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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Gardening for the Million, by Alfred Pink
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Gardening for the Million
+
+Author: Alfred Pink
+
+Release Date: April 3, 2004 [EBook #11892]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GARDENING FOR THE MILLION ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Dave Morgan, Bradley Norton and PG Distributed Proofreaders
+
+
+
+
+
+GARDENING FOR THE MILLION
+
+_By_ ALFRED PINK
+
+AUTHOR OF "RECIPES FOR THE MILLION."
+
+
+
+
+T. FISHER UNWIN
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+It is with the object of stimulating the cultivation of gardens still
+more beautiful than those generally to be met with that the present
+volume has been written. It has not been thought necessary to repeat
+in each case the times when the seeds of the various flowers and
+plants are to be sown. A careful attention to the remarks made
+under the headings of "Annuals," "Biennials," "Perennials," and
+"Seed-Sowing" will supply all the information needed. That the work
+may prove useful to those at least who supervise their own gardens is
+the sincere wish of the author.
+
+DULWICH.
+
+
+
+GARDENING FOR THE MILLION
+
+
+A
+
+Aaron's Rod.--_See_ "Solidago."
+
+Abelia.--Very ornamental evergreen shrubs, bearing tubular,
+funnel-shaped flowers. They succeed in any ordinary soil if the
+situation is warm and sheltered, and are readily raised by cuttings.
+Height, 3 ft. to 4 ft.
+
+Abies _(Spruce Firs)_.--Among these ornamental conifers mention may be
+made of the beautiful Japanese Spruce Ajanensis, which grows freely
+in most soils and has dual-coloured leaves--dark green on the upper
+surface and silvery white underneath; this makes a grand single
+specimen anywhere. The White Spruce (_Abies Alba Glauca_) is a rapid
+grower, but while it is small makes a lovely show in the border; it
+prefers a moist situation. Of the slow-growing and dwarf varieties
+Gregorii is a favourite. The Caerulea, or Blue Spruce, is also very
+beautiful. Clanbrasiliana is a good lawn shrub, never exceeding 4 ft.
+in height. The Pigmy Spruce (_A. Pygmea_) is the smallest of all firs,
+only attaining the height of 1 ft. Any of these may be increased by
+cuttings.
+
+Abronia.--Handsome half-hardy annual trailers. Grow in sandy peat and
+multiply by root division. Flowers in April. Height, 4 in. to 6 in.
+
+Abutilon.--Evergreen greenhouse shrubs of great beauty and easy
+cultivation. May be raised from seed, or by cuttings of young shoots
+placed in spring or summer in sand under glass, or with a bottom heat.
+Cut the old plants back in January, and when new shoots appear re-pot
+the plants. Height, 5 ft. to 8 ft.
+
+Acacia.--Winter and spring flowering greenhouse shrubs with charming
+flowers and graceful foliage. May be grown from seed, which should be
+soaked in warm water for twenty-four hours, or they may be propagated
+by layers, cuttings placed in heat, or suckers. They like a rich sandy
+loam soil. Height, 2 ft. to 3 ft.
+
+Acaena.--These shrubby plants are herbaceous and mostly hardy, of a
+creeping nature, fast growers, and suitable for dry banks or rough
+stony places. They flourish best in sandy loam and peat, and may be
+increased by cuttings placed under glass. The flowers, which are
+green, are produced in May. The height of the various kinds varies
+from 3 in. to 2 ft.
+
+Acantholimon Glumaceum _(Prickly Thrift)_.--This is a frame evergreen
+perennial, thriving in any light, rich soil. It can be increased by
+dividing the roots. In May it puts forth its rose-coloured flowers.
+Height, 3 in.
+
+Acanthus.--A coarse, yet stately hardy perennial, which has large
+ornamental foliage, and flowers in August. It is not particular as to
+soil or situation, but free space should be given it. Will grow from
+seed sown from March to midsummer, or in August or September in a
+sheltered situation. Will also bear dividing. Height, 3 ft.
+
+Acer (_Maple_).--Very vigorous plants, suitable when young for pots,
+and afterwards for the shrubbery. The A. Negundo Variegata has silvery
+variegated leaves, which contrast effectively with dark foliage,
+Campestre Colchicum Rubrum, with its bright crimson palmate leaves,
+is very ornamental, as is also Negundo Californicum Aurem, with its
+golden-yellow foliage. The Maple grows best in a sandy loam. It may be
+increased by cuttings planted in a shaded situation, or by layers, but
+the choice varieties are best raised from seed sown as soon as it is
+ripe.
+
+Achillea Ptarmica (_Sneezewort_).--A pure white hardy perennial which
+blooms in August. The dried leaves, powdered, produce sneezing.
+Any soil. Best increased by rooted off-sets. Flowers from July to
+September. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Achimenes.--Fine plants, suitable for the greenhouse, sitting-room, or
+hanging baskets. Plant six tubers in a 5-in. pot, with their growing
+ends inclining to the centre and the roots to the edge of the pot, and
+cover them an inch deep with a compost of peat, loam, and leaf-mould,
+or a light, sandy soil. Keep them well supplied with liquid manure
+while in a growing state. Height, 6 in. to 2-1/2 ft.
+
+Aconite (_Monk's-Hood or Wolf's-Bane_).--Very pretty and very hardy,
+and succeeds under the shade of trees; but being very poisonous should
+not be grown where there are children. Increased by division or
+by seeds. Flowers June to July. Height, 4 ft. (_See also_ "Winter
+Aconites.")
+
+Acorus (_Sweet Flag)._--A hardy bog plant, having an abundance of
+light-coloured evergreen foliage. It will grow in any wet soil.
+Height, 2 ft.
+
+Acroclinium.--Daisy-like everlastings. Half-hardy annuals suitable
+for cutting during summer, and for winter bouquets. Sow in pots in
+February or March, cover lightly with fine soil, plunge the pot in
+gentle heat, place a square of glass on the top, and gradually harden
+off. Seed may also be sown in the open during May or in autumn for
+early flowering. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Acrophyllum Verticillatum.--A greenhouse evergreen shrub. It will grow
+in any soil, and may be increased by cuttings of half-ripened wood.
+March is its flowering season. Height, 3 ft.
+
+Acrotis.--These are mostly hardy herbaceous plants from South Africa.
+The soil should consist of two parts loam and one part leaf-mould, and
+the situation should be dry and sunny. Seed may be sown early in March
+in gentle heat, and the plants grown on in a cold frame till May, when
+they may be planted out a foot apart. They will flower at midsummer.
+Winter in a warm greenhouse. Height, 2 ft. Some few are of a creeping
+nature.
+
+Actaea Spicata (_Bane Berry_).--A hardy herbaceous perennial which
+delights in a shady position, and will even grow under trees. It is
+increased by division of the roots, or it may readily be raised from
+seed in ordinary soil. May is its flowering month. Height, 3 ft.
+
+Actinella Grandiflora.--A showy herbaceous plant, bearing large
+orange-coloured flowers in July. It is not particular as to soil, and
+is increased by dividing the roots. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Actinomeris Squarrosa.--This hardy and ornamental herbaceous plant
+bears heads of bright yellow flowers, resembling small sunflowers,
+from June to August. It thrives in any loamy soil, and is easily
+increased by dividing the root. Height, 4 ft.
+
+Adam's Needle.--_See_ "Yucca."
+
+Adenandra Fragrans.--An evergreen shrub suitable for the greenhouse.
+It thrives best in a mixture of sandy peat and turfy loam. Cuttings
+of the young branches stuck in sand will strike. It flowers in June.
+Height, 3 ft.
+
+Adenophora Lilifolia.--Pretty hardy perennials suitable for the
+border. Produce drooping pale blue flowers on branching spikes in
+July. Any soil suits them. They may be grown from seed, but will not
+allow being divided at the root. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Adlumia Cirrhosa.--Interesting hardy climbers. Will grow in any soil,
+and are readily increased by seeds sown in a damp situation. Require
+the support of stakes. Bloom in August. Height, 15 ft.
+
+Adonis Flos.--Showy crimson summer flowers, requiring only the
+simplest treatment of hardy annuals. Sow in March or April in the open
+border. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Adonis Pyrenaica.--A rare but charming Pyrenean perennial species,
+with thick ornamental foliage, and producing large golden-yellow
+flowers from May to July. It needs no special treatment. Height, 1-1/2
+ft.
+
+Adonis Vernalis.--A favourite hardy perennial, which grows freely from
+seed in any garden soil. It may also be increased by dividing the
+roots. Height, 1 ft.
+
+AEthionema Cordifolium.--This little Alpine plant is a hardy evergreen
+that is very suitable for rock-work, as it will grow in any soil. Its
+rose-hued flowers are produced in June. It may be propagated by seeds
+or cuttings. Height, 3 in.
+
+Agapanthus (_African Lily_).--This is a noble plant, which succeeds
+well in the open if placed in a rich, deep, moist loam in a sunny
+situation or in partial shade. In pots it requires a strong loamy soil
+with plenty of manure. Throughout the summer the pots should stand
+in pans of water. Re-pot in March. Give it plenty of pot room, say a
+9-in. pot for each plant. In winter protect from severe frost, and
+give but very little water. The flowers are both lovely and showy,
+being produced during August in great bunches on stems 3 ft. high. The
+plant is nearly hardy. Several growing together in a large tub produce
+a fine effect. It is increased by dividing the root while in a dormant
+state.
+
+Ageratum.--Effective half-hardy annual bedding plants, thriving best
+in a light, rich soil. Seed should be sown in heat in February or
+March. Cuttings root freely under glass. Height, 1-1/2 ft. There is a
+dwarf variety suitable for ribbon borders and edgings. Height, 6 in.
+
+Agricultural Seeds.--Required per statute acre.
+
+Carrot 5 to 6 lb. Cabbage (to transplant) 1" Cabbage (to drill) 2 to
+3" Kohl Rabi (to drill) 2 to 3" Lucerne 16 to 20" Mangold Wurtzel 5
+to 7" Mustard (Broadcast) 10 to 20" Rape or Cole 4 to 6" Rye Grass,
+Italian 3 bus. Rye Grass, Perennial 2" Sainfoin 4" Tares, or Vetches
+3" Turnip, Swedish 3 lb. Turnip, Common 2 to 3" Trifolium 16 to 20"
+
+Agrostemma.--A hardy annual that is very pretty when in flower;
+suitable for borders. Flourishes in any soil, and is easily raised
+from seed sown in spring. Blooms in June and July. There are also
+perennial varieties: these are increased by division of the root.
+Height, 1 ft. to 3 ft.
+
+Agrostis.--A very elegant and graceful species of Bent-Grass. It is a
+hardy annual, and is largely used for bouquets. Sow the seed in March.
+Height, 1 ft. to 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Ajuga Reptans.--A hardy herbaceous perennial, suitable for the front
+of borders. It will grow in any soil, and may be propagated by seeds
+or division. May is its flowering season. Height, 6 in.
+
+Akebia Quinata.--This greenhouse evergreen twining plant delights in a
+soil of loam and peat; flowers in March, and is increased by dividing
+the roots. Height, 10 ft.
+
+Alchemilla Alpina (_Lady's Mantle_).--A useful hardy perennial for
+rock-work. It will grow in any soil, if not too wet, and may be
+increased by seed sown in the spring or early autumn, or by dividing
+the roots. It flowers in June. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Allium Descendens.--A hardy, bulbous perennial. Plant in October or
+November in any garden soil, and the flowers will be borne in July.
