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diff --git a/old/12082-0.txt b/old/12082-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fffe417 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/12082-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1144 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook of Color Images from Mars Rovers, by Bob Webster + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and +most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms +of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at +www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you +will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before +using this eBook. + +Title: Color Images from Mars Rovers + +Author: Bob Webster + +Release Date: April 19, 2004 [eBook #12082] +[Most recently updated: January 7, 2023] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +Produced by: Bob Webster + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COLOR IMAGES FROM MARS ROVERS *** + + + + +Color Images from Mars Rovers + +by Bob Webster + + +Thanks to Bob Webster for making these images available. They are +recombinations of images with different colored filters. All images are +courtesy of NASA/JPL and in the public domain in the United States. + +Mars Attacks! + +I was browsing the NASA web site for photos from the Mars rovers, but +most of them are black and white. Then I noticed they have the raw +images posted that can be combined into color photos, so I combined a +bunch of them into "living color." Here they are: + + Mars in Color, from “Opportunity” + Opportunity Photos + Mars in Color, from “Spirit” + Spirit Photos + +The color is not perfect on these, but it should be in the +neighborhood. There are a lot of variables. The cameras are calibrated +differently from time to time, there are different bandwidths available +in different images, and the sun is at different angles. + +In these photos, 3 to 6 images were taken, one after another, using +different bandwidth filters. There may be 5 minutes pass from the first +to the last image, so a shadow may move a little bit during that time. +An interesting effect of this is an occasional rainbow strip on the +edge of shadows. + +The image file names include information such as camera type, time +taken, location, etc. Here is the full info: + +http://origin.mars5.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/edr_filename_key.html + +The image on this site have the filter and sometimes the Left or Right +designator removed. If L or R is missing, then they were taken with the +Left camera, which uses visible light filters. + +These images were taken with the panoramic camera, because it's the one +that uses color filters. The filters used vary from image to image. The +available filters are: + + Left Camera + Right Camera + + 1 = EMPTY (clear) + 1 = 436nm (37nm Short-pass) + + 2 = 753nm (20nm bandpass) + 2 = 754nm (20nm bandpass) + + 3 = 673nm (16nm bandpass) + 3 = 803nm (20nm bandpass) + + 4 = 601nm (17nm bandpass) + 4 = 864nm (17nm bandpass) + + 5 = 535nm (20nm bandpass) + 5 = 904nm (26nm bandpass) + + 6 = 482nm (25nm bandpass) + 6 = 934nm (25nm bandpass) + + 7 = 432nm (32nm Short-pass) + 7 = 1009nm (38nm Long-pass) + + 8 = 440nm (20) Solar ND 5.0 + 8 = 880nm (20) Solar ND 5.0 + +Some bandwidths of visible light are: + + red + 650 + + orange + 590 + + yellow + 570 + + green + 510 + + blue + 475 + + indigo + 445 + + violet + 400 + +Everything gets kind of fuzzy from this point on. The visible light +bandwidths are not even sharply delimited. The bandwidths in the +Martian cameras don't necessarily match the color bandwidths on +Earthling computers. In a lot of the images some of the bandwidths are +missing. For example, this image: + +only uses filters 4, 5, and 7, which more or less correspond to +reddish-orange, yellow-green, and violet. There is a hole or two in the +spectrum, notably red and blue, so it ends up looking a little weird. +But it's still much better than black and white. + +Some of the images from Mars use filters 2, 5, and 7, or some wide +range like that. This provides more information for scientific +analysis, but it doesn't look normal when combined. That is, if there +is a "normal" for pictures from Mars. I skipped most of these. + +The right pan camera filters are mainly longer wavelength in the +ultraviolet range. I only included one of those pictures, mostly +because I wondered what it would look like: + +I used Photo Mud to merge the separate images. In fact, I wrote the +Merge Color Separation function in Photo Mud so I could do this. You +can download a test version here: + +http://xpda.com/photomudsetup.exe + +When Photo Mud version 3.0 is released in a few days, I'll replace this +file with a 30-day trial version. If you download the test version +before then, you can have a free update to the release version without +a 30-day limit. Let me know if you find any "design considerations" or +other things that don't work. + +Here's where to get the latest raw images from Mars: + +http://origin.mars5.