand. I had not particularly engaged any of them,
+nor so much as made a pass at any, when I received a very dangerous
+thrust in my thigh, rather occasioned by my too hasty running in,
+than a real design of the person; but enraged at the hurt, without
+examining who it was hurt me, I threw myself upon him, and run my
+sword quite through his body.
+
+The novelty of the adventure, and the unexpected fall of the man by
+a stranger come in nobody knew how, had becalmed the other two, that
+they really stood gazing at me. By this time I had discovered that my
+captain was not there, and that 'twas some strange accident brought
+me thither. I could speak but little French, and supposed they could
+speak no English, so I stepped to the door to see for the page that
+brought me thither, but seeing nobody there and the passage clear,
+I made off as fast as I could, without speaking a word; nor did the
+other two gentlemen offer to stop me.
+
+But I was in a strange confusion when, coming into those entries and
+passages which the page led me through, I could by no means find my
+way out. At last seeing a door open that looked through a house into
+the street, I went in, and out at the other door; but then I was at
+as great a loss to know where I was, and which was the way to my
+lodgings. The wound in my thigh bled apace, and I could feel the blood
+in my breeches. In this interval came by a chair; I called, and went
+into it, and bid them, as well as I could, go to the Louvre; for
+though I knew not the name of the street where I lodged, I knew I
+could find the way to it when I was at the Bastille. The chairmen went
+on their own way, and being stopped by a company of the guards as they
+went, set me down till the soldiers were marched by; when looking out
+I found I was just at my own lodging, and the captain was standing at
+the door looking for me. I beckoned him to me, and, whispering, told
+him I was very much hurt, but bid him pay the chairmen, and ask no
+questions but come to me.
+
+I made the best of my way upstairs, but had lost so much blood, that I
+had hardly spirits enough to keep me from swooning till he came in.
+He was equally concerned with me to see me in such a bloody condition,
+and presently called up our landlord, and he as quickly called in his
+neighbours, that I had a room full of people about me in a quarter
+of an hour. But this had like to have been of worse consequence to me
+than the other, for by this time there was great inquiring after the
+person who killed a man at the tennis-court. My landlord was then
+sensible of his mistake, and came to me and told me the danger I was
+in, and very honestly offered to convey me to a friend's of his, where
+I should be very secure; I thanked him, and suffered myself to be
+carried at midnight whither he pleased. He visited me very often, till
+I was well enough to walk about, which was not in less than ten days,
+and then we thought fit to be gone, so we took post for Orleans. But
+when I came upon the road I found myself in a new error, for my wound
+opened again with riding, and I was in a worse condition than before,
+being forced to take up at a little village on the road, called ----,
+about ---- miles from Orleans, where there was no surgeon to be had,
+but a sorry country barber, who nevertheless dressed me as well as he
+could, and in about a week more I was able to walk to Orleans at three
+times. Here I stayed till I was quite well, and took coach for Lyons
+and so through Savoy into Italy.
+
+I spent nearly two years' time after this bad beginning in travelling
+through Italy, and to the several courts of Rome, Naples, Venice, and
+Vienna.
+
+When I came to Lyons the king was gone from thence to Grenoble to meet
+the cardinal, but the queens were both at Lyons.
+
+The French affairs seemed at this time to have but an indifferent
+aspect. There was no life in anything but where the cardinal was: he
+pushed on everything with extraordinary conduct, and generally with
+success; he had taken Susa and Pignerol from the Duke of Savoy, and
+was preparing to push the duke even out of all his dominions.
+
+But in the meantime everywhere else things looked ill; the troops
+were ill-paid, the magazines empty, the people mutinous, and a general
+disorder seized the minds of the court; and the cardinal, who was the
+soul of everything, desired this interview at Grenoble, in order to
+put things into some better method.
+
+This politic minister always ordered matters so, that if there was
+success in anything the glory was his, but if things miscarried it was
+all laid upon the king. This conduct was so much the more nice, as it
+is the direct contrary to the custom in like cases, where kings assume
+the glory of all the success in an action, and when a thing miscarries
+make themselves easy by sacrificing their ministers and favourites
+to the complaints and resentments of the people; but this accurate
+refined statesman got over this point.
+
+While we were at Lyons, and as I remember, the third day after our
+coming thither, we had like to have been involved in a state broil,
+without knowing where we were. It was of a Sunday in the evening, the
+people of Lyons, who had been sorely oppressed in taxes, and the war
+in Italy pinching their trade, began to be very tumultuous. We found
+the day before the mob got together in great crowds, and talked oddly;
+the king was everywhere reviled, and spoken disrespectfully of, and
+the magistrates of the city either winked at, or durst not attempt to
+meddle, lest they should provoke the people.
+
+But on Sunday night, about midnight, we were waked by a prodigious
+noise in the street. I jumped out of bed, and running to the window,
+I saw the street as full of mob as it could hold, some armed with
+muskets and halberds, marched in very good order; others in disorderly
+crowds, all shouting and crying out, "Du paix le roi," and the like.
+One that led a great party of this rabble carried a loaf of bread upon
+the top of a pike, and other lesser loaves, signifying the smallness
+of their bread, occasioned by dearness.
+
+By morning this crowd was gathered to a great height; they ran roving
+over the whole city, shut up all the shops, and forced all the
+people to join with them from thence. They went up to the castle, and
+renewing the clamour, a strange consternation seized all the princes.
+
+They broke open the doors of the officers, collectors of the new
+taxes, and plundered their houses, and had not the persons themselves
+fled in time they had been very ill-treated.
+
+The queen-mother, as she was very much displeased to see such
+consequences of the government, in whose management she had no share,
+so I suppose she had the less concern upon her. However, she came into
+the court of the castle and showed herself to the people, gave money
+amongst them, and spoke gently to them; and by a way peculiar to
+herself, and which obliged all she talked with, she pacified the mob
+gradually, sent them home with promises of redress and the like; and
+so appeased this tumult in two days by her prudence, which the guards
+in the castle had small mind to meddle with, and if they had, would in
+all probability have made the better side the worse.
+
+There had been several seditions of the like nature in sundry other
+parts of France, and the very army began to murmur, though not to
+mutiny, for want of provisions.
+
+This sedition at Lyons was not quite over when we left the place,
+for, finding the city all in a broil, we considered we had no business
+there, and what the consequence of a popular tumult might be we did
+not see, so we prepared to be gone. We had not rid above three miles
+out of the city but we were brought as prisoners of war, by a party of
+mutineers, who had been abroad upon the scout, and were charged
+with being messengers sent to the cardinal for forces to reduce the
+citizens. With these pretences they brought us back in triumph, and
+the queen-mother, being by this time grown something familiar to them,
+they carried us before her.
+
+When they inquired of us who we were, we called ourselves Scots; for
+as the English were very much out of favour in France at this time,
+the peace having been made not many months, and not supposed to
+be very durable, because particularly displeasing to the people of
+England, so the Scots were on the other extreme with the French.
+Nothing was so much caressed as the Scots, and a man had no more to
+do in France, if he would be well received there, than to say he was a
+Scotchman.
+
+When we came before the queen-mother she seemed to receive us with
+some stiffness at first, and caused her guards to take us into
+custody; but as she was a lady of most exquisite politics, she did
+this to amuse the mob, and we were immediately after dismissed; and
+the queen herself made a handsome excuse to us for the rudeness we had
+suffered, alleging the troubles of the times; and the next morning we
+had three dragoons of the guards to convoy us out of the jurisdiction
+of Lyons.
+
+I confess this little adventure gave me an aversion to popular tumults
+all my life after, and if nothing else had been in the cause, would
+have biassed me to espouse the king's party in England when our
+popular heats carried all before it at home.
+
+But I must say, that when I called to mind since, the address, the
+management, the compliance in show, and in general the whole conduct
+of the queen-mother with the mutinous people of Lyons, and compared it
+with the conduct of my unhappy master the King of England, I could not
+but see that the queen understood much better than King Charles the
+management of politics and the clamours of the people.
+
+Had this princess been at the helm in England, she would have
+prevented all the calamities of the Civil War here, and yet not have
+parted with what that good prince yielded in order to peace neither.
+She would have yielded gradually, and then gained upon them gradually;
+she would have managed them to the point she had designed them, as she
+did all parties in France; and none could effectually subject her but
+the very man she had raised to be her principal support--I mean the
+cardinal.
+
+We went from hence to Grenoble, and arrived there the same day that
+the king and the cardinal with the whole court went out to view a body
+of 6000 Swiss foot, which the cardinal had wheedled the cantons to
+grant to the king to help to ruin their neighbour the Duke of Savoy.
+
+The troops were exceeding fine, well-accoutred, brave, clean-limbed,
+stout fellows indeed. Here I saw the cardinal; there was an air of
+church gravity in his habit, but all the vigour of a general, and
+the sprightliness of a vast genius in his face. He affected a little
+stiffness in his behaviour, but managed all his affairs with such
+clearness, such steadiness, and such application, that it was no
+wonder he had such success in every undertaking.
+
+Here I saw the king, whose figure was mean, his countenance hollow,
+and always seemed dejected, and every way discovering that weakness in
+his countenance that appeared in his actions.
+
+If he was ever sprightly and vigorous it was when the cardinal was
+with him, for he depended so much on everything he did, he that was at
+the utmost dilemma when he was absent, always timorous, jealous, and
+irresolute.
+
+After the review the cardinal was absent some days, having been to
+wait on the queen-mother at Lyons, where, as it was discoursed, they
+were at least seemingly reconciled.
+
+I observed while the cardinal was gone there was no court, the king
+was seldom to be seen, very small attendance given, and no bustle at
+the castle; but as soon as the cardinal returned, the great councils
+were assembled, the coaches of the ambassadors went every day to the
+castle, and a face of business appeared upon the whole court.
+
+Here the measures of the Duke of Savoy's ruin were concerted, and in
+order to it the king and the cardinal put themselves at the head
+of the army, with which they immediately reduced all Savoy, took
+Chamberri and the whole duchy except Montmelian.
+
+The army that did this was not above 22,000 men, including the Swiss,
+and but indifferent troops neither, especially the French foot, who,
+compared to the infantry I have since seen in the German and Swedish
+armies, were not fit to be called soldiers. On the other hand,
+considering the Savoyards and Italian troops, they were good troops;
+but the cardinal's conduct made amends for all these deficiencies.
+
+From hence I went to Pignerol, which was then little more than a
+single fortification on the hill near the town called St Bride's, but
+the situation of that was very strong. I mention this because of the
+prodigious works since added to it, by which it has since obtained the
+name of "the right hand of France." They had begun a new line below
+the hill, and some works were marked out on the side of the town next
+the fort; but the cardinal afterwards drew the plan of the works with
+his own hand, by which it was made one of the strongest fortresses in
+Europe.
+
+While I was at Pignerol, the governor of Milan, for the Spaniards,
+came with an army and sat down before Casale. The grand quarrel,
+and for which the war in this part of Italy was begun, was this: The
+Spaniards and Germans pretended to the duchy of Mantua; the Duke
+of Nevers, a Frenchman, had not only a title to it, but had got
+possession of it; but being ill-supported by the French, was beaten
+out by the Imperialists, and after a long siege the Germans took
+Mantua itself, and drove the poor duke quite out of the country.
+
+The taking of Mantua elevated the spirits of the Duke of Savoy, and
+the Germans and Spaniards being now at more leisure, with a complete
+army came to his assistance, and formed the siege of Montferrat.
+
+For as the Spaniards pushed the Duke of Mantua, so the French by
+way of diversion lay hard upon the Duke of Savoy. They had seized
+Montferrat, and held it for the Duke of Mantua, and had a strong
+French garrison under Thoiras, a brave and experienced commander; and
+thus affairs stood when we came into the French army.
+
+I had no business there as a soldier, but having passed as a Scotch
+gentleman with the mob at Lyons, and after with her Majesty the
+queen-mother, when we obtained the guard of her dragoons, we had also
+her Majesty's pass, with which we came and went where we pleased. And
+the cardinal, who was then not on very good terms with the queen, but
+willing to keep smooth water there, when two or three times our passes
+came to be examined, showed a more than ordinary respect to us on that
+very account, our passes being from the queen.
+
+Casale being besieged, as I have observed, began to be in danger, for
+the cardinal, who 'twas thought had formed a design to ruin Savoy, was
+more intent upon that than upon the succour of the Duke of Mantua; but
+necessity calling upon him to deliver so great a captain as Thoiras,
+and not to let such a place as Casale fall into the hands of the
+enemy, the king, or cardinal rather, ordered the Duke of Montmorency,
+and the Marechal D'Effiat, with 10,000 foot and 2000 horse, to march
+and join the Marechals De La Force and Schomberg, who lay already with
+an army on the frontiers of Genoa, but too weak to attempt the raising
+the siege of Casale.
+
+As all men thought there would be a battle between the French and the
+Spaniards, I could not prevail with myself to lose the opportunity,
+and therefore by the help of the passes above mentioned, I came to
+the French army under the Duke of Montmorency. We marched through the
+enemy's country with great boldness and no small hazard, for the Duke
+of Savoy appeared frequently with great bodies of horse on the rear of
+the army, and frequently skirmished with our troops, in one of which
+I had the folly--I can call it no better, for I had no business
+there--to go out and see the sport, as the French gentlemen called it.
+I was but a raw soldier, and did not like the sport at all, for this
+party was surrounded by the Duke of Savoy, and almost all killed, for
+as to quarter they neither asked nor gave. I ran away very fairly,
+one of the first, and my companion with me, and by the goodness of our
+horses got out of the fray, and being not much known in the army, we
+came into the camp an hour or two after, as if we had been only riding
+abroad for the air.
+
+This little rout made the general very cautious, for the Savoyards
+were stronger in horse by three or four thousand, and the army always
+marched in a body, and kept their parties in or very near hand.
+
+I escaped another rub in this French army about five days after, which
+had like to have made me pay dear for my curiosity.
+
+The Duke de Montmorency and the Marechal Schomberg joined their army
+about four or five days after, and immediately, according to the
+cardinal's instructions, put themselves on the march for the relief of
+Casale.
+
+The army had marched over a great plain, with some marshy grounds
+on the right and the Po on the left, and as the country was so well
+discovered that 'twas thought impossible any mischief should happen,
+the generals observed the less caution. At the end of this plain was a
+long wood and a lane or narrow defile through the middle of it.
+
+Through this pass the army was to march, and the van began to file
+through it about four o'clock. By three hours' time all the army was
+got through, or into the pass, and the artillery was just entered
+when the Duke of Savoy with 4000 horse and 1500 dragoons with every
+horseman a footman behind him, whether he had swam the Po or passed it
+above at a bridge, and made a long march after, was not examined, but
+he came boldly up the plain and charged our rear with a great deal of
+fury.
+
+Our artillery was in the lane, and as it was impossible to turn them
+about and make way for the army, so the rear was obliged to support
+themselves and maintain the fight for above an hour and a half.
+
+In this time we lost abundance of men, and if it had not been for two
+accidents all that line had been cut off. One was, that the wood was
+so near that those regiments which were disordered presently sheltered
+themselves in the wood; the other was, that by this time the Marechal
+Schomberg, with the horse of the van, began to get back through the
+lane, and to make good the ground from whence the other had been
+beaten, till at last by this means it came to almost a pitched battle.
+
+There were two regiments of French dragoons who did excellent service
+in this action, and maintained their ground till they were almost all
+killed.
+
+Had the Duke of Savoy contented himself with the defeat of five
+regiments on the right, which he quite broke and drove into the wood,
+and with the slaughter and havoc which he had made among the rest,
+he had come off with honour, and might have called it a victory; but
+endeavouring to break the whole party and carry off some cannon, the
+obstinate resistance of these few dragoons lost him his advantages,
+and held him in play till so many fresh troops got through the pass
+again as made us too strong for him, and had not night parted them he
+had been entirely defeated.
+
+At last, finding our troops increase and spread themselves on his
+flank, he retired and gave over. We had no great stomach to pursue him
+neither, though some horse were ordered to follow a little way.
+
+The duke lost about a thousand men, and we almost twice as many, and
+but for those dragoons had lost the whole rear-guard and half our
+cannon. I was in a very sorry case in this action too. I was with the
+rear in the regiment of horse of Perigoort, with a captain of which
+regiment I had contracted some acquaintance. I would have rid off at
+first, as the captain desired me, but there was no doing it, for the
+cannon was in the lane, and the horse and dragoons of the van eagerly
+pressing back through the lane must have run me down or carried me
+with them. As for the wood, it was a good shelter to save one's life,
+but was so thick there was no passing it on horseback.
+
+Our regiment was one of the first that was broke, and being all in
+confusion, with the Duke of Savoy's men at our heels, away we ran into
+the wood. Never was there so much disorder among a parcel of runaways
+as when we came to this wood; it was so exceeding bushy and thick at
+the bottom there was no entering it, and a volley of small shot from
+a regiment of Savoy's dragoons poured in upon us at our breaking into
+the wood made terrible work among our horses.
+
+For my part I was got into the wood, but was forced to quit my horse,
+and by that means, with a great deal of difficulty, got a little
+farther in, where there was a little open place, and being quite spent
+with labouring among the bushes I sat down resolving to take my fate
+there, let it be what it would, for I was not able to go any farther.
+I had twenty or thirty more in the same condition come to me in less
+than half-an-hour, and here we waited very securely the success of the
+battle, which was as before.
+
+It was no small relief to those with me to hear the Savoyards were
+beaten, for otherwise they had all been lost; as for me, I confess,
+I was glad as it was because of the danger, but otherwise I cared not
+much which had the better, for I designed no service among them.
+
+One kindness it did me, that I began to consider what I had to do
+here, and as I could give but a very slender account of myself for
+what it was I run all these risks, so I resolved they should fight it
+among themselves, for I would come among them no more.
+
+The captain with whom, as I noted above, I had contracted some
+acquaintance in this regiment, was killed in this action, and the
+French had really a great blow here, though they took care to conceal
+it all they could; and I cannot, without smiling, read some of the
+histories and memoirs of this action, which they are not ashamed to
+call a victory.
+
+We marched on to Saluzzo, and the next day the Duke of Savoy presented
+himself in battalia on the other side of a small river, giving us a
+fair challenge to pass and engage him. We always said in our camp that
+the orders were to fight the Duke of Savoy wherever we met him; but
+though he braved us in our view we did not care to engage him, but we
+brought Saluzzo to surrender upon articles, which the duke could not
+relieve without attacking our camp, which he did not care to do.
+
+The next morning we had news of the surrender of Mantua to the
+Imperial army. We heard of it first from the Duke of Savoy's cannon,
+which he fired by way of rejoicing, and which seemed to make him
+amends for the loss of Saluzzo.
+
+As this was a mortification to the French, so it quite damped the
+success of the campaign, for the Duke de Montmorency imagining that
+the Imperial general would send immediate assistance to the Marquis
+Spinola, who besieged Casale, they called frequent councils of war
+what course to take, and at last resolved to halt in Piedmont. A few
+days after their resolutions were changed again by the news of the
+death of the Duke of Savoy, Charles Emanuel, who died, as some say,
+agitated with the extremes of joy and grief.
+
+This put our generals upon considering again whether they should march
+to the relief of Casale, but the chimera of the Germans put them by,
+and so they took up quarters in Piedmont. They took several small
+places from the Duke of Savoy, making advantage of the consternation
+the duke's subjects were in on the death of their prince, and spread
+themselves from the seaside to the banks of the Po. But here an enemy
+did that for them which the Savoyards could not, for the plague got
+into their quarters and destroyed abundance of people, both of the
+army and of the country.
+
+I thought then it was time for me to be gone, for I had no manner of
+courage for that risk; and I think verily I was more afraid of being
+taken sick in a strange country than ever I was of being killed in
+battle. Upon this resolution I procured a pass to go for Genoa, and
+accordingly began my journey, but was arrested at Villa Franca by a
+slow lingering fever, which held me about five days, and then turned
+to a burning malignancy, and at last to the plague. My friend, the
+captain, never left me night nor day; and though for four days more I
+knew nobody, nor was capable of so much as thinking of myself, yet it
+pleased God that the distemper gathered in my neck, swelled and broke.
+During the swelling I was raging mad with the violence of pain, which
+being so near my head swelled that also in proportion, that my eyes
+were swelled up, and for the twenty-four hours my tongue and mouth;
+then, as my servant told me, all the physicians gave me over, as past
+all remedy, but by the good providence of God the swelling broke.
+
+The prodigious collection of matter which this swelling discharged
+gave me immediate relief, and I became sensible in less than an hour's
+time; and in two hours or thereabouts fell into a little slumber which
+recovered my spirits and sensibly revived me. Here I lay by it till
+the middle of September. My captain fell sick after me, but recovered
+quickly. His man had the plague, and died in two days; my man held it
+out well.
+
+About the middle of September we heard of a truce concluded between
+all parties, and being unwilling to winter at Villa Franca, I got
+passes, and though we were both but weak, we began to travel in
+litters for Milan.
+
+And here I experienced the truth of an old English proverb, that
+standers-by see more than the gamesters.
+
+The French, Savoyards, and Spaniards made this peace or truce all for
+separate and several grounds, and every one were mistaken.
+
+The French yielded to it because they had given over the relief of
+Casale, and were very much afraid it would fall into the hands of the
+Marquis Spinola. The Savoyards yielded to it because they were afraid
+the French would winter in Piedmont; the Spaniards yielded to it
+because the Duke of Savoy being dead, and the Count de Colalto, the
+Imperial general, giving no assistance, and his army weakened by
+sickness and the fatigues of the siege, he foresaw he should never
+take the town, and wanted but to come off with honour.
+
+The French were mistaken, because really Spinola was so weak that had
+they marched on into Montferrat the Spaniards must have raised the
+siege; the Duke of Savoy was mistaken, because the plague had so
+weakened the French that they durst not have stayed to winter in
+Piedmont; and Spinola was mistaken, for though he was very slow, if he
+had stayed before the town one fortnight longer, Thoiras the governor
+must have surrendered, being brought to the last extremity.
+
+Of all these mistakes the French had the advantage, for Casale, was
+relieved, the army had time to be recruited, and the French had the
+best of it by an early campaign.
+
+I passed through Montferrat in my way to Milan just as the truce was
+declared, and saw the miserable remains of the Spanish army, who by
+sickness, fatigue, hard duty, the sallies of the garrison and such
+like consequences, were reduced to less than 2000 men, and of them
+above 1000 lay wounded and sick in the camp.
+
+Here were several regiments which I saw drawn out to their arms that
+could not make up above seventy or eighty men, officers and all, and
+those half starved with hunger, almost naked, and in a lamentable
+condition. From thence I went into the town, and there things were
+still in a worse condition, the houses beaten down, the walls and
+works ruined, the garrison, by continual duty, reduced from 4500 men
+to less than 800, without clothes, money, or provisions, the brave
+governor weak with continual fatigue, and the whole face of things in
+a miserable case.
+
+The French generals had just sent them 30,000 crowns for present
+supply, which heartened them a little, but had not the truce been made
+as it was, they must have surrendered upon what terms the Spaniards
+had pleased to make them.
+
+Never were two armies in such fear of one another with so little
+cause; the Spaniards afraid of the French whom the plague had
+devoured, and the French afraid of the Spaniards whom the siege had
+almost ruined.
+
+The grief of this mistake, together with the sense of his master,
+the Spaniards, leaving him without supplies to complete the siege of
+Casale, so affected the Marquis Spinola, that he died for grief, and
+in him fell the last of that rare breed of Low Country soldiers, who
+gave the world so great and just a character of the Spanish infantry,
+as the best soldiers of the world; a character which we see them so
+very much degenerated from since, that they hardly deserve the name of
+soldiers.
+
+I tarried at Milan the rest of the winter, both for the recovery of my
+health, and also for supplies from England.
+
+Here it was I first heard the name of Gustavus Adolphus, the king of
+Sweden, who now began his war with the emperor; and while the king
+of France was at Lyons, the league with Sweden was made, in which the
+French contributed 1,200,000 crowns in money, and 600,000 per annum
+to the attempt of Gustavus Adolphus. About this time he landed in
+Pomerania, took the towns of Stettin and Stralsund, and from thence
+proceeded in that prodigious manner of which I shall have occasion to
+be very particular in the prosecution of these Memoirs.
+
+I had indeed no thoughts of seeing that king or his armies. I had
+been so roughly handled already, that I had given over the thoughts
+of appearing among the fighting people, and resolved in the spring
+to pursue my journey to Venice, and so for the rest of Italy. Yet
+I cannot deny that as every Gazette gave us some accounts of the
+conquests and victories of this glorious prince, it prepossessed my
+thoughts with secret wishes of seeing him, but these were so young
+and unsettled, that I drew no resolutions from them for a long while
+after.
+
+About the middle of January I left Milan and came to Genoa, from
+thence by sea to Leghorn, then to Naples, Rome, and Venice, but saw
+nothing in Italy that gave me any diversion.
+
+As for what is modern, I saw nothing but lewdness, private murders,
+stabbing men at the corner of a street, or in the dark, hiring of
+bravos, and the like. These were to me the modern excellencies of
+Italy; and I had no gust to antiquities.
+
+'Twas pleasant indeed when I was at Rome to say here stood the
+Capitol, there the Colossus of Nero, here was the Amphitheatre of
+Titus, there the Aqueduct of----, here the Forum, there the Catacombs,
+here the Temple of Venus, there of Jupiter, here the Pantheon, and the
+like; but I never designed to write a book. As much as was useful I
+kept in my head, and for the rest, I left it to others.
+
+I observed the people degenerated from the ancient glorious
+inhabitants, who were generous, brave, and the most valiant of all
+nations, to a vicious baseness of soul, barbarous, treacherous,
+jealous and revengeful, lewd and cowardly, intolerably proud and
+haughty, bigoted to blind, incoherent devotion, and the grossest of
+idolatry.
+
+Indeed, I think the unsuitableness of the people made the place
+unpleasant to me, for there is so little in a country to recommend it
+when the people disgrace it, that no beauties of the creation can make
+up for the want of those excellencies which suitable society procure
+the defect of. This made Italy a very unpleasant country to me;
+the people were the foil to the place, all manner of hateful vices
+reigning in their general way of living.
+
+I confess I was not very religious myself, and being come abroad into
+the world young enough, might easily have been drawn into evils that
+had recommended themselves with any tolerable agreeableness to nature
+and common manners; but when wickedness presented itself full-grown in
+its grossest freedoms and liberties, it quite took away all the gust
+to vice that the devil had furnished me with.
+
+The prodigious stupid bigotry of the people also was irksome to me; I
+thought there was something in it very sordid. The entire empire the
+priests have over both the souls and bodies of the people, gave me a
+specimen of that meanness of spirit, which is nowhere else to be seen
+but in Italy, especially in the city of Rome.
+
+At Venice I perceived it quite different, the civil authority having
+a visible superiority over the ecclesiastic, and the Church being more
+subject there to the State than in any other part of Italy.
+
+For these reasons I took no pleasure in filling my memoirs of Italy
+with remarks of places or things. All the antiquities and valuable
+remains of the Roman nation are done better than I can pretend to by
+such people who made it more their business; as for me, I went to see,
+and not to write, and as little thought then of these Memoirs as I ill
+furnished myself to write them.
+
+I left Italy in April, and taking the tour of Bavaria, though very
+much out of the way, I passed through Munich, Passau, Lintz, and at
+last to Vienna.
+
+I came to Vienna the 10th of April 1631, intending to have gone from
+thence down the Danube into Hungary, and by means of a pass, which I
+had obtained from the English ambassador at Constantinople, I designed
+to have seen all the great towns on the Danube, which were then in the
+hands of the Turks, and which I had read much of in the history of
+the war between the Turks and the Germans; but I was diverted from my
+design by the following occasion.
+
+There had been a long bloody war in the empire of Germany for twelve
+years, between the emperor, the Duke of Bavaria, the King of
+Spain, and the Popish princes and electors on the one side, and the
+Protestant princes on the other; and both sides having been exhausted
+by the war, and even the Catholics themselves beginning to dislike the
+growing power of the house of Austria, 'twas thought all parties were
+willing to make peace. Nay, things were brought to that pass that some
+of the Popish princes and electors began to talk of making alliances
+with the King of Sweden.
+
+Here it is necessary to observe, that the two Dukes of Mecklenburg
+having been dispossessed of most of their dominions by the tyranny
+of the Emperor Ferdinand, and being in danger of losing the rest,
+earnestly solicited the King of Sweden to come to their assistance;
+and that prince, as he was related to the house of Mecklenburg, and
+especially as he was willing to lay hold of any opportunity to break
+with the emperor, against whom he had laid up an implacable prejudice,
+was very ready and forward to come to their assistance.
+
+The reasons of his quarrel with the emperor were grounded upon the
+Imperialists concerning themselves in the war of Poland, where the
+emperor had sent 8000 foot and 2000 horse to join the Polish army
+against the king, and had thereby given some check to his arms in that
+war.
+
+In pursuance, therefore, of his resolution to quarrel with the
+emperor, but more particularly at the instances of the princes
+above-named, his Swedish Majesty had landed the year before at
+Stralsund with about 12,000 men, and having joined with some forces
+which he had left in Polish Prussia, all which did not make 30,000
+men, he began a war with the emperor, the greatest in event, filled
+with the most famous battles, sieges, and extraordinary actions,
+including its wonderful success and happy conclusion, of any war ever
+maintained in the world.
+
+The King of Sweden had already taken Stettin, Stralsund, Rostock,
+Wismar, and all the strong places on the Baltic, and began to spread
+himself in Germany. He had made a league with the French, as I
+observed in my story of Saxony; he had now made a treaty with the Duke
+of Brandenburg, and, in short, began to be terrible to the empire.
+
+In this conjuncture the emperor called the General Diet of the empire
+to be held at Ratisbon, where, as was pretended, all sides were
+to treat of peace and to join forces to beat the Swedes out of the
+empire. Here the emperor, by a most exquisite management, brought the
+affairs of the Diet to a conclusion, exceedingly to his own advantage,
+and to the farther oppression of the Protestants; and, in particular,
+in that the war against the King of Sweden was to be carried on in
+such manner as that the whole burden and charge would lie on the
+Protestants themselves, and they be made the instruments to oppose
+their best friends. Other matters also ended equally to their
+disadvantage, as the methods resolved on to recover the Church lands,
+and to prevent the education of the Protestant clergy; and what
+remained was referred to another General Diet to be held at
+Frankfort-au-Main in August 1631.
+
+I won't pretend to say the other Protestant princes of Germany had
+never made any overtures to the King of Sweden to come to their
+assistance, but 'tis plain they had entered into no league with him;
+that appears from the difficulties which retarded the fixing of the
+treaties afterward, both with the Dukes of Brandenburg and Saxony,
+which unhappily occasioned the ruin of Magdeburg.
+
+But 'tis plain the Swede was resolved on a war with the emperor. His
+Swedish majesty might, and indeed could not but foresee that if he
+once showed himself with a sufficient force on the frontiers of the
+empire, all the Protestant princes would be obliged by their interest
+or by his arms to fall in with him, and this the consequence made
+appear to be a just conclusion, for the Electors of Brandenburg and
+Saxony were both forced to join with him.
+
+First, they were willing to join with him--at least they could not
+find in their hearts to join with the emperor, of whose power they
+had such just apprehensions. They wished the Swedes success, and would
+have been very glad to have had the work done at another man's charge,
+but, like true Germans, they were more willing to be saved than to
+save themselves, and therefore hung back and stood upon terms.
+
+Secondly, they were at last forced to it. The first was forced to join
+by the King of Sweden himself, who being come so far was not to be
+dallied with, and had not the Duke of Brandenburg complied as he did,
+he had been ruined by the Swede. The Saxon was driven into the arms
+of the Swede by force, for Count Tilly, ravaging his country, made him
+comply with any terms to be saved from destruction.
+
+Thus matters stood at the end of the Diet at Ratisbon. The King
+of Sweden began to see himself leagued against at the Diet both by
+Protestant and Papist; and, as I have often heard his Majesty say
+since, he had resolved to try to force them off from the emperor, and
+to treat them as enemies equally with the rest if they did not.
+
+But the Protestants convinced him soon after, that though they
+were tricked into the outward appearance of a league against him at
+Ratisbon, they had no such intentions; and by their ambassadors to him
+let him know that they only wanted his powerful assistance to defend
+their councils, when they would soon convince him that they had a due
+sense of the emperor's designs, and would do their utmost for their
+liberty. And these I take to be the first invitations the King of
+Sweden had to undertake the Protestant cause as such, and which
+entitled him to say he fought for the liberty and religion of the
+German nation.
+
+I have had some particular opportunities to hear these things form the
+mouths of some of the very princes themselves, and therefore am the
+forwarder to relate them; and I place them here because, previous
+to the part I acted on this bloody scene, 'tis necessary to let the
+reader into some part of that story, and to show him in what manner
+and on what occasions this terrible war began.
+
+The Protestants, alarmed at the usage they had met with at the former
+Diet, had secretly proposed among themselves to form a general union
+or confederacy, for preventing that ruin which they saw, unless some
+speedy remedies were applied, would be inevitable. The Elector of
+Saxony, the head of the Protestants, a vigorous and politic prince,
+was the first that moved it; and the Landgrave of Hesse, a zealous and
+gallant prince, being consulted with, it rested a great while between
+those two, no method being found practicable to bring it to pass, the
+emperor being so powerful in all parts, that they foresaw the petty
+princes would not dare to negotiate an affair of such a nature,
+being surrounded with the Imperial forces, who by their two generals,
+Wallenstein and Tilly, kept them in continual subjection and terror.
+
+This dilemma had like to have stifled the thoughts of the union as
+a thing impracticable, when one Seigensius, a Lutheran minister, a
+person of great abilities, and one whom the Elector of Saxony made
+great use of in matters of policy as well as religion, contrived for
+them this excellent expedient.
+
+I had the honour to be acquainted with this gentleman while I was at
+Leipsic. It pleased him exceedingly to have been the contriver of so
+fine a structure as the Conclusions of Leipsic, and he was glad to be
+entertained on that subject. I had the relation from his own mouth,
+when, but very modestly, he told me he thought 'twas an inspiration
+darted on a sudden into his thoughts, when the Duke of Saxony calling
+him into his closet one morning, with a face full of concern, shaking
+his head, and looking very earnestly, "What will become of us,
+doctor?" said the duke; "we shall all be undone at Frankfort-au-Main."
+"Why so, please your highness?" says the doctor. "Why, they will fight
+with the King of Sweden with our armies and our money," says the duke,
+"and devour our friends and ourselves by the help of our friends and
+ourselves." "But what is become of the confederacy, then," said the
+doctor, "which your highness had so happily framed in your thoughts,
+and which the Landgrave of Hesse was so pleased with?" "Become of it?"
+says the duke, "'tis a good thought enough, but 'tis impossible to
+bring it to pass among so many members of the Protestant princes as
+are to be consulted with, for we neither have time to treat, nor will
+half of them dare to negotiate the matter, the Imperialists being
+quartered in their very bowels." "But may not some expedient be found
+out," says the doctor, "to bring them all together to treat of it in
+a general meeting?" "'Tis well proposed," says the duke, "but in what
+town or city shall they assemble where the very deputies shall not
+be besieged by Tilly or Wallenstein in fourteen days' time, and
+sacrificed to the cruelty and fury of the Emperor Ferdinand?" "Will
+your highness be the easier in it," replies the doctor, "if a way may
+be found out to call such an assembly upon other causes, at which the
+emperor may have no umbrage, and perhaps give his assent? You know the
+Diet at Frankfort is at hand; 'tis necessary the Protestants should
+have an assembly of their own to prepare matters for the General Diet,
+and it may be no difficult matter to obtain it." The duke, surprised
+with joy at the motion, embraced the doctor with an extraordinary
+transport. "Thou hast done it, doctor," said he, and immediately
+caused him to draw a form of a letter to the emperor, which he did
+with the utmost dexterity of style, in which he was a great master,
+representing to his Imperial Majesty that, in order to put an end to
+the troubles of Germany, his Majesty would be pleased to permit the
+Protestant princes of the empire to hold a Diet to themselves, to
+consider of such matters as they were to treat of at the General
+Diet, in order to conform themselves to the will and pleasure of his
+Imperial Majesty, to drive out foreigners, and settle a lasting peace
+in the empire. He also insinuated something of their resolutions
+unanimously to give their suffrages in favour of the King of Hungary
+at the election of a king of the Romans, a thing which he knew the
+emperor had in his thought, and would push at with all his might at
+the Diet. This letter was sent, and the bait so neatly concealed, that
+the Electors of Bavaria and Mentz, the King of Hungary, and several
+of the Popish princes, not foreseeing that the ruin of them all lay in
+the bottom of it, foolishly advised the emperor to consent to it.
+
+In consenting to this the emperor signed his own destruction, for here
+began the conjunction of the German Protestants with the Swede, which
+was the fatalest blow to Ferdinand, and which he could never recover.
+
+Accordingly the Diet was held at Leipsic, February 8, 1630, where the
+Protestants agreed on several heads for their mutual defence,
+which were the grounds of the following war. These were the famous
+Conclusions of Leipsic, which so alarmed the emperor and the whole
+empire, that to crush it in the beginning, the emperor commanded Count
+Tilly immediately to fall upon the Landgrave of Hesse and the Duke of
+Saxony as the principal heads of the union; but it was too late.
+
+The Conclusions were digested into ten heads:--
+
+1. That since their sins had brought God's judgments upon the whole
+Protestant Church, they should command public prayers to be made to
+Almighty God for the diverting the calamities that attended them.
+
+2. That a treaty of peace might be set on foot, in order to come to a
+right understanding with the Catholic princes.
+
+3. That a time for such a treaty being obtained, they should appoint
+an assembly of delegates to meet preparatory to the treaty.
+
+4. That all their complaints should be humbly represented to his
+Imperial Majesty and the Catholic Electors, in order to a peaceable
+accommodation.
+
+5. That they claim the protection of the emperor, according to the
+laws of the empire, and the present emperor's solemn oath and promise.
+
+6. That they would appoint deputies who should meet at certain
+times to consult of their common interest, and who should be always
+empowered to conclude of what should be thought needful for their
+safety.
+
+7. That they will raise a competent force to maintain and defend their
+liberties, rights, and religion.
+
+8. That it is agreeable to the Constitution of the empire, concluded
+in the Diet at Augsburg, to do so.
+
+9. That the arming for their necessary defence shall by no means
+hinder their obedience to his Imperial Majesty, but that they will
+still continue their loyalty to him.
+
+10. They agree to proportion their forces, which in all amounted to
+70,000 men.
+
+The emperor, exceedingly startled at the Conclusions, issued out a
+severe proclamation or ban against them, which imported much the
+same thing as a declaration of war, and commanded Tilly to begin,
+and immediately to fall on the Duke of Saxony with all the fury
+imaginable, as I have already observed.
+
+Here began the flame to break out; for upon the emperor's ban, the
+Protestants send away to the King of Sweden for succour.
+
+His Swedish Majesty had already conquered Mecklenburg, and part of
+Pomerania, and was advancing with his victorious troops, increased
+by the addition of some regiments raised in those parts, in order to
+carry on the war against the emperor, having designed to follow up
+the Oder into Silesia, and so to push the war home to the emperor's
+hereditary countries of Austria and Bohemia, when the first messengers
+came to him in this case; but this changed his measures, and brought
+him to the frontiers of Brandenburg resolved to answer the desires
+of the Protestants. But here the Duke of Brandenburg began to halt,
+making some difficulties and demanding terms, which drove the king to
+use some extremities with him, and stopped the Swedes for a while,
+who had otherwise been on the banks of the Elbe as soon as Tilly,
+the Imperial general, had entered Saxony, which if they had done, the
+miserable destruction of Magdeburg had been prevented, as I observed
+before. The king had been invited into the union, and when he first
+came back from the banks of the Oder he had accepted it, and was
+preparing to back it with all his power.
+
+The Duke of Saxony had already a good army which he had with infinite
+diligence recruited, and mustered them under the cannon of Leipsic.
+The King of Sweden having, by his ambassador at Leipsic, entered into
+the union of the Protestants, was advancing victoriously to their aid,
+just as Count Tilly had entered the Duke of Saxony's dominions. The
+fame of the Swedish conquests, and of the hero who commanded them,
+shook my resolution of travelling into Turkey, being resolved to see
+the conjunction of the Protestant armies, and before the fire was
+broke out too far to take the advantage of seeing both sides.
+
+While I remained at Vienna, uncertain which way I should proceed, I
+remember I observed they talked of the King of Sweden as a prince of
+no consideration, one that they might let go on and tire himself in
+Mecklenburg and thereabout, till they could find leisure to deal with
+him, and then might be crushed as they pleased; but 'tis never safe
+to despise an enemy, so this was not an enemy to be despised, as they
+afterwards found.
+
+As to the Conclusions of Leipsic, indeed, at first they gave the
+Imperial court some uneasiness, but when they found the Imperial
+armies, began to fright the members out of the union, and that the
+several branches had no considerable forces on foot, it was the
+general discourse at Vienna, that the union at Leipsic only gave
+the emperor an opportunity to crush absolutely the Dukes of Saxony,
+Brandenburg, and the Landgrave of Hesse, and they looked upon it as a
+thing certain.
+
+I never saw any real concern in their faces at Vienna till news came
+to court that the King of Sweden had entered into the union; but as
+this made them very uneasy, they began to move the powerfulest methods
+possible to divert this storm; and upon this news Tilly was hastened
+to fall into Saxony before this union could proceed to a conjunction
+of forces. This was certainly a very good resolution, and no measure
+could have been more exactly concerted, had not the diligence of the
+Saxons prevented it.
+
+The gathering of this storm, which from a cloud began to spread over
+the empire, and from the little duchy of Mecklenburg began to threaten
+all Germany, absolutely determined me, as I noted before, as to
+travelling, and laying aside the thoughts of Hungary, I resolved, if
+possible, to see the King of Sweden's army.
+
+I parted from Vienna the middle of May, and took post for Great Glogau
+in Silesia, as if I had purposed to pass into Poland, but designing
+indeed to go down the Oder to Custrim in the marquisate of
+Brandenburg, and so to Berlin. But when I came to the frontiers of
+Silesia, though I had passes, I could go no farther, the guards on
+all the frontiers were so strict, so I was obliged to come back into
+Bohemia, and went to Prague. From hence I found I could easily pass
+through the Imperial provinces to the lower Saxony, and accordingly
+took passes for Hamburg, designing, however, to use them no farther
+than I found occasion.
+
+By virtue of these passes I got into the Imperial army, under Count
+Tilly, then at the siege of Magdeburg, May the 2nd.
+
+I confess I did not foresee the fate of this city, neither, I believe,
+did Count Tilly himself expect to glut his fury with so entire a
+desolation, much less did the people expect it. I did believe they
+must capitulate, and I perceived by discourse in the army that Tilly
+would give them but very indifferent conditions; but it fell out
+otherwise. The treaty of surrender was, as it were, begun, nay, some
+say concluded, when some of the out-guards of the Imperialists finding
+the citizens had abandoned the guards of the works, and looked to
+themselves with less diligence than usual, they broke in, carried an
+half-moon, sword in hand, with little resistance; and though it was
+a surprise on both sides, the citizens neither fearing, nor the army
+expecting the occasion, the garrison, with as much resolution as could
+be expected under such a fright, flew to the walls, twice beat the
+Imperialists off, but fresh men coming up, and the administrator of
+Magdeburg himself being wounded and taken, the enemy broke in, took
+the city by storm, and entered with such terrible fury, that,
+without respect to age or condition, they put all the garrison and
+inhabitants, man, woman, and child, to the sword, plundered the city,
+and when they had done this set it on fire.
+
+This calamity sure was the dreadfulest sight that ever I saw; the
+rage of the Imperial soldiers was most intolerable, and not to be
+expressed. Of 25,000, some said 30,000 people, there was not a soul to
+be seen alive, till the flames drove those that were hid in vaults and
+secret places to seek death in the streets rather than perish in the
+fire. Of these miserable creatures some were killed too by the furious
+soldiers, but at last they saved the lives of such as came out of
+their cellars and holes, and so about two thousand poor desperate
+creatures were left. The exact number of those that perished in
+this city could never be known, because those the soldiers had first
+butchered the flames afterwards devoured.
+
+I was on the outer side of the Elbe when this dreadful piece of
+butchery was done. The city of Magdeburg had a sconce or fort over
+against it called the toll-house, which joined to the city by a very
+fine bridge of boats. This fort was taken by the Imperialists a few
+days before, and having a mind to see it, and the rather because from
+thence I could have a very good view of the city, I was going over
+Tilley's bridge of boats to view this fort. About ten o'clock in the
+morning I perceived they were storming by the firing, and immediately
+all ran to the works; I little thought of the taking the city, but
+imagined it might be some outwork attacked, for we all expected
+the city would surrender that day, or next, and they might have
+capitulated upon very good terms.
+
+Being upon the works of the fort, on a sudden I heard the dreadfulest
+cry raised in the city that can be imagined; 'tis not possible to
+express the manner of it, and I could see the women and children
+running about the streets in a most lamentable condition.
+
+The city wall did not run along the side where the river was with
+so great a height, but we could plainly see the market-place and the
+several streets which run down to the river. In about an hour's time
+after this first cry all was in confusion; there was little shooting,
+the execution was all cutting of throats and mere house murders. The
+resolute garrison, with the brave Baron Falkenberg, fought it out
+to the last, and were cut in pieces, and by this time the Imperial
+soldiers having broke open the gates and entered on all sides, the
+slaughter was very dreadful. We could see the poor people in crowds
+driven down the streets, flying from the fury of the soldiers, who
+followed butchering them as fast as they could, and refused mercy to
+anybody, till driving them to the river's edge, the desperate wretches
+would throw themselves into the river, where thousands of them
+perished, especially women and children. Several men that could swim
+got over to our side, where the soldiers not heated with fight gave
+them quarter, and took them up, and I cannot but do this justice to
+the German officers in the fort: they had five small flat boats, and
+they gave leave to the soldiers to go off in them, and get what booty
+they could, but charged them not to kill anybody, but take them all
+prisoners.
+
+Nor was their humanity ill rewarded, for the soldiers, wisely avoiding
+those places where their fellows were employed in butchering the
+miserable people, rowed to other places, where crowds of people stood
+crying out for help, and expecting to be every minute either drowned
+or murdered; of these at sundry times they fetched over near six
+hundred, but took care to take in none but such as offered them good
+pay.
+
+Never was money or jewels of greater service than now, for those that
+had anything of that sort to offer were soonest helped.
+
+There was a burgher of the town who, seeing a boat coming near him,
+but out of his call, by the help of a speaking trumpet, told the
+soldiers in it he would give them 20,000 dollars to fetch him off.
+They rowed close to the shore, and got him with his wife and six
+children into the boat, but such throngs of people got about the boat
+that had like to have sunk her, so that the soldiers were fain to
+drive a great many out again by main force, and while they were doing
+this some of the enemies coming down the street desperately drove them
+all into the water.
+
+The boat, however, brought the burgher and his wife and children safe,
+and though they had not all that wealth about them, yet in jewels and
+money he gave them so much as made all the fellows very rich.
+
+I cannot pretend to describe the cruelty of this day: the town by
+five in the afternoon was all in a flame; the wealth consumed was
+inestimable, and a loss to the very conqueror. I think there was
+little or nothing left but the great church and about a hundred
+houses.
+
+This was a sad welcome into the army for me, and gave me a horror and
+aversion to the emperor's people, as well as to his cause. I quitted
+the camp the third day after this execution, while the fire was hardly
+out in the city; and from thence getting safe-conduct to pass into the
+Palatinate, I turned out of the road at a small village on the Elbe,
+called Emerfield, and by ways and towns I can give but small account
+of, having a boor for our guide, whom we could hardly understand, I
+arrived at Leipsic on the 17th of May.
+
+We found the elector intense upon the strengthening of his army, but
+the people in the greatest terror imaginable, every day expecting
+Tilly with the German army, who by his cruelty at Magdeburg was become
+so dreadful to the Protestants that they expected no mercy wherever he
+came.
+
+The emperor's power was made so formidable to all the Protestants,
+particularly since the Diet at Ratisbon left them in a worse case
+than it found them, that they had not only formed the Conclusions of
+Leipsic, which all men looked on as the effect of desperation rather
+than any probable means of their deliverance, but had privately
+implored the protection and assistance of foreign powers, and
+particularly the King of Sweden, from whom they had promises of a
+speedy and powerful assistance. And truly if the Swede had not with
+a very strong hand rescued them, all their Conclusions at Leipsic had
+served but to hasten their ruin. I remember very well when I was in
+the Imperial army they discoursed with such contempt of the forces
+of the Protestant, that not only the Imperialists but the Protestants
+themselves gave them up as lost. The emperor had not less than 200,000
+men in several armies on foot, who most of them were on the back of
+the Protestants in every corner. If Tilly did but write a threatening
+letter to any city or prince of the union, they presently submitted,
+renounced the Conclusions of Leipsic, and received Imperial garrisons,
+as the cities of Ulm and Memmingen, the duchy of Wirtemberg, and
+several others, and almost all Suaben.
+
+Only the Duke of Saxony and the Landgrave of Hesse upheld the drooping
+courage of the Protestants, and refused all terms of peace, slighted
+all the threatenings of the Imperial generals, and the Duke of
+Brandenburg was brought in afterward almost by force.
+
+The Duke of Saxony mustered his forces under the walls of Leipsic,
+and I having returned to Leipsic, two days before, saw them pass the
+review. The duke, gallantly mounted, rode through the ranks, attended
+by his field-marshal Arnheim, and seemed mighty well pleased with
+them, and indeed the troops made a very fine appearance; but I that
+had seen Tilly's army and his old weather-beaten soldiers, whose
+discipline and exercises were so exact, and their courage so often
+tried, could not look on the Saxon army without some concern for them
+when I considered who they had to deal with. Tilly's men were rugged
+surly fellows, their faces had an air of hardy courage, mangled with
+wounds and scars, their armour showed the bruises of musket bullets,
+and the rust of the winter storms. I observed of them their clothes
+were always dirty, but their arms were clean and bright; they were
+used to camp in the open fields, and sleep in the frosts and rain;
+their horses were strong and hardy like themselves, and well taught
+their exercises; the soldiers knew their business so exactly that
+general orders were enough; every private man was fit to command, and
+their wheelings, marchings, counter-marchings and exercise were done
+with such order and readiness, that the distinct words of command
+were hardly of any use among them; they were flushed with victory, and
+hardly knew what it was to fly.
+
+There had passed some messages between Tilly and the duke, and he gave
+always such ambiguous answers as he thought might serve to gain time;
+but Tilly was not to be put off with words, and drawing his army
+towards Saxony, sends four propositions to him to sign, and demands an
+immediate reply. The propositions were positive.
+
+1. To cause his troops to enter into the emperor's service, and to
+march in person with them against the King of Sweden.
+
+2. To give the Imperial army quarters in his country, and supply them
+with necessary provisions.
+
+3. To relinquish the union of Leipsic, and disown the ten Conclusions.
+
+4. To make restitution of the goods and lands of the Church.
+
+The duke being pressed by Tilly's trumpeter for an immediate answer
+sat all night, and part of the next day, in council with his privy
+councillors, debating what reply to give him, which at last was
+concluded, in short, that he would live and die in defence of the
+Protestant religion, and the Conclusions of Leipsic, and bade Tilly
+defiance.
+
+The die being thus cast, he immediately decamped with his whole army
+for Torgau, fearing that Tilly should get there before him, and so
+prevent his conjunction with the Swede. The duke had not yet concluded
+any positive treaty with the King of Swedeland, and the Duke of
+Brandenburg having made some difficulty of joining, they both stood
+on some niceties till they had like to have ruined themselves all at
+once.
+
+Brandenburg had given up the town of Spandau to the king by a former
+treaty to secure a retreat for his army, and the king was advanced
+as far as Frankfort-upon-the-Oder, when on a sudden some small
+difficulties arising, Brandenburg seems cold in the matter, and with
+a sort of indifference demands to have his town of Spandau restored to
+him again. Gustavus Adolphus, who began presently to imagine the duke
+had made his peace with the emperor, and so would either be his enemy
+or pretend a neutrality, generously delivered him his town of Spandau,
+but immediately turns about, and with his whole army besieges him in
+his capital city of Berlin. This brought the duke to know his error,
+and by the interpositions of the ladies, the Queen of Sweden being the
+duke's sister, the matter was accommodated, and the duke joined his
+forces with the king.
+
+But the duke of Saxony had like to have been undone by this delay,
+for the Imperialists, under Count de Furstenberg, were entered his
+country, and had possessed themselves of Halle, and Tilly was on
+his march to join him, as he afterwards did, and ravaging the
+whole country laid siege to Leipsic itself. The duke driven to this
+extremity rather flies to the Swede than treats with him, and on the
+2nd of September the duke's army joined with the King of Sweden.
+
+I had not come to Leipsic but to see the Duke of Saxony's army, and
+that being marched, as I have said, for Torgau, I had no business
+there, but if I had, the approach of Tilly and the Imperial army was
+enough to hasten me away, for I had no occasion to be besieged there;
+so on the 27th of August I left the town, as several of the principal
+inhabitants had done before, and more would have done had not the
+governor published a proclamation against it, and besides they knew
+not whither to fly, for all places were alike exposed. The poor people
+were under dreadful apprehensions of a siege, and of the merciless
+usage of the Imperial soldiers, the example of Magdeburg being fresh
+before them, the duke and his army gone from them, and the town,
+though well furnished, but indifferently fortified.
+
+In this condition I left them, buying up stores of provisions,
+working hard to scour their moats, set up palisadoes, repair their
+fortifications, and preparing all things for a siege; and following
+the Saxon army to Torgau, I continued in the camp till a few days
+before they joined the King of Sweden.
+
+I had much ado to persuade my companion from entering into the
+service of the Duke of Saxony, one of whose colonels, with whom we had
+contracted a particular acquaintance, offering him a commission to be
+cornet in one of the old regiments of horse; but the difference I had
+observed between this new army and Tilly's old troops had made such
+an impression on me, that I confess I had yet no manner of inclination
+for the service, and therefore persuaded him to wait a while till we
+had seen a little further into affairs, and particularly till we had
+seen the Swedish army which we had heard so much of.
+
+The difficulties which the Elector-Duke of Saxony made of joining with
+the king were made up by a treaty concluded with the king on the 2nd
+of September at Coswig, a small town on the Elbe, whither the king's
+army was arrived the night before; for General Tilly being now entered
+into the duke's country, had plundered and ruined all the lower part
+of it, and was now actually besieging the capital city of Leipsic.
+These necessities made almost any conditions easy to him; the greatest
+difficulty was that the King of Sweden demanded the absolute command
+of the army, which the duke submitted to with less goodwill than he
+had reason to do, the king's experience and conduct considered.
+
+I had not patience to attend the conclusions of their particular
+treaties, but as soon as ever the passage was clear I quitted the
+Saxon camp and went to see the Swedish army. I fell in with the
+out-guards of the Swedes at a little town called Beltsig, on the river
+Wersa, just as they were relieving the guards and going to march, and
+having a pass from the English ambassador was very well received by
+the officer who changed the guards, and with him I went back into
+the army. By nine in the morning the army was in full march, the king
+himself at the head of them on a grey pad, and riding from one brigade
+to another, ordered the march of every line himself.
+
+When I saw the Swedish troops, their exact discipline, their order,
+the modesty and familiarity of their officers, and the regular living
+of the soldiers, their camp seemed a well-ordered city; the meanest
+country woman with her market ware was as safe from violence as in the
+streets of Vienna. There were no women in the camp but such as being
+known to the provosts to be the wives of the soldiers, who were
+necessary for washing linen, taking care of the soldiers' clothes, and
+dressing their victuals.
+
+The soldiers were well clad, not gay, furnished with excellent arms,
+and exceedingly careful of them; and though they did not seem so
+terrible as I thought Tilly's men did when I first saw them, yet the
+figure they made, together with what we had heard of them, made them
+seem to me invincible: the discipline and order of their marchings,
+camping, and exercise was excellent and singular, and, which was to
+be seen in no armies but the king's, his own skill, judgment, and
+vigilance having added much to the general conduct of armies then in
+use.
+
+As I met the Swedes on their march I had no opportunity to acquaint
+myself with anybody till after the conjunction of the Saxon army,
+and then it being but four days to the great battle of Leipsic, our
+acquaintance was but small, saving what fell out accidentally by
+conversation.
+
+I met with several gentlemen in the king's army who spoke English very
+well; besides that there were three regiments of Scots in the army,
+the colonels whereof I found were extraordinarily esteemed by the
+king, as the Lord Reay, Colonel Lumsdell, and Sir John Hepburn. The
+latter of these, after I had by an accident become acquainted with, I
+found had been for many years acquainted with my father, and on that
+account I received a great deal of civility from him, which afterwards
+grew into a kind of intimate friendship. He was a complete soldier
+indeed, and for that reason so well beloved by that gallant king, that
+he hardly knew how to go about any great action without him.