+Height, 1 ft.
+
+Allium Neapolitanum.--This is popularly known as the "Star." It bears
+large heads of pure white flowers, and is suitable for borders, pots,
+or forcing in a cool house. Any common soil suits it. It is increased
+by off-sets. Being one of our earliest spring flowers, the bulbs
+should be planted early in autumn. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Allspice.--_See_ "Calycanthus" and "Chimonanthus."
+
+Alonsoa.--A pretty and free-blooming half-hardy annual, which produces
+fine spikes of orange-scarlet flowers in June. It is multiplied by
+cuttings or seeds. Height, 1 ft. to 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Aloysia Citriodora.--This favourite lemon-scented verbena should be
+grown in rich mould. If grown in the open, it should be trained to a
+wall facing south, and in winter the roots need protecting with a heap
+of ashes and the branches to be tied up with matting. It is increased
+by cuttings planted in sand. August is its flowering season. Height, 3
+ft.
+
+Alsine Rosani.--This pretty little herbaceous plant, with its cushions
+of green growth, makes a very fine display on rock-work or in any
+shady position. Ordinary soil suits; it is of easy culture, and
+flowers during June and July. Height, 3 in.
+
+Alstromeria (_Peruvian Lilies_).--These beautiful summer-flowering
+hardy perennials produce large heads of lily-like blossoms in great
+profusion, which are invaluable for cutting for vase decorations as
+the bloom lasts a long time in water. Plant in autumn 6 in. deep in a
+well-drained sunny situation, preferably on a south border. Protect
+in winter with a covering of leaves or litter. They may be grown from
+seed sown as soon as it is ripe in sandy loam. They bloom in July.
+Height, 2 ft. to 3 ft.
+
+Alternantheras.--Cuttings of this greenhouse herbaceous plant may be
+struck in autumn, though they are usually taken from the old plants in
+spring. Insert them singly in 4-1/2-in. pots filled with coarse sand,
+loam, and leaf-mould. When rooted, place them near the glass, and keep
+the temperature moist and at 60 degrees or 65 degrees, then they will
+flower in July. Height, 4 in. to 1 ft.
+
+Althea--_See_ "Hibiscus."
+
+Alyssum.--Well adapted for rock-work or the front of flower-beds,
+and is best sown in autumn. The annual, or Sweet Alyssum, bears an
+abundance of scented white flowers in June, and on to the end of
+September. The hardy perennial, Saxatile (commonly called Gold Dust),
+bears yellow flowers in spring. Height, 6 in.
+
+Amaranthus.--The foliage of these half-hardy annual plants are
+extremely beautiful, some being carmine, others green and crimson,
+some yellow, red, and green. They are very suitable either for bedding
+or pot plants. Sow the seed early in spring in gentle heat, and plant
+out in May or June in very rich soil. If put into pots, give plenty of
+room for the roots and keep well supplied with water. Flower in July
+and August. Height, 1-1/2 ft. to 6 ft.
+
+Amaryllis.--These plants bear large drooping bell-shaped lily-like
+blossoms. They thrive best in a compost of turfy loam and peat, with
+a fair quantity of sand. The pots must in all cases be well drained.
+Most of the stove and greenhouse species should be turned out of their
+pots in autumn, and laid by in a dry place until spring, when they
+should be re-potted and kept liberally supplied with water. A.
+Reticulata and A. Striatifolia bloom best, however, when undisturbed.
+Discontinue watering when the foliage shows signs of failing, but
+avoid shrivelling the leaves. The hardy varieties should be planted
+6 in. deep in light, well--drained soil, and allowed to remain
+undisturbed for two or three years, when they will probably require
+thinning out. They are increased by off-sets from the bulbs.
+
+The Belladonna (_Belladonna Lily_) should be planted in June in a
+sheltered border in rich, well-drained soil.
+
+Formosissima (_the Scarlet Jacobean Lily_) is a gem for the
+greenhouse, and very suitable for forcing, as it will bloom two or
+three times in a season. It should be potted in February.
+
+Lutea (_Sternbergia)_ flowers in autumn. Plant 4 in. deep from October
+to December.
+
+Purpurea (_Vallota Purpurea or Scarborough Lily_) is a very beautiful
+free bloomer. October and November or March and April are the most
+favourable times for potting, but established plants should be
+re-potted in June or July.
+
+Ambrosia Mexicana.--A hardy annual of the simplest culture. Sow the
+seed in spring in any fine garden soil. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+American Plants.--These thrive most in a peat or bog soil, but where
+this cannot be obtained a good fertile loam, with a dressing of fresh
+cow manure once in two years, may be used; or leaf-mould and soil from
+the surface of pasture land, in the proportions of three parts of the
+former to one of the latter. The soil should be chopped up and used
+in a rough condition. Sickly plants with yellowish foliage may be
+restored by applying liquid manure once a week during the month of
+July. A light top-dressing of cow manure applied annually, and keeping
+the roots free from stagnant water, will preserve the plants in good
+health.
+
+Ammobium.--Pretty hardy perennials which may be very easily raised
+from seed on a sandy soil. Flower in June. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Ampelopsis.--Handsome and rapid climbers, with noble foliage, some
+changing to a deep crimson in autumn. The Veitchii clings to the wall
+without nailing, and produces a profusion of lovely leaves which
+change colour. Any of the varieties may be grown in common garden
+soil, and may be increased by layers.
+
+Anagallis (_Pimpernel_.)--Very pretty. Sow the hardy annuals in the
+open early in March; the biennials or half-hardy perennials in pots in
+a greenhouse or a frame, and plant out when strong enough. May also be
+increased by cuttings planted in ordinary soil under glass. Flower in
+July. Height, 6 in.
+
+Anchusa.--Anchusa Capensis is best raised in a frame and treated as
+a greenhouse plant, though in reality it is a hardy perennial. The
+annual and biennial kinds succeed well if sown in the open in rich
+soil. All are ornamental and open their flowers in June. Height, 1-1/2
+ft. (_See also_ "Bugloss.")
+
+Andromeda.--An ornamental evergreen shrub, commonly known as the Marsh
+Cystus, and thriving in a peat soil with partial shade. May be grown
+from seed sown directly it is ripe and only lightly covered with
+soil, as the seed rots if too much mould is placed over it. Place the
+seedlings in a cold frame and let them have plenty of air. It is
+more generally increased by layers in September, which must not be
+disturbed for a year. Drought will kill it, so the roots must never be
+allowed to get dry. It flowers in April and May. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Androsace.--Pretty little plants, mostly hardy, but some require the
+protection of a frame. They grow best in small pots in a mixture
+of turfy loam and peat. Water them very cautiously. They flower at
+different seasons, some blooming as early as April, while others do
+not put forth flower till August. They can be increased by division as
+well as by seed. Height, 6 in.
+
+Anemones.--These are highly ornamental, producing a brilliant display
+of flowers. The scarlets make very effective beds. They are mostly
+hardy, and may be grown in any moist, light, rich garden soil,
+preferably mixed with a good proportion of silver sand. They should
+occupy a sunny and well-drained situation. For early spring flowering
+plant from October to December, placing the tubers 2-1/2 or 3 in. deep
+and 4 or 5 in. apart, with a trowelful of manure under each plant, but
+not touching them. A little sea sand or salt mixed with the soil is a
+preventive of mildew. If planted in February and March they will
+bloom from April to June. They are increased by seeds, divisions, or
+off-sets; the greenhouse varieties from cuttings in light loam under
+glass. The tubers will not keep long out of the ground. In growing
+from seed choose seeds from single-flowering plants; sow in March
+where they are intended to flower 1 in. deep and 9 in. apart; cover
+with leaf-mould. Two or three sowings may be made also during the
+summer. Height, 6 in. to 2 ft.
+
+Anemonopsis Macrophylla.--A rather scarce but remarkably handsome
+perennial, producing lilac-purple flowers with yellow stamens in July
+and August. It will grow in ordinary soil, and may be increased by
+division. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Angelonia Grandiflora Alba.--An elegant and graceful greenhouse plant,
+giving forth a delicious aromatic odour. It grows best in a compost
+of turfy loam and peat, but thrives in any light, rich soil. Take
+cuttings during summer, place them under glass, but give a little air
+occasionally. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Annuals.--Plants of this description arrive at maturity, bloom,
+produce seed, and die in one season.
+
+_Hardy_.--The seed should be sown thinly in the open borders
+during March, April, or May in fine soil, covering slightly with
+well-prepared mould--very small seeds require merely a dusting over
+them. When the plants are large enough to handle, thin them out
+boldly, to allow them to develop their true character. By this means
+strong and sturdy plants are produced and their flowering properties
+are enhanced. Many of the hardy annuals may be sown in August and
+September for spring flowering, and require little or no protection
+from frost.
+
+_Half-Hardy._--These are best sown in boxes 2 or 3 in. deep during
+February and March, and placed on a slight hotbed, or in a greenhouse
+at a temperature of about 60 degrees. The box should be nearly
+filled with equal parts of good garden soil and coarse silver sand,
+thoroughly mixed, and have holes at the bottom for drainage. Scatter
+the seeds thinly and evenly over the soil and cover very lightly. Very
+small seeds, such as lobelia and musk, should not be covered by earth,
+but a sheet of glass over the box is beneficial, as it keeps the
+moisture from evaporating too quickly. Should watering become
+necessary, care must be taken that the seeds are not washed out. As
+soon as the young plants appear, remove the glass and place them near
+the light, where gentle ventilation can be given them to prevent long
+and straggly growth. Harden off gradually, but do not plant out until
+the weather is favourable. Seed may also be sown in a cold frame in
+April, or in the open border during May; or the plants may be raised
+in the windows of the sitting-room.
+
+_Tender_.--These must be sown on a hotbed, or in rather stronger heat
+than is necessary for half-hardy descriptions. As soon as they are
+large enough to be shifted, prick them off into small pots, gradually
+potting them on into larger sizes until the flowering size is reached.
+
+Anomatheca Cruenta.--This produces an abundance of bright red flowers
+with a dark blotch and a low growth of grass-like foliage. It is
+suitable for either vases, edges, or groups. Plant the bulbs in autumn
+in a mixture of loam and peat, and the plants will flower in July.
+They require a slight protection from frost. If the seed is set as
+soon as it is ripe it produces bulbs which will flower the following
+year. Height, 6 in.
+
+Antennaria.--Hardy perennial plants, requiring a rich, light soil.
+They flower in June and July, and may be increased by cuttings or
+division. The heights of the various kinds range from 3 in. to 2 ft.
+
+Anthemis Tinctoria (_Yellow Marguerites_).--These perennials are
+almost hardy, needing protection merely in severe weather. They are
+readily raised from seed sown in gentle heat early in spring or by
+slips during the summer months. Transplant into light soil. As pot
+plants they are very effective. June is their flowering period.
+Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Anthericum Liliago (_St. Bernard's Lily_).--One of the finest of hardy
+plants, and easy to grow. Planted in deep, free, sandy soil, it will
+grow vigorously, and in early summer throw up spikes of snowy-white,
+lily-like blossoms from 2 to 3 feet in height. It may be divided every
+three or four years, but should not be disturbed oftener. Mulching in
+early springtime is advantageous.
+
+Anthericum Liliastrum _(St. Bruno's Lily_).--This hardy perennial is a
+profuse bloomer, throwing up spikes of starry white flowers from May
+to July. Treat in the same manner as the foregoing. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Anthoxanthum Gracila.--Sweet vernal grass. It is graceful and
+ornamental, and is used for edgings. Sow in spring, keeping the seed
+moist until it germinates. Height, 6 in.