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/all + +Some of the NASA pictures show mainly red on Mars, such as this +panorama: + +But the colors in the corners of this sundial in the base of the photo +from looks quite a bit different on earth than on the landscape photo. +There is a lack of blue in the Mars photo, or maybe even a translation +of blue to red. There's probably a good reason for this, since NASA has +better software and spent more time on it. + +It looks to me like NASA included filter 2, infrared light, in their +red color composition. In this image with filter 2, you can see how +bright the lower right color tab is: + +This one is filter 3, is visible red. The blue tab in the lower right +is not nearly as bright: + +Here is a composition I did using infrared as red, and shifting the +colors toward that end of the spectrum. This is kind of like the +sundial in the color landscape. + +Here's the image with "normal color" composition: + +The second one looks a lot closer to the original photo above. In these +two images, the background dirt looks about the same, but these +settings make a big difference sometimes. + +Photos Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech + + + + +Mars in Color, from “Opportunity” + + +4/9/2004 + +4/8/2004 + +4/7/2004 + +4/6/2004 + +4/5/2004 + +4/5/2004 + +4/4/2004 + +4/4/2004 + +4/4/2004 + +4/3/2004 + +3/30/2004 + +3/28/2004 + +3/28/2004 + +3/27/2004 + +3/24/2004 + +3/23/2004 + +3/22/2004 + +3/22/2004 + +3/21/2004 + +Infrared used for red +3/20/2004 + +filter 2 (infrared) used for red +3/20/2004 + +filter 2 (infrared) used for red +3/20/2004 + +3/20/2004 + +3/20/2004 + +3/20/2004 + +3/19/2004 + +3/18/2004 + +3/18/2004 + +3/17/2004 + +3/17/2004 + +Dubbed "Carousel," the rock in this image was the target of the Mars +Exploration Rover Opportunity science team's outcrop "scuff test." On +sol 51 (March 15, 2004), Opportunity slowly rotated its left front +wheel on the rock, abrading it in the same way that geology students +use a scratch test to determine the hardness of minerals. The image on +the right, taken by the rover's navigation camera on sol 51, shows the +rock post-scuff. In this image, it is apparent that Opportunity +scratched the surface of "Carousel" and deposited dirt that it was +carrying in its wheel rims. +3/16/2004 + +3/16/2004 + +3/15/2004 + +3/15/2004 + +"Shoemaker's Patio" near the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity's +landing site, shows finely layered sediments, which have been +accentuated by erosion. The sphere-like grains or "blueberries" +distributed throughout the outcrop can be seen lining up with +individual layers. This observation indicates that the spherules are +geologic features called concretions, which form in pre-existing wet +sediments. Other sphere-like grains, such as impact spherules or +volcanic lapilli (fragments of material between 2 and 64 millimeters or +.08 and 2.5 inches in maximum dimension that are ejected from a +volcano) are thought to be deposited with sediments and thus would form +layers distinct from those of the rocks. This image was captured by the +rover's panoramic camera on the 50th martian day, or sol, of the +mission. +3/15/2004 + +3/14/2004 + +3/14/2004 + +This image is of the exceptional rock called "Berry Bowl" in the "Eagle +Crater" outcrop. The study of this "blueberry-strewn" area and the +identification of hematite as the major iron-bearing element within +these sphere-like grains helped scientists confirm their hypothesis +that the hematite in these martian spherules was deposited in water. To +separately analyze the mineralogical content of three main features +within this area -- blueberries, dust and rock -- it was important that +the rock abrasion tool's brush was able to rest on a relatively +berry-free spot. The rock's small size and crowd of berries made the +10-minute brushing a challenge to plan and execute. The successful +brushing on the target whimsically referred to as "Near Empty" on the +rover's 48th sol on Mars left a dust-free impression for subsequent +examination by the rover's spectrometers. No grinding was necessary on +the rock because spectral data obtained on the dust-free surface were +sufficient to verify that the rock's chemical composition differs +significantly from the hematite-rich berries. +3/13/2004 + +3/13/2004 + +3/12/2004 + +3/12/2004 + +The sphere-like grains or "blueberries" distributed throughout the +outcrop can be seen lining up with individual layers. This observation +indicates that the spherules are geologic features called concretions, +which form in pre-existing wet sediments. Other sphere-like grains, +such as impact spherules or volcanic lapilli (fragments of material +between 2 and 64 millimeters or .08 and 2.5 inches in maximum dimension +that are ejected from a volcano) are thought to be deposited with +sediments and thus would form layers distinct from those of the rocks. +3/11/2004 + +3/11/2004 + +3/11/2004 + +the 3.1 millimeter-deep (just over one-tenth of an inch) hole ground by +the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity's rock abrasion tool in the +target called "Mojo 2" on "Flatrock" was taken on the 44th martian day, +or sol, of the mission. It will help complete the chemical analysis of +the lowest layer of the outcrop in the crater where the rover now +resides. After a brief brushing on sol 45, the science team plans to +place Opportunity's spectrometers on the hole to collect data vital to +their understanding of this impressive outcrop. +Scientists believe that the spherule or "blueberry" in the upper right +area of the circular impression was sliced in half by the rock abrasion +tool. "Blueberries" are a known obstruction to the grinding tool that +cause it to terminate its sequence. Despite the stall, the rock +abrasion tool abraded "Flatrock" for one hour and five minutes, +producing a cavity ripe for investigation. +3/10/2004 + +3/10/2004 + +3/9/2004 + +3/8/2004 + +3/7/2004 + +3/7/2004 + +This hole was made by the rover's rock abrasion tool, located on its +instrument deployment device, or "arm." The hole is located on a target +called "McKittrick" at the "El Capitan" region of the Meridiani Planum, +Mars, rock outcrop. It was made on the 30th martian day, or sol, of +Opportunity's journey. +The grinding process at has generated a significant amount of reddish +dust. Color and spectral properties of the dust show that it may +contain some fine-grained crystalline red hematite. +Courtesy NASA/JPL +3/1/2004 + +2/29/2004 + +This hole was made by the rover's rock abrasion tool, located on its +instrument deployment device, or "arm." The hole is located on a target +called "Guadalupe" at the "El Capitan" region of the Meridiani Planum, +Mars, rock outcrop. It was made on the 30th martian day, or sol, of +Opportunity's journey. +The grinding process at has generated a significant amount of reddish +dust. Color and spectral properties of the dust show that it may +contain some fine-grained crystalline red hematite. +2/29/2004 + +The silver colored metal of the ring on the solar abrasion tool is a +reddish brown after the dust settled on it, probably from fine-grained +hematite. +2/29/2004 + +2/28/2004 + +2/28/2004 + +2/27/2004 + +2/27/2004 + +2/22/2004 + +The image is from the right pan camera, made up of ultraviolet +bandwidths. +2/20/2004 + +2/20/2004 + +The "El Capitan" region of the rock outcrop at Meridiani Planum, Mars. +This image shows fine, parallel lamination in the upper area of the +rock, which also contains scattered sphere-shaped objects ranging from +1 to 2 millimeters (.04 to .08 inches) in size. There are also more +abundant, scattered vugs, or small cavities, that are shaped like +discs. These are about 1 centimeter (0.4 inches) long. +2/20/2004 + +2/20/2004 + +The "El Capitan" region of the rock outcrop at Meridiani Planum, Mars. +2/20/2004 + +The "capture magnet," which attracts atmospheric dust particles from +the front deck of the rover. The lighter-colored areas in the image are +clean sections of the magnet virtually free of dust, and the dark areas +are places where dust has collected. Dust particles in the martian +atmosphere are estimated to be about 1 micrometer in size (1/1000th of +a millimeter or 1/1000th of .04 inches). +The material below the magnet's aluminum surface is laid out in +concentric rings, giving the image a bull's-eye appearance. The magnet +was designed in this configuration to collect as much atmospheric dust +as possible. Spirit and Opportunity each carry seven magnets. +2/19/2004 + +The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity dragged one of its wheels back +and forth across the sandy soil at Meridiani Planum to create a hole +(bottom left corner) approximately 50 centimeters (19.7 inches) long by +20 centimeters (7.9 inches) wide by 9 centimeters (3.5 inches) deep. +The rover's instrument deployment device, or arm, will begin studying +the fresh soil at the bottom of this trench later today for clues to +its mineral composition and history. Scientists chose this particular +site for digging because previous data taken by the rover's miniature +thermal emission spectrometer indicated that it contains crystalline +hematite, a mineral that sometimes forms in the presence of water. The +brightness of the newly-exposed soil is thought to be either intrinsic +to the soil itself, or a reflection of the Sun. +2/19/2004 + +The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity dragged one of its wheels back +and forth across the sandy soil at Meridiani Planum to create a hole +(bottom left corner) approximately 50 centimeters (19.7 inches) long by +20 centimeters (7.9 inches) wide by 9 centimeters (3.5 inches) deep. +The rover's instrument deployment device, or arm, will begin studying +the fresh soil at the bottom of this trench later today for clues to +its mineral composition and history. Scientists chose this particular +site for digging because previous data taken by the