+
+It was impossible for me now to restrain my young comrade from
+entering into the Swedish service, and indeed everything was so
+inviting that I could not blame him. A captain in Sir John Hepburn's
+regiment had picked acquaintance with him, and he having as much
+gallantry in his face as real courage in his heart, the captain had
+persuaded him to take service, and promised to use his interest to get
+him a company in the Scotch brigade. I had made him promise me not
+to part from me in my travels without my consent, which was the only
+obstacle to his desires of entering into the Swedish pay; and being
+one evening in the captain's tent with him and discoursing very freely
+together, the captain asked him very short but friendly, and looking
+earnestly at me, "Is this the gentleman, Mr Fielding, that has done
+so much prejudice to the King of Sweden's service?" I was doubly
+surprised at the expression, and at the colonel, Sir John Hepburn,
+coming at that very moment into the tent. The colonel hearing
+something of the question, but knowing nothing of the reason of it,
+any more than as I seemed a little to concern myself at it, yet after
+the ceremony due to his character was over, would needs know what I
+had done to hinder his Majesty's service. "So much truly," says the
+captain, "that if his Majesty knew it he would think himself very
+little beholden to him." "I am sorry, sir," said I, "that I should
+offend in anything, who am but a stranger; but if you would please to
+inform me, I would endeavour to alter anything in my behaviour that is
+prejudicial to any one, much less to his Majesty's service." "I shall
+take you at your word, sir," says the captain; "the King of Sweden,
+sir, has a particular request to you." "I should be glad to know two
+things, sir," said I; "first, how that can be possible, since I am
+not yet known to any man in the army, much less to his Majesty? and
+secondly, what the request can be?" "Why, sir, his Majesty desires you
+would not hinder this gentleman from entering into his service, who
+it seems desires nothing more, if he may have your consent to it." "I
+have too much honour for his Majesty," returned I, "to deny anything
+which he pleases to command me; but methinks 'tis some hardship you
+should make that the king's order, which 'tis very probable he knows
+nothing of." Sir John Hepburn took the case up something gravely, and
+drinking a glass of Leipsic beer to the captain, said, "Come, captain,
+don't press these gentlemen; the king desires no man's service but
+what is purely volunteer." So we entered into other discourse, and the
+colonel perceiving by my talk that I had seen Tilly's army, was mighty
+curious in his questions, and seeming very well satisfied with the
+account I gave him.
+
+The next day the army having passed the Elbe at Wittenberg, and joined
+the Saxon army near Torgau, his Majesty caused both armies to draw
+up in battalia, giving every brigade the same post in the lines as he
+purposed to fight in. I must do the memory of that glorious general
+this honour, that I never saw an army drawn up with so much variety,
+order, and exact regularity since, though I have seen many armies
+drawn up by some of the greatest captains of the age. The order by
+which his men were directed to flank and relieve one another, the
+methods of receiving one body of men if disordered into another, and
+rallying one squadron without disordering another was so admirable;
+the horse everywhere flanked lined and defended by the foot, and the
+foot by the horse, and both by the cannon, was such that if those
+orders were but as punctually obeyed, 'twere impossible to put an army
+so modelled into any confusion.
+
+The view being over, and the troops returned to their camps, the
+captain with whom we drank the day before meeting me told me I must
+come and sup with him in his tent, where he would ask my pardon for
+the affront he gave me before. I told him he needed not put himself
+to the trouble, I was not affronted at all; that I would do myself the
+honour to wait on him, provided he would give me his word not to speak
+any more of it as an affront.
+
+We had not been a quarter of an hour in his tent but Sir John Hepburn
+came in again, and addressing to me, told me he was glad to find me
+there; that he came to the captain's tent to inquire how to send to
+me; and that I must do him the honour to go with him to wait on the
+king, who had a mind to hear the account I could give him of the
+Imperial army from my own mouth. I must confess I was at some loss in
+my mind how to make my address to his Majesty, but I had heard so much
+of the conversable temper of the king, and his particular sweetness of
+humour with the meanest soldier, that I made no more difficulty, but
+having paid my respects to Colonel Hepburn, thanked him for the honour
+he had done me, and offered to rise and wait upon him. "Nay," says
+the Colonel, "we will eat first, for I find Gourdon," which was the
+captain's name, "has got something for supper, and the king's order is
+at seven o'clock." So we went to supper, and Sir John, becoming very
+friendly, must know my name; which, when I had told him, and of what
+place and family, he rose from his seat, and embracing me, told me he
+knew my father very well, and had been intimately acquainted with
+him, and told me several passages wherein my father had particularly
+obliged him. After this we went to supper, and the king's health being
+drank round, the colonel moved the sooner because he had a mind to
+talk with me.
+
+When we were going to the king he inquired of me where I had been, and
+what occasion brought me to the army. I told him the short history of
+my travels, and that I came hither from Vienna on purpose to see the
+King of Sweden and his army. He asked me if there was any service he
+could do me, by which he meant, whether I desired an employment.
+I pretended not to take him so, but told him the protection his
+acquaintance would afford me was more than I could have asked, since I
+might thereby have opportunity to satisfy my curiosity, which was the
+chief end of my coming abroad. He perceiving by this that I had no
+mind to be a soldier, told me very kindly I should command him in
+anything; that his tent and equipage, horses and servants should
+always have orders to be at my service; but that as a piece of
+friendship, he would advise me to retire to some place distant from
+the army, for that the army would march to-morrow, and the king was
+resolved to fight General Tilly, and he would not have me hazard
+myself; that if I thought fit to take his advice, he would have me
+take that interval to see the court at Berlin, whither he would send
+one of his servants to wait on me.
+
+His discourse was too kind not to extort the tenderest acknowledgment
+from me that I was capable of. I told him his care of me was so
+obliging, that I knew not what return to make him, but if he pleased
+to leave me to my choice I desired no greater favour than to trail a
+pike under his command in the ensuing battle. "I can never answer it
+to your father," says he, "to suffer you to expose yourself so far."
+I told him my father would certainly acknowledge his friendship in the
+proposal made me; but I believed he knew him better than to think he
+would be well pleased with me if I should accept of it; that I was
+sure my father would have rode post five hundred miles to have been
+at such a battle under such a general, and it should never be told
+him that his son had rode fifty miles to be out of it. He seemed to
+be something concerned at the resolution I had taken, and replied very
+quickly upon me, that he approved very well of my courage; "but," says
+he, "no man gets any credit by running upon needless adventures, nor
+loses any by shunning hazards which he has no order for. 'Tis enough,"
+says he, "for a gentleman to behave well when he is commanded upon any
+service; I have had fighting enough," says he, "upon these points
+of honour, and I never got anything but reproof for it from the king
+himself."
+
+"Well, sir," said I, "however if a man expects to rise by his valour,
+he must show it somewhere; and if I were to have any command in an
+army, I would first try whether I could deserve it. I have never yet
+seen any service, and must have my induction some time or other. I
+shall never have a better schoolmaster than yourself, nor a better
+school than such an army." "Well," says Sir John, "but you may have
+the same school and the same teaching after this battle is over; for
+I must tell you beforehand, this will be a bloody touch. Tilly has
+a great army of old lads that are used to boxing, fellows with
+iron faces, and 'tis a little too much to engage so hotly the first
+entrance into the wars. You may see our discipline this winter, and
+make your campaign with us next summer, when you need not fear but
+we shall have fighting enough, and you will be better acquainted with
+things. We do never put our common soldiers upon pitched battles the
+first campaign, but place our new men in garrisons and try them in
+parties first." "Sir," said I, with a little more freedom, "I believe
+I shall not make a trade of the war, and therefore need not serve an
+apprenticeship to it; 'tis a hard battle where none escapes. If I
+come off, I hope I shall not disgrace you, and if not, 'twill be some
+satisfaction to my father to hear his son died fighting under the
+command of Sir John Hepburn, in the army of the King of Sweden, and I
+desire no better epitaph upon my tomb."
+
+"Well," says Sir John, and by this time we were just come to the
+king's quarters, and the guards calling to us interrupted his reply;
+so we went into the courtyard where the king was lodged, which was in
+an indifferent house of one of the burghers of Dieben, and Sir John
+stepping up, met the king coming down some steps into a large room
+which looked over the town wall into a field where part of the
+artillery was drawn up. Sir John Hepburn sent his man presently to me
+to come up, which I did; and Sir John without any ceremony carries me
+directly up to the king, who was leaning on his elbow in the window.
+The king turning about, "This is the English gentleman," says Sir
+John, "who I told your Majesty had been in the Imperial army." "How
+then did he get hither," says the king, "without being taken by the
+scouts?" At which question, Sir John saying nothing, "By a pass,
+and please your Majesty, from the English ambassador's secretary at
+Vienna," said I, making a profound reverence. "Have you then been at
+Vienna?" says the king. "Yes, and please your Majesty," said I; upon
+which the king, folding up a letter he had in his hand, seemed much
+more earnest to talk about Vienna than about Tilly. "And, pray, what
+news had you at Vienna?" "Nothing, sir," said I, "but daily accounts
+one in the neck of another of their own misfortunes, and your
+Majesty's conquests, which makes a very melancholy court there." "But,
+pray," said the king, "what is the common opinion there about these
+affairs?" "The common people are terrified to the last degree," said
+I, "and when your Majesty took Frankfort-upon-Oder, if your army had
+marched but twenty miles into Silesia, half the people would have run
+out of Vienna, and I left them fortifying the city." "They need not,"
+replied the king, smiling; "I have no design to trouble them, it is
+the Protestant countries I must be for."
+
+Upon this the Duke of Saxony entered the room, and finding the king
+engaged, offered to retire; but the king, beckoning with his hand,
+called to him in French; "Cousin," says the king, "this gentleman has
+been travelling and comes from Vienna," and so made me repeat what
+I had said before; at which the king went on with me, and Sir John
+Hepburn informing his Majesty that I spoke High Dutch, he changed
+his language, and asked me in Dutch where it was that I saw General
+Tilly's army. I told his Majesty at the siege of Magdeburg. "At
+Magdeburg!" said the king, shaking his head; "Tilly must answer to me
+some day for that city, and if not to me, to a greater King than I.
+Can you guess what army he had with him?" said the king. "He had two
+armies with him," said I, "but one I suppose will do your Majesty
+no harm." "Two armies!" said the king. "Yes, sir, he has one army
+of about 26,000 men," said I, "and another of about 15,000 women and
+their attendants," at which the king laughed heartily. "Ay, ay," says
+the king, "those 15,000 do us as much harm as the 26,000, for they
+eat up the country, and devour the poor Protestants more than the men.
+Well," says the king, "do they talk of fighting us?" "They talk big
+enough, sir," said I, "but your Majesty has not been so often fought
+with as beaten in their discourse." "I know not for the men," says the
+king, "but the old man is as likely to do it as talk of it, and I hope
+to try them in a day or two."
+
+The king inquired after that several matters of me about the Low
+Countries, the Prince of Orange, and of the court and affairs in
+England; and Sir John Hepburn informing his Majesty that I was the son
+of an English gentleman of his acquaintance, the king had the goodness
+to ask him what care he had taken of me against the day of battle.
+Upon which Sir John repeated to him the discourse we had together by
+the way; the king seeming particularly pleased with it, began to take
+me to task himself. "You English gentlemen," says he, "are too
+forward in the wars, which makes you leave them too soon again." "Your
+Majesty," replied I, "makes war in so pleasant a manner as makes
+all the world fond of fighting under your conduct." "Not so pleasant
+neither," says the king, "here's a man can tell you that sometimes it
+is not very pleasant." "I know not much of the warrior, sir," said
+I, "nor of the world, but if always to conquer be the pleasure of the
+war, your Majesty's soldiers have all that can be desired." "Well,"
+says the king, "but however, considering all things, I think you would
+do well to take the advice Sir John Hepburn has given you." "Your
+Majesty may command me to anything, but where your Majesty and so many
+gallant gentlemen hazard their lives, mine is not worth mentioning;
+and I should not dare to tell my father at my return into England
+that I was in your Majesty's army, and made so mean a figure that
+your Majesty would not permit me to fight under that royal standard."
+"Nay," replied the king, "I lay no commands upon you, but you are
+young." "I can never die, sir," said I, "with more honour than in your
+Majesty's service." I spake this with so much freedom, and his Majesty
+was so pleased with it, that he asked me how I would choose to serve,
+on horseback or on foot. I told his Majesty I should be glad to
+receive any of his Majesty's commands, but if I had not that honour I
+had purposed to trail a pike under Sir John Hepburn, who had done me
+so much honour as to introduce me into his Majesty's presence. "Do so,
+then," replied the king, and turning to Sir John Hepburn, said, "and
+pray, do you take care of him." At which, overcome with the goodness
+of his discourse, I could not answer a word, but made him a profound
+reverence and retired.
+
+The next day but one, being the 7th of September, before day the army
+marched from Dieben to a large field about a mile from Leipsic, where
+we found Tilly's army in full battalia in admirable order, which made
+a show both glorious and terrible. Tilly, like a fair gamester, had
+taken up but one side of the plain, and left the other free, and all
+the avenues open for the king's army; nor did he stir to the charge
+till the king's army was completely drawn up and advanced toward him.
+He had in his army 44,000 old soldiers, every way answerable to what
+I have said of them before; and I shall only add, a better army, I
+believe, never was so soundly beaten.
+
+The king was not much inferior in force, being joined with the Saxons,
+who were reckoned 22,000 men, and who drew up on the left, making a
+main battle and two wings, as the king did on the right.
+
+The king placed himself at the right wing of his own horse, Gustavus
+Horn had the main battle of the Swedes, the Duke of Saxony had the
+main battle of his own troops, and General Arnheim the right wing of
+his horse. The second line of the Swedes consisted of the two Scotch
+brigades, and three Swedish, with the Finland horse in the wings.
+
+In the beginning of the fight, Tilly's right wing charged with such
+irresistible fury upon the left of the king's army where the Saxons
+were posted, that nothing could withstand them. The Saxons fled amain,
+and some of them carried the news over the country that all was lost,
+and the king's army overthrown; and indeed it passed for an oversight
+with some that the king did not place some of his old troops among the
+Saxons, who were new-raised men. The Saxons lost here near 2000 men,
+and hardly ever showed their faces again all the battle, except some
+few of their horse.
+
+I was posted with my comrade, the captain, at the head of three
+Scottish regiments of foot, commanded by Sir John Hepburn, with
+express directions from the colonel to keep by him. Our post was in
+the second line, as a reserve to the King of Sweden's main battle,
+and, which was strange, the main battle, which consisted of four great
+brigades of foot, were never charged during the whole fight; and yet
+we, who had the reserve, were obliged to endure the whole weight
+of the Imperial army. The occasion was, the right wing of the
+Imperialists having defeated the Saxons, and being eager in the chase,
+Tilly, who was an old soldier, and ready to prevent all mistakes,
+forbids any pursuit. "Let them go," says he, "but let us beat the
+Swedes, or we do nothing." Upon this the victorious troops fell in
+upon the flank of the king's army, which, the Saxons being fled, lay
+open to them. Gustavus Horn commanded the left wing of the Swedes, and
+having first defeated some regiments which charged him, falls in upon
+the rear of the Imperial right wing, and separates them from the van,
+who were advanced a great way forward in pursuit of the Saxons, and
+having routed the said rear or reserve, falls on upon Tilly's main
+battle, and defeated part of them; the other part was gone in chase of
+the Saxons, and now also returned, fell in upon the rear of the left
+wing of the Swedes, charging them in the flank, for they drew up upon
+the very ground which the Saxons had quitted. This changed the whole
+front, and made the Swedes face about to the left, and made a great
+front on their flank to make this good. Our brigades, who were placed
+as a reserve for the main battle, were, by special order from the
+king, wheeled about to the left, and placed for the right of this new
+front to charge the Imperialists; they were about 12,000 of their best
+foot, besides horse, and flushed with the execution of the Saxons,
+fell on like furies. The king by this time had almost defeated the
+Imperialists' left wing; their horse, with more haste than good speed,
+had charged faster than their foot could follow, and having broke into
+the king's first line, he let them go, where, while the second line
+bears the shock, and bravely resisted them, the king follows them on
+the crupper with thirteen troops of horse, and some musketeers, by
+which being hemmed in, they were all cut down in a moment as it were,
+and the army never disordered with them. This fatal blow to the left
+wing gave the king more leisure to defeat the foot which followed, and
+to send some assistance to Gustavus Horn in his left wing, who had his
+hands full with the main battle of the Imperialists.
+
+But those troops who, as I said, had routed the Saxons, being called
+off from the pursuit, had charged our flank, and were now grown very
+strong, renewed the battle in a terrible manner. Here it was I saw our
+men go to wreck. Colonel Hall, a brave soldier, commanded the rear of
+the Swede's left wing; he fought like a lion, but was slain, and most
+of his regiment cut off, though not unrevenged, for they entirely
+ruined Furstenberg's regiment of foot. Colonel Cullembach, with his
+regiment of horse, was extremely overlaid also, and the colonel and
+many brave officers killed, and in short all that wing was shattered,
+and in an ill condition.
+
+In this juncture came the king, and having seen what havoc the enemy
+made of Cullembach's troops, he comes riding along the front of our
+three brigades, and himself led us on to the charge; the colonel of
+his guards, the Baron Dyvel, was shot dead just as the king had given
+him some orders. When the Scots advanced, seconded by some regiments
+of horse which the king also sent to the charge, the bloodiest fight
+began that ever men beheld, for the Scottish brigades, giving fire
+three ranks at a time over one another's heads, poured in their shot
+so thick, that the enemy were cut down like grass before a scythe;
+and following into the thickest of their foot with the clubs of their
+muskets made a most dreadful slaughter, and yet was there no flying.
+Tilly's men might be killed and knocked down, but no man turned his
+back, nor would give an inch of ground, but as they were wheeled, or
+marched, or retreated by their officers.
+
+There was a regiment of cuirassiers which stood whole to the last,
+and fought like lions; they went ranging over the field when all
+their army was broken, and nobody cared for charging them; they were
+commanded by Baron Kronenburg, and at last went off from the battle
+whole. These were armed in black armour from head to foot, and they
+carried off their general. About six o'clock the field was cleared of
+the enemy, except at one place on the king's side, where some of them
+rallied, and though they knew all was lost would take no quarter, but
+fought it out to the last man, being found dead the next day in rank
+and file as they were drawn up.
+
+I had the good fortune to receive no hurt in this battle, excepting
+a small scratch on the side of my neck by the push of a pike; but my
+friend received a very dangerous wound when the battle was as good as
+over. He had engaged with a German colonel, whose name we could never
+learn, and having killed his man, and pressed very close upon him,
+so that he had shot his horse, the horse in the fall kept the colonel
+down, lying on one of his legs; upon which he demanded quarter, which
+Captain Fielding granting, helped him to quit his horse, and having
+disarmed him, was bringing him into the line, when the regiment of
+cuirassiers, which I mentioned, commanded by Baron Kronenburg, came
+roving over the field, and with a flying charge saluted our front with
+a salvo of carabine shot, which wounded us a great many men, and among
+the rest the captain received a shot in his thigh, which laid him on
+the ground, and being separated from the line, his prisoner got away
+with them.
+
+This was the first service I was in, and indeed I never saw any fight
+since maintained with such gallantry, such desperate valour, together
+with such dexterity of management, both sides being composed of
+soldiers fully tried, bred to the wars, expert in everything, exact in
+their order, and incapable of fear, which made the battle be much more
+bloody than usual. Sir John Hepburn, at my request, took particular
+care of my comrade, and sent his own surgeon to look after him;
+and afterwards, when the city of Leipsic was retaken, provided him
+lodgings there, and came very often to see him; and indeed I was in
+great care for him too, the surgeons being very doubtful of him a
+great while; for having lain in the field all night among the dead,
+his wound, for want of dressing, and with the extremity of cold, was
+in a very ill condition, and the pain of it had thrown him into a
+fever. 'Twas quite dusk before the fight ended, especially where the
+last rallied troops fought so long, and therefore we durst not break
+our order to seek out our friends, so that 'twas near seven o'clock
+the next morning before we found the captain, who, though very weak by
+the loss of blood, had raised himself up, and placed his back against
+the buttock of a dead horse. I was the first that knew him, and
+running to him, embraced him with a great deal of joy; he was not able
+to speak, but made signs to let me see he knew me, so we brought him
+into the camp, and Sir John Hepburn, as I noted before, sent his own
+surgeons to look after him.
+
+The darkness of the night prevented any pursuit, and was the only
+refuge the enemy had left: for had there been three hours more
+daylight ten thousand more lives had been lost, for the Swedes (and
+Saxons especially) enraged by the obstinacy of the enemy, were so
+thoroughly heated that they would have given quarter but to few. The
+retreat was not sounded till seven o'clock, when the king drew up the
+whole army upon the field of battle, and gave strict command that none
+should stir from their order; so the army lay under their arms all
+night, which was another reason why the wounded soldiers suffered very
+much by the cold; for the king, who had a bold enemy to deal with, was
+not ignorant what a small body of desperate men rallied together might
+have done in the darkness of the night, and therefore he lay in his
+coach all night at the head of the line, though it froze very hard.
+
+As soon as the day began to peep the trumpets sounded to horse, and
+all the dragoons and light-horse in the army were commanded to the
+pursuit. The cuirassiers and some commanded musketeers advanced some
+miles, if need were, to make good their retreat, and all the foot
+stood to their arms for a reverse; but in half-an-hour word was
+brought to the king that the enemy were quite dispersed, upon which
+detachments were made out of every regiment to search among the dead
+for any of our friends that were wounded; and the king himself gave a
+strict order, that if any were found wounded and alive among the enemy
+none should kill them, but take care to bring them into the camp--a
+piece of humanity which saved the lives of near a thousand of the
+enemies.
+
+This piece of service being over, the enemy's camp was seized upon,
+and the soldiers were permitted to plunder it; all the cannon, arms,
+and ammunition was secured for the king's use, the rest was given up
+to the soldiers, who found so much plunder that they had no reason to
+quarrel for shares.
+
+For my share, I was so busy with my wounded captain that I got nothing
+but a sword, which I found just by him when I first saw him; but my
+man brought me a very good horse with a furniture on him, and one
+pistol of extraordinary workmanship.
+
+I bade him get upon his back and make the best of the day for himself,
+which he did, and I saw him no more till three days after, when he
+found me out at Leipsic, so richly dressed that I hardly knew him; and
+after making his excuse for his long absence, gave me a very pleasant
+account where he had been. He told me that, according to my order,
+being mounted on the horse he had brought me, he first rid into the
+field among the dead to get some clothes suitable to the equipage of
+his horse, and having seized on a laced coat, a helmet, a sword, and
+an extraordinary good cane, was resolved to see what was become of the
+enemy; and following the track of the dragoons, which he could
+easily do by the bodies on the road, he fell in with a small party
+of twenty-five dragoons, under no command but a corporal, making to
+a village where some of the enemies' horse had been quartered. The
+dragoons, taking him for an officer by his horse, desired him to
+command them, told him the enemy was very rich, and they doubted not
+a good booty. He was a bold, brisk fellow, and told them, with all
+his heart, but said he had but one pistol, the other being broken with
+firing; so they lent him a pair of pistols, and a small piece they had
+taken, and he led them on. There had been a regiment of horse and
+some troops of Crabats in the village, but they were fled on the first
+notice of the pursuit, excepting three troops, and these, on sight
+of this small party, supposing them to be only the first of a greater
+number, fled in the greatest confusion imaginable. They took the
+village, and about fifty horses, with all the plunder of the enemy,
+and with the heat of the service he had spoiled my horse, he said, for
+which he had brought me two more; for he, passing for the commander of
+the party, had all the advantage the custom of war gives an officer in
+like cases.
+
+I was very well pleased with the relation the fellow gave me, and,
+laughing at him, "Well, captain," said I, "and what plunder have ye
+got?" "Enough to make me a captain, sir," says he, "if you please, and
+a troop ready raised too; for the party of dragoons are posted in the
+village by my command, till they have farther orders." In short,
+he pulled out sixty or seventy pieces of gold, five or six watches,
+thirteen or fourteen rings, whereof two were diamond rings, one of
+which was worth fifty dollars, silver as much as his pockets would
+hold; besides that he had brought three horses, two of which were
+laden with baggage, and a boor he had hired to stay with them at
+Leipsic till he had found me out. "But I am afraid, captain," says I,
+"you have plundered the village instead of plundering the enemy." "No
+indeed, not we," says he, "but the Crabats had done it for us and we
+light of them just as they were carrying it off." "Well," said I, "but
+what will you do with your men, for when you come to give them orders
+they will know you well enough?" "No, no," says he, "I took care of
+that, for just now I gave a soldier five dollars to carry them news
+that the army was marched to Merseburg, and that they should follow
+thither to the regiment."
+
+Having secured his money in my lodgings, he asked me if I pleased to
+see his horses, and to have one for myself? I told him I would go and
+see them in the afternoon; but the fellow being impatient goes and
+fetches them. There were three horses, one whereof was a very good
+one, and by the furniture was an officer's horse of the Crabats, and
+that my man would have me accept, for the other he had spoiled, as
+he said. I was but indifferently horsed before, so I accepted of the
+horse, and went down with him to see the rest of his plunder there.
+He had got three or four pair of pistols, two or three bundles of
+officers' linen, and lace, a field-bed, and a tent, and several other
+things of value; but at last, coming to a small fardel, "And this,"
+says he, "I took whole from a Crabat running away with it under his
+arm," so he brought it up into my chamber. He had not looked into it,
+he said, but he understood 'twas some plunder the soldiers had made,
+and finding it heavy took it by consent. We opened it and found it was
+a bundle of some linen, thirteen or fourteen pieces of plate, and in a
+small cup, three rings, a fine necklace of pearl and the value of 100
+rix-dollars in money.
+
+The fellow was amazed at his own good fortune, and hardly knew what
+to do with himself; I bid him go take care of his other things, and
+of his horses, and come again. So he went and discharged the boor that
+waited and packed up all his plunder, and came up to me in his old
+clothes again. "How now, captain," says I, "what, have you altered
+your equipage already?" "I am no more ashamed, sir, of your livery,"
+answered he, "than of your service, and nevertheless your servant for
+what I have got by it." "Well," says I to him, "but what will you do
+now with all your money?" "I wish my poor father had some of it," says
+he, "and for the rest I got it for you, sir, and desire you would take
+it." He spoke it with so much honesty and freedom that I could not
+but take it very kindly; but, however, I told him I would not take a
+farthing from him as his master, but I would have him play the good
+husband with it, now he had such good fortune to get it. He told me
+he would take my directions in everything. "Why, then," said I, "I'll
+tell you what I would advise you to do, turn it all into ready money,
+and convey it by return home into England, and follow yourself the
+first opportunity, and with good management you may put yourself in a
+good posture of living with it." The fellow, with a sort of dejection
+in his looks, asked me if he had disobliged me in anything? "Why?"
+says I. "That I was willing to turn him out of his service." "No,
+George" (that was his name), says I, "but you may live on this money
+without being a servant." "I'd throw it all into the Elbe," says he,
+"over Torgau bridge, rather than leave your service; and besides,"
+says he, "can't I save my money without going from you? I got it in
+your service, and I'll never spend it out of your service, unless you
+put me away. I hope my money won't make me the worse servant; if I
+thought it would, I'd soon have little enough." "Nay, George," says
+I, "I shall not oblige you to it, for I am not willing to lose you
+neither: come, then," says I, "let us put it all together, and see
+what it will come to." So he laid it all together on the table, and by
+our computation he had gotten as much plunder as was worth about 1400
+rix-dollars, besides three horses with their furniture, a tent, a bed,
+and some wearing linen. Then he takes the necklace of pearl, a very
+good watch, a diamond ring, and 100 pieces of gold, and lays them by
+themselves, and having, according to our best calculation, valued the
+things, he put up all the rest, and as I was going to ask him what
+they were left out for, he takes them up in his hand, and coming round
+the table, told me, that if I did not think him unworthy of my service
+and favour, he begged I would give him leave to make that present to
+me; that it was my first thought his going out, that he had got it
+all in my service, and he should think I had no kindness for him if I
+should refuse it.
+
+I was resolved in my mind not to take it from him, and yet I could
+find no means to resist his importunity. At last I told him, I would
+accept of part of his present, and that I esteemed his respect in
+that as much as the whole, and that I would not have him importune me
+farther; so I took the ring and watch, with the horse and furniture as
+before, and made him turn all the rest into money at Leipsic, and
+not suffering him to wear his livery, made him put himself into a
+tolerable equipage, and taking a young Leipsicer into my service, he
+attended me as a gentleman from that time forward.
+
+The king's army never entered Leipsic, but proceeded to Merseberg, and
+from thence to Halle, and so marched on into Franconia, while the Duke
+of Saxony employed his forces in recovering Leipsic and driving the
+Imperialists out of his country. I continued at Leipsic twelve days,
+being not willing to leave my comrade till he was recovered; but Sir
+John Hepburn so often importuned me to come into the army, and sent
+me word that the king had very often inquired for me, that at last I
+consented to go without him; so having made our appointment where to
+meet, and how to correspond by letters, I went to wait on Sir John
+Hepburn, who then lay with the king's army at the city of Erfurt in
+Saxony. As I was riding between Leipsic and Halle, I observed my
+horse went very awkwardly and uneasy, and sweat very much, though the
+weather was cold, and we had rid but very softly; I fancied therefore
+that the saddle might hurt the horse, and calls my new captain up.
+"George," says I, "I believe this saddle hurts the horse." So we
+alighted, and looking under the saddle found the back of the horse
+extremely galled; so I bid him take off the saddle, which he did, and
+giving the horse to my young Leipsicer to lead, we sat down to see if
+we could mend it, for there was no town near us. Says George, pointing
+with his finger, "If you please to cut open the pannel there, I'll get
+something to stuff into it which will bear it from the horse's back."
+So while he looked for something to thrust in, I cut a hole in
+the pannel of the saddle, and, following it with my finger, I felt
+something hard, which seemed to move up and down. Again, as I thrust
+it with my finger, "Here's something that should not be here," says I,
+not yet imagining what afterwards fell out, and calling, "Run back,"
+bade him put up his finger. "Whatever 'tis," says he, "'tis this hurts
+the horse, for it bears just on his back when the saddle is set on."
+So we strove to take hold on it, but could not reach it; at last we
+took the upper part of the saddle quite from the pannel, and there
+lay a small silk purse wrapped in a piece of leather, and full of gold
+ducats. "Thou art born to be rich, George," says I to him, "here's
+more money." We opened the purse and found in it four hundred and
+thirty-eight small pieces of gold.
+
+There I had a new skirmish with him whose the money should be. I
+told him 'twas his, he told me no; I had accepted of the horse and
+furniture, and all that was about him was mine, and solemnly vowed he
+would not have a penny of it. I saw no remedy, but put up the money
+for the present, mended our saddle, and went on. We lay that night at
+Halle, and having had such a booty in the saddle, I made him search
+the saddles of the other two horses, in one of which we found three
+French crowns, but nothing in the other.
+
+We arrived at Erfurt the 28th of September, but the army was removed,
+and entered into Franconia, and at the siege of Koningshoven we came
+up with them. The first thing I did was to pay my civilities to Sir
+John Hepburn, who received me very kindly, but told me withal that
+I had not done well to be so long from him, and the king had
+particularly inquired for me, had commanded him to bring me to him at
+my return. I told him the reason of my stay at Leipsic, and how I had
+left that place and my comrade, before he was cured of his wounds, to
+wait on him according to his letters. He told me the king had spoken
+some things very obliging about me, and he believed would offer me
+some command in the army, if I thought well to accept of it. I told
+him I had promised my father not to take service in an army without
+his leave, and yet if his Majesty should offer it, I neither knew
+how to resist it, nor had I an inclination to anything more than the
+service, and such a leader, though I had much rather have served as a
+volunteer at my own charge (which, as he knew, was the custom of our
+English gentlemen) than in any command. He replied, "Do as you think
+fit; but some gentlemen would give 20,000 crowns to stand so fair for
+advancement as you do."
+
+The town of Koningshoven capitulated that day, and Sir John was
+ordered to treat with the citizens, so I had no further discourse with
+him then; and the town being taken, the army immediately advanced down
+the river Maine, for the king had his eye upon Frankfort and Mentz,
+two great cities, both which he soon became master of, chiefly by
+the prodigious expedition of his march; for within a month after the
+battle, he was in the lower parts of the empire, and had passed from
+the Elbe to the Rhine, an incredible conquest, had taken all the
+strong cities, the bishoprics of Bamberg, of Wurtzburg, and almost all
+the circle of Franconia, with part of Schawberland--a conquest large
+enough to be seven years a-making by the common course of arms.
+
+Business going on thus, the king had not leisure to think of small
+matters, and I being not thoroughly resolved in my mind, did not press
+Sir John to introduce me. I had wrote to my father with an account
+of my reception in the army, the civilities of Sir John Hepburn, the
+particulars of the battle, and had indeed pressed him to give me
+leave to serve the King of Sweden, to which particular I waited for
+an answer, but the following occasion determined me before an answer
+could possibly reach me.
+
+The king was before the strong castle of Marienburg, which commands
+the city of Wurtzburg. He had taken the city, but the garrison and
+richer part of the burghers were retired into the castle, and trusting
+to the strength of the place, which was thought impregnable, they bade
+the Swedes do their worst; 'twas well provided with all things, and a
+strong garrison in it, so that the army indeed expected 'twould be a
+long piece of work. The castle stood on a high rock, and on the steep
+of the rock was a bastion which defended the only passage up the hill
+into the castle; the Scots were chose out to make this attack, and the
+king was an eye-witness of their gallantry. In the action Sir John was
+not commanded out, but Sir James Ramsey led them on; but I observed
+that most of the Scotch officers in the other regiments prepared to
+serve as volunteers for the honour of their countrymen, and Sir John
+Hepburn led them on. I was resolved to see this piece of service,
+and therefore joined myself to the volunteers. We were armed with
+partisans, and each man two pistols at our belt. It was a piece of
+service that seemed perfectly desperate, the advantage of the hill,
+the precipice we were to mount, the height of the bastion, the
+resolute courage and number of the garrison, who from a complete
+covert made a terrible fire upon us, all joined to make the action
+hopeless. But the fury of the Scots musketeers was not to be abated by
+any difficulties; they mounted the hill, scaled the works like madmen,
+running upon the enemies' pikes, and after two hours' desperate fight
+in the midst of fire and smoke, took it by storm, and put all the
+garrison to the sword. The volunteers did their part, and had their
+share of the loss too, for thirteen or fourteen were killed out of
+thirty-seven, besides the wounded, among whom I received a hurt more
+troublesome than dangerous by a thrust of a halberd into my arm, which
+proved a very painful wound, and I was a great while before it was
+thoroughly recovered.
+
+The king received us as we drew off at the foot of the hill, calling
+the soldiers his brave Scots, and commending the officers by name.
+The next morning the castle was also taken by storm, and the greatest
+booty that ever was found in any one conquest in the whole war; the
+soldiers got here so much money that they knew not what to do with it,
+and the plunder they got here and at the battle of Leipsic made them
+so unruly, that had not the king been the best master of discipline in
+the world, they had never been kept in any reasonable bounds.
+
+The king had taken notice of our small party of volunteers, and though
+I thought he had not seen me, yet he sent the next morning for Sir
+John Hepburn, and asked him if I were not come to the army? "Yes,"
+says Sir John, "he has been here two or three days." And as he was
+forming an excuse for not having brought me to wait on his Majesty,
+says the king, interrupting him, "I wonder you would let him thrust
+himself into a hot piece of service as storming the Port Graft.
+Pray let him know I saw him, and have a very good account of his
+behaviour." Sir John returned with this account to me, and pressed
+me to pay my duty to his Majesty the next morning; and accordingly,
+though I had but an ill night with the pain of my wound, I was with
+him at the levee in the castle.
+
+I cannot but give some short account of the glory of the morning; the
+castle had been cleared of the dead bodies of the enemies, and what
+was not pillaged by the soldiers was placed under a guard. There was
+first a magazine of very good arms for about 18,000 or 20,000 foot,
+and 4000 horse, a very good train of artillery of about eighteen
+pieces of battery, thirty-two brass field-pieces, and four mortars.
+The bishop's treasure, and other public monies not plundered by the
+soldiers, was telling out by the officers, and amounted to 400,000
+florins in money; and the burghers of the town in solemn procession,
+bareheaded, brought the king three tons of gold as a composition to
+exempt the city from plunder. Here was also a stable of gallant horses
+which the king had the curiosity to go and see.
+
+When the ceremony of the burghers was over, the king came down into
+the castle court, walked on the parade (where the great train of
+artillery was placed on their carriages) and round the walls, and gave
+order for repairing the bastion that was stormed by the Scots; and
+as at the entrance of the parade Sir John Hepburn and I made our
+reverence to the king, "Ho, cavalier!" said the king to me, "I am glad
+to see you," and so passed forward. I made my bow very low, but his
+Majesty said no more at that time.
+
+When the view was over the king went up into the lodgings, and Sir
+John and I walked in an antechamber for about a quarter of an hour,
+when one of the gentlemen of the bedchamber came out to Sir John, and
+told him the king asked for him; he stayed but a little with the king,
+and come out to me and told me the king had ordered him to bring me to
+him.
+
+His Majesty, with a countenance full of honour and goodness,
+interrupted my compliment, and asked me how I did; at which answering
+only with a bow, says the king, "I am sorry to see you are hurt; I
+would have laid my commands on you not to have shown yourself in so
+sharp a piece of service, if I had known you had been in the camp."
+"Your Majesty does me too much honour," said I, "in your care of a
+life that has yet done nothing to deserve your favour." His Majesty
+was pleased to say something very kind to me relating to my behaviour
+in the battle of Leipsic, which I have not vanity enough to write;
+at the conclusion whereof, when I replied very humbly that I was not
+sensible that any service I had done, or could do, could possibly
+merit so much goodness, he told me he had ordered me a small testimony
+of his esteem, and withal gave me his hand to kiss. I was now
+conquered, and with a sort of surprise told his Majesty I found myself
+so much engaged by his goodness, as well as my own inclination, that
+if his Majesty would please to accept of my devoir, I was resolved to
+serve in his army, or wherever he pleased to command me. "Serve
+me," says the king, "why, so you do, but I must not have you be a
+musketeer; a poor soldier at a dollar a week will do that." "Pray,
+Sir John," says the king, "give him what commission he desires." "No
+commission, sir," says I, "would please me better than leave to fight
+near your Majesty's person, and to serve you at my own charge till I
+am qualified by more experience to receive your commands." "Why, then,
+it shall be so," said the king, "and I charge you, Hepburn," says he,
+"when anything offers that is either fit for him, or he desires, that
+you tell me of it;" and giving me his hand again to kiss, I withdrew.
+
+I was followed before I had passed the castle gate by one of the
+king's pages, who brought me a warrant, directed to Sir John Hepburn,
+to go to the master of the horse for an immediate delivery of things
+ordered by the king himself for my account, where being come, the
+equerry produced me a very good coach with four horses, harness, and
+equipage, and two very fine saddle-horses, out of the stable of the
+bishop's horses afore-mentioned; with these there was a list for three
+servants, and a warrant to the steward of the king's baggage to defray
+me, my horses, and servants at the king's charge till farther order.
+I was very much at a loss how to manage myself in this so strange
+freedom of so great a prince, and consulting with Sir John Hepburn, I
+was proposing to him whether it was not proper to go immediately back
+to pay my duty to his Majesty, and acknowledge his bounty in the best
+terms I could; but while we were resolving to do so, the guards stood
+to their arms, and we saw the king go out at the gate in his coach
+to pass into the city, so we were diverted from it for that time. I
+acknowledge the bounty of the king was very surprising, but I must say
+it was not so very strange to me when I afterwards saw the course of
+his management. Bounty in him was his natural talent, but he never
+distributed his favours but where he thought himself both loved and
+faithfully served, and when he was so, even the single actions of
+his private soldiers he would take particular notice of himself, and
+publicly own, acknowledge, and reward them, of which I am obliged to
+give some instances.
+
+A private musketeer at the storming the castle of Wurtzburg, when
+all the detachment was beaten off, stood in the face of the enemy and
+fired his piece, and though he had a thousand shot made at him, stood
+unconcerned, and charged his piece again, and let fly at the enemy,
+continuing to do so three times, at the same time beckoning with his
+hand to his fellows to come on again, which they did, animated by his
+example, and carried the place for the king.
+
+When the town was taken the king ordered the regiment to be drawn out,
+and calling for that soldier, thanked him before them all for
+taking the town for him, gave him a thousand dollars in money, and a
+commission with his own hand for a foot company, or leave to go home,
+which he would. The soldier took the commission on his knees, kissed
+it, and put it into his bosom, and told the king, he would never leave
+his service as long as he lived.
+
+This bounty of the king's, timed and suited by his judgment, was
+the reason that he was very well served, entirely beloved, and most
+punctually obeyed by his soldiers, who were sure to be cherished and
+encouraged if they did well, having the king generally an eye-witness
+of their behaviour.
+
+My indiscretion rather than valour had engaged me so far at the battle
+of Leipsic, that being in the van of Sir John Hepburn's brigade,
+almost three whole companies of us were separated from our line, and
+surrounded by the enemies' pikes. I cannot but say also that we were
+disengaged rather by a desperate charge Sir John made with the whole
+regiment to fetch us off, than by our own valour, though we were not
+wanting to ourselves neither, but this part of the action being talked
+of very much to the advantage of the young English volunteer, and
+possibly more than I deserved, was the occasion of all the distinction
+the king used me with ever after.
+
+I had by this time letters from my father, in which, though with some
+reluctance, he left me at liberty to enter into arms if I thought fit,
+always obliging me to be directed, and, as he said, commanded by
+Sir John Hepburn. At the same time he wrote to Sir John Hepburn,
+commending his son's fortunes, as he called it, to his care, which
+letters Sir John showed the king unknown to me.
+
+I took care always to acquaint my father of every circumstance, and
+forgot not to mention his Majesty's extraordinary favour, which so
+affected my father, that he obtained a very honourable mention of it
+in a letter from King Charles to the King of Sweden, written by his
+own hand.
+
+I had waited on his Majesty, with Sir John Hepburn, to give him thanks
+for his magnificent present, and was received with his usual goodness,
+and after that I was every day among the gentlemen of his ordinary
+attendance. And if his Majesty went out on a party, as he would
+often do, or to view the country, I always attended him among the
+volunteers, of whom a great many always followed him; and he would
+often call me out, talk with me, send me upon messages to towns, to
+princes, free cities, and the like, upon extraordinary occasions.
+
+The first piece of service he put me upon had like to have embroiled
+me with one of his favourite colonels. The king was marching through
+the Bergstraet, a low country on the edge of the Rhine, and, as all
+men thought, was going to besiege Heidelberg, but on a sudden orders
+a party of his guards, with five companies of Scots, to be drawn out;
+while they were drawing out this detachment the king calls me to him,
+"Ho, cavalier," says he, that was his usual word, "you shall command
+this party;" and thereupon gives me orders to march back all night,
+and in the morning, by break of day, to take post under the walls of
+the fort of Oppenheim, and immediately to entrench myself as well as I
+could. Grave Neels, the colonel of his guards, thought himself injured
+by this command, but the king took the matter upon himself, and Grave
+Neels told me very familiarly afterwards, "We have such a master,"
+says he, "that no man can be affronted by. I thought myself wronged,"
+says he, "when you commanded my men over my head; and for my life,"
+says he, "I knew not which way to be angry."
+
+I executed my commission so punctually that by break of day I was set
+down within musket-shot of the fort, under covert of a little mount,
+on which stood a windmill, and had indifferently fortified myself, and
+at the same time had posted some of my men on two other passes, but
+at farther distance from the fort, so that the fort was effectually
+blocked up on the land side. In the afternoon the enemy sallied on my
+first entrenchment, but being covered from their cannon, and defended
+by a ditch which I had drawn across the road, they were so well
+received by my musketeers that they retired with the loss of six or
+seven men.
+
+The next day Sir John Hepburn was sent with two brigades of foot to
+carry on the work, and so my commission ended. The king expressed
+himself very well pleased with what I had done, and when he was so
+was never sparing of telling of it, for he used to say that public
+commendations were a great encouragement to valour.
+
+While Sir John Hepburn lay before the fort and was preparing to storm
+it, the king's design was to get over the Rhine, but the Spaniards
+which were in Oppenheim had sunk all the boats they could find. At
+last the king, being informed where some lay that were sunk, caused
+them to be weighed with all the expedition possible, and in the night
+of the 7th of December, in three boats, passed over his regiment of
+guards, about three miles above the town, and, as the king thought,
+secure from danger; but they were no sooner landed, and not drawn into
+order, but they were charged by a body of Spanish horse, and had not
+the darkness given them opportunity to draw up in the enclosures
+in several little parties, they had been in great danger of being
+disordered; but by this means they lined the hedges and lanes so with
+musketeers, that the remainder had time to draw up in battalia, and
+saluted the horse with their muskets, so that they drew farther off.
+
+The king was very impatient, hearing his men engaged, having no boats
+nor possible means to get over to help them. At last, about eleven
+o'clock at night, the boats came back, and the king thrust another
+regiment into them, and though his officers dissuaded him, would go
+over himself with them on foot, and did so. This was three months that
+very day when the battle of Leipsic was fought, and winter time too,
+that the progress of his arms had spread from the Elbe, where it parts
+Saxony and Brandenburg, to the Lower Palatine and the Rhine.
+
+I went over in the boat with the king. I never saw him in so much
+concern in my life, for he was in pain for his men; but before we got
+on shore the Spaniards retired. However, the king landed, ordered his
+men, and prepared to entrench, but he had not time, for by that time
+the boats were put off again, the Spaniards, not knowing more troops
+were landed, and being reinforced from Oppenheim, came on again, and
+charged with great fury; but all things were now in order, and they
+were readily received and beaten back again. They came on again the
+third time, and with repeated charges attacked us; but at last
+finding us too strong for them they gave it over. By this time another
+regiment of foot was come over, and as soon as day appeared the king
+with the three regiments marched to the town, which surrendered at the
+first summons, and the next day the fort yielded to Sir John Hepburn.
+
+The castle at Oppenheim held out still with a garrison of 800
+Spaniards, and the king, leaving 200 Scots of Sir James Ramsey's men
+in the town, drew out to attack the castle. Sir James Ramsey being
+left wounded at Wurtzburg, the king gave me the command of those 200
+men, which were a regiment, that is to say, all that were left of a
+gallant regiment of 2000 Scots, which the king brought out of Sweden
+with him, under that brave colonel. There was about thirty officers,
+who, having no soldiers, were yet in pay, and served as reformadoes
+with the regiment, and were over and above the 200 men.
+
+The king designed to storm the castle on the lower side by the way
+that leads to Mentz, and Sir John Hepburn landed from the other side
+and marched up to storm on the Rhine port.
+
+My reformado Scots, having observed that the town port of the castle
+was not so well guarded as the rest, all the eyes of the garrison
+being bent towards the king and Sir John Hepburn, came running to me,
+and told me they believed they could enter the castle, sword in hand,
+if I would give them leave. I told them I durst not give them orders,
+my commission being only to keep and defend the town; but they being
+very importunate, I told them they were volunteers, and might do what
+they pleased, that I would lend them fifty men, and draw up the rest
+to second them, or bring them off, as I saw occasion, so as I might
+not hazard the town. This was as much as they desired; they sallied
+immediately, and in a trice the volunteers scaled the port, cut in
+pieces the guard, and burst open the gate, at which the fifty entered.
+Finding the gate won, I advanced immediately with 100 musketeers more,
+having locked up all the gates of the town but the castle port, and
+leaving fifty still for a reserve just at that gate; the townsmen,
+too, seeing the castle, as it were, taken, ran to arms, and followed
+me with above 200 men. The Spaniards were knocked down by the Scots
+before they knew what the matter was, and the king and Sir John
+Hepburn, advancing to storm, were surprised when, instead of
+resistance, they saw the Spaniards throwing themselves over the walls
+to avoid the fury of the Scots. Few of the garrison got away, but were
+either killed or taken, and having cleared the castle, I set open the
+port on the king's side, and sent his Majesty word the castle was his
+own. The king came on, and entered on foot. I received him at the head
+of the Scots reformadoes; who all saluted him with their pikes. The
+king gave them his hat, and turning about, "Brave Scots, brave Scots,"
+says he smiling, "you were too quick for me;" then beckoning to me,
+made me tell him how and in what manner we had managed the storm,
+which he was exceeding well pleased with, but especially at the
+caution I had used to bring them off if they had miscarried, and
+secured the town.
+
+From hence the army marched to Mentz, which in four days' time
+capitulated, with the fort and citadel, and the city paid his Majesty
+300,000 dollars to be exempted from the fury of the soldiers. Here the
+king himself drew the plan of those invincible fortifications which to
+this day makes it one of the strongest cities in Germany.
+
+Friburg, Koningstien, Neustadt, Kaiserslautern, and almost all the
+Lower Palatinate, surrendered at the very terror of the King of
+Sweden's approach, and never suffered the danger of a siege.
+
+The king held a most magnificent court at Mentz, attended by the
+Landgrave of Hesse, with an incredible number of princes and lords
+of the empire, with ambassadors and residents of foreign princes;
+and here his Majesty stayed till March, when the queen, with a great
+retinue of Swedish nobility, came from Erfurt to see him. The king,
+attended by a gallant train of German nobility, went to Frankfort, and
+from thence on to Hoest, to meet the queen, where her Majesty arrived
+February 8.
+
+During the king's stay in these parts, his armies were not idle, his
+troops, on one side under the Rhinegrave, a brave and ever-fortunate
+commander, and under the Landgrave of Hesse, on the other, ranged the
+country from Lorraine to Luxemburg, and past the Moselle on the west,
+and the Weser on the north. Nothing could stand before them: the
+Spanish army which came to the relief of the Catholic Electors was
+everywhere defeated and beaten quite out of the country, and the
+Lorraine army quite ruined. 'Twas a most pleasant court sure as ever
+was seen, where every day expresses arrived of armies defeated, towns
+surrendered, contributions agreed upon, parties routed, prisoners
+taken, and princes sending ambassadors to sue for truces and
+neutralities, to make submissions and compositions, and to pay arrears
+and contributions.
+
+Here arrived, February 10, the King of Bohemia from England, and with
+him my Lord Craven, with a body of Dutch horse, and a very fine train
+of English volunteers, who immediately, without any stay, marched on
+to Hoest to wait upon his Majesty of Sweden, who received him with a
+great deal of civility, and was treated at a noble collation by the
+king and queen at Frankfort. Never had the unfortunate king so fair a
+prospect of being restored to his inheritance of the Palatinate as
+at that time, and had King James, his father-in-law, had a soul
+answerable to the occasion, it had been effected before, but it was a
+strange thing to see him equipped from the English court with one lord
+and about forty or fifty English gentlemen in his attendance, whereas
+had the King of England now, as 'tis well known he might have done,
+furnished him with 10,000 or 12,000 English foot, nothing could have
+hindered him taking a full possession of his country; and yet even
+without that help did the King of Sweden clear almost his whole
+country of Imperialists, and after his death reinstal his son in the
+Electorate; but no thanks to us.
+
+The Lord Craven did me the honour to inquire for me by name, and his
+Majesty of Sweden did me yet more by presenting me to the King of
+Bohemia, and my Lord Craven gave me a letter from my father. And
+speaking something of my father having served under the Prince of
+Orange in the famous battle of Nieuport, the king, smiling, returned,
+"And pray tell him from me his son has served as well in the warm
+battle of Leipsic."
+
+My father being very much pleased with the honour I had received from
+so great a king, had ordered me to acquaint his Majesty that, if he
+pleased to accept of their service, he would raise him a regiment of
+English horse at his own charge to be under my command, and to be
+sent over into Holland; and my Lord Craven had orders from the King of
+England to signify his consent to the said levy. I acquainted my old
+friend Sir John Hepburn with the contents of the letter in order to
+have his advice, who being pleased with the proposal, would have me
+go to the king immediately with the letter, but present service put it
+off for some days.
+
+The taking of Creutznach was the next service of any moment. The king
+drew out in person to the siege of this town. The town soon came to
+parley, but the castle seemed a work of difficulty, for its situation
+was so strong and so surrounded with works behind and above one and
+another, that most people thought the king would receive a check
+from it; but it was not easy to resist the resolution of the King of
+Sweden.
+
+He never battered it but with two small pieces, but having viewed the
+works himself, ordered a mine under the first ravelin, which being
+sprung with success, he commands a storm. I think there was not
+more commanded men than volunteers, both English, Scots, French, and
+Germans. My old comrade was by this time recovered of his wound at
+Leipsic, and made one. The first body of volunteers, of about forty,
+were led on by my Lord Craven, and I led the second, among whom were
+most of the reformado Scots officers who took the castle of Oppenheim.
+The first party was not able to make anything of it; the garrison
+fought with so much fury that many of the volunteer gentlemen being
+wounded, and some killed, the rest were beaten off with loss. The king
+was in some passion at his men, and rated them for running away, as he
+called it, though they really retreated in good order, and commanded
+the assault to be renewed. 'Twas our turn to fall on next. Our Scots
+officers, not being used to be beaten, advanced immediately, and my
+Lord Craven with his volunteers pierced in with us, fighting gallantly
+in the breach with a pike in his hand; and, to give him the honour due
+to his bravery, he was with the first on the top of the rampart, and
+gave his hand to my comrade, and lifted him up after him. We helped
+one another up, till at last almost all the volunteers had gained
+the height of the ravelin, and maintained it with a great deal of
+resolution, expecting when the commanded men had gained the same
+height to advance upon the enemy; when one of the enemy's captains
+called to my Lord Craven, and told him if they might have honourable
+terms they would capitulate, which my lord telling him he would engage
+for, the garrison fired no more, and the captain, leaping down from
+the next rampart, came with my Lord Craven into the camp, where the
+conditions were agreed on, and the castle surrendered.
+
+After the taking of this town, the king, hearing of Tilly's approach,
+and how he had beaten Gustavus Horn, the king's field-marshal, out of
+Bamberg, began to draw his forces together, and leaving the care of
+his conquests in these parts to his chancellor Oxenstiern, prepares to
+advance towards Bavaria.
+
+I had taken an opportunity to wait upon his Majesty with Sir John
+Hepburn and being about to introduce the discourse of my father's
+letter, the king told me he had received a compliment on my account
+in a letter from King Charles. I told him his Majesty had by his
+exceeding generosity bound me and all my friends to pay their
+acknowledgments to him, and that I supposed my father had obtained
+such a mention of it from the King of England, as gratitude moved him
+to that his Majesty's favour had been shown in me to a family both
+willing and ready to serve him, that I had received some commands from
+my father, which, if his Majesty pleased to do me the honour to accept
+of, might put me in a condition to acknowledge his Majesty's goodness
+in a manner more proportioned to the sense I had of his favour; and
+with that I produced my father's letter, and read that clause in it
+which related to the regiment of horse, which was as follows:--
+
+"I read with a great deal of satisfaction the account you give of the
+great and extraordinary conquests of the King of Sweden, and with more
+his Majesty's singular favour to you; I hope you will be careful to
+value and deserve so much honour. I am glad you rather chose to serve
+as a volunteer at your own charge, than to take any command, which,
+for want of experience, you might misbehave in.
+
+"I have obtained of the king that he will particularly thank his
+Majesty of Sweden for the honour he has done you, and if his Majesty
+gives you so much freedom, I could be glad you should in the humblest
+manner thank his Majesty in the name of an old broken soldier.
+
+"If you think yourself officer enough to command them, and his Majesty
+pleased to accept them, I would have you offer to raise his Majesty
+a regiment of horse, which, I think, I may near complete in our
+neighbourhood with some of your old acquaintance, who are very willing
+to see the world. If his Majesty gives you the word, they shall
+receive his commands in the Maes, the king having promised me to give
+them arms, and transport them for that service into Holland; and I
+hope they may do his Majesty such service as may be for your honour
+and the advantage of his Majesty's interest and glory."
+
+"YOUR LOVING FATHER."
+
+"'Tis an offer like a gentleman and like a soldier," says the king,"
+and I'll accept of it on two conditions: first," says the king, "that
+I will pay your father the advance money for the raising the regiment;
+and next, that they shall be landed in the Weser or the Elbe; for
+which, if the King of England will not, I will pay the passage; for
+if they land in Holland, it may prove very difficult to get them to us
+when the army shall be marched out of this part of the country."
+
+I returned this answer to my father, and sent my man George into
+England to order that regiment, and made him quartermaster. I sent
+blank commissions for the officers, signed by the king, to be filled
+up as my father should think fit; and when I had the king's order for
+the commissions, the secretary told me I must go back to the king with
+them. Accordingly I went back to the king, who, opening the packet,
+laid all the commissions but one upon a table before him, and bade
+me take them, and keeping that one still in his hand, "Now," says he,
+"you are one of my soldiers," and therewith gave me his commission, as
+colonel of horse in present pay. I took the commission kneeling,
+and humbly thanked his Majesty. "But," says the king, "there is one
+article-of-war I expect of you more than of others." "Your Majesty can
+expect nothing of me which I shall not willingly comply with," said I,
+"as soon as I have the honour to understand what it is." "Why, it is,"
+says the king, "that you shall never fight but when you have orders,
+for I shall not be willing to lose my colonel before I have the
+regiment." "I shall be ready at all times, sir," returned I, "to obey
+your Majesty's orders."
+
+I sent my man express with the king's answer and the commission to my
+father, who had the regiment completed in less than two months' time,
+and six of the officers, with a list of the rest, came away to me,
+whom I presented to his Majesty when he lay before Nuremberg, where
+they kissed his hand.
+
+One of the captains offered to bring the whole regiment travelling as
+private men into the army in six weeks' time, and either to transport
+their equipage, or buy it in Germany, but 'twas thought impracticable.
+However, I had so many come in that manner that I had a complete troop
+always about me, and obtained the king's order to muster them as a
+troop.
+
+On the 8th of March the king decamped, and, marching up the river
+Maine, bent his course directly for Bavaria, taking several small
+places by the way, and expecting to engage with Tilly, who he thought
+would dispute his entrance into Bavaria, kept his army together; but
+Tilly, finding himself too weak to encounter him, turned away, and
+leaving Bavaria open to the king, marched into the Upper Palatinate.