+
+Anthyllis Montana.--A fine hardy perennial for rock-work. It is of a
+procumbent habit, and has a woody nature. A vegetable soil is best
+suited for its growth, and its roots should be in contact with large
+stones. It may be increased by cuttings taken in spring and planted in
+the shade in leaf-mould. It flowers at midsummer. Height, 6 in.
+
+Antirrhinum (_Snapdragon_).--Handsome hardy perennials; most effective
+in beds or borders. They stand remarkably well both drought and
+excessive rainfall, and succeed in any common soil. Seeds sown early
+in spring produce flowers the same year. For spring bedding, sow in
+July; keep the young plants in a cold frame, and plant out in March or
+April. Choice sorts may be plentifully increased by cuttings taken in
+July or August. Flower from July to September. Height, 1-1/2 ft. to 2
+ft.
+
+Ants in Gardens.--Contrary to general belief, ants do more good
+than harm to a garden; but as they are unsightly on flowers, it is
+advisable to tie a little wool round the stems of standard roses and
+other things upon which they congregate. They will not crawl over the
+wool. A little sulphur sprinkled over a plant will keep them from it;
+while wall-fruit, etc., may be kept free from them by surrounding it
+with a broad band of chalk. Should they become troublesome on account
+of their numbers a strong decoction of elder leaves poured into the
+nest will destroy them; or a more expeditious method of getting rid of
+them is to put gunpowder in their nests and fire it with a piece of
+touch-paper tied on to a long stick.
+
+Aotus Gracillima.--A charming and graceful evergreen shrub, whose
+slender branches are covered with small pea-like flowers in May. It is
+most suitable for the greenhouse, and delights in a soil of loamy peat
+and sand. Cuttings of half-ripened wood planted under glass will take
+root. Height, 3 ft.
+
+Aphides, or plant-lice, make their presence known by the plant
+assuming an unhealthy appearance, the leaves curling up, etc.
+Frequently swarms of ants (which feed upon the aphides) are found
+beneath the plants attacked. Syringe the plant all over repeatedly
+with gas-tar water, or with tobacco or lime-water. The lady-bird is
+their natural enemy.
+
+Apios Tuberosa (_Glycine Apios_).--An American climbing plant which
+produces in the autumn bunches of purple flowers of an agreeable
+odour. The foliage is light and elegant. The plant is quite hardy. It
+enjoys a light soil and a good amount of sunshine. It may be increased
+by separating the tubers after the tops have died down, and planting
+them while they are fresh. Height, 12 ft.
+
+Aponogeton.--_See_ "Aquatics."
+
+Apples.--Apples delight in a moist, cool climate. All apples will not
+succeed on the same soil, some preferring clay, while others grow best
+in sandy loam or in well-drained peat. For a deep, good soil and a
+sheltered situation the standard form grafted on the Crab-apple is
+generally considered to be the most profitable. For shallow soils it
+is better to graft on to the Paradise stock, as its roots do not run
+down so low as the Crab. The ground, whether deep or shallow, should
+receive a good mulching in the autumn; that on the deep soil being dug
+in at the approach of spring, while that on the shallow soil should
+be removed in the spring to allow the ground to be lightly forked and
+sweetened, replacing the manure when the dry, hot weather sets in. The
+best time to perform the grafting is March, and it should be done
+on the whip-handle system, particulars of which will be found under
+"Grafting." Young trees may be planted in the autumn, as soon as the
+leaves have fallen. Budding is done in August, just in the same manner
+as roses. In spring head back to the bud; a vigorous shoot will then
+be produced, which can be trained as desired. Apples need very little
+pruning, it being merely necessary to remove branches growing in the
+wrong direction; but this should be done annually, while the branches
+are young--either at the end of July or in winter. If moss makes its
+appearance, scrape it off and wash the branches with hot lime. The
+following sorts may be specially recommended:--For heavy soils,
+Duchess of Oldenburgh, equally suitable for cooking or dessert;
+Warner's King, one of the best for mid-season; and King of the
+Pippins, a handsome and early dessert apple. For light, warm soils,
+Cox's Orange Pippin or Bess Pool. The Devonshire Quarrenden is a
+delicious apple, and will grow on any good soil. In orchards standards
+should stand 40 ft. apart each way, and dwarfs from 10 ft. to 15 ft.
+
+Apricots.--Early in November is the most favourable time for planting
+Apricots. The soil--good, sound loam for preference--should be dug 3
+ft. deep, and mixed with one-fourth its quantity of rotten leaves and
+one-fourth old plaster refuse. Place a substratum of bricks below each
+tree and tread the earth very firmly round the roots. They will not
+need any manure until they are fruiting, when a little may be applied
+in a weak liquid form, but a plentiful supply of water should be given
+during spring and summer months. The fan shape is undoubtedly the best
+way of training the branches, as it allows a ready means of tucking
+small yew branches between them to protect the buds from the cold.
+They may be grown on their own roots by planting the stone, but a
+quicker way to obtain fruit is to bud them on to vigorous seedling
+plum trees. This should be done in August, inserting the bud on
+the north or north-west side of the stem and as near the ground as
+possible. To obtain prime fruit, thin the fruit-buds out to a distance
+of 6 in. one from the other. In the spring any leaf-buds not required
+for permanent shoots can be pinched back to three or four leaves
+to form spurs. The Apricot is subject to a sort of paralysis, the
+branches dying off suddenly. The only remedy for this seems to be to
+prevent premature vegetation. The following are good sorts: Moor Park,
+Grosse Peche, Royal St. Ambroise, Kaisha, Powell's Late, and Oullin's
+Early. In plantations they should stand 20 ft. apart.
+
+Aquatics.--All aquatics grow best in wicker-baskets filled with earth.
+Cover the surface of the earth with hay-bands twisted backwards and
+forwards and round the plant, and lace it down with tarred string, so
+as to keep the earth and plant from being washed out. The following
+make good plants:--White Water Lily (_Nymphaea Alba_) in deep water
+with muddy bottom; Yellow Water Lily (_Nuphar Lutea_); and Nuphar
+Advena, having yellow and red flowers; Hottonia Palustris, bearing
+flesh-coloured flowers, and Alismas, or Water Plantain, with white,
+and purple and white flowers. Water Forget-me-nots (_Myosotis
+Palustris_) flourish on the edges of ponds or rivers. The Water
+Hawthorn (_Aponogetou Distachyon_) does well in a warm, sheltered
+position, and may be grown in loam, plunged in a pan of water.
+Calla Ethiopica bears pretty white flowers, so also does the
+before-mentioned Aponogeton Distachyon. The Flowering Rush (_Butomus
+Umbellatus_), produces fine heads of pink flowers. The Water Violet
+merely needs to be laid on the surface of the water; the roots float.
+For shallow water Menyanthus Trifoliata (Three-leaved Buckbean) and
+Typha Latifolia (Broad-leaved Cat's Tail) are suitable. Weeping
+Willows grow readily from cuttings of ripened shoots, planted in moist
+soil in autumn. Spiraea does well in moist situations, near water.
+Aquatics are propagated by seed sown under water: many will allow of
+root-division. Tender Aquatics are removed in winter to warm-water
+tanks.
+
+Aquilegia (_Columbine_).--Very ornamental and easily-grown hardy
+perennials. Sow seed in March in sandy soil, under glass, and
+transplant when strong enough. Common garden soil suits them. The
+roots may be divided in spring or autumn. The flowers are produced
+from May to July. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Arabis Alpina (_Rock Cress, or Snow in Summer_).--Pure white hardy
+perennial, which is valuable for spring bedding. Not particular to
+soil, and easily raised from seed sown from March to June, placed
+under a frame, and transplanted in the autumn, or it may be propagated
+by slips, but more surely by rootlets taken after the plants have done
+flowering. Plant 3 in. apart. Height, 6 in.
+
+Aralia (_Fatsia Japonica_).--Fine foliage plants, very suitable for a
+shady situation in a living-room. They may be raised from seed sown
+in autumn in a gentle heat, in well-drained pots of light sandy soil.
+Keep the mould moist, and when the plants are large enough to handle,
+pot them off singly in thumb pots, using rich, light, sandy soil. Do
+not pot too firmly. Keep them moist, but do not over water, especially
+in winter, and re-pot as the plants increase in size. Be careful not
+to let the sun shine on them at any time, as this would cause the
+leaves to lose their fresh colour.
+
+Aralia Sieboldi (_Fig Palm_).--This shrub is an evergreen, and is
+generally given stove culture, though it proves quite hardy in the
+open, where its large deep-green leaves acquire a beauty surpassing
+those grown indoors. Slips of half-ripened wood taken at a joint in
+July may be struck in heat and for the first year grown on in the
+greenhouse. The young plants should be hardened off and planted out
+in May in a sunny situation. It should be grown in well-drained sandy
+loam. Is increased also by off-sets, and blooms (if at all) in July.
+Height, 3 ft.
+
+Aralia Sinensis. _See_ "Dimorphantus."
+
+Araucaria Imbricata (_The Monkey Puzzle, or Chilian Pine_).--This
+strikingly handsome conifer is very suitable for a forecourt or for
+a single specimen on grass. Young plants are sometimes grown in the
+conservatory and in the borders of shrubberies, as well as in the
+centres of beds. It requires a good stiff sandy loam, which must be
+well drained, and plenty of room for root action should be allowed.
+Young plants are obtained from seed sown in good mellow soil. Water
+sparingly, especially during the winter.
+
+Arbor Vitae. _See_ "Thuya."
+
+Arbutus (_Strawberry Tree_).--Elegant evergreen shrubs with dark
+foliage of great beauty during October and November, when they produce
+an abundance of pearly-white flowers, and the fruit of the previous
+year is ripe. A. Unedo is particularly charming. They flourish in the
+open in sandy loam. The dwarfs are increased by layers, the rest by
+seeds or by budding on each other.
+
+Arctostaphylos.--These evergreen shrubs need the same treatment as
+Arbutos. A. Uva-ursi, or Creeping Arbutos, is a pretty prostrate
+evergreen, which flowers in May, and is only 3 in. high.
+
+Arctotis.--A showy and interesting half-hardy annual. Raise the seed
+in a frame in March, and transplant in May. It succeeds best in a
+mixture of loam and peat. It flowers in June. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Arctotis Grandis.--A very handsome, half-hardy annual producing large
+daisy-like flowers on long wiry stems, the upper part being white and
+the base yellow and lilac, while the reverse of the petals are of
+a light lilac. The seed should be sown early in spring on a slight
+hot-bed, and the plants potted off, when sufficiently strong, using a
+rich, light mould. They may be transferred to the border as soon as
+all fear of frost is over. Height, 2-1/2 ft.
+
+Ardisia Japonica.--An evergreen shrub which delights in a mixture of
+loam and peat. Cuttings will strike if planted in sand under glass
+with a little bottom heat. It flowers in July. Height, 6 ft.
+
+Arenaria Balearica (_Sand Wort_).--A hardy evergreen trailing plant of
+easy culture, provided it is favoured with a sandy soil. Its cushions
+of white flowers are produced in July, and it may be increased by seed
+or division. Height, 3 in. It is a beautiful plant for moist, shady
+rock-work.
+
+Argemone.--Interesting hardy annuals, succeeding well in any common
+garden soil. Are increased by suckers or by seed sown in spring.