rover's miniature +thermal emission spectrometer indicated that it contains crystalline +hematite, a mineral that sometimes forms in the presence of water. The +brightness of the newly-exposed soil is thought to be either intrinsic +to the soil itself, or a reflection of the Sun. +2/19/2004 + +2/17/2004 + +2/17/2004 + +2/14/2004 + +2/12/2004 + +2/9/2004 + +2/8/2004 + +Rock abrasion tool, also known as "rat" (circular device in center), +located on the rover's instrument deployment device, or "arm." +2/8/2004 + +2/7/2004 + +2/7/2004 + +2/7/2004 + +A region at the end of the rock outcrop lining the small crater, called +"Eagle Crater." The sphere-like grains or "blueberries" dotting the +rocks in the outcrop can also be seen above the rocks, suggesting that +these geologic features have origins beyond Eagle Crater. +2/7/2004 + +2/3/2004 + +1/28/2004 + +1/28/2004 + +1/28/2004 + +1/28/2004 + +1/28/2004 + +1/28/2004 + +1/28/2004 + +1/28/2004 + +1/28/2004 + +These layered rocks measure only 10 centimeters (4 inches) tall and are +thought to be either volcanic ash deposits or sediments carried by +water or wind. +1/27/2004 + +1/26/2004 + + + + +Opportunity Photos + + + + +Mars in Color, from “Spirit” + +4/11/2004 + +4/11/2004 + +4/11/2004 + +4/11/2004 + +4/11/2004 + +4/11/2004 + +4/11/2004 + +4/11/2004 + +4/7/2004 + +4/7/2004 + +4/7/2004 + +4/6/2004 + +4/5/2004 + +4/5/2004 + +4/5/2004 + +4/5/2004 + +4/5/2004 + +no violet/indigo +4/5/2004 + +4/5/2004 + +4/4/2004 + +4/4/2004 + +4/3/2004 + +4/3/2004 + +4/3/2004 + +4/1/2004 + +3/31/2004 + +3/30/2004 + +3/29/2004 + +3/29/2004 + +3/27/2004 + +This image was taken by NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Spirit on sol 79 +after completing a two-location brushing on the rock dubbed "Mazatzal." +A coating of fine, dust-like material was successfully removed from +targets named "Illinois" (right) and "New York" (left), revealing clean +rock underneath. The center of the two brushed spots are approximately +10 centimeters (3.9 inches) apart and were aggressively analyzed by the +instruments on the robotic arm on sol 80. On sol 81, the rover drilled +into the New York target to expose the original rock underneath. +3/26/2004 + +3/25/2004 + +3/25/2004 + +3/25/2004 + +This hazard-avoidance camera image was taken by NASA's Mars Exploration +Rover Spirit on sol 79 after completing a two-location brushing on the +rock dubbed "Mazatzal." A coating of fine, dust-like material was +successfully removed from targets named "Illinois" (right) and "New +York" (left), revealing clean rock underneath. In this image, Spirit's +panoramic camera mast assembly, or camera head, can be seen shadowing +Mazatzal's surface. The center of the two brushed spots are +approximately 10 centimeters (3.9 inches) apart and were aggressively +analyzed by the instruments on the robotic arm on sol 80. On sol 81, +the rover drilled into the New York target to expose the original rock +underneath. +Note: The raw images are under the pan camera with color filters. ??? +3/24/2004 + +NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Spirit took this panoramic camera image +of the rock target named "Mazatzal" on sol 77 (March 22, 2004). It is a +close-up look at the rock face and the targets that will be brushed and +ground by the rock abrasion tool in upcoming sols. +Mazatzal, like most rocks on Earth and Mars, has layers of material +near its surface that provide clues about the history of the rock. +Scientists believe that the top layer of Mazatzal is actually a coating +of dust and possibly even salts. Under this light coating may be a more +solid portion of the rock that has been chemically altered by +weathering. Past this layer is the unaltered rock, which may give +scientists the best information about how Mazatzal was formed. +Because each layer reveals information about the formation and +subsequent history of Mazatzal, it is important that scientists get a +look at each of them. For this reason, they have developed a multi-part +strategy to use the rock abrasion tool to systematically peel back +Mazatzal's layers and analyze what's underneath with the rover's +microscopic imager, and its Moessbauer and alpha particle X-ray +spectrometers. +The strategy began on sol 77 when scientists used the microscopic +imager to get a closer look at targets on Mazatzal named "New York," +"Illinois" and "Arizona." These rock areas were targeted because they +posed the best opportunity for successfully using the rock abrasion +tool; Arizona also allowed for a close-up look at a range of tones. On +sol 78, Spirit's rock abrasion tool will do a light brushing on the +Illinois target to preserve some of the surface layers. Then, a +brushing of the New York target should remove the top coating of any +dust and salts and perhaps reveal the chemically altered rock +underneath. Finally, on sol 79, the rock abrasion tool will be +commanded to grind into the New York target, which will give scientists +the best chance of observing Mazatzal's interior. +The Mazatzal