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diff --git a/old/12138.txt b/old/12138.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..59b8688 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/12138.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3364 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The History Of University Education In +Maryland, by Bernard Christian Steiner + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The History Of University Education In Maryland + +Author: Bernard Christian Steiner + +Release Date: April 25, 2004 [EBook #12138] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN MARYLAND *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland and the Online Distributed Proofreading +Team. + + + + + + + +JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY STUDIES + +IN + +HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCE + +HERBERT B. ADAMS, Editor + + History is past Politics and Politics present History--_Freeman_ + + +NINTH SERIES + +III-IV + +The History of University Education in Maryland + +By BERNARD C. STEINER, A.M. (Yale) + +_Fellow in History_ + + +The Johns Hopkins University (1876-1891) + + +By DANIEL C. GILMAN, LL.D. + +_President of the University_ + +_With Supplementary Notes on University Extension and the University of +the Future, by R.G. Moulton, A.M., Cambridge, England_ + +BALTIMORE + +THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS + +MARCH-APRIL, 1891 + + + + +CONTENTS. + + THE HISTORY OF UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN MARYLAND: + Colonial Attempts to found a College + The First University of Maryland + The Second University of Maryland + Cokesbury College + Asbury College + Other Extinct Colleges + Mount Hope College + The College of St. James + Newton University + Roman Catholic Colleges + St. Mary's Seminary + Mount St. Mary's College + St. Charles's College + Loyola College + Rock Hill College + Western Maryland College + Female Education + The Baltimore Female College + Woman's College of Baltimore + Conclusion + + THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY (1876-1891): + Foundation + Preliminary Organization + Inaugural Assembly + Address of President Eliot + Inaugural Address of the First President + The Faculty + Distinction between Collegiate and University Courses + Students, Courses of Studies, and Degrees + Publications, Seminaries, Societies + Buildings, Libraries, and Collections + Statistics + Trustees + + UNIVERSITY EXTENSION AND THE UNIVERSITY OF THE FUTURE + + + + +THE HISTORY OF UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN MARYLAND. + +BY BERNARD C. STEINER. + + +COLONIAL ATTEMPTS TO FOUND A COLLEGE. + +The State of Maryland has been almost extravagantly liberal in bestowing +charters on colleges and professional schools. Over forty such charters +have been given by the legislature and, in many cases, the result has +proved that the gift of a charter was not warranted by the stability of +the institution, to which was thus granted the power of conferring +degrees. In many other cases, however, the institutions have grown and +flourished, and have had an honorable history. + +Collegiate education in Maryland did not begin until after the +Revolution. In the colonial period there was no demand for it sufficient +to warrant the establishment of a seat of higher learning. For this +state of things there were several causes. The majority of the early +settlers were planters and frontiersmen, having little need for an +extended education and desiring it still less. Of the wealthier classes, +some were like the fox-hunting English gentry, caring for little else +than sport; and others, who did desire the advantages of a culture +higher than that obtainable from a village schoolmaster or a private +tutor, found it elsewhere. They went over to William and Mary's College +in Virginia, across the ocean to England, or, in case of some Catholics +like Charles Carroll, to the institutions on the continent of Europe. + +But, though no college was established in colonial times, there was no +lack of plans and attempts for one. In 1671, while as yet Harvard was +the only American college, there was read and passed in the Upper House +of the Assembly "An Act for the founding and Erecting of a School or +College within this Province for the Education of Youth in Learning and +Virtue." The Lower House amended and passed the bill; but the plan seems +never to have progressed further. According to the bill the Lord +Proprietor was "to Set out his Declaration of what Privileges and +Immunities shall be Enjoyed by the Schollars;" and "the Tutors or School +Masters" were to be of "the reformed Church of England" or, if two in +number, to be "the one for the Catholick and other for the Protestants' +Children."[1] + +A second collegiate plan was brought before the legislature in 1732; +but, having passed the Upper House, was seemingly not acted on by the +Lower. This proposed college was intended to be placed at Annapolis and +was to offer instruction in "theology, law, medicine, and the higher +branches of a collegiate education." The governor of the colony was to +be its chancellor and provision was made for a faculty of five, under +whom students were to be instructed in everything from their alphabet +upwards.[2] + +A third unsuccessful attempt to secure the founding of a college was +made in 1761,[3] and a fourth in 1763, when contrary to the earlier +course of events, the rock, on which the project was shipwrecked, was +found in the Upper House. The college was to be placed at Annapolis, to +occupy Governor Bladen's mansion, and to have a faculty of seven +masters, who were to be provided with five servants. The expense was to +be defrayed from the colonial treasury, in case a tax to be levied on +bachelors should prove insufficient for the purpose.[4] + +The failure of these projects did not dampen the zeal of the advocates +of higher education. In 1773 we find William Eddis, Surveyor of Customs +at Annapolis, writing that the Legislature of the Province had +determined to fit up Governor Bladen's mansion and "to endow and form a +college for the education of youth in every liberal and useful branch of +science," which college, "conducted under excellent regulations, will +shortly preclude the necessity of crossing the Atlantic for the +completion of a classical and polite education."[5] The gathering storm +of war, however, drew men's attention away from this project. + + +THE FIRST UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND. + +The Rev. Dr. William Smith,[6] head of what is now the University of +Pennsylvania, being out of employment on account of the revocation of +that college's charter, was called as pastor in Chestertown on the +Eastern Shore in 1780. To add to his income, he conceived the idea "of +opening a school for instruction in higher branches of education." As a +nucleus for his school, he took an old academy, the Kent County school, +and, beginning the work of teaching, was so successful, that in 1782 the +Legislature, on his application, granted the school a charter as +Maryland's first college. To it the name of _Washington_ was given, "in +honorable and perpetual memory of His Excellency, General George +Washington." Dr. Smith was so earnest and zealous in the presentation of +the claims of the college, that in five years he had raised $14,000 from +the people of the Eastern Shore. All seemed propitious for the college. +In 1783 the first class graduated and the first degrees ever granted in +Maryland were conferred, at the same time the corner-stone of the +college building was laid, and in 1784 General Washington himself +visited the college. + +Dr. Smith prepared a three years' curriculum for the institution, equal +to that of any college of the day and similar to the one used at the +University of Pennsylvania. But the Western Shore could not endure that +the educational success of its rival section of the State should so far +outstrip its own. In the early days of the State, the sections were +nearly equal in importance and the prevailing dualism of the political +system invaded the field of education. + +In 1784, two years after the founding of Washington College, _St. John's +College_ was chartered.[7] It was to be placed at Annapolis, and in it +was merged the old county Academy, "King William's School," founded some +eighty years before. By the same act, the two colleges were united in +the _University of Maryland_. This University was modeled on the English +type: the governor was to be its chancellor, and the governing body was +to be the "Convocation of the University of Maryland." The convocation +was to be composed of seven members of the Board of Visitors and +Governors and two of the faculty of each college; it was to establish +ordinances for the government of the colleges, to cause a uniformity in +the "manners and literature," to receive appeals from the students, and +to confer "the higher degrees and honors of the University." Its +meetings were to be annual, and to be held alternately at each college +on its commencement day. + +The provisions of the act were never carried out; two fruitless attempts +were made to hold sessions of Convocation in 1790 and 1791, and then +nothing was even attempted. So thoroughly was the project forgotten, +that the Legislature of 1805, in withdrawing the State appropriations +from the two colleges, did not even mention the University, and in 1812, +though the old charter had never been repealed, there was no hesitation +in bestowing the name of University of Maryland on a second +institution.[8] + +The two colleges which constituted this first University are still +existing and doing good work. The elder, Washington College, lost Dr. +Smith in 1788 by his return to Philadelphia and re-accession to his old +position there. He was succeeded by Rev. Colin Ferguson, a native of +Kent county, and educated at Edinburgh University. Under him the college +continued to flourish, until the withdrawal of the State's appropriation +in 1805. The constitutionality of this withdrawal is questionable, as +the original grant was to be paid annually "forever;" but the State +refused to permit itself to be sued by the college and, some years +later, on increasing its appropriation to the college, the legislature +required a release of all claims on the State under the original act. + +By the act of 1805, the activity of the college was paralyzed and its +usefulness much impaired. It had not yet become strong enough to stand +alone and, when the helping hand of the State was taken away, it was +almost obliged to close its doors to students. Since that time the State +has renewed its grants to the college and has greatly aided it in +performing its functions; but from the disastrous effects of the act of +1805, the institution has never fully recovered. + +Indeed, from 1805 to 1816, nothing but a grammar school seems to have +been maintained in the college building. In the latter year, however, +the college was re-opened, since the legislature had granted it a +lottery of $30,000. A year later Rev. Dr. Francis Waters became +"Principal," and under his able leadership the college bid fair to +regain its old position; but in 1827 a second great misfortune overtook +it. On January 11, 1827, the college building was discovered to be on +fire, and, in spite of the most zealous efforts, was entirely consumed. +After this misfortune the college proper seems to have been suspended a +second time, and only a grammar school maintained with one instructor. +The classes were conducted in a building intended originally for a +rectory, until that was destroyed by fire in 1839, when the school was +again moved. + +Richard W. Ringgold, the principal of the school from 1832 to 1854, +seems to have been a man of ability, and under him the number of +students so much increased that in 1843 it was resolved to rebuild the +college on the old site and to revive the college course. As a result, +the present main building was erected, the corner-stone laid with +imposing ceremonies on May 4, 1844, and the college was reopened in its +own edifice on January 1, 1845. In 1849, a class of four was graduated, +and in 1854, two additional buildings were erected; one for the +Principal's residence and the other for dormitories and recitation +rooms. + +The college continued prosperous during the second administration of +Rev. Dr. Waters from 1854 to 1860; but in the presidency of his +successor, Rev. Andrew J. Sutton, came the Civil War, depriving the +college of its Southern constituency and distracting men's minds from +learning. After the Rebellion, an unfortunate selection of teachers and +laxness of discipline caused the college to lose still more ground, and +Wm. J. Rivers, Principal from 1873 to 1887, had much to do to build it +up again. He was a faithful and diligent teacher, and under him the +moral tone of the college was improved and the course of instruction +enlarged. The present head, C.W. Reid, Ph.D., is still further advancing +the cause of the institution and a new career of prosperity seems +opening before Maryland's oldest college and the only one on the Eastern +Shore of the Chesapeake Bay. + +St. John's College, like its sister institution, founded on a +non-denominational basis, started out under even fairer auspices.[9] It +was granted, by the State, Governor Bladen's mansion and four acres of +land surrounding it, was made heir to the funds of King William's +School, and secured L9,000 from private beneficence in the first two +years of its history. The Bladen mansion, now known as McDowell Hall, +was repaired and enlarged and, on August 11, 1789, Bishop Carroll was +elected president of the Board of Visitors and Governors and Dr. John +McDowell accepted the Professorship of Mathematics. After unsuccessful +attempts to obtain a principal from England, Dr. McDowell was chosen to +that position in the following year and continued in office, until the +State withdrew its aid to the college in 1805. He was a man of great +learning and was very successful at St. John's and later at the +University of Pennsylvania as provost. Under him, St. John's flourished +greatly and many men of a national reputation were enrolled among its +students, from the time the first class graduated in 1793. + +The same disaster fell on St. John's, as on Washington College. The +Legislature withdrew the annual grant given by the State. The same doubt +as to the constitutionality of this withdrawal existed here, and the +State confirmed its position in the same way, by increasing its +appropriation in 1832,[10] on condition of the college's accepting it in +full satisfaction of all claims against the State under the original +charter. Of late years Maryland has been quite generous to St. John's, +but it has never quite recovered the station and prestige it lost by the +taking away of the State's grant in 1805. + +In the first despair over the Act of the Legislature, the Visitors and +Governors voted to discontinue the college, but their courage soon +returned and the Rev. Bethel Judd, elected principal in 1807, was able +to graduate a class in 1810. After his withdrawal in 1812, matters were +in a disturbed state for some years and no classes were graduated until +1822, when Rev. Henry L. Davis, the father of Maryland's famous orator, +Henry Winter Davis, was principal. After that year there were no +graduates until 1827, when Rev. William Rafferty was head of the +college. The struggle for existence was a hard one and the wonder is +that the college succeeded as well as it did. + +With 1831, however, began a third and more successful period in the +history of St. John's. In that year the Rev. Hector Humphreys, then only +thirty-four years of age, was chosen president. He was a native of +Connecticut and a graduate of Yale College in 1818, and was called to +St. John's from the professorship of Ancient Languages at Washington +(Trinity) College in his native State. The effect of his energy and +devotion was soon recognized, and, largely through his efforts, was +passed the compromise of 1832. The curriculum was enlarged, the +instruction made more thorough, and classes were yearly graduated, with +but six exceptions, until his death in 1857. His energy was very great, +his learning wide and accurate. In 1834, after travelling about the +State in the interests of the college, he succeeded in raising about +$11,000, which were used in the erection of a second building for the +college, which most appropriately has since been called by his name. +During his administration, the professors' houses were also built, as +was Pinkney Hall, a third building for the use of the college. Dr. +Humphreys also secured cabinets and philosophical apparatus for the +college and gave instruction in Political Economy, Latin and Greek, +Chemistry, Geology, Natural Philosophy, Astronomy, Composition, +Elocution, Evidences of Christianity, Moral and Intellectual Philosophy, +Rhetoric, and Logic. Verily, an encyclopaedic man of vast industry! Only +four years after Dr. Humphreys' death the War of the Rebellion broke +out, and St. John's, unlike the temple of Janus, closed its doors at the +rumors of war. The buildings were used as an hospital, and not until +1866 was the college again reopened with the well-known educator, Henry +Barnard, at its head. In less than a year he resigned to become the +first United States Commissioner of Education, and neither he nor his +successor, Dr. James C. Welling, who was principal until 1870, was able +to graduate a class. Since the beginning of the administration of the +next principal, James M. Garnett, LL. D., the succession of classes has +been unbroken and the college has steadily advanced in reputation and +usefulness. Dr. Garnett made the English department especially excellent +and, after ten years faithful service, resigned in 1880. The Rev. J.D. +Leavitt, his successor, made a departure from the old classic curriculum +and organized a department of Mechanical Engineering. After he resigned +Prof. W.H. Hopkins acted as principal for a time and introduced military +discipline, having secured the detail of an officer from the United +States Army as instructor in Military Tactics. + +St. John's celebrated its centennial in 1889, and has begun its second +century with excellent prospects. The four years' administration of its +present principal, Thomas Fell, LL. D., has been a most successful one, +and St. John's is fulfilling the purpose of its founders "to train up +and perpetuate a succession of able and honest men, for discharging the +various offices and duties of life, both civil and religious, with +usefulness and reputation." + + +THE SECOND UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND. + +Most universities have developed from a college; the University of +Maryland differs from them, for it originated in a medical school.[11] + +In 1802 Dr. John B. Davidge of Baltimore began a private class in +Medicine and was so successful in it, that, in 1807, he associated with +himself Drs. James Cocke and John Shaw and these three obtained from the +Legislature a charter for the school, under the name of "the College of +Medicine of Maryland."[12] There was made a close connection between the +College of Medicine and the State "Medical and Chirurgical Faculty," +and its board of medical examiners were made _ex-officio_ members of the +Board of Trustees of the College. The Legislature also granted the +college a lottery of $40,000.