+Height, 6 in. to 3 ft.
+
+Aristolochia Sipho (_Dutchman's Pipe_).--This hardy, deciduous climber
+grows best in peat and sandy loam with the addition of a little dung.
+It may be raised from cuttings placed in sand under glass. Height, 30
+ft.
+
+Armeria (_Thrift_).--Handsome hardy perennials for rock-work or pots.
+They require an open, rich, sandy soil. Bloom June to September.
+Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Arnebia.--Ornamental hardy annuals, closely allied to the Anchusa.
+The seeds are sown in the open in spring, and flowers are produced in
+July. Height, 2 ft. There is also a dwarf hardy perennial variety (_A.
+Echioides_) known as the Prophet's Flower, growing about 1 ft. high,
+and flowering early in summer. It needs no special treatment.
+
+Artemisia Annua.--Pretty hardy annuals, the silvery leaves of the
+plant being very effective on rock-work. Sow the seed in spring where
+it is to flower. Height, 6 ft.
+
+Artemisia Arborea. _See_ "Southernwood."
+
+Artemisia Villarsii.--A hardy perennial whose graceful sprays of
+finely-cut silvery foliage are very useful for mixing with cut
+flowers. It may be grown from seed on any soil, and the roots bear
+dividing; flowers from June to August. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Artichokes.--The Jerusalem variety will flourish in light sandy soil
+where few other things will grow. Plant the tubers in March, 6 in.
+deep and 12 in. apart in rows 3 ft. asunder, and raise and store them
+in November. The Globe variety is increased by off-sets taken in
+March. Set them in deeply manured ground in threes, at least 2 ft.
+apart and 4 ft. from row to row. Keep them well watered, and the
+ground between them loose. They bear best when two or three years old.
+
+Arum Lilies.--In warm districts these beautiful plants may be grown
+in damp places out of doors, with a south aspect and a background of
+shrubs, though, not being thoroughly hardy, it is safer to grow them
+in pots. They may be raised from seed in boxes of leaf-mould and sand,
+covering them with glass, and keeping them well watered. As soon as
+they can be handled, transplant them into small pots, and pot on as
+they increase in size. They may also be increased by the small shoots
+that form round the base of the corms, using a compost of loam,
+leaf-mould, and sand, with a little crushed charcoal. In June
+transplant them in the open to ripen their corms, and in August
+put them carefully into 6-in. pots filled with the above-mentioned
+compost. They need at all times a good amount of moisture, especially
+at such times as they are removed from one soil to another. At the
+same time, it is necessary to procure good drainage. It is well to
+feed them every other day with weak liquid manure. A temperature of 55
+degrees throughout the winter is quite sufficient. When grown in the
+open, the bulbs should be placed 3 in. below the soil, with a little
+silver sand beneath each, and not be disturbed oftener than once in
+four years. Three or four may stand a foot apart. Stake neatly the
+flower stems. They flower from September to June.
+
+Arums.--Remarkably handsome plants with fine foliage and curious
+inflorescence more or less enclosed in a hooded spathe, which is
+generally richly coloured and marked. They are hardy, easily grown in
+any soil (a good sandy one is preferable), and flower in July. Height,
+1-1/2 ft. (_See also_ "Calla.")
+
+Asarum Europaeum.--This curious hardy perennial will grow in almost
+any soil, and may be increased by taking off portions of the root
+early in autumn, placing them in small pots till the beginning of
+spring, then planting them out. It produces its purple flowers in May.
+Height, 9 in.
+
+Asclepias (_Swallow-Wort_).--Showy hardy perennials which require
+plenty of room to develop. They may be grown from seed sown in August
+or April, or can be increased by division of the root. A very light
+soil is needed, and plenty of sunshine. Flowers are produced in July.
+Height, 1 ft. to 2-1/2 ft.
+
+Asparagus.--Sow in March or April, in rich light soil, allowing the
+plants to remain in the seed-beds until the following spring; then
+transplant into beds thoroughly prepared by trenching the ground 3 ft.
+deep, and mixing about a foot thick of well-rotted manure and a good
+proportion of broken bones and salt with the soil. The plants should
+stand 2 ft. apart. In dry weather water liberally with liquid manure,
+and fork in a good supply of manure every autumn. Give protection in
+winter. The plants should not be cut for use until they become strong
+and throw up fine grass, and cutting should not be continued late in
+the season. April is a good time for making new beds. The roots should
+be planted as soon as possible after they are lifted, as exposure to
+the air is very injurious to them.
+
+Asparagus Plumosus Nanus is a greenhouse variety, bearing fern-like
+foliage. The seeds should be sown in slight heat early in spring.
+
+Asparagus Sprengeri.--This delightful greenhouse climber is seen to
+best advantage when suspended in a hanging basket, but it also makes
+an attractive plant when grown on upright sticks, or on trellis-work.
+It is useful for cut purposes, lasting a long time in this state,
+and is fast taking the place of ferns, its light and elegant foliage
+making it a general favourite. It should be grown in rich, light
+mould, and may be propagated by seed or division. The roots should not
+be kept too wet, especially in cold weather.
+
+Asperula (_Woodruff_).--A. Azurea Setosa is a pretty, light-blue
+hardy annual, which is usually sown in the open in autumn for early
+flowering; if sown in the spring it will bloom in June or July. A.
+Odorata is a hardy perennial, merely needing ordinary treatment. It is
+serviceable for perfuming clothes, etc. Asperulas thrive in a moist
+soil, and grow well under the shade of trees. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Asphalte Paths.--Sift coarse gravel so as to remove the dusty portion,
+and mix it with boiling tar in the proportion of 25 gallons to each
+load. Spread it evenly, cover the surface with a layer of spar,
+shells, or coarse sand, and roll it in before the tar sets.
+
+Asphodelus.--Bold hardy herbaceous plants; fine for borders; will grow
+in common soil, and flower between May and August. Increased by young
+plants taken from the roots. Height, 2-1/2 ft. to 4 ft.
+
+Aspidistra.--This greenhouse herbaceous perennial is a drawing-room
+palm, and is interesting from the fact that it produces its flowers
+beneath the surface of the soil. It thrives in any fairly good mould,
+but to grow it to perfection it should be accommodated with three
+parts loam, one part leaf-mould, and one part sand. It will do in any
+position, but is best shaded from the midday sun. It may be increased
+by suckers, or by dividing the roots in April, May, or June. Supply
+the plant freely with water, especially when root-bound. When dusty,
+the leaves should be sponged with tepid milk and water--a teacup of
+the former to a gallon of the latter. This imparts a gloss to the
+leaves. A poor sandy soil is more suitable for the variegated kind, as
+this renders the variegation more constant. Height, 1 ft. to 2 ft.
+
+Asters.--This splendid class of half-hardy annuals has been vastly
+improved by both French and German cultivators. Speaking generally,
+the flowers of the French section resemble the chrysanthemum, and
+those of the German the paeony. They all delight in a very rich, light
+soil, and need plenty of room from the commencement of their growth.
+The first sowing may be made in February or March, on a gentle hotbed,
+followed by others at about fourteen days' interval. The seeds are
+best sown in shallow drills and lightly covered with soil, then
+pressed down by a board. Prick out the seedlings 2 in. apart, and
+plant them out about the middle of May in a deeply-manured bed. If
+plant food be given it must be forked in lightly, as the Aster is very
+shallow-rooting, and it should be discontinued when the buds appear.
+For exhibition purposes remove the middle bud, mulch the ground with
+some good rotten soil from an old turf heap, and occasionally give a
+little manure water.
+
+Astilbe.--Ornamental, hardy herbaceous perennials, with large handsome
+foliage, and dense plumes of flowers, requiring a peaty soil for their
+successful cultivation. They may be grown from seed sown in July or
+August, or may be increased by division. They flower at the end of
+July. The varieties vary in height, some growing as tall as 6 ft.
+
+Astragalus Alpinus.--A hardy perennial bearing bluish-purple flowers.
+It will grow in any decent soil, and can be propagated from seed sown
+in spring or autumn, or by division. Height, 6 ft.
+
+Astragalus Hypoglottis.--A hardy deciduous trailing plant, producing
+purple flowers in July. Sow the seed early in spring on a moderate
+hotbed, and plant out into any garden soil. Height, 3 in.
+
+Astragalus Lotoides.--This pretty little trailer is of the same height
+as A. Hypoglottis, and merely requires the same treatment. It flowers
+in August.
+
+Astrantia.--This herbaceous plant is quite hardy, and will thrive in
+any good garden soil, producing its flowers in June and July. Seed may
+be sown either in autumn or spring. Height, 1-1/2 ft. to 2 ft.
+
+Atragene Austriaca.--Handsome, hardy climbers, which may be grown in
+any garden soil. They flower in August, and are increased by layers or
+by cuttings under glass. Height, 8 ft.
+
+Atriplex.--Straggling hardy annuals of very little beauty. Will grow
+in any soil if sown in spring, and only require ordinary attention.
+Flower in July. Height, 5 ft.
+
+Aubergine.--_See_ "Egg-Plant."
+
+Aubrietia.--An early spring-blooming hardy perennial. Very ornamental
+either in the garden or on rock-work, the flowers lasting a long time.
+An open and dry situation suits it best. May be readily raised from
+seed, and increased by dividing the roots or by cuttings under a
+glass. Flowers in March and April. Height 6 in.
+
+Aucuba.--Hardy evergreen shrubs, some having blotched leaves. They
+look well standing alone on grass plots, and are indifferent to
+soil or position. Cuttings may be struck in any garden soil under a
+hand-glass in August, or by layers in April or May. When the male and
+female varieties are planted together, the latter produce an abundance
+of large red berries, rendering the plant very showy and ornamental.
+They bloom in June. Height, 6 ft.
+
+Auricula.--This is a species of primrose, and is sometimes called
+Bear's Ear from the shape of its leaves. It succeeds best in a mixture
+of loam and peat, or in four parts rotten loam, two parts rotten cow
+dung, and one part silver sand; delights in shade, and will not bear
+too much water. It makes an effective border to beds, and is readily
+propagated by off-sets taken early in autumn, or in February or March,
+by division of roots immediately after flowering, or from seed sown in
+March on gentle heat in firmly pressed light, rich soil, covered with
+a piece of glass and shaded from the sun till the plants are well up,
+when sun and air is needed. When large enough to handle, prick them
+out in a cold frame 6 in. apart, and keep them there through the
+winter. Take care to press the soil well round the roots of off-sets.
+October is a good time for making new borders. The half-hardy kinds
+require the protection of a house in winter. Height, 6 in.
+
+Avena Sterilis.--A very singular hardy-annual ornamental grass,
+generally known as Animated Oats. Very useful in a green state for
+mixing with cut flowers. Sow in March or early in April. Height, 3 ft.
+
+Azaleas (_Greenhouse_).--A good soil for these deciduous shrubs is
+made by mixing a fair quantity of silver sand with good fibrous peat.
+The plants must never be allowed to become too wet nor too dry, and
+must be shaded from excessive sunshine. After they have flowered
+remove the remains of the blooms, place the plants out of doors in
+the sun to ripen the wood, or in a temperature of 60 degrees or
+65 degrees, and syringe them freely twice a day. If they require
+shifting, it must be done directly the flowers have fallen. Cuttings
+taken off close to the plant will root in sand under a glass placed in
+heat. A. Indica is a plant of great beauty. Stand it in the open air
+in summer, in a partially shaded position. In winter remove it to a
+cool part of the greenhouse. The hardy varieties should receive the
+same treatment as rhododendrons. Flowers in June. Height, 4 ft.