+The king finding the country clear of the Imperialists comes to
+Nuremberg, made his entrance into that city the 21st of March, and
+being nobly treated by the citizens, he continued his march into
+Bavaria, and on the 26th sat down before Donauwerth. The town was
+taken the next day by storm, so swift were the conquests of this
+invincible captain. Sir John Hepburn, with the Scots and the English
+volunteers at the head of them, entered the town first, and cut all
+the garrison to pieces, except such as escaped over the bridge.
+
+I had no share in the business of Donauwerth, being now among the
+horse, but I was posted on the roads with five troops of horse, where
+we picked up a great many stragglers of the garrison, whom we made
+prisoners of war.
+
+'Tis observable that this town of Donauwerth is a very strong place
+and well fortified, and yet such expedition did the king make, and
+such resolution did he use in his first attacks, that he carried the
+town without putting himself to the trouble of formal approaches.
+'Twas generally his way when he came before any town with a design to
+besiege it; he never would encamp at a distance and begin his trenches
+a great way off, but bring his men immediately within half musket-shot
+of the place; there getting under the best cover he could, he would
+immediately begin his batteries and trenches before their faces;
+and if there was any place possibly to be attacked, he would fall to
+storming immediately. By this resolute way of coming on he carried
+many a town in the first heat of his men, which would have held out
+many days against a more regular siege.
+
+This march of the king broke all Tilly's measures, for now he was
+obliged to face about, and leaving the Upper Palatinate, to come
+to the assistance of the Duke of Bavaria; for the king being 20,000
+strong, besides 10,000 foot and 4000 horse and dragoons which joined
+him from the Duringer Wald, was resolved to ruin the duke, who lay
+now open to him, and was the most powerful and inveterate enemy of the
+Protestants in the empire.
+
+Tilly was now joined with the Duke of Bavaria, and might together make
+about 22,000 men, and in order to keep the Swedes out of the country
+of Bavaria, had planted themselves along the banks of the river Lech,
+which runs on the edge of the duke's territories; and having fortified
+the other side of the river, and planted his cannon for several miles
+at all the convenient places on the river, resolved to dispute the
+king's passage.
+
+I shall be the longer in relating this account of the Lech, being
+esteemed in those days as great an action as any battle or siege of
+that age, and particularly famous for the disaster of the gallant old
+General Tilly; and for that I can be more particular in it than other
+accounts, having been an eye-witness to every part of it.
+
+The king being truly informed of the disposition of the Bavarian army,
+was once of the mind to have left the banks of the Lech, have repassed
+the Danube, and so setting down before Ingolstadt, the duke's capital
+city, by the taking that strong town to have made his entrance into
+Bavaria, and the conquest of such a fortress, one entire action;
+but the strength of the place and the difficulty of maintaining his
+leaguer in an enemy's country while Tilly was so strong in the field,
+diverted him from that design; he therefore concluded that Tilly
+was first to be beaten out of the country, and then the siege of
+Ingolstadt would be the easier.
+
+Whereupon the king resolved to go and view the situation of the enemy.
+His Majesty went out the 2nd of April with a strong party of horse,
+which I had the honour to command. We marched as near as we could
+to the banks of the river, not to be too much exposed to the enemy's
+cannon, and having gained a little height, where the whole course of
+the river might be seen, the king halted, and commanded to draw up.
+The king alighted, and calling me to him, examined every reach and
+turning of the river by his glass, but finding the river run a long
+and almost a straight course he could find no place which he liked;
+but at last turning himself north, and looking down the stream, he
+found the river, stretching a long reach, doubles short upon itself,
+making a round and very narrow point. "There's a point will do our
+business," says the king, "and if the ground be good I'll pass there,
+let Tilly do his worst."
+
+He immediately ordered a small party of horse to view the ground, and
+to bring him word particularly how high the bank was on each side and
+at the point. "And he shall have fifty dollars," says the king, "that
+will bring me word how deep the water is." I asked his Majesty leave
+to let me go, which he would by no means allow of; but as the party
+was drawing out, a sergeant of dragoons told the king, if he pleased
+to let him go disguised as a boor, he would bring him an account of
+everything he desired. The king liked the notion well enough, and
+the fellow being very well acquainted with the country, puts on a
+ploughman's habit, and went away immediately with a long pole upon
+his shoulder. The horse lay all this while in the woods, and the
+king stood undiscerned by the enemy on the little hill aforesaid. The
+dragoon with his long pole comes down boldly to the bank of the river,
+and calling to the sentinels which Tilly had placed on the other
+bank, talked with them, asked them if they could not help him over the
+river, and pretended he wanted to come to them. At last being come to
+the point where, as I said, the river makes a short turn, he stands
+parleying with them a great while, and sometimes, pretending to wade
+over, he puts his long pole into the water, then finding it pretty
+shallow he pulls off his hose and goes in, still thrusting his pole in
+before him, till being gotten up to his middle, he could reach beyond
+him, where it was too deep, and so shaking his head, comes back again.
+The soldiers on the other side, laughing at him, asked him if he could
+swim? He said, "No," "Why, you fool you," says one of the sentinels,
+"the channel of the river is twenty feet deep." "How do you know
+that?" says the dragoon. "Why, our engineer," says he, "measured it
+yesterday." This was what he wanted, but not yet fully satisfied,
+"Ay, but," says he, "maybe it may not be very broad, and if one of you
+would wade in to meet me till I could reach you with my pole, I'd give
+him half a ducat to pull me over." The innocent way of his discourse
+so deluded the soldiers, that one of them immediately strips and goes
+in up to the shoulders, and our dragoon goes in on this side to meet
+him; but the stream took t' other soldier away, and he being a good
+swimmer, came swimming over to this side. The dragoon was then in a
+great deal of pain for fear of being discovered, and was once going
+to kill the fellow, and make off; but at last resolved to carry on the
+humour, and having entertained the fellow with a tale of a tub, about
+the Swedes stealing his oats, the fellow being a-cold wanted to be
+gone, and he as willing to be rid of him, pretended to be very sorry
+he could not get over the river, and so makes off.
+
+By this, however, he learned both the depth and breadth of the
+channel, the bottom and nature of both shores, and everything the king
+wanted to know. We could see him from the hill by our glasses very
+plain, and could see the soldier naked with him. Says the king, "He
+will certainly be discovered and knocked on the head from the other
+side: he is a fool," says the king, "he does not kill the fellow and
+run off." But when the dragoon told his tale, the king was extremely
+well satisfied with him, gave him a hundred dollars, and made him a
+quartermaster to a troop of cuirassiers.
+
+The king having farther examined the dragoon, he gave him a very
+distinct account of the shore and the ground on this side, which he
+found to be higher than the enemy's by ten or twelve foot, and a hard
+gravel.
+
+Hereupon the king resolves to pass there, and in order to it gives,
+himself, particular directions for such a bridge as I believe never
+army passed a river on before nor since.
+
+His bridge was only loose planks laid upon large tressels in the same
+homely manner as I have seen bricklayers raise a low scaffold to build
+a brick wall; the tressels were made higher than one another to answer
+to the river as it became deeper or shallower, and was all framed and
+fitted before any appearance was made of attempting to pass.
+
+When all was ready the king brings his army down to the bank of the
+river, and plants his cannon as the enemy had done, some here and some
+there, to amuse them.
+
+At night, April 4th, the king commanded about 2000 men to march to
+the point, and to throw up a trench on either side, and quite round
+it with a battery of six pieces of cannon at each end, besides three
+small mounts, one at the point and one of each side, which had each of
+them two pieces upon them. This work was begun so briskly and so well
+carried on, the king firing all the night from the other parts of
+the river, that by daylight all the batteries at the new work were
+mounted, the trench lined with 2000 musketeers, and all the utensils
+of the bridge lay ready to be put together.
+
+Now the Imperialists discovered the design, but it was too late
+to hinder it; the musketeers in the great trench, and the five new
+batteries, made such continual fire that the other bank, which, as
+before, lay twelve feet below them, was too hot for the Imperialists;
+whereupon Tilly, to be provided for the king at his coming over, falls
+to work in a wood right against the point, and raises a great battery
+for twenty pieces of cannon, with a breastwork or line, as near the
+river as he could, to cover his men, thinking that when the king had
+built his bridge he might easily beat it down with his cannon.
+
+But the king had doubly prevented him, first by laying his bridge so
+low that none of Tilly's shot could hurt it; for the bridge lay not
+above half a foot above the water's edge, by which means the king, who
+in that showed himself an excellent engineer, had secured it from
+any batteries to be made within the land, and the angle of the bank
+secured it from the remoter batteries on the other side, and the
+continual fire of the cannon and small shot beat the Imperialists from
+their station just against it, they having no works to cover them.
+
+And in the second place, to secure his passage he sent over about
+200 men, and after that 200 more, who had orders to cast up a large
+ravelin on the other bank, just where he designed to land his bridge.
+This was done with such expedition too, that it was finished before
+night, and in condition to receive all the shot of Tilly's great
+battery, and effectually covered his bridge. While this was doing the
+king on his side lays over his bridge. Both sides wrought hard all
+day and night, as if the spade, not the sword, had been to decide
+the controversy, and that he had got the victory whose trenches and
+batteries were first ready. In the meanwhile the cannon and musket
+bullets flew like hail, and made the service so hot that both sides
+had enough to do to make their men stand to their work. The king, in
+the hottest of it, animated his men by his presence, and Tilly, to
+give him his due, did the same; for the execution was so great, and
+so many officers killed, General Altringer wounded, and two
+sergeant-majors killed, that at last Tilly himself was obliged
+to expose himself, and to come up to the very face of our line to
+encourage his men, and give his necessary orders.
+
+And here about one o'clock, much about the time that the king's
+brigade and works were finished, and just as they said he had ordered
+to fall on upon our ravelin with 3000 foot, was the brave old
+Tilly slain with a musket ball in the thigh. He was carried off to
+Ingolstadt, and lived some days after, but died of that wound the
+same day as the king had his horse shot under him at the siege of that
+town.
+
+We made no question of passing the river here, having brought
+everything so forward, and with such extraordinary success; but we
+should have found it a very hot piece of work if Tilly had lived one
+day more, and, if I may give my opinion of it, having seen Tilly's
+battery and breastwork, in the face of which we must have passed the
+river, I must say that, whenever we had marched, if Tilly had fallen
+in with his horse and foot, placed in that trench, the whole army
+would have passed as much danger as in the face of a strong town in
+the storming a counterscarp. The king himself, when he saw with what
+judgment Tilly had prepared his works, and what danger he must have
+run, would often say that day's success was every way equal to the
+victory of Leipsic.
+
+Tilly being hurt and carried off, as if the soul of the army had been
+lost, they began to draw off. The Duke of Bavaria took horse and rid
+away as if he had fled out of battle for his life.
+
+The other generals, with a little more caution, as well as courage,
+drew off by degrees, sending their cannon and baggage away first, and
+leaving some to continue firing on the bank of the river, to conceal
+their retreat. The river preventing any intelligence, we knew nothing
+of the disaster befallen them; and the king, who looked for blows,
+having finished his bridge and ravelin, ordered to run a line with
+palisadoes to take in more ground on the bank of the river, to cover
+the first troops he should send over. This being finished the same
+night, the king sends over a party of his guards to relieve the men
+who were in the ravelin, and commanded 600 musketeers to man the new
+line out of the Scots brigade.
+
+Early in the morning a small party of Scots, commanded by one Captain
+Forbes, of my Lord Reay's regiment, were sent out to learn something
+of the enemy, the king observing they had not fired all night; and
+while this party were abroad, the army stood in battalia; and my old
+friend Sir John Hepburn, whom of all men the king most depended upon
+for any desperate service, was ordered to pass the bridge with his
+brigade, and to draw up without the line, with command to advance as
+he found the horse, who were to second him, come over.
+
+Sir John being passed without the trench, meets Captain Forbes with
+some prisoners, and the good news of the enemy's retreat. He sends him
+directly to the king, who was by this time at the head of his army,
+in full battalia, ready to follow his vanguard, expecting a hot day's
+work of it. Sir John sends messenger after messenger to the king,
+entreating him to give him orders to advance; but the king would not
+suffer him, for he was ever upon his guard, and would not venture a
+surprise; so the army continued on this side the Lech all day and the
+next night. In the morning the king sent for me, and ordered me to
+draw out 300 horse, and a colonel with 600 horse, and a colonel with
+800 dragoons, and ordered us to enter the wood by three ways, but
+so as to be able to relieve one another; and then ordered Sir John
+Hepburn with his brigade to advance to the edge of the wood to secure
+our retreat, and at the same time commanded another brigade of foot to
+pass the bridge, if need were, to second Sir John Hepburn, so warily
+did this prudent general proceed.
+
+We advanced with our horse into the Bavarian camp, which we found
+forsaken. The plunder of it was inconsiderable, for the exceeding
+caution the king had used gave them time to carry off all their
+baggage. We followed them three or four miles, and returned to our
+camp.
+
+I confess I was most diverted that day with viewing the works which
+Tilly had cast up, and must own again that had he not been taken off
+we had met with as desperate a piece of work as ever was attempted.
+The next day the rest of the cavalry came up to us, commanded by
+Gustavus Horn, and the king and the whole army followed. We advanced
+through the heart of Bavaria, took Rain at the first summons, and
+several other small towns, and sat down before Augsburg.
+
+Augsburg, though a Protestant city, had a Popish Bavarian garrison
+in it of above 5000 men, commanded by a Fugger, a great family in
+Bavaria. The governor had posted several little parties as out-scouts
+at the distance of two miles and a half or three miles from the town.
+The king, at his coming up to this town, sends me with my little troop
+and three companies of dragoons to beat in these out-scouts. The first
+party I lighted on was not above sixteen men, who had made a small
+barricado across the road, and stood resolutely upon their guard. I
+commanded the dragoons to alight and open the barricado, which, while
+they resolutely performed, the sixteen men gave them two volleys of
+their muskets, and through the enclosures made their retreat to a
+turnpike about a quarter of a mile farther. We passed their first
+traverse, and coming up to the turnpike, I found it defended by 200
+musketeers. I prepared to attack them, sending word to the king how
+strong the enemy was, and desired some foot to be sent me. My dragoons
+fell on, and though the enemy made a very hot fire, had beat them from
+this post before 200 foot, which the king had sent me, had come
+up. Being joined with the foot, I followed the enemy, who retreated
+fighting, till they came under the cannon of a strong redoubt, where
+they drew up, and I could see another body of foot of about 300 join
+them out of the works; upon which I halted, and considering I was in
+view of the town, and a great way from the army, I faced about and
+began to march off. As we marched I found the enemy followed, but
+kept at a distance, as if they only designed to observe me. I had not
+marched far, but I heard a volley of small shot, answered by two or
+three more, which I presently apprehended to be at the turnpike,
+where I had left a small guard of twenty-six men with a lieutenant.
+Immediately I detached 100 dragoons to relieve my men and secure
+my retreat, following myself as fast as the foot could march. The
+lieutenant sent me back word the post was taken by the enemy, and my
+men cut off. Upon this I doubled my pace, and when I came up I found
+it as the lieutenant said; for the post was taken and manned with 300
+musketeers and three troops of horse. By this time, also, I found the
+party in my rear made up towards me, so that I was like to be charged
+in a narrow place both in front and rear.
+
+I saw there was no remedy but with all my force to fall upon that
+party before me, and so to break through before those from the town
+could come up with me; wherefore, commanding my dragoons to alight, I
+ordered them to fall on upon the foot. Their horse were drawn up in
+an enclosed field on one side of the road, a great ditch securing the
+other side, so that they thought if I charged the foot in front they
+would fall upon my flank, while those behind would charge my rear;
+and, indeed, had the other come in time, they had cut me off. My
+dragoons made three fair charges on their foot, but were received with
+so much resolution and so brisk a fire, that they were beaten off, and
+sixteen men killed. Seeing them so rudely handled, and the horse ready
+to fall in, I relieved them with 100 musketeers, and they renewed
+the attack; at the same time, with my troop of horse, flanked on both
+wings with fifty musketeers, I faced their horse, but did not offer
+to charge them. The case grew now desperate, and the enemy behind
+were just at my heels with near 600 men. The captain who commanded the
+musketeers who flanked my horse came up to me; says he, "If we do not
+force this pass all will be lost; if you will draw out your troop and
+twenty of my foot, and fall in, I'll engage to keep off the horse with
+the rest." "With all my heart," says I.
+
+Immediately I wheeled off my troop, and a small party of the
+musketeers followed me, and fell in with the dragoons and foot, who,
+seeing the danger too as well as I, fought like madmen. The foot at
+the turnpike were not able to hinder our breaking through, so we
+made our way out, killing about 150 of them, and put the rest into
+confusion.
+
+But now was I in as great a difficulty as before how to fetch off my
+brave captain of foot, for they charged home upon him. He defended
+himself with extraordinary gallantry, having the benefit of a piece of
+a hedge to cover him, but he lost half his men, and was just upon
+the point of being defeated when the king, informed by a soldier that
+escaped from the turnpike, one of twenty-six, had sent a party of 600
+dragoons to bring me off; these came upon the spur, and joined with
+me just as I had broke through the turnpike. The enemy's foot rallied
+behind their horse, and by this time their other party was come in;
+but seeing our relief they drew off together.
+
+I lost above 100 men in these skirmishes, and killed them about 180.
+We secured the turnpike, and placed a company of foot there with 100
+dragoons, and came back well beaten to the army. The king, to prevent
+such uncertain skirmishes, advanced the next day in view of the town,
+and, according to his custom, sits down with his whole army within
+cannon-shot of their walls.
+
+The King won this great city by force of words, for by two or three
+messages and letters to and from the citizens, the town was gained,
+the garrison not daring to defend them against their wills. His
+Majesty made his public entrance into the city on the 14th of April,
+and receiving the compliments of the citizens, advanced immediately to
+Ingolstadt, which is accounted, and really is, the strongest town in
+all these parts.
+
+The town had a very strong garrison in it, and the Duke of Bavaria lay
+entrenched with his army under the walls of it, on the other side of
+the river. The king, who never loved long sieges, having viewed the
+town, and brought his army within musket-shot of it, called a council
+of war, where it was the king's opinion, in short, that the town would
+lose him more than 'twas worth, and therefore he resolved to raise his
+siege.
+
+Here the king going to view the town had his horse shot with a
+cannon-bullet from the works, which tumbled the king and his horse
+over one another, that everybody thought he had been killed; but he
+received no hurt at all. That very minute, as near as could be learnt,
+General Tilly died in the town of the shot he received on the bank of
+the Lech, as aforesaid.
+
+I was not in the camp when the king was hurt, for the king had sent
+almost all the horse and dragoons, under Gustavus Horn, to face the
+Duke of Bavaria's camp, and after that to plunder the country; which
+truly was a work the soldiers were very glad of, for it was very
+seldom they had that liberty given them, and they made very good use
+of it when it was, for the country of Bavaria was rich and plentiful,
+having seen no enemy before during the whole war.
+
+The army having left the siege of Ingolstadt, proceeds to take in the
+rest of Bavaria. Sir John Hepburn, with three brigades of foot, and
+Gustavus Horn, with 3000 horse and dragoons, went to the Landshut, and
+took it the same day. The garrison was all horse, and gave us several
+camisadoes at our approach, in one of which I lost two of my
+troops, but when we had beat them into close quarters they presently
+capitulated. The general got a great sum of money of the town, besides
+a great many presents to the officers. And from thence the king
+went on to Munich, the Duke of Bavaria's court. Some of the general
+officers would fain have had the plundering of the duke's palace, but
+the king was too generous. The city paid him 400,000 dollars; and the
+duke's magazine was there seized, in which was 140 pieces of cannon,
+and small arms for above 20,000 men. The great chamber of the duke's
+rarities was preserved, by the king's special order, with a great deal
+of care. I expected to have stayed here some time, and to have taken
+a very exact account of this curious laboratory; but being commanded
+away, I had no time, and the fate of the war never gave me opportunity
+to see it again.
+
+The Imperialists, under the command of Commissary Osta, had
+besieged Biberach, an Imperial city not very well fortified; and the
+inhabitants being under the Swedes' protection, defended themselves
+as well as they could, but were in great danger, and sent several
+expresses to the king for help.
+
+The king immediately detaches a strong body of horse and foot to
+relieve Biberach, and would be the commander himself. I marched among
+the horse, but the Imperialists saved us the labour; for the news
+of the king's coming frighted away Osta, that he left Biberach,
+and hardly looked behind him till he got up to the Bodensee, on the
+confines of Switzerland.
+
+At our return from this expedition the king had the first news of
+Wallenstein's approach, who, on the death of Count Tilly, being
+declared generalissimo of the emperor's forces, had played the tyrant
+in Bohemia, and was now advancing with 60,000 men, as they reported,
+to relieve the Duke of Bavaria.
+
+The king, therefore, in order to be in a posture to receive this great
+general, resolves to quit Bavaria, and to expect him on the frontiers
+of Franconia. And because he knew the Nurembergers for their kindness
+to him would be the first sacrifice, he resolved to defend that city
+against him whatever it cost.
+
+Nevertheless he did not leave Bavaria without a defence; but, on the
+one hand, he left Sir John Baner with 10,000 men about Augsburg, and
+the Duke of Saxe-Weimar with another like army about Ulm and Meningen,
+with orders so to direct their march as that they might join him upon
+any occasion in a few days.
+
+We encamped about Nuremberg the middle of June. The army, after so
+many detachments, was not above 19,000 men. The Imperial army, joined
+with the Bavarian, were not so numerous as was reported, but were
+really 60,000 men. The king, not strong enough to fight, yet, as he
+used to say, was strong enough not to be forced to fight, formed his
+camp so under the cannon of Nuremberg that there was no besieging the
+town but they must besiege him too; and he fortified his camp in so
+formidable a manner that Wallenstein never durst attack him. On the
+30th of June Wallenstein's troops appeared, and on the 5th of July
+encamped close by the king, and posted themselves not on the Bavarian
+side, but between the king and his own friends of Schwaben and
+Frankenland, in order to intercept his provisions, and, as they
+thought, to starve him out of his camp.
+
+Here they lay to see, as it were, who could subsist longest. The king
+was strong in horse, for we had full 8000 horse and dragoons in the
+army, and this gave us great advantage in the several skirmishes we
+had with the enemy. The enemy had possession of the whole country, and
+had taken effectual care to furnish their army with provisions; they
+placed their guards in such excellent order, to secure their convoys,
+that their waggons went from stage to stage as quiet as in a time of
+peace, and were relieved every five miles by parties constantly
+posted on the road. And thus the Imperial general sat down by us, not
+doubting but he should force the king either to fight his way through
+on very disadvantageous terms, or to rise for want of provisions, and
+leave the city of Nuremberg a prey to his army; for he had vowed the
+destruction of the city, and to make it a second Magdeburg.
+
+But the king, who was not to be easily deceived, had countermined all
+Wallenstein's designs. He had passed his honour to the Nurembergers
+that he would not leave them, and they had undertaken to victual his
+army, and secure him from want, which they did so effectually, that
+he had no occasion to expose his troops to any hazard or fatigues for
+convoys or forage on any account whatever.
+
+The city of Nuremberg is a very rich and populous city, and the king
+being very sensible of their danger, had given his word for their
+defence. And when they, being terrified at the threats of the
+Imperialists, sent their deputies to beseech the king to take care of
+them, he sent them word he would, and be besieged with them. They, on
+the other hand, laid in such stores of all sorts of provision, both
+for men and horse, that had Wallenstein lain before it six months
+longer, there would have been no scarcity. Every private house was
+a magazine, the camp was plentifully supplied with all manner of
+provisions, and the market always full, and as cheap as in times of
+peace. The magistrates were so careful, and preserved so excellent an
+order in the disposal of all sorts of provision, that no engrossing of
+corn could be practised, for the prices were every day directed at the
+town-house; and if any man offered to demand more money for corn than
+the stated price, he could not sell, because at the town store-house
+you might buy cheaper. Here are two instances of good and bad conduct:
+the city of Magdeburg had been entreated by the king to settle funds,
+and raise money for their provision and security, and to have a
+sufficient garrison to defend them, but they made difficulties, either
+to raise men for themselves, or to admit the king's troops to assist
+them, for fear of the charge of maintaining them; and this was the
+cause of the city's ruin.
+
+The city of Nuremberg opened their arms to receive the assistance
+proffered by the Swedes, and their purses to defend their town
+and common cause; and this was the saving them absolutely from
+destruction. The rich burghers and magistrates kept open houses, where
+the officers of the army were always welcome; and the council of the
+city took such care of the poor that there was no complaining nor
+disorders in the whole city. There is no doubt but it cost the city
+a great deal of money; but I never saw a public charge borne with so
+much cheerfulness, nor managed with so much prudence and conduct in my
+life. The city fed above 50,000 mouths every day, including their own
+poor, besides themselves; and yet when the king had lain thus three
+months, and finding his armies longer in coming up than he expected,
+asked the burgrave how their magazines held out, he answered, they
+desired his Majesty not to hasten things for them, for they could
+maintain themselves and him twelve months longer if there was
+occasion. This plenty kept both the army and city in good health, as
+well as in good heart; whereas nothing was to be had of us but blows,
+for we fetched nothing from without our works, nor had no business
+without the line but to interrupt the enemy.
+
+The manner of the king's encampment deserves a particular chapter.
+He was a complete surveyor and a master in fortification, not to be
+outdone by anybody. He had posted his army in the suburbs of the town,
+and drawn lines round the whole circumference, so that he begirt
+the whole city with his army. His works were large, the ditch deep,
+flanked with innumerable bastions, ravelins, horn-works, forts,
+redoubts, batteries, and palisadoes, the incessant work of 8000 men
+for about fourteen days; besides that, the king was adding something
+or other to it every day, and the very posture of his camp was
+enough to tell a bigger army than Wallenstein's that he was not to be
+assaulted in his trenches.
+
+The king's design appeared chiefly to be the preservation of the
+city; but that was not all. He had three armies acting abroad in
+three several places. Gustavus Horn was on the Moselle, the chancellor
+Oxenstiern about Mentz, Cologne, and the Rhine, Duke William and
+Duke Bernhard, together with General Baner, in Bavaria. And though he
+designed they should all join him, and had wrote to them all to that
+purpose, yet he did not hasten them, knowing that while he kept the
+main army at bay about Nuremberg, they would, without opposition,
+reduce those several countries they were acting in to his power. This
+occasioned his lying longer in the camp at Nuremberg than he would
+have done, and this occasioned his giving the Imperialists so many
+alarms by his strong parties of horse, of which he was well provided,
+that they might not be able to make any considerable detachments for
+the relief of their friends. And here he showed his mastership in the
+war, for by this means his conquests went on as effectually as if he
+had been abroad himself.
+
+In the meantime it was not to be expected two such armies should lie
+long so near without some action. The Imperial army, being masters
+of the field, laid the country for twenty miles round Nuremberg in a
+manner desolate. What the inhabitants could carry away had been before
+secured in such strong towns as had garrisons to protect them,
+and what was left the hungry Crabats devoured or set on fire; but
+sometimes they were met with by our men, who often paid them home for
+it. There had passed several small rencounters between our parties
+and theirs; and as it falls out in such cases, sometimes one side,
+sometimes the other, got the better. But I have observed there never
+was any party sent out by the king's special appointment but always
+came home with victory.
+
+The first considerable attempt, as I remember, was made on a convoy of
+ammunition. The party sent out was commanded by a Saxon colonel, and
+consisted of 1000 horse and 500 dragoons, who burnt above 600 waggons
+loaded with ammunition and stores for the army, besides taking about
+2000 muskets, which they brought back to the army.
+
+The latter end of July the king received advice that the Imperialists
+had formed a magazine for provision at a town called Freynstat, twenty
+miles from Nuremberg. Hither all the booty and contributions raised in
+the Upper Palatinate, and parts adjacent, was brought and laid up as
+in a place of security, a garrison of 600 men being placed to defend
+it; and when a quantity of provisions was got together, convoys were
+appointed to fetch it off.
+
+The king was resolved, if possible, to take or destroy this magazine;
+and sending for Colonel Dubalt, a Swede, and a man of extraordinary
+conduct, he tells him his design, and withal that he must be the man
+to put it in execution, and ordered him to take what forces he thought
+convenient. The colonel, who knew the town very well, and the country
+about it, told his Majesty he would attempt it with all his heart; but
+he was afraid 'twould require some foot to make the attack. "But we
+can't stay for that," says the king; "you must then take some dragoons
+with you;" and immediately the king called for me. I was just coming
+up the stairs as the king's page was come out to inquire for me, so
+I went immediately in to the king. "Here is a piece of hot work
+for you," says the king, "Dubalt will tell it you; go together and
+contrive it."
+
+We immediately withdrew, and the colonel told me the design, and what
+the king and he had discoursed; that, in his opinion, foot would be
+wanted: but the king had declared there was no time for the foot to
+march, and had proposed dragoons. I told him, I thought dragoons might
+do as well; so we agreed to take 1600 horse and 400 dragoons. The
+king, impatient in his design, came into the room to us to know what
+we had resolved on, approved our measures, gave us orders immediately;
+and, turning to me, "You shall command the dragoons," says the king,
+"but Dubalt must be general in this case, for he knows the country."
+"Your Majesty," said I, "shall be always served by me in any figure
+you please." The king wished us good speed, and hurried us away the
+same afternoon, in order to come to the place in time. We marched
+slowly on because of the carriages we had with us, and came to
+Freynstat about one o'clock in the night perfectly undiscovered. The
+guards were so negligent, that we came to the very port before they
+had notice of us, and a sergeant with twelve dragoons thrust in upon
+the out-sentinels, and killed them without noise.
+
+Immediately ladders were placed to the half-moon which defended
+the gate, which the dragoons mounted and carried in a trice, about
+twenty-eight men being cut in pieces within. As soon as the ravelin
+was taken, they burst open the gate, at which I entered at the head of
+200 dragoons, and seized the drawbridge. By this time the town was
+in alarm, and the drums beat to arms, but it was too late, for by the
+help of a petard we broke open the gate, and entered the town. The
+garrison made an obstinate fight for about half-an-hour, but our
+men being all in, and three troops of horse dismounted coming to our
+assistance with their carabines, the town was entirely mastered by
+three of the clock, and guards set to prevent anybody running to give
+notice to the enemy. There were about 200 of the garrison killed, and
+the rest taken prisoners. The town being thus secured, the gates were
+opened, and Colonel Dubalt came in with the horse.
+
+The guards being set, we entered the magazine, where we found an
+incredible quantity of all sorts of provision. There was 150 tons of
+bread, 8000 sacks of meal, 4000 sacks of oats, and of other provisions
+in proportion. We caused as much of it as could be loaded to be
+brought away in such waggons and carriages as we found, and set the
+rest on fire, town and all. We stayed by it till we saw it past a
+possibility of being saved, and then drew off with 800 waggons, which
+we found in the place, most of which we loaded with bread, meal, and
+oats. While we were doing this we sent a party of dragoons into the
+fields, who met us again as we came out, with above 1000 head of black
+cattle, besides sheep.
+
+Our next care was to bring this booty home without meeting with the
+enemy, to secure which, the colonel immediately despatched an
+express to the king, to let him know of our success, and to desire a
+detachment might be made to secure our retreat, being charged with so
+much plunder.
+
+And it was no more than need; for though we had used all the diligence
+possible to prevent any notice, yet somebody, more forward than
+ordinary, had escaped away, and carried news of it to the Imperial
+army. The general, upon this bad news, detaches Major-General Sparr
+with a body of 6000 men to cut off our retreat. The king, who had
+notice of this detachment, marches out in person with 3000 men to wait
+upon General Sparr. All this was the account of one day. The king met
+General Sparr at the moment when his troops were divided, fell upon
+them, routed one part of them, and the rest in a few hours after,
+killed them 1000 men, and took the general prisoner.
+
+In the interval of this action we came safe to the camp with our
+booty, which was very considerable, and would have supplied our whole
+army for a month. Thus we feasted at the enemy's cost, and beat them
+into the bargain.
+
+The king gave all the live cattle to the Nurembergers, who, though
+they had really no want of provisions, yet fresh meat was not so
+plentiful as such provisions which were stored up in vessels and laid
+by.
+
+After this skirmish we had the country more at command than before,
+and daily fetched in fresh provisions and forage in the fields.
+
+The two armies had now lain a long time in sight of one another,
+and daily skirmishes had considerably weakened them; and the king,
+beginning to be impatient, hastened the advancement of his friends
+to join him, in which also they were not backward; but having
+drawn together their forces from several parts, and all joined the
+chancellor Oxenstiern, news came, the 15th of August, that they were
+in full march to join us; and being come to a small town called Brock,
+the king went out of the camp with about 1000 horse to view them. I
+went along with the horse, and the 21st of August saw the review
+of all the armies together, which were 30,000 men, in extraordinary
+equipage, old soldiers, and commanded by officers of the greatest
+conduct and experience in the world. There was the rich chancellor of
+Sweden, who commanded as general; Gustavus Horn and John Baner, both
+Swedes and old generals; Duke William and Duke Bernhard of Weimar; the
+Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, the Palatine of Birkenfelt, and abundance
+of princes and lords of the empire.
+
+The armies being joined, the king, who was now a match for
+Wallenstein, quits his camp and draws up in battalia before the
+Imperial trenches: but the scene was changed. Wallenstein was no more
+able to fight now than the king was before; but, keeping within his
+trenches, stood upon his guard. The king coming up close to his
+works, plants batteries, and cannonaded him in his very camp. The
+Imperialists, finding the king press upon them, retreat into a woody
+country about three leagues, and, taking possession of an old ruined
+castle, posted their army behind it.
+
+This old castle they fortified, and placed a very strong guard there.
+The king, having viewed the place, though it was a very strong post,
+resolved to attack it with the whole right wing. The attack was made
+with a great deal of order and resolution, the king leading the first
+party on with sword in hand, and the fight was maintained on both
+sides with the utmost gallantry and obstinacy all the day and the next
+night too, for the cannon and musket never gave over till the morning;
+but the Imperialists having the advantage of the hill, of their works
+and batteries, and being continually relieved, and the Swedes naked,
+without cannon or works, the post was maintained, and the king,
+finding it would cost him too much blood, drew off in the morning.
+
+This was the famous fight at Altemberg, where the Imperialists boasted
+to have shown the world the King of Sweden was not invincible. They
+call it the victory at Altemberg; 'tis true the king failed in his
+attempt of carrying their works, but there was so little of a victory
+in it, that the Imperial general thought fit not to venture a second
+brush, but to draw off their army as soon as they could to a safer
+quarter.
+
+I had no share in this attack, very few of the horse being in the
+action, but my comrade, who was always among the Scots volunteers, was
+wounded and taken prisoner by the enemy. They used him very civilly,
+and the king and Wallenstein straining courtesies with one another,
+the king released Major-General Sparr without ransom, and the Imperial
+general sent home Colonel Tortenson, a Swede, and sixteen volunteer
+gentlemen, who were taken in the heat of the action, among whom my
+captain was one.
+
+The king lay fourteen days facing the Imperial army, and using all
+the stratagems possible to bring them to a battle, but to no purpose,
+during which time we had parties continually out, and very often
+skirmishes with the enemy.
+
+I had a command of one of these parties in an adventure, wherein I got
+no booty, nor much honour. The King had received advice of a convoy
+of provisions which was to come to the enemy's camp from the Upper
+Palatinate, and having a great mind to surprise them, he commanded
+us to waylay them with 1200 horse, and 800 dragoons. I had exact
+directions given me of the way they were to come, and posting my horse
+in a village a little out of the road, I lay with my dragoons in a
+wood, by which they were to pass by break of day. The enemy appeared
+with their convoy, and being very wary, their out-scouts discovered us
+in the wood, and fired upon the sentinel I had posted in a tree at
+the entrance of the wood. Finding myself discovered, I would have
+retreated to the village where my horse were posted, but in a moment
+the wood was skirted with the enemy's horse, and 1000 commanded
+musketeers advanced to beat me out. In this pickle I sent away three
+messengers one after another for the horse, who were within two miles
+of me, to advance to my relief; but all my messengers fell into the
+enemy's hands. Four hundred of my dragoons on foot, whom I had placed
+at a little distance before me, stood to their work, and beat off two
+charges of the enemy's foot with some loss on both sides. Meantime 200
+of my men faced about, and rushing out of the wood, broke through
+a party of the enemy's horse, who stood to watch our coming out. I
+confess I was exceedingly surprised at it, thinking those fellows had
+done it to make their escape, or else were gone over to the enemy; and
+my men were so discouraged at it, that they began to look about
+which way to run to save themselves, and were just upon the point of
+disbanding to shift for themselves, when one of the captains called
+to me aloud to beat a parley and treat. I made no answer, but, as if
+I had not heard him, immediately gave the word for all the captains to
+come together. The consultation was but short, for the musketeers were
+advancing to a third charge, with numbers which we were not likely to
+deal with. In short, we resolved to beat a parley, and demand quarter,
+for that was all we could expect, when on a sudden the body of horse
+I had posted in the village, being directed by the noise, had advanced
+to relieve me, if they saw occasion, and had met the 200 dragoons,
+who guided them directly to the spot where they had broke through, and
+altogether fell upon the horse of the enemy, who were posted on that
+side, and, mastering them before they could be relieved, cut them all
+to pieces and brought me off. Under the shelter of this party, we made
+good our retreat to the village, but we lost above 300 men, and were
+glad to make off from the village too, for the enemy were very much
+too strong for us.
+
+Returning thence towards the camp, we fell foul with 200 Crabats, who
+had been upon the plundering account. We made ourselves some amends
+upon them for our former loss, for we showed them no mercy; but our
+misfortunes were not ended, for we had but just despatched those
+Crabats when we fell in with 3000 Imperial horse, who, on the
+expectation of the aforesaid convoy, were sent out to secure them.
+All I could do could not persuade my men to stand their ground against
+this party; so that finding they would run away in confusion, I agreed
+to make off, and facing to the right, we went over a large common
+a full trot, till at last fear, which always increases in a flight,
+brought us to a plain flight, the enemy at our heels. I must confess
+I was never so mortified in my life; 'twas to no purpose to turn head,
+no man would stand by us; we run for life, and a great many we left by
+the way who were either wounded by the enemy's shot, or else could not
+keep race with us.
+
+At last, having got over the common, which was near two miles, we came
+to a lane; one of our captains, a Saxon by country, and a gentleman of
+a good fortune, alighted at the entrance of the lane, and with a bold
+heart faced about, shot his own horse, and called his men to stand by
+him and defend the lane. Some of his men halted, and we rallied about
+600 men, which we posted as well as we could, to defend the pass;
+but the enemy charged us with great fury. The Saxon gentleman, after
+defending himself with exceeding gallantry, and refusing quarter, was
+killed upon the spot. A German dragoon, as I thought him, gave me a
+rude blow with the stock of his piece on the side of my head, and was
+just going to repeat it, when one of my men shot him dead. I was so
+stunned with the blow, that I knew nothing; but recovering, I found
+myself in the hands of two of the enemy's officers, who offered me
+quarter, which I accepted; and indeed, to give them their due, they
+used me very civilly. Thus this whole party was defeated, and not
+above 500 men got safe to the army; nor had half the number escaped,
+had not the Saxon captain made so bold a stand at the head of the
+lane.
+
+Several other parties of the king's army revenged our quarrel, and
+paid them home for it; but I had a particular loss in this defeat,
+that I never saw the king after; for though his Majesty sent a trumpet
+to reclaim us as prisoners the very next day, yet I was not delivered,
+some scruple happening about exchanging, till after the battle of
+Luetzen, where that gallant prince lost his life.
+
+The Imperial army rose from their camp about eight or ten days after
+the king had removed, and I was carried prisoner in the army till they
+sat down to the siege of Coburg Castle, and then was left with other
+prisoners of war, in the custody of Colonel Spezuter, in a small
+castle near the camp called Neustadt. Here we continued indifferent
+well treated, but could learn nothing of what action the armies were
+upon, till the Duke of Friedland, having been beaten off from the
+castle of Coburg, marched into Saxony, and the prisoners were sent for
+into the camp, as was said, in order to be exchanged.
+
+I came into the Imperial leaguer at the siege of Leipsic, and within
+three days after my coming, the city was surrendered, and I got
+liberty to lodge at my old quarters in the town upon my parole.
+
+The King of Sweden was at the heels of the Imperialists, for finding
+Wallenstein resolved to ruin the Elector of Saxony, the king had
+re-collected as much of his divided army as he could, and came upon
+him just as he was going to besiege Torgau.
+
+As it is not my design to write a history of any more of these wars
+than I was actually concerned in, so I shall only note that, upon
+the king's approach, Wallenstein halted, and likewise called all his
+troops together, for he apprehended the king would fall on him, and
+we that were prisoners fancied the Imperial soldiers went unwillingly
+out, for the very name of the King of Sweden was become terrible to
+them. In short, they drew all the soldiers of the garrison they could
+spare out of Leipsic; sent for Pappenheim again, who was gone but
+three days before with 6000 men on a private expedition. On the 16th
+of November, the armies met on the plains of Luetzen; a long and bloody
+battle was fought, the Imperialists were entirely routed and beaten,
+12,000 slain upon the spot, their cannon, baggage, and 2000 prisoners
+taken, but the King of Sweden lost his life, being killed at the head
+of his troops in the beginning of the fight.
+
+It is impossible to describe the consternation the death of this
+conquering king struck into all the princes of Germany; the grief
+for him exceeded all manner of human sorrow. All people looked upon
+themselves as ruined and swallowed up; the inhabitants of two-thirds
+of all Germany put themselves into mourning for him; when the
+ministers mentioned him in their sermons or prayers, whole
+congregations would burst out into tears. The Elector of Saxony was
+utterly inconsolable, and would for several days walk about his palace
+like a distracted man, crying the saviour of Germany was lost, the
+refuge of abused princes was gone, the soul of the war was dead; and
+from that hour was so hopeless of out-living the war, that he sought
+to make peace with the emperor.
+
+Three days after this mournful victory, the Saxons recovered the town
+of Leipsic by stratagem. The Duke of Saxony's forces lay at Torgau,
+and perceiving the confusion the Imperialists were in at the news of
+the overthrow of their army, they resolved to attempt the recovery of
+the town. They sent about twenty scattering troopers, who, pretending
+themselves to be Imperialists fled from the battle, were let in one by
+one, and still as they came in, they stayed at the court of guard in
+the port, entertaining the soldiers with discourse about the fight,
+and how they escaped, and the like, till the whole number being got
+in, at a watchword they fell on the guard, and cut them all in pieces;
+and immediately opening the gate to three troops of Saxon horse, the
+town was taken in a moment.
+
+It was a welcome surprise to me, for I was at liberty of course; and
+the war being now on another foot, as I thought, and the king dead, I
+resolved to quit the service.
+
+I had sent my man, as I have already noted, into England, in order to
+bring over the troops my father had raised for the King of Sweden. He
+executed his commission so well, that he landed with five troops at
+Embden in very good condition; and orders were sent them by the king,
+to join the Duke of Lunenberg's army, which they did at the siege of
+Boxtude, in the Lower Saxony. Here by long and very sharp service
+they were most of them cut off, and though they were several times
+recruited, yet I understood there were not three full troops left.
+
+The Duke of Saxe-Weimar, a gentleman of great courage, had the command
+of the army after the king's death, and managed it with so much
+prudence, that all things were in as much order as could be expected,
+after so great a loss; for the Imperialists were everywhere beaten,
+and Wallenstein never made any advantage of the king's death.
+
+I waited on him at Heilbronn, whither he was gone to meet the great
+chancellor of Sweden, where I paid him my respects, and desired he
+would bestow the remainder of my regiment on my comrade the captain,
+which he did with all the civility and readiness imaginable. So I took
+my leave of him, and prepared to come for England.
+
+I shall only note this, that at this Diet, the Protestant princes of
+the empire renewed their league with one another, and with the crown
+of Sweden, and came to several regulations and conclusions for the
+carrying on the war, which they afterwards prosecuted, under the
+direction of the said chancellor of Sweden. But it was not the work of
+a small difficulty nor of a short time. And having been persuaded
+to continue almost two years afterwards at Frankfort, Heilbronn, and
+there-about, by the particular friendship of that noble wise man, and
+extraordinary statesman, Axeli Oxenstiern, chancellor of Sweden, I had
+opportunity to be concerned in, and present at, several treaties of
+extraordinary consequence, sufficient for a history, if that were my
+design.
+
+Particularly I had the happiness to be present at, and have some
+concern in, the treaty for the restoring the posterity of the truly
+noble Palsgrave, King of Bohemia. King James of England had indeed too
+much neglected the whole family; and I may say with authority enough,
+from my own knowledge of affairs, had nothing been done for them but
+what was from England, that family had remained desolate and forsaken
+to this day.
+
+But that glorious king, whom I can never mention without some remark
+of his extraordinary merit, had left particular instructions with his
+chancellor to rescue the Palatinate to its rightful lord, as a proof
+of his design to restore the liberty of Germany, and reinstate the
+oppressed princes who were subjected to the tyranny of the house of
+Austria.
+
+Pursuant to this resolution, the chancellor proceeded very much like
+a man of honour; and though the King of Bohemia was dead a little
+before, yet he carefully managed the treaty, answered the objections
+of several princes, who, in the general ruin of the family, had
+reaped private advantages, settled the capitulations for the quota of
+contributions very much for their advantage, and fully reinstalled
+the Prince Charles in the possession of all his dominions in the Lower
+Palatinate, which afterwards was confirmed to him and his posterity by
+the peace of Westphalia, where all these bloody wars were finished
+in a peace, which has since been the foundation of the Protestants'
+liberty, and the best security of the whole empire.
+
+I spent two years rather in wandering up and down than travelling;
+for though I had no mind to serve, yet I could not find in my heart to
+leave Germany; and I had obtained some so very close intimacies with
+the general officers that I was often in the army, and sometimes they
+did me the honour to bring me into their councils of war.
+
+Particularly, at that eminent council before the battle of Noerdlingen,
+I was invited to the council of war, both by Duke Bernhard of Weimar
+and by Gustavus Horn. They were generals of equal worth, and their
+courage and experience had been so well, and so often tried, that more
+than ordinary regard was always given to what they said. Duke Bernhard
+was indeed the younger man, and Gustavus had served longer under our
+great schoolmaster the king; but it was hard to judge which was the
+better general, since both had experience enough, and shown undeniable
+proofs both of their bravery and conduct.
+
+I am obliged, in the course of my relation, so often to mention the
+great respect I often received from these great men, that it makes me
+sometimes jealous, lest the reader may think I affect it as a vanity.
+The truth is, that I am ready to confess, the honours I received, upon
+all occasions, from persons of such worth, and who had such an eminent
+share in the greatest action of that age, very much pleased me, and
+particularly, as they gave me occasions to see everything that was
+doing on the whole stage of the war. For being under no command,
+but at liberty to rove about, I could come to no Swedish garrison or
+party, but, sending my name to the commanding officer, I could have
+the word sent me; and if I came into the army, I was often treated as
+I was now at this famous battle of Noerdlingen.
+
+But I cannot but say, that I always looked upon this particular
+respect to be the effect of more than ordinary regard the great king
+of Sweden always showed me, rather than any merit of my own; and the
+veneration they all had for his memory, made them continue to show me
+all the marks of a suitable esteem.
+
+But to return to the council of war, the great and, indeed, the only
+question before us was, Shall we give battle to the Imperialists, or
+not? Gustavus Horn was against it, and gave, as I thought, the most
+invincible arguments against a battle that reason could imagine.
+
+First, they were weaker than the enemy by above 5000 men.
+
+Secondly, the Cardinal-Infant of Spain, who was in the Imperial army
+with 8000 men, was but there _en passant_, being going from Italy to
+Flanders, to take upon him the government of the Low Countries; and if
+he saw no prospect of immediate action, would be gone in a few days.
+
+Thirdly, they had two reinforcements, one of 5000 men, under the
+command of Colonel Cratz, and one of 7000 men, under the Rhinegrave,
+who were just at hand--the last within three days' march of them: and,
+
+Lastly, they had already saved their honour; in that they had put 600
+foot into the town of Noerdlingen, in the face of the enemy's army, and
+consequently the town might hold out some days the longer.
+
+Fate, rather than reason, certainly blinded the rest of the generals
+against such arguments as these. Duke Bernhard and almost all the
+generals were for fighting, alleging the affront it would be to the
+Swedish reputation to see their friends in the town lost before their
+faces.
+
+Gustavus Horn stood stiff to his cautious advice, and was against it,
+and I thought the Baron D'Offkirk treated him a little indecently;
+for, being very warm in the matter, he told them, that if Gustavus
+Adolphus had been governed by such cowardly counsel, he had never
+been conqueror of half Germany in two years. "No," replied old General
+Horn, very smartly, "but he had been now alive to have testified for
+me, that I was never taken by him for a coward: and yet," says he,
+"the king was never for a victory with a hazard, when he could have it
+without."
+
+I was asked my opinion, which I would have declined, being in no
+commission; but they pressed me to speak. I told them I was for
+staying at least till the Rhinegrave came up, who, at least, might, if
+expresses were sent to hasten him, be up with us in twenty-four hours.
+But Offkirk could not hold his passion, and had not he been overruled
+he would have almost quarrelled with Marshal Horn. Upon which the old
+general, not to foment him, with a great deal of mildness stood up,
+and spoke thus--
+
+"Come, Offkirk," says he, "I'll submit my opinion to you, and the
+majority of our fellow-soldiers. We will fight, but, upon my word, we
+shall have our hands full."
+
+The resolution thus taken, they attacked the Imperial army. I must
+confess the counsels of this day seemed as confused as the resolutions
+of the night.
+
+Duke Bernhard was to lead the van of the left wing, and to post
+himself upon a hill which was on the enemy's right without their
+entrenchments, so that, having secured that post, they might level
+their cannon upon the foot, who stood behind the lines, and relieved
+the town at pleasure. He marched accordingly by break of day, and
+falling with great fury upon eight regiments of foot, which were
+posted at the foot of the hill, he presently routed them, and made
+himself master of the post. Flushed with this success, he never
+regards his own concerted measures of stopping there and possessing
+what he had got, but pushes on and falls in with the main body of the
+enemy's army.
+
+While this was doing, Gustavus Horn attacks another post on the hill,
+where the Spaniards had posted and lodged themselves behind some
+works they had cast up on the side of the hill. Here they defended
+themselves with extreme obstinacy for five hours, and at last obliged
+the Swedes to give it over with loss. This extraordinary gallantry of
+the Spaniards was the saving of the Imperial army; for Duke
+Bernhard having all this while resisted the frequent charges of the
+Imperialists, and borne the weight of two-thirds of their army, was
+not able to stand any longer, but sending one messenger on the neck of
+another to Gustavus Horn for more foot, he, finding he could not carry
+his point, had given it over, and was in full march to second the
+duke. But now it was too late, for the King of Hungary seeing the
+duke's men, as it were, wavering, and having notice of Horn's wheeling
+about to second him, falls in with all his force upon his flank,
+and with his Hungarian hussars, made such a furious charge, that the
+Swedes could stand no longer.
+
+The rout of the left wing was so much the more unhappy, as it happened
+just upon Gustavus Horn's coming up; for, being pushed on with the
+enemies at their heels, they were driven upon their own friends, who,
+having no ground to open and give them way, were trodden down by their
+own runaway brethren. This brought all into the utmost confusion.
+The Imperialists cried "Victoria!" and fell into the middle of the
+infantry with a terrible slaughter.
+
+I have always observed, 'tis fatal to upbraid an old experienced
+officer with want of courage. If Gustavus Horn had not been whetted
+with the reproaches of the Baron D'Offkirk, and some of the other
+general officers, I believe it had saved the lives of a thousand men;
+for when all was thus lost, several officers advised him to make a
+retreat with such regiments as he had yet unbroken; but nothing could
+persuade him to stir a foot. But turning his flank into a front, he
+saluted the enemy, as they passed by him in pursuit of the rest,
+with such terrible volleys of small shot, as cost them the lives of
+abundance of their men.
+
+The Imperialists, eager in the pursuit, left him unbroken, till the
+Spanish brigade came up and charged him. These he bravely repulsed
+with a great slaughter, and after them a body of dragoons; till being
+laid at on every side, and most of his men killed, the brave old
+general, with all the rest who were left, were made prisoners.
+
+The Swedes had a terrible loss here, for almost all their infantry
+were killed or taken prisoners. Gustavus Horn refused quarter several
+times; and still those that attacked him were cut down by his men,
+who fought like furies, and by the example of their general, behaved
+themselves like lions. But at last, these poor remains of a body of
+the bravest men in the world were forced to submit. I have heard him
+say, he had much rather have died than been taken, but that he yielded
+in compassion to so many brave men as were about him; for none of them
+would take quarter till he gave his consent.
+
+I had the worst share in this battle that ever I had in any action of
+my life; and that was to be posted among as brave a body of horse as
+any in Germany, and yet not be able to succour our own men; but
+our foot were cut in pieces (as it were) before our faces, and the
+situation of the ground was such as we could not fall in. All that we
+were able to do, was to carry off about 2000 of the foot, who, running
+away in the rout of the left wing, rallied among our squadrons, and
+got away with us. Thus we stood till we saw all was lost, and then
+made the best retreat we could to save ourselves, several regiments
+having never charged, nor fired a shot; for the foot had so
+embarrassed themselves among the lines and works of the enemy, and in
+the vineyards and mountains, that the horse were rendered absolutely
+unserviceable.
+
+The Rhinegrave had made such expedition to join us, that he reached
+within three miles of the place of action that night, and he was a
+great safeguard for us in rallying our dispersed men, who else had
+fallen into the enemy's hands, and in checking the pursuit of the
+enemy.
+
+And indeed, had but any considerable body of the foot made an orderly
+retreat, it had been very probable they had given the enemy a brush
+that would have turned the scale of victory; for our horse being
+whole, and in a manner untouched, the enemy found such a check in the
+pursuit, that 1600 of their forwardest men following too eagerly, fell
+in with the Rhinegrave's advanced troops the next day, and were cut in
+pieces without mercy.
+
+This gave us some satisfaction for the loss, but it was but small
+compared to the ruin of that day. We lost near 8000 men upon the spot,
+and above 3000 prisoners, all our cannon and baggage, and 120 colours.
+I thought I never made so indifferent a figure in my life, and so we
+thought all; to come away, lose our infantry, our general, and our
+honour, and never fight for it. Duke Bernhard was utterly disconsolate
+for old Gustavus Horn, for he concluded him killed; he tore the hair
+from his head like a madman, and telling the Rhinegrave the story of
+the council of war, would reproach himself with not taking his advice,
+often repeating it in his passion. "Tis I," said he, "have been the
+death of the bravest general in Germany;" would call himself fool
+and boy, and such names, for not listening to the reasons of an old
+experienced soldier. But when he heard he was alive in the enemy's
+hands he was the easier, and applied himself to the recruiting his
+troops, and the like business of the war; and it was not long before
+he paid the Imperialists with interest.
+
+I returned to Frankfort-au-Main after this action, which happened the
+17th of August 1634; but the progress of the Imperialists was so great
+that there was no staying at Frankfort. The chancellor Oxenstiern
+removed to Magdeburg, Duke Bernhard and the Landgrave marched into
+Alsatia, and the Imperialists carried all before them for all the rest
+of the campaign. They took Philipsburg by surprise; they took Augsburg
+by famine, Spire and Treves by sieges, taking the Elector prisoner.
+But this success did one piece of service to the Swedes, that it
+brought the French into the war on their side, for the Elector of
+Treves was their confederate. The French gave the conduct of the war
+to Duke Bernhard. This, though the Duke of Saxony fell off, and fought
+against them, turned the scale so much in their favour, that they
+recovered their losses, and proved a terror to all Germany. The
+farther accounts of the war I refer to the histories of those times,
+which I have since read with a great deal of delight.
+
+I confess when I saw the progress of the Imperial army, after the
+battle of Noerdlingen, and the Duke of Saxony turning his arms against
+them, I thought their affairs declining; and, giving them over for
+lost, I left Frankfort, and came down the Rhine to Cologne, and from
+thence into Holland.
+
+I came to the Hague the 8th of March 1635, having spent three years
+and a half in Germany, and the greatest part of it in the Swedish
+army.
+
+I spent some time in Holland viewing the wonderful power of art,
+which I observed in the fortifications of their towns, where the very
+bastions stand on bottomless morasses, and yet are as firm as any in
+the world. There I had the opportunity of seeing the Dutch army,
+and their famous general, Prince Maurice. 'Tis true, the men behaved
+themselves well enough in action, when they were put to it, but the
+prince's way of beating his enemies without fighting, was so unlike
+the gallantry of my royal instructor, that it had no manner of relish
+with me. Our way in Germany was always to seek out the enemy and fight
+him; and, give the Imperialists their due, they were seldom hard to
+be found, but were as free of their flesh as we were. Whereas Prince
+Maurice would lie in a camp till he starved half his men, if by lying
+there he could but starve two-thirds of his enemies; so that indeed
+the war in Holland had more of fatigues and hardships in it, and ours
+had more of fighting and blows. Hasty marches, long and unwholesome
+encampments, winter parties, counter-marching, dodging and
+entrenching, were the exercises of his men, and oftentimes killed
+him more men with hunger, cold and diseases, than he could do with
+fighting. Not that it required less courage, but rather more, for
+a soldier had at any time rather die in the field _a la coup de
+mousquet_, than be starved with hunger, or frozen to death in the
+trenches.
+
+Nor do I think I lessen the reputation of that great general; for 'tis
+most certain he ruined the Spaniard more by spinning the war thus out
+in length, than he could possibly have done by a swift conquest.