[13] + +Lectures, which had been carried on at the professors' houses, were +begun in 1808, at a building on the corner of Fayette (Chatham) street +and McClellan's alley, and the first class, consisting of five, received +its degrees in 1810. As the school grew and nourished, the ideas of its +founders become more extensive and, in 1812, a long act was passed,[14] +authorizing "the college for the promotion of medical knowledge" "to +constitute, appoint, and annex to itself the other three colleges or +faculties, viz.: The Faculty of Divinity, the Faculty of Law, and the +Faculty of the Arts and Sciences; and that the four faculties or +colleges thus united, shall be and they are hereby constituted an +university, by the name and under the title of the University of +Maryland." The connection with the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty was +severed and the members of the four faculties, under the name of the +Regents of the University of Maryland, were to have full powers over the +University and be permitted to hold property not exceeding $100,000 in +yearly value. + +Each faculty was allowed to appoint its own professors and lecturers, to +choose a dean, and to exercise such powers as the regents shall +delegate. The Faculty of Physic was to be composed of the professors in +the Medical College; that of Theology, of the professor of Theology and +any "six ordained ministers of any religious society or denomination;" +that of Law, of the professor of Law, "together with six qualified +members of the bar;" that of the Arts and Sciences, of the professors in +that department, "together with three of the principals of any three +academies or Colleges of the State." Such a strangely formed and loosely +united body could not succeed, as a more homogeneous and closely +compacted one would have done. + +The university was founded "on the most liberal plan, for the benefit +of students of every country and every religious denomination, who shall +be freely admitted to equal privileges and advantages of education, and +to all the honors of the university, according to their merit, without +requiring or enforcing any religious or civil test, urging their +attendance upon any particular plan of religious worship or service." +With these broad powers and provisions,[15] "the Faculty of Phisick, +late of the College of Medicine of Maryland, *** convened and, by the +authority vested in it by said charter and with the advice and +recommendations of learned men of the several professions of Divinity, +Law, and the Arts and Sciences, proceeded to annex to itself the other +three faculties." On April 22, 1813, the Hon. Robert Smith, formerly +United States Secretary of State, was chosen the first provost, and the +organization of the regents was completed.[16] A lottery of $30,000 was +granted the University in 1814, and another of $100,000 in 1817.[17] +From the proceeds of these lotteries and other sources was built the +building of the medical department on the corner of Lombard and Greene +streets. It was modelled on the Pantheon at Rome, and, when built, is +said to have been without an equal in America. The medical school grew +extremely fast; a loan of $30,000 from the State in 1822[18] enabled it +to build a practice hall and purchase a fine collection for its museum, +and the University hospital across the street was opened in 1823. In +1824 the number of students in attendance on lectures amounted to 320. +The other faculties took no active steps for some time and, not until +1819, did the regents urge them to proceed to deliver lectures as soon +as possible and to lay before the regents annually a report as to their +progress and condition. In 1823, possibly on account of this vote. +Prof. David Hoffman began the instruction in the Faculty of Law, his +school being known as the "Maryland Law Institute." He published part of +his lecture notes in a book called _Legal Outlines_ and continued +lecturing about ten years. After his withdrawal, the law school was +given up; but the organization of the faculty was still maintained. + +The Faculty of Theology reported in 1852 "no active organization of the +faculty has ever been attempted and, in view of the character of the +department contemplated by the charter, none seems desirable." Its only +activity was a course or two of lectures on the Evidences of +Christianity, delivered before the medical students about 1823 by the +Rev. William E. Wyatt, Professor of Theology. A nominal organization of +the faculty was kept up, however, until 1878. + +The prosperity of the medical department was destroyed by the effort of +some of its professors, discontented with being prohibited from having +private classes, to have the Legislature do away with the regents and +replace them with a board of trustees, in whom should vest the property. +As early as November 12, 1824, the Regents feared trouble and obtained +from William Wirt, John Purviance and Daniel Webster, a legal opinion +that their position was inexpugnable. With this conclusion the +Legislature did not agree, and on March 6, 1862, an act was passed +abolishing the Regents and appointing a Board of twenty-one Trustees in +their place.[19] + +The Trustees, by decree of the courts, obtained control of the property +and forced the professors to accept them as the legal authority. So +matters went on for twelve years, until in 1837, the trustees appointed +a professor personally objectionable to some of the others, who resigned +their positions under the Trustees and opened a separate medical school +in the Indian Queen Hotel at the corner of Baltimore and Hanover +Streets. Few out-of-town students attended either school, for the +quarrel frightened them away, and the Baltimore students largely +attended the Regents' school. Feeling ran high at one time, the Regents +took possession of the University buildings by force, and bloodshed was +feared. + +The Board of Regents reorganized with Ashton Alexander, M.D., as +Provost, and employed distinguished counsel to plead the case for them +in the courts. The Legislature authorized the Court of Appeals to try +the suit, and Maryland's Dartmouth College Case was decided in June, +1838, entirely in favor of the Regents. The court held that the act of +1825 was void, since it was "a judicial act, a sentence that condemned +without a hearing. The Legislature has no right, without the assent of a +Corporation, to alter its charter, or take from it any of its franchises +or property." The Trustees would not yield at once and, in March, 1839, +presented a petition to the Legislature, praying it not to pass an act +requiring them to give up the property to the Regents. The memorial was +referred to a joint committee, which reported a bill restoring the +property to the Regents. The bill was enacted and the Regents have since +ruled. During the supremacy of the Trustees, the Faculty of the Arts and +Sciences was organized. They contemplated activity in 1821, and issued a +circular, which drew down on them the wrath of Professor Hoffman, +inasmuch as they "contemplated 'academic' instruction" not intended by +the charter. The founders, he said, intended that instruction should be +conveyed by lectures and that no other form of instruction should be +allowed. The discussion which followed seems to show that he had the +idea of having work carried on, like that done by graduate students +to-day. + +But nothing was done, apparently, until Baltimore College was annexed in +1830. That institution was chartered on January 7, 1804,[20] and was the +development of an academy kept by James Priestley, the first president, +on Paul's Lane (St. Paul Street). "It was hoped that it would, together +with the other valuable seminaries of education in the same city and in +the State, become adequate to the wants and wishes of our citizens," and +from the proceeds of a lottery, the grant of which was an easy way for a +State to be benevolent, a plain but convenient building was erected on +Mulberry street.[21] + +It is very doubtful if it ever graduated any students, and we learn in +1830 that "the celebrity and, in some cases, the superior existing +advantages of other institutions have prevented the accomplishment of +this object." Still a school had been kept up continuously, and from +time to time, we catch glimpses of its lectures, &c. In January, 1830, a +joint petition of the Trustees of the University of Maryland and of +Baltimore College to the Legislature "proposed the charter of Baltimore +College shall be surrendered to the State, on the condition that the +property belonging to the college shall be invested in the trustees of +the University of Maryland." The petition was granted,[22] and in 1832, +we learn that "the Baltimore College *** has now been merged in the +University of Maryland and constitutes the chair of Ancient +Languages."[23] + +On October 1, 1830, the Trustees issued a prospectus, from which we +learn that it was intended "to maintain an institution on the most +enlarged scale of usefulness and responsibility," and that there was a +"necessity for the proposed organization of a department in the +University of Maryland, exclusively collegiate in its system, requiring +an advanced state of classical and scientific attainments for admission +to its lectures, calculated to conduct its pupils through the highest +branches of a liberal education and to afford them advantages similar to +what may be obtained in the distant Universities of this country and +Europe." A course of study equal to that of any college of the country +was announced, and a brilliant Faculty appointed; but the time was not +yet come for a great college in Baltimore and the institution +languished away. In 1843, the Commissioners of Public Schools petitioned +to have it transferred to the city as a High School, and in 1852, it had +only one teacher and 36 scholars, a mere boys' school. + +In 1854 it was reorganized as the "School of Letters under the Faculty +of Arts and Sciences," with Rev. E.A. Dalrymple, formerly of the +Episcopal Theological Seminary at Alexandria, as its head. On paper the +course was fairly complete, and the Faculty an able one, and there were +graduates in 1859, '60, '61, and '63. The course was to be a three +years' one; for "the studies of Freshman year will be pursued in the +preparatory department, where experience has shown they may be attended +with greater advantage." Gradually students fell off, it became a mere +boys' school, and finally Dr. Dalrymple was all that was left of the +"School of Letters" and the "Faculty of the Arts and Sciences," and at +his death, both formally became extinct. + +With the restoration of the property to the Regents, the classes in the +medical school increased to a size somewhat like that attained in years +previous to 1825, although, owing to the opening of new schools, they +never quite equalled it. During the war of the Rebellion, the school +suffered from the loss of southern patronage; but at its close, students +came back and the school took on fresh life. It has always been in the +front rank; first of all American medical schools it recognized +Gynecology as a separate branch of instruction, and it was second in +making practical Anatomy a compulsory study. With the session of 1891 it +will require a three years' graded course of all candidates for degrees. + +In 1850 the Hon. John P. Kennedy, statesman and author, was chosen +provost, and on his death in 1870, the Hon. S. Teackle Wallis was made +his successor and he now fills the office with honor. + +The Faculty of Law revived the Law School in the beginning of 1870, with +a class of 25. An efficient faculty has caused a steady increase, +until, in 1890, there were 101 students in the three years' course. The +instruction is given by lectures, examinations, and moot-courts. In +1884, the Law Department moved from its former quarters in the old +Baltimore College building on Mulberry Street, to a new building erected +for it on the University property on Lombard Street, next to the +building of the Medical Department. + +In 1882, the University of Maryland obtained from the Legislature +authority to open a Dental Department.[24] In 1837, the first Dental +Lectures in America had been delivered before the Medical Students of +the University, and it was quite fitting that there should be a dental +school connected with it. The first class numbered 60, the last 132, and +in eight years there have been 250 graduates. This fact and the further +one that twice has it been found necessary to make large additions to +the buildings of the department on Green Street, adjoining those of the +Medical School, will show how rapid has been its growth. + +The University has, at present, flourishing departments of Medicine, +Law, and Dentistry, and worthily maintains the reputation of thorough +and careful training, which it has gained in its history of eighty +years. + + +COKESBURY COLLEGE. + +In Maryland was the first Methodist Church in America, and it was +natural that here too should be the first Methodist College in the +world. There was no permanent organization of this denomination in the +United States, until John Wesley, on the petition of the American +churches, consecrated Rev. Thomas Coke, Superintendent for the United +States, in 1784. Dr. Coke sailed directly from England, and arrived in +New York on November 3, 1784. He thence traveled southward and, on the +15th of the same month, met Francis Asbury at Dover, Delaware. At this +first meeting, Coke suggested the founding of an institution for higher +education, to be under the patronage of the Methodist Church.[25] This +was not a new idea to Asbury; for, four years previous to this meeting, +John Dickins had made the same suggestion to him. The earlier idea had +contemplated only a school, on the plan of Wesley's at Knightwood, +England, and for that purpose, a subscription had been opened in North +Carolina in 1781.[26] + +Coke's suggestion, to have a college, was favorably received and, at the +famous Christmas Conference at Baltimore in 1784, the Church was +formally organized, with Coke and Asbury as Bishops, and the first +Methodist College was founded. Thus the denomination which has increased +to be the largest in the United States, recognized the paramount +importance of education at its very foundation.[27] To the new +institution, the name of Cokesbury was given, in honor of the two +Bishops, from whose names the title was compounded. For this College, +collections were yearly taken, amounting in 1786 to L800 and implying +great self-denial by the struggling churches ill-supplied with +wealth.[28] + +As early as January 3, 1785, only two weeks after the College was +decided on, its managers were able to report that L1,057 had been +subscribed, a sum that put the enterprise on a firm footing. The site +was next to be chosen, and Abingdon in Harford County was pitched upon. +Of the 15,000 Methodists in the Union in 1784, over one-third were in +Maryland, and hence, it had the best claim for the College, and the +beauty of the situation of Abingdon charmed Coke so much that he +determined upon placing the College there. It was also a place easy of +access, being on the direct stage line from Baltimore to Philadelphia +and near the Chesapeake Bay. Bishop Coke, the most zealous advocate of +the College, contracted for the building materials; but was prevented +from being present at the laying of the corner-stone. Bishop Asbury, +however, was present and preached a sermon on Psalms 78, verses 4 to +8.[29] In this sermon, "he dwelt on the importance of a thoroughly +religious education, and looked forward to the effects, which would +result to the generality, to come from the streams which should spring +from this opening fountain of sanctified learning." The building was +built of brick, one hundred feet in length and forty in width, faced +east and west, and stood on "the summit and centre of six acres of land, +with an equal proportion of ground on each side." It was said to be in +architecture "fully equal, if not superior, to anything of the kind in +the country." Dormitory accommodations were provided in the building; +but it was intended that "as many of the students as possible, shall be +lodged and boarded in the town of Abingdon among our pious friends,"[30] +Gardening, working in wood in a building called the "Taberna Lignaria," +bathing under supervision of a master, walking, and riding were the only +outdoor exercises permitted. The students were prohibited "from +indulging in anything which the world calls play. Let this rule be +observed with the strictest nicety; for those who play when they are +young, will play when they are old." + +In 1785 the Bishops issued a "Plan for Erecting a College intended to +advance Religion in America." It is quite long and many of its +provisions are very quaint. From it we learn that Cokesbury is intended +"to receive for education and board the sons of the elders and preachers +of the Methodist Episcopal Church, poor orphans, and the sons of the +subscribers and other friends. It will be expected that all our friends, +who send their children to the college, will, if they be able, pay a +moderate sum for their education and board; the others will be taught +and boarded and, if our finances allow it, clothed gratis. The +institution is also intended for the benefit of our young men, who are +called to preach, that they may receive a measure of that improvement, +which is highly expedient as a preparation for public service." Teachers +of ancient languages and of English will be provided, and no necessary +branch of literature shall be omitted. "Above all, especial care shall +be taken that due attention be paid to the religion and morals of the +children, and to the exclusion of all such as continue of an +ungovernable temper." "The expense of such an undertaking will be very +large, and the best means we could think of, at our late conference, to +accomplish our design, was to desire the assistance of all those in +every place who wish well to the cause of God. The students will be +instructed in English, Latin, Greek, logic, rhetoric, history, +geography, natural philosophy, and astronomy. To these languages and +sciences shall be added, when the finances of our college will admit of +it, the Hebrew, French, and German languages. But our first object shall +be, to answer the designs of _Christian_ education, by forming the minds +of the youth, through divine aid, to wisdom and holiness by instilling +into their minds the principles of true religion--speculative, +experimental, and practical--and training them in the ancient way, that +they may be rational, spiritual Christians. We have consented to receive +children of seven years of age, as we wish to have the opportunity of +teaching 'the young idea how to shoot' and gradually forming their +minds, through the divine blessing, almost from their infancy, to +holiness and heavenly wisdom, as well as human learning. We shall +rigidly insist on their rising early in the morning (five a.m.), and we +are convinced by constant observation and experience, that it is of vast +importance, both to body and mind. + +"We prohibit play in the strongest terms, and in this we have the two +greatest writers on the subject that, perhaps, any age has produced (Mr. +Locke and Mr. Rousseau) of our sentiments; for, though the latter was +essentially mistaken in his religious system, yet his wisdom in other +respects and extensive genius are indisputably acknowledged. The +employments, therefore, which we have chosen for the recreation of the +students are such as are of greatest public utility:--agriculture and +architecture. + +"In conformity to this sentiment, one of the completest poetic pieces of +antiquity (the Georgics of Virgil) is written on the subject of +husbandry; by the perusal of which and submission to the above +regulations, the students may delightfully unite the theory and practice +together." + +There is something extremely ludicrous in the idea of making the average +student delight in spending his leisure hours in farming, by means of a +study of the Georgics in the original. But we can hardly laugh at these +men, they were too much in earnest. To return to the circular, "The four +guineas a year for tuition, we are persuaded cannot be lowered, if we +give the students that finished education, which we are determined they +shall have. And, though our principal object is to instruct them in the +doctrines, spirit, and practice of Christianity, yet we trust that our +college will, in due time, send forth men that will be a blessing to +their country in every laudable office and employment of life, thereby +uniting the two greatest ornaments of human beings which are too often +separated: _deep learning_ and _genuine piety_." + +As soon as the building was under roof, a preparatory school was opened +and the Trustees applied to John Wesley for a President. He suggested a +Rev. Mr. Heath, and this suggestion was accepted on December 23, +1786.[31] His inauguration occurred a year later and was a grand affair. +Asbury presided on each of the three days of the ceremony, and his text +on the second day, "O man of God, there is death in the pot,"[32] was +looked on by the superstitious, in time to come, as a presage of +disaster. The faculty was filled up and all seemed to bid fair for +prosperity; but Mr. Heath remained in charge of the College less than a +year, resigning because of certain charges of insufficiency, which seem +rather trival. Another professor left to go into business and Asbury's +soul was tried by these "heavy tidings." + +The good Bishop was indefatigable in his care of Cokesbury. His visits +were frequent, and while there, he was very active, examining the +pupils, preaching, and arranging the affairs, both temporal and +spiritual. Abingdon became a centre of Methodism, families moved there +to enjoy the educational advantages, and the Conference regularly +visited the College, coming over from Baltimore for that purpose. + +Dr. Jacob Hall, of Abingdon, was the second President, and had under him +a faculty of three professors and a chaplain. The school prospered and +had public exhibitions of its students' proficiency from time to time. +It is doubtful if sufficient care was exercised in the expenditure of +money and, in December, 1790, the Trustees felt obliged to contract a +loan of L1000. The charitable contributions fell off, and Asbury was +forced to go from house to house in Baltimore, "through the snow and +cold, begging money for the support of the poor orphans at +Cokesbury."