+
+Azara Microphylla--This hardy evergreen shrub, with its fan-like
+branches and small dark, glossy leaves, is very ornamental and
+sweet-scented. It is increased by placing cuttings of ripened wood in
+sand under glass with a little heat. Height, 3 ft.
+
+
+B
+
+
+Babianas.--Charming, sweet-scented flowers, suitable for either pot
+cultivation or the border. In August or September place five bulbs in
+a well-drained 5-in. pot, using rich, light, very sandy soil; cover
+them completely, and press the mould down gently. Water very sparingly
+until the roots are well formed; indeed, if the soil is moist when the
+bulbs are planted, no water will be needed till the new growth appears
+above ground. Stand the pots in ashes and cover them with 3 in. of
+cocoa-nut fibre. When the flower spikes are formed, give weak liquid
+manure twice a week till the flowers open. Keep them in a temperature
+of 55 degrees. When the foliage begins to die down gradually, lessen
+the amount of moisture given. The bulbs while dormant are best left in
+the pots. For cultivation in the open, choose a warm situation, make
+the soil light and sandy, adding a good proportion of well-rotted
+manure, and plant the bulbs 5 in. deep either in autumn or spring.
+Height, 6 in. to 9 in.
+
+Bahia Lanata.--A hardy herbaceous plant of easy culture from seed sown
+in spring or autumn in any garden soil. It produces bright orange
+flowers from June to August. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Bahia Trolliifolia.--This hardy herbaceous perennial will grow in any
+kind of soil. It flowers in August, and can be increased by division.
+Height, 1 ft.
+
+Balsams.--The seeds of these tender annuals require to be sown in
+early spring in a hot-house or a warm frame having a temperature of 65
+to 75 degrees. When 2 or 3 in. high, or large enough to handle, prick
+off singly into small pots, shade them till they are established, and
+re-pot as they advance in strength in a compost of loam, leaf-mould,
+sand, and old manure. Give them air when the weather is favourable.
+The last shift should be into 24-sized pots. Supply them with an
+abundance of liquid manure, admit as much air as possible, and syringe
+freely. They must never be allowed to get dry. Secure their stems
+firmly to sticks. They will flower in the open early in September.
+Height, 1-1/2 ft. to 2 ft.
+
+Bambusa.--The dwarf-growing Bamboos Fortunei variegata and
+Viridi-striata make graceful edgings to borders or paths. The whole
+family like a rich, loamy, damp soil.
+
+Baneberry.--_See_ "Actaea."
+
+Baptisia Australis.--This ornamental hardy perennial makes a good
+border plant, growing in any loamy soil, and producing its blue
+flowers in June and July. It can be multiplied by dividing the root.
+Height, 3 ft.
+
+Barbarea.--_See_ "Rocket."
+
+Barberries.--Very ornamental hardy shrubs, bearing rich yellow flowers
+in spring and attractive fruit in the autumn. Most handsome when
+trained to a single stem and the head allowed to expand freely. They
+are not particular as to soil, but prefer a rather light one, and
+succeed best in a moist, shady situation. Cuttings or layers root
+freely in the open. They require very little attention, beyond
+occasionally cutting away some of the old branches to make room for
+new growth. Height, 1-1/2 ft. to 2 ft.
+
+Bartonia aurea.--Beautiful hardy annuals, the flowers of which open
+at night and effuse a delightful odour. Sow the seed in autumn on a
+gentle hotbed; pot off, and protect in a greenhouse during the winter.
+Plant them out in the open in May, where they will flower in June.
+Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Bay, Sweet _(Laurus Nobilis_).--This half-hardy evergreen shrub likes
+a sheltered position. Protection from severe frosts is requisite,
+especially while it is young. It is more suitable as an isolated
+specimen plant than for the border. Increased by layers or by cuttings
+of the roots.
+
+Beans, Broad.--A deep, strong loam is most suitable, but good crops
+can be obtained from any garden soil. The first sowing should be made
+in February or March, and in succession to May. A sowing of Beck's
+Green Gem or Dwarf Fan may even be made in November in rows 2 ft.
+apart. Other varieties should be planted in rows 3 ft. apart, sowing
+the seed 3 in. deep and at intervals of 6 in. When the plants have
+done flowering pinch off the tops, to ensure a better crop; and if
+the black fly has attacked them, take off the tops low enough down to
+remove the pests, and burn them at once. Seville Longpod and Aquadulce
+may be recommended for an early crop, and Johnson's Wonderful and
+Harlington Windsor for a main one.
+
+Beans, French.--The soil should be dug over to a depth of at least 12
+in. and liberally enriched with manure. In the open ground the first
+sowing may be made about the third week in April, another sowing early
+in May, and subsequent sowings for succession every two or three weeks
+until the end of July. Plant in rows 2 ft apart, and the seeds 6 to 9
+in. apart in the rows. A sharp look-out ought to be kept for slugs,
+which are very partial to French Beans when pushing through the soil.
+For forcing, sow in pots under glass from December to March.
+
+Beans, Runner.--These are not particular as to position or soil, but
+the best results are obtained by placing them in a deep rich mould
+where they can get a fair amount of sunlight. Sow, from the second
+week in May until the first week in July for succession, in rows 6 ft.
+apart, thinning the plants out to 1 ft. apart in the rows. Protect
+from slugs when the plants are coming through the ground, and support
+them with sticks immediately the growth begins to run. Scarlet Runners
+may be kept dwarf by pinching off the tops when the plants are about 1
+ft. high, and nipping off the subsequent shoots when 6 in. long.
+
+Beet.--Land that has been well manured for the previous crop is the
+best on which to obtain well-shaped roots of high quality. Sow in
+April and May in drills 18 in. apart, and thin out the plants to about
+9 in. apart. Take up for use as wanted until November, when the whole
+crop should be taken up and stored in dry sand, and in a place where
+neither moisture nor frost can reach them. When storing them cut off
+the tails and some portion of the crowns, but be careful not to wound
+any part of the fleshy root.
+
+Begonias.--A somewhat succulent genus of conservatory plants. They all
+require a very rich loamy soil containing a little sand; and heat,
+moisture, and shade are essential to their health. Cuttings 2 or 3 in.
+long will root readily in spring or summer. Stand the cuttings in the
+shade and do not over-water them; or they may be raised from seed sown
+in March in a hot-house or frame having a temperature of 65 degrees.
+Height, 1 ft. to 3 ft.
+
+Tuberous Begonias should be planted in small pots placed in heat,
+early in spring, and at intervals of a fortnight for succession, using
+a compost of equal parts of fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and sand. Press
+the soil rather firmly so as to promote sturdy growth, and only just
+cover the top of the tuber. Water moderately till the plants begin to
+grow freely. Gradually harden off, and plant out the last week in
+May or early in June, or shift into larger pots for conservatory
+decoration. Cuttings may be taken in April. The plants may also be
+raised from seed sown in February or March in a temperature of 65
+degrees. Before sowing mix the seed with silver sand, then sprinkle it
+evenly over a box or pan of moist, fine, light loam and silver sand;
+cover with a sheet of glass, and keep shaded. Transplant into small
+pots, and pot on from time to time as the plants increase in size.
+Plants so treated will flower in June or July. When the leaves of the
+old plants turn yellow keep the roots quite dry, afterwards turn them
+out of the pots and bury them in cocoa-nut fibre till January, when
+they must be re-potted.
+
+Belladonna Lily.--_See_ "Amaryllis."
+
+Bellis Perennis.--_See_ "Daisies."
+
+Benthamia.--An ornamental half-hardy shrub. A profuse bloomer, the
+flowers of which are followed by edible strawberry-like fruit. Will
+succeed in any good garden against a south wall. Easily raised from
+seed or by layers. Flowers in August. Height, 3 ft.
+
+Berberidopsis Corallina.--Distinct and very pretty evergreen climbing
+shrubs, which prove hardy in the south and west, but need protection
+in other places. They are not particular as to soil, and may be
+increased by cuttings.
+
+Bergamot _(Monardia Didyma_).--This hardy perennial will grow almost
+anywhere, and may be increased by seed or by division of the root. It
+flowers in _July_. Height, 4 ft.
+
+Beta Cicla.--A hardy annual which succeeds in any common soil. Its
+dark crimson and yellow flowers are borne in August. Height, 6 ft. It
+is used as spinach. In Germany the midrib of the leaf is boiled and
+eaten with gravy or melted butter.
+
+Betonica.--_See_ "Stachys."
+
+Biennials.--These plants take two years to flower, and then they die
+away altogether. The seed of the hardy varieties is sown thinly in
+the open border any time between April and June, and the plants
+transferred in the autumn to the place where they are intended to
+bloom. Seed is also sown in August and September for flowering the
+following year. The half-hardy kinds may be sown in May or June. These
+require protection during winter, such as is afforded by a cold pit,
+frame, or greenhouse, or the covering of a mat or litter.
+
+Bignonia _(Trumpet Flower_).--This is admirably suitable for a south
+wall, but it requires plenty of room. It is propagated by cuttings
+placed in sand, or by cuttings of the root. These should be planted
+out in the spring, or autumn will do if they are covered with a
+hand-glass.
+
+Biota.--_See_ "Thuya."
+
+Bird Cherry.--_See_ "Cerasus."
+
+Blackberries.--To obtain good crops plant in a poor, dry soil on
+raised banks facing south. The bushes should be planted 6 ft. apart.
+
+Bladder Nut.--_See_ "Staphylea."
+
+Blanket Flower.--_See_ "Gaillardia."
+
+Bleeding Heart.--_See_ "Dielytra."
+
+Bocconia Cordata.--Ornamental hardy perennials. They do best on a
+loamy soil, and may be increased by suckers taken from established
+plants in the summer and placed in rich soil; or by cuttings planted
+in sand, in a gentle heat under glass; also by seed sown during the
+autumn months. They appear to the greatest advantage when grown as
+solitary plants, away from other tall-growing flowers. The variety B.
+Frutescens has an exceedingly pretty foliage. August is the month in
+which they flower. Height, 6 ft.
+
+Bog or Marsh Land.--By planting a few of the more distinct species
+adapted for such positions, bogs or marshes may be made interesting.
+The following plants are suitable:--Arundo Donax, Bambusa Fortunei,
+Cypripedium Spectabile, Dondia Epipactis, Drosera Rotundifolia,
+Gunnera Scabra, Iris Kaempferi, Iris pseud-Acorus, Juncus Zebrinus,
+Myosotis Palustris, Osmunda Regalis, Parnassia Palustris, Pinguicula
+Vulgaris, Polygonum Sieboldi, and Sarracenia Purpurea.
+
+Boltonia Asteroides.--This is a hardy perennial which flowers in
+September. The same treatment that is given to Asters is suitable for
+this plant. Height, 3 ft.
+
+Bomarea.--A useful greenhouse climber, the flowers of which are
+valuable for cutting, as they last a long time in water. It thrives
+best in a mixture of sand, peat, and loam.
+
+Borago Laxiflora.--This very choice Boragewort is a trailing hardy
+biennial. It produces lovely pale pendent flowers from June to
+August, will grow in almost any soil, and can be increased by seed or
+division. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Borecole, Kale, or Curled Greens.--Sow towards the end of March or
+early in April. Plant out as soon as ready in moderately rich soil in
+rows 3 ft. apart, and the plants 2 ft. apart in the rows. If the seed
+is sown thickly, the young plants must be pricked off into another bed
+until ready for planting, as strong, sturdy plants always produce the
+best results. They may succeed peas without any fresh manure.