+For had he, Gustavus-like, with a torrent of victory dislodged the
+Spaniard of all the twelve provinces in five years, whereas he was
+forty years a-beating them out of seven, he had left them rich and
+strong at home, and able to keep them in constant apprehensions of a
+return of his power. Whereas, by the long continuance of the war, he
+so broke the very heart of the Spanish monarchy, so absolutely and
+irrecoverably impoverished them, that they have ever since languished
+of the disease, till they are fallen from the most powerful, to be the
+most despicable nation in the world.
+
+The prodigious charge the King of Spain was at in losing the seven
+provinces, broke the very spirit of the nation; and that so much,
+that all the wealth of their Peruvian mountains have not been able to
+retrieve it; King Philip having often declared that war, besides his
+Armada for invading England, had cost him 370,000,000 of ducats, and
+4,000,000 of the best soldiers in Europe; whereof, by an unreasonable
+Spanish obstinacy, above 60,000 lost their lives before Ostend, a town
+not worth a sixth part either of the blood or money it cost in a siege
+of three years; and which at last he had never taken, but that Prince
+Maurice thought it not worth the charge of defending it any longer.
+
+However, I say, their way of fighting in Holland did not relish with
+me at all. The prince lay a long time before a little fort called
+Schenkenschanz, which the Spaniard took by surprise, and I thought he
+might have taken it much sooner. Perhaps it might be my mistake, but
+I fancied my hero, the King of Sweden, would have carried it sword in
+hand, in half the time.
+
+However it was, I did not like it; so in the latter end of the year I
+came to the Hague, and took shipping for England, where I arrived, to
+the great satisfaction of my father and all my friends.
+
+My father was then in London, and carried me to kiss the king's hand.
+His Majesty was pleased to receive me very well, and to say a great
+many very obliging things to my father upon my account.
+
+I spent my time very retired from court, for I was almost wholly in
+the country; and it being so much different from my genius, which
+hankered after a warmer sport than hunting among our Welsh mountains,
+I could not but be peeping in all the foreign accounts from Germany,
+to see who and who was together. There I could never hear of a battle,
+and the Germans being beaten, but I began to wish myself there.
+But when an account came of the progress of John Baner, the Swedish
+general in Saxony, and of the constant victories he had there over the
+Saxons, I could no longer contain myself, but told my father this life
+was very disagreeable to me; that I lost my time here, and might to
+much more advantage go into Germany, where I was sure I might make my
+fortune upon my own terms; that, as young as I was, I might have been
+a general officer by this time, if I had not laid down my commission;
+that General Baner, or the Marshal Horn, had either of them so much
+respect for me, that I was sure I might have anything of them; and
+that if he pleased to give me leave, I would go for Germany again. My
+father was very unwilling to let me go, but seeing me uneasy, told
+me that, if I was resolved, he would oblige me to stay no longer in
+England than the next spring, and I should have his consent.
+
+The winter following began to look very unpleasant upon us in England,
+and my father used often to sigh at it; and would tell me sometimes
+he was afraid we should have no need to send Englishmen to fight in
+Germany.
+
+The cloud that seemed to threaten most was from Scotland. My father,
+who had made himself master of the arguments on both sides, used to be
+often saying he feared there was some about the king who exasperated
+him too much against the Scots, and drove things too high. For my
+part, I confess I did not much trouble my head with the cause; but all
+my fear was they would not fall out, and we should have no fighting.
+I have often reflected since, that I ought to have known better, that
+had seen how the most flourishing provinces of Germany were reduced to
+the most miserable condition that ever any country in the world was,
+by the ravagings of soldiers, and the calamities of war.
+
+How much soever I was to blame, yet so it was, I had a secret joy
+at the news of the king's raising an army, and nothing could have
+withheld me from appearing in it; but my eagerness was anticipated
+by an express the king sent to my father, to know if his son was in
+England; and my father having ordered me to carry the answer myself, I
+waited upon his Majesty with the messenger. The king received me with
+his usual kindness, and asked me if I was willing to serve him against
+the Scots?
+
+I answered, I was ready to serve him against any that his Majesty
+thought fit to account his enemies, and should count it an honour to
+receive his commands. Hereupon his Majesty offered me a commission. I
+told him, I supposed there would not be much time for raising of men;
+that if his Majesty pleased I would be at the rendezvous with as many
+gentlemen as I could get together, to serve his Majesty as volunteers.
+
+The truth is, I found all the regiments of horse the king designed to
+raise were but two as regiments; the rest of the horse were such as
+the nobility raised in their several countries, and commanded them
+themselves; and, as I had commanded a regiment of horse abroad, it
+looked a little odd to serve with a single troop at home; and the king
+took the thing presently. "Indeed 'twill be a volunteer war," said the
+king, "for the Northern gentry have sent me an account of above 4000
+horse they have already." I bowed, and told his Majesty I was glad to
+hear his subjects were forward to serve him. So taking his Majesty's
+orders to be at York by the end of March, I returned to my father.
+
+My father was very glad I had not taken a commission, for I know not
+from what kind of emulation between the western and northern gentry.
+The gentlemen of our side were not very forward in the service; their
+loyalty to the king in the succeeding times made it appear it was not
+for any disaffection to his Majesty's interest or person, or to the
+cause; but this, however, made it difficult for me when I came home
+to get any gentlemen of quality to serve with me, so that I presented
+myself to his Majesty only as a volunteer, with eight gentlemen and
+about thirty-six countrymen well mounted and armed.
+
+And as it proved, these were enough, for this expedition ended in an
+accommodation with the Scots; and they not advancing so much as to
+their own borders, we never came to any action. But the armies lay
+in the counties of Northumberland and Durham, ate up the country,
+and spent the king a vast sum of money; and so this war ended, a
+pacification was made, and both sides returned.
+
+The truth is, I never saw such a despicable appearance of men in arms
+to begin a war in my life; whether it was that I had seen so many
+braver armies abroad that prejudiced me against them, or that it
+really was so; for to me they seemed little better than a rabble met
+together to devour, rather than fight for their king and country.
+There was indeed a great appearance of gentlemen, and those of
+extraordinary quality; but their garb, their equipages, and their
+mien, did not look like war; their troops were filled with footmen
+and servants, and wretchedly armed, God wot. I believe I might say,
+without vanity, one regiment of Finland horse would have made sport
+at beating them all. There were such crowds of parsons (for this was
+a Church war in particular) that the camp and court was full of them;
+and the king was so eternally besieged with clergymen of one sort or
+another, that it gave offence to the chief of the nobility.
+
+As was the appearance, so was the service. The army marched to the
+borders, and the headquarter was at Berwick-upon-Tweed; but the Scots
+never appeared, no, not so much as their scouts; whereupon the king
+called a council of war, and there it was resolved to send the Earl of
+Holland with a party of horse into Scotland, to learn some news of the
+enemy. And truly the first news he brought us was, that finding their
+army encamped about Coldingham, fifteen miles from Berwick, as soon as
+he appeared, the Scots drew out a party to charge him, upon which
+most of his men halted--I don't say run away, but 'twas next door to
+it--for they could not be persuaded to fire their pistols, and wheel
+of like soldiers, but retreated in such a disorderly and shameful
+manner, that had the enemy but had either the courage or conduct to
+have followed them, it must have certainly ended in the ruin of the
+whole party.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: Upon the breach of the match between the King of England
+and the Infanta of Spain; and particularly upon the old quarrel of the
+King of Bohemia and the Palatinate.]
+
+
+
+
+THE SECOND PART
+
+
+I confess, when I went into arms at the beginning of this war, I never
+troubled myself to examine sides: I was glad to hear the drums beat
+for soldiers, as if I had been a mere Swiss, that had not cared which
+side went up or down, so I had my pay. I went as eagerly and blindly
+about my business, as the meanest wretch that 'listed in the army; nor
+had I the least compassionate thought for the miseries of my native
+country, till after the fight at Edgehill. I had known as much, and
+perhaps more than most in the army, what it was to have an enemy
+ranging in the bowels of a kingdom; I had seen the most flourishing
+provinces of Germany reduced to perfect deserts, and the voracious
+Crabats, with inhuman barbarity, quenching the fires of the plundered
+villages with the blood of the inhabitants. Whether this had hardened
+me against the natural tenderness which I afterwards found return upon
+me, or not, I cannot tell; but I reflected upon myself afterwards with
+a great deal of trouble, for the unconcernedness of my temper at the
+approaching ruin of my native country.
+
+I was in the first army at York, as I have already noted, and, I must
+confess, had the least diversion there that ever I found in an army in
+my life. For when I was in Germany with the King of Sweden, we used
+to see the king with the general officers every morning on horseback
+viewing his men, his artillery, his horses, and always something going
+forward. Here we saw nothing but courtiers and clergymen, bishops and
+parsons, as busy as if the direction of the war had been in them. The
+king was seldom seen among us, and never without some of them always
+about him.
+
+Those few of us that had seen the wars, and would have made a short
+end of this for him, began to be very uneasy; and particularly a
+certain nobleman took the freedom to tell the king that the clergy
+would certainly ruin the expedition. The case was this: he would
+have had the king have immediately marched into Scotland, and put the
+matter to the trial of a battle; and he urged it every day. And the
+king finding his reasons very good, would often be of his opinion; but
+next morning he would be of another mind.
+
+This gentleman was a man of conduct enough, and of unquestioned
+courage, and afterwards lost his life for the king. He saw we had an
+army of young stout fellows numerous enough; and though they had not
+yet seen much service, he was for bringing them to action, that the
+Scots might not have time to strengthen themselves, nor they have
+time by idleness and sotting, the bane of soldiers, to make themselves
+unfit for anything.
+
+I was one morning in company with this gentleman; and as he was a warm
+man, and eager in his discourse, "A pox of these priests," says he,
+"'tis for them the king has raised this army, and put his friends to a
+vast charge; and now we are come, they won't let us fight."
+
+But I was afterwards convinced the clergy saw further into the matter
+than we did. They saw the Scots had a better army than we had--bold
+and ready, commanded by brave officers--and they foresaw that if we
+fought we should be beaten, and if beaten, they were undone. And 'twas
+very true, we had all been ruined if we had engaged.
+
+It is true when we came to the pacification which followed, I confess
+I was of the same mind the gentleman had been of; for we had better
+have fought and been beaten than have made so dishonourable a treaty
+without striking a stroke. This pacification seems to me to have laid
+the scheme of all the blood and confusion which followed in the Civil
+War. For whatever the king and his friends might pretend to do by
+talking big, the Scots saw he was to be bullied into anything, and
+that when it came to the push the courtiers never cared to bring it to
+blows.
+
+I have little or nothing to say as to action in this mock expedition.
+The king was persuaded at last to march to Berwick; and, as I have
+said already, a party of horse went out to learn news of the Scots,
+and as soon as they saw them, ran away from them bravely.
+
+This made the Scots so insolent that, whereas before they lay encamped
+behind a river, and never showed themselves, in a sort of modest
+deference to their king, which was the pretence of not being
+aggressors or invaders, only arming in their own defence, now, having
+been invaded by the English troops entering Scotland, they had what
+they wanted. And to show it was not fear that retained them before,
+but policy, now they came up in parties to our very gates, braving and
+facing us every day.
+
+I had, with more curiosity than discretion, put myself as a volunteer
+at the head of one of our parties of horse, under my Lord Holland,
+when they went out to discover the enemy; they went, they said, to see
+what the Scots were a-doing.
+
+We had not marched far, but our scouts brought word they had
+discovered some horse, but could not come up to them, because a river
+parted them. At the heels of these came another party of our men upon
+the spur to us, and said the enemy was behind, which might be true for
+aught we knew; but it was so far behind that nobody could see them,
+and yet the country was plain and open for above a mile before us.
+Hereupon we made a halt, and, indeed, I was afraid it would have been
+an odd sort of a halt, for our men began to look one upon another,
+as they do in like cases, when they are going to break; and when the
+scouts came galloping in the men were in such disorder, that had but
+one man broke away, I am satisfied they had all run for it.
+
+I found my Lord Holland did not perceive it; but after the first
+surprise was a little over I told my lord what I had observed, and
+that unless some course was immediately taken they would all run at
+the first sight of the enemy. I found he was much concerned at it, and
+began to consult what course to take to prevent it. I confess 'tis a
+hard question how to make men stand and face an enemy, when fear has
+possessed their minds with an inclination to run away. But I'll give
+that honour to the memory of that noble gentleman, who, though his
+experience in matters of war was small, having never been in much
+service, yet his courage made amends for it; for I daresay he would
+not have turned his horse from an army of enemies, nor have saved his
+life at the price of running away for it.
+
+My lord soon saw, as well as I, the fright the men were in, after I
+had given him a hint of it; and to encourage them, rode through their
+ranks and spoke cheerfully to them, and used what arguments he thought
+proper to settle their minds. I remembered a saying which I heard old
+Marshal Gustavus Horn speak in Germany, "If you find your men falter,
+or in doubt, never suffer them to halt, but keep them advancing; for
+while they are going forward, it keeps up their courage."
+
+As soon as I could get opportunity to speak to him, I gave him this
+as my opinion. "That's very well," says my lord, "but I am studying,"
+says he, "to post them so as that they can't run if they would; and if
+they stand but once to face the enemy, I don't fear them afterwards."
+
+While we were discoursing thus, word was brought that several parties
+of the enemies were seen on the farther side of the river, upon which
+my lord gave the word to march; and as we were marching on, my lord
+calls out a lieutenant who had been an old soldier, with only five
+troopers whom he had most confidence in, and having given him his
+lesson, he sends him away. In a quarter of an hour one of the
+five troopers comes back galloping and hallooing, and tells us his
+lieutenant had, with his small party, beaten a party of twenty of the
+enemy's horse over the river, and had secured the pass, and desired my
+lord would march up to him immediately.
+
+Tis a strange thing that men's spirits should be subjected to such
+sudden changes, and capable of so much alteration from shadows of
+things. They were for running before they saw the enemy, now they are
+in haste to be led on, and but that in raw men we are obliged to bear
+with anything, the disorder in both was intolerable.
+
+The story was a premeditated sham, and not a word of truth in it,
+invented to raise their spirits, and cheat them out of their cowardly
+phlegmatic apprehensions, and my lord had his end in it; for they
+were all on fire to fall on. And I am persuaded, had they been led
+immediately into a battle begun to their hands, they would have laid
+about them like furies; for there is nothing like victory to flush a
+young soldier. Thus, while the humour was high, and the fermentation
+lasted, away we marched, and, passing one of their great commons,
+which they call moors, we came to the river, as he called it, where
+our lieutenant was posted with his four men; 'twas a little brook
+fordable with ease, and, leaving a guard at the pass, we advanced to
+the top of a small ascent, from whence we had a fair view of the Scots
+army, as they lay behind another river larger than the former.
+
+Our men were posted well enough, behind a small enclosure, with a
+narrow lane in their front. And my lord had caused his dragoons to be
+placed in the front to line the hedges; and in this posture he stood
+viewing the enemy at a distance. The Scots, who had some intelligence
+of our coming, drew out three small parties, and sent them by
+different ways to observe our number; and, forming a fourth party,
+which I guessed to be about 600 horse, advanced to the top of the
+plain, and drew up to face us, but never offered to attack us.
+
+One of the small parties, making about 100 men, one third foot,
+passes upon our flank in view, but out of reach; and, as they marched,
+shouted at us, which our men, better pleased with that work than with
+fighting, readily enough answered, and would fain have fired at them
+for the pleasure of making a noise, for they were too far off to hit
+them.
+
+I observed that these parties had always some foot with them; and yet
+if the horse galloped, or pushed on ever so forward, the foot were as
+forward as they, which was an extraordinary advantage.
+
+Gustavus Adolphus, that king of soldiers, was the first that I have
+ever observed found the advantage of mixing small bodies of musketeers
+among his horse; and, had he had such nimble strong fellows as these,
+he would have prized them above all the rest of his men. These were
+those they call Highlanders. They would run on foot with their arms
+and all their accoutrements, and keep very good order too, and yet
+keep pace with the horse, let them go at what rate they would. When I
+saw the foot thus interlined among the horse, together with the way of
+ordering their flying parties, it presently occurred to my mind that
+here was some of our old Scots come home out of Germany that had the
+ordering of matters, and if so, I knew we were not a match for them.
+
+Thus we stood facing the enemy till our scouts brought us word the
+whole Scots army was in motion, and in full march to attack us; and,
+though it was not true, and the fear of our men doubled every object,
+yet 'twas thought convenient to make our retreat. The whole matter was
+that the scouts having informed them what they could of our strength,
+the 600 were ordered to march towards us, and three regiments of foot
+were drawn out to support the horse.
+
+I know not whether they would have ventured to attack us, at least
+before their foot had come up; but whether they would have put it to
+the hazard or no, we were resolved not to hazard the trial, so we
+drew down to the pass. And, as retreating looks something like running
+away, especially when an enemy is at hand, our men had much ado to
+make their retreat pass for a march, and not a flight; and, by their
+often looking behind them, anybody might know what they would have
+done if they had been pressed.
+
+I confess, I was heartily ashamed when the Scots, coming up to the
+place where we had been posted, stood and shouted at us. I would have
+persuaded my lord to have charged them, and he would have done it with
+all his heart, but he saw it was not practicable; so we stood at gaze
+with them above two hours, by which time their foot were come up to
+them, and yet they did not offer to attack us. I never was so ashamed
+of myself in my life; we were all dispirited. The Scots gentlemen
+would come out single, within shot of our post, which in a time of war
+is always accounted a challenge to any single gentleman, to come out
+and exchange a pistol with them, and nobody would stir; at last our
+old lieutenant rides out to meet a Scotchman that came pickeering on
+his quarter. This lieutenant was a brave and a strong fellow, had been
+a soldier in the Low Countries; and though he was not of any quality,
+only a mere soldier, had his preferment for his conduct. He gallops
+bravely up to his adversary, and exchanging their pistols, the
+lieutenant's horse happened to be killed. The Scotchman very
+generously dismounts, and engages him with his sword, and fairly
+masters him, and carries him away prisoner; and I think this horse was
+all the blood was shed in that war.
+
+The lieutenant's name thus conquered was English, and as he was a very
+stout old soldier, the disgrace of it broke his heart. The Scotchman,
+indeed, used him very generously; for he treated him in the camp very
+courteously, gave him another horse, and set him at liberty, gratis.
+But the man laid it so to heart, that he never would appear in the
+army, but went home to his own country and died.
+
+I had enough of party-making, and was quite sick with indignation at
+the cowardice of the men; and my lord was in as great a fret as I, but
+there was no remedy. We durst not go about to retreat, for we should
+have been in such confusion that the enemy must have discovered it; so
+my lord resolved to keep the post, if possible, and send to the king
+for some foot. Then were our men ready to fight with one another who
+should be the messenger; and at last when a lieutenant with twenty
+dragoons was despatched, he told us afterwards he found himself an
+hundred strong before he was gotten a mile from the place.
+
+In short, as soon as ever the day declined, and the dusk of the
+evening began to shelter the designs of the men, they dropped away
+from us one by one; and at last in such numbers, that if we had stayed
+till the morning, we had not had fifty men left; out of 1200 horse and
+dragoons.
+
+When I saw how it was, consulting with some of the officers, we all
+went to my Lord Holland, and pressed him to retreat, before the enemy
+should discern the flight of our men; so he drew us off, and we came
+to the camp the next morning, in the shamefullest condition that ever
+poor men could do. And this was the end of the worst expedition ever I
+made in my life.
+
+To fight and be beaten is a casualty common to a soldier, and I have
+since had enough of it; but to run away at the sight of an enemy,
+and neither strike or be stricken, this is the very shame of the
+profession, and no man that has done it ought to show his face
+again in the field, unless disadvantages of place or number make it
+tolerable, neither of which was our case.
+
+My Lord Holland made another march a few days after, in hopes to
+retrieve this miscarriage; but I had enough of it, so I kept in my
+quarters. And though his men did not desert him as before, yet upon
+the appearance of the enemy they did not think fit to fight, and came
+off with but little more honour than they did before.
+
+There was no need to go out to seek the enemy after this, for they
+came, as I have noted, and pitched in sight of us, and their parties
+came up every day to the very out-works of Berwick, but nobody
+cared to meddle with them. And in this posture things stood when the
+pacification was agreed on by both parties, which, like a short truce,
+only gave both sides breath to prepare for a new war more ridiculously
+managed than the former. When the treaty was so near a conclusion
+as that conversation was admitted on both sides, I went over to the
+Scotch camp to satisfy my curiosity, as many of our English officers
+did also.
+
+I confess the soldiers made a very uncouth figure, especially the
+Highlanders. The oddness and barbarity of their garb and arms seemed
+to have something in it remarkable.
+
+They were generally tall swinging fellows; their swords were
+extravagantly, and, I think, insignificantly broad, and they carried
+great wooden targets, large enough to cover the upper part of their
+bodies. Their dress was as antique as the rest; a cap on their heads,
+called by them a bonnet, long hanging sleeves behind, and their
+doublet, breeches, and stockings of a stuff they called plaid, striped
+across red and yellow, with short cloaks of the same. These fellows
+looked, when drawn out, like a regiment of merry-andrews, ready for
+Bartholomew Fair. They are in companies all of a name, and therefore
+call one another only by their Christian names, as Jemmy, Jocky, that
+is, John, and Sawny, that is, Alexander, and the like. And they scorn
+to be commanded but by one of their own clan or family. They are all
+gentlemen, and proud enough to be kings. The meanest fellow among them
+is as tenacious of his honour as the best nobleman in the country,
+and they will fight and cut one another's throats for every trifling
+affront.
+
+But to their own clans or lairds, they are the willingest and most
+obedient fellows in nature. Give them their due, were their skill in
+exercises and discipline proportioned to their courage, they would
+make the bravest soldiers in the world. They are large bodies, and
+prodigiously strong; and two qualities they have above other nations,
+viz., hardy to endure hunger, cold, and hardships, and wonderfully
+swift of foot. The latter is such an advantage in the field that I
+know none like it; for if they conquer, no enemy can escape them, and
+if they run, even the horse can hardly overtake them. These were some
+of them, who, as I observed before, went out in parties with their
+horse.
+
+There were three or four thousand of these in the Scots army, armed
+only with swords and targets; and in their belts some of them had a
+pistol, but no muskets at that time among them.
+
+But there were also a great many regiments of disciplined men, who,
+by their carrying their arms, looked as if they understood their
+business, and by their faces, that they durst see an enemy.
+
+I had not been half-an-hour in their camp after the ceremony of giving
+our names, and passing their out-guards and main-guard was over, but
+I was saluted by several of my acquaintance; and in particular, by one
+who led the Scotch volunteers at the taking the castle of Oppenheim,
+of which I have given an account. They used me with all the respect
+they thought due to me, on account of old affairs, gave me the word,
+and a sergeant waited upon me whenever I pleased to go abroad.
+
+I continued twelve or fourteen days among them, till the pacification
+was concluded; and they were ordered to march home. They spoke very
+respectfully of the king, but I found were exasperated to the last
+degree at Archbishop Laud and the English bishops, for endeavouring to
+impose the Common Prayer Book upon them; and they always talked with
+the utmost contempt of our soldiers and army. I always waived the
+discourse about the clergy, and the occasion of the war, but I could
+not but be too sensible what they said of our men was true; and by
+this I perceived they had an universal intelligence from among us,
+both of what we were doing, and what sort of people we were that were
+doing it; and they were mighty desirous of coming to blows with us. I
+had an invitation from their general, but I declined it, lest I should
+give offence. I found they accepted the pacification as a thing not
+likely to hold, or that they did not design should hold; and that
+they were resolved to keep their forces on foot, notwithstanding the
+agreement. Their whole army was full of brave officers, men of as
+much experience and conduct as any in the world; and all men who know
+anything of the war, know good officers presently make a good army.
+
+Things being thus huddled up, the English came back to York, where
+the army separated, and the Scots went home to increase theirs; for I
+easily foresaw that peace was the farthest thing from their thoughts.
+
+The next year the flame broke out again. The king draws his forces
+down into the north, as before, and expresses were sent to all the
+gentlemen that had commands to be at the place by the 15th of July. As
+I had accepted of no command in the army, so I had no inclination at
+all to go, for I foresaw there would be nothing but disgrace attend
+it. My father, observing such an alteration in my usual forwardness,
+asked me one day what was the matter, that I who used to be so forward
+to go into the army, and so eager to run abroad to fight, now showed
+no inclination to appear when the service of the king and country
+called me to it? I told him I had as much zeal as ever for the king's
+service, and for the country too: but he knew a soldier could not
+abide to be beaten; and being from thence a little more inquisitive, I
+told him the observations I had made in the Scots army, and the people
+I had conversed with there. "And, sir," says I, "assure yourself, if
+the king offers to fight them, he will be beaten; and I don't love to
+engage when my judgment tells me beforehand I shall be worsted."
+And as I had foreseen, it came to pass; for the Scots resolving to
+proceed, never stood upon the ceremony of aggression, as before, but
+on the 20th of August they entered England with their army.
+
+However, as my father desired, I went to the king's army, which was
+then at York, but not gotten all together. The king himself was at
+London, but upon this news takes post for the army, and advancing a
+part of his forces, he posted the Lord Conway and Sir Jacob Astley,
+with a brigade of foot and some horse, at Newburn, upon the river
+Tyne, to keep the Scots from passing that river.
+
+The Scots could have passed the Tyne without fighting; but to let us
+see that they were able to force their passage, they fall upon his
+body of men and notwithstanding all the advantages of the place, they
+beat them from the post, took their baggage and two pieces of cannon,
+with some prisoners. Sir Jacob Astley made what resistance he could,
+but the Scots charged with so much fury, and being also overpowered,
+he was soon put into confusion. Immediately the Scots made themselves
+masters of Newcastle, and the next day of Durham, and laid those two
+counties under intolerable contributions.
+
+Now was the king absolutely ruined; for among his own people the
+discontents before were so plain, that had the clergy had any
+forecast, they would never have embroiled him with the Scots, till he
+had fully brought matters to an understanding at home. But the
+case was thus: the king, by the good husbandry of Bishop Juxon, his
+treasurer, had a million of ready money in his treasury, and upon that
+account, having no need of a Parliament, had not called one in twelve
+years; and perhaps had never called another, if he had not by this
+unhappy circumstance been reduced to a necessity of it; for now
+this ready money was spent in two foolish expeditions, and his army
+appeared in a condition not fit to engage the Scots. The detachment
+under Sir Jacob Astley, which were of the flower of his men, had
+been routed at Newburn, and the enemy had possession of two entire
+counties.
+
+All men blamed Laud for prompting the king to provoke the Scots, a
+headstrong nation, and zealous for their own way of worship; and Laud
+himself found too late the consequences of it, both to the whole cause
+and to himself; for the Scots, whose native temper is not easily to
+forgive an injury, pursued him by their party in England, and never
+gave it over till they laid his head on the block.
+
+The ruined country now clamoured in his Majesty's ears with daily
+petitions, and the gentry of other neighbouring counties cry out for
+peace and Parliament. The king, embarrassed with these difficulties,
+and quite empty of money, calls a great council of the nobility at
+York, and demands their advice, which any one could have told him
+before would be to call a Parliament.
+
+I cannot, without regret, look back upon the misfortune of the king,
+who, as he was one of the best princes in his personal conduct that
+ever reigned in England, had yet some of the greatest unhappinesses in
+his conduct as a king, that ever prince had, and the whole course of
+his life demonstrated it.
+
+1. An impolitic honesty. His enemies called it obstinacy; but as I was
+perfectly acquainted with his temper, I cannot but think it was his
+judgment, when he thought he was in the right, to adhere to it as a
+duty though against his interest.
+
+2. Too much compliance when he was complying. No man but himself would
+have denied what at some times he denied, and have granted what at
+other times he granted; and this uncertainty of counsel proceeded from
+two things.
+
+1. The heat of the clergy, to whom he was exceedingly devoted, and for
+whom, indeed, he ruined himself.
+
+2. The wisdom of his nobility.
+
+Thus when the counsel of his priests prevailed, all was fire and
+fury; the Scots were rebels, and must be subdued, and the Parliament's
+demands were to be rejected as exorbitant. But whenever the king's
+judgment was led by the grave and steady advice of his nobility and
+counsellors, he was always inclined by them to temperate his measures
+between the two extremes. And had he gone on in such a temper, he had
+never met with the misfortunes which afterward attended him, or had
+so many thousands of his friends lost their lives and fortunes in his
+service.
+
+I am sure we that knew what it was to fight for him, and that loved
+him better than any of the clergy could pretend to, have had many
+a consultation how to bring over our master from so espousing their
+interest, as to ruin himself for it; but 'twas in vain.
+
+I took this interval when I sat still and only looked on, to make
+these remarks, because I remember the best friends the king had were
+at this time of that opinion, that 'twas an unaccountable piece
+of indiscretion, to commence a quarrel with the Scots, a poor and
+obstinate people, for a ceremony and book of Church discipline, at a
+time when the king stood but upon indifferent terms with his people at
+home.
+
+The consequence was, it put arms into the hands of his subjects to
+rebel against him; it embroiled him with his Parliament in England, to
+whom he was fain to stoop in a fatal and unusual manner to get money,
+all his own being spent, and so to buy off the Scots whom he could not
+beat off.
+
+I cannot but give one instance of the unaccountable politics of his
+ministers. If they overruled this unhappy king to it, with design to
+exhaust and impoverish him, they were the worst of traitors; if not,
+the grossest of fools. They prompted the king to equip a fleet against
+the Scots, and to put on board it 5000 land men. Had this been all,
+the design had been good, that while the king had faced the army upon
+the borders, these 5000, landing in the Firth of Edinburgh, might
+have put that whole nation into disorder. But in order to this, they
+advised the king to lay out his money in fitting out the biggest ships
+he had, and the "Royal Sovereign," the biggest ship the world had ever
+seen, which cost him no less than L100,000, was now built, and fitted
+out for this voyage.
+
+This was the most incongruous and ridiculous advice that could be
+given, and made us all believe we were betrayed, though we knew not by
+whom.
+
+To fit out ships of 100 guns to invade Scotland, which had not one
+man-of-war in the world, nor any open confederacy with any prince or
+state that had any fleet, 'twas a most ridiculous thing. An hundred
+sail of Newcastle colliers, to carry the men with their stores and
+provisions, and ten frigates of 40 guns each, had been as good a fleet
+as reason and the nature of the thing could have made tolerable.
+
+Thus things were carried on, till the king, beggared by the
+mismanagement of his counsels, and beaten by the Scots, was driven to
+the necessity of calling a Parliament in England.
+
+It is not my design to enter into the feuds and brangles of this
+Parliament. I have noted, by observations of their mistakes, who
+brought the king to this happy necessity of calling them.
+
+His Majesty had tried Parliaments upon several occasions before, but
+never found himself so much embroiled with them but he could send them
+home, and there was an end of it; but as he could not avoid calling
+these, so they took care to put him out of a condition to dismiss
+them.
+
+The Scots army was now quartered upon the English. The counties,
+the gentry, and the assembly of lords at York, petitioned for a
+Parliament.
+
+The Scots presented their demands to the king, in which it was
+observed that matters were concerted between them and a party in
+England; and I confess when I saw that, I began to think the king in
+an ill case; for as the Scots pretended grievances, we thought,
+the king redressing those grievances, they could ask no more; and
+therefore all men advised the king to grant their full demands. And
+whereas the king had not money to supply the Scots in their march
+home, I know there were several meetings of gentlemen with a design to
+advance considerable sums of money to the king to set him free, and
+in order to reinstate his Majesty, as before. Not that we ever advised
+the king to rule without a Parliament, but we were very desirous of
+putting him out of the necessity of calling them, at least just then.
+
+But the eighth article of the Scots' demands expressly required, that
+an English Parliament might be called to remove all obstructions of
+commerce, and to settle peace, religion, and liberty; and in another
+article they tell the king, the 24th of September being the time his
+Majesty appointed for the meeting of the peers, will make it too long
+ere the Parliament meet. And in another, that a Parliament was the
+only way of settling peace, and bring them to his Majesty's obedience.
+
+When we saw this in the army, 'twas time to look about. Everybody
+perceived that the Scots army would call an English Parliament; and
+whatever aversion the king had to it, we all saw he would be obliged
+to comply with it; and now they all began to see their error, who
+advised the king to this Scotch war.
+
+While these things were transacting, the assembly of the peers meet at
+York, and by their advice a treaty was begun with the Scots. I had the
+honour to be sent with the first message which was in writing.
+
+I brought it, attended by a trumpet and a guard of 500 horse, to
+the Scots quarters. I was stopped at Darlington, and my errand being
+known, General Leslie sent a Scots major and fifty horses to receive
+me, but would let neither my trumpet or guard set foot within
+their quarters. In this manner I was conducted to audience in the
+chapter-house at Durham, where a committee of Scots lords who attended
+the army received me very courteously, and gave me their answer in
+writing also.
+
+'Twas in this answer that they showed, at least to me, their design
+of embroiling the king with his English subjects; they discoursed very
+freely with me, and did not order me to withdraw when they debated
+their private opinions. They drew up several answers but did not like
+them; at last they gave me one which I did not receive, I thought it
+was too insolent to be borne with. As near as I can remember it was
+thus: The commissioners of Scotland attending the service in the army,
+do refuse any treaty in the city of York.
+
+One of the commissioners who treated me with more distinction than the
+rest, and discoursed freely with me, gave me an opportunity to speak
+more freely of this than I expected.
+
+I told them if they would return to his Majesty an answer fit for me
+to carry, or if they would say they would not treat at all, I would
+deliver such a message. But I entreated them to consider the answer
+was to their sovereign, and to whom they made a great profession of
+duty and respect, and at least they ought to give their reasons why
+they declined a treaty at York, and to name some other place, or
+humbly to desire his Majesty to name some other place; but to send
+word they would not treat at York, I could deliver no such message,
+for when put into English it would signify they would not treat at
+all.
+
+I used a great many reasons and arguments with them on this head,
+and at last with some difficulty obtained of them to give the reason,
+which was the Earl of Strafford's having the chief command at York,
+whom they declared their mortal enemy, he having declared them rebels
+in Ireland.
+
+With this answer I returned. I could make no observations in the short
+time I was with them, for as I stayed but one night, so I was guarded
+as a close prisoner all the while. I saw several of their officers
+whom I knew, but they durst not speak to me, and if they would have
+ventured, my guard would not have permitted them.
+
+In this manner I was conducted out of their quarters to my own party
+again, and having delivered my message to the king and told his
+Majesty the circumstances, I saw the king receive the account of the
+haughty behaviour of the Scots with some regret; however, it was his
+Majesty's time now to bear, and therefore the Scots were complied
+with, and the treaty appointed at Ripon; where, after much debate,
+several preliminary articles were agreed on, as a cessation of arms,
+quarters, and bounds to the armies, subsistence to the Scots army, and
+the residue of the demands was referred to a treaty at London, &c.
+
+We were all amazed at the treaty, and I cannot but remember we used to
+wish much rather we had been suffered to fight; for though we had been
+worsted at first, the power and strength of the king's interest, which
+was not yet tried, must, in fine, have been too strong for the Scots,
+whereas now we saw the king was for complying with anything, and all
+his friends would be ruined.
+
+I confess I had nothing to fear, and so was not much concerned, but
+our predictions soon came to pass, for no sooner was this Parliament
+called but abundance of those who had embroiled their king with his
+people of both kingdoms, like the disciples when their Master was
+betrayed to the Jews, forsook him and fled; and now Parliament tyranny
+began to succeed Church tyranny, and we soldiers were glad to see it
+at first. The bishops trembled, the judges went to gaol, the officers
+of the customs were laid hold on; and the Parliament began to lay
+their fingers on the great ones, particularly Archbishop Laud and the
+Earl of Strafford. We had no great concern for the first, but the
+last was a man of so much conduct and gallantry, and so beloved by the
+soldiers and principal gentry of England, that everybody was touched
+with his misfortune.
+
+The Parliament now grew mad in their turn, and as the prosperity of
+any party is the time to show their discretion, the Parliament showed
+they knew as little where to stop as other people. The king was not in
+a condition to deny anything, and nothing could be demanded but they
+pushed it. They attainted the Earl of Strafford, and thereby made
+the king cut off his right hand to save his left, and yet not save
+it neither. They obtained another bill to empower them to sit during
+their own pleasure, and after them, triennial Parliaments to meet,
+whether the king call them or no; and granting this completed his
+Majesty's ruin.
+
+Had the House only regulated the abuses of the court, punished evil
+counsellors, and restored Parliaments to their original and just
+powers, all had been well, and the king, though he had been more than
+mortified, had yet reaped the benefit of future peace; for now
+the Scots were sent home, after having eaten up two counties, and
+received a prodigious sum of money to boot. And the king, though too
+late, goes in person to Edinburgh, and grants them all they could
+desire, and more than they asked; but in England, the desires of ours
+were unbounded, and drove at all extremes.
+
+They drew out the bishops from sitting in the House, made a
+protestation equivalent to the Scotch Covenant, and this done, print
+their remonstrance. This so provoked the king, that he resolves upon
+seizing some of the members, and in an ill hour enters the House in
+person to take them. Thus one imprudent thing on one hand produced
+another of the other hand, till the king was obliged to leave them to
+themselves, for fear of being mobbed into something or other unworthy
+of himself.
+
+These proceedings began to alarm the gentry and nobility of England;
+for, however willing we were to have evil counsellors removed, and
+the government return to a settled and legal course, according to the
+happy constitution of this nation, and might have been forward enough
+to have owned the king had been misled, and imposed upon to do things
+which he had rather had not been done, yet it did not follow, that
+all the powers and prerogatives of the crown should devolve upon the
+Parliament, and the king in a manner be deposed, or else sacrificed to
+the fury of the rabble.
+
+The heats of the House running them thus to all extremes, and at last
+to take from the king the power of the militia, which indeed was
+all that was left to make him anything of a king, put the king upon
+opposing force with force; and thus the flame of civil war began.
+
+However backward I was in engaging in the second year's expedition
+against the Scots, I was as forward now, for I waited on the king
+at York, where a gallant company of gentlemen as ever were seen in
+England, engaged themselves to enter into his service; and here some
+of us formed ourselves into troops for the guard of his person.
+
+The king having been waited upon by the gentry of Yorkshire, and
+having told them his resolution of erecting his royal standard, and
+received from them hearty assurances of support, dismisses them, and
+marches to Hull, where lay the train of artillery, and all the
+arms and ammunition belonging to the northern army which had been
+disbanded. But here the Parliament had been beforehand with his
+Majesty, so that when he came to Hull, he found the gates shut, and
+Sir John Hotham, the governor, upon the walls, though with a great
+deal of seeming humility and protestations of loyalty to his person,
+yet with a positive denial to admit any of the king's attendants into
+the town. If his Majesty pleased to enter the town in person with any
+reasonable number of his household, he would submit, but would not
+be prevailed on to receive the king as he would be received, with his
+forces, though those forces were then but very few.
+
+The king was exceedingly provoked at this repulse, and indeed it was
+a great surprise to us all, for certainly never prince began a war
+against the whole strength of his kingdom under the circumstances that
+he was in. He had not a garrison, or a company of soldiers in his
+pay, not a stand of arms, or a barrel of powder, a musket, cannon
+or mortar, not a ship of all the fleet, or money in his treasury to
+procure them; whereas the Parliament had all his navy, and ordnance,
+stores, magazines, arms, ammunition, and revenue in their keeping.
+And this I take to be another defect of the king's counsel, and a sad
+instance of the distraction of his affairs, that when he saw how all
+things were going to wreck, as it was impossible but he should see it,
+and 'tis plain he did see it, that he should not long enough before it
+came to extremities secure the navy, magazines, and stores of war, in
+the hands of his trusty servants, that would have been sure to have
+preserved them for his use, at a time when he wanted them.
+
+It cannot be supposed but the gentry of England, who generally
+preserved their loyalty for their royal master, and at last heartily
+showed it, were exceedingly discouraged at first when they saw the
+Parliament had all the means of making war in their own hands, and the
+king was naked and destitute either of arms or ammunition, or money
+to procure them. Not but that the king, by extraordinary application,
+recovered the disorder the want of these things had thrown him into,
+and supplied himself with all things needful.
+
+But my observation was this, had his Majesty had the magazines, navy,
+and forts in his own hand, the gentry, who wanted but the prospect of
+something to encourage them, had come in at first, and the Parliament,
+being unprovided, would have been presently reduced to reason. But
+this was it that balked the gentry of Yorkshire, who went home again,
+giving the king good promises, but never appeared for him, till
+by raising a good army in Shropshire and Wales, he marched towards
+London, and they saw there was a prospect of their being supported.
+
+In this condition the king erected his standard at Nottingham, 22nd
+August 1642, and I confess, I had very melancholy apprehensions of
+the king's affairs, for the appearance to the royal standard was
+but small. The affront the king had met with at Hull, had balked and
+dispirited the northern gentry, and the king's affairs looked with
+a very dismal aspect. We had expresses from London of the prodigious
+success of the Parliament levies, how their men came in faster than
+they could entertain them, and that arms were delivered out to whole
+companies listed together, and the like. And all this while the
+king had not got together a thousand foot, and had no arms for them
+neither. When the king saw this, he immediately despatches five
+several messengers, whereof one went to the Marquis of Worcester into
+Wales; one went to the queen, then at Windsor; one to the Duke
+of Newcastle, then Marquis of Newcastle, into the north; one into
+Scotland; and one into France, where the queen soon after arrived to
+raise money, and buy arms, and to get what assistance she could among
+her own friends. Nor was her Majesty idle, for she sent over several
+ships laden with arms and ammunition, with a fine train of artillery,
+and a great many very good officers; and though one of the first fell
+into the hands of the Parliament, with three hundred barrels of powder
+and some arms, and one hundred and fifty gentlemen, yet most of the
+gentlemen found means, one way or other, to get to us, and most of
+the ships the queen freighted arrived; and at last her Majesty came
+herself, and brought an extraordinary supply both of men, money,
+arms, &c., with which she joined the king's forces under the Earl of
+Newcastle in the north.
+
+Finding his Majesty thus bestirring himself to muster his friends
+together, I asked him if he thought it might not be for his Majesty's
+service to let me go among my friends, and his loyal subjects about
+Shrewsbury? "Yes," says the king, smiling, "I intend you shall, and
+I design to go with you myself." I did not understand what the king
+meant then, and did not think it good manners to inquire, but the next
+day I found all things disposed for a march, and the king on horseback
+by eight of the clock; when calling me to him, he told me I should
+go before, and let my father and all my friends know he would be at
+Shrewsbury the Saturday following. I left my equipages, and taking
+post with only one servant, was at my father's the next morning by
+break of day. My father was not surprised at the news of the king's
+coming at all, for, it seems, he, together with the royal gentry of
+those parts, had sent particularly to give the king an invitation to
+move that way, which I was not made privy to, with an account what
+encouragement they had there in the endeavours made for his interest.
+In short, the whole country was entirely for the king, and such was
+the universal joy the people showed when the news of his Majesty's
+coming down was positively known, that all manner of business was laid
+aside, and the whole body of the people seemed to be resolved upon the
+war.
+
+As this gave a new face to the king's affairs, so I must own it filled
+me with joy; for I was astonished before, when I considered what
+the king and his friends were like to be exposed to. The news of the
+proceedings of the Parliament, and their powerful preparations, were
+now no more terrible; the king came at the time appointed, and
+having lain at my father's house one night, entered Shrewsbury in the
+morning. The acclamations of the people, the concourse of the nobility
+and gentry about his person, and the crowds which now came every day
+into the standard, were incredible.
+
+The loyalty of the English gentry was not only worth notice, but the
+power of the gentry is extraordinary visible in this matter. The
+king, in about six weeks' time, which was the most of his stay at
+Shrewsbury, was supplied with money, arms, ammunition, and a train of
+artillery, and listed a body of an army upwards of 20,000 men.
+
+His Majesty seeing the general alacrity of his people, immediately
+issued out commissions, and formed regiments of horse and foot;
+and having some experienced officers about him, together with about
+sixteen who came from France, with a ship loaded with arms and some
+field-pieces which came very seasonably into the Severn, the men were
+exercised, regularly disciplined, and quartered, and now we began to
+look like soldiers. My father had raised a regiment of horse at his
+own charge, and completed them, and the king gave out arms to them
+from the supplies which I mentioned came from abroad. Another party
+of horse, all brave stout fellows, and well mounted, came in from
+Lancashire, and the Earl of Derby at the head of them. The Welshmen
+came in by droves; and so great was the concourse of people, that the
+king began to think of marching, and gave the command, as well as the
+trust of regulating the army, to the brave Earl of Lindsey, as general
+of the foot. The Parliament general being the Earl of Essex, two
+braver men, or two better officers, were not in the kingdom; they had
+both been old soldiers, and had served together as volunteers in the
+Low Country wars, under Prince Maurice. They had been comrades and
+companions abroad, and now came to face one another as enemies in the
+field.
+
+Such was the expedition used by the king and his friends, in the
+levies of this first army, that notwithstanding the wonderful
+expedition the Parliament made, the king was in the field before them;
+and now the gentry in other parts of the nation bestirred themselves,
+and seized upon, and garrisoned several considerable places, for the
+king. In the north, the Earl of Newcastle not only garrisoned the most
+considerable places, but even the general possession of the north was
+for the king, excepting Hull, and some few places, which the old Lord
+Fairfax had taken up for the Parliament. On the other hand, entire
+Cornwall and most of the western counties were the king's. The
+Parliament had their chief interest in the south and eastern part
+of England, as Kent, Surrey, and, Sussex, Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk,
+Cambridge, Bedford, Huntingdon, Hertford, Buckinghamshire, and the
+other midland counties. These were called, or some of them at least,
+the associated counties, and felt little of the war, other than
+the charges; but the main support of the Parliament was the city of
+London.
+
+The king made the seat of his court at Oxford, which he caused to be
+regularly fortified. The Lord Say had been here, and had possession of
+the city for the enemy, and was debating about fortifying it, but
+came to no resolution, which was a very great over-sight in them; the
+situation of the place, and the importance of it, on many accounts,
+to the city of London, considered; and they would have retrieved this
+error afterwards, but then 'twas too late; for the king made it the
+headquarter, and received great supplies and assistance from the
+wealth of the colleges, and the plenty of the neighbouring country.
+Abingdon, Wallingford, Basing, and Reading, were all garrisoned and
+fortified as outworks to defend this as the centre. And thus all
+England became the theatre of blood, and war was spread into every
+corner of the country, though as yet there was no stroke struck. I had
+no command in this army. My father led his own regiment, and, old as
+he was, would not leave his royal master, and my elder brother stayed
+at home to support the family. As for me, I rode a volunteer in the
+royal troop of guards, which may very well deserve the title of a
+royal troop, for it was composed of young gentlemen, sons of the
+nobility, and some of the prime gentry of the nation, and I think not
+a person of so mean a birth or fortune as myself. We reckoned in this
+troop two and thirty lords, or who came afterwards to be such,
+and eight and thirty of younger sons of the nobility, five French
+noblemen, and all the rest gentlemen of very good families and
+estates.
+
+And that I may give the due to their personal valour, many of this
+troop lived afterwards to have regiments and troops under their
+command in the service of the king, many of them lost their lives for
+him, and most of them their estates. Nor did they behave unworthy of
+themselves in their first showing their faces to the enemy, as shall
+be mentioned in its place.
+
+While the king remained at Shrewsbury, his loyal friends bestirred
+themselves in several parts of the kingdom. Goring had secured
+Portsmouth, but being young in matters of war, and not in time
+relieved, though the Marquis of Hertford was marching to relieve him,
+yet he was obliged to quit the place, and shipped himself for Holland,
+from whence he returned with relief for the king, and afterwards
+did very good service upon all occasions, and so effectually cleared
+himself of the scandal the hasty surrender of Portsmouth had brought
+upon his courage.
+
+The chief power of the king's forces lay in three places, in Cornwall,
+in Yorkshire, and at Shrewsbury. In Cornwall, Sir Ralph Hopton,
+afterwards Lord Hopton, Sir Bevil Grenvile, and Sir Nicholas Slanning
+secured all the country, and afterwards spread themselves over
+Devonshire and Somersetshire, took Exeter from the Parliament,
+fortified Bridgewater and Barnstaple, and beat Sir William Waller at
+the battle of Roundway Down, as I shall touch at more particularly
+when I come to recite the part of my own travels that way.
+
+In the north, The Marquis of Newcastle secured all the country,
+garrisoned York, Scarborough, Carlisle, Newcastle, Pomfret, Leeds, and
+all the considerable places, and took the field with a very good army,
+though afterwards he proved more unsuccessful than the rest, having
+the whole power of a kingdom at his back, the Scots coming in with
+an army to the assistance of the Parliament, which, indeed, was the
+general turn of the scale of the war; for had it not been for this
+Scots army, the king had most certainly reduced the Parliament, at
+least to good terms of peace, in two years' time.
+
+The king was the third article. His force at Shrewsbury I have noted
+already. The alacrity of the gentry filled him with hopes, and all his
+army with vigour, and the 8th of October 1642, his Majesty gave orders
+to march. The Earl of Essex had spent above a month after his leaving
+London (for he went thence the 9th of September) in modelling and
+drawing together his forces; his rendezvous was at St Albans, from
+whence he marched to Northampton, Coventry, and Warwick, and leaving
+garrisons in them, he comes on to Worcester. Being thus advanced, he
+possesses Oxford, as I noted before, Banbury, Bristol, Gloucester, and
+Worcester, out of all which places, except Gloucester, we drove him
+back to London in a very little while.
+
+Sir John Byron had raised a very good party of 500 horse, most
+gentlemen, for the king, and had possessed Oxford; but on the approach
+of the Lord Say quitted it, being now but an open town, and retreated
+to Worcester, from whence, on the approach of Essex's army, he
+retreated to the king. And now all things grew ripe for action, both
+parties having secured their posts, and settled their schemes of the
+war, taken their posts and places as their measures and opportunities
+directed. The field was next in their eye, and the soldiers began to
+inquire when they should fight, for as yet there had been little or no
+blood drawn; and 'twas not long before they had enough of it; for, I
+believe, I may challenge all the historians in Europe to tell me of
+any war in the world where, in the space of four years, there were so
+many pitched battles, sieges, fights, and skirmishes, as in this war.
+We never encamped or entrenched, never fortified the avenues to our
+posts, or lay fenced with rivers and defiles; here was no leaguers in
+the field, as at the story of Nuremberg, neither had our soldiers any
+tents, or what they call heavy baggage. 'Twas the general maxim of
+this war, "Where is the enemy? let us go and fight them," or, on the
+other hand, if the enemy was coming, "What was to be done?" "Why, what
+should be done? Draw out into the fields and fight them." I cannot say
+'twas the prudence of the parties, and had the king fought less he had
+gained more. And I shall remark several times when the eagerness of
+fighting was the worst counsel, and proved our loss. This benefit,
+however, happened in general to the country, that it made a quick,
+though a bloody, end of the war, which otherwise had lasted till it
+might have ruined the whole nation.
+
+On the 10th of October the king's army was in full march, his Majesty,
+generalissimo, the Earl of Lindsey, general of the foot, Prince
+Rupert, general of the horse; and the first action in the field was by
+Prince Rupert and Sir John Byron. Sir John had brought his body of
+500 horse, as I noted already, from Oxford to Worcester; the Lord
+Say, with a strong party, being in the neighbourhood of Oxford, and
+expected in the town, Colonel Sandys, a hot man, and who had more
+courage than judgment, advances with about 1500 horse and dragoons,
+with design to beat Sir John Byron out of Worcester, and take post
+there for the Parliament.
+
+The king had notice that the Earl of Essex designed for Worcester, and
+Prince Rupert was ordered to advance with a body of horse and dragoons
+to face the enemy, and bring off Sir John Byron. This his Majesty did
+to amuse the Earl of Essex, that he might expect him that way; whereas
+the king's design was to get between the Earl of Essex's army and the
+city of London; and his Majesty's end was doubly answered, for he
+not only drew Essex on to Worcester, where he spent more time than he
+needed, but he beat the party into the bargain.
+
+I went volunteer in this party, and rode in my father's regiment; for
+though we really expected not to see the enemy, yet I was tired with
+lying still. We came to Worcester just as notice was brought to
+Sir John Byron, that a party of the enemy was on their march for
+Worcester, upon which the prince immediately consulting what was to be
+done, resolves to march the next morning and fight them.
+
+The enemy, who lay at Pershore, about eight miles from Worcester, and,
+as I believe, had no notice of our march, came on very confidently
+in the morning, and found us fairly drawn up to receive them. I must
+confess this was the bluntest, downright way of making war that ever
+was seen. The enemy, who, in all the little knowledge I had of war,
+ought to have discovered our numbers, and guessed by our posture what
+our design was, might easily have informed themselves that we intended
+to attack them, and so might have secured the advantage of a bridge in
+their front; but without any regard to these methods of policy, they
+came on at all hazards. Upon this notice, my father proposed to the
+prince to halt for them, and suffer ourselves to be attacked, since
+we found them willing to give us the advantage. The prince approved of
+the advice, so we halted within view of a bridge, leaving space enough
+on our front for about half the number of their forces to pass and
+draw up; and at the bridge was posted about fifty dragoons, with
+orders to retire as soon as the enemy advanced, as if they had been
+afraid. On the right of the road was a ditch, and a very high bank
+behind, where we had placed 300 dragoons, with orders to lie flat on
+their faces till the enemy had passed the bridge, and to let fly among
+them as soon as our trumpets sounded a charge. Nobody but Colonel
+Sandys would have been caught in such a snare, for he might easily
+have seen that when he was over the bridge there was not room enough
+for him to fight in. But the Lord of hosts was so much in their
+mouths, for that was the word for that day, that they took little heed
+how to conduct the host of the Lord to their own advantage.
+
+As we expected, they appeared, beat our dragoons from the bridge, and
+passed it. We stood firm in one line with a reserve, and expected a
+charge, but Colonel Sandys, showing a great deal more judgment than
+we thought he was master of, extends himself to the left, finding
+the ground too strait, and began to form his men with a great deal of
+readiness and skill, for by this time he saw our number was greater
+than he expected. The prince perceiving it, and foreseeing that the
+stratagem of the dragoons would be frustrated by this, immediately
+charges with the horse, and the dragoons at the same time standing
+upon their feet, poured in their shot upon those that were passing
+the bridge. This surprise put them into such disorder, that we had but
+little work with them. For though Colonel Sandys with the troops next
+him sustained the shock very well, and behaved themselves gallantly
+enough, yet the confusion beginning in their rear, those that had not
+yet passed the bridge were kept back by the fire of the dragoons,
+and the rest were easily cut in pieces. Colonel Sandys was mortally
+wounded and taken prisoner, and the crowd was so great to get back,
+that many pushed into the water, and were rather smothered than
+drowned. Some of them who never came into the fight, were so frighted,
+that they never looked behind them till they came to Pershore, and,
+as we were afterwards informed, the lifeguards of the general who had
+quartered in the town, left it in disorder enough, expecting us at the
+heels of their men.
+
+If our business had been to keep the Parliament army from coming to
+Worcester, we had a very good opportunity to have secured the bridge
+at Pershore; but our design lay another way, as I have said, and the
+king was for drawing Essex on to the Severn, in hopes to get behind
+him, which fell out accordingly.
+
+Essex, spurred by this affront in the infancy of their affairs,
+advances the next day, and came to Pershore time enough to be at the
+funeral of some of his men; and from thence he advances to Worcester.
+
+We marched back to Worcester extremely pleased with the good success
+of our first attack, and our men were so flushed with this little
+victory that it put vigour into the whole army. The enemy lost about
+3000 men, and we carried away near 150 prisoners, with 500 horses,
+some standards and arms, and among the prisoners their colonel; but he
+died a little after of his wounds.
+
+Upon the approach of the enemy, Worcester was quitted, and the forces
+marched back to join the king's army, which lay then at Bridgnorth,
+Ludlow, and thereabout. As the king expected, it fell out; Essex found
+so much work at Worcester to settle Parliament quarters, and secure
+Bristol, Gloucester, and Hereford, that it gave the king a full day's
+march of him. So the king, having the start of him, moves towards
+London; and Essex, nettled to be both beaten in fight and outdone in
+conduct, decamps, and follows the king.
+
+The Parliament, and the Londoners too, were in a strange consternation
+at this mistake of their general; and had the king, whose great
+misfortune was always to follow precipitant advices,--had the king,
+I say, pushed on his first design, which he had formed with very good
+reason, and for which he had been dodging with Essex eight or ten
+days, viz., of marching directly to London, where he had a very
+great interest, and where his friends were not yet oppressed and
+impoverished, as they were afterwards, he had turned the scale of his
+affairs. And every man expected it; for the members began to shift
+for themselves, expresses were sent on the heels of one another to the
+Earl of Essex to hasten after the king, and, if possible, to bring him
+to a battle. Some of these letters fell into our hands, and we might
+easily discover that the Parliament were in the last confusion at
+the thoughts of our coming to London. Besides this, the city was in a
+worse fright than the House, and the great moving men began to go
+out of town. In short, they expected us, and we expected to come, but
+Providence for our ruin had otherwise determined it.
+
+Essex, upon news of the king's march, and upon receipt of the
+Parliament's letters, makes long marches after us, and on the 23rd of
+October reaches the village of Kineton, in Warwickshire. The king was
+almost as far as Banbury, and there calls a council of war. Some of
+the old officers that foresaw the advantage the king had, the concern
+the city was in, and the vast addition, both to the reputation of his
+forces and the increase of his interest, it would be if the king could
+gain that point, urged the king to march on to London. Prince
+Rupert and the fresh colonels pressed for fighting, told the king it
+dispirited their men to march with the enemy at their heels; that the
+Parliament army was inferior to him by 6000 men, and fatigued with
+hasty marching; that as their orders were to fight, he had nothing
+to do but to post himself to advantage, and receive them to their
+destruction; that the action near Worcester had let them know how easy
+it was to deal with a rash enemy; and that 'twas a dishonour for him,
+whose forces were so much superior, to be pursued by his subjects in
+rebellion. These and the like arguments prevailed with the king to
+alter his wiser measures and resolve to fight. Nor was this all; when
+a resolution of fighting was taken, that part of the advice which they
+who were for fighting gave, as a reason for their opinion, was forgot,
+and instead of halting and posting ourselves to advantage till the
+enemy came up, we were ordered to march back and meet them.