[33] The instruction was good, and Asbury could write to +Coke, then in England, that "one promising young man has gone forth into +the ministry, another is ready, and several have been under awakenings. +None so healthy and orderly as our children, and some promise great +talents for learning."[34] Still, "all was not well there," and on +October 2, 1793, he "found matters in a poor state at college; L500 in +debt, and our employes L700 in arrears." A year later, matters were +desperate and the good Bishop wrote that "we now make a sudden and dead +pause--we mean to incorporate and breathe and take some better plan. If +we can not have a Christian school (_i.e._ a school under Christian +discipline and pious teachers), we will have none."[35] The project of +incorporation was not favored by some, who feared that the College would +not be thereby so directly under the control of the Conference, but was +carried through, and the charter bears date, December 26, 1794.[36] By +it, the institution was allowed to have an income not exceeding L3,000. + +How a charter was to avoid increased indebtedness does not appear and +the College's debt had so increased, that the Conference in 1795 decided +to suspend the Collegiate Department and have only an English Free +School kept in the buildings.[37] + +Misfortunes never come singly: an unsuccessful attempt to burn the +buildings had been made in the fall of 1788, and now, on December 4, +1795, a completely successful one was made, and the building and its +contents were consumed. Rewards to discover the incendiary were offered +in vain, and Asbury writes:[38] "We have a second and confirmed report +that Cokesbury College is consumed to ashes--a sacrifice of L10,000 in +about ten years. If any man should give me L10,000 to do and suffer +again what I have done for that house, I would not do it. The Lord +called not Mr. Whitefield, nor the Methodists to build colleges. I +wished only for schools; Dr. Coke wanted a college. I feel distressed at +the loss of the library." + +Asbury despaired, but Coke did not and, going to work, he raised L1,020 +from his friends. After the determination was made to move the College +to Baltimore, the Church there gave L700, and a house to house +solicitation brought in L600 more. A building originally erected for +balls and assemblies was purchased and fitted up. It stood next the old +Light Street Methodist Church and a co-educational school was opened +therein on May 2, 1796. The high course planned for girls is especially +noticeable at this early period. The school opened with promises of +success, and within a month there were nearly 200 scholars. + +Fatality pursued the enterprise, however, and a year to a day from the +burning of the first building, this second one was reduced to ashes, +with the adjoining church and several houses. + +Asbury writes rather philosophically:[39] "I conclude God loveth the +people of Baltimore, and he will keep them poor to make them pure;" but +even Coke gave up hope at this new disaster, and it was twenty years +before a second Methodist College was attempted. + +ASBURY COLLEGE. + +This was the second Methodist College in the world, and was organized in +1816, the year of Bishop Asbury's death. After a year or two of +successful work, a charter was applied for and it was granted to the +College February 10, 1818.[40] The President, Samuel K. Jennings, M.D., +a Methodist local preacher, was a rather remarkable man. Coming from New +Jersey, graduating at Rutgers, and settling in the practice of the +medical profession in Virginia, he was converted by the preaching of +Asbury, and was persuaded by him some years later, to move to Baltimore +and take the leadership of the new enterprise.[41] He was said to be, at +one time, the only Methodist preacher with a collegiate education and +was well adapted to the task, from his administrative ability and wide +learning. Around him, he gathered an undenominational faculty of four +professors and began the life of the institution in a large brick +building on the corner of Park Avenue and Franklin Street. In March, +1818, the _Methodist Magazine_ tells us that there were one hundred and +seventy students, and that "The Asbury College has probably exceeded in +its progress, considering the short time it has been established, any +literary institution in the country."[42] In that spring, a class was +graduated, and yet only a few months later Dr. Bangs wrote that the +College "continued for a short time and then, greatly to the +disappointment and mortification of its friends, went down as suddenly +as it had come up, and Asbury College lives only in the recollection of +those who rejoiced over its rise and mourned over its fall." + +This statement is not absolutely correct; it is probable that there was +some catastrophe, and possibly Dr. Jennings then began to break away +from the Methodist Episcopal Church, which he left entirely, when the +Methodist Protestant Church was formed in 1828. Still some sort of an +organization was kept up under the old name; for does not good Hezekiah +Niles, of Register fame, tell us of examinations and exhibitions he +witnessed in the early spring of 1819,[43] at which time prodigies of +learning and cramming were exhibited, and do we not find in 1824, a +pamphlet published by Dr. Jennings, entitled "Remarks on the Subject of +Education, to which are added the general rules of the school under the +appellation of Asbury College." Apparently the College had passed +entirely out of the control of the church, and having lowered its grade, +was now little more than Dr. Jennings' private school. The school was +then situated on the corner of Charles and Baltimore Streets and, in +1833, when we catch the last glimpse of it, another removal had taken it +to the corner of South and Fayette Streets. It was then merely a boys' +day school and doubtless soon perished. So the second Methodist College +failed as the first had done and another was added to the many abortive +attempts to found a college in Maryland. + + +OTHER EXTINCT COLLEGES. + +Three other attempts to found colleges demand a passing notice. + +_Mount Hope College_ stood at the corner of Eutaw Place and North +Avenue, and was charted as a college in 1833.[44] The building was +constructed by the Baltimore branch of the United States Bank in 1800, +during an epidemic of yellow fever in the city. People feared to come +into town to transact business and so a suburban banking house was +built. This building was bought by the Rev. Frederick Hall in 1828 and +in it a school was begun, which was later expanded into the College. The +institution lasted some ten years and is worthy of note from the fact +that among the teachers were two young Yale graduates, who afterwards +obtained considerable renown: Professor Elias Loomis and Rev. S.W.S. +Dutton. + +_The College of St. James_ was situated in Washington County and +was originally intended by its founder, Bishop Whittingham, as a +preparatory school. It was opened in October, 1842, with Rev. J.B. +Kerfoot,[45] afterwards Bishop of Pittsburg, as Principal, and had such +speedy and encouraging success, that it was chartered as a college in +1843, under the control of the Protestant Episcopal Church. + +The College prospered greatly under Bishop Kerfoot's able management, +and was kept up during the War of the Rebellion in spite of the loss of +Southern students, a large portion of the entire number. In 1864, +however, General Early, of the Confederate Army, invaded Maryland and +took Dr. Kerfoot and Professor Coit prisoners, and the College thus +forcibly discontinued, was never again reorganized. + +_Newton University_ was chartered by the Legislature[46] on March +8, 1845 and was situated on Lexington Street, between North and Calvert. +It was originally intended to combine the Baltimore preparatory schools +and to furnish boys, graduating from them, the means of completing their +education without leaving the city. There was an enormous list of +Trustees and the unwieldy character of the board, coupled with the +irregular habits of the President, made the failure of the enterprise +inevitable. Still it offered in its catalogues a good course of study +and gave exhibitions, at which polyglot orations were delivered. The +late Prof. Perley R. Lovejoy was the life of the institution and, after +several classes had graduated, the University finally ceased to be, when +Mr. Lovejoy accepted a position as Professor in the Baltimore City +College. + + +ROMAN CATHOLIC COLLEGES. + +Maryland has been the cradle of the Roman Catholic Church in America, as +well as of the Methodist and the Presbyterian. The centenary of the +consecration of John Carroll, as the first Roman Catholic bishop in the +United States, occurred little more than a year ago. A few months after +Bishop Carroll's consecration, he received from the Superior of the +Order of St. Sulpice an offer to found a seminary in Baltimore for the +education of priests. This offer was accepted and, on July 10, 1791, +four Sulpician priests arrived in Baltimore. They soon bought a house +known as "One Mile Tavern" with four acres of land and there they opened +_St. Mary's Seminary_, on the first Sunday in October, 1791. The +Seminary still occupies the same site, at the corner of Paca and St. +Mary's Streets. The number of the candidates for the priesthood, who +entered the Seminary, was disappointing from its smallness and, in order +to procure clerics, an Academy was opened in the rooms of the Seminary, +on August 20, 1799. This was presided over by Rev. Wm. Du Bourg, and +proved so successful, as to demand a separate building. Accordingly, the +corner-stone of St. Mary's College was laid on April 10, 1800. At Bishop +Carroll's request, no American boys were admitted for a time and only +Spaniards and French were received. In 1803, however, the College was +opened to all day scholars or boarders, without reference to birth or +religion. This step roused some opposition and many communications upon +the subject appeared in the newspapers, which were afterwards collected +in pamphlet form. + +The students soon became numerous and the institution grew to such an +extent that, in January, 1805, it was chartered as St. Mary's +University. On August 13, 1806, the first class was graduated; in that +year there were 106 students. New buildings were erected and a superb +botanical garden was laid out. The chapel, built soon after the +incorporation, was said to be the most beautiful in the United States. + +The Rev. William Du Bourg, the President, was a man of great ability and +the reputation of the College rapidly spread. Many prominent men, Roman +Catholics and Protestants, were graduated from St. Mary's; but the +Sulpicians felt that their vocation was to educate young men exclusively +for the priesthood, and not for secular life, and they finally closed +St. Mary's College in 1852, in order to devote all their energies to the +Theological Seminary, which has continued its prosperous career to this +present day.[47] + +A second Roman Catholic College was formed by the Sulpicians in 1807 at +Emmittsburg, Frederick County. It was begun by Rev. John Dubois and was +soon chartered as _Mount Saint Mary's College_. The exercises were +first held in a log house with a handful of pupils, who increased to 80 +within five years. With the growth of the institution came the demand +for larger accommodations. Better buildings were erected and a large +stone edifice was undertaken in 1823. When nearly ready for occupancy, +it was destroyed by fire; but Father Dubois did not despair and, aided +by the people of the vicinity, at once began a new building. In 1826 he +was appointed Bishop of New York, and in the same year, the connection +of the College with the Sulpician order was terminated. Although +originally intended chiefly as a place for the education of clerics, Mt. +St. Mary's has ever kept in view the preparation of students for a +secular life, and many of its graduates have been distinguished in +State, as well as in Church. In 1838, Rev. John McCaffrey, D.D., became +president, and under his able control, the College prospered until +1871. During this period, the jubilee of the institution was celebrated +with great ceremony in 1858. The Civil War injured the College greatly +and the declaration of peace found it burdened with a heavy load of +debt. For twenty years the struggle went on and it was doubtful all the +time, whether the College could survive. Finally Dr. William Bryne, at +his leaving the presidency in 1884, was able to report that the +institution was placed on a firm financial basis as to the future, and +that the debt had been reduced to $65,000. The present President, Rev. +Edward P. Allen, has still further diminished the debt by more than half +and the attendance has been largely increased through his efficient +administration. + +A third Roman Catholic College is _St. Charles's_, situated in +Howard County, near Ellicott City. It is situated on land given by +Charles Carroll of Carroll ton, and was chartered on February 3, +1830,[48] its name being taken from that of its founder and of the great +Archbishop of Milan.[49] The institution was placed under the control of +the Society of St. Sulpice and was established "exclusively for the +education of pious young men of the Catholic persuasion for the ministry +of the Gospel." The corner-stone was laid by the venerable Charles +Carroll, on July 11, 1831; but, for want of funds to carry on the work +successfully, the institution was not opened until the fall of 1848. The +first President, Rev. O.L. Jenkins, began the institution with four +pupils, and at his death in 1869, the number had grown to 140. Since the +closing of St. Mary's College in 1852, St. Charles's has been used by +the Sulpicians as preparatory to St. Mary's Seminary. + +To supply the want of a college, to which Baltimore boys of Roman +Catholic families could go without leaving home, _Loyola College_ +was opened in September, 1852. It is under the control of the Jesuits +and has confined itself to receiving day scholars. + +The fifth and last Roman Catholic College, _Rock Hill_, was +chartered in 1865.[50] It is situated near Ellicott City, as is St. +Charles's, and is under the supervision of the Brothers of the Christian +Schools. It prepares youth for the various duties and occupations of +life with great thoroughness, and has ever been noted especially for the +attention paid to the development of the body as well as the mind of its +pupils. + + +WESTEEN MARYLAND COLLEGE. + +In 1865, Mr. Fayette R. Buell began an academy for boys and girls at +Westminster, Carroll County,[51] and, in the spring of 1866, he proposed +to the Conference of the Methodist Protestant Church, of which he was a +member, that the school should be chartered as a college and taken under +the Church's patronage. This proposition was not acceded to, but Mr. +Buell went on with his plan. Confidence in the Rev. J.T. Ward, one of +the teachers in Mr. Buell's school, induced two of his friends to lend +the enterprise $10,000, and the corner-stone of the College building was +laid on September 6, 1886. The College opened a year later with +seventy-three pupils. In February, 1868, Mr. Buell found himself so much +in debt, that he appealed to the Conference to take the property off his +hands. This was done, and a Board of Trustees appointed by the +Conference was incorporated by the legislature on March 30, 1868. + +The next fall, the institution reopened with Rev. J.T. Ward as +President, in which office he continued for seventeen years. These were +years of trouble and severe work to make the College a success. There +was no endowment, and only by the most strenuous efforts was the College +saved on several occasions from being overwhelmed with debt. Still, in +spite of all disadvantages, good work was done and valuable experience +was gained. The College has been a co-educational one from the first, +and connected with it was a department of Biblical Literature, for such +as intended to become clergymen, until a separate Theological School was +opened in 1882. During Dr. Ward's administration, new buildings were +erected and, at his resignation in 1886, he left the institution ready +to be made still more efficient by his successor. Rev. Thomas H. Lewis +succeeded as President and, while he has caused the work and equipment +of the College to be further enlarged, he has also been successful in +paying off the last dollar of the debt that had hung over it so long as +an incubus. + + +FEMALE EDUCATION. + +_The Baltimore Female College_, so long presided over by Dr. N.C. +Brooks, was the pioneer institution in Maryland for the higher education +of women. Founded in 1849, it long had a prosperous existence; but +finally was obliged to close its doors in June, 1890, on account of the +withdrawal of the grant formerly given by the State. + +Besides this institution there was no successful attempt in Maryland to +found a college for female education, until the _Woman's College of +Baltimore_ was chartered in 1884.