targets were named after the home states of some of the +rock abrasion tool and science team members. +3/23/2004 + +used violet for blue +3/22/2004 + +3/22/2004 + +3/22/2004 + +3/22/2004 + +3/22/2004 + +This image of the rock called "Mazatzal" was taken by the Mars +Exploration Rover Spirit. It reveals some interesting features on this +future rock abrasion tool target, including variants in tone, a sugary +surface texture and scalloped areas where parts of the rock seem to +have been worn away. Mazatzal's uniqueness is made even more obvious +when it is compared to the more typical, basaltic rock in the lower +right of the image. +3/21/2004 + +3/17/2004 + +3/17/2004 + +The Mars Exploration Rover Spirit acquired this navigation camera image +on the 72nd martian day, or sol, of its mission (March 15, 2004), after +digging its wheel into the drift dubbed "Serpent." Creating the +commands that would generate this "scar" was not an easy task for rover +controllers. Essentially, they had to choreograph an intricate dance +for Spirit, maneuvering it up the side of the dune, shimmying its left +front wheel a number of times to create the scuff, and then reversing +to attain proper positioning for miniature thermal emission +spectrometer observations. Before the task was finished, Spirit moved +forward to put the scuff within proper reach of the rover's arm. +This scar allows the rover's instruments to see below the drift +surface, to determine the composition of the materials. Initial results +indicate that the drift material is similar to the basaltic sands that +have been seen throughout Spirit's journey to the large crater dubbed +"Bonneville." The material does not seem to be the same as that inside +the crater. +Scientists are now looking to answer two questions: Why is the dark +sand in the crater not the same as the dark sand in the drift? And why +are there two different dark soil-type deposits in such a small place? +3/17/2004 + +3/17/2004 + +3/15/2004 + +3/15/2004 + +3/14/2004 + +3/14/2004 + +3/12/2004 + +3/11/2004 + +3/9/2004 + +3/9/2004 + +2/28/2004 + +2/27/2004 + +"Humphrey" at Gusev Crater, Mars, the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit's +landing site. Spirit examined the lumpy rock with its suite of +scientific instruments both before and after it drilled a hole into the +rock surface on the 60th martian day, or sol, of its mission. +"Humphrey" was one of several stops on the rover's way to the large +crater dubbed "Bonneville." +2/27/2004 + +2/27/2004 + +The large, shadowed rock in the foreground is nicknamed "Sandia" for a +mountain range in New Mexico. An imposing rock, "Sandia" is about 33 +centimeters high and about 1.7 meters long. When lightened, this image +reveals much about the pictured rocks, which the science team believes +are ejected material, or ejecta, from the nearby crater called +"Bonneville." Scientists believe "Sandia" is a basaltic rock that +landed on its side after being ejected from the crater. The vertical +lines on the side of the rock facing the camera are known by geologists +as "flow banding" and typically run horizontally, indicating that +"Sandia" is on its side. What look like small holes on the two visible +sides of the rock are called vesicles; they were probably once gas +bubbles within the lava. Many smaller rocks can be seen in the +background of the image. Some rocks are completely exposed, while +others are only peeking out of the surface. Scientists believe that two +processes might be at work here: accretion, which occurs when winds +deposit material that slowly buries many of the rocks; and deflation, +which occurs when surface material is removed by wind, exposing more +and more of the rocks. + +2/26/2004 + +2/18/2004 + +2/18/2004 + +2/17/2004 + +2/14/2004 + +2/14/2004 + +2/14/2004 + +2/14/2004 + +2/13/2004 + +2/13/2004 + +2/13/2004 + +2/13/2004 + +2/13/2004 + +2/13/2004 + +2/13/2004 + +2/13/2004 + +Magnetic dust collector +2/12/2004 + +2/10/2004 + +White Boat is the first rock target that Spirit drove to after +finishing a series of investigations on the rock Adirondack. White Boat +stood out to scientists due to its light color and more tabular shape +compared to the dark, rounded rocks that surround it. +2/9/2004 + +This is the Spirit's arm that does brushing, grinding, and drilling. +2/6/2004 + +This is the Spirit's arm that does brushing, grinding, and drilling. +2/2/2004 + + + + +Spirit Photos + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COLOR IMAGES FROM MARS ROVERS *** + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will +be renamed. + +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright +law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, +so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the +United States without permission and without paying copyright +royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part +of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm +concept and trademark. 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