+
+Nay, so eager was the prince for fighting, that when, from the top of
+Edgehill, the enemy's army was descried in the bottom between them
+and the village of Kineton, and that the enemy had bid us defiance,
+by discharging three cannons, we accepted the challenge, and answering
+with two shots from our army, we must needs forsake the advantages
+of the hills, which they must have mounted under the command of our
+cannon, and march down to them into the plain. I confess, I thought
+here was a great deal more gallantry than discretion; for it was
+plainly taking an advantage out of our own hands, and putting it into
+the hands of the enemy. An enemy that must fight, may always be fought
+with to advantage. My old hero, the glorious Gustavus Adolphus, was as
+forward to fight as any man of true valour mixed with any policy need
+to be, or ought to be; but he used to say, "An enemy reduced to a
+necessity of fighting is half beaten."
+
+Tis true, we were all but young in the war; the soldiers hot and
+forward, and eagerly desired to come to hands with the enemy. But
+I take the more notice of it here, because the king in this acted
+against his own measures; for it was the king himself had laid the
+design of getting the start of Essex, and marching to London. His
+friends had invited him thither, and expected him, and suffered deeply
+for the omission; and yet he gave way to these hasty counsels, and
+suffered his judgment to be overruled by majority of voices; an error,
+I say, the King of Sweden was never guilty of. For if all the officers
+at a council of war were of a different opinion, yet unless their
+reasons mastered his judgment, their votes never altered his measures.
+But this was the error of our good, but unfortunate master, three
+times in this war, and particularly in two of the greatest battles of
+the time, viz., this of Edgehill, and that of Naseby.
+
+The resolution for fighting being published in the army, gave an
+universal joy to the soldiers, who expressed an extraordinary ardour
+for fighting. I remember my father talking with me about it, asked
+me what I thought of the approaching battle. I told him I thought the
+king had done very well; for at that time I did not consult the extent
+of the design, and had a mighty mind, like other rash people, to see
+it brought to a day, which made me answer my father as I did. "But,"
+said I, "sir, I doubt there will be but indifferent doings on both
+sides, between two armies both made up of fresh men, that have never
+seen any service." My father minded little what I spoke of that; but
+when I seemed pleased that the king had resolved to fight, he looked
+angrily at me, and told me he was sorry I could see no farther into
+things. "I tell you," says he hastily, "if the king should kill and
+take prisoners this whole army, general and all, the Parliament will
+have the victory; for we have lost more by slipping this opportunity
+of getting into London, than we shall ever get by ten battles." I
+saw enough of this afterwards to convince me of the weight of what
+my father said, and so did the king too; but it was then too late.
+Advantages slipped in war are never recovered.
+
+We were now in a full march to fight the Earl of Essex. It was on
+Sunday morning the 24th of October 1642, fair weather overhead, but
+the ground very heavy and dirty. As soon as we came to the top of
+Edgehill, we discovered their whole army. They were not drawn up,
+having had two miles to march that morning, but they were very busy
+forming their lines, and posting the regiments as they came up. Some
+of their horse were exceedingly fatigued, having marched forty-eight
+hours together; and had they been suffered to follow us three or four
+days' march farther, several of their regiments of horse would
+have been quite ruined, and their foot would have been rendered
+unserviceable for the present. But we had no patience.
+
+As soon as our whole army was come to the top of the hill, we
+were drawn up in order of battle. The king's army made a very fine
+appearance; and indeed they were a body of gallant men as ever
+appeared in the field, and as well furnished at all points; the
+horse exceedingly well accoutred, being most of them gentlemen and
+volunteers, some whole regiments serving without pay; their horses
+very good and fit for service as could be desired. The whole army were
+not above 18,000 men, and the enemy not 1000 over or under, though we
+had been told they were not above 12,000; but they had been reinforced
+with 4000 men from Northampton. The king was with the general, the
+Earl of Lindsey, in the main battle; Prince Rupert commanded the right
+wing, and the Marquis of Hertford, the Lord Willoughby, and several
+other very good officers the left.
+
+The signal of battle being given with two cannon shots, we marched
+in order of battalia down the hill, being drawn up in two lines with
+bodies of reserve; the enemy advanced to meet us much in the same
+form, with this difference only, that they had placed their cannon on
+their right, and the king had placed ours in the centre, before, or
+rather between two great brigades of foot. Their cannon began with us
+first, and did some mischief among the dragoons of our left wing; but
+our officers, perceiving the shot took the men and missed the horses,
+ordered all to alight, and every man leading his horse, to advance in
+the same order; and this saved our men, for most of the enemy's shot
+flew over their heads. Our cannon made a terrible execution upon their
+foot for a quarter of an hour, and put them into great confusion,
+till the general obliged them to halt, and changed the posture of his
+front, marching round a small rising ground by which he avoided the
+fury of our artillery.
+
+By this time the wings were engaged, the king having given the signal
+of battle, and ordered the right wing to fall on. Prince Rupert, who,
+as is said, commanded that wing, fell on with such fury, and pushed
+the left wing of the Parliament army so effectually, that in a moment
+he filled all with terror and confusion. Commissary-General Ramsey, a
+Scotsman, a Low Country Soldier, and an experienced officer, commanded
+their left wing, and though he did all that an expert soldier, and
+a brave commander could do, yet 'twas to no purpose; his lines were
+immediately broken, and all overwhelmed in a trice. Two regiments of
+foot, whether as part of the left wing, or on the left of the main
+body, I know not, were disordered by their own horse, and rather
+trampled to death by the horses, than beaten by our men; but they were
+so entirely broken and disordered, that I do not remember that ever
+they made one volley upon our men; for their own horse running away,
+and falling foul on these foot, were so vigorously followed by our
+men, that the foot never had a moment to rally or look behind them.
+The point of the left wing of horse were not so soon broken as the
+rest, and three regiments of them stood firm for some time. The
+dexterous officers of the other regiments taking the opportunity,
+rallied a great many of their scattered men behind them, and pieced
+in some troops with those regiments; but after two or three charges,
+which a brigade of our second line, following the prince, made upon
+them, they also were broken with the rest.
+
+I remember that at the great battle of Leipsic, the right wing of the
+Imperialists having fallen in upon the Saxons with like fury to this,
+bore down all before them, and beat the Saxons quite out of the field;
+upon which the soldiers cried, "Victoria, let us follow." "No, no,"
+said the old General Tilly, "let them go, but let us beat the Swedes
+too, and then all's our own." Had Prince Rupert taken this method, and
+instead of following the fugitives, who were dispersed so effectually
+that two regiments would have secured them from rallying--I say, had
+he fallen in upon the foot, or wheeled to the left, and fallen in
+upon the rear of the enemy's right wing of horse, or returned to
+the assistance of the left wing of our horse, we had gained the most
+absolute and complete victory that could be; nor had 1000 men of
+the enemy's army got off. But this prince, who was full of fire, and
+pleased to see the rout of an enemy, pursued them quite to the town of
+Kineton, where indeed he killed abundance of their men, and some time
+also was lost in plundering the baggage.
+
+But in the meantime, the glory and advantage of the day was lost to
+the king, for the right wing of the Parliament horse could not be so
+broken. Sir William Balfour made a desperate charge upon the point of
+the king's left, and had it not been for two regiments of dragoons who
+were planted in the reserve, had routed the whole wing, for he broke
+through the first line, and staggered the second, who advanced to
+their assistance, but was so warmly received by those dragoons, who
+came seasonably in, and gave their first fire on horseback, that his
+fury was checked, and having lost a great many men, was forced to
+wheel about to his own men; and had the king had but three regiments
+of horse at hand to have charged him, he had been routed. The rest of
+this wing kept their ground, and received the first fury of the enemy
+with great firmness; after which, advancing in their turn, they
+were at once masters of the Earl of Essex's cannon. And here we lost
+another advantage; for if any foot had been at hand to support these
+horse, they had carried off the cannon, or turned it upon the main
+battle of the enemy's foot, but the foot were otherwise engaged. The
+horse on this side fought with great obstinacy and variety of success
+a great while. Sir Philip Stapleton, who commanded the guards of the
+Earl of Essex, being engaged with a party of our Shrewsbury cavaliers,
+as we called them, was once in a fair way to have been cut off by
+a brigade of our foot, who, being advanced to fall on upon the
+Parliament's main body, flanked Sir Philip's horse in their way, and
+facing to the left, so furiously charged him with their pikes, that he
+was obliged to retire in great disorder, and with the loss of a great
+many men and horses.
+
+All this while the foot on both sides were desperately engaged, and
+coming close up to the teeth of one another with the clubbed musket
+and push of pike, fought with great resolution, and a terrible
+slaughter on both sides, giving no quarter for a great while; and they
+continued to do thus, till, as if they were tired, and out of wind,
+either party seemed willing enough to leave off, and take breath.
+Those which suffered most were that brigade which had charged Sir
+William Stapleton's horse, who being bravely engaged in the front
+with the enemy's foot, were, on the sudden, charged again in front
+and flank by Sir William Balfour's horse and disordered, after a
+very desperate defence. Here the king's standard was taken, the
+standard-bearer, Sir Edward Verney, being killed; but it was rescued
+again by Captain Smith, and brought to the king the same night, for
+which the king knighted the captain.
+
+This brigade of foot had fought all the day, and had not been broken
+at last, if any horse had been at hand to support them. The field
+began to be now clear; both armies stood, as it were, gazing at one
+another, only the king, having rallied his foot, seemed inclined to
+renew the charge, and began to cannonade them, which they could not
+return, most of their cannon being nailed while they were in our
+possession, and all the cannoniers killed or fled; and our gunners did
+execution upon Sir William Balfour's troops for a good while.
+
+My father's regiment being in the right with the prince, I saw little
+of the fight but the rout of the enemy's left, and we had as full a
+victory there as we could desire, but spent too much time in it. We
+killed about 2000 men in that part of the action, and having totally
+dispersed them, and plundered their baggage, began to think of our
+fellows when 'twas too late to help them. We returned, however,
+victorious to the king, just as the battle was over. The king asked
+the prince what news? He told him he could give his Majesty a good
+account of the enemy's horse. "Ay, by G--d," says a gentleman that
+stood by me, "and of their carts too." That word was spoken with such
+a sense of the misfortune, and made such an impression on the whole
+army, that it occasioned some ill blood afterwards among us; and but
+that the king took up the business, it had been of ill consequence,
+for some person who had heard the gentleman speak it, informed the
+prince who it was, and the prince resenting it, spoke something
+about it in the hearing of the party when the king was present. The
+gentleman, not at all surprised, told his Highness openly he had said
+the words; and though he owned he had no disrespect for his Highness,
+yet he could not but say, if it had not been so, the enemy's army had
+been better beaten. The prince replied something very disobliging;
+upon which the gentleman came up to the king, and kneeling, humbly
+besought his Majesty to accept of his commission, and to give him
+leave to tell the prince, that whenever his Highness pleased, he was
+ready to give him satisfaction. The prince was exceedingly provoked,
+and as he was very passionate, began to talk very oddly, and without
+all government of himself. The gentleman, as bold as he, but much
+calmer preserved his temper, but maintained his quarrel; and the king
+was so concerned, that he was very much out of humour with the prince
+about it. However, his Majesty, upon consideration, soon ended the
+dispute, by laying his commands on them both to speak no more of it
+for that day; and refusing the commission from the colonel, for he
+was no less, sent for them both next morning in private, and made them
+friends again.
+
+But to return to our story. We came back to the king timely enough to
+put the Earl of Essex's men out of all humour of renewing the fight,
+and as I observed before, both parties stood gazing at one another,
+and our cannon playing upon them obliged Sir William Balfour's horse
+to wheel off in some disorder, but they returned us none again, which,
+as we afterwards understood, was, as I said before, for want of both
+powder and gunners, for the cannoniers and firemen were killed, or
+had quitted their train in the fight, when our horse had possession of
+their artillery; and as they had spiked up some of the cannon, so they
+had carried away fifteen carriages of powder.
+
+Night coming on, ended all discourse of more fighting, and the king
+drew off and marched towards the hills. I know no other token of
+victory which the enemy had than their lying in the field of battle
+all night, which they did for no other reason than that, having lost
+their baggage and provisions, they had nowhere to go, and which we did
+not, because we had good quarters at hand.
+
+The number of prisoners and of the slain were not very unequal; the
+enemy lost more men, we most of quality. Six thousand men on both
+sides were killed on the spot, whereof, when our rolls were examined,
+we missed 2500. We lost our brave general the old Earl of Lindsey,
+who was wounded and taken prisoner, and died of his wounds; Sir Edward
+Stradling, Colonel Lundsford, prisoners; and Sir Edward Verney and a
+great many gentlemen of quality slain. On the other hand, we carried
+off Colonel Essex, Colonel Ramsey, and the Lord St John, who also died
+of his wounds; we took five ammunition waggons full of powder, and
+brought off about 500 horse in the defeat of the left wing, with
+eighteen standards and colours, and lost seventeen.
+
+The slaughter of the left wing was so great, and the flight so
+effectual, that several of the officers rid clear away, coasting
+round, and got to London, where they reported that the Parliament army
+was entirely defeated--all lost, killed, or taken, as if none but them
+were left alive to carry the news. This filled them with consternation
+for a while, but when other messengers followed, all was restored
+to quiet again, and the Parliament cried up their victory and
+sufficiently mocked God and their general with their public thanks for
+it. Truly, as the fight was a deliverance to them, they were in the
+right to give thanks for it; but as to its being a victory, neither
+side had much to boast of, and they less a great deal than we had.
+
+I got no hurt in this fight, and indeed we of the right wing had but
+little fighting; I think I had discharged my pistols but once, and my
+carabine twice, for we had more fatigue than fight; the enemy
+fled, and we had little to do but to follow and kill those we could
+overtake. I spoiled a good horse, and got a better from the enemy in
+his room, and came home weary enough. My father lost his horse, and
+in the fall was bruised in his thigh by another horse treading on him,
+which disabled him for some time, and at his request, by his Majesty's
+consent, I commanded the regiment in his absence.
+
+The enemy received a recruit of 4000 men the next morning; if they had
+not, I believe they had gone back towards Worcester; but, encouraged
+by that reinforcement, they called a council of war, and had a long
+debate whether they could attack us again; but notwithstanding their
+great victory, they durst not attempt it, though this addition of
+strength made them superior to us by 3000 men.
+
+The king indeed expected, that when these troops joined them they
+would advance, and we were preparing to receive them at a village
+called Aynho, where the headquarters continued three or four days;
+and had they really esteemed the first day's work a victory, as they
+called it, they would have done it, but they thought not good to
+venture, but march away to Warwick, and from thence to Coventry. The
+king, to urge them to venture upon him, and come to a second battle,
+sits down before Banbury, and takes both town and castle; and two
+entire regiments of foot, and one troop of horse, quit the Parliament
+service, and take up their arms for the king. This was done almost
+before their faces, which was a better proof of a victory on our side,
+than any they could pretend to. From Banbury we marched to Oxford; and
+now all men saw the Parliament had made a great mistake, for they were
+not always in the right any more than we, to leave Oxford without a
+garrison. The king caused new regular works to be drawn round it,
+and seven royal bastions with ravelins and out-works, a double ditch,
+counterscarp, and covered way; all which, added to the advantage
+of its situation, made it a formidable place, and from this time it
+became our place of arms, and the centre of affairs on the king's
+side.
+
+If the Parliament had the honour of the field, the king reaped the
+fruits of the victory; for all this part of the country submitted to
+him. Essex's army made the best of their way to London, and were but
+in an ill condition when they came there, especially their horse.
+
+The Parliament, sensible of this, and receiving daily accounts of the
+progress we made, began to cool a little in their temper, abated of
+their first rage, and voted an address for peace; and sent to the king
+to let him know they were desirous to prevent the effusion of more
+blood, and to bring things to an accommodation, or, as they called it,
+a right understanding.
+
+I was now, by the king's particular favour, summoned to the councils
+of war, my father continuing absent and ill; and now I began to think
+of the real grounds, and which was more, of the fatal issue of this
+war. I say, I now began it; for I cannot say that I ever rightly
+stated matters in my own mind before, though I had been enough used
+to blood, and to see the destruction of people, sacking of towns, and
+plundering the country; yet 'twas in Germany, and among strangers; but
+I found a strange, secret and unaccountable sadness upon my spirits,
+to see this acting in my own native country. It grieved me to the
+heart, even in the rout of our enemies, to see the slaughter of them;
+and even in the fight, to hear a man cry for quarter in English, moved
+me to a compassion which I had never been used to; nay, sometimes
+it looked to me as if some of my own men had been beaten; and when
+I heard a soldier cry, "O God, I am shot," I looked behind me to see
+which of my own troop was fallen. Here I saw myself at the cutting of
+the throats of my friends; and indeed some of my near relations. My
+old comrades and fellow-soldiers in Germany were some with us, some
+against us, as their opinions happened to differ in religion. For my
+part, I confess I had not much religion in me, at that time; but I
+thought religion rightly practised on both sides would have made us
+all better friends; and therefore sometimes I began to think, that
+both the bishops of our side, and the preachers on theirs, made
+religion rather the pretence than the cause of the war. And from those
+thoughts I vigorously argued it at the council of war against marching
+to Brentford, while the address for a treaty of peace from the
+Parliament was in hand: for I was for taking the Parliament by the
+handle which they had given us, and entering into a negotiation, with
+the advantage of its being at their own request.
+
+I thought the king had now in his hands an opportunity to make an
+honourable peace; for this battle of Edgehill, as much as they boasted
+of the victory to hearten up their friends, had sorely weakened their
+army, and discouraged their party too, which in effect was worse as to
+their army. The horse were particularly in an ill case, and the foot
+greatly diminished, and the remainder very sickly; but besides this,
+the Parliament were greatly alarmed at the progress we made afterward;
+and still fearing the king's surprising them, had sent for the Earl of
+Essex to London, to defend them; by which the country was, as it were,
+defeated and abandoned, and left to be plundered; our parties overrun
+all places at pleasure. All this while I considered, that whatever the
+soldiers of fortune meant by the war, our desires were to suppress
+the exorbitant power of a party, to establish our king in his just
+and legal rights; but not with a design to destroy the constitution of
+government, and the being of Parliament. And therefore I thought now
+was the time for peace, and there were a great many worthy gentlemen
+in the army of my mind; and, had our master had ears to hear us, the
+war might have had an end here.
+
+This address for peace was received by the king at Maidenhead, whither
+this army was now advanced, and his Majesty returned answer by Sir
+Peter Killegrew, that he desired nothing more, and would not be
+wanting on his part. Upon this the Parliament name commissioners, and
+his Majesty excepting against Sir John Evelyn, they left him out,
+and sent others; and desired the king to appoint his residence near
+London, where the commissioners might wait upon him. Accordingly the
+king appointed Windsor for the place of treaty, and desired the
+treaty might be hastened. And thus all things looked with a favourable
+aspect, when one unlucky action knocked it all on the head, and filled
+both parties with more implacable animosities than they had before,
+and all hopes of peace vanished.
+
+During this progress of the king's armies, we were always abroad with
+the horse ravaging the country, and plundering the Roundheads. Prince
+Rupert, a most active vigilant party man, and I must own, fitter for
+such than for a general, was never lying still, and I seldom stayed
+behind; for our regiment being very well mounted, he would always send
+for us, if he had any extraordinary design in hand.
+
+One time in particular he had a design upon Aylesbury, the capital of
+Buckinghamshire; indeed our view at first was rather to beat the
+enemy out of town and demolish their works, and perhaps raise some
+contributions on the rich country round it, than to garrison the
+place, and keep it; for we wanted no more garrisons, being masters of
+the field.
+
+The prince had 2500 horse with him in this expedition, but no foot;
+the town had some foot raised in the country by Mr Hampden, and two
+regiments of country militia, whom we made light of, but we found they
+stood to their tackle better than well enough. We came very early to
+the town, and thought they had no notice of us; but some false brother
+had given them the alarm, and we found them all in arms, the hedges
+without the town lined with musketeers, on that side in particular
+where they expected us, and two regiments of foot drawn up in view to
+support them, with some horse in the rear of all.
+
+The prince, willing, however, to do something, caused some of his
+horse to alight, and serve as dragoons; and having broken a way into
+the enclosures, the horse beat the foot from behind the hedges, while
+the rest who were alighted charged them in the lane which leads to
+the town. Here they had cast up some works, and fired from their
+lines very regularly, considering them as militia only, the governor
+encouraging them by his example; so that finding without some foot
+there would be no good to be done, we gave it over, and drew off; and
+so Aylesbury escaped a scouring for that time.
+
+I cannot deny but these flying parties of horse committed great spoil
+among the country people; and sometimes the prince gave a liberty to
+some cruelties which were not at all for the king's interest; because
+it being still upon our own country, and the king's own subjects, whom
+in all his declarations he protested to be careful of, it seemed to
+contradict all those protestations and declarations, and served to
+aggravate and exasperate the common people; and the king's enemies
+made all the advantages of it that was possible, by crying out of
+twice as many extravagancies as were committed.
+
+Tis true, the king, who naturally abhorred such things, could not
+restrain his men, no, nor his generals, so absolutely as he would
+have done. The war, on his side, was very much _a la_ volunteer;
+many gentlemen served him at their own charge, and some paid whole
+regiments themselves: sometimes also the king's affairs were straiter
+than ordinary, and his men were not very well paid, and this obliged
+him to wink at their excursions upon the country, though he did not
+approve of them. And yet I must own, that in those parts of England
+where the war was hottest, there never was seen that ruin and
+depopulation, murders, and barbarities, which I have seen even among
+Protestant armies abroad, in Germany and other foreign parts of the
+world. And if the Parliament people had seen those things abroad, as I
+had, they would not have complained.
+
+The most I have seen was plundering the towns for provisions, drinking
+up their beer, and turning our horses into their fields, or stacks
+of corn; and sometimes the soldiers would be a little rude with the
+wenches; but alas! what was this to Count Tilly's ravages in Saxony?
+Or what was our taking of Leicester by storm, where they cried out of
+our barbarities, to the sacking of New Brandenburg, or the taking of
+Magdeburg? In Leicester, of 7000 or 8000 people in the town, 300 were
+killed; in Magdeburg, of 25,000 scarce 2700 were left, and the whole
+town burnt to ashes. I myself have seen seventeen or eighteen villages
+on fire in a day, and the people driven away from their dwellings,
+like herds of cattle. I do not instance these greater barbarities to
+justify lesser actions, which are nevertheless irregular; but I do
+say, that circumstances considered, this war was managed with as
+much humanity on both sides as could be expected, especially also
+considering the animosity of parties.
+
+But to return to the prince: he had not always the same success in
+these enterprises, for sometimes we came short home. And I cannot omit
+one pleasant adventure which happened to a party of ours, in one of
+these excursions into Buckinghamshire. The major of our regiment was
+soundly beaten by a party, which, as I may say, was led by a woman;
+and, if I had not rescued him, I know not but he had been taken
+prisoner by a woman. It seems our men had besieged some fortified
+house about Oxfordshire, towards Thame, and the house being defended
+by the lady in her husband's absence, she had yielded the house upon a
+capitulation; one of the articles of which was, to march out with
+all her servants, soldiers, and goods, and to be conveyed to Thame.
+Whether she thought to have gone no farther, or that she reckoned
+herself safe there, I know not; but my major, with two troops of
+horse, meets with this lady and her party, about five miles from
+Thame, as we were coming back from our defeated attack of Aylesbury.
+We reckoned ourselves in an enemy's country, and had lived a little at
+large, or at discretion, as 'tis called abroad; and these two troops,
+with the major, were returning to our detachment from a little
+village, where, at the farmer's house, they had met with some liquor,
+and truly some of his men were so drunk they could but just sit upon
+their horses. The major himself was not much better, and the whole
+body were but in a sorry condition to fight. Upon the road they meet
+this party; the lady having no design of fighting, and being, as she
+thought, under the protection of the articles, sounds a parley, and
+desired to speak with the officer. The major, as drunk as he was,
+could tell her, that by the articles she was to be assured no farther
+than Thame, and being now five miles beyond it, she was a fair enemy,
+and therefore demanded to render themselves prisoners. The lady
+seemed surprised, but being sensible she was in the wrong, offered
+to compound for her goods, and would have given him L300, and I think
+seven or eight horses. The major would certainly have taken it, if he
+had not been drunk; but he refused it, and gave threatening words to
+her, blustering in language which he thought proper to fright a woman,
+viz., that he would cut them all to pieces, and give no quarter, and
+the like.
+
+The lady, who had been more used to the smell of powder than he
+imagined, called some of her servants to her, and, consulting with
+them what to do, they all unanimously encouraged her to let them
+fight; told her it was plain that the commander was drunk, and all
+that were with him were rather worse than he, and hardly able to sit
+their horses; and that therefore one bold charge would put them all
+into confusion. In a word, she consented, and, as she was a woman,
+they desired her to secure herself among the waggons; but she refused,
+and told them bravely she would take her fate with them. In short, she
+boldly bade my major defiance, and that he might do his worst, since
+she had offered him fair, and he had refused it; her mind was altered
+now, and she would give him nothing, and bade his officer that
+parleyed longer with her be gone; so the parley ended. After this she
+gave him fair leave to go back to his men; but before he could tell
+his tale to them she was at his heels with all her men, and gave him
+such a home charge as put his men into disorder, and, being too drunk
+to rally, they were knocked down before they knew what to do with
+themselves, and in a few minutes more they took to a plain flight.
+But what was still worse, the men, being some of them very drunk, when
+they came to run for their lives fell over one another, and tumbled
+over their horses, and made such work that a troop of women might have
+beaten them all. In this pickle, with the enemy at his heels, I
+came in with him, hearing the noise. When I appeared the pursuers
+retreated, and, seeing what a condition my people were in, and not
+knowing the strength of the enemy, I contented myself with bringing
+them off without pursuing the other; nor could I ever hear positively
+who this female captain was. We lost seventeen or eighteen of our men,
+and about thirty horses; but when the particulars of the story was
+told us, our major was so laughed at by the whole army, and laughed
+at everywhere, that he was ashamed to show himself for a week or a
+fortnight after.
+
+But to return to the king: his Majesty, as I observed, was at
+Maidenhead addressed by the Parliament for peace, and Windsor
+being appointed for the place of treaty, the van of his army lay at
+Colebrook. In the meantime, whether it were true or only a pretence,
+but it was reported the Parliament general had sent a body of his
+troops, with a train of artillery, to Hammersmith, in order to fall
+upon some part of our army, or to take some advanced post, which was
+to the prejudice of our men; whereupon the king ordered the army to
+march, and, by the favour of a thick mist, came within half a mile of
+Brentford before he was discovered. There were two regiments of foot,
+and about 600 horse into the town, of the enemy's best troops; these
+taking the alarm, posted themselves on the bridge at the west end of
+the town. The king attacked them with a select detachment of his best
+infantry, and they defended themselves with incredible obstinacy. I
+must own I never saw raw men, for they could not have been in arms
+above four months, act like them in my life. In short, there was no
+forcing these men, for, though two whole brigades of our foot, backed
+by our horse, made five several attacks upon them they could not break
+them, and we lost a great many brave men in that action. At last,
+seeing the obstinacy of these men, a party of horse was ordered to go
+round from Osterley; and, entering the town on the north side, where,
+though the horse made some resistance, it was not considerable, the
+town was presently taken. I led my regiment through an enclosure, and
+came into the town nearer to the bridge than the rest, by which means
+I got first into the town; but I had this loss by my expedition, that
+the foot charged me before the body was come up, and poured in their
+shot very furiously. My men were but in an ill case, and would not
+have stood much longer, if the rest of the horse coming up the lane
+had not found them other employment. When the horse were thus entered,
+they immediately dispersed the enemy's horse, who fled away towards
+London, and falling in sword in hand upon the rear of the foot, who
+were engaged at the bridge, they were all cut in pieces, except about
+200, who, scorning to ask quarter, desperately threw themselves into
+the river of Thames, where they were most of them drowned.
+
+The Parliament and their party made a great outcry at this
+attempt--that it was base and treacherous while in a treaty of peace;
+and that the king, having amused them with hearkening to a treaty,
+designed to have seized upon their train of artillery first, and,
+after that, to have surprised both the city of London and the
+Parliament. And I have observed since, that our historians note this
+action as contrary to the laws of honour and treaties, though as there
+was no cessation of arms agreed on, nothing is more contrary to the
+laws of war than to suggest it.
+
+That it was a very unhappy thing to the king and whole nation, as it
+broke off the hopes of peace, and was the occasion of bringing the
+Scots army in upon us, I readily acknowledge, but that there
+was anything dishonourable in it, I cannot allow. For though the
+Parliament had addressed to the king for peace, and such steps were
+taken in it as before, yet, as I have said, there was no proposals
+made on either side for a cessation of arms, and all the world must
+allow, that in such cases the war goes on in the field, while the
+peace goes on in the cabinet. And if the war goes on, admit the king
+had designed to surprise the city or Parliament, or all of them, it
+had been no more than the custom of war allows, and what they would
+have done by him if they could. The treaty of Westphalia, or peace of
+Munster, which ended the bloody wars of Germany, was a precedent for
+this. That treaty was actually negotiating seven years, and yet the
+war went on with all the vigour and rancour imaginable, even to the
+last. Nay, the very time after the conclusion of it, but before the
+news could be brought to the army, did he that was afterwards King
+of Sweden, Carolus Gustavus, take the city of Prague by surprise, and
+therein an inestimable booty. Besides, all the wars of Europe are full
+of examples of this kind, and therefore I cannot see any reason to
+blame the king for this action as to the fairness of it. Indeed, as
+to the policy of it, I can say little; but the case was this. The king
+had a gallant army, flushed with success, and things hitherto had gone
+on very prosperously, both with his own army and elsewhere; he had
+above 35,000 men in his own army, including his garrison left at
+Banbury, Shrewsbury, Worcester, Oxford, Wallingford, Abingdon,
+Reading, and places adjacent. On the other hand, the Parliament army
+came back to London in but a very sorry condition;[1] for what with
+their loss in their victory, as they called it, at Edgehill, their
+sickness, and a hasty march to London, they were very much diminished,
+though at London they soon recruited them again. And this prosperity
+of the king's affairs might encourage him to strike this blow,
+thinking to bring the Parliament to the better terms by the
+apprehensions of the superior strength of the king's forces.
+
+But, however it was, the success did not equally answer the king's
+expectation. The vigorous defence the troops posted at Brentford
+made as above, gave the Earl of Essex opportunity, with extraordinary
+application, to draw his forces out to Turnham Green. And the
+exceeding alacrity of the enemy was such, that their whole army
+appeared with them, making together an army of 24,000 men, drawn up
+in view of our forces by eight o'clock the next morning. The city
+regiments were placed between the regular troops, and all together
+offered us battle, but we were not in a condition to accept it. The
+king indeed was sometimes of the mind to charge them, and once or
+twice ordered parties to advance to begin to skirmish, but upon better
+advice altered his mind, and indeed it was the wisest counsel to defer
+the fighting at that time. The Parliament generals were as unfixed in
+their resolutions, on the other side, as the king; sometimes they sent
+out parties, and then called them back again. One strong party of near
+3000 men marched off towards Acton, with orders to amuse us on that
+side, but were countermanded. Indeed, I was of the opinion we might
+have ventured the battle, for though the Parliament's army were more
+numerous, yet the city trained bands, which made up 4000 of their
+foot, were not much esteemed, and the king was a great deal stronger
+in horse than they. But the main reason that hindered the engagement,
+was want of ammunition, which the king having duly weighed, he caused
+the carriages and cannon to draw off first, and then the foot, the
+horse continuing to force the enemy till all was clear gone; and then
+we drew off too and marched to Kingston, and the next day to Reading.
+
+Now the king saw his mistake in not continuing his march for London,
+instead of facing about to fight the enemy at Edgehill. And all the
+honour we had gained in so many successful enterprises lay buried in
+this shameful retreat from an army of citizens' wives; for truly that
+appearance at Turnham Green was gay, but not great. There was as many
+lookers-on as actors. The crowds of ladies, apprentices, and mob was
+so great, that when the parties of our army advanced, and as they
+thought, to charge, the coaches, horsemen, and crowd, that cluttered
+away to be out of harm's way, looked little better than a rout. And I
+was persuaded a good home charge from our horse would have sent their
+whole army after them. But so it was, that this crowd of an army was
+to triumph over us, and they did it, for all the kingdom was carefully
+informed how their dreadful looks had frightened us away.
+
+Upon our retreat, the Parliament resent this attack, which they call
+treacherous, and vote no accommodation; but they considered of it
+afterwards, and sent six commissioners to the king with propositions.
+But the change of the scene of action changed the terms of peace, and
+now they made terms like conquerors, petition him to desert his army,
+and return to the Parliament, and the like. Had his Majesty, at the
+head of his army, with the full reputation they had before, and in the
+ebb of their affairs, rested at Windsor, and commenced a treaty, they
+had certainly made more reasonable proposals; but now the scabbard
+seemed to be thrown away on both sides.
+
+The rest of the winter was spent in strengthening parties and places,
+also in fruitless treaties of peace, messages, remonstrances, and
+paper war on both sides, and no action remarkable happened anywhere
+that I remember. Yet the king gained ground everywhere, and his forces
+in the north increased under the Earl of Newcastle; also my Lord
+Goring, then only called Colonel Goring, arrived from Holland,
+bringing three ships laden with arms and ammunition, and notice that
+the queen was following with more. Goring brought 4000 barrels of
+gunpowder, and 20,000 small arms; all which came very seasonably, for
+the king was in great want of them, especially the powder. Upon this
+recruit the Earl of Newcastle draws down to York, and being above
+16,000 strong, made Sir Thomas Fairfax give ground, and retreat to
+Hull.
+
+Whoever lay still, Prince Rupert was always abroad, and I chose to go
+out with his Highness as often as I had opportunity, for hitherto he
+was always successful. About this time the prince being at Oxford, I
+gave him intelligence of a party of the enemy who lived a little at
+large, too much for good soldiers, about Cirencester. The prince, glad
+of the news, resolved to attack them, and though it was a wet season,
+and the ways exceeding bad, being in February, yet we marched all
+night in the dark, which occasioned the loss of some horses and
+men too, in sloughs and holes, which the darkness of the night had
+suffered them to fall into. We were a very strong party, being about
+3000 horse and dragoons, and coming to Cirencester very early in the
+morning, to our great satisfaction the enemy were perfectly surprised,
+not having the least notice of our march, which answered our end more
+ways than one. However, the Earl of Stamford's regiment made some
+resistance; but the town having no works to defend it, saving a slight
+breastwork at the entrance of the road, with a turnpike, our dragoons
+alighted, and forcing their way over the bellies of Stamford's foot,
+they beat them from their defence, and followed them at their heels
+into the town. Stamford's regiment was entirely cut in pieces, and
+several others, to the number of about 800 men, and the town entered
+without any other resistance. We took 1200 prisoners, 3000 arms, and
+the county magazine, which at that time was considerable; for there
+was about 120 barrels of powder, and all things in proportion.
+
+I received the first hurt I got in this war at this action, for having
+followed the dragoons and brought my regiment within the barricado
+which they had gained, a musket bullet struck my horse just in the
+head, and that so effectually that he fell down as dead as a stone all
+at once. The fall plunged me into a puddle of water and daubed me; and
+my man having brought me another horse and cleaned me a little, I was
+just getting up, when another bullet struck me on my left hand, which
+I had just clapped on the horse's main to lift myself into the saddle.
+The blow broke one of my fingers, and bruised my hand very much; and
+it proved a very painful hurt to me. For the present I did not
+much concern myself about it, but made my man tie it up close in my
+handkerchief, and led up my men to the market-place, where we had
+a very smart brush with some musketeers who were posted in the
+churchyard; but our dragoons soon beat them out there, and the whole
+town was then our own. We made no stay here, but marched back with
+all our booty to Oxford, for we knew the enemy were very strong at
+Gloucester, and that way.
+
+Much about the same time, the Earl of Northampton, with a strong
+party, set upon Lichfield, and took the town, but could not take the
+Close; but they beat a body of 4000 men coming to the relief of the
+town, under Sir John Gell, of Derbyshire, and Sir William Brereton, of
+Cheshire, and killing 600 of them, dispersed the rest.
+
+Our second campaign now began to open; the king marched from Oxford
+to relieve Reading, which was besieged by the Parliament forces;
+but General Fielding, Lieutenant-Governor, Sir Arthur Ashton being
+wounded, surrendered to Essex before the king could come up; for
+which he was tried by martial law, and condemned to die, but the king
+forbore to execute the sentence. This was the first town we had lost
+in the war, for still the success of the king's affairs was very
+encouraging. This bad news, however, was overbalanced by an account
+brought the king at the same time, by an express from York, that the
+queen had landed in the north, and had brought over a great magazine
+of arms and ammunition, besides some men. Some time after this her
+Majesty, marching southward to meet the king, joined the army near
+Edgehill, where the first battle was fought. She brought the king 3000
+foot, 1500 horse and dragoons, six pieces of cannon, 1500 barrels of
+powder, 12,000 small arms.
+
+During this prosperity of the king's affairs his armies increased
+mightily in the western counties also. Sir William Waller, indeed,
+commanded for the Parliament in those parts too, and particularly in
+Dorsetshire, Hampshire, and Berkshire, where he carried on their
+cause but too fast; but farther west, Sir Nicholas Slanning, Sir Ralph
+Hopton, and Sir Bevil Grenvile had extended the king's quarters from
+Cornwall through Devonshire, and into Somersetshire, where they
+took Exeter, Barnstaple, and Bideford; and the first of these they
+fortified very well, making it a place of arms for the west, and
+afterwards it was the residence of the queen.
+
+At last, the famous Sir William Waller and the king's forces met, and
+came to a pitched battle, where Sir William lost all his honour again.
+This was at Roundway Down in Wiltshire. Waller had engaged our Cornish
+army at Lansdown, and in a very obstinate fight had the better of
+them, and made them retreat to the Devizes. Sir William Hopton,
+however, having a good body of foot untouched, sent expresses and
+messengers one in the neck of another to the king for some horse, and
+the king being in great concern for that army, who were composed of
+the flower of the Cornish men, commanded me to march with all possible
+secrecy, as well as expedition, with 1200 horse and dragoons from
+Oxford, to join them. We set out in the depth of the night, to avoid,
+if possible, any intelligence being given of our route, and soon
+joined with the Cornish army, when it was as soon resolved to give
+battle to Waller; and, give him his due, he was as forward to fight as
+we. As it is easy to meet when both sides are willing to be found, Sir
+William Waller met us upon Roundway Down, where we had a fair field on
+both sides, and room enough to draw up our horse. In a word, there
+was little ceremony to the work; the armies joined, and we charged his
+horse with so much resolution, that they quickly fled, and quitted
+the field; for we over-matched him in horse, and this was the entire
+destruction of their army. For the infantry, which outnumbered ours
+by 1500, were now at our mercy; some faint resistance they made, just
+enough to give us occasion to break into their ranks with our horse,
+where we gave time to our foot to defeat others that stood to their
+work, upon which they began to disband, and run every way they could;
+but our horse having surrounded them, we made a fearful havoc of them.
+
+We lost not about 200 men in this action; Waller lost about 4000
+killed and taken, and as many dispersed that never returned to their
+colours. Those of foot that escaped got into Bristol, and Waller, with
+the poor remains of his routed regiments, got to London; so that it
+is plain some ran east, and some ran west, that is to say, they fled
+every way they could.
+
+My going with this detachment prevented my being at the siege of
+Bristol, which Prince Rupert attacked much about the same time, and it
+surrendered in three days. The Parliament questioned Colonel
+Nathaniel Fiennes, the governor, and had him tried as a coward by a
+court-martial, and condemned to die, but suspended the execution also,
+as the king did the governor of Reading. I have often heard Prince
+Rupert say, they did Colonel Fiennes wrong in that affair; and that if
+the colonel would have summoned him, he would have demanded a passport
+of the Parliament, and have come up and convinced the court that
+Colonel Fiennes had not misbehaved himself, and that he had not a
+sufficient garrison to defend a city of that extent; having not above
+1200 men in the town, excepting some of Waller's runaways, most of
+whom were unfit for service, and without arms; and that the citizens
+in general being disaffected to him, and ready on the first occasion
+to open the gates to the king's forces, it was impossible for him to
+have kept the city. "And when I had farther informed them," said the
+prince, "of the measures I had taken for a general assault the next
+day, I am confident I should have convinced them that I had taken the
+city by storm, if he had not surrendered."
+
+The king's affairs were now in a very good posture, and three armies
+in the north, west, and in the centre, counted in the musters about
+70,000 men besides small garrisons and parties abroad. Several of the
+lords, and more of the commons, began to fall off from the Parliament,
+and make their peace with the king; and the affairs of the Parliament
+began to look very ill. The city of London was their inexhaustible
+support and magazine, both for men, money, and all things necessary;
+and whenever their army was out of order, the clergy of their party
+in but one Sunday or two, would preach the young citizens out of their
+shops, the labourers from their masters, into the army, and recruit
+them on a sudden. And all this was still owing to the omission I first
+observed, of not marching to London, when it might have been so easily
+effected.
+
+We had now another, or a fairer opportunity, than before, but as ill
+use was made of it. The king, as I have observed, was in a very good
+posture; he had three large armies roving at large over the kingdom.
+The Cornish army, victorious and numerous, had beaten Waller, secured
+and fortified Exeter, which the queen had made her residence, and
+was there delivered of a daughter, the Princess Henrietta Maria,
+afterwards Duchess of Orleans, and mother of the Duchess Dowager of
+Savoy, commonly known in the French style by the title of Madam Royal.
+They had secured Salisbury, Sherborne Castle, Weymouth, Winchester,
+and Basing-house, and commanded the whole country, except Bridgewater
+and Taunton, Plymouth and Lynn; all which places they held blocked
+up. The king was also entirely master of all Wales, Monmouthshire,
+Cheshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Worcestershire, Oxfordshire,
+Berkshire, and all the towns from Windsor up the Thames to
+Cirencester, except Reading and Henley; and of the whole Severn,
+except Gloucester.
+
+The Earl of Newcastle had garrisons in every strong place in the
+north, from Berwick-upon-Tweed to Boston in Lincolnshire, and
+Newark-upon-Trent, Hull only excepted, whither the Lord Fairfax and
+his son Sir Thomas were retreated, their troops being routed and
+broken, Sir Thomas Fairfax his baggage, with his lady and servants
+taken prisoners, and himself hardly scaping.
+
+And now a great council of war was held in the king's quarters, what
+enterprise to go upon; and it happened to be the very same day when
+the Parliament were in a serious debate what should become of them,
+and whose help they should seek. And indeed they had cause for it; and
+had our counsels been as ready and well-grounded as theirs, we had put
+an end to the war in a month's time.
+
+In this council the king proposed the marching to London, to put an
+end to the Parliament and encourage his friends and loyal subjects in
+Kent, who were ready to rise for him; and showed us letters from
+the Earl of Newcastle, wherein he offered to join his Majesty with a
+detachment of 4000 horse, and 8000 foot, if his Majesty thought fit
+to march southward, and yet leave forces sufficient to guard the
+north from any invasion. I confess, when I saw the scheme the king had
+himself drawn for this attempt, I felt an unusual satisfaction in my
+mind, from the hopes that he might bring this war to some tolerable
+end; for I professed myself on all occasions heartily weary with
+fighting with friends, brothers, neighbours, and acquaintance, and I
+made no question but this motion of the king's would effectually bring
+the Parliament to reason.
+
+All men seemed to like the enterprise but the Earl of Worcester, who,
+on particular views for securing the country behind, as he called it,
+proposed the taking in the town of Gloucester and Hereford first. He
+made a long speech of the danger of leaving Massey, an active bold
+fellow, with a strong party in the heart of all the king's quarters,
+ready on all occasions to sally out and surprise the neighbouring
+garrisons, as he had done Sudley Castle and others; and of the ease
+and freedom to all those western parts to have them fully cleared
+of the enemy. Interest presently backs this advice, and all those
+gentlemen whose estates lay that way, or whose friends lived about
+Worcester, Shrewsbury, Bridgnorth, or the borders, and who, as they
+said, had heard the frequent wishes of the country to have the city of
+Gloucester reduced, fell in with this advice, alleging the consequence
+it was for the commerce of the country to have the navigation of the
+Severn free, which was only interrupted by this one town from the sea
+up to Shrewsbury, &c.
+
+I opposed this, and so did several others. Prince Rupert was
+vehemently against it; and we both offered, with the troops of the
+country, to keep Gloucester blocked up during the king's march for
+London, so that Massey should not be able to stir.
+
+This proposal made the Earl of Worcester's party more eager for the
+siege than before, for they had no mind to a blockade which would
+leave the country to maintain the troops all the summer; and of all
+men the prince did not please them, for, he having no extraordinary
+character for discipline, his company was not much desired even by
+our friends. Thus, in an ill hour, 'twas resolved to sit down before
+Gloucester. The king had a gallant army of 28,000 men whereof 11,000
+horse, the finest body of gentlemen that ever I saw together in my
+life; their horses without comparison, and their equipages the finest
+and the best in the world, and their persons Englishmen, which, I
+think, is enough to say of them.
+
+According to the resolution taken in the council of war, the army
+marched westward, and sat down before Gloucester the beginning of
+August. There we spent a month to the least purpose that ever army
+did. Our men received frequent affronts from the desperate sallies
+of an inconsiderable enemy. I cannot forbear reflecting on the
+misfortunes of this siege. Our men were strangely dispirited in all
+the assaults they gave upon the place; there was something looked like
+disaster and mismanagement, and our men went on with an ill will and
+no resolution. The king despised the place, and thinking to carry it
+sword in hand, made no regular approaches, and the garrison, being
+desperate, made therefore the greater slaughter. In this work our
+horse, who were so numerous and so fine, had no employment. Two
+thousand horse had been enough for this business, and the enemy had no
+garrison or party within forty miles of us, so that we had nothing to
+do but look on with infinite regret upon the losses of our foot.
+
+The enemy made frequent and desperate sallies, in one of which I had
+my share. I was posted upon a parade, or place of arms, with part of
+my regiment, and part of Colonel Goring's regiment of horse, in order
+to support a body of foot, who were ordered to storm the point of a
+breastwork which the enemy had raised to defend one of the avenues to
+the town. The foot were beat off with loss, as they always were; and
+Massey, the governor, not content to have beaten them from his works,
+sallies out with near 400 men, and falling in upon the foot as they
+were rallying under the cover of our horse, we put ourselves in the
+best posture we could to receive them. As Massey did not expect, I
+suppose, to engage with any horse, he had no pikes with him, which
+encouraged us to treat him the more rudely; but as to desperate men
+danger is no danger, when he found he must clear his hands of us,
+before he could despatch the foot, he faces up to us, fires but one
+volley of his small shot, and fell to battering us with the stocks of
+their muskets in such a manner that one would have thought they had
+been madmen.
+
+We at first despised this way of clubbing us, and charging through
+them, laid a great many of them upon the ground, and in repeating our
+charge, trampled more of them under our horses' feet; and wheeling
+thus continually, beat them off from our foot, who were just upon the
+point of disbanding. Upon this they charged us again with their fire,
+and at one volley killed thirty-three or thirty-four men and horses;
+and had they had pikes with them, I know not what we should have done
+with them. But at last charging through them again, we divided them;
+one part of them being hemmed in between us and our own foot, were
+cut in pieces to a man; the rest as I understood afterwards, retreated
+into the town, having lost 300 of their men.
+
+In this last charge I received a rude blow from a stout fellow on
+foot with the butt end of his musket which perfectly stunned me, and
+fetched me off from my horse; and had not some near me took care of
+me, I had been trod to death by our own men. But the fellow being
+immediately killed, and my friends finding me alive, had taken me up,
+and carried me off some distance, where I came to myself again after
+some time, but knew little of what I did or said that night. This was
+the reason why I say I afterwards understood the enemy retreated; for
+I saw no more what they did then, nor indeed was I well of this blow
+for all the rest of the summer, but had frequent pains in my head,
+dizzinesses and swimming, that gave me some fears the blow had
+injured the skull; but it wore off again, nor did it at all hinder my
+attending my charge.
+
+This action, I think, was the only one that looked like a defeat given
+the enemy at this siege. We killed them near 300 men, as I have said,
+and lost about sixty of our troopers.
+
+All this time, while the king was harassing and weakening the best
+army he ever saw together during the whole war, the Parliament
+generals, or rather preachers, were recruiting theirs; for the
+preachers were better than drummers to raise volunteers, zealously
+exhorting the London dames to part with their husbands, and the city
+to send some of their trained bands to join the army for the relief of
+Gloucester; and now they began to advance towards us.
+
+The king hearing of the advance of Essex's army, who by this time was
+come to Aylesbury, had summoned what forces he had within call, to
+join him; and accordingly he received 3000 foot from Somersetshire;
+and having battered the town for thirty-six hours, and made a fair
+breach, resolves upon an assault, if possible, to carry the town
+before the enemy came up. The assault was begun about seven in the
+evening, and the men boldly mounted the breach; but after a very
+obstinate and bloody dispute, were beaten out again by the besieged
+with great loss.
+
+Being thus often repulsed, and the Earl of Essex's army approaching,
+the king calls a council of war, and proposed to fight Essex's army.
+The officers of the horse were for fighting; and without doubt we were
+superior to him both in number and goodness of our horse, but the foot
+were not in an equal condition; and the colonels of foot representing
+to the king the weakness of their regiments, and how their men had
+been balked and disheartened at this cursed siege, the graver counsel
+prevailed, and it was resolved to raise the siege, and retreat towards
+Bristol, till the army was recruited. Pursuant to this resolution, the
+5th of September, the king, having before sent away his heavy cannon
+and baggage, raised the siege, and marched to Berkeley Castle. The
+Earl of Essex came the next day to Birdlip Hills; and understanding
+by messengers from Colonel Massey, that the siege was raised, sends
+a recruit of 2500 men into the city, and followed us himself with a
+great body of horse.
+
+This body of horse showed themselves to us once in a large field fit
+to have entertained them in; and our scouts having assured us they
+were not above 4000, and had no foot with them, the king ordered
+a detachment of about the same number to face them. I desired his
+Majesty to let us have two regiments of dragoons with us, which was
+then 800 men in a regiment, lest there might be some dragoons among
+the enemy; which the king granted, and accordingly we marched, and
+drew up in view of them. They stood their ground, having, as they
+supposed, some advantage of the manner they were posted in, and
+expected we would charge them. The king, who did us the honour to
+command this party, finding they would not stir, calls me to him, and
+ordered me with the dragoons, and my own regiment, to take a circuit
+round by a village to a certain lane, where in their retreat they must
+have passed, and which opened to a small common on the flank; with
+orders, if they engaged, to advance and charge them in the flank. I
+marched immediately; but though the country about there was almost all
+enclosures, yet their scouts were so vigilant, that they discovered
+me, and gave notice to the body; upon which their whole party moved to
+the left, as if they intended to charge me, before the king with
+his body of horse could come. But the king was too vigilant to be
+circumvented so; and therefore his Majesty perceiving this, sends away
+three regiments of horse to second me, and a messenger before them, to
+order me to halt, and expect the enemy, for that he would follow with
+the whole body.
+
+But before this order reached me, I had halted for some time; for
+finding myself discovered, and not judging it safe to be entirely
+cut off from the main body, I stopped at the village, and causing my
+dragoons to alight, and line a thick hedge on my left, I drew up my
+horse just at the entrance into the village opening to a common.
+The enemy came up on the trot to charge me, but were saluted with a
+terrible fire from the dragoons out of the hedge, which killed them
+near 100 men. This being a perfect surprise to them, they halted,
+and just at that moment they received orders from their main body
+to retreat; the king at the same time appearing upon some heights in
+their rear, which obliged them to think of retreating, or coming to a
+general battle, which was none of their design.
+
+I had no occasion to follow them, not being in a condition to attack
+the whole body; but the dragoons coming out into the common, gave them
+another volley at a distance, which reached them effectually, for it
+killed about twenty of them, and wounded more; but they drew off, and
+never fired a shot at us, fearing to be enclosed between two parties,
+and so marched away to their general's quarters, leaving ten or twelve
+more of their fellows killed, and about 180 horses. Our men, after the
+country fashion, gave them a shout at parting, to let them see we knew
+they were afraid of us.
+
+However, this relieving of Gloucester raised the spirits as well as
+the reputation of the Parliament forces, and was a great defeat to us;
+and from this time things began to look with a melancholy aspect, for
+the prosperous condition of the king's affairs began to decline. The
+opportunities he had let slip were never to be recovered, and the
+Parliament, in their former extremity, having voted an invitation
+to the Scots to march to their assistance, we had now new enemies to
+encounter; and, indeed, there began the ruin of his Majesty's affairs,
+for the Earl of Newcastle, not able to defend himself against the
+Scots on his rear, the Earl of Manchester in his front, and Sir Thomas
+Fairfax on his flank, was everywhere routed and defeated, and his
+forces obliged to quit the field to the enemy.
+
+About this time it was that we first began to hear of one Oliver
+Cromwell, who, like a little cloud, rose out of the east, and spread
+first into the north, till it shed down a flood that overwhelmed the
+three kingdoms.
+
+He first was a private captain of horse, but now commanded a regiment
+whom he armed _cap-a-pie a la cuirassier_; and, joining with the Earl
+of Manchester, the first action we heard of him that made him anything
+famous was about Grantham, where, with only his own regiment, he
+defeated twenty-four troops of horse and dragoons of the king's
+forces; then, at Gainsborough, with two regiments, his own of horse
+and one of dragoons, where he defeated near 3000 of the Earl of
+Newcastle's men, killed Lieutenant-General Cavendish, brother to the
+Earl of Devonshire, who commanded them, and relieved Gainsborough; and
+though the whole army came in to the rescue, he made good his retreat
+to Lincoln with little loss; and the next week he defeated Sir John
+Henderson at Winceby, near Horncastle, with sixteen regiments of horse
+and dragoons, himself having not half that number; killed the Lord
+Widdrington, Sir Ingram Hopton, and several gentlemen of quality. Thus
+this firebrand of war began to blaze, and he soon grew a terror to
+the north; for victory attended him like a page of honour, and he was
+scarce ever known to be beaten during the whole war.
+
+Now we began to reflect again on the misfortune of our master's
+counsels. Had we marched to London, instead of besieging Gloucester,
+we had finished the war with a stroke. The Parliament's army was in
+a most despicable condition, and had never been recruited, had we not
+given them a month's time, which we lingered away at this fatal town
+of Gloucester. But 'twas too late to reflect; we were a disheartened
+army, but we were not beaten yet, nor broken. We had a large country
+to recruit in, and we lost no time but raised men apace. In the
+meantime his Majesty, after a short stay at Bristol, makes back again
+towards Oxford with a part of the foot and all the horse.
+
+At Cirencester we had a brush again with Essex; that town owed us
+a shrewd turn for having handled them coarsely enough before, when
+Prince Rupert seized the county magazine. I happened to be in the town
+that night with Sir Nicholas Crisp, whose regiment of horse quartered
+there with Colonel Spencer and some foot; my own regiment was gone
+before to Oxford. About ten at night, a party of Essex's men beat up
+our quarters by surprise, just as we had served them before. They fell
+in with us, just as people were going to bed, and having beaten the
+out-guards, were gotten into the middle of the town before our men
+could get on horseback. Sir Nicholas Crisp, hearing the alarm, gets
+up, and with some of his clothes on, and some off, comes into my
+chamber. "We are all undone," says he, "the Roundheads are upon us."
+We had but little time to consult, but being in one of the principal
+inns in the town, we presently ordered the gates of the inn to be
+shut, and sent to all the inns where our men were quartered to do the
+like, with orders, if they had any back-doors, or ways to get out, to
+come to us. By this means, however, we got so much time as to get on
+horseback, and so many of our men came to us by back ways, that we had
+near 300 horse in the yards and places behind the house. And now we
+began to think of breaking out by a lane which led from the back side
+of the inn, but a new accident determined us another, though a worse
+way.
+
+The enemy being entered, and our men cooped up in the yards of the
+inns, Colonel Spencer, the other colonel, whose regiment of horse lay
+also in the town, had got on horseback before us, and engaged with
+the enemy, but being overpowered, retreated fighting, and sends to Sir
+Nicholas Crisp for help. Sir Nicholas, moved to see the distress of
+his friend, turning to me, says he, "What can we do for him?" I told
+him I thought 'twas time to help him, if possible; upon which, opening
+the inn gates, we sallied out in very good order, about 300 horse.
+And several of the troops from other parts of the town joining us, we
+recovered Colonel Spencer, and charging home, beat back the enemy to
+their main body. But finding their foot drawn up in the churchyard,
+and several detachments moving to charge us, we retreated in as good
+order as we could. They did not think fit to pursue us, but they took
+all the carriages which were under the convoy of this party, and laden
+with provisions and ammunition, and above 500 of our horse, the foot
+shifted away as well as they could. Thus we made off in a shattered
+condition towards Farringdon, and so to Oxford, and I was very glad my
+regiment was not there.
+
+We had small rest at Oxford, or indeed anywhere else; for the king was
+marched from thence, and we followed him. I was something uneasy at my
+absence from my regiment, and did not know how the king might resent
+it, which caused me to ride after them with all expedition. But the
+armies were engaged that very day at Newbury, and I came in too late.