[52] It was founded by the +Methodist Episcopal Church, in honor of the centenary of its organized +existence in this country, and is "denominational but not sectarian." +For it beautiful buildings, adjoining the First Methodist Church, have +been erected on St. Paul Street. Much of the money for its endowment was +given by the present President, the Rev. J.F. Goucher, D.D., and, +largely through his influence, was it able to open its doors to students +on September 13, 1888. It has determined, very sensibly, to grant no +degrees, save to those thoroughly fitted to receive them, and so has had +no graduates up to the present. Its growth under the care of W.H. +Hopkins, Ph.D., its first President, was great in numbers and endowment +and the prospects are now fair for this Baltimore Woman's College taking +high rank among similar institutions. + + +CONCLUSION. + +To a superficial observer from a distance, it sometimes seems as if +University education in Maryland began with the foundation of the Johns +Hopkins University, a sketch of which follows from the pen of its +honored President. Our study into the history of education in the State, +however, has shown us that Maryland, instead of being one of the latest +of the United States to conceive the University idea, was, in fact, one +of the very earliest, and that her institutions have a history of which +they need not be ashamed; though their work has not been so widely known +as some others and though the bright promise of morning, in many cases, +has not been followed by the full development of noontide. + +The patient labors of William Smith, of Hector Humphreys, of Francis +Asbury, of John Dubois, and of many others, have been far from lost. +Wherein they failed, they gained valuable experience for their +successors, and wherein they succeeded, they helped to instil "into the +minds and hearts of the citizens, the principles of science and good +morals." + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[Footnote 1: _Md. Archives_; Assembly Proceedings, 1666-1676, pp. +262-264.] + +[Footnote 2: Scharf, _Hist. of Md._, II, p. 510.] + +[Footnote 3: Sharpe, _Correspondence_, Vol. II, pp. 523-5 and 545.] + +[Footnote 4: Scharf, _Hist, of Md_., II, p.511.] + +[Footnote 5: Eddis, _Letters from Maryland_, 1769-1776.] + +[Footnote 6: MS. sketch of Prof. Rowland Watts.] + +[Footnote 7: Act of 1784, ch. 37.] + +[Footnote 8: Act of 1805, ch. 85. The appropriation had already been +diminished by Act of 1798, ch. 107.] + +[Footnote 9: _Centennial of St. John's._ Address of P.R. Voorhees, Esq.] + +[Footnote 10: Resolutions of 1832, No. 41.] + +[Footnote 11: MS. Sketch of Dr. E.F. Cordell.] + +[Footnote 12: Act of 1807, ch. 53.] + +[Footnote 13: Act of 1807, ch. 111.] + +[Footnote 14: Act of 1812, ch. 159.] + +[Footnote 15: _Records of Univ. of Md_., Vol. A.] + +[Footnote 16: In 1815 he was succeeded by the Rt. Rev. James Kemp, D.D.] + +[Footnote 17: Acts of 1813, ch. 125; 1814, ch. 78.] + +[Footnote 18: Act of 1821, ch. 88.] + +[Footnote 19: Act of 1825, ch. 190.] + +[Footnote 20: Act of 1803, ch. 74.] + +[Footnote 21: Scharf, _Chron. of Baltimore_, p. 294.] + +[Footnote 22: Act of 1830, ch. 50.] + +[Footnote 23: Lucas, _Picture of Baltimore_, p. 170.] + +[Footnote 24: Act of 1882, ch. 88.] + +[Footnote 25: Stevens' _History of Methodism_, II, 253.] + +[Footnote 26: Some account of Cokesbury. MSS. of Rev. Wm. Hamilton.] + +[Footnote 27: _Early Schools of Methodism_, p. 21.] + +[Footnote 28: MSS. of Rev. I.P. Cook.] + +[Footnote 29: Strickland's _Asbury_, p. 163.] + +[Footnote 30: Methodist Discipline, 1789, p. 40.] + +[Footnote 31: _Asbury's Journal_, Vol. I, p. 523.] + +[Footnote 32: II Kings, 4: 40.] + +[Footnote 33: _Journal_, December 5, 1791.] + +[Footnote 34: _Early Schools of Methodism_, p. 31.] + +[Footnote 35: _Journal_, November 21, 1794.] + +[Footnote 36: Act of 1794, ch. 21.] + +[Footnote 37: Rev. Mr. Hamilton's MSS.] + +[Footnote 38: _Journal_, January 5, 1796.] + +[Footnote 39: _Journal_, 1796.] + +[Footnote 40: Act of 1817, ch. 144.] + +[Footnote 41: Sprague, _Annals of American Pulpit_, VII, 279.] + +[Footnote 42: _History of the M.E. Church_, Vol. III.] + +[Footnote 43: _Niles' Register_, February 20, 1819.] + +[Footnote 44: Act of 1832, ch. 199.] + +[Footnote 45: _Life of Bishop Kerfoot_, by Rev. Hall Harrison.] + +[Footnote 46: Act of 1844, ch. 272.] + +[Footnote 47: MSS. of Fr. G.E. Viger.] + +[Footnote 48: Act of 1830, ch. 50.] + +[Footnote 49: MSS. of Rev. G.E. Viger.] + +[Footnote 50: Act of 1865, ch. 10.] + +[Footnote 51: Lewis, _Outline of Western Maryland College_.] + +[Footnote 52: MSS. of Pres. W.H. Hopkins.] + + + + +THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY + +(1876-1891). + +BY DANIEL C. GILMAN. + + +FOUNDATION. + +The year 1876 is commonly taken as the date of the foundation of the +Johns Hopkins University, as in that year its doors were opened for the +reception of students. On the twenty-second of February the plans of the +University were publicly made known, and consequently "Washington's +Birthday" has since been observed as an anniversary or commemoration +day. But in reality the Trustees were organized nine years before. The +founder, Johns Hopkins, as he saw the end of life approaching (although +he continued in active business for several years afterwards), +determined to bestow a large part of his fortune upon two institutions +which he proposed to establish, a University and a Hospital. These +establishments were to be managed by separate Boards of Trustees, +citizens of Baltimore, whom he selected for their integrity, wisdom, and +public spirit. In order that the two Boards might be closely allied, the +founder was careful that a majority of the Trustees of one corporation +should also be a majority of the Trustees of the other corporation, and +in a letter which he left as the final expression of his wishes, he +declared it to be his "constant wish and purpose that the Hospital +should ultimately form a part of the Medical School of the University." +The Hospital was opened for the reception of patients in May, 1889; and +a volume which was prepared in the following year by Dr. J.S. Billings, +gives a full description of the buildings, with other papers +illustrative of the history and purposes of that great charity. But as +the Medical School, which is to form the bond of union between the two +establishments has not yet been organized, the following statements will +only refer to those opportunities which are here provided for the study +of science and literature, in the faculty commonly known as the faculty +of philosophy and the liberal arts. + +Before speaking of his gifts, a few words should be devoted to the +memory of Johns Hopkins. This large-minded man, whose name is now +renowned in the annals of American philanthropy, acquired his fortune by +slow and sagacious methods. He was born in Anne Arundel county, +Maryland, not far from the city of Annapolis, of a family which for +several generations had adhered to the views of the Society of Friends. +His ancestors were among the earliest settlers of the colony. While +still a boy, Johns Hopkins came to Baltimore without any capital but +good health, the good habits in which he had been brought up, and +unusual capacity for a life of industrious enterprise. He began on the +lowest round of the ladder of fortune, and by his economy, fidelity, +sagacity, and perseverance he rose to independence and influence. He was +called to many positions of financial responsibility, among the most +important being that of President of the Merchants' National Bank, and +that of a Director in the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company. He was a +man of positive opinions in political affairs, yet he never entered +political life; and although he contributed to the support of +educational and benevolent societies he was not active in their +management. In the latter part of his life, he dwelt during the winter +in a large mansion, still standing on the north side of Saratoga street, +west of North Charles street, and during the summer on an estate called +Clifton, in Baltimore County. In both these places he exercised +hospitality without ostentation. He bought a large library and many oil +paintings which are now preserved in a memorial room at the Hospital. +Nevertheless, his pursuits were wholly mercantile, and his time and +strength were chiefly devoted to the business in which he was +engaged,--first as a wholesale grocer, and afterwards as a capitalist +interested in many and diverse financial undertakings. More than once, +in time of commercial panic, he lent his credit to the support of +individuals and firms with a liberality which entitled him to general +gratitude. He died in Baltimore, December 24, 1873, at the age of +seventy-nine years. He had never married. After providing for his near +relations, he gave the principal part of his estate to the two +institutions which bear his name, the Johns Hopkins University and the +Johns Hopkins Hospital. Each of them received property estimated in +round numbers at three and a half million dollars. The gift to the +University included his estate of Clifton (three hundred and thirty +acres of land), fifteen thousand shares of the common stock of the +Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and other securities which were valued at +seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars. + +Many persons have expressed surprise that Mr. Hopkins should have made +so large an investment in one corporation. But the stock of the +Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was free from taxation, for many years it +paid a dividend of ten per cent. per annum, and the managers, of whom he +was one, confidently anticipated that a large stock dividend would be +declared at an early day. Mr. Hopkins not only gave to the University +all the common stock that he held in this corporation; he also advised +that the Trustees should not dispose of it, nor of the stock accruing +thereon by way of increment or dividend. In view of the vibrations to +which this stock was subjected during the fifteen years subsequent to +the death of Mr. Hopkins, it should not be forgotten that it was his +will that linked the fortune of the great educational institution, which +he founded, to the fortune of another corporation, in which he had the +highest confidence. Fortunately, the crisis into which this union led, +has been successfully passed. The friends of the University generously +subscribed for its support an "emergency fund" of more than $100,000. +Other large gifts were made and others still are known to be in the +future. The Trustees, moreover, have changed four-fifths of their +holdings of the common stock of the railroad company above mentioned, +into its preferred stock, from which a permanent income of six per +centum will be derived. The finances of the University are now on a +solid basis, although additional gifts will be required for the +construction of buildings and for the enlargement of the course of +study, and still more before a medical department can be instituted. + + +PRELIMINARY ORGANIZATION. + +The Johns Hopkins University was incorporated under the laws of the +State of Maryland, August 24, 1867. Three years later, June 13, 1870, +the Trustees met and elected a President and a Secretary of the Board. +They did not meet again until after the death of Mr. Hopkins, when they +entered with a definite purpose on the work for which they were +associated. They collected a small but excellent library of books, +illustrating the history of the universities of this and of other lands; +they visited in a body Cambridge, New Haven, Ithaca, Ann Arbor, +Philadelphia, Charlottesville, and other seats of learning; they were +favored with innumerable suggestions and recommendations from those who +knew much about education, and from those who knew little; and they +invited several scholars of distinction to give them their counsel. +Three presidents of colleges gave them great assistance, answering in +the frankest manner all the searching questions which were put to them +by a sagacious committee. Grateful acknowledgments will always be due to +these three gentlemen: Charles W. Eliot, LL. D., President of Harvard +University, Andrew D. White, LL. D., President of Cornell University, +and James B. Angell, LL. D., President of the University of Michigan. + + +INAUGURAL ASSEMBLY. + +The election of a President of the University took place in December, +1874. He entered upon the duties of his station in the following spring, +and in the summer of 1875, at the request of the Trustees, he went to +Europe and conferred with many leaders of university education in Great +Britain and on the continent. At the same time he visited many of the +most important seats of learning. During the following winter the plans +of the University were formulated and were made public in the Inaugural +Address of the President, which was delivered on the 22nd of February, +1876, before a large audience assembled in the Academy of Music. + +On this occasion, the Governor of the State, Hon. John Lee Carroll; the +Mayor of the City, Hon. Ferdinand C. Latrobe; the Presidents and +representative Professors of a large number of Universities and +Colleges; the Trustees and other officers of the scientific, literary +and educational institutions of Baltimore; the State and City officers +of public instruction and other invited guests, together with the +Trustees of Johns Hopkins, occupied the platform. The house was filled +with an attentive audience. + +At eleven o'clock, the chair was taken by the President of the Trustees, +Mr. Galloway Cheston. The orchestra of the Peabody Institute, directed +by Professor Asger Hamerik, performed several pieces of classical music. + +A prayer was then offered up by Rev. Alfred M. Randolph, D D., of +Emmanuel Church, now Assistant Bishop of Virginia, after which the +Chairman of the Executive Committee, Mr. Reverdy Johnson, Jr., said: + +"Our gathering to-day is one of no ordinary interest. From all sections +of our State, from varied sections of our land, we have met at the +opening of another avenue to social progress and national renown. After +two years of pressing responsibility and anxious care the Trustees of +the Johns Hopkins University present the first detailed account of their +trust. Of the difficulties attending the discharge of their duty; of the +nice balancing of judgment; of the careful investigation and continued +labor called for in the organization of the University, this is not the +place to speak; but for the Board of Trustees, I may be allowed to claim +the credit of entire devotion to the work, and a sincere desire to make +of the University all that the public could expect from the generous +foundation. Happily, our action is unfettered, and where mistakes occur, +as occur they must, the will and power are at hand to correct them. We +may say that the University's birth takes place today, and I do not +think it mere sentiment, should we dwell with interest upon its +concurrence with the centennial year of our national birth, and the +birthday of him who led the nation from the throes of battle to maturity +and peace. But it is not my province to detain you from the exercises +which are to follow. I am happy to state that we have among us to-day +one who represents the highest type of American education, and one who, +from the beginning, has sympathized with, counselled and aided us. I +know you anticipate me, as I announce the distinguished name, from the +most distinguished seat of learning in our land--President Eliot, of +Harvard University." + + +ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT ELIOT. + +President Eliot next delivered a Congratulatory Address in which he +said: + +"The oldest University of the country cordially greets the youngest, and +welcomes a worthy ally--an ally strong in material resources and in high +purpose. + +"I congratulate you, gentlemen, Trustees of the Johns Hopkins +University, upon the noble work which is before you. A great property, +an important part of the fruit of a long life devoted with energy and +sagacity to the accumulation of riches, has been placed in your hands, +upon conditions as magnanimous as they are wise, to be used for the +public benefit in providing for coming generations the precious means of +liberal culture. Your Board has great powers. It must hold and manage +the property of the University, make all appointments, fix all salaries, +and, while leaving both legislative and administrative details to the +several faculties which it will create, it must also prescribe the +general laws of the University. Your cares and labor will grow heavy as +time goes on; but in accordance with an admirable usage, fortunately +established in this country, you will serve without other compensation +than the public consideration which will justly attach to your office, +and the happy sense of being useful. The actuating spirit of your Board +will be a spirit of scrupulous fidelity to every trust reposed in you, +and of untiring zeal in promoting the welfare of the University and the +advancement of learning. Judged by its disinterestedness, its +beneficence and its permanence, your function is as pure and high as any +that the world knows, or in all time has known. May the work which you +do in the discharge of your sacred trust be regarded with sympathetic +and expectant forbearance by the present generation, and with admiration +and gratitude by posterity. + +"The University which is to take its rise in the splendid benefaction of +Johns Hopkins must be unsectarian. None other could as appropriately be +established in the city named for the Catholic founder of a colony to +which all Christian sects were welcomed, or in the State in which +religious toleration was expressly declared in the name of the +Government for the first time in the history of the Christian world. +There is a too common opinion that a college or university which is not +denominational must therefore be irreligious; but the absence of +sectarian control should not be confounded with lack of piety. A +university whose officers and students are divided among many sects +need no more be irreverent and irreligious than the community which in +respect to diversity of creeds it resembles. It would be a fearful +portent if thorough study of nature and of man in all his attributes and +works, such as befits a university, led scholars to impiety. But it does +not; on the contrary, such study fills men with humility and awe, by +bringing them on every hand face to face with inscrutable mystery and +infinite power. The whole work of a university is uplifting, refining +and spiritualizing: it embraces + + whatsoever touches life + With upward impulse; be He nowhere else, + God is in all that liberates and lifts; + In all that humbles, sweetens and consoles. + +"A university cannot be built upon a sect, unless, indeed, it be a sect +which includes the whole of the educated portion of the nation. This +University will not demand of its officers and students the creed, or +press upon them the doctrine of any particular religious organization; +but none the less--I should better say, all the more--it can exert +through high-minded teachers a strong moral and religious influence. It +can implant in the young breasts of its students exalted sentiments and +a worthy ambition; it can infuse into their hearts the sense of honor, +of duty, and of responsibility. + +"I congratulate the city of Baltimore, Mr. Mayor, that in a few +generations she will be the seat of a rich and powerful university. To +her citizens its grounds and buildings will in time become objects of +interest and pride. The libraries and other collections of a university +are storehouses of the knowledge already acquired by mankind, from which +further invention and improvement proceed. They are great possessions +for any intelligent community. The tone of society will be sensibly +affected by the presence of a considerable number of highly educated +men, whose quiet and simple lives are devoted to philosophy and +teaching, to the exclusion of the common objects of human pursuit. The +University will hold high the standards of public duty and public +spirit, and will enlarge that cultivated class which is distinguished, +not by wealth merely, but by refinement and spirituality. + +"I felicitate the State of Maryland, whose Chief Magistrate honors this +assembly with his presence, upon the establishment within her borders of +an independent institution of the highest education. The elementary +school is not more necessary to the existence of a free State than the +University. The public school system depends upon the institutions of +higher education, and could not be maintained in real efficiency without +them. The function of colleges, universities, and professional schools +is largely a public function; their work is done primarily, indeed, upon +individuals, but ultimately for the public good. They help powerfully to +form and mould aright the public character; and that public character is +the foundation of everything which is precious in the State, including +even its material prosperity. In training men thoroughly for the learned +professions of law and medicine, this University will be of great +service to Maryland and the neighboring States. During the past forty +years the rules which governed admission to these honorable and +confidential professions have been carelessly relaxed in most of the +States of the Union, and we are now suffering great losses and injuries, +both material and moral, in consequence of thus thoughtlessly abandoning +the safer ways of our fathers. It is for the strong universities of the +country to provide adequate means of training young men well for the +learned professions, and to set a high standard for professional +degrees. + +"President Gilman, this distinguished assembly has come together to give +you God-speed. I welcome you to arduous duties and grave +responsibilities. In the natural course of life you will not see any +large part of the real fruits of your labors; for to build a university +needs not years only, but generations; but though 'deeds unfinished will +weigh on the doer,' and anxieties will sometimes oppress you, great +privileges are nevertheless attached to your office. It is a precious +privilege that in your ordinary work you will have to do only with men +of refinement and honor; it is a glad and animating sight to see +successive ranks of young men pressing year by year into the battle of +life, full of hope and courage, and each year better armed and equipped +for the strife; it is a privilege to serve society and the country by +increasing the means of culture; but, above all, you will have the great +happiness of devoting yourself for life to a noble public work without +reserve, or stint, or thought of self, looking for no advancement, +'hoping for nothing again,' Knowing well by experience the nature of the +charge which you this day publicly assume, familiar with its cares and +labors, its hopes and fears, its trials and its triumphs, I give you joy +of the work to which you are called, and welcome you to a service which +will task your every power. + +"The true greatness of States lies not in territory, revenue, +population, commerce, crops or manufactures, but in immaterial or +spiritual tilings; in the purity, fortitude and uprightness of their +people, in the poetry, literature, science and art which they give birth +to, in the moral worth of their history and life. With nations, as with +individuals, none but moral