+
+Boronias.--Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. A single plant of B.
+Megastigma is sufficient to perfume a good-sized house. B. Drummondi,
+Elatior, Heterophylla, and Serrulata are all good plants. The pots
+should be filled with sandy peat and be well drained. They are
+propagated by cuttings taken at a joint and placed under glass. May is
+their flowering month. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Bougainvillea.--A greenhouse evergreen climber, thriving best in a
+loamy soil. It flowers in June, and may be increased by cuttings.
+Height, 15 ft.
+
+Bousingaultia Basselloides.--A rapidly growing climber, beautiful both
+in flower and foliage, the former of which is pure white, produced in
+July in elegant racemes from 6 in. to 8 in. long. It is nearly hardy;
+very suitable for a cool greenhouse. Any garden soil suits it. Height,
+6 ft.
+
+Bouvardias.--Favourite stove plants. They are propagated by pieces of
+the thick fleshy roots, about 2 in. long, inserted in light, rich,
+sandy soil, and plunged in a bottom-heat. Plant out in May in rich,
+light soil, cutting back all the over-vigorous growth, so as to form a
+well-balanced plant. At the approach of cold weather they may be taken
+up and potted off, using small pots to prevent them damping off. In a
+warm greenhouse they will flower all the winter.
+
+Box Edging.--A deep loam suits the box best. Cuttings should be taken
+early in autumn. Dig a trench, and make the bottom firm and even. Set
+the young plants thinly and at regular intervals, leaving the tops 1
+in. above the surface. Tread the soil firmly against them. Cover with
+1 in. of gravel to prevent them growing too luxuriantly. The end of
+June is a good time for clipping. May be transplanted early in spring
+or late in autumn. (_See also_ "Buxus.")
+
+Brachycome (_Swan River Daisy_).--Beautiful little half-hardy annuals
+bearing cineraria-like flowers that open well in the border in summer.
+If well watered in autumn and removed to the greenhouse they will
+continue to bloom during early winter. Sow the seed as for ordinary
+half-hardy annuals in rich, light mould, covering them sparingly.
+Bloom in May. Height, 6 in.
+
+Bravoa Geminiflora (_Twin Flower_).--This hardy bulbous plant bears
+lovely racemes of coral-coloured flowers in July. A rich loam suits it
+best. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Briza (_Quaking Grass_).--There are several varieties of this
+ornamental hardy annual grass. Briza Gracillis is slender, and very
+pretty both in a green and dried state. Briza Maxima bears large
+and handsome panicles. Each variety should be sown in pots, or on a
+sheltered bed out of doors, early in spring. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Broccoli.--Requires a heavy, deep, rich soil, and liquid manure during
+growth. For earliest crop sow thinly in beds early in March, giving a
+little protection if necessary. Successional sowings should be made to
+the end of June, to produce a constant supply till Cauliflowers are
+ready. Transplant, when large enough to handle, about 2 ft. from each
+other. Keep the ground free from weeds, and earth the plants up as
+they advance in growth. Sow Purple Sprouting Broccoli in May for late
+spring supplies.
+
+Brodiaea Coccinea.--Handsome plants for rock-work or the border. On a
+dry, light, sandy soil, with plenty of sunshine, their gorgeous spikes
+of brilliant scarlet flowers are very attractive in May. The bulbs may
+be planted in November, and left undisturbed.
+
+Broom.--Hardy shrubs thriving in almost any soil. Cuttings will
+strike if planted in sand under glass. (_See also_ "Genista" _and_
+"Spartium.")
+
+Broussonetia Papyrifera.--A very effective deciduous shrub, with
+large, curiously-cut leaves. It likes an open soil, and is propagated
+by cuttings. February is its blooming time. Height, 12 ft.
+
+Browallia.--Very handsome half-hardy annuals; will grow readily from
+seed in any garden soil, but prefer a sandy one. They bloom in July.
+Height, 2 ft.
+
+Brussels Sprouts.--For a first crop sow early in March, and in April
+for succession. Transplant as soon as ready into deeply-trenched,
+well-manured soil, about 2 ft. apart. Hoe well, and keep clear from
+weeds. For exhibition and early use sow in a greenhouse, or in a frame
+over a gentle hotbed, about the middle of February; prick off into a
+cold frame, gradually harden off, and plant out in May.
+
+Bryanthus Erectus.--A hardy evergreen shrub, which will grow in any
+soil if the situation is shady and damp. It thrives without any
+sunshine, but will not endure the constant dropping of moisture upon
+its leaves from trees. Cuttings strike readily. April is its flowering
+time. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Budding.--Budding consists in raising an eye or bud from one part of
+a bush or tree and transplanting it to another part, or to any other
+plant of the same species. The process is not only more simple and
+rapid than that of grafting, but many leading nurserymen contend that
+a better union is effected, without the risk of dead wood being left
+at the junction. It may be performed at any time from June to August,
+cloudy days being most suitable, as the buds unite better in wet
+weather. It is chiefly employed on young trees having a smooth and
+tender bark. Of the various systems of budding, that known as the
+Shield is probably the most successful. Make a small horizontal cut
+in the bark of the stock, and also a vertical one about an inch long,
+thus forming an elongated T shape. Next select a branch of the current
+year's growth on which there is a well-formed leaf-bud. Pass a sharp
+knife 1/2 in. above the bud and the same distance below it, taking
+about a third of the wood with the bud. If in the process of detaching
+it the interior of the bud is torn away it is useless, and a fresh bud
+must be taken. Now hold the bud in the mouth, and with as little delay
+as possible raise the bark of the stock with a knife, insert the bud,
+and bind it on with raffia. When the bud begins to grow the binding
+must be loosened. To prevent the shoots being torn away by the wind a
+stake may be tied on to the stock, and the new shoot secured to it by
+means of raffia. Fruit trees are sometimes budded close to the soil on
+stocks 1-1/2 ft. in height. The buds are rubbed off the stock as soon
+as they appear, but the stock is not cut away until the following
+spring.
+
+Buddlea.--Half-hardy, tall, deciduous greenhouse shrubs, delighting in
+a loamy soil mixed with peat. They may be grown out of doors during
+the summer, but need the protection of a house in winter.
+
+Bugloss (_Anchusa_).--This showy plant, bearing large blue flowers in
+June, may be increased by division of the roots into as many plants as
+there are heads, from slips, or from seed sown in the open border in
+spring. It is popularly known as Ox-Tongue.
+
+Bulbocodium Trigynum (_Colchicum Caucasium_).--A miniature hardy
+bulbous plant, which produces in February and March erect flowers
+about the size of snowdrops. Set the bulbs in sandy loam or
+leaf-mould, choosing a sunny situation. The bulbs may be divided every
+other year. Height, 2 in.
+
+Bulbocodium Vernum (_Spring Saffron_).--This bulb produces early in
+spring, and preceding the foliage, a mass of rose-purple flowers close
+to the ground. It is perfectly hardy, and valuable for edgings
+or rock-work. Plant in autumn in light vegetable mould, and in a
+sheltered, well-drained position. It will not grow in stiff, clay
+soil. The bulbs may be divided every two years, after the tops have
+died down. This dwarf plant flowers from January to March. Height, 6
+in.
+
+Buphthalmum Salicifolium (_Deep Golden-yellow Marguerite_).--Showy
+and ornamental hardy perennials. They will grow in any good soil, and
+flower from May to September; may be increased by suckers. Height,
+1-1/2 ft.
+
+Burning Bush.--_See_ "Dictamnus" _and_ "Fraxinella."
+
+Buxus (_Tree Box_).--A useful evergreen shrub which may be grown in
+any soil or situation. The B. Japonica Aurea is one of the best golden
+plants known for edgings to a walk. The closer it is clipped the
+brighter it becomes. Increased by suckers or layers.
+
+
+C
+
+
+Cabbage.--Sow from February to April for an autumn supply, and in July
+and August for spring cutting. As soon as the plants have made four or
+five leaves, transplant into soil that has been liberally manured and
+trenched, or dug deeply, placing them 18 in. or 2 ft. apart, according
+to the kind grown. Keep the soil well broken up, and give a liberal
+supply of liquid manure while they are in a growing state. An open
+and sunny situation is necessary. Among the best varieties for
+spring sowing are Heartwell, Early Marrow, Little Pixie, Nonpareil,
+Sugarloaf, and Early Dwarf York. For autumn sowing, Ellam's Dwarf
+Early Spring, Defiance, and Enfield Market may be recommended.
+
+Coleworts may be sown in June, July, and August for succession,
+placing them about a foot apart, and cutting before they heart.
+
+Chou de Burghley is of great value for spring sowing, and will be
+found very useful during autumn and early in winter. This vegetable
+is sometimes called Cabbage Broccoli, on account of the miniature
+Broccoli which are formed among its inner leaves towards autumn.
+
+Couve Tronchuda, known also as Braganza Marrow and Portugal Cabbage,
+should be sown in March, April, and May for succession.
+
+Savoy Cabbage is sown in March or April, and given the same treatment
+as other Cabbage. Its flavour is much improved if the plants are
+mellowed by frost before being cut for use.
+
+Red Dutch is used almost solely for pickling. Its cultivation is
+precisely the same as the white varieties.
+
+Cacalia.--Hardy annuals, remarkable for their awkward-looking stems
+and discoloured leaves. They grow best in a mixture of sandy loam,
+brick rubbish, and decomposed dung, well reduced. They require very
+little water while growing, and the pots must be well drained.
+Cuttings, laid by for a few days to dry, strike readily. Flower in
+June. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Cactus.--A sandy loam with brick rubbish and a little peat or rotten
+manure suits them. Echinopsis is a good plant for cool houses or
+windows. During the summer it should be syringed over-head with tepid
+water, and weak soot water should be given three times a week. It is
+propagated by off-sets planted in sand, also by slicing off a portion
+from the top of the plant and placing it in light, rich, porous loam.
+
+Caladiums.--Favourite hothouse foliage plants, generally grown in peat
+soil at a temperature of 70 degrees. They require plenty of light
+while growing, and to be kept moderately moist at the roots. As the
+leaves lose colour less water should be given, and during winter they
+must be kept almost dry. When fresh growth begins, shake them out of
+their pots and put them into fresh mould. In syringing the plants use
+nothing but the purest rainwater, but the less the leaves are wetted
+the better for the appearance of the plants. They may be increased by
+dividing the root stock into as many pieces as there are crowns. These
+should be planted in very rich, sandy soil, an inch or so below the
+surface.
+
+Calamintha Grandiflora.--This hardy herbaceous plant has
+sweetly-fragrant foliage, and bears rose-coloured flowers from May
+to September. Any loamy soil suits it, and it is easily increased by
+suckers. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Calampelis.--A species of half-hardy climbing plants of great merit.
+They are elegant when in flower, and will endure the open air. They
+should be trained to a south wall, or over a vase, or up a pillar.
+Any light loamy soil suits them, and they are easily increased by
+cuttings. Flower in July. Height, 10 ft. (_See also_ "Eccremocarpus.")
+
+Calandrinia.--Very pretty hardy annuals. They grow well in sunny
+places in a mixture of loam and peat, and may be raised from seed sown
+in the spring or by cuttings placed under hand-glasses. Bloom in July.
+Height, 6 in. to 1 ft.