+I had not behaved myself so as to be suspected of a wilful shunning
+the action; but a colonel of a regiment ought to avoid absence
+from his regiment in time of fight, be the excuse never so just, as
+carefully as he would a surprise in his quarters. The truth is, 'twas
+an error of my own, and owing to two day's stay I made at the Bath,
+where I met with some ladies who were my relations. And this is far
+from being an excuse; for if the king had been a Gustavus Adolphus, I
+had certainly received a check for it.
+
+This fight was very obstinate, and could our horse have come to action
+as freely as the foot, the Parliament army had suffered much more; for
+we had here a much better body of horse than they, and we never failed
+beating them where the weight of the work lay upon the horse.
+
+Here the city train-bands, of which there was two regiments, and whom
+we used to despise, fought very well. They lost one of their colonels,
+and several officers in the action; and I heard our men say, they
+behaved themselves as well as any forces the Parliament had.
+
+The Parliament cried victory here too, as they always did; and indeed
+where the foot were concerned they had some advantage; but our horse
+defeated them evidently. The king drew up his army in battalia, in
+person, and faced them all the next day, inviting them to renew the
+fight; but they had no stomach to come on again.
+
+It was a kind of a hedge fight, for neither army was drawn out in the
+field; if it had, 'twould never have held from six in the morning to
+ten at night. But they fought for advantages; sometimes one side had
+the better, sometimes another. They fought twice through the town, in
+at one end, and out at the other; and in the hedges and lanes, with
+exceeding fury. The king lost the most men, his foot having suffered
+for want of the succour of their horse, who on two several occasions
+could not come at them. But the Parliament foot suffered also, and two
+regiments were entirely cut in pieces, and the king kept the field.
+
+Essex, the Parliament general, had the pillage of the dead, and left
+us to bury them; for while we stood all day to our arms, having given
+them a fair field to fight us in, their camp rabble stripped the dead
+bodies, and they not daring to venture a second engagement with us,
+marched away towards London.
+
+The king lost in this action the Earls of Carnarvon and Sunderland,
+the Lord Falkland, a French marquis and some very gallant officers,
+and about 1200 men. The Earl of Carnarvon was brought into an inn in
+Newbury, where the king came to see him. He had just life enough
+to speak to his Majesty, and died in his presence. The king was
+exceedingly concerned for him, and was observed to shed tears at the
+sight of it. We were indeed all of us troubled for the loss of so
+brave a gentleman, but the concern our royal master discovered, moved
+us more than ordinary. Everybody endeavoured to have the king out
+of the room, but he would not stir from the bedside, till he saw all
+hopes of life was gone.
+
+The indefatigable industry of the king, his servants and friends,
+continually to supply and recruit his forces, and to harass and
+fatigue the enemy, was such, that we should still have given a good
+account of the war had the Scots stood neuter. But bad news came every
+day out of the north; as for other places, parties were always in
+action. Sir William Waller and Sir Ralph Hopton beat one another by
+turns; and Sir Ralph had extended the king's quarters from Launceston
+in Cornwall, to Farnham in Surrey, where he gave Sir William Waller a
+rub, and drove him into the castle. But in the north, the storm grew
+thick, the Scots advanced to the borders, and entered England in
+confederacy with the Parliament, against their king; for which the
+Parliament requited them afterwards as they deserved.
+
+Had it not been for this Scotch army, the Parliament had easily
+been reduced to terms of peace; but after this they never made any
+proposals fit for the king to receive. Want of success before had made
+them differ among themselves. Essex and Waller could never agree; the
+Earl of Manchester and the Lord Willoughby differed to the highest
+degree; and the king's affairs went never the worse for it. But
+this storm in the north ruined us all; for the Scots prevailed in
+Yorkshire, and being joined with Fairfax, Manchester, and Cromwell,
+carried all before them; so that the king was obliged to send Prince
+Rupert, with a body of 4000 horse, to the assistance of the Earl of
+Newcastle, where that prince finished the destruction of the king's
+interest, by the rashest and unaccountablest action in the world, of
+which I shall speak in its place.
+
+Another action of the king's, though in itself no greater a cause of
+offence than the calling the Scots into the nation, gave great offence
+in general, and even the king's own friends disliked it; and was
+carefully improved by his enemies to the disadvantage of the king, and
+of his cause.
+
+The rebels in Ireland had, ever since the bloody massacre of the
+Protestants, maintained a war against the English, and the Earl of
+Ormond was general and governor for the king. The king, finding his
+affairs pinch him at home, sends orders to the Earl of Ormond to
+consent to a cessation of arms with the rebels, and to ship over
+certain of his regiments hither to his Majesty's assistance. 'Tis
+true, the Irish had deserved to be very ill treated by the English;
+but while the Parliament pressed the king with a cruel and unnatural
+war at home, and called in an army out of Scotland to support their
+quarrel with their king, I could never be convinced, that it was such
+a dishonourable action for the king to suspend the correction of
+his Irish rebels till he was in a capacity to do it with safety to
+himself; or to delay any farther assistance to preserve himself at
+home; and the troops he recalled being his own, it was no breach of
+his honour to make use of them, since he now wanted them for his own
+security against those who fought against him at home.
+
+But the king was persuaded to make one step farther, and that, I
+confess, was unpleasing to us all; and some of his best and most
+faithful servants took the freedom to speak plainly to him of it; and
+that was bringing some regiments of the Irish themselves over. This
+cast, as we thought, an odium upon our whole nation, being some of
+those very wretches who had dipped their hands in the innocent blood
+of the Protestants, and, with unheard-of butcheries, had massacred so
+many thousands of English in cool blood.
+
+Abundance of gentlemen forsook the king upon this score; and seeing
+they could not brook the fighting in conjunction with this wicked
+generation, came into the declaration of the Parliament, and making
+composition for their estates, lived retired lives all the rest of
+war, or went abroad.
+
+But as exigences and necessities oblige us to do things which at other
+times we would not do, and is, as to man, some excuse for such things;
+so I cannot but think the guilt and dishonour of such an action must
+lie, very much of it, at least, at their doors, who drove the king
+to these necessities and distresses, by calling in an army of his
+own subjects whom he had not injured, but had complied with them in
+everything, to make war upon him without any provocation.
+
+As to the quarrel between the king and his Parliament, there may
+something be said on both sides; and the king saw cause himself to
+disown and dislike some things he had done, which the Parliament
+objected against, such as levying money without consent of Parliament,
+infractions on their privileges, and the like. Here, I say, was some
+room for an argument at least, and concessions on both sides were
+needful to come to a peace. But for the Scots, all their demands had
+been answered, all their grievances had been redressed, they had made
+articles with their sovereign, and he had performed those articles;
+their capital enemy Episcopacy was abolished; they had not one thing
+to demand of the king which he had not granted. And therefore they had
+no more cause to take up arms against their sovereign than they had
+against the Grand Seignior. But it must for ever lie against them as
+a brand of infamy, and as a reproach on their whole nation that,
+purchased by the Parliament's money, they sold their honesty, and
+rebelled against their king for hire; and it was not many years
+before, as I have said already, they were fully paid the wages of
+their unrighteousness, and chastised for their treachery by the very
+same people whom they thus basely assisted. Then they would have
+retrieved it, if it had not been too late.
+
+But I could not but accuse this age of injustice and partiality, who
+while they reproached the king for his cessation of arms with the
+Irish rebels, and not prosecuting them with the utmost severity,
+though he was constrained by the necessities of the war to do it,
+could yet, at the same time, justify the Scots taking up arms in a
+quarrel they had no concern in, and against their own king, with whom
+they had articled and capitulated, and who had so punctually complied
+with all their demands, that they had no claim upon him, no grievances
+to be redressed, no oppression to cry out of, nor could ask anything
+of him which he had not granted.
+
+But as no action in the world is so vile, but the actors can cover
+with some specious pretence, so the Scots now passing into England
+publish a declaration to justify their assisting the Parliament. To
+which I shall only say, in my opinion, it was no justification at all;
+for admit the Parliament's quarrel had been never so just, it could
+not be just in them to aid them, because 'twas against their own king
+too, to whom they had sworn allegiance, or at least had crowned him,
+and thereby had recognised his authority. For if maladministration be,
+according to Prynne's doctrine, or according to their own Buchanan, a
+sufficient reason for subjects to take up arms against their prince,
+the breach of his coronation oath being supposed to dissolve the oath
+of allegiance, which however I cannot believe; yet this can never be
+extended to make it lawful, that because a king of England may,
+by maladministration, discharge the subjects of England from their
+allegiance, that therefore the subjects of Scotland may take up arms
+against the King of Scotland, he having not infringed the compact
+of government as to them, and they having nothing to complain of for
+themselves. Thus I thought their own arguments were against them, and
+Heaven seemed to concur with it; for although they did carry the cause
+for the English rebels, yet the most of them left their bones here in
+the quarrel.
+
+But what signifies reason to the drum and the trumpet! The Parliament
+had the supreme argument with those men, viz., the money; and having
+accordingly advanced a good round sum, upon payment of this (for the
+Scots would not stir a foot without it) they entered England on
+the 15th of January 1643[-4], with an army of 12,000 men, under the
+command of old Leslie, now Earl of Leven, an old soldier of great
+experience, having been bred to arms from a youth in the service of
+the Prince of Orange.
+
+The Scots were no sooner entered England but they were joined by all
+the friends to the Parliament party in the north; and first, Colonel
+Grey, brother to the Lord Grey, joined them with a regiment of horse,
+and several out of Westmoreland and Cumberland, and so they advanced
+to Newcastle, which they summon to surrender. The Earl of Newcastle,
+who rather saw than was able to prevent this storm, was in Newcastle,
+and did his best to defend it; but the Scots, increased by this time
+to above 20,000, lay close siege to the place, which was but meanly
+fortified, and having repulsed the garrison upon several sallies,
+and pressing the place very close, after a siege of twelve days, or
+thereabouts, they enter the town sword in hand. The Earl of Newcastle
+got away, and afterwards gathered what forces together he could, but
+[was] not strong enough to hinder the Scots from advancing to Durham,
+which he quitted to them, nor to hinder the conjunction of the Scots
+with the forces of Fairfax, Manchester, and Cromwell. Whereupon the
+earl, seeing all things thus going to wreck, he sends his horse
+away, and retreats with his foot into York, making all necessary
+preparations for a vigorous defence there, in case he should be
+attacked, which he was pretty sure of, as indeed afterwards happened.
+York was in a very good posture of defence, the fortifications very
+regular, and exceeding strong; well furnished with provisions, and
+had now a garrison of 12,000 men in it. The governor under the Earl
+of Newcastle was Sir Thomas Glemham, a good soldier, and a gentleman
+brave enough.
+
+The Scots, as I have said, having taken Durham, Tynemouth Castle,
+and Sunderland, and being joined by Sir Thomas Fairfax, who had taken
+Selby, resolve, with their united strength, to besiege York; but
+when they came to view the city, and saw a plan of the works, and had
+intelligence of the strength of the garrison, they sent expresses to
+Manchester and Cromwell for help, who came on, and joined them with
+9000, making together about 30,000 men, rather more than less.
+
+Now had the Earl of Newcastle's repeated messengers convinced the
+king that it was absolutely necessary to send some forces to his
+assistance, or else all would be lost in the north. Whereupon Prince
+Rupert was detached, with orders first to go into Lancashire and
+relieve Lathom House, defended by the brave Countess of Derby, and
+then, taking all the forces he could collect in Cheshire, Lancashire,
+and Yorkshire, to march to relieve York.
+
+The prince marched from Oxford with but three regiments of horse and
+one of dragoons, making in all about 2800 men. The colonels of horse
+were Colonel Charles Goring, the Lord Byron, and myself; the dragoons
+were of Colonel Smith. In our march we were joined by a regiment of
+horse from Banbury, one of dragoons from Bristol, and three regiments
+of horse from Chester, so that when we came into Lancashire we were
+about 5000 horse and dragoons. These horse we received from Chester
+were those who, having been at the siege of Nantwich, were obliged to
+raise the siege by Sir Thomas Fairfax; and the foot having yielded,
+the horse made good their retreat to Chester, being about 2000, of
+whom three regiments now joined us. We received also 2000 foot from
+West Chester, and 2000 more out of Wales, and with this strength we
+entered Lancashire. We had not much time to spend, and a great deal of
+work to do.
+
+Bolton and Liverpool felt the first fury of our prince; at Bolton,
+indeed, he had some provocation, for here we were like to be beaten
+off. When first the prince came to the town, he sent a summons to
+demand the town for the king, but received no answer but from their
+guns, commanding the messenger to keep off at his peril. They had
+raised some works about the town, and having by their intelligence
+learnt that we had no artillery, and were only a flying party (so they
+called us), they contemned the summons, and showed themselves upon
+their ramparts, ready for us. The prince was resolved to humble them,
+if possible, and takes up his quarters close to the town. In the
+evening he orders me to advance with one regiment of dragoons and my
+horse, to bring them off, if occasion was, and to post myself as near
+as possible I could to the lines, yet so as not to be discovered;
+and at the same time, having concluded what part of the works to fall
+upon, he draws up his men on two other sides, as if he would storm
+them there; and, on a signal, I was to begin the real assault on my
+side with my dragoons.
+
+I had got so near the town with my dragoons, making them creep upon
+their bellies a great way, that we could hear the soldiers talk on the
+walls, when the prince, believing one regiment would be too few, sends
+me word that he had ordered a regiment of foot to help, and that I
+should not discover myself till they were come up to me. This broke
+our measures, for the march of this regiment was discovered by the
+enemy, and they took the alarm. Upon this I sent to the prince, to
+desire he would put off the storm for that night, and I would answer
+for it the next day; but the prince was impatient, and sent orders we
+should fall on as soon as the foot came up to us. The foot marched out
+of the way, missed us, and fell in with a road that leads to another
+part of the town; and being not able to find us, make an attack
+upon the town themselves; but the defendants, being ready for them,
+received them very warmly, and beat them off with great loss.
+
+I was at a loss now what to do; for hearing the guns, and by the noise
+knowing it was an assault upon the town, I was very uneasy to have my
+share in it; but as I had learnt under the King of Sweden punctually
+to adhere to the execution of orders, and my orders being to lie still
+till the foot came up with me, I would not stir if I had been sure to
+have done never so much service; but, however, to satisfy myself, I
+sent to the prince to let him know that I continued in the same place
+expecting the foot, and none being yet come, I desired farther orders.
+The prince was a little amazed at this, and finding there must be some
+mistake, came galloping away in the dark to the place and drew off the
+men, which was no hard matter, for they were willing enough to give it
+over.
+
+As for me, the prince ordered me to come off so privately as not to
+be discovered, if possible, which I effectually did; and so we were
+balked for that night. The next day the prince fell on upon another
+quarter with three regiments of foot, but was beaten off with loss,
+and the like a third time. At last the prince resolved to carry it,
+doubled his numbers, and, renewing the attack with fresh men, the foot
+entered the town over their works, killing in the first heat of the
+action all that came in their way; some of the foot at the same time
+letting in the horse, and so the town was entirely won. There was
+about 600 of the enemy killed, and we lost above 400 in all, which was
+owing to the foolish mistakes we made. Our men got some plunder here,
+which the Parliament made a great noise about; but it was their due,
+and they bought it dear enough.
+
+Liverpool did not cost us so much, nor did we get so much by it, the
+people having sent their women and children and best goods on board
+the ships in the road; and as we had no boats to board them with, we
+could not get at them. Here, as at Bolton, the town and fort was taken
+by storm, and the garrison were many of them cut in pieces, which, by
+the way, was their own faults.
+
+Our next step was Lathom House, which the Countess of Derby had
+gallantly defended above eighteen weeks against the Parliament forces;
+and this lady not only encouraged her men by her cheerful and noble
+maintenance of them, but by examples of her own undaunted spirit,
+exposing herself upon the walls in the midst of the enemy's shot,
+would be with her men in the greatest dangers; and she well deserved
+our care of her person, for the enemy were prepared to use her very
+rudely if she fell into their hands.
+
+Upon our approach the enemy drew off, and the prince not only
+effectually relieved this vigorous lady, but left her a good quantity
+of all sorts of ammunition, three great guns, 500 arms, and 200 men,
+commanded by a major, as her extraordinary guard.
+
+Here the way being now opened, and our success answering our
+expectation, several bodies of foot came in to us from Westmoreland
+and from Cumberland; and here it was that the prince found means to
+surprise the town of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, which was recovered for
+the king by the management of the mayor of the town, and some loyal
+gentlemen of the county, and a garrison placed there again for the
+king.
+
+But our main design being the relief of York, the prince advanced that
+way apace, his army still increasing; and being joined by the Lord
+Goring from Richmondshire with 4000 horse, which were the same the
+Earl of Newcastle had sent away when he threw himself into York with
+the infantry, we were now 18,000 effective men, whereof 10,000 horse
+and dragoons; so the prince, full of hopes, and his men in good heart,
+boldly marched directly for York.
+
+The Scots, as much surprised at the taking of Newcastle as at the
+coming of their enemy, began to inquire which way they should get
+home, if they should be beaten; and calling a council of war, they all
+agreed to raise the siege. The prince, who drew with him a great train
+of carriages charged with provision and ammunition for the relief of
+the city, like a wary general, kept at a distance from the enemy, and
+fetching a great compass about, brings all safe into the city, and
+enters into York himself with all his army.
+
+No action of this whole war had gained the prince so much honour, or
+the king's affairs so much advantage, as this, had the prince but had
+the power to have restrained his courage after this, and checked his
+fatal eagerness for fighting. Here was a siege raised, the reputation
+of the enemy justly stirred, a city relieved, and furnished with all
+things necessary in the face of an army superior in a number by near
+10,000 men, and commanded by a triumvirate of Generals Leven, Fairfax,
+and Manchester. Had the prince but remembered the proceeding of the
+great Duke of Parma at the relief of Paris, he would have seen the
+relieving the city was his business; 'twas the enemy's business to
+fight if possible, 'twas his to avoid it; for, having delivered the
+city, and put the disgrace of raising the siege upon the enemy, he had
+nothing further to do but to have waited till he had seen what course
+the enemy would take, and taken his further measures from their
+motion.
+
+But the prince, a continual friend to precipitant counsels, would hear
+no advice. I entreated him not to put it to the hazard; I told him
+that he ought to consider if he lost the day he lost the kingdom, and
+took the crown off from the king's head. I put him in mind that it
+was impossible those three generals should continue long together; and
+that if they did, they would not agree long in their counsels, which
+would be as well for us as their separating. 'Twas plain Manchester
+and Cromwell must return to the associated counties, who would not
+suffer them to stay, for fear the king should attempt them. That he
+could subsist well enough, having York city and river at his back;
+but the Scots would eat up the country, make themselves odious, and
+dwindle away to nothing, if he would but hold them at bay a little.
+Other general officers were of the same mind; but all I could say, or
+they either, to a man deaf to anything but his own courage, signified
+nothing. He would draw out and fight; there was no persuading him to
+the contrary, unless a man would run the risk of being upbraided with
+being a coward, and afraid of the work. The enemy's army lay on a
+large common, called Marston Moor, doubtful what to do. Some were for
+fighting the prince, the Scots were against it, being uneasy at having
+the garrison of Newcastle at their backs; but the prince brought their
+councils of war to a result, for he let them know they must fight him,
+whether they would or no; for the prince being, as before, 18,000 men,
+and the Earl of Newcastle having joined him with 8000 foot out of the
+city, were marched in quest of the enemy, had entered the moor in view
+of their army, and began to draw up in order of battle; but the night
+coming on, the armies only viewed each other at a distance for that
+time. We lay all night upon our arms, and with the first of the day
+were in order of battle; the enemy was getting ready, but part of
+Manchester's men were not in the field, but lay about three miles off,
+and made a hasty march to come up.
+
+The prince's army was exceedingly well managed; he himself commanded
+the left wing, the Earl of Newcastle the right wing; and the Lord
+Goring, as general of the foot, assisted by Major-General Porter
+and Sir Charles Lucas, led the main battle. I had prevailed with the
+prince, according to the method of the King of Sweden, to place some
+small bodies of musketeers in the intervals of his horse, in the left
+wing, but could not prevail upon the Earl of Newcastle to do it in the
+right, which he afterwards repented. In this posture we stood facing
+the enemy, expecting they would advance to us, which at last they
+did; and the prince began the day by saluting them with his artillery,
+which, being placed very well, galled them terribly for a quarter
+of an hour. They could not shift their front, so they advanced the
+hastier to get within our great guns, and consequently out of their
+danger, which brought the fight the sooner on.
+
+The enemy's army was thus ordered; Sir Thomas Fairfax had the right
+wing, in which was the Scots horse, and the horse of his own and his
+father's army; Cromwell led the left wing, with his own and the Earl
+of Manchester's horse, and the three generals, Leslie, old Fairfax,
+and Manchester, led the main battle.
+
+The prince, with our left wing, fell on first, and, with his usual
+fury, broke like a clap of thunder into the right wing of the Scots
+horse, led by Sir Thomas Fairfax, and, as nothing could stand in his
+way, he broke through and through them, and entirely routed them,
+pursuing them quite out of the field. Sir Thomas Fairfax, with a
+regiment of lances, and about 500 of his own horse, made good the
+ground for some time; but our musketeers, which, as I said, were such
+an unlooked-for sort of an article in a fight among the horse, that
+those lances, which otherwise were brave fellows, were mowed down with
+their shot, and all was put into confusion. Sir Thomas Fairfax was
+wounded in the face, his brother killed, and a great slaughter was
+made of the Scots, to whom I confess we showed no favour at all.
+
+While this was doing on our left, the Lord Goring with the main battle
+charged the enemy's foot; and particularly one brigade commanded by
+Major-General Porter, being mostly pikemen, not regarding the fire of
+the enemy, charged with that fury in a close body of pikes, that they
+overturned all that came in their way, and breaking into the middle of
+the enemy's foot, filled all with terror and confusion, insomuch that
+the three generals, thinking all had been lost, fled, and quitted the
+field.
+
+But matters went not so well with that always unfortunate gentleman
+the Earl of Newcastle and our right wing of horse; for Cromwell
+charged the Earl of Newcastle with a powerful body of horse. And
+though the earl, and those about him, did what men could do, and
+behaved themselves with all possible gallantry, yet there was no
+withstanding Cromwell's horse, but, like Prince Rupert, they bore down
+all before them. And now the victory was wrung out of our hands by our
+own gross miscarriage; for the prince, as 'twas his custom, too eager
+in the chase of the enemy, was gone and could not be heard of. The
+foot in the centre, the right wing of the horse being routed by
+Cromwell, was left, and without the guard of his horse; Cromwell
+having routed the Earl of Newcastle, and beaten him quite out of the
+field, and Sir Thomas Fairfax rallying his dispersed troops, they fall
+all together upon the foot. General Lord Goring, like himself, fought
+like a lion, but, forsaken of his horse, was hemmed in on all sides,
+and overthrown; and an hour after this, the prince returning, too late
+to recover his friends, was obliged with the rest to quit the field to
+conquerors.
+
+This was a fatal day to the king's affairs, and the risk too much
+for any man in his wits to run; we lost 4000 men on the spot, 3000
+prisoners, among whom was Sir Charles Lucas, Major-General Porter,
+Major-General Tilyard, and about 170 gentlemen of quality. We lost all
+our baggage, twenty-five pieces of cannon, 3000 carriages, 150 barrels
+of powder, 10,000 arms. The prince got into York with the Earl of
+Newcastle, and a great many gentlemen; and 7000 or 8000 of the men, as
+well horse as foot.
+
+I had but very coarse treatment in this fight; for returning with the
+prince from the pursuit of the right wing, and finding all lost, I
+halted with some other officers, to consider what to do. At first we
+were for making our retreat in a body, and might have done so well
+enough, if we had known what had happened, before we saw ourselves in
+the middle of the enemy; for Sir Thomas Fairfax, who had got together
+his scattered troops, and joined by some of the left wing, knowing
+who we were, charged us with great fury. 'Twas not a time to think of
+anything but getting away, or dying upon the spot; the prince kept
+on in the front, and Sir Thomas Fairfax by this charge cut off about
+three regiments of us from our body; but bending his main strength
+at the prince, left us, as it were, behind him, in the middle of the
+field of battle. We took this for the only opportunity we could have
+to get off, and joining together, we made across the place of battle
+in as good order as we could, with our carabines presented. In this
+posture we passed by several bodies of the enemy's foot, who stood
+with their pikes charged to keep us off; but they had no occasion, for
+we had no design to meddle with them, but to get from them.
+
+Thus we made a swift march, and thought ourselves pretty secure; but
+our work was not done yet, for on a sudden we saw ourselves under a
+necessity of fighting our way through a great body of Manchester's
+horse, who came galloping upon us over the moor. They had, as we
+suppose, been pursuing some of our broken troops which were fled
+before, and seeing us, they gave us a home charge. We received them as
+well as we could, but pushed to get through them, which at last we did
+with a considerable loss to them. However, we lost so many men, either
+killed or separated from us (for all could not follow the same way),
+that of our three regiments we could not be above 400 horse together
+when we got quite clear, and these were mixed men, some of one troop
+and regiment, some of another. Not that I believe many of us were
+killed in the last attack, for we had plainly the better of the enemy,
+but our design being to get off, some shifted for themselves one way
+and some another, in the best manner they could, and as their several
+fortunes guided them. Four hundred more of this body, as I afterwards
+understood, having broke through the enemy's body another way, kept
+together, and got into Pontefract Castle, and 300 more made northward
+and to Skipton, where the prince afterwards fetched them off.
+
+These few of us that were left together, with whom I was, being now
+pretty clear of pursuit, halted, and began to inquire who and who
+we were, and what we should do; and on a short debate, I proposed we
+should make to the first garrison of the king's that we could recover,
+and that we should keep together, lest the country people should
+insult us upon the roads. With this resolution we pushed on westward
+for Lancashire, but our misfortunes were not yet at an end. We
+travelled very hard, and got to a village upon the river Wharfe, near
+Wetherby. At Wetherby there was a bridge, but we understood that a
+party from Leeds had secured the town and the post, in order to stop
+the flying Cavaliers, and that 'twould be very hard to get through
+there, though, as we understood afterwards, there were no soldiers
+there but a guard of the townsmen. In this pickle we consulted what
+course to take. To stay where we were till morning, we all concluded,
+would not be safe. Some advised to take the stream with our horses,
+but the river, which is deep, and the current strong, seemed to bid
+us have a care what we did of that kind, especially in the night. We
+resolved therefore to refresh ourselves and our horses, which indeed
+is more than we did, and go on till we might come to a ford or bridge,
+where we might get over. Some guides we had, but they either were
+foolish or false, for after we had rode eight or nine miles, they
+plunged us into a river at a place they called a ford, but 'twas a
+very ill one, for most of our horses swam, and seven or eight were
+lost, but we saved the men. However, we got all over.
+
+We made bold with our first convenience to trespass upon the country
+for a few horses, where we could find them, to remount our men whose
+horses were drowned, and continued our march. But being obliged to
+refresh ourselves at a small village on the edge of Bramham Moor, we
+found the country alarmed by our taking some horses, and we were no
+sooner got on horseback in the morning, and entering on the moor, but
+we understood we were pursued by some troops of horse. There was
+no remedy but we must pass this moor; and though our horses were
+exceedingly tired, yet we pressed on upon a round trot, and recovered
+an enclosed country on the other side, where we halted. And here,
+necessity putting us upon it, we were obliged to look out for more
+horses, for several of our men were dismounted, and others' horses
+disabled by carrying double, those who lost their horses getting up
+behind them. But we were supplied by our enemies against their will.
+
+The enemy followed us over the moor, and we having a woody enclosed
+country about us, where we were, I observed by their moving, they had
+lost sight of us; upon which I proposed concealing ourselves till we
+might judge of their numbers. We did so, and lying close in a wood,
+they passed hastily by us, without skirting or searching the wood,
+which was what on another occasion they would not have done. I found
+they were not above 150 horse, and considering, that to let them
+go before us, would be to alarm the country, and stop our design, I
+thought, since we might be able to deal with them, we should not meet
+with a better place for it, and told the rest of our officers my mind,
+which all our party presently (for we had not time for a long debate)
+agreed to.
+
+Immediately upon this I caused two men to fire their pistols in the
+wood, at two different places, as far asunder as I could. This I did
+to give them an alarm, and amuse them; for being in the lane, they
+would otherwise have got through before we had been ready, and I
+resolved to engage them there, as soon as 'twas possible. After this
+alarm, we rushed out of the wood, with about a hundred horse, and
+charged them on the flank in a broad lane, the wood being on their
+right. Our passage into the lane being narrow, gave us some difficulty
+in our getting out; but the surprise of the charge did our work; for
+the enemy, thinking we had been a mile or two before, had not the
+least thoughts of this onset, till they heard us in the wood, and then
+they who were before could not come back. We broke into the lane just
+in the middle of them, and by that means divided them; and facing to
+the left, charged the rear. First our dismounted men, which were near
+fifty, lined the edge of the wood, and fired with their carabines upon
+those which were before, so warmly, that they put them into a great
+disorder. Meanwhile fifty more of our horse from the farther part of
+the wood showed themselves in the lane upon their front. This put them
+of the foremost party into a great perplexity, and they began to face
+about, to fall upon us who were engaged in the rear. But their
+facing about in a lane where there was no room to wheel, as one who
+understands the manner of wheeling a troop of horse must imagine, put
+them into a great disorder. Our party in the head of the lane taking
+the advantage of this mistake of the enemy, charged in upon them, and
+routed them entirely.
+
+Some found means to break into the enclosures on the other side of the
+lane, and get away. About thirty were killed, and about twenty-five
+made prisoners, and forty very good horses were taken; all this while
+not a man of ours was lost, and not above seven or eight wounded.
+Those in the rear behaved themselves better, for they stood our charge
+with a great deal of resolution, and all we could do could not break
+them; but at last our men who had fired on foot through the hedges at
+the other party, coming to do the like here, there was no standing
+it any longer. The rear of them faced about and retreated out of
+the lane, and drew up in the open field to receive and rally their
+fellows. We killed about seventeen of them, and followed them to the
+end of the lane, but had no mind to have any more fighting than needs
+must, our condition at that time not making it proper, the towns round
+us being all in the enemy's hands, and the country but indifferently
+pleased with us; however, we stood facing them till they thought fit
+to march away. Thus we were supplied with horses enough to remount our
+men, and pursued our first design of getting into Lancashire. As for
+our prisoners, we let them off on foot.
+
+But the country being by this time alarmed, and the rout of our army
+everywhere known, we foresaw abundance of difficulties before us; we
+were not strong enough to venture into any great towns, and we were
+too many to be concealed in small ones. Upon this we resolved to halt
+in a great wood about three miles beyond the place where we had the
+last skirmish, and sent our scouts to discover the country, and learn
+what they could, either of the enemy or of our friends.
+
+Anybody may suppose we had but indifferent quarters here, either for
+ourselves or for our horses; but, however, we made shift to lie here
+two days and one night. In the interim I took upon me, with two more,
+to go to Leeds to learn some news; we were disguised like country
+ploughmen; the clothes we got at a farmer's house, which for that
+particular occasion we plundered; and I cannot say no blood was shed
+in a manner too rash, and which I could not have done at another time;
+but our case was desperate, and the people too surly, and shot at us
+out of the window, wounded one man and shot a horse, which we counted
+as great a loss to us as a man, for our safety depended upon our
+horses. Here we got clothes of all sorts, enough for both sexes, and
+thus dressing myself up _au paysan,_ with a white cap on my head, and
+a fork on my shoulder, and one of my comrades in the farmer's wife's
+russet gown and petticoat, like a woman, the other with an old crutch
+like a lame man, and all mounted on such horses as we had taken the
+day before from the country, away we go to Leeds by three several
+ways, and agreed to meet upon the bridge. My pretended country woman
+acted her part to the life, though the party was a gentleman of good
+quality, of the Earl of Worcester's family; and the cripple did as
+well as he; but I thought myself very awkward in my dress, which made
+me very shy, especially among the soldiers. We passed their sentinels
+and guards at Leeds unobserved, and put up our horses at several
+houses in the town, from whence we went up and down to make our
+remarks. My cripple was the fittest to go among the soldiers, because
+there was less danger of being pressed. There he informed himself of
+the matters of war, particularly that the enemy sat down again to the
+siege of York; that flying parties were in pursuit of the Cavaliers;
+and there he heard that 500 horse of the Lord Manchester's men had
+followed a party of Cavaliers over Bramham Moor, and that entering a
+lane, the Cavaliers, who were 1000 strong, fell upon them, and killed
+them all but about fifty. This, though it was a lie, was very pleasant
+to us to hear, knowing it was our party, because of the other part of
+the story, which was thus: That the Cavaliers had taken possession of
+such a wood, where they rallied all the troops of their flying army;
+that they had plundered the country as they came, taking all the
+horses they could get; that they had plundered Goodman Thomson's
+house, which was the farmer I mentioned, and killed man, woman, and
+child; and that they were about 2000 strong.
+
+My other friend in woman's clothes got among the good wives at an
+inn, where she set up her horse, and there she heard the same sad
+and dreadful tidings; and that this party was so strong, none of
+the neighbouring garrisons durst stir out; but that they had sent
+expresses to York, for a party of horse to come to their assistance.
+
+I walked up and down the town, but fancied myself so ill disguised,
+and so easy to be known, that I cared not to talk with anybody. We
+met at the bridge exactly at our time, and compared our intelligence,
+found it answered our end of coming, and that we had nothing to do but
+to get back to our men; but my cripple told me, he would not stir till
+he bought some victuals: so away he hops with his crutch, and buys
+four or five great pieces of bacon, as many of hung beef, and two
+or three loaves; and borrowing a sack at the inn (which I suppose
+he never restored), he loads his horse, and getting a large leather
+bottle, he filled that of aqua-vitae instead of small beer; my woman
+comrade did the like. I was uneasy in my mind, and took no care but to
+get out of the town; however, we all came off well enough; but
+'twas well for me that I had no provisions with me, as you will hear
+presently.
+
+We came, as I said, into the town by several ways, and so we went out;
+but about three miles from the town we met again exactly where we had
+agreed. I being about a quarter of a mile from the rest, I meets three
+country fellows on horseback; one had a long pole on his shoulder,
+another a fork, the third no weapon at all, that I saw. I gave them
+the road very orderly, being habited like one of their brethren; but
+one of them stopping short at me, and looking earnestly calls out,
+"Hark thee, friend," says he, in a broad north-country tone, "whar
+hast thou thilk horse?" I must confess I was in the utmost confusion
+at the question, neither being able to answer the question, nor to
+speak in his tone; so I made as if I did not hear him, and went on.
+"Na, but ye's not gang soa," says the boor, and comes up to me, and
+takes hold of the horse's bridle to stop me; at which, vexed at heart
+that I could not tell how to talk to him, I reached him a great knock
+on the pate with my fork, and fetched him off of his horse, and then
+began to mend my pace. The other clowns, though it seems they knew not
+what the fellow wanted, pursued me, and finding they had better heels
+than I, I saw there was no remedy but to make use of my hands, and
+faced about.
+
+The first that came up with me was he that had no weapons, so I
+thought I might parley with him, and speaking as country-like as I
+could, I asked him what he wanted? "Thou'st knaw that soon," says
+Yorkshire, "and ise but come at thee." "Then keep awa', man," said
+I, "or ise brain thee." By this time the third man came up, and the
+parley ended; for he gave me no words, but laid at me with his long
+pole, and that with such fury, that I began to be doubtful of him.
+I was loth to shoot the fellow, though I had pistols under my grey
+frock, as well for that the noise of a pistol might bring more people
+in, the village being on our rear, and also because I could not
+imagine what the fellow meant, or would have. But at last, finding
+he would be too many for me with that long weapon, and a hardy strong
+fellow, I threw myself off my horse, and running in with him, stabbed
+my fork into his horse. The horse being wounded, staggered awhile, and
+then fell down, and the booby had not the sense to get down in time,
+but fell with him. Upon which, giving him a knock or two with my fork,
+I secured him. The other, by this time, had furnished himself with a
+great stick out of a hedge, and before I was disengaged from the last
+fellow, gave me two such blows, that if the last had not missed my
+head and hit me on the shoulder, I had ended the fight and my life
+together. 'Twas time to look about me now, for this was a madman. I
+defended myself with my fork, but 'twould not do. At last, in short, I
+was forced to pistol him and get on horseback again, and with all the
+speed I could make, get away to the wood to our men.
+
+If my two fellow-spies had not been behind, I had never known what was
+the meaning of this quarrel of the three countrymen, but my cripple
+had all the particulars. For he being behind us, as I have already
+observed, when he came up to the first fellow who began the fray, he
+found him beginning to come to himself. So he gets off, and pretends
+to help him, and sets him up upon his breech, and being a very merry
+fellow, talked to him: "Well, and what's the matter now?" says he to
+him. "Ah, wae's me," says the fellow, "I is killed." "Not quite, mon,"
+says the cripple. "Oh, that's a fau thief," says he, and thus they
+parleyed. My cripple got him on's feet, and gave him a dram of his
+aqua-vitae bottle, and made much of him, in order to know what was the
+occasion of the quarrel. Our disguised woman pitied the fellow too,
+and together they set him up again upon his horse, and then he told
+him that that fellow was got upon one of his brother's horses who
+lived at Wetherby. They said the Cavaliers stole him, but 'twas like
+such rogues. No mischief could be done in the country, but 'twas the
+poor Cavaliers must bear the blame, and the like, and thus they jogged
+on till they came to the place where the other two lay. The first
+fellow they assisted as they had done t'other, and gave him a dram
+out of the leather bottle, but the last fellow was past their care,
+so they came away. For when they understood that 'twas my horse they
+claimed, they began to be afraid that their own horses might be known
+too, and then they had been betrayed in a worse pickle than I, and
+must have been forced to have done some mischief or other to have got
+away.
+
+I had sent out two troopers to fetch them off, if there was any
+occasion; but their stay was not long and the two troopers saw them at
+a distance coming towards us, so they returned.
+
+I had enough of going for a spy, and my companions had enough of
+staying in the wood for other intelligences agreed with ours, and all
+concurred in this, that it was time to be going; however, this use we
+made of it, that while the country thought us so strong we were in the
+less danger of being attacked, though in the more of being observed;
+but all this while we heard nothing of our friends till the next day.
+We heard Prince Rupert, with about 1000 horse, was at Skipton, and
+from thence marched away to Westmoreland.
+
+We concluded now we had two or three days' time good; for, since
+messengers were sent to York for a party to suppress us, we must have
+at least two days' march of them, and therefore all concluded we
+were to make the best of our way. Early in the morning, therefore, we
+decamped from those dull quarters; and as we marched through a village
+we found the people very civil to us, and the women cried out, "God
+bless them, 'tis pity the Roundheads should make such work with
+such brave men," and the like. Finding we were among our friends,
+we resolved to halt a little and refresh ourselves; and, indeed, the
+people were very kind to us, gave us victuals and drink, and took care
+of our horses. It happened to be my lot to stop at a house where
+the good woman took a great deal of pains to provide for us; but I
+observed the good man walked about with a cap upon his head, and very
+much out of order. I took no great notice of it, being very sleepy,
+and having asked my landlady to let me have a bed, I lay down and
+slept heartily. When I waked I found my landlord on another bed
+groaning very heavily.
+
+When I came downstairs, I found my cripple talking with my landlady;
+he was now out of his disguise, but we called him cripple still; and
+the other, who put on the woman's clothes, we called Goody Thompson.
+As soon as he saw me, he called me out, "Do you know," says he, "the
+man of the house you are quartered in?" "No, not I," says I. "No; so I
+believe, nor they you," says he; "if they did, the good wife would not
+have made you a posset, and fetched a white loaf for you." "What do
+you mean?" says I. "Have you seen the man?" says he. "Seen him," says
+I; "yes, and heard him too; the man's sick, and groans so heavily,"
+says I, "that I could not lie upon the bed any longer for him." "Why,
+this is the poor man," says he, "that you knocked down with your fork
+yesterday, and I have had all the story out yonder at the next door."
+I confess it grieved me to have been forced to treat one so roughly
+who was one of our friends, but to make some amends, we contrived
+to give the poor man his brother's horse; and my cripple told him
+a formal story, that he believed the horse was taken away from the
+fellow by some of our men, and if he knew him again, if 'twas his
+friend's horse, he should have him. The man came down upon the news,
+and I caused six or seven horses, which were taken at the same time,
+to be shown him; he immediately chose the right; so I gave him the
+horse, and we pretended a great deal of sorrow for the man's hurt, and
+that we had not knocked the fellow on the head as well as took away
+the horse. The man was so overjoyed at the revenge he thought was
+taken on the fellow, that we heard him groan no more.
+
+We ventured to stay all day at this town and the next night, and got
+guides to lead us to Blackstone Edge, a ridge of mountains which
+part this side of Yorkshire from Lancashire. Early in the morning we
+marched, and kept our scouts very carefully out every way, who brought
+us no news for this day. We kept on all night, and made our horses do
+penance for that little rest they had, and the next morning we passed
+the hills and got into Lancashire, to a town called Littlebrough,
+and from thence to Rochdale, a little market town. And now we thought
+ourselves safe as to the pursuit of enemies from the side of York. Our
+design was to get to Bolton, but all the county was full of the enemy
+in flying parties, and how to get to Bolton we knew not. At last we
+resolved to send a messenger to Bolton; but he came back and told
+us he had with lurking and hiding tried all the ways that he thought
+possible, but to no purpose, for he could not get into the town. We
+sent another, and he never returned, and some time after we understood
+he was taken by the enemy. At last one got into the town, but brought
+us word they were tired out with constant alarms, had been strictly
+blocked up, and every day expected a siege, and therefore advised us
+either to go northward where Prince Rupert and the Lord Goring ranged
+at liberty, or to get over Warrington Bridge, and so secure our
+retreat to Chester.
+
+This double direction divided our opinions. I was for getting into
+Chester, both to recruit myself with horses and with money, both which
+I wanted, and to get refreshment, which we all wanted; but the major
+part of our men were for the north. First they said there was their
+general, and 'twas their duty to the cause, and the king's interest
+obliged us to go where we could do best service; and there was their
+friends, and every man might hear some news of his own regiment, for
+we belonged to several regiments. Besides, all the towns to the
+left of us were possessed by Sir William Brereton, Warrington, and
+Northwich, garrisoned by the enemy, and a strong party at Manchester,
+so that 'twas very likely we should be beaten and dispersed before
+we could get to Chester. These reasons, and especially the last,
+determined us for the north, and we had resolved to march the
+next morning, when other intelligence brought us to more speedy
+resolutions. We kept our scouts continually abroad to bring us
+intelligence of the enemy, whom we expected on our backs, and also to
+keep an eye upon the country; for, as we lived upon them something
+at large, they were ready enough to do us any ill turn, as it lay in
+their power.
+
+The first messenger that came to us was from our friends at Bolton, to
+inform us that they were preparing at Manchester to attack us. One of
+our parties had been as far as Stockport, on the edge of Cheshire, and
+was pursued by a party of the enemy, but got off by the help of the
+night. Thus, all things looked black to the south, we had resolved to
+march northward in the morning, when one of our scouts from the side
+of Manchester, assured us Sir Thomas Middleton, with some of the
+Parliament forces and the country troops, making above 1200 men, were
+on the march to attack us, and would certainly beat up our quarters
+that night. Upon this advice we resolved to be gone; and, getting all
+things in readiness, we began to march about two hours before night.
+And having gotten a trusty fellow for a guide, a fellow that we found
+was a friend to our side, he put a project into my head which saved
+us all for that time; and that was, to give out in the village that
+we were marched to Yorkshire, resolving to get into Pontefract Castle;
+and accordingly he leads us out of the town the same way we came in,
+and, taking a boy with him, he sends the boy back just at night, and
+bade him say he saw us go up the hills at Blackstone Edge; and it
+happened very well, for this party were so sure of us, that they had
+placed 400 men on the road to the northward to intercept our retreat
+that way, and had left no way for us, as they thought, to get away but
+back again.
+
+About ten o'clock at night, they assaulted our quarters, but found we
+were gone; and being informed which way, they followed upon the spur,
+and travelling all night, being moonlight, they found themselves the
+next day about fifteen miles east, just out of their way. For we had,
+by the help of our guide, turned short at the foot of the hills, and
+through blind, untrodden paths, and with difficulty enough, by noon
+the next day had reached almost twenty-five miles north, near a town
+called Clitheroe. Here we halted in the open field, and sent out
+our people to see how things were in the country. This part of
+the country, almost unpassable, and walled round with hills, was
+indifferent quiet, and we got some refreshment for ourselves, but very
+little horse-meat, and so went on. But we had not marched far before
+we found ourselves discovered, and the 400 horse sent to lie in wait
+for us as before, having understood which way we went, followed us
+hard; and by letters to some of their friends at Preston, we found we
+were beset again.
+
+Our guide began now to be out of his knowledge, and our scouts brought
+us word, the enemy's horse was posted before us, and we knew they were
+in our rear. In this exigence, we resolved to divide our small
+body, and so amusing them, at least one might get off, if the other
+miscarried. I took about eighty horse with me, among which were all
+that I had of our own regiment, amounting to above thirty-two, and
+took the hills towards Yorkshire. Here we met with such unpassable
+hills, vast moors, rocks, and stonyways, as lamed all our horses and
+tired our men; and some times I was ready to think we should never be
+able to get over them, till our horses failing, and jackboots being
+but indifferent things to travel in, we might be starved before we
+should find any road, or towns; for guide we had none, but a boy who
+knew but little, and would cry when we asked him any questions. I
+believe neither men nor horses ever passed in some places where we
+went, and for twenty hours we saw not a town nor a house, excepting
+sometimes from the top of the mountains, at a vast distance. I am
+persuaded we might have encamped here, if we had had provisions, till
+the war had been over, and have met with no disturbance; and I have
+often wondered since, how we got into such horrible places, as much
+as how we got out. That which was worse to us than all the rest, was,
+that we knew not where we were going, nor what part of the country we
+should come into, when we came out of those desolate crags. At
+last, after a terrible fatigue, we began to see the western parts of
+Yorkshire, some few villages, and the country at a distance looked a
+little like England, for I thought before it looked like old Brennus
+Hill, which the Grisons call "the grandfather of the Alps." We got
+some relief in the villages, which indeed some of us had so much need
+of, that they were hardly able to sit their horses, and others were
+forced to help them off, they were so faint. I never felt so much of
+the power of hunger in my life, for having not eaten in thirty hours,
+I was as ravenous as a hound; and if I had had a piece of horse-flesh,
+I believe I should not have had patience to have staid dressing
+it, but have fallen upon it raw, and have eaten it as greedily as a
+Tartar. However I ate very cautiously, having often seen the danger of
+men's eating heartily after long fasting.
+
+Our next care was to inquire our way. Halifax, they told us, was on
+our right. There we durst not think of going. Skipton was before us,
+and there we knew not how it was, for a body of 3000 horse, sent out
+by the enemy in pursuit of Prince Rupert, had been there but two days
+before, and the country people could not tell us whether they were
+gone, or no. And Manchester's horse, which were sent out after our
+party, were then at Halifax, in quest of us, and afterwards marched
+into Cheshire. In this distress we would have hired a guide, but none
+of the country people would go with us, for the Roundheads would hang
+them, they said, when they came there. Upon this I called a fellow to
+me, "Hark ye, friend," says I, "dost thee know the way so as to bring
+us into Westmoreland, and not keep the great road from York?" "Ay,
+merry," says he, "I ken the ways weel enou!" "And you would go and
+guide us," said I, "but that you are afraid the Roundheads will hang
+you?" "Indeed would I," says the fellow. "Why then," says I, "thou
+hadst as good be hanged by a Cavalier as a Roundhead, for if thou wilt
+not go, I'll hang thee just now." "Na, and ye serve me soa," says the
+fellow, "Ise ene gang with ye, for I care not for hanging; and ye'll
+get me a good horse, Ise gang and be one of ye, for I'll nere come
+heame more." This pleased us still better, and we mounted the fellow,
+for three of our men died that night with the extreme fatigue of the
+last service.
+
+Next morning, when our new trooper was mounted and clothed we hardly
+knew him; and this fellow led us by such ways, such wildernesses, and
+yet with such prudence, keeping the hills to the left, that we might
+have the villages to refresh ourselves, that without him, we had
+certainly either perished in those mountains, or fallen into the
+enemy's hands. We passed the great road from York so critically as to
+time, that from one of the hills he showed us a party of the enemy's
+horse who were then marching into Westmoreland. We lay still that day,
+finding we were not discovered by them; and our guide proved the best
+scout that we could have had; for he would go out ten miles at a time,
+and bring us in all the news of the country. Here he brought us word,
+that York was surrendered upon articles, and that Newcastle, which had
+been surprised by the king's party, was besieged by another army of
+Scots advanced to help their brethren.
+
+Along the edges of those vast mountains we passed with the help of our
+guide, till we came into the forest of Swale; and finding ourselves
+perfectly concealed here, for no soldier had ever been here all the
+war, nor perhaps would not, if it had lasted seven years, we thought
+we wanted a few days' rest, at least for our horses. So we resolved to
+halt; and while we did so, we made some disguises, and sent out some
+spies into the country; but as here were no great towns, nor no post
+road, we got very little intelligence. We rested four days, and then
+marched again; and indeed having no great stock of money about us,
+and not very free of that we had, four days was enough for those poor
+places to be able to maintain us.
+
+We thought ourselves pretty secure now; but our chief care was how to
+get over those terrible mountains; for having passed the great road
+that leads from York to Lancaster, the crags, the farther northward we
+looked, looked still the worse, and our business was all on the other
+side. Our guide told us, he would bring us out, if we would have
+patience, which we were obliged to, and kept on this slow march, till
+he brought us to Stanhope, in the country of Durham; where some of
+Goring's horse, and two regiments of foot, had their quarters. This
+was nineteen days from the battle of Marston Moor. The prince, who
+was then at Kendal in Westmoreland, and who had given me over as lost,
+when he had news of our arrival, sent an express to me, to meet him
+at Appleby. I went thither accordingly, and gave him an account of our
+journey, and there I heard the short history of the other part of our
+men, whom we parted from in Lancashire. They made the best of their
+way north; they had two resolute gentlemen who commanded; and being
+so closely pursued by the enemy, that they found themselves under a
+necessity of fighting, they halted, and faced about, expecting the
+charge. The boldness of the action made the officer who led the
+enemy's horse (which it seems were the county horse only) afraid
+of them; which they perceiving, taking the advantage of his fears,
+bravely advance, and charge them; and though they were above 200
+horse, they routed them, killed about thirty or forty, got some
+horses, and some money, and pushed on their march night and day; but
+coming near Lancaster, they were so waylaid and pursued, that they
+agreed to separate, and shift every man for himself. Many of them fell
+into the enemy's hands; some were killed attempting to pass through
+the river Lune; some went back, six or seven got to Bolton, and about
+eighteen got safe to Prince Rupert.
+
+The prince was in a better condition hereabouts than I expected; he
+and my Lord Goring, with the help of Sir Marmaduke Langdale, and the
+gentlemen of Cumberland, had gotten a body of 4000 horse, and about
+6000 foot; they had retaken Newcastle, Tynemouth, Durham, Stockton,
+and several towns of consequence from the Scots, and might have cut
+them out work enough still, if that base people, resolved to engage
+their whole interest to ruin their sovereign, had not sent a second
+army of 10,000 men, under the Earl of Callander, to help their first.
+These came and laid siege to Newcastle, but found more vigorous
+resistance now than they had done before.
+
+There were in the town Sir John Morley, the Lord Crawford, Lord
+Reay, and Maxwell, Scots; and old soldiers, who were resolved their
+countrymen should buy the town very dear, if they had it; and had it
+not been for our disaster at Marston Moor, they had never had it; for
+Callander, finding he was not able to carry the town, sends to General
+Leven to come from the siege of York to help him.
+
+Meantime the prince forms a very good army, and the Lord Goring, with
+10,000 men, shows himself on the borders of Scotland, to try if that
+might not cause the Scots to recall their forces; and, I am persuaded,
+had he entered Scotland, the Parliament of Scotland had recalled the
+Earl of Callander, for they had but 5000 men left in arms to send
+against him; but they were loth to venture. However, this effect it
+had, that it called the Scots northward again, and found them work
+there for the rest of the summer to reduce the several towns in the
+bishopric of Durham.
+
+I found with the prince the poor remains of my regiment, which, when
+joined with those that had been with me, could not all make up three
+troops, and but two captains, three lieutenants, and one cornet; the
+rest were dispersed, killed, or taken prisoners. However, with those,
+which we still called a regiment, I joined the prince, and after
+having done all we could on that side, the Scots being returned from
+York, the prince returned through Lancashire to Chester.
+
+The enemy often appeared and alarmed us, and once fell on one of our
+parties, and killed us about a hundred men; but we were too many for
+them to pretend to fight us, so we came to Bolton, beat the troops
+of the enemy near Warrington, where I got a cut with a halberd in my
+face, and arrived at Chester the beginning of August.
+
+The Parliament, upon their great success in the north, thinking the
+king's forces quite unbroken, had sent their General Essex into the
+west, where the king's army was commanded by Prince Maurice, Prince
+Rupert's elder brother, but not very strong; and the king being, as
+they supposed, by the absence of Prince Rupert, weakened so much as
+that he might be checked by Sir William Waller, who, with 4500 foot,
+and 1500 horse, was at that time about Winchester, having lately
+beaten Sir Ralph Hopton;--upon all these considerations, the Earl of
+Essex marches westward.
+
+The forces in the west being too weak to oppose him, everything gave
+way to him, and all people expected he would besiege Exeter, where
+the queen was newly lying-in, and sent a trumpet to desire he would
+forbear the city, while she could be removed, which he did, and passed
+on westward, took Tiverton, Bideford, Barnstaple, Launceston, relieved
+Plymouth, drove Sir Richard Grenvile up into Cornwall, and followed
+him thither, but left Prince Maurice behind him with 4000 men about
+Barnstaple and Exeter. The king, in the meantime, marches from Oxford
+into Worcester, with Waller at his heels. At Edgehill his Majesty
+turns upon Waller, and gave him a brush, to put him in mind of the
+place. The king goes on to Worcester, sends 300 horse to relieve
+Durley Castle, besieged by the Earl of Denby, and sending part of his
+forces to Bristol, returns to Oxford.
+
+His Majesty had now firmly resolved to march into the west, not having
+yet any account of our misfortunes in the north. Waller and Middleton
+waylay the king at Cropredy Bridge. The king assaults Middleton at the
+bridge.
+
+Waller's men were posted with some cannon to guard a pass. Middleton's
+men put a regiment of the king's foot to the rout, and pursued them.
+Waller's men, willing to come in for the plunder, a thing their
+general had often used them to, quit their post at the pass, and their
+great guns, to have part in the victory. The king coming in seasonably
+to the relief of his men, routs Middleton, and at the same time sends
+a party round, who clapped in between Sir William Waller's men and
+their great guns, and secured the pass and the cannon too. The
+king took three colonels, besides other officers, and about 300 men
+prisoners, with eight great guns, nineteen carriages of ammunition,
+and killed about 200 men.
+
+Waller lost his reputation in this fight, and was exceedingly slighted
+ever after, even by his own party; but especially by such as were
+of General Essex's party, between whom and Waller there had been
+jealousies and misunderstandings for some time.
+
+The king, about 8000 strong, marched on to Bristol, where Sir William
+Hopton joined him, and from thence he follows Essex into Cornwall.
+Essex still following Grenvile, the king comes to Exeter, and joining
+with Prince Maurice, resolves to pursue Essex; and now the Earl of
+Essex began to see his mistake, being cooped up between two seas,
+the king's army in his rear, the country his enemy, and Sir Richard
+Grenvile in his van.
+
+The king, who always took the best measures when he was left to his
+own counsel, wisely refuses to engage, though superior in number, and
+much stronger in horse. Essex often drew out to fight, but the king
+fortifies, takes the passes and bridges, plants cannon, and secures
+the country to keep off provisions, and continually straitens their
+quarters, but would not fight.
+
+Now Essex sends away to the Parliament for help, and they write to
+Waller, and Middleton, and Manchester to follow, and come up with
+the king in his rear; but some were too far off, and could not, as
+Manchester and Fairfax; others made no haste, as having no mind to it,
+as Waller and Middleton, and if they had, it had been too late.
+
+At last the Earl of Essex, finding nothing to be done, and unwilling
+to fall into the king's hands, takes shipping, and leaves his army to
+shift for themselves. The horse, under Sir William Balfour, the
+best horse officer, and, without comparison, the bravest in all the
+Parliament army, advanced in small parties, as if to skirmish, but
+following in with the whole body, being 3500 horse, broke through, and
+got off. Though this was a loss to the king's victory, yet the foot
+were now in a condition so much the worse. Brave old Skippon proposed
+to fight through with the foot and die, as he called it, like
+Englishmen, with sword in hand; but the rest of the officers shook
+their heads at it, for, being well paid, they had at present no
+occasion for dying.
+
+Seeing it thus, they agreed to treat, and the king grants them
+conditions, upon laying down their arms, to march off free. This was
+too much. Had his Majesty but obliged them upon oath not to serve
+again for a certain time, he had done his business; but this was not
+thought of; so they passed free, only disarmed, the soldiers not being
+allowed so much as their swords.
+
+The king gained by this treaty forty pieces of cannon, all of brass,
+300 barrels of gunpowder, 9000 arms, 8000 swords, match and bullet in
+proportion, 200 waggons, 150 colours and standards, all the bag and
+baggage of the army, and about 1000 of the men listed in his army.
+This was a complete victory without bloodshed; and had the king
+but secured the men from serving but for six months, it had most
+effectually answered the battle of Marston Moor.