supremacy is immutable and forever +beneficent. Universities, wisely directed, store up the intellectual +capital of the race, and become fountains of spiritual and moral power. +Therefore our whole country may well rejoice with you, that you are +auspiciously founding here a worthy seat of learning and piety. Here may +young feet, shunning the sordid paths of low desire and worldly +ambition, walk humbly in the steps of the illustrious dead--the poets, +artists, philosophers and statesmen of the past; here may fresh minds +explore new fields and increase the sum of knowledge; here from time to +time may great men be trained up to be leaders of the people; here may +the irradiating light of genius sometimes flash out to rejoice mankind; +above all, here may many generations of manly youth learn +righteousness." + + +INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF THE FIRST PRESIDENT. + +In his inaugural address, the President of the Johns Hopkins University, +after a grateful reference to the founder and his generosity, and a +reminder that the endowment, large as it appears, is not large when +compared with the acquisitions of many other institutions, called +attention to some of the special distinctions of this gift. Among them +were named: the freedom from conditions; the absence of political or +ecclesiastical control; the connection with an endowed hospital; the +geographical advantages of Baltimore; and the timeliness of the +foundation. Five agencies for the promotion of superior instruction were +next briefly discussed, universities, learned academies, colleges, +technical schools, and museums. The object of these paragraphs was to +suggest the distinctive Idea of the University, and to show that while +forms and methods vary in different countries, the freedom for +investigation, the obligation to teach, and the careful bestowal of +academic honors are always understood to be among the university +functions. Wherever a strong university is established, learned +societies, colleges, technical schools, and museums are clustered. It is +the sun and they are the planets. + +Twelve points were then enumerated on which there is a consensus so +general that further discussion seemed needless. + +1. All sciences are worthy of promotion; or in other words, it is +useless to dispute whether literature or science should receive most +attention, or whether there is any essential difference between the old +and the new education. + +2. Religion has nothing to fear from science, and science need not be +afraid of religion. Religion claims to interpret the word of God, and +science to reveal the laws of God. The interpreters may blunder, but +truths are immutable, eternal, and never in conflict. + +3. Remote utility is quite as worthy to be thought of as immediate +advantage. Those ventures are not always most sagacious that expect a +return on the morrow. It sometimes pays to send our argosies across the +seas,--to make investments with an eye to slow but sure returns. So it +is always in the promotion of science. + +4. As it is impossible for any university to encourage with equal +freedom all branches of learning, a selection must be made by +enlightened governors, and that selection must depend on the +requirements and deficiencies of a given people, in a given period. +There is no absolute standard of preference. What is more important at +one time or in one place may be less needed elsewhere and otherwise. + +5. Individual students cannot pursue all branches of learning, and must +be allowed to select, under the guidance of those who are appointed to +counsel them. Nor can able professors be governed by routine. Teachers +and pupils must be allowed great freedom in their method of work. +Recitations, lectures, examinations, laboratories, libraries, field +exercises, travel, are all legitimate means of culture. + +6. The best scholars will almost invariably be those who make special +attainments on the foundation of a broad and liberal culture. + +7. The best teachers are usually those who are free, competent, and +willing to make original researches in the library and the laboratory. + +8. The best investigators are usually those who have also the +responsibilities of instruction, gaining thus the incitement of +colleagues, the encouragement of pupils, the observation of the public. + +9. Universities should bestow their honors with a sparing hand; their +benefits most freely. + +10. A university cannot be created in a day; it is a slow growth. The +University of Berlin has been quoted as a proof of the contrary. That +was indeed a quick success, but in an old, compact country, crowded with +learned men eager to assemble at the Prussian court. It was a change of +base rather than a sudden development. + +11. The object of the university is to develop character--to make men. +It misses its aim if it produces learned pedants, or simple artisans, or +cunning sophists, or pretentious practitioners. Its purport is not so +much to impart knowledge to the pupils, as to whet the appetite, exhibit +methods, develop powers, strengthen judgment, and invigorate the +intellectual and moral forces. It should prepare for the service of +society a class of students who will be wise, thoughtful, progressive +guides in whatever department of work or thought they may be engaged. + +12. Universities easily fall into ruts. Almost every epoch requires a +fresh start. + +If these twelve points are conceded, our task is simplified, though it +is still difficult. It is to apply these principles to Baltimore in +1876. We are trying to do this with no controversy as to the relative +importance of letters and science, the conflicts of religion and +science, or the relation of abstractions and utilities; our simple aim +is to make scholars, strong, bright, useful and true. + +Proceeding to speak of the Johns Hopkins University, the speaker then +announced that at first the Faculty of Philosophy would alone be +organized, where instruction would be given in language, mathematics, +ethics, history and science. The Medical Faculty would not long be +delayed. That of Jurisprudence would come in time. That of Theology is +not now proposed. + +The next paragraphs of the address will be given without abbreviation. + +Who shall our teachers be? + +This question the public has answered for us; for I believe there is +scarcely a preeminent man of science or letters, at home or abroad, who +has not received a popular nomination for the vacant professorships. +Some of these candidates we shall certainly secure, and their names will +be one by one made known. But I must tell you, in domestic confidence, +that it is not an easy task to transplant a tree which is deeply +rooted. It is especially hard to do so in our soil and climate. Though +a migratory people, our college professors are fixtures. Such local +college attachments are not known in Germany; and the promotions which +are frequent in Germany are less thought of here. When we think of +calling foreign teachers, we encounter other difficulties. Many are +reluctant to cross the sea; and others are, by reason of their lack of +acquaintance with our language and ways, unavailable. Besides we may as +well admit that London, Paris, Leipsic, Berlin, and Vienna afford +facilities for literary and scientific growth and influence, far beyond +what our country affords. Hence, it is probable that among our own +countrymen, our faculty will be chiefly found. + +I wrote, not long ago, to an eminent physicist, presenting this problem +in social mechanics, for which I asked his solution, "We cannot have a +great university without great professors; we cannot get great +professors till we have a great university: help us from the dilemma." +Let me tell his answer: "Your difficulty," he says, "applies only to old +men who are great; these you can rarely move; but the young men of +genius, talent, learning and promise, you can draw. They should be your +strength." + +The young Americans of talent and promise--there is our strength, and a +noble company they are! We do not ask from what college, or what state, +or what church they come; but what do they know, and what can they do, +and what do they want to find out. + +In the biographies of eminent scholars, it is curious to observe how +many indicated in youth preeminent ability. Isaac Casaubon, whose name +in the sixteenth century shed lustre on the learned circles of Geneva, +Montpellier, Paris, London and Oxford, began as professor of Greek, at +the age of twenty-two; and Heinsius, his Leyden contemporary, at +eighteen. It was at the age of twenty-eight, that Linnaeus first +published his _Systema Naturae_. Cuvier was appointed a professor in +Paris at twenty-six, and, a few months later, a member of the +Institute. James Kent, the great commentator on American law, began his +lectures in Columbia College at the age of thirty-one. Henry was not far +from thirty years of age when he made his world-renowned researches in +electro-magnetism; and Dana's great work on mineralogy was first +published before he was twenty-five years old, and about four years +after he graduated at New Haven. Look at the Harvard lists:--Everett was +appointed Professor of Greek at twenty-one; Benjamin Peirce, of +Mathematics at twenty-four; and Agassiz was not yet forty when he came +to this country. For fifty years Yale College rested on three men +selected in their youth by Dr. Dwight, and almost simultaneously set at +work; Day was twenty-eight, Silliman, twenty-three, and Kingsley, +twenty-seven, when they began their professorial lives. The University +of Virginia, early in its history, attracted foreign teachers, who were +all young men. + +We shall hope to secure a strong staff of young men, appointing them +because they have twenty years before them; selecting them on evidence +of their ability; increasing constantly their emoluments, and promoting +them because of their merit to successive posts, as scholars, fellows, +assistants, adjuncts, professors and university professors. This plan +will give us an opportunity to introduce some of the features of the +English fellowship and the German system of privat-docents; or in other +words, to furnish positions where young men desirous of a university +career may have a chance to begin, sure at least of a support while +waiting for promotion. + +Our plans begin but do not end here. As men of distinction, who have won +the highest rank in their callings, are known to be free, we shall +invite them to come among us. + +If we would maintain a university, great freedom must be allowed both to +teachers and scholars. This involves freedom of methods to be employed +by the instructors on the one hand, and on the other, freedom of courses +to be selected by the students. + +But this freedom is based on laws,--two of which cannot be too +distinctly or too often enunciated. A law which should govern the +admission of pupils is this, that before they win this privilege they +must have been matured by the long, preparatory discipline of superior +teachers, and by the systematic, laborious, and persistent pursuit of +fundamental knowledge; and a second law, which should govern the work of +professors, is this, that with unselfish devotion to the discovery and +advancement of truth and righteousness, they renounce all other +preferment, so that, like the greatest of all teachers, they may promote +the good of mankind. + +I see no advantage in our attempting to maintain the traditional +four-year class-system of the American colleges. It has never existed in +the University of Virginia; it is modified, though not nominally given +up at Harvard; it is not an important characteristic of Michigan and +Cornell; it is not known in the English, French or German universities. +It is a collegiate rather than a university method. If parents or +students desire us to mark out prescribed courses, either classical or +scientific, lasting four years, it will be easy to do so. But I +apprehend that many students will come to us excellent in some branches +of a liberal education and deficient in others--good perhaps in Greek, +Latin and mathematics; deficient in chemistry, physics, zoology, +history, political economy, and other progressive sciences. I would give +to such candidates on examination, credit for their attainments, and +assign them in each study the place for which they are fitted. A +proficient in Plato may be a tyro in Euclid. Moreover, I would make +attainments rather than time the condition of promotion; and I would +encourage every scholar to go forward rapidly or go forward slowly, +according to the fleetness of his foot and his freedom from impediment. +In other words, I would have our University seek the good of individuals +rather than of classes. + +The sphere of a university is sometimes restricted by its walls or is +limited to those who are enrolled on its lists. There are three +particulars in which we shall aim at extramural influence: first, as an +examining body, ready to examine and confer degrees or other academic +honors on those who are trained elsewhere; next, as a teaching body, by +opening to educated persons (whether enrolled as students or not) such +lectures as they may wish to attend, under certain restrictions--on the +plan of the lectures in the high seminaries of Paris; and, finally, as +in some degree at least a publishing body, by encouraging professors and +lecturers to give to the world in print the results of their researches. + +What are we aiming at? + +An enduring foundation; a slow development; first local, then regional, +then national influence; the most liberal promotion of all useful +knowledge; the special provision of such departments as are elsewhere +neglected in the country; a generous affiliation with all other +institutions, avoiding interferences, and engaging in no rivalry; the +encouragement of research; the promotion of young men; and the +advancement of individual scholars, who by their excellence will advance +the sciences they pursue, and the society where they dwell. + +No words could indicate our aim more fitly than those by which John +Henry Newman expresses his "Idea of the University," in a page glowing +with enthusiasm, to which I delight to revert. + +What will be our agencies? + +A large staff of teachers; abundance of instruments, apparatus, +diagrams, books, and other means of research and instruction; good +laboratories, with all the requisite facilities; accessory influences, +coming both from Baltimore and Washington; funds so unrestricted, +charter so free, schemes so elastic, that as the world goes forward, our +plans will be adjusted to its new requirements. + +What will be our methods? + +Liberal advanced instruction for those who want it; distinctive honors +for those who win them; appointed courses for those who need them; +special courses for those who can take no other; a combination of +lectures, recitations, laboratory practice, field work and private +instruction; the largest discretion allowed to the Faculty consistent +with the purposes in view; and, finally, an appeal to the community to +increase our means, to strengthen our hands, to supplement our +deficiencies, and especially to surround our scholars with those social, +domestic and religious influences which a corporation can at best +imperfectly provide, but which may be abundantly enjoyed in the homes, +the churches and the private associations of an enlightened Christian +city. + +_Citizens of Baltimore and Maryland_.--This great undertaking does not +rest upon the Trustees alone; the whole community has a share in it. +However strong our purposes, they will be modified, inevitably, by the +opinions of enlightened men; so let parents and teachers incite the +youth of this commonwealth to high aspirations; let wise and judicious +counsellors continue their helpful suggestions, sure of being heard with +grateful consideration; let skilful writers, avoiding captionsness on +the one hand and compliment on the other, uphold or refute or amend the +tenets here announced; let the guardians of the press diffuse widely a +knowledge of the benefits which are here provided; let men of means +largely increase the usefulness of this work by their timely gifts. + +At the moment there is nothing which seems to me so important, in this +region, and indeed in the entire land, as the promotion of good +secondary schools, preparatory to the universities. There are old +foundations in Maryland which require to be made strong, and there is +room for newer enterprises, of various forms. Every large town should +have an efficient academy or high school; and men of wealth can do no +greater service to the public than by liberally encouraging, in their +various places of abode, the advanced instruction of the young. None can +estimate too highly the good which came to England from the endowment of +Lawrence Sheriff at Rugby, and of Queen Elizabeth's school at +Westminster, or the value to New England of the Phillips foundations in +Exeter and And over. + +Every contribution made by others to this new University will enable the +Trustees to administer with greater liberality their present funds. +Special foundations may be affiliated with our trust, for the +encouragement of particular branches of knowledge, for the reward of +merit, for the construction of buildings; and each gift, like the new +recruits of an army, will be more efficient because of the place it +takes in an organized and efficient company. It is a great satisfaction +in this world of changes and pecuniary loss to remember what safe +investments have been made at Harvard and Yale, and other old colleges, +where dollar for dollar is still shown for every gift. + +The atmosphere of Maryland seems favorable to such deeds of piety, +hospitality and "good-will to men." George Calvert, the first Lord +Baltimore, comes here, returns to England and draws up a charter which +becomes memorable in the annals of civil and religious liberty, for +which, "he deserves to be ranked," (as Bancroft says), "among the most +wise and benevolent lawgivers of all ages;" among the liberals of 1776 +none was bolder than Charles Carroll of Carrollton; John Eager Howard, +the hero of Cowpens, is almost equally worthy of gratitude for the +liberality of his public gifts; John McDonogh, of Baltimore birth, +bestows his fortune upon two cities for the instruction of their youth; +George Peabody, resident here in early life, comes back in old age to +endow an Athenaeum, and begins that outpouring of munificence which +gives him a noble rank among modern philanthropists; Moses Sheppard +bequeaths more than half a million for the relief of mental disease; +Rinehart, the teamster boy, attains distinction as a sculptor, and +bequeaths his hard-won acquisitions for the encouragement of art in the +city of his residence; and a Baltimorean still living, provides for the +foundation of an astronomical observatory in Yale College; while Johns +Hopkins lays a foundation for learning and charity, which we celebrate +to-day. + +The closing sentences of the discourse were addressed to the young men +of Baltimore and to the Trustees. + + +THE FACULTY. + +One of the earliest duties which devolved upon the President and +Trustees, after deciding upon the general scope of the University, was +to select a staff of teachers by whose assistance and counsel the +details of the plan should be worked out. It would hardly be right in +this place to recall the distinctive merits of the able and learned +scholars who have formed the academic staff during the first fourteen +years, but perhaps the writer may be allowed to pay in passing a tribute +of gratitude and respect to those who entered the service of the +University at its beginning. To their suggestions, their enthusiasm, +their learning, and above all their freedom from selfish aims and from +petty jealousies, must be attributed in a great degree the early +distinction of this institution. They came from widely distant places; +they had been trained by widely different methods; they had widely +different intellectual aptitudes; but their diversities were unified by +their devotion to the university in which they were enlisted, and by +their desire to promote its excellence. This spirit has continued till +the present time, and has descended to those who have from time to time +joined the ranks, so that it may be emphatically said that the union of +the Faculty has been the key to its influence. + +The first requisite of success in any institution is a staff of eminent +teachers, each of whom gives freely the best of which he is capable. The +best varies with the individual; one may be an admirable lecturer or +teacher; another a profound thinker; a third a keen