+
+Calceolaria.--Many of the varieties are suitable for the greenhouse
+only. They may be grown from seed, but as this is so small it should
+not be covered; and in watering them it is best to stand the seed-pans
+in water so that the moisture ascends, as watering from the top might
+wash the seed too deeply into the soil. July and August are the two
+best months for sowing. The half-shrubby kinds make fine bedding
+plants. They are easily reared from cuttings. These are best taken
+in October. Put them in light, sandy mould on a well-drained north
+border; press the earth round them, and cover with a hand-glass. In
+very frosty weather a mat should be laid over the glass. Pot them off
+in spring; give plenty of air, and plant them out at the beginning of
+June, or before, if weather permits.
+
+Calendula (_Marigolds_).--Very showy hardy annuals. They merely
+require sowing in the open in autumn for an early display of bloom,
+or in spring for a later show, but the autumn sowing gives the more
+satisfaction. Flower during June and July. Height, 1 ft.
+
+
+Californian Plants.--Great care should be taken not to allow the sun
+to strike on the collar of any of the plants from California, as they
+readily succumb if it does so.
+
+
+Calla.--These showy plants, sometimes called Arum, are worth
+cultivating. They make handsome pot-plants, bearing fine white flowers
+in the spring. May be grown from seeds, or roots may be divided.
+They are quickly increased by off-sets from the root in August or
+September. Plant the off-sets from the fleshy roots singly in small,
+well-drained pots of sandy loam with one-fourth leaf-mould or
+well-rotted manure, and keep them in a very warm situation. Water them
+well while in growth, scantily after the leaves begin to wither, and
+afterwards give only enough moisture to keep them alive. Leave the
+plants in the light while the leaves die off, and then place them in a
+shed, in complete repose, for a month or so. Re-pot them in October
+or November, and give plenty of water. They may stand in saucers of
+water, but this must be changed daily. They flower from May to July.
+Height, 2 ft.
+
+Callichroa.--A hardy annual which well deserves a place in the garden
+border, both on account of its dwarf and slender habit and also the
+colour of its flowers. It is satisfied with any ordinary soil. The
+seed is raised on a hotbed in March, or in the open in April, and it
+blooms in the autumn. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Calliopsis.--_See_ "Coreopsis."
+
+Callirhoe (_Digitata_).--Hardy annuals demanding but little attention.
+The seed is sown in the open in March. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Calochortus Luteus.--This very handsome hardy perennial thrives best
+in sandy peat with a little loam. It produces yellow flowers in July,
+and is propagated by offsets from the bulbs. Height, 1 ft.
+
+
+Caltha.--Early-flowering, showy perennials, all thriving in a moist or
+boggy situation. C. Leptosepala is especially choice, its pure white
+flowers resembling a water-lily. They may be increased from seed, or
+by division. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Calthus Palustris Flore-Pleno (_Double Marsh Marigold_).--This hardy
+herbaceous perennial is very useful for mixing with cut flowers. It
+will grow anywhere, but prefers a clayey soil and a boggy situation,
+and may be increased by dividing the roots in spring. A succession of
+flowers are borne from April to June. Height, 9 in.
+
+Calycanthus Floridus (_Allspice_).--This shrub likes an open loamy
+soil; flowers in July, and is propagated by layers. Height, 6 ft.
+
+Calystegia.--A perfectly hardy climbing convolvulus, and a beautiful
+plant for covering arbours, etc., growing 20 ft. to 30 ft. in one
+season. It thrives in any loamy soil or situation; flowers from May to
+September, and may be increased by division of the roots.
+
+
+Camassia Esculenta.--A handsome, hardy, bulbous plant, bearing
+clusters of beautiful blue flowers in July. It needs a sandy peat
+border under a north wall, and is increased by bulbs or seeds. Plant
+the bulbs early in October, 4 in. deep and 5 in. apart. Height, 1-1/3
+ft.
+
+
+Camellias.--The best soil for these beautiful greenhouse evergreens is
+a mixture of rough peat, plenty of sand, and a little turfy loam. The
+greenhouse should be kept rather close, at a temperature of 55 degrees
+to 60 degrees, while the plants are growing; but abundant syringing is
+necessary at all times. Induce a vigorous growth of wood, and let this
+be well matured by exposure to the sun and free ventilation. Old and
+straggling plants may be renovated by cutting them hard back as soon
+as they go out of flower, and placing them in a warm house where
+a moist atmosphere is maintained. This will induce them to break.
+Comparatively little water should be given for some time after they
+are cut back. When the state of the roots require the plants to be
+re-potted, remove as much of the old soil as possible without injuring
+them, and put them into the smallest sized pots into which they can
+be got, with fresh soil. This may be done after the last flower has
+fallen, or after the buds have fairly commenced to push. The plants
+may be placed out of doors at the beginning of June, and returned to
+the greenhouse in October. There are several varieties suitable for
+growing in the open. These should be provided with a soil, 2 ft. deep,
+composed of peat, leaf-mould, and cows' dung. The roots should
+always be kept moist and cool, and the plants disturbed as little as
+possible. A top dressing of fresh soil may be given each winter, and
+the plants protected from frost by binding straw round the stems.
+
+
+Campanula.--A showy genus of plants, mostly hardy perennials, which
+need no special treatment. They are readily raised from seed, or
+division of roots. The less hardy kinds may be sown on a hotbed or in
+the greenhouse, and when large enough potted off. Campanula Mayii is a
+grand plant for hanging baskets, and also grows well trained up
+sticks in a pyramidal form. A rich, gritty soil suits them all. The
+tall-growing varieties make fine pot-plants. Flower in July. Height, 1
+ft. to 5 ft.
+
+Canary Creeper (_Tropaeolum Canariense_).--This is eminently suitable
+for trellis-work or for walls. Its elegant foliage and bright yellow
+flowers make it a general favourite. It may be raised from seed on
+a hotbed in spring, gradually hardened off, and planted out in May.
+Height, 10 ft.
+
+Candytuft (_Iberis_).--Very pretty hardy annuals. Sow the seed in
+autumn in a light, rich soil, or in spring if a less prolonged
+flowering season will give satisfaction. Bloom in May or June. Height,
+1 ft.
+
+Canna (_Indian Shot or Hemp_).--For pot-plants on terraces, gravel
+walks, and such like places, few things can equal and none surpass
+Cannas. They are half-hardy perennials, and may be increased from
+seed or by dividing the roots late in autumn, allowing them first to
+partially dry. File the tough skin off one end of the seed, and steep
+it in hot water for a few hours before it is sown, then stand it in a
+hot place till it has germinated. Harden off and plant out, or shift
+into larger pots in June, using a rich, light soil. Lift and store the
+roots in autumn in the same way as Dahlias. Different kinds flower at
+various seasons, so that a succession of bloom may be had throughout
+the year. Height, 2 ft. to 10 ft.
+
+Cannabis Gigantea (_Giant Hemp_).--This half-hardy Hemp is grown for
+its ornamental foliage, and is treated as above described. Height, 6
+ft.
+
+Canterbury Bells.--Showy hardy biennials, which may be raised from
+seed sown in the spring. Transplant in the autumn to the border where
+they are intended to flower. The seed may also be sown in a sheltered
+position in August or September. Flower in July. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Cape Primroses.--_See_ "Streptocarpus."
+
+Caprifolium.--_See_ "Honeysuckle."
+
+Capsicum.--Sow early in March in well-drained pots of rich, light,
+free mould; cover the seed with 1/2 in. of soil, and keep it
+constantly moist at a temperature of 65 degrees. When strong enough
+to handle put two or three plants in a 5-in. pot, and replace them in
+warmth. Keep them rather close till established, then shift them into
+7-in. pots. When established remove them to a cold frame and harden
+off. Plant out at the end of May in a warm situation. Keep them well
+supplied with water in dry weather and syringe the leaves. By stopping
+the shoots they become nice, bushy shrubs. Flower in July. Height,
+1-1/2 ft.
+
+Cardamine Pratensis (_Cuckoo Flower, or Milkmaid_).--This hardy
+perennial thrives in a moist, shady situation. It produces its purple
+flowers from May to August, and is easily propagated by seeds or
+division. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Cardamine Trifolia.--A hardy herbaceous plant; will grow in any soil,
+flowers in May, and is easily raised from seed. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Cardoons.--Sow two or three seeds together in clumps 1 ft. apart, in
+trenches prepared as for Celery, in April or May. When 6 in. high pull
+up the superfluous plants, leaving the strongest one in each case.
+When they have attained the height of 1-1/2 ft, tie the leaves lightly
+to a stake and earth-up the stem. Keep them well supplied with water,
+adding a little guano. They will be ready for use in September.
+Another sowing may be made in June for a spring crop.
+
+Carduus (_Milk Thistle_).--Coarse hardy annuals; somewhat ornamental,
+but are hardly more than weeds. They grow freely from seed, and flower
+from June to August. Height, 2 ft. to 4 ft.
+
+Carex Japonica.--This is a graceful and very beautiful variegated
+grass, striped green, silver, and gold, and makes a fine decoration
+for the table. It will grow in any moderately moist soil, and bears
+dividing. Sow in spring.
+
+Carlina.--Ornamental, thistle-like, hardy perennials, which will grow
+in any ordinary soil. Flowers are borne from June to September. Seed
+may be sown as soon as it is ripe. Height, 9 in. to 2 ft.
+
+Carnations.--These are divided into three classes, but they are all
+said originally to come from the clove: (1) Flakes, which are striped
+with one colour and white; (2) Bizarres, those streaked with two
+colours and white; (3) Picotees, which have each petal margined with
+colour on a white or yellow ground, or dotted with small spots. For
+pot culture, about the end of March put two roots in an 11-in. pot,
+filled with light, turfy loam, well drained (too much moisture being
+injurious), pressing the earth firmly round the roots. Stand them on
+a bed of ashes in a sheltered position, and when the flower-stems
+appear, stake and tie up carefully. As the buds swell thin out the
+weakly ones. To prevent them bursting unevenly put an india-rubber
+ring round the bud, or tie it with raffia. They will flourish in
+the open borders even in towns if planted in light loam, and may be
+propagated by _layers_ at the end of July or beginning of August.
+Choose for this purpose fine outside shoots, not those which have
+borne flowers. Cut off all the lower leaves, leaving half a dozen near
+the top untouched. Make incisions on the under sides of the layers,
+just below the third joint. Peg down, and cover the stems with equal
+quantities of leaf-mould and light loam. Do not water them till the
+following day. The young plants may be separated and potted off as
+soon as they have taken root--say, the end of August. They may also be
+increased by _pipings_. Fill the pots nearly to the top with light,
+rich mould and fill up with silver sand. Break off the pipings at the
+third joint, then in each piping cut a little upward slit, plant them
+pretty thickly in the sand, and place the pot on a gentle hotbed, or
+on a bed of sifted coal ashes. Put on the sashes, and keep the plants
+shaded from the sun till they have taken root, then harden off
+gradually, and place each of the young plants separately in a small
+pot. Carnations may also be grown from seed sown in spring. When the
+seedlings have made six or eight leaves, prick them out into pots
+or beds. They will flower the following year. The beds must be well
+drained, as stagnant wet is very injurious to them.
+
+Carnation Margaritae.--May be sown in heat during February or March,
+pricked out when strong enough, and planted in the open in May or
+June.