+
+As it was, it infused new life into all his Majesty's forces and
+friends, and retrieved his affairs very much; but especially it
+encouraged us in the north, who were more sensible of the blow
+received at Marston Moor, and of the destruction the Scots were
+bringing upon us all.
+
+While I was at Chester, we had some small skirmishes with Sir William
+Brereton. One morning in particular Sir William drew up, and faced us,
+and one of our colonels of horse observing the enemy to be not, as he
+thought, above 200, desires leave of Prince Rupert to attack them
+with the like number, and accordingly he sallied out with 200 horse. I
+stood drawn up without the city with 800 more, ready to bring him off,
+if he should be put to the worst, which happened accordingly; for, not
+having discovered neither the country nor the enemy as he ought, Sir
+William Brereton drew him into an ambuscade; so that before he came up
+with Sir William's forces, near enough to charge, he finds about 300
+horse in his rear. Though he was surprised at this, yet, being a man
+of a ready courage, he boldly faces about with 150 of his men,
+leaving the other fifty to face Sir William. With this small party, he
+desperately charges the 300 horse in his rear, and putting them into
+disorder, breaks through them, and, had there been no greater force,
+he had cut them all in pieces. Flushed with this success, and loth
+to desert the fifty men he had left behind, he faces about again, and
+charges through them again, and with these two charges entirely routs
+them. Sir William Brereton finding himself a little disappointed,
+advances, and falls upon the fifty men just as the colonel came up to
+them; they fought him with a great deal of bravery, but the colonel
+being unfortunately killed in the first charge, the men gave way, and
+came flying all in confusion, with the enemy at their heels. As soon
+as I saw this, I advanced, according to my orders, and the enemy,
+as soon as I appeared, gave over the pursuit. This gentleman, as I
+remember, was Colonel Marrow; we fetched off his body, and retreated
+into Chester.
+
+The next morning the prince drew out of the city with about 1200 horse
+and 2000 foot, and attacked Sir William Brereton in his quarters. The
+fight was very sharp for the time, and near 700 men, on both sides,
+were killed; but Sir William would not put it to a general engagement,
+so the prince drew off, contenting himself to have insulted him in his
+quarters.
+
+We now had received orders from the king to join him; but I
+representing to the prince the condition of my regiment, which was
+now 100 men, and that, being within twenty-five miles of my father's
+house, I might soon recruit it, my father having got some men together
+already, I desired leave to lie at Shrewsbury for a month, to make up
+my men. Accordingly, having obtained his leave, I marched to Wrexham,
+where in two days' time I got twenty men, and so on to Shrewsbury. I
+had not been here above ten days, but I received an express to come
+away with what recruits I had got together, Prince Rupert having
+positive orders to meet the king by a certain day. I had not mounted
+100 men, though I had listed above 200, when these orders came; but
+leaving my father to complete them for me, I marched with those I had
+and came to Oxford.
+
+The king, after the rout of the Parliament forces in the west, was
+marched back, took Barnstaple, Plympton, Launceston, Tiverton, and
+several other places, and left Plymouth besieged by Sir Richard
+Grenvile, met with Sir William Waller at Shaftesbury, and again at
+Andover, and boxed him at both places, and marched for Newbury. Here
+the king sent for Prince Rupert to meet him, who with 3000 horse made
+long marches to join him; but the Parliament having joined their three
+armies together, Manchester from the north, Waller and Essex (the
+men being clothed and armed) from the west, had attacked the king and
+obliged him to fight the day before the prince came up.
+
+The king had so posted himself, as that he could not be obliged to
+fight but with advantage, the Parliament's forces being superior in
+number, and therefore, when they attacked him, he galled them with
+his cannon, and declining to come to a general battle, stood upon the
+defensive, expecting Prince Rupert with the horse.
+
+The Parliament's forces had some advantage over our foot, and took the
+Earl of Cleveland prisoner. But the king, whose foot were not above
+one to two, drew his men under the cannon of Donnington Castle, and
+having secured his artillery and baggage, made a retreat with his foot
+in very good order, having not lost in all the fight above 300 men,
+and the Parliament as many. We lost five pieces of cannon and took
+two, having repulsed the Earl of Manchester's men on the north side of
+the town, with considerable loss.
+
+The king having lodged his train of artillery and baggage in
+Donnington Castle, marched the next day for Oxford. There we joined
+him with 3000 horse and 2000 foot. Encouraged with this reinforcement,
+the king appears upon the hills on the north-west of Newbury, and
+faces the Parliament army. The Parliament having too many generals as
+well as soldiers, they could not agree whether they should fight or
+no. This was no great token of the victory they boasted of, for they
+were now twice our number in the whole, and their foot three for one.
+The king stood in battalia all day, and finding the Parliament forces
+had no stomach to engage him, he drew away his cannon and baggage out
+of Donnington Castle in view of their whole army, and marched away to
+Oxford.
+
+This was such a false step of the Parliament's generals, that all the
+people cried shame of them. The Parliament appointed a committee to
+inquire into it. Cromwell accused Manchester, and he Waller, and so
+they laid the fault upon one another. Waller would have been glad to
+have charged it upon Essex, but as it happened he was not in the army,
+having been taken ill some days before. But as it generally is when a
+mistake is made, the actors fall out among themselves, so it was here.
+No doubt it was as false a step as that of Cornwall, to let the king
+fetch away his baggage and cannon in the face of three armies, and
+never fire a shot at them.
+
+The king had not above 8000 foot in his army, and they above 25,000.
+Tis true the king had 8000 horse, a fine body, and much superior to
+theirs; but the foot might, with the greatest ease in the world, have
+prevented the removing the cannon, and in three days' time have taken
+the castle, with all that was in it.
+
+Those differences produced their self-denying ordinance, and the
+putting by most of their old generals, as Essex, Waller, Manchester,
+and the like; and Sir Thomas Fairfax, a terrible man in the field,
+though the mildest of men out of it, was voted to have the command
+of all their forces, and Lambert to take the command of Sir Thomas
+Fairfax's troops in the north, old Skippon being Major-General.
+
+This winter was spent on the enemy's side in modelling, as they called
+it, their army, and on our side in recruiting ours, and some petty
+excursions. Amongst the many addresses I observed one from Sussex or
+Surrey, complaining of the rudeness of their soldiers, from which I
+only observed that there were disorders among them as well as among
+us, only with this difference, that they, for reasons I mentioned
+before, were under circumstances to prevent it better than the
+king. But I must do the king's memory that justice, that he used all
+possible methods, by punishment of soldiers, charging, and sometimes
+entreating, the gentlemen not to suffer such disorders and such
+violences in their men; but it was to no purpose for his Majesty to
+attempt it, while his officers, generals, and great men winked at it;
+for the licentiousness of the soldier is supposed to be approved by
+the officer when it is not corrected.
+
+The rudeness of the Parliament soldiers began from the divisions among
+their officers; for in many places the soldiers grew so out of all
+discipline and so unsufferably rude, that they, in particular, refused
+to march when Sir William Waller went to Weymouth. This had turned to
+good account for us, had these cursed Scots been out of our way, but
+they were the staff of the party; and now they were daily solicited to
+march southward, which was a very great affliction to the king and all
+his friends.
+
+One booty the king got at this time, which was a very seasonable
+assistance to his affairs, viz., a great merchant ship, richly laden
+at London, and bound to the East Indies, was, by the seamen, brought
+into Bristol, and delivered up to the king. Some merchants in Bristol
+offered the king L40,000 for her, which his Majesty ordered should be
+accepted, reserving only thirty great guns for his own use.
+
+The treaty at Uxbridge now was begun, and we that had been well beaten
+in the war heartily wished the king would come to a peace; but we all
+foresaw the clergy would ruin it all. The Commons were for Presbytery,
+and would never agree the bishops should be restored. The king was
+willinger to comply with anything than this, and we foresaw it would
+be so; from whence we used to say among ourselves, "That the clergy
+was resolved if there should be no bishop there should be no king."
+
+This treaty at Uxbridge was a perfect war between the men of the gown,
+ours was between those of the sword; and I cannot but take notice
+how the lawyers, statesmen, and the clergy of every side bestirred
+themselves, rather to hinder than promote the peace.
+
+There had been a treaty at Oxford some time before, where the
+Parliament insisting that the king should pass a bill to abolish
+Episcopacy, quit the militia, abandon several of his faithful servants
+to be exempted from pardon, and making several other most extravagant
+demands, nothing was done, but the treaty broke off, both parties
+being rather farther exasperated, than inclined to hearken to
+conditions.
+
+However, soon after the success in the west, his Majesty, to let them
+see that victory had not puffed him up so as to make him reject the
+peace, sends a message to the Parliament, to put them in mind of
+messages of like nature which they had slighted; and to let them know,
+that notwithstanding he had beaten their forces, he was yet willing to
+hearken to a reasonable proposal for putting an end to the war.
+
+The Parliament pretended the king, in his message, did not treat with
+them as a legal Parliament, and so made hesitations; but after long
+debates and delays they agreed to draw up propositions for peace to be
+sent to the king. As this message was sent to the Houses about August,
+I think they made it the middle of November before they brought the
+propositions for peace; and, when they brought them, they had no
+power to enter either upon a treaty, or so much as preliminaries for a
+treaty, only to deliver the letter, and receive an answer.
+
+However, such were the circumstances of affairs at this time, that the
+king was uneasy to see himself thus treated, and take no notice of it:
+the king returned an answer to the propositions, and proposed a treaty
+by commissioners which the Parliament appointed.
+
+Three months more were spent in naming commissioners. There was much
+time spent in this treaty, but little done; the commissioners debated
+chiefly the article of religion, and of the militia; in the latter
+they were very likely to agree, in the former both sides seemed
+too positive. The king would by no means abandon Episcopacy nor the
+Parliament Presbytery; for both in their opinion were _jure divino_.
+
+The commissioners finding this point hardest to adjust, went from
+it to that of the militia; but the time spinning out, the king's
+commissioners demanded longer time for the treaty; the other sent up
+for instructions, but the House refused to lengthen out the time.
+
+This was thought an insolence upon the king, and gave all good people
+a detestation of such haughty behaviour; and thus the hopes of peace
+vanished, both sides prepared for war with as much eagerness as
+before.
+
+The Parliament was employed at this time in what they called
+a-modelling their army; that is to say, that now the Independent party
+[was] beginning to prevail; and, as they outdid all the others in
+their resolution of carrying on the war to all extremities, so they
+were both the more vigorous and more politic party in carrying it on.
+
+Indeed, the war was after this carried on with greater animosity than
+ever, and the generals pushed forward with a vigour that, as it
+had something in it unusual, so it told us plainly from this time,
+whatever they did before, they now pushed at the ruin even of the
+monarchy itself.
+
+All this while also the war went on, and though the Parliament had no
+settled army, yet their regiments and troops were always in action;
+and the sword was at work in every part of the kingdom.
+
+Among an infinite number of party skirmishings and fights this winter,
+one happened which nearly concerned me, which was the surprise of the
+town and castle of Shrewsbury. Colonel Mitton, with about 1200 horse
+and foot, having intelligence with some people in the town, on a
+Sunday morning early broke into the town and took it, castle and all.
+The loss for the quality, more than the number, was very great to
+the king's affairs. They took there fifteen pieces of cannon, Prince
+Maurice's magazine of arms and ammunition, Prince Rupert's baggage,
+above fifty persons of quality and officers. There was not above
+eight or ten men killed on both sides, for the town was surprised, not
+stormed. I had a particular loss in this action; for all the men and
+horses my father had got together for the recruiting my regiment were
+here lost and dispersed, and, which was the worse, my father happening
+to be then in the town, was taken prisoner, and carried to Beeston
+Castle in Cheshire.
+
+I was quartered all this winter at Banbury, and went little abroad;
+nor had we any action till the latter end of February, when I was
+ordered to march to Leicester with Sir Marmaduke Langdale, in order,
+as we thought, to raise a body of men in that county and Staffordshire
+to join the king.
+
+We lay at Daventry one night, and continuing our march to pass the
+river above Northampton, that town being possessed by the enemy, we
+understood a party of Northampton forces were abroad, and intended to
+attack us. Accordingly, in the afternoon our scouts brought us word
+the enemy were quartered in some villages on the road to Coventry. Our
+commander, thinking it much better to set upon them in their quarters,
+than to wait for them in the field, resolves to attack them early in
+the morning before they were aware of it. We refreshed ourselves in
+the field for that day, and, getting into a great wood near the enemy,
+we stayed there all night, till almost break of day, without being
+discovered.
+
+In the morning very early we heard the enemy's trumpets sound to
+horse. This roused us to look abroad, and, sending out a scout, he
+brought us word a part of the enemy was at hand. We were vexed to
+be so disappointed, but finding their party small enough to be dealt
+with, Sir Marmaduke ordered me to charge them with 300 horse and 200
+dragoons, while he at the same time entered the town. Accordingly I
+lay still till they came to the very skirt of the wood where I was
+posted, when I saluted them with a volley from my dragoons out of the
+wood, and immediately showed myself with my horse on their front ready
+to charge them. They appeared not to be surprised, and received our
+charge with great resolution; and, being above 400 men, they pushed me
+vigorously in their turn, putting my men into some disorder. In this
+extremity I sent to order my dragoons to charge them in the flank,
+which they did with great bravery, and the other still maintained the
+fight with desperate resolution. There was no want of courage in our
+men on both sides, but our dragoons had the advantage, and at last
+routed them, and drove them back to the village. Here Sir Marmaduke
+Langdale had his hands full too, for my firing had alarmed the towns
+adjacent, that when he came into the town he found them all in arms,
+and, contrary to his expectation, two regiments of foot, with about
+500 horse more. As Sir Marmaduke had no foot, only horse and dragoons,
+this was a surprise to him; but he caused his dragoons to enter the
+town and charge the foot, while his horse secured the avenues of the
+town.
+
+The dragoons bravely attacked the foot, and Sir Marmaduke falling
+in with his horse, the fight was obstinate and very bloody, when the
+horse that I had routed came flying into the street of the village,
+and my men at their heels. Immediately I left the pursuit, and fell
+in with all my force to the assistance of my friends, and, after an
+obstinate resistance, we routed the whole party; we killed about
+700 men, took 350, 27 officers, 100 arms, all their baggage, and 200
+horses, and continued our march to Harborough, where we halted to
+refresh ourselves.
+
+Between Harborough and Leicester we met with a party of 800 dragoons
+of the Parliament forces. They, found themselves too few to attack
+us, and therefore to avoid us they had gotten into a small wood; but
+perceiving themselves discovered, they came boldly out, and placed
+themselves at the entrance into a lane, lining both sides of the
+hedges with their shot. We immediately attacked them, beat them from
+their hedges, beat them into the wood, and out of the wood again,
+and forced them at last to a downright run away, on foot, among the
+enclosures, where we could not follow them, killed about 100 of them,
+and took 250 prisoners, with all their horses, and came that night to
+Leicester. When we came to Leicester, and had taken up our quarters,
+Sir Marmaduke Langdale sent for me to sup with him, and told me
+that he had a secret commission in his pocket, which his Majesty had
+commanded him not to open till he came to Leicester; that now he had
+sent for me to open it together, that we might know what it was we
+were to do, and to consider how to do it; so pulling out his sealed
+orders, we found we were to get what force we could together, and a
+certain number of carriages with ammunition, which the governor of
+Leicester was to deliver us, and a certain quantity of provision,
+especially corn and salt, and to relieve Newark. This town had been
+long besieged. The fortifications of the place, together with its
+situation, had rendered it the strongest place in England; and, as it
+was the greatest pass in England, so it was of vast consequence to the
+king's affairs. There was in it a garrison of brave old rugged boys,
+fellows that, like Count Tilly's Germans, had iron faces, and they had
+defended themselves with extraordinary bravery a great while, but were
+reduced to an exceeding strait for want of provisions.
+
+Accordingly we received the ammunition and provision, and away we went
+for Newark; about Melton Mowbray, Colonel Rossiter set upon us, with
+above 3000 men; we were about the same number, having 2500 horse, and
+800 dragoons. We had some foot, but they were still at Harborough, and
+were ordered to come after us.
+
+Rossiter, like a brave officer as he was, charged us with great fury,
+and rather outdid us in number, while we defended ourselves with all
+the eagerness we could, and withal gave him to understand we were
+not so soon to be beaten as he expected. While the fight continued
+doubtful, especially on our side, our people, who had charge of the
+carriages and provisions, began to enclose our flanks with them, as
+if we had been marching, which, though it was done without orders, had
+two very good effects, and which did us extraordinary service. First,
+it secured us from being charged in the flank, which Rossiter had
+twice attempted; and secondly, it secured our carriages from being
+plundered, which had spoiled our whole expedition. Being thus
+enclosed, we fought with great security; and though Rossiter made
+three desperate charges upon us; he could never break us. Our men
+received him with so much courage, and kept their order so well, that
+the enemy, finding it impossible to force us, gave it over, and left
+us to pursue our orders. We did not offer to chase them, but contented
+enough to have repulsed and beaten them off, and our business being to
+relieve Newark, we proceeded.
+
+If we are to reckon by the enemy's usual method, we got the victory,
+because we kept the field, and had the pillage of their dead; but
+otherwise, neither side had any great cause to boast. We lost about
+150 men, and near as many hurt; they left 170 on the spot, and carried
+off some. How many they had wounded we could not tell; we got seventy
+or eighty horses, which helped to remount some of our men that had
+lost theirs in the fight. We had, however, this advantage, that we
+were to march on immediately after this service, the enemy only to
+retire to their quarters, which was but hard by. This was an injury to
+our wounded men, who we were after obliged to leave at Belvoir Castle,
+and from thence we advanced to Newark.
+
+Our business at Newark was to relieve the place, and this we resolved
+to do whatever it cost, though, at the same time, we resolved not to
+fight unless we were forced to it. The town was rather blocked up than
+besieged; the garrison was strong, but ill-provided; we had sent them
+word of our coming to them, and our orders to relieve them, and they
+proposed some measures for our doing it. The chief strength of the
+enemy lay on the other side of the river; but they having also some
+notice of our design, had sent over forces to strengthen their leaguer
+on this side. The garrison had often surprised them by sallies, and
+indeed had chiefly subsisted for some time by what they brought in on
+this manner.
+
+Sir Marmaduke Langdale, who was our general for the expedition, was
+for a general attempt to raise the siege, but I had persuaded him off
+of that; first, because, if we should be beaten, as might be probable,
+we then lost the town. Sir Marmaduke briskly replied, "A soldier ought
+never to suppose he shall be beaten." "But, sir," says I, "you'll get
+more honour by relieving the town, than by beating them. One will be
+a credit to your conduct, as the other will be to your courage; and if
+you think you can beat them, you may do it afterward, and then if you
+are mistaken, the town is nevertheless secured, and half your victory
+gained."
+
+He was prevailed with to adhere to this advice, and accordingly we
+appeared before the town about two hours before night. The horse drew
+up before the enemy's works; the enemy drew up within their works, and
+seeing no foot, expected when our dragoons would dismount and attack
+them. They were in the right to let us attack them, because of the
+advantage of their batteries and works, if that had been our design;
+but, as we intended only to amuse them, this caution of theirs
+effected our design; for, while we thus faced them with our horse, two
+regiments of foot, which came up to us but the night before, and
+was all the infantry we had, with the waggons of provisions, and 500
+dragoons, taking a compass clean round the town, posted themselves on
+the lower side of the town by the river. Upon a signal the garrison
+agreed on before, they sallied out at this very juncture with all the
+men they could spare, and dividing themselves in two parties, while
+one party moved to the left to meet our relief, the other party fell
+on upon part of that body which faced us. We kept in motion, and upon
+this signal advanced to their works, and our dragoons fired upon
+them, and the horse, wheeling and counter-marching often, kept them
+continually expecting to be attacked. By this means the enemy were
+kept employed, and our foot, with the waggons, appearing on that
+quarter where they were least expected, easily defeated the advanced
+guards and forced that post, where, entering the leaguer, the other
+part of the garrison, who had sallied that way, came up to them,
+received the waggons, and the dragoons entered with them into the
+town. That party which we faced on the other side of the works knew
+nothing of what was done till all was over; the garrison retreated in
+good order, and we drew off, having finished what we came for without
+fighting. Thus we plentifully stored the town with all things wanting,
+and with an addition of 500 dragoons to their garrison; after which we
+marched away without fighting a stroke.
+
+Our next orders were to relieve Pontefract Castle, another garrison
+of the king's, which had been besieged ever since a few days after the
+fight at Marston Moor, by the Lord Fairfax, Sir Thomas Fairfax, and
+other generals in their turn. By the way we were joined with 800 horse
+out of Derbyshire, and some foot, so many as made us about 4500 men in
+all.
+
+Colonel Forbes, a Scotchman, commanded at the siege, in the absence of
+the Lord Fairfax. The colonel had sent to my lord for more troops, and
+his lordship was gathering his forces to come up to him, but he was
+pleased to come too late. We came up with the enemy's leaguer about
+the break of day, and having been discovered by their scouts, they,
+with more courage than discretion, drew out to meet us. We saw no
+reason to avoid them, being stronger in horse than they; and though we
+had but a few foot, we had 1000 dragoons, which helped us out. We had
+placed our horse and foot throughout in one line, with two reserves
+of horse, and between every division of horse a division of foot, only
+that on the extremes of our wings there were two parties of horse
+on each point by themselves, and the dragoons in the centre on foot.
+Their foot charged us home, and stood with push of pike a great while;
+but their horse charging our horse and musketeers, and being closed
+on the flanks, with those two extended troops on our wings, they
+were presently disordered, and fled out of the field. The foot, thus
+deserted, were charged on every side and broken. They retreated still
+fighting, and in good order for a while; but the garrison sallying
+upon them at the same time, and being followed close by our horse,
+they were scattered, entirely routed, and most of them killed. The
+Lord Fairfax was come with his horse as far as Ferrybridge, but the
+fight was over, and all he could do was to rally those that fled, and
+save some of their carriages, which else had fallen into our hands. We
+drew up our little army in order of battle the next day, expecting the
+Lord Fairfax would have charged us; but his lordship was so far from
+any such thoughts that he placed a party of dragoons, with orders to
+fortify the pass at Ferrybridge, to prevent our falling upon him in
+his retreat, which he needed not have done; for, having raised the
+siege of Pontefract, our business was done, we had nothing to say to
+him, unless we had been strong enough to stay.
+
+We lost not above thirty men in this action, and the enemy 300, with
+about 150 prisoners, one piece of cannon, all their ammunition, 1000
+arms, and most of their baggage, and Colonel Lambert was once taken
+prisoner, being wounded, but got off again.
+
+We brought no relief for the garrison, but the opportunity to furnish
+themselves out of the country, which they did very plentifully. The
+ammunition taken from the enemy was given to them, which they wanted,
+and was their due, for they had seized it in the sally they made,
+before the enemy was quite defeated.
+
+I cannot omit taking notice on all occasions how exceeding serviceable
+this method was of posting musketeers in the intervals, among the
+horse, in all this war. I persuaded our generals to it as much as
+possible, and I never knew a body of horse beaten that did so: yet I
+had great difficulty to prevail upon our people to believe it, though
+it was taught me by the greatest general in the world, viz., the King
+of Sweden. Prince Rupert did it at the battle of Marston Moor; and had
+the Earl of Newcastle not been obstinate against it in his right wing,
+as I observed before, the day had not been lost. In discoursing this
+with Sir Marmaduke Langdale, I had related several examples of the
+serviceableness of these small bodies of firemen, and with great
+difficulty brought him to agree, telling him I would be answerable
+for the success. But after the fight, he told me plainly he saw the
+advantage of it, and would never fight otherwise again if he had any
+foot to place. So having relieved these two places, we hastened by
+long marches through Derbyshire, to join Prince Rupert on the edge of
+Shropshire and Cheshire. We found Colonel Rossiter had followed us at
+a distance ever since the business at Melton Mowbray, but never cared
+to attack us, and we found he did the like still. Our general would
+fain have been doing with him again, but we found him too shy. Once
+we laid a trap for him at Dovebridge, between Derby and
+Burton-upon-Trent, the body being marched two days before. Three
+hundred dragoons were left to guard the bridge, as if we were afraid
+he should fall upon us. Upon this we marched, as I said, on to Burton,
+and the next day, fetching a compass round, came to a village near
+Titbury Castle, whose name I forgot, where we lay still expecting our
+dragoons would be attacked.
+
+Accordingly, the colonel, strengthened with some troops of horse from
+Yorkshire, comes up to the bridge, and finding some dragoons posted,
+advances to charge them. The dragoons immediately get a-horseback, and
+run for it, as they were ordered. But the old lad was not to be caught
+so, for he halts immediately at the bridge, and would not come over
+till he had sent three or four flying parties abroad to discover the
+country. One of these parties fell into our hands, and received but
+coarse entertainment. Finding the plot would not take, we appeared and
+drew up in view of the bridge, but he would not stir. So we continued
+our march into Cheshire, where we joined Prince Rupert and Prince
+Maurice, making together a fine body, being above 8000 horse and
+dragoons.
+
+This was the best and most successful expedition I was in during this
+war. 'Twas well concerted, and executed with as much expedition and
+conduct as could be desired, and the success was answerable to it. And
+indeed, considering the season of the year (for we set out from Oxford
+the latter end of February), the ways bad, and the season wet, it
+was a terrible march of above 200 miles, in continual action, and
+continually dodged and observed by a vigilant enemy, and at a time
+when the north was overrun by their armies, and the Scots wanting
+employment for their forces. Yet in less than twenty-three days we
+marched 200 miles, fought the enemy in open field four times, relieved
+one garrison besieged, and raised the siege of another, and joined our
+friends at last in safety.
+
+The enemy was in great pain for Sir William Brereton and his forces,
+and expresses rode night and day to the Scots in the north, and to the
+parties in Lancashire to come to his help. The prince, who used to be
+rather too forward to fight than otherwise, could not be persuaded to
+make use of this opportunity, but loitered, if I may be allowed to say
+so, till the Scots, with a brigade of horse and 2000 foot, had joined
+him; and then 'twas not thought proper to engage them.
+
+I took this opportunity to go to Shrewsbury to visit my father, who
+was a prisoner of war there, getting a pass from the enemy's governor.
+They allowed him the liberty of the town, and sometimes to go to his
+own house upon his parole, so that his confinement was not very much
+to his personal injury. But this, together with the charges he had
+been at in raising the regiment, and above L20,000 in money and plate,
+which at several times he had lent, or given rather to the king, had
+reduced our family to very ill circumstances; and now they talked of
+cutting down his woods.
+
+I had a great deal of discourse with my father on this affair; and,
+finding him extremely concerned, I offered to go to the king and
+desire his leave to go to London and treat about his composition, or
+to render myself a prisoner in his stead, while he went up himself.
+In this difficulty I treated with the governor of the town, who very
+civilly offered me his pass to go for London, which I accepted, and,
+waiting on Prince Rupert, who was then at Worcester, I acquainted him
+with my design. The prince was unwilling I should go to London;
+but told me he had some prisoners of the Parliament's friends in
+Cumberland, and he would get an exchange for my father. I told him
+if he would give me his word for it I knew I might depend upon it,
+otherwise there was so many of the king's party in their hands, that
+his Majesty was tired with solicitations for exchanges, for we never
+had a prisoner but there was ten offers of exchanges for him. The
+prince told me I should depend upon him; and he was as good as his
+word quickly after.
+
+While the prince lay at Worcester he made an incursion into
+Herefordshire, and having made some of the gentlemen prisoners,
+brought them to Worcester; and though it was an action which had not
+been usual, they being persons not in arms, yet the like being my
+father's case, who was really not in commission, nor in any military
+service, having resigned his regiment three years before to me, the
+prince insisted on exchanging them for such as the Parliament had
+in custody in like circumstances. The gentlemen seeing no remedy,
+solicited their own case at the Parliament, and got it passed in
+their behalf; and by this means my father got his liberty, and by the
+assistance of the Earl of Denbigh got leave to come to London to make
+a composition as a delinquent for his estate. This they charged at
+L7000, but by the assistance of the same noble person he got off for
+L4000. Some members of the committee moved very kindly that my father
+should oblige me to quit the king's service, but that, as a thing
+which might be out of his power, was not insisted on.
+
+The modelling the Parliament army took them up all this winter, and
+we were in great hopes the divisions which appeared amongst them might
+have weakened their party; but when they voted Sir Thomas Fairfax to
+be general, I confess I was convinced the king's affairs were lost and
+desperate. Sir Thomas, abating the zeal of his party, and the mistaken
+opinion of his cause, was the fittest man amongst them to undertake
+the charge. He was a complete general, strict in his discipline, wary
+in conduct, fearless in action, unwearied in the fatigue of the
+war, and withal, of a modest, noble, generous disposition. We all
+apprehended danger from him, and heartily wished him of our own side;
+and the king was so sensible, though he would not discover it, that
+when an account was brought him of the choice they had made, he
+replied, "he was sorry for it; he had rather it had been anybody than
+he."
+
+The first attempts of this new general and new army were at Oxford,
+which, by the neighbourhood of a numerous garrison in Abingdon, began
+to be very much straitened for provisions; and the new forces under
+Cromwell and Skippon, one lieutenant-general, the other major-general
+to Fairfax, approaching with a design to block it up, the king left
+the place, supposing his absence would draw them away, as it soon did.
+
+The king resolving to leave Oxford, marches from thence with all his
+forces, the garrison excepted, with design to have gone to Bristol;
+but the plague was in Bristol, which altered the measures, and changed
+the course of the king's designs, so he marched for Worcester about
+the beginning of June 1645. The foot, with a train of forty pieces of
+cannon, marching into Worcester, the horse stayed behind some time in
+Gloucestershire.
+
+The first action our army did, was to raise the siege of Chester; Sir
+William Brereton had besieged it, or rather blocked it up, and when
+his Majesty came to Worcester, he sent Prince Rupert with 4000 horse
+and dragoons, with orders to join some foot out of Wales, to raise the
+siege; but Sir William thought fit to withdraw, and not stay for them,
+and the town was freed without fighting. The governor took care in
+this interval to furnish himself with all things necessary for another
+siege; and, as for ammunition and other necessaries, he was in no
+want.
+
+I was sent with a party into Staffordshire, with design to intercept
+a convoy of stores coming from London, for the use of Sir William
+Brereton; but they having some notice of the design, stopped, and went
+out of the road to Burton-upon-Trent, and so I missed them; but that
+we might not come back quite empty, we attacked Hawkesley House, and
+took it, where we got good booty, and brought eighty prisoners back to
+Worcester. From Worcester the king advanced into Shropshire, and took
+his headquarters at Bridgnorth. This was a very happy march of the
+king's, and had his Majesty proceeded, he had certainly cleared the
+north once more of his enemies, for the country was generally for him.
+At his advancing so far as Bridgnorth, Sir William Brereton fled up
+into Lancashire; the Scots brigades who were with him retreated into
+the north, while yet the king was above forty miles from them, and all
+things lay open for conquest. The new generals, Fairfax and Cromwell,
+lay about Oxford, preparing as if they would besiege it, and gave
+the king's army so much leisure, that his Majesty might have been at
+Newcastle before they could have been half way to him. But Heaven,
+when the ruin of a person or party is determined, always so infatuates
+their counsels as to make them instrumental to it themselves.
+
+The king let slip this great opportunity, as some thought, intending
+to break into the associated counties of Northampton, Cambridge,
+Norfolk, where he had some interests forming. What the design was,
+we knew not, but the king turns eastward, and marches into
+Leicestershire, and having treated the country but very indifferently,
+as having deserved no better of us, laid siege to Leicester.
+
+This was but a short siege; for the king, resolving not to lose time,
+fell on with his great guns, and having beaten down their works, our
+foot entered, after a vigorous resistance, and took the town by storm.
+There was some blood shed here, the town being carried by assault; but
+it was their own faults; for after the town was taken, the soldiers
+and townsmen obstinately fought us in the market-place; insomuch that
+the horse was called to enter the town to clear the streets. But this
+was not all; I was commanded to advance with these horse, being three
+regiments, and to enter the town; the foot, who were engaged in the
+streets, crying out, "Horse, horse." Immediately I advanced to the
+gate, for we were drawn up about musket-shot from the works, to have
+supported our foot in case of a sally. Having seized the gate, I
+placed a guard of horse there, with orders to let nobody pass in
+or out, and dividing my troops, rode up by two ways towards the
+market-place. The garrison defending themselves in the market-place,
+and in the churchyard with great obstinacy, killed us a great many
+men; but as soon as our horse appeared they demanded quarter, which
+our foot refused them in the first heat, as is frequent in all
+nations, in like cases, till at last they threw down their arms, and
+yielded at discretion; and then I can testify to the world, that fair
+quarter was given them. I am the more particular in this relation,
+having been an eye-witness of the action, because the king was
+reproached in all the public libels, with which those times abounded,
+for having put a great many to death, and hanged the committee of
+the Parliament, and some Scots, in cold blood, which was a notorious
+forgery; and as I am sure there was no such thing done, so I must
+acknowledge I never saw any inclination in his Majesty to cruelty, or
+to act anything which was not practised by the general laws of war,
+and by men of honour in all nations.
+
+But the matter of fact, in respect to the garrison, was as I have
+related; and, if they had thrown down their arms sooner, they had had
+mercy sooner; but it was not for a conquering army, entering a town by
+storm, to offer conditions of quarter in the streets.
+
+Another circumstance was, that a great many of the inhabitants, both
+men and women, were killed, which is most true; and the case was thus:
+the inhabitants, to show their over-forward zeal to defend the town,
+fought in the breach; nay, the very women, to the honour of the
+Leicester ladies, if they like it, officiously did their parts; and
+after the town was taken, and when, if they had had any brains in
+their zeal, they would have kept their houses, and been quiet, they
+fired upon our men out of their windows, and from the tops of their
+houses, and threw tiles upon their heads; and I had several of my men
+wounded so, and seven or eight killed. This exasperated us to the last
+degree; and, finding one house better manned than ordinary, and many
+shot fired at us out of the windows, I caused my men to attack it,
+resolved to make them an example for the rest; which they did, and
+breaking open the doors, they killed all they found there, without
+distinction; and I appeal to the world if they were to blame. If the
+Parliament committee, or the Scots deputies were here, they ought to
+have been quiet, since the town was taken; but they began with us,
+and, I think, brought it upon themselves. This is the whole case, so
+far as came within my knowledge, for which his Majesty was so much
+abused.
+
+We took here Colonel Gray and Captain Hacker, and about 300 prisoners,
+and about 300 more were killed. This was the last day of May 1645.
+
+His Majesty having given over Oxford for lost, continued here some
+days, viewed the town, ordered the fortifications to be augmented,
+and prepares to make it the seat of war. But the Parliament, roused at
+this appearance of the king's army, orders their general to raise the
+siege of Oxford, where the garrison had, in a sally, ruined some of
+their works, and killed them 150 men, taking several prisoners, and
+carrying them with them into the city; and orders him to march towards
+Leicester, to observe the king.
+
+The king had now a small, but gallant army, all brave tried soldiers,
+and seemed eager to engage the new-modelled army; and his Majesty,
+hearing that Sir Thomas Fairfax, having raised the siege of Oxford,
+advanced towards him, fairly saves him the trouble of a long march,
+and meets him half way.
+
+The army lay at Daventry, and Fairfax at Towcester, about eight miles
+off. Here the king sends away 600 horse, with 3000 head of cattle, to
+relieve his people in Oxford; the cattle he might have spared better
+than the men. The king having thus victualled Oxford, changes his
+resolution of fighting Fairfax, to whom Cromwell was now joined with
+4000 men, or was within a day's march, and marches northward. This
+was unhappy counsel, because late given. Had we marched northward
+at first, we had done it; but thus it was. Now we marched with a
+triumphing enemy at our heels, and at Naseby their advanced parties
+attacked our rear. The king, upon this, alters his resolution again,
+and resolves to fight, and at midnight calls us up at Harborough to
+come to a council of war. Fate and the king's opinion determined the
+council of war; and 'twas resolved to fight. Accordingly the van, in
+which was Prince Rupert's brigade of horse, of which my regiment was a
+part, counter-marched early in the morning.
+
+By five o'clock in the morning, the whole army, in order of battle,
+began to descry the enemy from the rising grounds, about a mile from
+Naseby, and moved towards them. They were drawn up on a little ascent
+in a large common fallow field, in one line extended from one side of
+the field to the other, the field something more than a mile over, our
+army in the same order, in one line, with the reserve.
+
+The king led the main battle of foot, Prince Rupert the right wing of
+the horse, and Sir Marmaduke Langdale the left. Of the enemy Fairfax
+and Skippon led the body, Cromwell and Rossiter the right, and Ireton
+the left, the numbers of both armies so equal, as not to differ 500
+men, save that the king had most horse by about 1000, and Fairfax most
+foot by about 500. The number was in each army about 18,000 men. The
+armies coming close up, the wings engaged first. The prince with
+his right wing charged with his wonted fury, and drove all the
+Parliament's wing of horse, one division excepted, clear out of the
+field; Ireton, who commanded this wing, give him his due, rallied
+often, and fought like a lion; but our wing bore down all before them,
+and pursued them with a terrible execution.
+
+Ireton seeing one division of his horse left, repaired to them, and
+keeping his ground, fell foul of a brigade of our foot, who coming up
+to the head of the line, he like a madman charges them with his horse.
+But they with their pikes tore him to pieces; so that this division
+was entirely ruined. Ireton himself, thrust through the thigh with
+a pike, wounded in the face with a halberd, was unhorsed and taken
+prisoner.
+
+Cromwell, who commanded the Parliament's right wing, charged Sir
+Marmaduke Langdale with extraordinary fury, but he, an old tried
+soldier, stood firm, and received the charge with equal gallantry,
+exchanging all their shot, carabines and pistols and then fell on
+sword in hand. Rossiter and Whalley had the better on the point of
+the wing, and routed two divisions of horse, pushed them behind the
+reserves, where they rallied and charged again, but were at last
+defeated; the rest of the horse, now charged in the flank, retreated
+fighting, and were pushed behind the reserves of foot.
+
+While this was doing the foot engaged with equal fierceness, and for
+two hours there was a terrible fire. The king's foot, backed with
+gallant officers, and full of rage at the rout of their horse,
+bore down the enemy's brigade led by Skippon. The old man, wounded,
+bleeding, retreats to their reserves. All the foot, except the
+general's brigade, were thus driven into the reserves, where their
+officers rallied them, and bring them on to a fresh charge; and here
+the horse, having driven our horse above a quarter of a mile from the
+foot, face about, and fall in on the rear of the foot.
+
+Had our right wing done thus, the day had been secured; but Prince
+Rupert, according to his custom, following the flying enemy, never
+concerned himself with the safety of those behind; and yet he returned
+sooner than he had done in like cases too. At our return we found
+all in confusion, our foot broken, all but one brigade, which, though
+charged in the front, flank, and rear, could not be broken till Sir
+Thomas Fairfax himself came up to the charge with fresh men, and then
+they were rather cut in pieces than beaten, for they stood with their
+pikes charged every way to the last extremity.
+
+In this condition, at the distance of a quarter of a mile, we saw the
+king rallying his horse, and preparing to renew the fight; and our
+wing of horse coming up to him, gave him opportunity to draw up a
+large body of horse, so large that all the enemy's horse facing us
+stood still and looked on, but did not think fit to charge us till
+their foot, who had entirely broken our main battle, were put in order
+again, and brought up to us.
+
+The officers about the king advised his Majesty rather to draw off;
+for, since our foot were lost, it would be too much odds to expose the
+horse to the fury of their whole army, and would but be sacrificing
+his best troops without any hopes of success. The king, though with
+great regret at the loss of his foot, yet seeing there was no other
+hope, took this advice, and retreated in good order to Harborough, and
+from thence to Leicester.
+
+This was the occasion of the enemy having so great a number of
+prisoners; for the horse being thus gone off, the foot had no means
+to make their retreat, and were obliged to yield themselves.
+Commissary-General Ireton being taken by a captain of foot, makes the
+captain his prisoner, to save his life, and gives him his liberty for
+his courtesy before.
+
+Cromwell and Rossiter, with all the enemy's horse, followed us as far
+as Leicester, and killed all that they could lay hold on straggling
+from the body, but durst not attempt to charge us in a body. The
+king, expecting the enemy would come to Leicester, removes to
+Ashby-de-la-Zouch, where we had some time to recollect ourselves.
+
+This was the most fatal action of the whole war, not so much for
+the loss of our cannon, ammunition, and baggage, of which the enemy
+boasted so much, but as it was impossible for the king ever to
+retrieve it. The foot, the best that ever he was master of, could
+never be supplied; his army in the west was exposed to certain ruin,
+the north overrun with the Scots; in short, the case grew desperate,
+and the king was once upon the point of bidding us all disband, and
+shift for ourselves.
+
+We lost in this fight not above 2000 slain, and the Parliament near
+as many, but the prisoners were a great number; the whole body of foot
+being, as I have said, dispersed, there were 4500 prisoners, besides
+400 officers, 2000 horses, 12 pieces of cannon, 40 barrels of powder,
+all the king's baggage, coaches, most of his servants, and his
+secretary, with his cabinet of letters, of which the Parliament
+made great improvement, and basely enough caused his private
+letters--between his Majesty and the queen, her Majesty's letters to
+the king, and a great deal of such stuff--to be printed.
+
+After this fatal blow, being retreated, as I have said, to
+Ashby-de-la-Zouch in Leicestershire, the king ordered us to divide;
+his Majesty, with a body of horse, about 3000, went to Lichfield, and
+through Cheshire into North Wales, and Sir Marmaduke Langdale, with
+about 2500, went to Newark.
+
+The king remained in Wales for several months; and though the length
+of the war had almost drained that country of men, yet the king
+raised a great many men there, recruited his horse regiments, and got
+together six or seven regiments of foot, which seemed to look like the
+beginning of a new army.
+
+I had frequent discourses with his Majesty in this low ebb of his
+affairs, and he would often wish he had not exposed his army at
+Naseby. I took the freedom once to make a proposition to his Majesty,
+which, if it had taken effect, I verily believe would have given a new
+turn to his affairs; and that was, at once to slight all his garrisons
+in the kingdom, and give private orders to all the soldiers in every
+place, to join in bodies, and meet at two general rendezvous, which I
+would have appointed to be, one at Bristol, and one at West Chester.
+I demonstrated how easily all the forces might reach these two places;
+and both being strong and wealthy places, and both seaports, he would
+have a free communication by sea with Ireland, and with his friends
+abroad; and having Wales entirely his own, he might yet have an
+opportunity to make good terms for himself, or else have another fair
+field with the enemy.
+
+Upon a fair calculation of his troops in several garrisons and small
+bodies dispersed about, I convinced the king, by his own accounts,
+that he might have two complete armies, each of 25,000 foot, 8000
+horse, and 2000 dragoons; that the Lord Goring and the Lord Hopton
+might ship all their forces, and come by sea in two tides, and be
+with him in a shorter time than the enemy could follow. With two such
+bodies he might face the enemy, and make a day of it; but now his men
+were only sacrificed, and eaten up by piecemeal in a party-war,
+and spent their lives and estates to do him no service. That if the
+Parliament garrisoned the towns and castles he should quit, they would
+lessen their army, and not dare to see him in the field: and if they
+did not, but left them open, then 'twould be no loss to him, but he
+might possess them as often as he pleased.
+
+This advice I pressed with such arguments, that the king was once
+going to despatch orders for the doing it; but to be irresolute in
+counsel is always the companion of a declining fortune; the king was
+doubtful, and could not resolve till it was too late.
+
+And yet, though the king's forces were very low, his Majesty was
+resolved to make one adventure more, and it was a strange one; for,
+with but a handful of men, he made a desperate march, almost 250 miles
+in the middle of the whole kingdom, compassed about with armies and
+parties innumerable, traversed the heart of his enemy's country,
+entered their associated counties, where no army had ever yet come,
+and in spite of all their victorious troops facing and following him,
+alarmed even London itself and returned safe to Oxford.
+
+His Majesty continued in Wales from the battle at Naseby till the 5th
+or 6th of August, and till he had an account from all parts of the
+progress of his enemies, and the posture of his own affairs.
+
+Here we found, that the enemy being hard pressed in Somersetshire by
+the Lord Goring, and Lord Hopton's forces, who had taken Bridgewater,
+and distressed Taunton, which was now at the point of surrender,
+they had ordered Fairfax and Cromwell, and the whole army, to march
+westward to relieve the town; which they did, and Goring's troops were
+worsted, and himself wounded at the fight at Langport.
+
+The Scots, who were always the dead weight upon the king's affairs,
+having no more work to do in the north, were, at the Parliament's
+desire, advanced southward, and then ordered away towards South Wales,
+and were set down to the siege of Hereford. Here this famous Scotch
+army spent several months in a fruitless siege, ill provided of
+ammunition, and worse with money; and having sat near three months
+before the town, and done little but eaten up the country round them,
+upon the repeated accounts of the progress of the Marquis of Montrose
+in that kingdom, and pressing instances of their countrymen, they
+resolved to raise their siege, and go home to relieve their friends.
+
+The king, who was willing to be rid of the Scots, upon good terms, and
+therefore to hasten them, and lest they should pretend to push on the
+siege to take the town first, gives it out, that he was resolved with
+all his forces to go into Scotland, and join Montrose; and so having
+secured Scotland, to renew the war from thence.
+
+And accordingly his Majesty marches northwards, with a body of 4000
+horse; and, had the king really done this, and with that body of horse
+marched away (for he had the start of all his enemies, by above a
+fortnight's march), he had then had the fairest opportunity for a
+general turn of all his affairs, that he ever had in all the latter
+part of this war. For Montrose, a gallant daring soldier, who from
+the least shadow of force in the farthest corner of this country, had,
+rolling like a snowball, spread all over Scotland, was come into
+the south parts, and had summoned Edinburgh, frighted away their
+statesmen, beaten their soldiers at Dundee and other places; and
+letters and messengers in the heels of one another, repeated their
+cries to their brethren in England, to lay before them the sad
+condition of the country, and to hasten the army to their relief. The
+Scots lords of the enemy's party fled to Berwick, and the chancellor
+of Scotland goes himself to General Leslie, to press him for help.
+
+In this extremity of affairs Scotland lay when we marched out of
+Wales. The Scots, at the siege of Hereford, hearing the king was gone
+northward with his horse, conclude he was gone directly for Scotland,
+and immediately send Leslie with 4000 horse and foot to follow, but
+did not yet raise the siege. But the king, still irresolute, turns
+away to the eastward, and comes to Lichfield, where he showed his
+resentments at Colonel Hastings for his easy surrender of Leicester.
+
+In this march the enemy took heart. We had troops of horse on every
+side upon us like hounds started at a fresh stag. Leslie, with the
+Scots, and a strong body followed in our rear, Major-General Poyntz,
+Sir John Gell, Colonel Rossiter, and others in our way; they pretended
+to be 10,000 horse, and yet never durst face us. The Scots made one
+attempt upon a troop which stayed a little behind, and took some
+prisoners; but when a regiment of our horse faced them they retired.
+At a village near Lichfield another party of about 1000 horse attacked
+my regiment. We were on the left of the army, and at a little too
+far a distance. I happened to be with the king at that time, and
+my lieutenant-colonel with me, so that the major had charge of the
+regiment. He made a very handsome defence, but sent messengers for
+speedy relief. We were on a march, and therefore all ready, and the
+king orders me a regiment of dragoons and 300 horse, and the body
+halted to bring us off, not knowing how strong the enemy might be.
+When I came to the place I found my major hard laid to, but fighting
+like a lion. The enemy had broke in upon him in two places, and had
+routed one troop, cutting them off from the body, and had made them
+all prisoners. Upon this I fell in with the 300 horse, and cleared
+my major from a party who charged him in the flank; the dragoons
+immediately lighting, one party of them comes up on my wing, and
+saluting the enemy with their muskets, put them to a stand, the other
+party of dragoons wheeling to the left endeavouring to get behind
+them. The enemy, perceiving they should be overpowered, retreated in
+as good order as they could, but left us most of our prisoners, and
+about thirty of their own. We lost about fifteen of our men, and
+the enemy about forty, chiefly by the fire of our dragoons in their
+retreat.
+
+In this posture we continued our march; and though the king halted
+at Lichfield--which was a dangerous article, having so many of the
+enemy's troops upon his hands, and this time gave them opportunity to
+get into a body--yet the Scots, with their General Leslie, resolving
+for the north, the rest of the troops were not able to face us, till,
+having ravaged the enemy's country through Staffordshire, Warwick,
+Leicester, and Nottinghamshire, we came to the leaguer before Newark.
+
+The king was once more in the mind to have gone into Scotland, and
+called a council of war to that purpose; but then it was resolved by
+all hands that it would be too late to attempt it, for the Scots and
+Major-General Poyntz were before us, and several strong bodies
+of horse in our rear; and there was no venturing now, unless any
+advantage presented to rout one of those parties which attended us.
+
+Upon these and like considerations we resolved for Newark; on our
+approach the forces which blocked up that town drew off, being too
+weak to oppose us, for the king was now above 5000 horse and dragoons,
+besides 300 horse and dragoons he took with him from Newark.
+
+We halted at Newark to assist the garrison, or give them time rather
+to furnish themselves from the country with what they wanted, which
+they were very diligent in doing; for in two days' time they filled
+a large island which lies under the town, between the two branches of
+the Trent, with sheep, oxen, cows, and horses, an incredible number;
+and our affairs being now something desperate, we were not very
+nice in our usage of the country, for really if it was not with a
+resolution both to punish the enemy and enrich ourselves, no man can
+give any rational account why this desperate journey was undertaken.
+'Tis certain the Newarkers, in the respite they gained by our coming,
+got above L50,000 from the country round them in corn, cattle, money,
+and other plunder.
+
+From hence we broke into Lincolnshire, and the king lay at Belvoir
+Castle, and from Belvoir Castle to Stamford. The swiftness of our
+march was a terrible surprise to the enemy; for our van being at a
+village on the great road called Stilton, the country people fled
+into the Isle of Ely, and every way, as if all was lost. Indeed our
+dragoons treated the country very coarsely, and all our men in general
+made themselves rich. Between Stilton and Huntingdon we had a small
+bustle with some of the associated troops of horse, but they were soon
+routed, and fled to Huntingdon, where they gave such an account of us
+to their fellows that they did not think fit to stay for us, but left
+their foot to defend themselves as well as they could.
+
+While this was doing in the van a party from Burleigh House, near
+Stamford, the seat of the Earl of Exeter, pursued four troops of
+our horse, who, straggling towards Peterborough, and committing some
+disorders there, were surprised before they could get into a posture
+of fighting; and encumbered, as I suppose, with their plunder, they
+were entirely routed, lost most of their horses, and were forced to
+come away on foot; but finding themselves in this condition, they got
+in a body into the enclosures, and in that posture turning dragoons,
+they lined the hedges, and fired upon the enemy with their carabines.
+This way of fighting, though not very pleasant to troopers, put the
+enemy's horse to some stand, and encouraged our men to venture into a
+village, where the enemy had secured forty of their horse; and boldly
+charging the guard, they beat them off, and recovering those horses,
+the rest made their retreat good to Wansford Bridge; but we lost near
+100 horses, and about twelve of our men taken prisoners.
+
+The next day the king took Huntingdon; the foot which were left in the
+town, as I observed by their horse, had posted themselves at the foot
+of the bridge, and fortified the pass, with such things as the haste
+and shortness of the time would allow; and in this posture they seemed
+resolute to defend themselves. I confess, had they in time planted a
+good force here, they might have put a full stop to our little army;
+for the river is large and deep, the country on the left marshy, full
+of drains and ditches, and unfit for horse, and we must have either
+turned back, or took the right hand into Bedfordshire; but here not
+being above 400 foot, and they forsaken of their horse, the resistance
+they made was to no other purpose than to give us occasion to knock
+them on the head, and plunder the town.
+
+However, they defended the bridge, as I have said, and opposed our
+passage. I was this day in the van, and our forlorn having entered
+Huntingdon without any great resistance till they came to the bridge,
+finding it barricaded, they sent me word; I caused the troops to halt,
+and rode up to the forlorn, to view the countenance of the enemy, and
+found by the posture they had put themselves in, that they resolved to
+sell us the passage as dear as they could.
+
+I sent to the king for some dragoons, and gave him account of what I
+observed of the enemy, and that I judged them to be 1000 men; for I
+could not particularly see their numbers. Accordingly the king ordered
+500 dragoons to attack the bridge, commanded by a major; the enemy had
+200 musketeers placed on the bridge, their barricade served them for
+a breastwork on the front, and the low walls on the bridge served
+to secure their flanks. Two bodies of their foot were placed on the
+opposite banks of the river, and a reserve stood in the highway on the
+rear. The number of their men could not have been better ordered, and
+they wanted not courage answerable to the conduct of the party. They
+were commanded by one Bennet, a resolute officer, who stood in the
+front of his men on the bridge with a pike in his hand.
+
+Before we began to fall on, the king ordered to view the river, to see
+if it was nowhere passable, or any boat to be had; but the river being
+not fordable, and the boats all secured on the other side, the attack
+was resolved on, and the dragoons fell on with extraordinary bravery.
+The foot defended themselves obstinately, and beat off our dragoons
+twice, and though Bennet was killed upon the spot, and after him his
+lieutenant, yet their officers relieving them with fresh men, they
+would certainly have beat us all off, had not a venturous fellow, one
+of our dragoons, thrown himself into the river, swam over, and, in the
+midst of a shower of musket-bullets, cut the rope which tied a great
+flat-bottom boat, and brought her over. With the help of this boat, I
+got over 100 troopers first, and then their horses, and then 200 more
+without their horses; and with this party fell in with one of the
+small bodies of foot that were posted on that side, and having routed
+them, and after them the reserve which stood on the road, I made up
+to the other party. They stood their ground, and having rallied the
+runaways of both the other parties, charged me with their pikes, and
+brought me to a retreat; but by this time the king had sent over 300
+men more, and they coming up to me, the foot retreated. Those on the
+bridge finding how 'twas, and having no supplies sent them, as before,
+fainted, and fled; and the dragoons rushing forward, most of them were
+killed; about 150 of the enemy were killed, of which all the officers
+at the bridge, the rest run away.
+
+The town suffered for it, for our men left them little of anything
+they could carry. Here we halted and raised contributions, took money
+of the country and of the open towns, to exempt them from plunder.
+Twice we faced the town of Cambridge, and several of our officers
+advised his Majesty to storm it. But having no foot, and but 1200
+dragoons, wiser heads diverted him from it, and leaving Cambridge
+on the left, we marched to Woburn, in Bedfordshire, and our parties
+raised money all over the country quite into Hertfordshire, within
+five miles of St Alban's.
+
+The swiftness of our march, and uncertainty which way we intended,
+prevented all possible preparation to oppose us, and we met with no
+party able to make head against us. From Woburn the king went through
+Buckingham to Oxford; some of our men straggling in the villages for
+plunder, were often picked up by the enemy. But in all this long march
+we did not lose 200 men, got an incredible booty, and brought six
+waggons laden with money, besides 2000 horses and 3000 head of cattle,
+into Oxford. From Oxford his Majesty moves again into Gloucestershire,
+having left about 1500 of his horse at Oxford to scour the country,
+and raise contributions, which they did as far as Reading.
+
+Sir Thomas Fairfax was returned from taking Bridgewater, and was sat
+down before Bristol, in which Prince Rupert commanded with a strong
+garrison, 2500 foot and 1000 horse. We had not force enough to attempt
+anything there. But the Scots, who lay still before Hereford,
+were afraid of us, having before parted with all their horse under
+Lieutenant-General Leslie, and but ill stored with provisions; and if
+we came on their backs, were in a fair way to be starved, or made to
+buy their provisions at the price of their blood.
+
+His Majesty was sensible of this, and had we had but ten regiments of
+foot, would certainly have fought the Scots. But we had no foot, or so
+few as was not worth while to march them. However, the king marched
+to Worcester, and the Scots, apprehending they should be blocked
+up, immediately raised the siege, pretending it was to go help their
+brethren in Scotland, and away they marched northwards.
+
+We picked up some of their stragglers, but they were so poor, had been
+so ill paid, and so harassed at the siege, that they had neither money
+nor clothes; and the poor soldiers fed upon apples and roots, and ate
+the very green corn as it grew in the fields, which reduced them to
+a very sorry condition of health, for they died like people infected
+with the plague.
+
+'Twas now debated whether we should yet march for Scotland, but two
+things prevented--(1.) The plague was broke out there, and multitudes
+died of it, which made the king backward, and the men more backward.
+(2.) The Marquis of Montrose, having routed a whole brigade of
+Leslie's best horse, and carried all before him, wrote to his Majesty
+that he did not now want assistance, but was in hopes in a few days
+to send a body of foot into England to his Majesty's assistance. This
+over-confidence of his was his ruin; for, on the contrary, had he
+earnestly pressed the king to have marched, and fallen in with his
+horse, the king had done it, and been absolutely master of Scotland
+in a fortnight's time; but Montrose was too confident, and defied them
+all, till at last they got their forces together, and Leslie with his
+horse out of England, and worsted him in two or three encounters, and
+then never left him till they drove him out of Scotland.
+
+While his Majesty stayed at Worcester, several messengers came to him
+from Cheshire for relief, being exceedingly straitened by the forces
+of the Parliament; in order to which the king marched, but Shrewsbury
+being in the enemy's hands, he was obliged to go round by Ludlow,
+where he was joined by some foot out of Wales. I took this opportunity
+to ask his Majesty's leave to go by Shrewsbury to my father's,
+and, taking only two servants, I left the army two days before they
+marched.