investigator; +another a skilful experimenter; the next, a man of great acquisitions; +one may excel by his industry, another by his enthusiasm, another by his +learning, another by his genius; but every member of a faculty should be +distinguished by some uncommon attainments and by some special +aptitudes, while the faculty as a whole should be united and +cooperative. Each professor, according to his subject and his talents, +should have his own best mode of working, adjusted to and controlled by +the exigencies of the institution with which he is associated. + +The original professors, who were present when instructions began in +October, 1876, were these: as the head and guide of the mathematical +studies, Professor Sylvester, of Cambridge, Woolwich and London, one of +the foremost of European mathematicians; as the leader of classical +studies, Professor Gildersleeve, then of the University of Virginia; as +director of the Chemical Laboratory and of instruction in chemistry, +Professor Remsen, then of Williams College; to organize the work in +Biology (a department then scarcely known in American institutions, but +here regarded as of great importance with reference to the future school +of medicine), Professor Martin, then of Cambridge (Eng.), a pupil of +Professor Michael Foster and of Professor Huxley; as chief in the +department of Physics, Professor Rowland, then holding a subordinate +position in the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, whose ability in this +department had been shown by the contributions he had made to scientific +journals; and as collegiate professor, or guide to the undergraduate +students, Professor Charles D. Morris, once an Oxford fellow, and then +of the University of the City of New York. + +The names of the professors in the Faculty of Philosophy, from 1876 to +1890, are as follows, arranged in the order of their appointment: + +1876 BASIL L. GILDERSLEEVE, LL. D _Greek_. +1876 J.J. SYLVESTER, LL. D _Mathematics_. +1876 IRA KEMSEN, Ph. D _Chemistry_. +1876 HENRY A. ROWLAND, Ph. D _Physics_. +1876 H. NEWELL MARTIN, Sc. D _Biology_. +1876 CHARLES D. MORRIS, A. M _Classics, (Collegiate)._ +1883 PAUL HAUPT, Ph. D _Semitic Languages_. +1884 G. STANLEY HALL, LL. D _Psychology._ +1884 WILLIAM H. WELCH, M. D _Pathology_. +1884 SIMON NEWCOMB, LL. D _Mathematics and Astronomy_. +1886 JOHN H. WRIGHT, A.M _Classical Philology_. +1889 EDWARD H. GRIFFIN, LL.D _History of Philosophy_. +1891 HERBERT B. ADAMS, Ph.D _Amer. and Inst. History_. +1891 WILLIAM K. BROOKS, Ph.D _Animal Morphology_. + +The persons below named have been appointed associate professors,--and +their names are arranged in the order of their appointment: + +1883 HERBERT B. ADAMS, Ph.D _History_. +1883 MAURICE BLOOMFIELD, Ph.D _Sanskrit and Comp. Philology_. +1883 WILLIAM K. BROOKS, Ph.D _Animal Morphology_. +1883 THOMAS CRAIG, Ph.D _Mathematics_. +1883 CHARLES S. HASTINGS, Ph.D _Physics_. +1883 HARMON N. MORSE, Ph.D _Chemistry._ +1883 WILLIAM E. STORY, Ph.D _Mathematics._ +1883 MINTON WARREN, Ph.D _Latin._ +1884 A. MARSHALL ELLIOT, Ph.D _Romance Languages_. +1884 J. RENDEL HARRIS, A.M _New Testament Greek_. +1885 GEORGE H. EMMOTT, A.M _Logic_. +1885 C. RENE GREGORY, Ph.D _New Testament Greek_. +1885 GEORGE H. WILLIAMS, Ph.D _Inorganic Geology_. +1885 HENRY WOOD, Ph.D _German_. +1887 RICHARD T. ELY, Ph.D _Political Economy_. +1888 WILLIAM T. COUNCILMAN, M.D _Anatomy_. +1888 WILLIAM H. HOWELL, Ph.D _Animal Physiology_. +1888 ARTHUR L. KIMBALL, Ph.D _Physics_. +1888 EDWARD H. SPIEKER, Ph.D _Greek and Latin_. +1889 Louis DUNCAN, Ph.D _Electricity_. +1889 FABIAN FRANKLIN, Ph.D _Mathematics_. + +At the opening of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, the principal physicians +and surgeons of that foundation were appointed professors of the +University, namely, arranged in the order of their appointment: + +1889 WILLIAM OSLER, M.D _Medicine._ +1889 HENRY M. HURD, M.D _Psychiatry_. +1889 HOWARD A. KELLY, M.D _Gynecology_. +1889 WILLIAM S. HALSTED, M.D _Surgery_. + +In selecting a staff of teachers, the Trustees have endeavored to +consider especially the devotion of the candidate to some particular +line of study and the certainty of his eminence in that specialty; the +power to pursue independent and original investigation, and to inspire +the young with enthusiasm for study and research; the willingness to +cooeperate in building up a new institution; and the freedom from +tendencies toward ecclesiastical or sectional controversies. They +announced that they would not be governed by denominational or +geographical considerations in the appointment of any teacher; but would +endeavor to select the best person whose services they could secure in +the position to be filled,--irrespective of the place where he was born, +or the college in which he was trained, or the religious body with which +he might be enrolled. + +It is obvious that in addition to the qualifications above mentioned, +regard has always been paid to those personal characteristics which +cannot be rigorously defined, but which cannot be overlooked if the +ethical as well as the intellectual character of a professorial station +is considered, and if the social relations of a teacher to his +colleagues, his pupils, and their friends, are to be harmoniously +maintained. The professor in a university teaches as much by his example +as by his precepts. + +Besides the resident professors, it has been the policy of the +University to enlist from time to time the services of distinguished +scholars as lecturers on those subjects to which their studies have been +particularly directed. During the first few years the number of such +lecturers was larger, and the duration of their visits was longer than +it has been recently. When the faculty was small, the need of the +occasional lecturer was more apparent for obvious reasons, than it has +been in later days. Still the University continues to invite the +cooperation of non-resident professors, and the proximity of Baltimore +to Washington makes it particularly easy to engage learned gentlemen +from the capital to give occasional lectures upon their favorite +studies. Recently a lectureship of Poetry has been founded by Mr. and +Mrs. Turnbull of Baltimore, in memory of a son who is no longer living, +and an annual course may be expected from writers of distinction who are +known either as poets, or as critics, or as historians of poetry. The +first lecturer on this foundation will be Mr. E.C. Stedman, of New York, +the second, Professor Jebb, of Cambridge (Eng.). Another lectureship has +been instituted by Mr. Eugene Levering with the object of promoting the +purposes of the Young Men's Christian Association. The first lecturer on +this foundation was Rev. Dr. Broadus, of Louisville, Ky. + +A few of those who held the position of lecturers made Baltimore their +home for such prolonged periods that they could not properly be called +non-resident. The following list contains the principal appointments. It +might be much enlarged by naming those persons who have lectured at the +request of one department of the University and not of the Trustees, and +by naming some who gave but single lectures. + +1876 SIMON NEWCOMB _Astronomy_. +1876 LEONCE RABILLON _French_. +1877 JOHN S. BILLINGS _Medical History, etc_. +1877 FRANCIS J. CHILD _English Literature_, +1877 THOMAS M. COOLEY _Law._ +1877 JULIUS E. HILGARD _Geodetic Surveys_. +1877 JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL _Romance Literature_. +1877 JOHN W. MALLET _Technological Chemistry_. +1877 FRANCIS A. WALKER _Political Economy_. +1877 WILLIAM D. WHITNEY _Comparative Philology_. +1878 WILLIAM F. ALLEN _History_. +1878 WILLIAM JAMES _Psychology_. +1878 GEORGE S. MORRIS _History of Philosophy_. +1879 J. LEWIS DIMAN _History._ +1879 H. VON HOLST _History_. +1879 WILLIAM G. FARLOW _Botany_. +1879 J. WILLARD GIBBS _Theoretical Mechanics_. +1879 SIDNEY LANIER _English Literature_. +1879 CHARLES S. PEIRCE _Logic_. +1880 JOHN TROWBRIDGE _Physics_. +1881 A. GRAHAM BELL _Phonology_. +1881 S.P. LANGLEY _Physics_. +1881 JOHN McCRADY _Biology_. +1881 JAMES BRYCE _Political Science_. +1881 EDWARD A. FREEMAN _History_. +1881 JOHN J. KNOX _Banking_. +1882 ARTHUR CAYLEY _Mathematics_. +1882 WILLIAM W. GOODWIN _Plato_. +1882 G. STANLEY HALL _Psychology_. +1882 RICHARD M. VENABLE _Constitutional Law_. +1882 JAMES A. HARRISON _Anglo-Saxon_. +1882 J. RENDEL HARRIS _New Testament Greek_. +1883 GEORGE W. CABLE _English Literature_. +1883 WILLIAM W. STORY _Michel Angela_. +1883 HIRAM CORSON _English Literature_. +1883 F. SEYMOUR HADEN _Etchers and Etching_. +1883 JOHN S. BILLINGS _Municipal Hygiene_. +1883 JAMES BRYCE _Roman Law_. +1883 H. VON HOLST _Political Science_. +1884 WILLIAM TRELEASE _Botany_. +1884 J. THACHER CLARKE _Explorations in Assos_. +1884 JOSIAH ROYCE _Philosophy_. +1884 WILLIAM J. STILLMAN _Archaeology_. +1884 CHARLES WALDSTEIN _Archaeology_. +1884 SIR WILLIAM THOMSON _Molecular Dynamics_. +1885 A. MELVILLE BELL _Phonetics, etc_. +1885 EDMUND GOSSE _English Literature_. +1885 EUGENE SCHUYLER _U.S. Diplomacy_. +1885 JUSTIN WINSOR _Shakespeare_. +1885 FREDERICK WEDMORE _Modern Art_. +1886 ISAAC H. HALL _New Testament_. +1886 WILLIAM HAYES WARD _Assyria_. +1886 WILLIAM LIBBEY, JR _Alaska_. +1886 ALFRED R. WALLACE _Island Life_. +1886 MANDELL CREIGHTON _Rise of European Universities_. +1887 ARTHUR L. FROTHINGHAM, JR _Babylonian and Assyrian Art_. +1887 RODOLFO LANCIANI _Roman Archaeology_. +1888 ANDREW D. WHITE _The French Revolution_. +1890 JOHN A. BROADUS _Origin of Christianity_. + +The number of associates, readers, and assistants has been very large, +most such appointments having been made for brief periods among young +men of promise looking forward to preferment in this institution or +elsewhere. + + +DISTINCTION BETWEEN COLLEGIATE AND UNIVERSITY COURSES. + +From the opening of the University until now a sharp distinction has +been made between the methods of university instruction and those of +collegiate instruction. In the third annual report, September 1, 1878, +the views which had been announced at the opening of the University are +expanded and are illustrated by the action of the Trustees and the +Faculty during the first two years. + +The terms university and college have been so frequently interchanged in +this country that their significance is liable to be confounded; and it +may be worth while, once more at least, to call attention to the +distinction which is recognized among us. By the college is understood a +place for the orderly training of youth in those elements of learning +which should underlie all liberal and professional culture. The ordinary +conclusion of a college course is the Bachelor's degree. Usually, but +not necessarily, the college provides for the ecclesiastical and +religious as well as the intellectual training of its scholars. Its +scheme admits but little choice. Frequent daily drill in languages, +mathematics, and science, with compulsory attendance and frequent formal +examinations, is the discipline to which each student is submitted. This +work is simple, methodical, and comparatively inexpensive. It is +understood and appreciated in every part of this country. + +In the university more advanced and special instruction is given to +those who have already received a college training or its equivalent, +and who now desire to concentrate their attention upon special +departments of learning and research. Libraries, laboratories, and +apparatus require to be liberally provided and maintained. The holders +of professorial chairs must be expected and encouraged to advance by +positive researches the sciences to which they are devoted; and +arrangements must be made in some way to publish and bring before the +criticism of the world the results of such investigations. Primarily, +instruction is the duty of the professor in a university as it is in a +college; but university students should be so mature and so well trained +as to exact from their teachers the most advanced instruction, and even +to quicken and inspire by their appreciative responses the new +investigations which their professors undertake. Such work is costly and +complex; it varies with time, place, and teacher; it is always somewhat +remote from popular sympathy, and liable to be depreciated by the +ignorant and thoughtless. But it is by the influence of universities, +with their comprehensive libraries, their costly instruments, their +stimulating associations and helpful criticisms, and especially their +great professors, indifferent to popular applause, superior to +authoritative dicta, devoted to the discovery and revelation of truth, +that knowledge has been promoted, and society released from the fetters +of superstition and the trammels of ignorance, ever since the revival of +letters. + +In further exposition of these views, from men of different pursuits, +reference should be made to an article on Classics and Colleges, by +Professor Gildersleeve _(Princeton Review_, July, 1878), lately +reprinted in the author's "Essays and Studies," (Baltimore, 1890); to an +address by Professor Sylvester before the University on "Mathematical +Studies and University Life," (February 22, 1877); to an address by +Professor Martin on the study of Biology _(Popular Science Monthly,_ +January, 1877); to some remarks on the study of Chemistry by Professor +Remsen _(Popular Science Monthly,_ April, 1877); and to an address +entitled "A Plea for Pure Science" (Salem, 1883), by Professor Rowland, +as a Vice-President of the American Association for the Advancement of +Science. Although of a much later date, reference should also be made to +an address by Professor Adams (February 22, 1889) on the work of the +Johns Hopkins University, printed in the _Johns Hopkins University +Circulars_, No. 71. An address by Dr. James Carey Thomas, one of the +Trustees, at the tenth anniversary, in 1886, may also be consulted +_(Ibid._ No. 50). Reference may also be made to the fifteen annual +reports of the University and to the articles below named, by the +writer of this sketch. The Group System of College Courses in the Johns +Hopkins University _(Andover Review,_ June, 1886); The Benefits which +Society derives from Universities: Annual Address on Commemoration Day, +1885 _(Johns Hopkins University Circulars_, No. 37); article on +Universities in Lalor's _Cyclopaedia of Political Science_; an address +before the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Harvard University, July 1, 1886; +an address at the opening of Bryn Mawr College, 1885. + + +STUDENTS, COURSES OF STUDIES, AND DEGREES. + +In accordance with the plans thus formulated, the students have included +those who have already taken an academic degree, and who have here +engaged in advanced studies; those who have entered as candidates for +the Bachelors' degree; and those who have pursued special courses +without reference to degrees. The whole number of persons enrolled in +these three classes during the first fourteen years (1876-1890) is +fifteen hundred and seventy-one. Seven hundred and three persons have +pursued undergraduate courses and nine hundred and two have followed +graduate studies. Many of those who entered as undergraduates have +continued as graduates, and have proceeded to the degree of Doctor of +Philosophy. These students have come from nearly every State in the +Union, and not a few of them have come from foreign lands. Many of those +who received degrees before coming here were graduates of the principal +institutions of this country. The degree of Doctor of Philosophy has +been awarded after three years or more of graduate studies to one +hundred and eighty-four persons, and that of Bachelor of Arts to two +hundred and fifty at the end of their collegiate course. + +Two degrees, and two only, have been opened to the students of this +University. Believing that the manifold forms in which the baccalaurate +degree is conferred are confusing the public, and that they tend to +lessen the respect for academic titles, the authorities of the Johns +Hopkins University determined to bestow upon all those who complete +their collegiate courses the title of Bachelor of Arts. This degree is +intended to indicate that its possessor has received a liberal +education, or in other words that he has completed a prolonged and +systematic course of studies in which languages, mathematics, sciences, +history, and philosophy have been included. The amount of time devoted +to each of these various subjects varies according to individual needs +and preference, but all the combinations are supposed to be equally +difficult and honorable. Seven such combinations or groups of studies +have been definitely arranged, and "the group system," thus introduced, +combines many of the advantages of the elective system, with many of the +advantages of a fixed curriculum. The undergraduate has his choice among +many different lines of study, but having made this determination he is +expected to follow the sequence prescribed for him by his teachers. He +may follow the old classical course; or he may give decided preference +to mathematics and physics; or he may select a group of studies, +antecedent to the studies of a medical school; or he may pursue a +scientific course in which chemistry predominates; or he may lay a +foundation for the profession of law by the study of history and +political science; or he may give to modern languages the preference +accorded in the first group to the ancient classics. In making his +selection, and indeed in prosecuting the career of an undergraduate, he +has the counsel of some member of the faculty who is called his adviser. +While each course has its predominant studies, each comprises in +addition the study of French and German, and at least one branch of +science, usually chemistry or physics, with laboratory exercises. + +The degree of Doctor of Philosophy is offered to those who continue +their studies in a university for three years or more after having +attained the baccalaureate degree. Their attention must be given to +studies which are included in the faculty of philosophy and the liberal +arts, and not to the professional faculties of Law, Medicine, and +Theology. Students who have graduated in other institutions of repute +may offer themselves as candidates for this degree. In addition to the +requirements above mentioned, the student must show his proficiency in +one principal subject and in two that are secondary, and must submit +himself to rigid examinations, first written and then oral. He must also +present a thesis which must gain the approval of the special committee +to which it may be referred, and must subsequently be printed. All these +requisitions are enforced by a faculty which is known as the Board of +University Studies. + +As an encouragement to the systematic prosecution of university studies, +the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in this University is offered under +the following conditions. + +A Board of University Studies is constituted for the purpose of guiding +the work of those who may become candidates for this degree. The time of +study is a period of at least three years of distinctive university work +in the philosophical Faculty. It is desirable that the student accepted +as a candidate should reside here continuously until his final +examinations are passed, and he is required to spend the last year +before he is graduated in definite courses of study at this University. +Before he can be accepted as a candidate, he must satisfy the examiners +that he has received a good collegiate education, that he has a reading +knowledge of French and German, and that he has a good command of +literary expression. He must also name his principal subject of study +and the two subordinate subjects. + +The Board reserves the right to say in each case whether the antecedent +training has been satisfactory, and, if any of the years of advanced +work have been passed by the candidate away from this University, +whether they may be regarded as spent in university studies under +suitable guidance and favorable conditions. Such studies must have been +pursued without serious distractions and under qualified teachers. + +Private study, or study pursued at a distance from libraries and +laboratories and other facilities, will not be considered as equivalent +to university study. + +In the conditions which are stated below, it will appear that there are +several tests of the proficiency of the candidate, in addition to the +constant observation of his instructors. A carefully prepared thesis +must be presented by the candidate on a subject approved by his chief +adviser, and this thesis must receive the approbation of the Board. +There are private examinations of the candidate, both in his chief +subject and in the subordinate subjects. If these tests are successfully +passed, there is a final oral examination in the presence of the Board. + +As an indication of the possible combinations which may be made by those +who are studying for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, the following +schedule is presented: + +Physics, Mathematics, and Chemistry; Animal Physiology, Animal +Morphology, and Chemistry; Chemistry, Mineralogy, and Geology; +Mathematics, Astronomy, and Physics; Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin; +History, Political Economy, and International Law; Greek, Sanskrit, and +Latin; French, Italian and Spanish, and German; Latin, Sanskrit, and +Roman Law; Latin, Sanskrit, and German; Assyriology, Ethiopic and +Arabic, and Greek; Political Economy, History, and Administration; +English, German, and Old Norse; Inorganic Geology and Petrography, +Mineralogy, and Chemistry; Geology and Mineralogy, Chemistry, and +Physics; Romance Languages, German, and English; Latin, Greek, and +Sanskrit; German, English, and Sanskrit. + +While students are encouraged to proceed to academic degrees, the +authorities have always borne in mind the needs of those who could not, +for one reason or another, remain in the university for more than a year +or two, and who might wish to prosecute their studies in a particular +direction without any reference to academic honors. Such students have +always been welcome, especially those who have been mature enough to +know their own requirements and to follow their chosen courses, without +the incentive of examinations and diplomas. + + +PUBLICATIONS, SEMINARIES, SOCIETIES. + +The Johns Hopkins University has encouraged publication. In addition to +the annual Register or Catalogue, the report of the President is +annually published, and from time to time during the year "Circulars" +are printed, in which the progress of investigations, the proceedings of +societies, reports of lectures, and the appearance of books and essays +are recorded. Encouragement is also given by the Trustees to the +publication of literary and scientific periodicals and occasionally of +learned essays and books. The journals regularly issued are: + +I. _American Journal of Mathematics_. S. Newcomb, Editor, and T. Craig, +Associate Editor. Quarterly. 4to. Volume XIII in progress. + +II. _American Chemical Journal_. I. Remsen, Editor. 8 nos. yearly. 8vo. +Volume XIII in progress. + +III. _American Journal of Philology_. B.L. Gildersleeve, Editor. +Quarterly, 8vo. Volume XI in progress. + +IV. _Studies from the Biological Laboratory_. II. N. Martin, Editor, and +W.K. Brooks, Associate Editor. 8vo. Volume V in progress. + +V. _Studies in Historical and Political Science_, II. B. Adams, Editor. +Monthly. 8vo. Vol. IX in progress. + +VI. _Contributions to Assyriology, etc_. Fr. Delitzsch and Paul Haupt, +Editors. Vol. II in progress. + +VII. _Johns Hopkins University Circulars_. 85 numbers issued. + +Another form of intellectual activity is shown in the seminaries and +scientific associations which have more or less of an official +character. In the seminary, the professor engages with a small company +of advanced students, in some line of investigation--the results of +which, if found important, are often published. The relations of the +head of a seminary to those whom he admits to this advanced work, are +very close. The younger men have an opportunity of seeing the methods by +which older men work. The sources of knowledge, the so-called +authorities, are constantly examined. The drift of modern discussions is +followed. Investigations, sometimes of a very special character, are +carefully prosecuted. All this is done upon a plan, and with the +incessant supervision of the director, upon whose learning, enthusiasm, +and suggestiveness, the success of the seminary depends. Each such +seminary among us has its own collection of books. + +The associations or societies serve a different purpose. They bring +together larger companies of professors and graduate students, who hear +and discuss such papers as the members may present. These papers are not +connected by one thread like those which come before the seminaries. +They are usually of more general interest, and they often present the +results of long continued thought and investigation. + + +BUILDINGS, LIBRARIES, AND COLLECTIONS. + +The site selected when the University was opened in the heart of +Baltimore, near the corner of Howard and Monument streets, has proved so +convenient, that from time to time additional property in that +neighborhood has been secured and the buildings thus purchased have +either been modified so as to meet the academic needs, or have given +place to new and commodious edifices. + +The principal buildings now in use are these: + +(1). A central administration building, in which are the class-rooms for +classical and oriental studies. + +(2). A library building, in which are also rooms devoted especially to +history and political science. + +(3). A chemical laboratory well equipped for the service of more than a +hundred workers. + +(4). A biological laboratory, with excellent arrangements for +physiological and morphological investigations. + +(5). A physical laboratory--the latest and best of the +laboratories--with excellent accommodations for physical research and +instruction. + +(6). A gymnasium for bodily exercise. + +(7). Two dwelling houses, appropriated to the collections in mineralogy +and geology until a suitable museum and laboratory can be constructed. + +(8). Levering Hall, constructed for the uses of the Young Men's +Christian Association, and containing a large hall which may be used for +general purpeses. + +(9). Smaller buildings used for the smaller classes. + +(10). An official residence of the President, which came to the +University as a part of the bequest of the late John W. McCoy, Esq. + +The library of the university numbers nearly 45,000 well selected +volumes,--including "the McCoy library" not yet incorporated with the +other books, and numbering 8,000 volumes. Not far from 1,000 periodicals +are received, from every part of the civilized world. Quite near to the +university is the Library of the Peabody Institute, a large, +well-chosen, well-arranged, and well-catalogued collection. It numbers +more than one hundred thousand volumes. + +The university has extensive collections of minerals and fossils, a +select zoological and botanical museum, a valuable collection of ancient +coins, a remarkable collection of Egyptian antiquities (formed by Col. +Mendes I. Cohen, of Baltimore), a bureau of maps and charts, a number of +noteworthy autographs and literary manuscripts of modern date, and a +large amount of the latest and best scientific apparatus--astronomical, +physical, chemical, biological, photographical, and petrographical. + + +STATISTICS. + +_Summary of Attendance_, 1876-90. + + Total + Enrolled +Years. Teachers. Students. Graduates. Matriculates. Special. +1876-77 29 89 54 12 23 +1877-78 34 104 58 24 22 +1878-79 25 123 63 25 35 +1879-80 33 159 79 32 48 +1880-81 39 176 102 37 37 +1881-82 43 175 99 45 31 +1882-83 41 204 125 49 30 +1883-84 49 249 159 53 37 +1884-85 52 290 174 69 47 +1885-86 49 314 184 96 34 +1886-87 51 378 228 108 42 +1887-88 57 420 231 127 62 +1888-89 55 394 216 129 49 +1889-90 58 404 229 130 45 +1890-91 64 427 231 142 54 + +_Summary of Attendance_, 1876-90 (continued). + + Degrees Conferred. +Years. A.B. Ph.D. +1876-77 -- -- +1877-78 -- 4 +1878-79 3 6 +1879-80 16 5 +1880-81 12 9 +1881-82 15 9 +1882-83 10 6 +1883-84 23 15 +1884-85 9 13 +1885-86 31 17 +1886-87 24 20 +1887-88 34 27 +1888-89 36 20 +1889-90 37 33 +1890-91 -- -- + + +TRUSTEES. + +It should never be forgotten in considering the history of such a +foundation that the ultimate responsibility for its organization and +government rests upon the Board of Trustees. If they are enlightened and +high-minded men, devoted to the advancement of education, their +influence will be felt in every department of instruction. The Johns +Hopkins University has been exceptionally favored in this respect. Mr. +Hopkins chose the original body with the same sagacity that he showed in +all his career as a business man; and as, one by one, vacancies have +occurred, men of the same type have been selected, by cooeptation, for +these important positions. The names of the Trustees from the beginning +are as follows: + +*1867 GEORGE WILLIAM BROWN. +*1867 GALLOWAY CHESTON. + 1867 GEORGE W. DOBBIN. +*1867 JOHN FONERDEN. +*1867 JOHN W. GARRETT. + 1867 CHARLES J.M. GWINN. + 1867 LEWIS N. HOPKINS. +*1867 WILLIAM HOPKINS. + 1867 REVERDY JOHNSON, JR. + 1867 FRANCIS T. KING. +*1867 THOMAS M. SMITH. + 1867 FRANCIS WHITE. + 1870 JAMES CAREY THOMAS. + 1878 C. MORTON STEWART. + 1881 JOSEPH P. ELLIOTT. + 1881 J. HALL PLEASANTS. + 1881 ALAN P. SMITH. + 1886 ROBERT GARRETT. + 1891 JAMES L. McLANE. + +* Deceased. + +Notes supplementary to the Johns Hopkins University Studies in +Historical and Political Science, 1891, No. 1. + + + + +UNIVERSITY EXTENSION AND THE UNIVERSITY OF THE FUTURE. + + +THE SUBSTANCE OF ADDRESSES DELIVERED BEFORE THE JOHNS HOPKINS AND OTHER +UNIVERSITY AUDIENCES. + +BY RICHARD G. MOULTON, A.M., + +_Of Cambridge University, England_. + + +I am requested to furnish information with reference to the University +Extension Movement in England. It will be desirable that side by side +with the facts I should put the ideas of the movement, for, in matters +like these, the ideas are the inspiration of the work; the ideas, +moreover, are the same for all, whereas the detailed methods must vary +with different localities. The idea of the movement is its soul; the +practical working is no more than the body. But body and soul alike are +subject to growth, and so it has been in the present case. The English +University Extension Movement was in no sense a carefully planned +scheme, put forward as a feat of institutional symmetry; it was the +product of a simple purpose pursued through many years, amid varying +external conditions, in which each modification was suggested by +circumstances and tested by experience. And with the complexity of our +operations our animating ideas have been striking deeper and growing +bolder. Speaking then up to date, I would define the root idea of +'University Extension' in the following simple formula: University +Education for the Whole Nation organized on a basis of Itinerant +Teachers. + +But every clause in this defining formula will need explanation and +defence. + +The term 'University' Extension has no doubt grown up from the +circumstance that the movement in England was started and directed by +the universities, which have controlled its operations by precisely the +same machinery by which they manage every other department of university +business. I do not know that this is an essential feature of the +movement. The London branch presents an example of a flourishing +organization directed by a committee formed for the purpose, though this +committee at present acts in concert with three universities. I can +conceive the new type of education managed apart from any university +superintendence; only I should look upon such severance as a far more +serious evil for the universities than for the popular movement. + +But I use the term 'university education' for the further purpose of +defining the type of instruction offered. It is thus distinguished from +school education, being moulded to meet the wants of adults. It is +distinguished from the technical training necessary for the higher +handicrafts or for the learned professions. It is no doubt to the busy +classes that the movement addresses itself, but we make no secret of the +fact that our education will not help them in their business, except +that, the mind not being built in water-tight compartments, it is +impossible to stimulate one set of faculties without the stimulus +reacting upon all the rest. The education that is properly associated +with universities is not to be regarded as leading up to anything +beyond, but is an end in itself, and applies to life as a whole. And the +foundation for university extension is a change, subtle but clear, that +may be seen to be coming over the attitude of the public mind to higher +education, varying in intensity in different localities, but capable of +being encouraged where it is least perceptible,--a change by which +education is ceasing to be regarded as a thing proper to particular +classes of society or particular periods of life, and is coming to be +recognized as one of the permanent interests of life, side by side with +such universal interests as religion and politics. For persons of +leisure and means such growing demand can be met by increased activity +of the universities. University Extension is to be the university of the +busy. + +My definition puts the hope of extending university education in this +sense to the whole nation without exception. I am aware that to some +minds such indiscriminate extension will seem like an educational +communism, on a par with benevolent schemes for redistributing the +wealth of society so as to give everybody a comfortable income all +round. But it surely ought not to be necessary to explain that in +proposing a universal system of education we are not meaning that what +each individual draws from the system will be the same in all cases. In +this as in every other public benefit that which each person draws from +it must depend upon that which he brings to it. University Extension may +be conceived as a stream flowing from the high ground of universities +through the length and breadth of the country; from this stream each +individual helps himself according to his means and his needs; one takes +but a cupful, another uses a bucket, a third claims to have a cistern to +himself: every one suits his own capacity, while our duty is to see that +the stream is pure and that it is kept running. + +The truth is that the wide-reaching purpose of University Extension will +seem visionary or practicable according to the conception formed of +education, as to what in education is essential and what accidental. If +I am asked whether I think of shop-assistants, porters, factory-hands, +miners, dock or agricultural laborers, women with families and constant +home duties, as classes of people who can be turned into economists, +physicists, literary critics, art connoisseurs,--I admit that I have no +such idea. But I do believe, or rather, from my experience in England I +know, that all such classes can be _interested_ in economic, scientific, +literary and artistic questions. And I say boldly that to interest in +intellectual pursuits is the essential of education, in comparison with +which all other educational purposes must be called secondary. I do not +consider that a child has been taught to read unless he has been made to +like reading; I find it difficult to think of a man as having received a +classical education if the man, however scholarly, leaves college with +no interest in classical literature such as will lead him to go on +reading for himself. In education the interest is the life. If a system +of instruction gives discipline, method, and even originating power, +without rousing a lasting love for the subject studied, the whole +process is but a mental galvanism, generating a delusive activity that +ceases when the connection between instructor and pupil is broken off. +But if a teacher makes it his first business to stir up an interest in +the matter of study, the education becomes self-continuing when teacher +and pupil have parted, and the subject becomes its own educator. If then +it be conceded that the essence of education is to interest, does it +not seem a soberly practical purpose that we should open up to the whole +nation without exception an interest in intellectual pursuits? + +I take my stand on the broad moral ground that every human being, from +the highest to the lowest, has two sides to his life--his work and his +leisure. To be without work in life is selfishness and sloth. But if a +man or woman is so entangled in routine duties as never to command +leisure, we have a right to say to such persons that they are leading an +immoral life. Such an individual has no claim to the title of a working +man, he is a slave. It may be cruel circumstances that have thus +absorbed him in business, but that does not alter the fact: slavery was +a misfortune rather than a fault to those who suffered it, but in any +case to be content with slavery is a crime. Once get society to +recognize the duty of leisure, and there is immediately a scope for such +institutions as University Extension that exist for the purpose of +giving intellectual interests for such leisure time. The movement is +thus one of the greatest movements for the 'raising of the masses.' With +a large section of the people there is, at the present moment, no +conception of 'rising' in life, except that of rising out of one social +rank into another. This last is of course a perfectly legitimate +ambition, but it is outside the present discussion: University Extension +knows nothing of social distinctions. It has to do with a far more +important mode of 'rising' in life,--that of rising in the rank to which +a man happens to belong at the moment, whether it be the rank in which +he started or any other. There is a saying that all men are equal after +dinner: and it is true that, while in the material wealth we seek in our +working hours equality is a chimera, yet in the intellectual pursuits +that belong to leisure there is no bar to the equality of all, except +the difference of individual capacity and desire. Macaulay tells of the +Dutch farmers who worked in the fields all day, and at night read the +Georgics in the original. Scotch and American universities are largely +attended by students who have had to engage in menial duties all the +summer in order to gain funds for their high education during the +winter. And every University Extension lecturer, highly trained +specialist as he is, will testify how his work has continually brought +him into contact with persons of the humblest social condition whom a +moment's conversation has made him recognize as his intellectual equals. +No one has any difficulty in understanding that in religious intercourse +and experience all classes stand upon an equality; and I have spoken of +the foundation for the University Extension movement as being the +growing recognition of education as a permanent human interest akin to +religion. The experience of a few years has sufficiently demonstrated +the possibility of arousing such interest: to make it universal is no +more than a practical question of time, money and methods. + +But no doubt when we come to _modus operandi_ the main difficulty of the +movement is the diversity of the classes it seeks to approach--diversity +in individual capacity, in leisure, means, and previous training. +Opposite policies have been urged upon us. Some have said: Whatever you +do, you must never lower the standard; let the Extension movement +present outside the universities precisely the same education as the +universities themselves are giving, however long you may have to wait +for its acceptance. On the other hand, it has been urged: You must go +first where you are most needed; be content with a makeshift education +until the people are ready for something better. The movement has +accepted neither of these policies, but has made a distinction between +two elements of university training--method and curriculum. So far as +method is concerned we have considered that we are bound to be not less +thorough, but more thorough, if possible, than the universities +themselves, in proportion as our clients work under peculiar +difficulties. But in the matter of curriculum we have felt it our first +duty to be elastic, and to offer little or much as may in each case be +desired. Accordingly, we have elaborated an educational unit--the three +months' course of instruction in a single subject: this unit course we +have used all the resources we could command for making as thorough in +method as possible; where more than this is desired, we arrange that +more in a combination or series of such unit courses. The instruction +can thus be taken by retail or wholesale: but in all cases it, must be +administered on the same rigorous method. + +The key to the whole system is thus the unit course of three months' +instruction in a single subject. The method of such a course is +conveyed by the technical terms lecture, syllabus, exercises, class. The +lectures are addressed to audiences as miscellaneous as the congregation +of a