+
+This was the most unsoldier-like action that ever I was guilty of, to
+go out of the army to pay a visit when a time of action was just at
+hand; and, though I protest I had not the least intimation, no, not
+from my own thoughts, that the army would engage, at least before they
+came to Chester, before which I intended to meet them, yet it looked
+so ill, so like an excuse or a sham of cowardice, or disaffection to
+the cause and to my master's interest, or something I know not what,
+that I could not bear to think of it, nor never had the heart to see
+the king's face after it.
+
+From Ludlow the king marched to relieve Chester. Poyntz, who commanded
+the Parliament's forces, follows the king, with design to join with
+the forces before Chester, under Colonel Jones, before the king could
+come up. To that end Poyntz passes through Shrewsbury the day that the
+king marched from Ludlow; yet the king's forces got the start of him,
+and forced him to engage. Had the king engaged him but three hours
+sooner, and consequently farther off from Chester, he had ruined him,
+for Poyntz's men, not able to stand the shock of the king's horse,
+gave ground, and would in half-an-hour more have been beaten out of
+the field; but Colonel Jones, with a strong party from the camp, which
+was within two miles; comes up in the heat of the action, falls on in
+the king's rear, and turned the scale of the day. The body was, after
+an obstinate fight, defeated, and a great many gentlemen of quality
+killed and taken prisoners. The Earl of Lichfield was of the number of
+the former, and sixty-seven officers of the latter, with 1000 others.
+The king, with about 500 horse, got into Chester, and from thence into
+Wales, whither all that could get away made up to him as fast as they
+could, but in a bad condition.
+
+This was the last stroke they struck; the rest of the war was nothing
+but taking all his garrisons from him one by one, till they finished
+the war with the captivating his person, and then, for want of other
+business, fell to fighting with one another.
+
+I was quite disconsolate at the news of this last action, and the
+more because I was not there. My regiment wholly dispersed, my
+lieutenant-colonel, a gentleman of a good family, and a near relation
+to my mother, was prisoner, my major and three captains killed, and
+most of the rest prisoners.
+
+The king, hopeless of any considerable party in Wales, Bristol being
+surrendered, sends for Prince Rupert and Prince Maurice, who came
+to him. With them, and the Lord Digby, Sir Marmaduke Langdale, and a
+great train of gentlemen, his Majesty marches to Newark again, leaves
+1000 horse with Sir William Vaughan to attempt the relief of Chester,
+in doing whereof he was routed the second time by Jones and his men,
+and entirely dispersed.
+
+The chief strength the king had in these parts was at Newark, and the
+Parliament were very earnest with the Scots to march southward and to
+lay siege to Newark; and while the Parliament pressed them to it, and
+they sat still and delayed it, several heats began, and some ill blood
+between them, which afterwards broke out into open war. The English
+reproached the Scots with pretending to help them, and really
+hindering their affairs. The Scots returned that they came to fight
+for them, and are left to be starved, and can neither get money nor
+clothes. At last they came to this, the Scots will come to the siege
+if the Parliament will send them money, but not before. However, as
+people sooner agree in doing ill than in doing well, they came to
+terms, and the Scots came with their whole army to the siege of
+Newark.
+
+The king, foreseeing the siege, calls his friends about him, tells
+them he sees his circumstances are such that they can help him but
+little, nor he protect them, and advises them to separate. The Lord
+Digby, with Sir Marmaduke Langdale, with a strong body of horse,
+attempt to get into Scotland to join with Montrose, who was still in
+the Highlands, though reduced to a low ebb, but these gentlemen are
+fallen upon on every side and routed, and at last, being totally
+broken and dispersed, they fly to the Earl of Derby's protection in
+the Isle of Man.
+
+Prince Rupert, Prince Maurice, Colonel Gerard, and above 400
+gentlemen, all officers of horse, lay their commissions down, and
+seizing upon Wootton House for a retreat, make proposals to the
+Parliament to leave the kingdom, upon their parole not to return again
+in arms against the Parliament, which was accepted, though afterwards
+the prince declined it. I sent my man post to the prince to be
+included in this treaty, and for leave for all that would accept of
+like conditions, but they had given in the list of their names, and
+could not alter it.
+
+This was a sad time. The poor remains of the king's fortunes went
+everywhere to wreck. Every garrison of the enemy was full of the
+Cavalier prisoners, and every garrison the king had was beset with
+enemies, either blocked up or besieged. Goring and the Lord Hopton
+were the only remainders of the king's forces which kept in a body,
+and Fairfax was pushing them with all imaginable vigour with his whole
+army about Exeter and other parts of Devonshire and Cornwall.
+
+In this condition the king left Newark in the night, and got to
+Oxford. The king had in Oxford 8000 men, and the towns of Banbury,
+Farringdon, Donnington Castle, and such places as might have been
+brought together in twenty-four hours, 15,000 or 20,000 men, with
+which, if he had then resolved to have quitted the place,
+and collected the forces in Worcester, Hereford, Lichfield,
+Ashby-de-la-Zouch, and all the small castles and garrisons he had
+thereabouts, he might have had near 40,000 men, might have beaten
+the Scots from Newark, Colonel Jones from Chester, and all, before
+Fairfax, who was in the west, could be able to come to their relief.
+And this his Majesty's friends in North Wales had concerted; and, in
+order to it, Sir Jacob Ashby gathered what forces he could, in our
+parts, and attempted to join the king at Oxford, and to have proposed
+it to him; but Sir Jacob was entirely routed at Stow-on-the-Wold, and
+taken prisoner, and of 3000 men not above 600 came to Oxford.
+
+All the king's garrisons dropped one by one; Hereford, which had stood
+out against the whole army of the Scots, was surprised by six men and
+a lieutenant dressed up for country labourers, and a constable pressed
+to work, who cut the guards in pieces, and let in a party of the
+enemy. Chester was reduced by famine, all the attempts the king made
+to relieve it being frustrated.
+
+Sir Thomas Fairfax routed the Lord Hopton at Torrington, and drove him
+to such extremities, that he was forced up into the farthest corner of
+Cornwall. The Lord Hopton had a gallant body of horse with him of nine
+brigades, but no foot; Fairfax, a great army.
+
+Heartless, and tired out with continual ill news, and ill success,
+I had frequent meetings with some gentlemen who had escaped from
+the rout of Sir William Vaughan, and we agreed upon a meeting at
+Worcester, of all the friends we could get, to see if we could raise
+a body fit to do any service; or, if not, to consider what was to be
+done. At this meeting we had almost as many opinions as people; our
+strength appeared too weak to make any attempt, the game was too far
+gone in our parts to be retrieved; all we could make up did not amount
+to above 800 horse.
+
+'Twas unanimously agreed not to go into the Parliament as long as our
+royal master did not give up the cause; but in all places, and by all
+possible methods, to do him all the service we could. Some proposed
+one thing, some another; at last we proposed getting vessels to carry
+us to the Isle of Man to the Earl of Derby, as Sir Marmaduke Langdale,
+Lord Digby, and others had done. I did not foresee any service
+it would be to the king's affairs, but I started a proposal that,
+marching to Pembroke in a body, we should there seize upon all the
+vessels we could, and embarking ourselves, horses, and what foot
+we could get, cross the Severn Sea, and land in Cornwall to the
+assistance of Prince Charles, who was in the army of the Lord Hopton,
+and where only there seemed to be any possibility of a chance for the
+remaining part of our cause.
+
+This proposal was not without its difficulties, as how to get to the
+seaside, and, when there, what assurance of shipping. The enemy, under
+Major-General Langhorn, had overrun Wales, and 'twould be next to
+impossible to effect it.
+
+We could never carry our proposal with the whole assembly; but,
+however, about 200 of us resolved to attempt it, and [the] meeting
+being broken up without coming to any conclusion, we had a private
+meeting among ourselves to effect it.
+
+We despatched private messengers to Swansea and Pembroke, and other
+places; but they all discouraged us from the attempt that way, and
+advised us to go higher towards North Wales, where the king's interest
+had more friends, and the Parliament no forces. Upon this we met, and
+resolved, and having sent several messengers that way, one of my men
+provided us two small vessels in a little creek near Harlech Castle,
+in Merionethshire. We marched away with what expedition we could, and
+embarked in the two vessels accordingly. It was the worst voyage sure
+that ever man went; for first we had no manner of accommodation for so
+many people, hay for our horses we got none, or very little, but good
+store of oats, which served us for our own bread as well as provender
+for the horses.
+
+In this condition we put off to sea, and had a fair wind all the first
+night, but early in the morning a sudden storm drove us within two or
+three leagues of Ireland. In this pickle, sea-sick, our horses rolling
+about upon one another, and ourselves stifled for want of room, no
+cabins nor beds, very cold weather, and very indifferent diet, we
+wished ourselves ashore again a thousand times; and yet we were not
+willing to go ashore in Ireland if we could help it; for the rebels
+having possession of every place, that was just having our throats cut
+at once. Having rolled about at the mercy of the winds all day, the
+storm ceasing in the evening, we had fair weather again, but wind
+enough, which being large, in two days and a night we came upon the
+coast of Cornwall, and, to our no small comfort, landed the next day
+at St Ives, in the county of Cornwall.
+
+We rested ourselves here, and sent an express to the Lord Hopton, who
+was then in Devonshire, of our arrival, and desired him to assign us
+quarters, and send us his farther orders. His lordship expressed a
+very great satisfaction at our arrival, and left it to our own conduct
+to join him as we saw convenient.
+
+We were marching to join him, when news came that Fairfax had given
+him an entire defeat at Torrington. This was but the old story over
+again. We had been used to ill news a great while, and 'twas the less
+surprise to us.
+
+Upon this news we halted at Bodmin, till we should hear farther; and
+it was not long before we saw a confirmation of the news before our
+eyes, for the Lord Hopton, with the remainder of his horse, which he
+had brought off at Torrington in a very shattered condition, retreated
+to Launceston, the first town in Cornwall, and hearing that Fairfax
+pursued him, came on to Bodmin. Hither he summoned all the troops
+which he had left, which, when he had got together, were a fine
+body indeed of 5000 horse, but few foot but what were at Pendennis,
+Barnstaple, and other garrisons. These were commanded by the Lord
+Hopton. The Lord Goring had taken shipping for France to get relief a
+few days before.
+
+Here a grand council of war was called, and several things were
+proposed, but as it always is in distress, people are most irresolute,
+so 'twas here. Some were for breaking through by force, our number
+being superior to the enemy's horse. To fight them with their foot
+would be desperation and ridiculous; and to retreat would but be
+to coop up themselves in a narrow place, where at last they must be
+forced to fight upon disadvantage, or yield at mercy. Others opposed
+this as a desperate action, and without probability of success, and
+all were of different opinions. I confess, when I saw how things
+were, I saw 'twas a lost game, and I was for the opinion of breaking
+through, and doing it now, while the country was open and large, and
+not being forced to it when it must be with more disadvantage. But
+nothing was resolved on, and so we retreated before the enemy. Some
+small skirmishes there happened near Bodmin, but none that were very
+considerable.
+
+'Twas the 1st of March when we quitted Bodmin, and quartered at large
+at Columb, St Dennis, and Truro, and the enemy took his quarters at
+Bodmin, posting his horse at the passes from Padstow on the north, to
+Wadebridge, Lostwithiel, and Fowey, spreading so from sea to sea,
+that now breaking through was impossible. There was no more room for
+counsel; for unless we had ships to carry us off, we had nothing to do
+but when we were fallen upon, to defend ourselves, and sell victory as
+dear as we could to the enemies.
+
+The Prince of Wales seeing the distress we were in, and loth to
+fall into the enemy's hands, ships himself on board some vessels at
+Falmouth, with about 400 lords and gentlemen. And as I had no command
+here to oblige my attendance, I was once going to make one, but my
+comrades, whom I had been the principal occasion of bringing hither,
+began to take it ill, that I would leave them, and so I resolved we
+would take our fate together.
+
+While thus we had nothing before us but a soldier's death, a fair
+field, and a strong enemy, and people began to look one upon another,
+the soldiers asked how their officers looked, and the officers asked
+how their soldiers looked, and every day we expected to be our last,
+when unexpectedly the enemy's general sent a trumpet to Truro to my
+Lord Hopton, with a very handsome gentlemanlike offer:--
+
+That since the general could not be ignorant of his present condition,
+and that the place he was in could not afford him subsistence or
+defence; and especially considering that the state of our affairs were
+such, that if we should escape from thence we could not remove to
+our advantage, he had thought good to let us know, that if we would
+deliver up our horses and arms, he would, for avoiding the effusion of
+Christian blood, or the putting any unsoldierly extremities upon us,
+allow such honourable and safe conditions, as were rather better than
+our present circumstances could demand, and such as should discharge
+him to all the world, as a gentleman, as a soldier, and as a
+Christian.
+
+After this followed the conditions he would give us, which were as
+follows, viz.:--That all the soldiery, as well English as foreigners,
+should have liberty to go beyond the seas, or to their own dwellings,
+as they pleased; and to such as shall choose to live at home,
+protection for their liberty, and from all violence and plundering
+of soldiers, and to give them bag and baggage, and all their goods,
+except horses and arms.
+
+That for officers in commissions, and gentlemen of quality, he would
+allow them horses for themselves and one servant, or more, suitable
+to their quality, and such arms as are suitable to gentlemen of such
+quality travelling in times of peace; and such officers as would go
+beyond sea, should take with them their full arms and number of horses
+as are allowed in the army to such officers.
+
+That all the troopers shall receive on the delivery of their
+horses, 20s. a man to carry them home; and the general's pass and
+recommendation to any gentleman who desires to go to the Parliament to
+settle the composition for their estates.
+
+Lastly, a very honourable mention of the general, and offer of their
+mediation to the Parliament, to treat him as a man of honour, and one
+who has been tender of the country, and behaved himself with all the
+moderation and candour that could be expected from an enemy.
+
+Upon the unexpected receipt of this message, a council of war was
+called, and the letter read; no man offered to speak a word; the
+general moved it, but every one was loth to begin.
+
+At last an old colonel starts up, and asked the general what he
+thought might occasion the writing this letter? The general told him,
+he could not tell; but he could tell, he was sure, of one thing, that
+he knew what was not the occasion of it, viz., that is, not any want
+of force in their army to oblige us to other terms. Then a doubt was
+started, whether the king and Parliament were not in any treaty, which
+this agreement might be prejudicial to.
+
+This occasioned a letter to my Lord Fairfax, wherein our general
+returning the civilities, and neither accepting nor refusing his
+proposal, put it upon his honour, whether there was not some agreement
+or concession between his Majesty and the Parliament, in order to a
+general peace, which this treaty might be prejudicial to, or thereby
+be prejudicial to us.
+
+The Lord Fairfax ingenuously declared, he had heard the king had made
+some concessions, and he heartily wished he would make such as would
+settle the kingdom in peace, that Englishmen might not wound and
+destroy one another; but that he declared he knew of no treaty
+commenced, nor anything passed which could give us the least shadow
+of hope for any advantage in not accepting his conditions; at last
+telling us, that though he did not insult over our circumstances, yet
+if we thought fit, upon any such supposition, to refuse his offers, he
+was not to seek in his measures.
+
+And it appeared so, for he immediately advanced his forlorns, and
+dispossessed us of two advanced quarters, and thereby straitened us
+yet more.
+
+We had now nothing to say, but treat, and our general was so sensible
+of our condition, that he returned the trumpet with a safe-conduct for
+commissioners at twelve o'clock that night; upon which a cessation of
+arms was agreed on, we quitting Truro to the Lord Fairfax, and he left
+St Allen to us to keep our headquarters.
+
+The conditions were soon agreed on; we disbanded nine full brigades of
+horse, and all the conditions were observed with the most honour and
+care by the enemy that ever I saw in my life.
+
+Nor can I omit to make very honourable mention of this noble
+gentleman, though I did not like his cause; but I never saw a man of
+a more pleasant, calm, courteous, downright, honest behaviour in my
+life; and for his courage and personal bravery in the field, that we
+had felt enough of. No man in the world had more fire and fury in him
+while in action, or more temper and softness out of it. In short, and
+I cannot do him greater honour, he exceedingly came near the character
+of my foreign hero, Gustavus Adolphus, and in my account is, of all
+the soldiers in Europe, the fittest to be reckoned in the second place
+of honour to him.
+
+I had particular occasion to see much of his temper in all this
+action, being one of the hostages given by our general for the
+performance of the conditions, in which circumstance the general did
+me several times the honour to send to me to dine with him; and was
+exceedingly pleased to discourse with me about the passages of the
+wars in Germany, which I had served in, he having been at the same
+time in the Low Countries in the service of Prince Maurice; but I
+observed if at any time my civilities extended to commendations of his
+own actions, and especially to comparing him to Gustavus Adolphus, he
+would blush like a woman, and be uneasy, declining the discourse, and
+in this he was still more like him.
+
+Let no man scruple my honourable mention of this noble enemy, since
+no man can suspect me of favouring the cause he embarked in, which
+I served as heartily against as any man in the army; but I cannot
+conceal extraordinary merit for its being placed in an enemy.
+
+This was the end of our making war, for now we were all under parole
+never to bear arms against the Parliament; and though some of us did
+not keep our word, yet I think a soldier's parole ought to be the most
+sacred in such case, that a soldier may be the easier trusted at all
+times upon his word. For my part, I went home fully contented, since
+I could do my royal master no better service, that I had come off no
+worse.
+
+The enemy going now on in a full current of success, and the king
+reduced to the last extremity, and Fairfax, by long marches, being
+come back within five miles of Oxford, his Majesty, loth to be cooped
+up in a town which could on no account hold long out, quits the town
+in a disguise, leaving Sir Thomas Clemham governor, and being only
+attended with Mr Ashburnham and one more, rides away to Newark, and
+there fatally committed himself to the honour and fidelity of the
+Scots under General Leven.
+
+There had been some little bickering between the Parliament and the
+Scots commissioners concerning the propositions which the Scots were
+for a treaty with the king upon, and the Parliament refused it. The
+Parliament, upon all proposals of peace, had formerly invited the king
+to come and throw himself upon the honour, fidelity, and affection of
+his Parliament. And now the king from Oxford offering to come up
+to London on the protection of the Parliament for the safety of his
+person, they refused him, and the Scots differed from them in it, and
+were for a personal treaty.
+
+This, in our opinion, was the reason which prompted the king to throw
+himself upon the fidelity of the Scots, who really by their infidelity
+had been the ruin of all his affairs, and now, by their perfidious
+breach of honour and faith with him, will be virtually and mediately
+the ruin of his person.
+
+The Scots were, as all the nation besides them was, surprised at the
+king's coming among them; the Parliament began very high with them,
+and send an order to General Leven to send the king to Warwick Castle;
+but he was not so hasty to part with so rich a prize. As soon as the
+king came to the general, he signs an order to Colonel Bellasis, the
+governor of Newark, to surrender it, and immediately the Scots decamp
+homewards, carrying the king in the camp with them, and marching on, a
+house was ordered to be provided for the king at Newcastle.
+
+And now the Parliament saw their error, in refusing his Majesty a
+personal treaty, which, if they had accepted (their army was not yet
+taught the way of huffing their masters), the kingdom might have been
+settled in peace. Upon this the Parliament send to General Leven to
+have his Majesty not be sent, which was their first language, but be
+suffered to come to London to treat with his Parliament; before it
+was, "Let the king be sent to Warwick Castle"; now 'tis, "To let his
+Majesty come to London to treat with his people."
+
+But neither one or the other would do with the Scots; but we who knew
+the Scots best knew that there was one thing would do with them, if
+the other would not, and that was money; and therefore our hearts
+ached for the king.
+
+The Scots, as I said, had retreated to Newcastle with the king, and
+there they quartered their whole army at large upon the country;
+the Parliament voted they had no farther occasion for the Scots, and
+desired them to go home about their business. I do not say it was
+in these words, but in whatsoever good words their messages might
+be expressed, this and nothing less was the English of it. The Scots
+reply, by setting forth their losses, damages, and dues, the substance
+of which was, "Pay us our money and we will be gone, or else we won't
+stir." The Parliament call for an account of their demands, which the
+Scots give in, amounting to a million; but, according to their custom,
+and especially finding that the army under Fairfax inclined gradually
+that way, fall down to L500,000, and at last to L400,000; but all the
+while this is transacting a separate treaty is carried on at London
+with the commissioners of Scotland, and afterwards at Edinburgh, by
+which it is given them to understand that, whereas upon payment of the
+money, the Scots army is to march out of England, and to give up all
+the towns and garrisons which they hold in this kingdom, so they are
+to take it for granted that 'tis the meaning of the treaty that they
+shall leave the king in the hands of the English Parliament.
+
+To make this go down the better, the Scotch Parliament, upon his
+Majesty's desire to go with their army into Scotland, send him for
+answer, that it cannot be for the safety of his Majesty or of the
+State to come into Scotland, not having taken the Covenant, and this
+was carried in their Parliament but by two voices.
+
+The Scots having refused his coming into Scotland, as was concerted
+between the two Houses, and their army being to march out of
+England, the delivering up the king became a consequence of the
+thing--unavoidable, and of necessity.
+
+His Majesty, thus deserted of those into whose hands he had thrown
+himself, took his leave of the Scots general at Newcastle, telling him
+only, in few words, this sad truth, that he was bought and sold. The
+Parliament commissioners received him at Newcastle from the Scots, and
+brought him to Holmby House, in Northamptonshire; from whence, upon
+the quarrels and feuds of parties, he was fetched by a party of horse,
+commanded by one Cornet Joyce, from the army, upon their mutinous
+rendezvous at Triplow Heath; and, after this, suffering many violences
+and varieties of circumstances among the army, was carried to Hampton
+Court, from whence his Majesty very readily made his escape; but not
+having notice enough to provide effectual means for his more effectual
+deliverance, was obliged to deliver himself to Colonel Hammond in the
+Isle of Wight. Here, after some very indifferent usage, the Parliament
+pursued a farther treaty with him, and all points were agreed but
+two: the entire abolishing Episcopacy, which the king declared to be
+against his conscience and his coronation oath; and the sale of the
+Church lands, which he declared, being most of them gifts to God and
+the Church, by persons deceased, his Majesty thought could not be
+alienated without the highest sacrilege, and if taken from the uses
+to which they were appointed by the wills of the donors, ought to be
+restored back to the heirs and families of the persons who bequeathed
+them.
+
+And these two articles so stuck with his Majesty, that he ventured
+his fortune, and royal family, and his own life for them. However, at
+last, the king condescended so far in these, that the Parliament voted
+his Majesty's concessions to be sufficient to settle and establish the
+peace of the nation.
+
+This vote discovered the bottom of all the counsels which then
+prevailed; for the army, who knew if peace were once settled, they
+should be undone, took the alarm at this, and clubbing together in
+committees and councils, at last brought themselves to a degree
+of hardness above all that ever this nation saw; for calling into
+question the proceedings of their masters who employed them, they
+immediately fall to work upon the Parliament, remove Colonel Hammond,
+who had the charge of the king, and used him honourably, place a
+new guard upon him, dismiss the commissioners, and put a stop to the
+treaty; and, following their blow, march to London, place regiments of
+foot at the Parliament-house door, and, as the members came up,
+seize upon all those whom they had down in a list as promoters of the
+settlement and treaty, and would not suffer them to sit; but the rest
+who, being of their own stamp, are permitted to go on, carry on the
+designs of the army, revive their votes of non-addresses to the
+king, and then, upon the army's petition to bring all delinquents to
+justice, the mask was thrown off, the word all is declared to be
+meant the king, as well as every man else they pleased. 'Tis too sad
+a story, and too much a matter of grief to me, and to all good men, to
+renew the blackness of those days, when law and justice was under the
+feet of power; the army ruled the Parliament, the private officers
+their generals, the common soldiers their officers, and confusion was
+in every part of the government. In this hurry they sacrificed their
+king, and shed the blood of the English nobility without mercy.
+
+The history of the times will supply the particulars which I omit,
+being willing to confine myself to my own accounts and observations.
+I was now no more an actor, but a melancholy observator of the
+misfortunes of the times. I had given my parole not to take up arms
+against the Parliament, and I saw nothing to invite me to engage on
+their side. I saw a world of confusion in all their counsels, and I
+always expected that in a chain of distractions, as it generally falls
+out, the last link would be destruction; and though I pretended to no
+prophecy, yet the progress of affairs have brought it to pass, and I
+have seen Providence, who suffered, for the correction of this nation,
+the sword to govern and devour us, has at last brought destruction by
+the sword upon the head of most of the party who first drew it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+If together with the brief account of what concern I had in the
+active part of the war, I leave behind me some of my own remarks
+and observations, it may be pertinent enough to my design, and not
+unuseful to posterity.
+
+1. I observed by the sequel of things that it may be some excuse to
+the first Parliament, who began this war, to say that they manifested
+their designs were not aimed at the monarchy, nor their quarrel at
+the person of the king; because, when they had in their power, though
+against his will, they would have restored both his person and dignity
+as a king, only loading it with such clogs of the people's power as
+they at first pretended to, viz., the militia, and power of naming
+the great officers at court, and the like; which powers, it was never
+denied, had been stretched too far in the beginning of this king's
+reign, and several things done illegally, which his Majesty had been
+sensible of, and was willing to rectify; but they having obtained the
+power by victory, resolved so to secure themselves, as that, whenever
+they laid down their arms, the king should not be able to do the like
+again. And thus far they were not to be so much blamed, and we did
+not on our own part blame them, when they had obtained the power, for
+parting with it on good terms.
+
+But when I have thus far advocated for the enemies, I must be very
+free to state the crimes of this bloody war by the events of it. 'Tis
+manifest there were among them from the beginning a party who aimed
+at the very root of the government, and at the very thing which they
+brought to pass, viz., the deposing and murdering of their sovereign;
+and, as the devil is always master where mischief is the work, this
+party prevailed, turned the other out of doors, and overturned all
+that little honesty that might be in the first beginning of this
+unhappy strife.
+
+The consequence of this was, the Presbyterians saw their error when
+it was too late, and then would gladly have joined the royal party to
+have suppressed this new leaven which had infected the lump; and this
+is very remarkable, that most of the first champions of this war who
+bore the brunt of it, when the king was powerful and prosperous, and
+when there was nothing to be got by it but blows, first or last, were
+so ill used by this independent, powerful party, who tripped up
+the heels of all their honesty, that they were either forced by ill
+treatment to take up arms on our side, or suppressed and reduced by
+them. In this the justice of Providence seemed very conspicuous, that
+these having pushed all things by violence against the king, and by
+arms and force brought him to their will, were at once both robbed
+of the end, their Church government, and punished for drawing their
+swords against their masters, by their own servants drawing the sword
+against them; and God, in His due time, punished the others too. And
+what was yet farther strange, the punishment of this crime of making
+war against their king, singled out those very men, both in the
+army and in the Parliament, who were the greatest champions of the
+Presbyterian cause in the council and in the field. Some minutes, too,
+of circumstances I cannot forbear observing, though they are not very
+material, as to the fatality and revolutions of days and times. A
+Roman Catholic gentleman of Lancashire, a very religious man in his
+way, who had kept a calculate of times, and had observed mightily the
+fatality of times, places, and actions, being at my father's house,
+was discoursing once upon the just judgment of God in dating His
+providences, so as to signify to us His displeasure at particular
+circumstances; and, among an infinite number of collections he had
+made, these were some which I took particular notice of, and from
+whence I began to observe the like:--
+
+1. That King Edward VI. died the very same day of the same month
+in which he caused the altar to be taken down, and the image of the
+Blessed Virgin in the Cathedral of St Paul's.
+
+2. That Cranmer was burnt at Oxford the same day and month that he
+gave King Henry VIII. advice to divorce his Queen Catherine.
+
+3. That Queen Elizabeth died the same day and month that she resolved,
+in her Privy Council, to behead the Queen of Scots.
+
+4. That King James died the same day that he published his book
+against Bellarmine.
+
+5. That King Charles's long Parliament, which ruined him, began the
+very same day and month which that Parliament began, that at the
+request of his predecessor robbed the Roman Church of all her
+revenues, and suppressed abbeys and monasteries.
+
+How just his calculations were, or how true the matter of fact,
+I cannot tell, but it put me upon the same in several actions and
+successes of this war. And I found a great many circumstances, as to
+time or action, which befell both his Majesty and his parties first;
+
+Then others which befell the Parliament and Presbyterian faction,
+which raised the war;
+
+Then the Independent tyranny which succeeded and supplanted the first
+party;
+
+Then the Scots who acted on both sides;
+
+Lastly, the restoration and re-establishment of the loyalty and
+religion of our ancestors.
+
+1. For King Charles I.; 'tis observable, that the charge against the
+Earl of Strafford, a thing which his Majesty blamed himself for all
+the days of his life, and at the moment of his last suffering, was
+first read in the Lords' House on the 30th of January, the same day of
+the month six years that the king himself was brought to the block.
+
+2. That the king was carried away prisoner from Newark, by the Scots,
+May 10, the same day six years that, against his conscience and
+promise, he passed the bill of attainder against the loyal, noble Earl
+of Strafford.
+
+3. The same day seven years that the king entered the House of Commons
+for the five members, which all his friends blamed him for, the same
+day the Rump voted bringing his Majesty to trial, after they had set
+by the Lords for not agreeing to it, which was the 3rd of January
+1648.
+
+4. The 12th of May 1646, being the surrender of Newark, the Parliament
+held a day of thanksgiving and rejoicing, for the reduction of the
+king and his party, and finishing the war, which was the same day five
+years that the Earl of Strafford was beheaded.
+
+5. The battle at Naseby, which ruined the king's affairs, and where
+his secretary and his office was taken, was the 14th of June, the same
+day and month the first commission was given out by his Majesty to
+raise forces.
+
+6. The queen voted a traitor by the Parliament the 3rd of May, the
+same day and month she carried the jewels into France.
+
+7. The same day the king defeated Essex in the west, his son, King
+Charles II., was defeated at Worcester.
+
+8. Archbishop Laud's house at Lambeth assaulted by the mob, the same
+day of the same month that he advised the king to make war upon the
+Scots.
+
+9. Impeached the 15th of December 1640, the same day twelvemonth that
+he ordered the Common Prayer-book of Scotland to be printed, in order
+to be imposed upon the Scots, from which all our troubles began.
+
+But many more, and more strange, are the critical junctures of affairs
+in the case of the enemy, or at least more observed by me:--
+
+1. Sir John Hotham, who repulsed his Majesty and refused him
+admittance into Hull before the war, was seized at Hull by the same
+Parliament for whom he had done it, the same 10th day of August two
+years that he drew the first blood in that war.
+
+2. Hampden of Buckinghamshire killed the same day one year that the
+mob petition from Bucks was presented to the king about him, as one of
+the five members.
+
+3. Young Captain Hotham executed the 1st of January, the same day that
+he assisted Sir Thomas Fairfax in the first skirmish with the king's
+forces at Bramham Moor.
+
+4. The same day and month, being the 6th of August 1641, that the
+Parliament voted to raise an army against the king, the same day and
+month, _anno_ 1648, the Parliament were assaulted and turned out of
+doors by that very army, and none left to sit but who the soldiers
+pleased, which were therefore called the Rump.
+
+5. The Earl of Holland deserted the king, who had made him general of
+the horse, and went over to the Parliament, and the 9th of March
+1641, carried the Commons' reproaching declaration to the king; and
+afterwards taking up arms for the king against the Parliament, was
+beheaded by them the 9th of March 1648, just seven years after.
+
+6. The Earl of Holland was sent by the king to come to his assistance
+and refused, the 11th of July 1641, and that very day seven years
+after was taken by the Parliament at St Neots.
+
+7. Colonel Massey defended Gloucester against the king, and beat
+him off the 5th of September 1643; was taken after by Cromwell's men
+fighting for the king, on the 5th of September 1651, two or three days
+after the fight at Worcester.
+
+8. Richard Cromwell resigning, because he could not help it, the
+Parliament voted a free Commonwealth, without a single person or House
+of Lords. This was the 25th of May 1658; the 25th of May 1660, the
+king landed at Dover, and restored the government of a single person
+and House of Lords.
+
+9. Lambert was proclaimed a traitor by the Parliament April the 20th,
+being the same day he proposed to Oliver Cromwell to take upon him the
+title of king.
+
+10. Monk being taken prisoner at Nantwich by Sir Thomas Fairfax,
+revolted to the Parliament the same day nineteen years he declared for
+the king, and thereby restored the royal authority.
+
+11. The Parliament voted to approve of Sir John Hotham's repulsing
+the king at Hull, the 28th of April 1642; the 28th of April 1660, the
+Parliament first debated in the House the restoring the king to the
+crown.
+
+12. The agitators of the army formed themselves into a cabal, and held
+their first meeting to seize on the king's person, and take him into
+their custody from Holmby, the 28th of April 1647; the same day,
+1660, the Parliament voted the agitators to be taken into custody, and
+committed as many of them as could be found.
+
+13. The Parliament voted the queen a traitor for assisting her
+husband, the king, May the 3rd, 1643; her son, King Charles II., was
+presented with the votes of Parliament to restore him, and the present
+of L50,000, the 3rd of May 1660.
+
+14. The same day the Parliament passed the Act for recognition of
+Oliver Cromwell, October 13th, 1654, Lambert broke up the Parliament
+and set up the army, 1659, October the 13th.
+
+Some other observations I have made, which, as not so pertinent, I
+forbear to publish, among which I have noted the fatality of some days
+to parties, as--
+
+The 2nd of September: The fight at Dunbar; the fight at Worcester; the
+oath against a single person passed; Oliver's first Parliament called.
+For the enemy.
+
+The 2nd of September: Essex defeated in Cornwall; Oliver died; city
+works demolished. For the king.
+
+The 29th of May: Prince Charles born; Leicester taken by storm; King
+Charles II. restored. Ditto.
+
+Fatality of circumstances in this unhappy war, as--
+
+1. The English Parliament call in the Scots, to invade their king, and
+are invaded themselves by the same Scots, in defence of the king whose
+case, and the design of the Parliament, the Scots had mistaken.
+
+2. The Scots, who unjustly assisted the Parliament to conquer their
+lawful sovereign, contrary to their oath of allegiance, and without
+any pretence on the king's part, are afterwards absolutely conquered
+and subdued by the same Parliament they assisted.
+
+3. The Parliament, who raised an army to depose their king, deposed by
+the very army they had raised.
+
+4. The army broke three Parliaments, and are at last broke by a free
+Parliament; and all they had done by the military power, undone at
+once by the civil.
+
+5. Abundance of the chief men, who by their fiery spirits involved the
+nation in a civil war, and took up arms against their prince, first or
+last met with ruin or disgrace from their own party.
+
+(1.) Sir John Hotham and his son, who struck the first stroke, both
+beheaded or hanged by the Parliament.
+
+(2.) Major-General Massey three times taken prisoner by them, and once
+wounded at Worcester.
+
+(3.) Major-General Langhorn, (4.) Colonel Poyer, and (5.) Colonel
+Powell, changed sides, and at last taken, could obtain no other favour
+than to draw lots for their lives; Colonel Poyer drew the dead lot,
+and was shot to death.
+
+(6.) Earl of Holland: who, when the House voted who should be
+reprieved, Lord Goring, who had been their worst enemy, or the Earl of
+Holland, who excepting one offence, had been their constant servant,
+voted Goring to be spared, and the Earl to die.
+
+(7.) The Earl of Essex, their first general;
+
+(8.) Sir William Waller;
+
+(9.) Lieutenant-General Ludlow;
+
+(10.) The Earl of Manchester;
+
+--all disgusted and voted out of the army, though they had stood the
+first shock of the war, to make way for the new model of the army, and
+introduce a party.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In all these confusions I have observed two great errors, one of the
+king, and one of his friends.
+
+Of the king, that when he was in their custody, and at their mercy,
+he did not comply with their propositions of peace, before their army,
+for want of employment, fell into heats and mutinies; that he did not
+at first grant the Scots their own conditions, which, if he had done,
+he had gone into Scotland; and then, if the English would have fought
+the Scots for him, he had a reserve of his loyal friends, who would
+have had room to have fallen in with the Scots to his assistance,
+who were after dispersed and destroyed in small parties attempting to
+serve him.
+
+While his Majesty remained at Newcastle, the queen wrote to him,
+persuading him to make peace upon any terms; and in politics her
+Majesty's advice was certainly the best. For, however low he was
+brought by a peace, it must have been better than the condition he was
+then in.
+
+The error I mention of the king's friends was this, that after they
+saw all was lost, they could not be content to sit still, and reserve
+themselves for better fortunes, and wait the happy time when the
+divisions of the enemy would bring them to certain ruin; but must
+hasten their own miseries by frequent fruitless risings, in the face
+of a victorious enemy, in small parties; and I always found these
+effects from it:--
+
+1. The enemy, who were always together by the ears, when they were let
+alone, were united and reconciled when we gave them any interruption;
+as particularly, in the case of the first assault the army made upon
+them, when Colonel Pride, with his regiment, garbled the House, as
+they called it. At that time a fair opportunity offered; but it was
+omitted till it was too late. That insult upon the House had been
+attempted the year before, but was hindered by the little insurrection
+of the royal party, and the sooner they had fallen out, the better.
+
+2. These risings being desperate, with vast disadvantages, and always
+suppressed, ruined all our friends; the remnants of the Cavaliers were
+lessened, the stoutest and most daring were cut off, and the king's
+interest exceedingly weakened, there not being less than 30,000 of
+his best friends cut off in the several attempts made at Maidstone,
+Colchester, Lancashire, Pembroke, Pontefract, Kingston, Preston,
+Warrington, Worcester, and other places. Had these men all reserved
+their fortunes to a conjunction with the Scots, at either of the
+invasions they made into this kingdom, and acted with the conduct and
+courage they were known masters of, perhaps neither of those Scots
+armies had been defeated.
+
+But the impatience of our friends ruined all; for my part, I had as
+good a mind to put my hand to the ruin of the enemy as any of them,
+but I never saw any tolerable appearance of a force able to match the
+enemy, and I had no mind to be beaten and then hanged. Had we let them
+alone, they would have fallen into so many parties and factions, and
+so effectually have torn one another to pieces, that whichsoever party
+had come to us, we should, with them, have been too hard for all the
+rest.
+
+This was plain by the course of things afterwards; when the
+Independent army had ruffled the Presbyterian Parliament, the soldiery
+of that party made no scruple to join us, and would have restored the
+king with all their hearts, and many of them did join us at last.
+
+And the consequence, though late, ended so; for they fell out so
+many times, army and Parliament, Parliament and army, and alternately
+pulled one another down so often till at last the Presbyterians who
+began the war, ended it, and, to be rid of their enemies, rather than
+for any love to the monarchy, restored King Charles the Second, and
+brought him in on the very day that they themselves had formerly
+resolved the ruin of his father's government, being the 29th of May,
+the same day twenty years that the private cabal in London concluded
+their secret league with the Scots, to embroil his father King Charles
+the First.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: General Ludlow, in his Memoirs, p. 52, says their men
+returned from Warwick to London, not like men who had obtained a
+victory, but like men that had been beaten.]
+
+
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+
+p. 1. The preface to the first edition, which appeared in 1720, was
+written by Defoe as "Editor" of the manuscript. The second edition
+appeared between 1740 and 1750, after the death of Defoe. (He was
+probably born in 1671 and he died in 1731.) In the preface to that
+edition it was argued that the Cavalier was certainly a real person.
+
+p. 2, l. 35. "Nicely" is here used in the stricter and more uncommon
+sense of "minutely." This use of words in a slightly different sense
+from their common modern significance will be noticed frequently;
+cf. p. 8, l. 17 "passionately," p. 18, l. 40 "refined," p. 31, l. 18
+"particular."
+
+p. 3, l. 3. Charles XII the famous soldier king of Sweden died in 1718.
+
+p. 3, l. 31. Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, was one of the staunchest
+supporters of Charles I, and Chancellor under Charles II. His _History
+of the Rebellion_ is naturally written from the Royalist standpoint.
+This statement concerning "the editors" can only be intended by Defoe
+to give colour of truth to his story of the manuscript.
+
+p. 10, l. 17. England had been nominally at war with Spain since the
+beginning of the reign of Charles I. Peace was actually made in 1630.
+
+p. 12, l. 3. A pistole was a gold coin used chiefly in France and
+Spain. Its value varied but it was generally worth about fifteen or
+sixteen shillings.
+
+p. 14, l. 5. Cardinal Richelieu, one of the greatest statesmen of
+the seventeenth century, was practically supreme in France during the
+reign of Louis XIII.
+
+p. 14, l. 16. The cause of the war with Savoy is told at length on
+page 23. Savoy being the frontier province between France and Italy it
+was important that France should maintain her influence there.
+
+p. 14, l. 18. Pinerolo was a frontier fortress.
+
+p. 14, l. 36. The queen-mother was Mary de Medicis who had been regent
+during the minority of Louis XIII.
+
+p. 15, l. 3. The Protestants or Huguenots of Southern France had been
+tolerated since 1598 but Richelieu deprived them of many of their
+privileges.
+
+p. 15, l. 21. In 1625 when England was in alliance with France English
+ships had been joined with the French fleet to reduce la Rochelle, the
+great stronghold of Protestantism in Southern France.
+
+p. 16, l. 7. The Louvre, now famous as a picture gallery and museum,
+was formerly one of the palaces of the French Kings.
+
+p. 17, l. 16. The Bastille was the famous prison destroyed in 1789 at
+the outbreak of the French Revolution.
+
+p. 18, l. 13. In the seventeenth century Italy was still divided into
+several states each with its own prince.
+
+p. 18, l. 22. Susa was another Savoyard fortress.
+
+p. 19, l. 17. A halberd was a weapon consisting of a long wooden shaft
+surmounted by an axe-like head.
+
+p. 21, l. 30. The Cantons were the political divisions of Switzerland.
+
+p. 23, l. 7. Casale, a strong town on the Po.
+
+p. 25, l. 14. A dragoon was a cavalry soldier armed with an infantry
+firearm and trained to fight on foot as well as on horseback.
+
+p. 27, l. 25. Saluzzo a town S.E. of Pinerolo.
+
+p. 29, l. 12. This truce prepared for the definite "Peace of
+Cherasco," April 1631, which confirmed the Duchy of Mantua to the Duke
+of Nevers but left only Pinerolo in the hands of the French.
+
+p. 31, l. 12. This refers to the Treaty of Baerwalde, 1631, by which
+Gustavus Adolphus promised to consider the interests of the French
+(who were the natural enemies of the Empire).
+
+p. 31, l. 16. In 1628 the Duke of Pomerania had been obliged to put
+his coast line under the care of the imperial troops. In attacking it
+therefore in 1639 Gustavus Adolphus was aiming a blow at the Emperor
+and obtaining a good basis for further conquests.
+
+p. 31, l. 25. _Gazette_ is the old name for _newspaper_.
+
+p. 33, l. 12. Bavaria was the chief Catholic State not under the
+direct government of the Emperor. Maximilian, its elector, was
+appointed head of the Catholic League which was formed in 1609 in
+opposition to the Protestant Union which had been formed in 1608.
+
+p. 33, l. 20. By the end of the sixteenth century the Turks had
+advanced far into Europe, had detached half of Hungary from the
+Emperor's dominions and made him pay tribute for the other half.
+During the seventeenth century, however, they were slowly driven back.
+
+p. 33, l. 37. In 1628 the two Dukes of Mecklenburg had been "put to
+the ban" by the Emperor for having given help to Christian of Denmark
+who had taken up the cause of the Protestants.
+
+p. 34, l. 10. Gustavus Adolphus had been at war with Poland from 1617
+to 1629.
+
+p. 34, l. 30. This was not a treaty of active alliance. Both John
+George of Saxony and George William of Brandenburg were Protestant
+princes but they were at first anxious to maintain neutrality between
+Sweden and the Emperor. The impolitic action of Ferdinand drove them
+to join Gustavus Adolphus in 1631.
+
+p. 34, l. 33. The German Diet was the meeting of the German princes
+to consult on imperial matters. Ratisbon is one of the chief towns of
+Bavaria.
+
+p. 35, l. 17. The story of Magdeburg is told on p. 42.
+
+p. 36, l. 1. Count Tilly was a Bavarian General of genius who had been
+put at the head of the forces of the Catholic League in 1609.
+
+p. 36, l. 31. The Protestant Union formed in 1608 had been forced to
+dissolve itself in 1621.
+
+p. 37, l. 5. Wallenstein is one of the greatest generals and the most
+interesting figure in seventeenth century history. A Bohemian by birth
+he fought for the Emperor with an army raised by himself.
+
+p. 37, l. 16. The Conclusions of Leipsic are described on p. 39.
+
+p. 38, l. 29. The King of Hungary was Ferdinand (afterwards Ferdinand
+III) son of Ferdinand II. The "King of the Romans" was a title
+bestowed on the person who was destined to become Emperor. (The Empire
+was elective but tended to become hereditary.)
+
+p. 39, l. 39. The Peace of Augsburg, 1555, had been intended to settle
+the differences between the Lutherans and Catholics but it had left
+many problems unsolved.
+
+p. 42, l. 21. The Protestant bishopric of Magdeburg had been forcibly
+restored to the Catholics in 1629. In 1631 the citizens of their own
+accord, relying on Swedish help, declared against the Emperor.
+
+p. 47, l. 40. Torgau, a strongly fortified town in Saxony.
+
+p. 57, l. 37. The Prince of Orange at this time was William II who
+married Mary, daughter of Charles I.
+
+p. 59, l. 3. Except for the date, which should be 17th of September,
+and the numbers on both sides which he exaggerates, the Cavalier's
+account of the battle of Leipsic is fairly accurate.
+
+p. 61, l. 39. Cuirassiers were heavy cavalry wearing helmet and
+cuirass (two plates fastened together for the protection of the breast
+and back).
+
+p. 65, l. 10. _Crabats_ is an old form of _Croats_ the name of the
+inhabitants of Croatia.
+
+p. 66, l. 38. _Rix dollar_ is the English form of _Reichsthaler_ or
+imperial dollar.
+
+p. 67, l. 6. "Husband" is here used in the sense of "thrifty person."
+
+p. 69, l. 18. A ducat was a gold coin generally worth about nine
+shillings.
+
+p. 70, l. 29. This passage describes the conquest of the string of
+ecclesiastical territories known as the "Priest's Lane."
+
+p. 71, l. 23. A partisan was a military weapon used by footmen in the
+sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and not unlike the halberd in
+form.
+
+p. 73, l. 10. "Bastion" is the name given to certain projecting
+portions of a fortified building.
+
+p. 78, l. 23. The Palatinate (divided into Upper and Lower) was a
+Protestant state whose elector, the son-in-law of James I, had been
+driven out by the Emperor in 1620.
+
+p. 79, l. 11. _Reformado_: A military term borrowed from the Spanish,
+signifying an officer who, for some disgrace is deprived of his
+command but retains his rank. Defoe uses it to describe an officer not
+having a regular command.
+
+p. 81, l. 15. Frederick, Elector Palatine, had been elected King by
+the Protestants of Bohemia in opposition to the Emperor Ferdinand. It
+was his acceptance of this position which led to the confiscation of
+his Palatinate together with his new kingdom.
+
+p. 81, l. 24. James I had, after much hesitation, sent in 1625 an
+expedition to the aid of the Elector, but it had miscarried. Charles I
+was too much occupied at home to prosecute an active foreign policy.
+
+p. 81, l. 35. The Elector died in the same year as Gustavus Adolphus.
+His son Charles Lewis was restored to the Lower Palatinate only, which
+was confirmed to him at the end of the war in 1648.
+
+p. 82, l. 3. The battle of Nieuport, one of the great battles between
+Holland and Spain, was fought in 1600 near the Flemish town of that
+name. Prince Maurice won a brilliant victory under very difficult
+conditions.
+
+p. 82, l. 30. A ravelin is an outwork of a fortified building.
+
+p. 86, l. 16. It was the attempt in 1607 to force Catholicism on the
+Protestants of the free city of Donauwoerth which led to the formation
+of the Protestant Union in 1608.
+
+p. 87, l. 9. The Duringer Wald.--Thuringia Wald.
+
+p. 97, l. 29. Camisado (fr. Latin Camisia=a shirt) is generally used
+to denote a night attack.
+
+p. 98, l. 4. Note the inconsistency between this statement of the
+Cavaliers interest in the curiosities at Munich and his indifference
+in Italy where he had "no gust to antiquities."
+
+p. 99, l. 7. Gustavus Adolphus had entered Nuremberg March 1631.
+Wallenstein was now bent on re-taking it.
+
+p. 100, l. 29. The Cavalier's enthusiasm for Gustavus Adolphus leads
+to misrepresentation. The Swedish king has sometimes been blamed for
+failing to succour Magdeburg.
+
+p. 101, l. 23. Redoubts are the most strongly fortified points in the
+temporary fortification of a large space.
+
+p. 107, l. 13. The Cavalier glosses over the fact that Gustavus
+Adolphus really retreated from his camp at Nuremberg, being
+practically starved out, as Wallenstein refused to come to an
+engagement.
+
+p. 110, l. 38. Though the honours of war in the battle of Luetzen went
+to the Swedes it is probable that they lost more men than did the
+Imperialists.
+
+p. 113, l. 37. The battle of Noerdlingen was one of the decisive
+battles of the war. It restored to the Catholics the bishoprics of the
+South which Gustavus Adolphus had taken.
+
+p. 114, l. 39. The title "Infant" or "Infante" belongs to all princes
+of the royal house in Spain. The Cardinal Infant really brought 15000
+men to the help of the Emperor.
+
+p. 116, l. 37. The King of Hungary had succeeded to the command of the
+imperial army after the murder of Wallenstein in 1634.
+
+p. 119, l. 34. The treaty of Westphalia in 1648 ended the Thirty
+Years' War by a compromise. The Emperor recognised that he could have
+no real authority in matters of religion over the states governed
+by Protestant princes, North Germany remained Protestant, the South,
+Catholic.
+
+p. 120, l. 11. This statement is an anachronism. Prince Maurice of
+Nassau the famous son of William the Silent died in 1625.
+
+p. 120, l. 39. The Netherlands belonged to Spain in the seventeenth
+century but revolted. The Northern provinces which were Protestant won
+their independence, the Southern provinces which were Catholic (modern
+Belgium) submitted to Spain on conditions.
+
+p. 121, l. 19. The siege of Ostend, then in the hands of the Dutch,
+was begun in July 1601 and came to an end in September 1604, when the
+garrison surrendered with the honours of war.
+
+p. 122, l. 31. In 1637 Laud had tried to force a new liturgy on
+Scotland but this had been forcibly resisted. In 1638 the National
+Covenant against "papistry" was signed by all classes in Scotland.
+In the same year episcopacy was abolished there and Charles thereupon
+resolved to subdue the Scots by arms. This led to the first "Bishops'
+War" of 1639 which the Cavalier proceeds to describe.
+
+p. 126, l. 4. Mercenaries (soldiers who fought in any army for the
+mere pay) were chiefly drawn from Switzerland in the seventeenth
+century.
+
+p. 127, l. 38. By the Treaty of Berwick signed in June 1638 Charles
+consented to allow the Scotch to settle their own ecclesiastical
+affairs. When they again resolved to abolish episcopacy he broke his
+word and in 1640 the Second "Bishops' War" took place. It was the
+expenses of these wars which forced Charles to call parliament again.
+
+p. 135, l. 34. It was the English Prayer Book with some slight changes
+that Laud had attempted to impose on the Scotch.
+
+p. 137, l. 31. Charles had in fact called the "Short Parliament" to
+meet between these two expeditions but had quarrelled with it and
+dissolved it.
+
+p. 138, l. 7. The Scotch had no real part in the death of the King.
+The Presbyterians indeed upheld monarchy though not as Charles
+understood it.
+
+p. 140, l. 26. The Long Parliament of 1640 passed an act by which it
+could not be dissolved without its own consent.
+
+p. 143, l. 4. The Treaty of Ripon (October 1640) left Northumberland
+and Durham in the hands of the Scotch until the King should be able
+to pay the L850 a day during their stay in England which he promised
+them.
+
+p. 143, l. 9. The permanent treaty signed in 1641 gave consent to
+all the demands of the Scotch, including their freedom to abolish
+episcopacy.
+
+p. 143, l. 29. The Earl of Stafford had been the chief supporter of
+Charles' method of government without parliament. He was executed in
+1641 and Laud suffered the same fate in 1645.
+
+p. 144, l. 21. By the "Grand Remonstrance" the parliament tried to
+seize on the royal power.
+
+p. 146, l. 13. The "gentry" of England were not, of course, all on the
+Royalist side. Many of them, and some of the nobility, fought for the
+parliament, though it is true that the majority were for the King.
+
+p. 151, l. 27. In 1643 by the Solemn League and Covenant the Scotch
+consented to help parliament against the King on condition that
+Presbyterianism should be adopted as the English state religion.
+
+p. 159, l. 33. The left wing was under the command of Lord Wilmot.
+
+p. 170, l. 36. Leicester was taken by the King in 1645.
+
+p. 180, l. 28. The Cavalier ascribes to himself the part taken by
+Prince Maurice (the brother of Prince Rupert) and Lord Wilmot in
+bringing aid to Hopton.
+
+p. 187, l. 29. It was the King rather than the parliamentarians who
+was anxious to give battle. The Royalists barred the way to London.
+
+p. 189, l. 32. See note to p. 61, l. 39.
+
+p. 192, l. 29. The parliamentarians certainly won a victory at the
+second battle of Newbury.
+
+p. 194, l. 2. The Scotch nobles, alarmed at the violence of the
+parliamentarians, supported Charles in the second civil war (1648),
+and after his death Scotland recognised Charles II as King. Cromwell
+however conquered their country.
+
+p. 194, l. 27. In 1641 a great Irish rebellion had followed the recall
+of Strafford who had been Lord Lieutenant of that country.
+
+p. 195, l. 12. It was not until 1645, when his cause was declining in
+England, that Charles determined to seek direct help from the Irish.
+This he did in the Glamorgan Treaty of that year by which he agreed
+to the legal restoration of Catholicism in Ireland. But the Treaty was
+discovered by the Parliament and Charles denied any knowledge of it.
+
+p. 196, l. 11. The "Grand Seignior" was the name generally given to the
+Sultan of Turkey.
+
+p. 197, l. 5. William Prynne was the famous Puritan lawyer whose
+imprisonment by the Star Chamber had made him one of the heroes of
+Puritanism. George Buchanan was the famous Scotch scholar from whom
+James I had derived much of his learning.
+
+p. 197, l. 28. The dates are given both according to our present
+mode of reckoning and according to the old system by which the year
+commenced on 25th March.
+
+p. 198, l. 6. The Scots besieged Newcastle for nine months, not merely
+a few days as the Cavalier relates.
+
+p. 202, l. 39. The great Spanish general, the Duke of Parma, went to
+the relief of Paris which was in the hands of the Catholics and was
+being besieged by the then Protestant Henry of Navarre in 1590.
+
+p. 204, l. 9. As pointed out in the introduction the Cavalier's
+account of the disposition of forces in this battle is inaccurate.
+
+p. 205, l. 27. It was really Rupert's hitherto unconquered cavalry
+which was thus borne down by Cromwell's horse.
+
+p. 216, l. 4. A posset was a drink of milk curdled with an acid
+liquid.
+
+p. 219, l. 40. The Grisons are the people of one of the Swiss Cantons.
+
+p. 222, l. 36. Newcastle was not retaken by Rupert.
+
+p. 230, l. 8. By the Self-Denying Ordinance of 1645 all members of
+Parliament were compelled to resign their commands. This rid the
+parliamentarians of some of their most incapable commanders. Exception
+was made in favour of Cromwell who was soon appointed Lieutenant
+General.
+
+p. 230, l. 17. On the "New Model" the armies of the parliamentary side
+were reorganized as a whole, made permanent, and given a uniform and
+regular pay.
+
+p. 231, l. 15. It was not only the ecclesiastical conditions laid down
+by the parliamentarians at the Treaty of Uxbridge which determined the
+King's refusal. He was asked besides taking the Covenant to surrender
+the militia.
+
+p. 243, l. 26. The estates of many of the Cavalier gentlemen were
+forfeited. Some were allowed to "compound," i.e. to keep part of their
+estates on payment of a sum of money.
+
+p. 253, l. 32. Montrose had created a Royalist party in Scotland and
+was fighting there for the King.
+
+p. 258, l. 1. The "forlorn" was a body of men sent in advance of an
+expedition.
+
+p. 272, l. 21. After the defeat of the Royalists dissension arose
+between the parliament and the army and naturally the army was able to
+coerce the parliament.
+
+p. 274, l. 2. Cornet Joyce secured the person of the King by the order
+of Cromwell, the idol of the army.
+
+p. 274, l. 26. The Cavalier exaggerates the likelihood of an
+understanding between the King and the parliament. In reality Charles
+was merely playing off one party against the other.
+
+p. 275, l. 7. In January 1648 parliament had passed a vote of "No
+Addresses," renouncing any further negotiation with the King, but
+after the second civil war of that year (in which the Presbyterians
+joined the King) they resumed them again in the Treaty of Newport.
+The army however became more violent, and the result was the forcible
+exclusion of all moderate members of parliament in "Pride's Purge,"
+December 1648. The trial and execution of the King followed.
+
+p. 275, l. 35. The Cavalier refers to the acts of retaliation which
+followed the Restoration of Charles II.
+
+p. 276, l. 27. There were many republicans among the "Independents"
+or "Sectaries" in the army, but the policy actually carried out can
+hardly have been planned before the war.
+
+p. 278, l. 5. Cardinal Bellarmine was one of the great
+Controversialists of the Counter-Reformation.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoirs of a Cavalier, by Daniel Defoe
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+     https://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/6/8/24689
+
+An alternative method of locating eBooks:
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/GUTINDEX.ALL
+
+