church, or the people in a street car; and it is the duty of the +teacher to attract such miscellaneous audiences, as well as to hold and +instruct them. Those who do nothing more than simply attend the lectures +will at least have gained the education of continuous interest; it is +something to have one's attention kept upon the same subject for three +months together. But it may be assumed that in every such audience there +will be a nucleus of students, by which term we simply mean persons +willing to do some work between one lecture and another. The lectures +are delivered no oftener than once a week; for the idea is not that the +lectures convey the actual instruction--great part of which is better +obtained from books, but the office of the lecture is to throw into +prominence the salient points of the study, and rouse the hearers to +read, for themselves. The course of instruction is laid down in the +syllabus--a document of perhaps thirty or forty pages, sold for a +trifling sum; by referring for details to the pages of books this +pamphlet can be made to serve as a text-book for the whole course, +making the teacher independent in his order of exposition of any other +text-book. The syllabus assists the general audience in following the +lectures without the distraction of taking notes; and guides the reading +and thinking of the students during the week. The syllabus contains a +set of 'exercises' on each lecture. These exercises, unlike examination +questions or 'quizzes,' are not tests of memory, but are intended to +train the student to work for himself; they are thus to be done under +the freest conditions--at home, with full leisure, and all possible +access to books, notes or help from other persons. The written answers +are sent to the lecturer for marginal comment, and returned by him at +the 'class.' This class is a second meeting for students and others, at +which no formal lecture is given, but there is free talk on points +suggested to the teacher by the exercises he has received: the usual +experience is that it is more interesting than the lecture. This weekly +routine of lecture, syllabus-reading, exercise and class goes on for a +period of twelve weeks. There is then an 'examination' in the work of +the course held for students who desire to take it. Certificates are +given by the university, but it is an important arrangement that these +certificates are awarded _jointly_ on the result of the weekly exercises +and the final examination. + +The subjects treated have been determined by the demand. Literature +stands at the head in popularity, history with economy is but little +behind. All the physical sciences have been freely asked for. Art +constitutes a department of work; but it is art-appreciation, not +art-production; the movement has no function to train artists, but to +make audiences and visitors to art-galleries more intelligent. It will +be observed that the great study known as 'Classics' is not mentioned in +this list. But it is an instructive fact that a considerable number of +the courses in literature have been on subjects of Greek and Latin +literature treated in English, and some of these have been at once the +most successful in numbers and the most technical in treatment. I am not +without hope that our English University Extension may react upon our +English universities, and correct the vicious conception of classical +studies which gives to the great mass of university men a more or less +scholarly hold upon ancient languages without any interest whatever in +ancient literatures. + +This university extension method claims to be an advance on existing +systems partly because under no circumstances does it ever give lectures +unaccompanied by a regular plan of reading and exercises for students. +These exercises moreover are designed, not for mental drill, but for +stimulus to original work. The association of students with a general +audience is a gain to both parties. Many persons follow regularly the +instruction of the class who have not participated in the exercises. +Moreover, the students, by their connection with the popular audience, +are saved from the academic bias which is the besetting sin of teachers: +more human interest is drawn into the study. The same effect follows +from the miscellaneous character of the students who contribute +exercises. High university graduates, experts in special pursuits, +deeply cultured individuals who have never before had any field in which +to exhibit the fruits of their culture, as well as persons whose +spelling and writing would pass muster nowhere else, or casual visitors +from the world of business, or young men and women fresh from school, or +even children writing in round text,--all these classes may be +represented in a single week's work; and the papers sent in will vary in +elaborateness from a scrawl on a post-card to a magazine article or +treatise. I have received an exercise of such a character that the +student considerately furnished me with an index; I remember one longer +still, but as this hailed from a lunatic asylum I will quote it only for +illustrating the diversity of the spheres reached by the movement. Study +participated in by such diverse classes cannot but have an all-roundness +which is to teachers and students one of the main attractions of the +movement. + +But we shall be expected to judge our system by results: and, so far as +the unit courses are concerned, we have every reason to be satisfied. +Very few persons fail in our final examinations, and yet examiners +report that the standard in university extension is substantially the +same as that in the universities--our pass students being on a par with +pass men in the universities, our students of 'distinction' reaching the +standard of honors schools. Personally I attach high importance to +results which can never be expressed in statistics. We are in a position +to assert that a successful course perceptibly influences the _tone_ of +a locality for the period it lasts: librarians volunteer reports of an +entirely changed demand for books, and we have even assurances that the +character of conversation at 'five o'clock teas' has undergone marked +alteration. I may be permitted an anecdote illustrating the impression +made upon the universities themselves. I once heard a brilliant +university lecturer, who had had occasional experience of extension +teaching, describe a course of investigation which had interested him. +With an eye to business I asked him if he would not give it in an +extension course. He became grave. "Well, no," he replied, "I have not +thought it out sufficiently for that;" and when he saw my look of +surprise he added, "You know, anything goes down in college; but when I +have to face your mature classes I must know my ground well." I believe +the impression thus suggested is not uncommon amongst experts who really +know the movement. + +Our results are much less satisfactory when we turn to the other side of +our system, and enquire as to curriculum. It must be admitted that the +larger part of our local centres can only take unit courses; there may +be often a considerable interval between one course and another; or +where courses are taken regularly the necessity of meeting popular +interest involves a distracting variety of subjects; while an +appreciable portion of our energies have to be taken up with preliminary +half-courses, rather intended to illustrate the working of the movement +than as possessing any high educational value. The most important +advance from the unit course is the Affiliation system of Cambridge +university. By this a town that becomes regularly affiliated, has +arranged for it a series of unit courses, put together upon proper +sequence of educational topics, and covering some three or four years: +students satisfying the lecturers and examiners in this extended course +are recognized as 'Students affiliated' (S.A.), and can at any time +enter the university with the status of second year's men,--the local +work being accepted in place of one year's residence and study. Apart +from this, the steps in our educational ladder other than the first are +still in the stage of prophecy. But it is universally recognized that +this drawback is a matter solely of funds: once let the movement command +endowment and the localities will certainly demand the wider curriculum +that the universities are only too anxious to supply. + +The third point in our definition was that the movement was to be +organized on a basis of itinerant teachers. This differentiates +University Extension from local colleges, from correspondence teaching, +and from the systems of which Chautauqua is the type. The chief function +of a university is to teach, and University Extension must stand or fall +with its teachers. It may or may not be desirable on other grounds to +multiply universities; but there is no necessity for it on grounds of +popular education, the itinerancy being a sufficient means of bringing +any university into touch with the people as a whole. And the adoption +of such a system seems to be a natural step in the evolution of +universities. In the middle ages the whole body of those who sought a +liberal education were to be found crowded into the limits of university +towns, where alone were teachers to listen to and manuscripts to copy: +the population of such university centres then numbered hundreds where +to-day it numbers tens. The first university extension was the +invention of printing, which sent the books itinerating through the +country, and reduced to a fraction the actual attendance at the +university, while it vastly increased the circle of the educated. The +time has now come to send teachers to follow the books: the ideas of the +university being circulated through the country as a whole, while +residence at a university is reserved as the apex only of the university +system. + +An itinerancy implies central and local management, and travelling +lecturers who connect the two. The central management is a university, +or its equivalent; this is responsible for the educational side of the +movement, and negotiates for the supply of its courses of instruction at +a fixed price per course.[53] The local management may be in the hands +of a committee formed for the purpose, or of some local +institution--such as a scientific or literary club or institute--which +may care to connect itself with the universities. On the local +management devolves the raising funds for the university fee, and for +local expenses, as well as the duty of putting the advantages of the +course offered before the local community. The widest diversity of +practice prevails in reference to modes of raising funds. A considerable +part of the cost will be met by the tickets of those attending the +lectures, the prices of which I have known to vary from a shilling to a +guinea for the unit course, while admission to single lectures has +varied from a penny to half a crown. But all experience goes to show +that only a part of this cost can be met in this way; individual courses +may bring in a handsome profit, but taking account over various terms +and various districts, we find that not more than two-thirds of the +total cost will be covered by ticket money. And even this is estimated +on the assumption that no more than the unit course is aimed at: while +even for this the choice of subjects, and the chance of continuity of +subject from term to term are seriously limited by the consideration of +meeting cost as far as possible from fees. University Extension is a +system of higher education, and higher education has no market value, +but needs the help of endowment. But the present age is no way behind +past ages in the number of generous citizens it exhibits as ready to +help good causes. The millionaire who will take up University Extension +will leave a greater mark on the history of his country than even the +pious founder of university scholarships and chairs. And even if +individuals fail us, we have the common purse of the public or the +nation to fall back upon. + +The itinerant lecturers, not less than the university and the local +management, have responsibility for the progress of the cause. An +extension lecturer must be something more than a good teacher, something +more even than an attractive lecturer: he must be imbued with the ideas +of the movement, and ever on the watch for opportunities of putting them +forward. It is only the lecturer who can maintain in audiences the +feeling that they are not simply receiving entertainment or instruction +which they have paid for, but that they are taking part in a public +work, and are responsible for giving their locality a worthy place in a +national scheme of university education. The lecturer again must mediate +between the local and the central management, always ready to assist +local committees with suggestions from the experience of other places, +and equally attentive to bringing the special wants of different centres +before the university authorities. The movement is essentially a +teaching movement, and it is to the body of teachers I look for the +discovery of the further steps in the development of popular education. +For such a purpose lecturers and directors alike must be imbued with the +missionary spirit. For University Extension is a missionary university, +not content with supplying culture, but seeking to stimulate the demand +for it. This is just the point in which education in the past has shown +badly in comparison with religion or politics. When a man is touched +with religious ideas he seeks to make converts, when he has views on +political questions he agitates to make his views prevail: culture on +the other hand has been only too often cherished as a badge of +exclusiveness, instead of the very consciousness of superior education +being felt as a responsibility which could only be satisfied by efforts +to educate others. To infuse a missionary spirit into culture is not the +least purpose of University Extension. + +I cannot resist the temptation to carry forward this thought from the +present into the future. In University Extension so described may we +not see a germ for the University of the Future? I have made the +foundation of our movement the growing conception of education as a +permanent interest of adult life side by side with religion and +politics. The change is at best only beginning; it tasks the imagination +to conceive all it will imply when it is complete. To me it appears that +this expanding view of education is the third of the three great waves +of change the succession of which has made up our modern history. There +was a time when religion itself was identified with a particular class, +the clergy alone thinking out what the rest of the nation simply +accepted; then came the series of revolutions popularly summed up as the +Reformation, by which the whole adult nation claimed to think for itself +in matters of religion, and the special profession of the clergy became +no more than a single element in the religious life of the nation. +Again, there has been in the past a distinct governing class, to which +the rest of society submitted; until a series of political revolutions +lifted the whole adult population into self-government, using the +services of political experts, but making public progress the interest +of all. Before the more quiet changes of the present age the conception +of an isolated learned class is giving way before the ideal of a +national culture, in which universities will still be centres for +educational experts, while University Extension offers liberal education +to all, until educationally the whole adult population will be just as +much within the university as politically the adult population is within +the constitution. It would appear then that the university of such a +future would be by no means a repetition of existing types, such as +Oxford or Cambridge, Harvard or Johns Hopkins. These institutions would +exist and be more flourishing than ever, but they would all be merged in +a wider 'University of England,' or 'University of America'; and, just +as the state means the whole nation acting in its political capacity +through municipal or national institutions, so the university would mean +the whole adult nation acting in its educational capacity through +whatever institutions might be found desirable. Such a university would +never be chartered; no building could ever house it; no royal personage +or president of the United States would ever be asked to inaugurate it; +the very attempt to found it would imply misconception of its essential +character. It would be no more than a floating aggregation of voluntary +associations; like the companies of which a nation's commerce is made up +such associations would not be organized, but would simply tend to +cooeperate because of their common object. Each association would have +its local and its central side, formed for the purpose of mediating +between the wants of a locality and the educational supply offered by +universities or similar central institutions. No doubt such a scheme is +widely different from the ideal education of European countries, so +highly organized from above that the minister of education can look at +his watch and know at any moment all that is being done throughout the +country. On the contrary the genius of the Anglo-Saxon race leans +towards self-help; it has been the mission of the race in the past to +develop self-government in religion and politics, it remains to crown +this work with the application of the voluntary system to liberal +education. + +In indulging this piece of speculation I have had a practical purpose +before me. If what I have described be a reasonable forecast for the +University of the Future, does it not follow that University Extension, +as the germ of it, presents a field for the very highest academic +ambition? To my mind it appears that existing types of university have +reached a point where further development in the same direction would +mean decline. In English universities the ideal is 'scholarship.' +Scholarship is a good thing, and we produce it. But the system which +turns out a few good scholars every year passes over the heads of the +great mass of university students without having awakened them to any +intellectual life; the universities are scholarship-factories producing +good articles but with a terrible waste of raw material. The other main +type of university enthrones 'research' as its summum bonum. Possibly +research is as good a purpose as a man can set before him, but it is not +the sole aim in life. And when one contemplates the band of recruits +added each year to the army of investigators, and the choice of ever +minuter fields--not to say lanes and alleys--of research, one is led to +doubt whether research is not one of the disintegrating forces of +society, and whether ever increasing specialisation must not mean a +perpetual narrowing of human sympathies in the intellectual leaders of +mankind. Both types of university appear to me to present the phenomena +of a country suffering from the effects of overproduction, where the +energies of workers had been concentrated upon adding to the sum of +wealth, and all too little attention had been given to the distribution +of that wealth through the different ranks of the community. Just at +this point the University Extension movement appears to recall academic +energy from production to distribution; suggesting that devotion to +physics, economics, art, can be just as truly shown by raising new +classes of the people to an interest in physical and economic and +aesthetic pursuits, as by adding to the discoveries of science, or +increasing the mass of art products. To the young graduate, conscious +that he has fairly mastered the teaching of the past, and that he has +within him powers to make advances, I would suggest the question +whether, even for the highest powers, there is any worthier field than +to work through University Extension towards the University of the +Future. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[Footnote 53: The Cambridge fee is L45 per course of three months.] + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The History Of University Education In +Maryland, by Bernard Christian Steiner + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN MARYLAND *** + +***** This file should be named 12138.txt or 12138.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/2/1/3/12138/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland and the Online Distributed Proofreading +Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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