+
+Carpenteria Californica.--The white flowers of this evergreen shrub,
+which make their appearance in July, are delicately fragrant. The
+plant is most suitable for a cool greenhouse, but does well in the
+open, in warm, well-drained situations. When grown in pots the mould
+should consist of two parts turfy loam, one part peat, and a little
+sharp sand. It may be increased by seeds or by cuttings planted in
+sandy soil, with a medium bottom heat.
+
+Carrots.--To grow them to perfection carrots require a deep, rich,
+sandy soil, which has been thoroughly trenched and manured the
+previous autumn. For the main crop the seed should be sown in March,
+either broadcast or in rows 18 in. apart. A calm day must be chosen
+for sowing, as the seed is very light and liable to be blown about. It
+has also a tendency to hang together, to obviate which it is generally
+rubbed into some light soil or sand previously to being scattered.
+Thin out to a distance of from 4 to 7 in., according to the kind
+grown. For early use the French Horn may be sown on a hotbed in
+January and February. Keep the surface of the ground well open with
+the hoe.
+
+Cassia Corymbosa.--This stove shrub is an evergreen. It should be
+grown in a mixture of loam and peat, and may be increased by cuttings
+planted in sand under glass in a little heat. It flowers in July.
+Height, 3 ft.
+
+Castor Oil Plants.--_See_ "Ricinus."
+
+Catananche.--Pretty hardy biennials that will grow in almost any
+soil, and may be increased by seed or division. They bloom in August.
+Height, 21/2 ft. to 3 ft.
+
+Catchfly.--_See_ "Silene."
+
+Cathcartia Villosa.--A beautiful Himalayan poppy, possessing a rich,
+soft, hairy foliage and yellow flowers, borne in succession from
+June to September. Any light, rich soil suits it, but it requires a
+sheltered position. It is propagated by seeds sown in spring. Height,
+11/2 ft.
+
+Cauliflowers.--Sow thinly in pans or shallow boxes early in February
+and March on a gentle bottom-heat. Make a larger and the main sowing
+in the open ground in March, April, and May for autumn cutting. A
+sowing should also be made in August for spring and summer use. These
+latter should be pricked into a frame or under a hand-glass during the
+winter, and in spring planted out so as to stand 30 in. apart. When
+the heads appear break some of the large leaves down over them to
+afford protection, and during the whole of their growth pour plenty of
+water round the stems in dry weather. They require a thoroughly rich
+and well-tilled soil to grow them to perfection.
+
+Ceanothus.--A genus of handsome and ornamental evergreen shrubs.
+They are free-flowering and suitable for the conservatory or outdoor
+decoration if placed in warm situations. They flourish best in peat
+and loam, and are increased by cuttings planted in sand and subjected
+to gentle heat. Height, 3 ft. to 6 ft.
+
+Cedronella.--Ornamental hardy perennials; will grow in any soil, but
+require a little protection in the winter. They produce their deep
+purple flowers in June. Height, 3 ft.
+
+Cedrus Deodora.--A beautiful and graceful conifer, its arched branches
+being thickly set with long grey-coloured or whitish-green leaves. In
+its young stage it makes an exquisite specimen for the lawn. It is
+the best of all the Cedars for such a purpose. The usual method of
+propagating it is by grafting it on to the common Larch.
+
+Celery.--Sow in February or early in March on a mild hotbed for the
+earliest crop. Prick the seedlings off into shallow boxes as soon as
+they are large enough to handle, and keep them rather close and warm
+until they are established. Towards the end of March prick them out in
+rows in a frame, setting them 6 in. apart each way, and early in
+May transfer to rather shallow trenches, protecting them from night
+frosts. For main and late crops sow in a cold frame in April and plant
+out in June or July, 9 in. apart, in trenches 3 ft. distant from each
+other, 9 in. wide, and 18 in. deep, pressing the soil firmly round the
+roots. Earthing up should be delayed until the plants are nearly full
+grown, and should be done gradually; but let the whole be completed
+before the autumn is far advanced. When preparing the trench plenty of
+manure should be dug into the soil. Water liberally until earthed up
+to ensure crisp, solid hearts, and an occasional application of liquid
+manure will benefit the plants. During winter protect from frost with
+straw, or other suitable material.
+
+Celosia (_Feathered Cockscomb_).--Sow the seed in early spring in
+a warm frame; prick off singly into small pots, and re-pot as they
+advance in strength in a compost of loam, leaf-mould, old manure,
+and sand. Their final shift should be into 24-sized pots. Give them
+abundance of liquid manure, never allowing them to become dry, and
+syringe freely. These half-hardy annuals, rising to the height of 3
+ft. and bearing fine spikes of flowers in July and August, make fine
+pot-plants for table decoration. They may be planted in the open, in
+June, choosing a warm, sheltered situation and rich, loamy soil.
+
+Centaurea.--The hardy annual and biennial kinds merely require to be
+sown in the open in the autumn. The half-hardy ones must be sown on
+a slight hotbed, where they should remain till strong enough to be
+planted in the border. Cuttings of the perennials should be inserted
+singly in 3-in. pots filled with sandy loam, placed in a shady, cool
+frame till established, and then watered very carefully. The different
+varieties vary from 6 in. to 2 ft. in height, and flower from June to
+August.
+
+Centauridium Drummondi.--A blue hardy annual which may be sown in the
+open in spring.
+
+Centranthus.--Ornamental hardy annuals. Sow in the open border in
+March in any good, well-drained soil. They flower in June. Height,
+1-1/2 ft.
+
+Cephalaria (_Yellow Scabious_).--Strong-growing hardy perennials,
+suitable for backs of borders. They succeed in any garden soil, and
+are propagated by seed or division of root. Height, 3 ft. to 5-1/2 ft.
+
+Cephalotaxus (_Podocarpus Koraiana_).--Handsome conifers of the Yew
+type. These shrubs are quite hardy, and in favoured localities will
+produce berries. They succeed best in a damp, shady spot, and may be
+increased by cuttings planted in heavy loam.
+
+Cerastium Biebersteini.--A hardy trailing perennial which will grow in
+any light soil, and may be increased by suckers. It flowers in June.
+Height, 6 in.
+
+Cerasus Padus (_Bird Cherry_).--An ornamental tree; useful in the
+shrubbery in its earlier stages, as it will grow in any soil. It may
+be increased by seed, budding, or grafting; flowers in April. Height,
+35 ft.
+
+Cerinthe.--Hardy annuals, suitable for any ordinary soil, and needing
+merely ordinary treatment. A grand plant for bees. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Cestrums.--Charming conservatory plants, flowering early in spring.
+Cuttings may be taken in autumn, placed in small pots in a light
+compost of peat and sand, and given a little bottom-heat. The young
+plants may be topped to form bushy ones. Re-pot before the roots have
+filled the small pots, using two parts loam, one part peat, and one
+part sharp sand. C. Parqui is suitable for the open if planted in a
+sheltered position.
+
+Chamaepeuce.--Half-hardy perennial Thistle plants of little merit. Any
+soil suits them, and they may be increased by seed or division. Flower
+in June. Height, 2 ft. to 3 ft.
+
+Chamaerops (_Chusan Palm_).--Fine greenhouse plants, delighting in a
+rich, loamy soil. Height, 10 ft.
+
+Cheiranthus.--_See_ "Wallflower."
+
+Chelidonium.--This hardy perennial will flourish in any garden soil;
+flowers in May, and may be increased by division. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Chelone.--Charming hardy herbaceous plants. Succeed well in a mixture
+of peat and loam or any rich soil. Increased by division of root, or
+by seed treated like other hardy perennials. They are very effective
+for the centre of beds, or in groups. Bloom in July. Height, 3 ft.
+
+Cherries.--A light, rich soil is the one that Cherries succeed in
+best, though they will grow in any fairly good dry ground. The
+position should be open, but at the same time sheltered, as the
+blossoms are liable to be cut off by spring frosts. The planting may
+be done at any time during November and the beginning of March, when
+the ground is in a workable condition. Cherries are often worked upon
+the Mahaleb stock. As they have a tendency to gumming and canker,
+the knife should be used as little as possible, but where pruning is
+necessary, let it be done in the summer. If gumming occurs, cut away
+the diseased parts and apply Stockholm tar to the wounds. Aphides or
+black-fly may be destroyed by tobacco dust and syringing well with an
+infusion of soft soap. Morello succeeds on a north wall. Bigarreau,
+Waterloo, Black Eagle, Black Tartarian, May Duke, White Heart, and
+Kentish are all good sorts. Bush trees should stand 10 ft. apart,
+standards 30 ft.
+
+Cherry (_Cornelian_).--_See_ "Cornus Mas."
+
+Cherry Pie.--_See_ "Heliotrope."
+
+Chervil.--For summer use sow in March, and for winter requirements in
+July and August, in shallow drills 6 or 8 in. apart. Cut for use when
+3 or 4 in. high. The tender tops and leaves are used in soups and
+stews, to which they impart a warm, aromatic flavour. They likewise
+give piquancy to mixed salads.
+
+Chestnuts.--To raise trees from seed sow the nuts in November, about
+2 in. deep. When two years old they may be transplanted to their
+permanent site. The only pruning they require is to cut away any
+branches which would prevent the tree forming a well-balanced head.
+
+Chicory.--Sow in May or June in drills of rich soil, and thin out to
+6 in. apart. In autumn lift the roots and store them in dry sand. To
+force leaves for salads, plant the roots closely together in boxes or
+large pots, with the tops only exposed, using ordinary soil; place
+in a temperature of 55 degrees, and keep in the dark. Long blanched
+leaves will soon appear, ready for use.
+
+Chilli.--Same treatment as Capsicum.
+
+Chimonanthus Fragrans (_Japan Allspice_).--This delightfully fragrant
+hardy shrub, known as the Winter Flower, produces its blooms in
+January before the leaves appear. Should sharp frost set in,
+protection ought to be given to the flowers. The plant requires a
+fairly good soil, and is most at home when trained against a wall. It
+is generally propagated by means of layers. Height, 6 ft.
+
+Chinese Sacred Narcissus (_Oriental Lily, Joss Flower, or Flower of
+the Gods, the Chinese emblem of good luck_).--This is a very beautiful
+variety of the Polyanthus Narcissus, and is grown to bloom at the
+advent of the Chinese New Year. It is very fragrant and free blooming,
+and is generally flowered in an ornamental bowl of water, the bulb
+being surrounded with pretty pebbles to keep it well balanced. It may
+also be grown in a pot of mould, kept in a dark place for about ten
+days, then placed in a sunny position and supplied with water. It
+flowers from six to eight weeks after planting.
+
+Chionanthus Virginica (_Fringe Tree_).--A curious shrub which is best
+raised from seed. It succeeds in any soil, and bears white flowers in
+July. It will grow to the height of 20 ft. or more.
+
+Chionodoxa Luciliae (_Glory of the Snow_).--A pretty hardy
+spring-flowering bulbous plant. The blossoms, from five to six in
+number, are produced on gracefully arched stems, 4 to 8 in. high, and
+are nearly 1 in. across, star-like in form, and of a lovely blue tint
+on the margin, gradually merging into pure white in the centre. Fine
+for growing in clumps. Plant the bulbs in autumn in equal parts of
+loam, peat, and sand. It succeeds fairly well in the open, but reaches
+perfection in a cold frame, where the flowers will be produced in
+March. Height, 6 in.
+
+Choisya Ternata (_Mexican Orange_).--A pretty evergreen wall plant,
+bearing sweet-scented white flowers in July. The bush is round, and
+extremely ornamental when grown in the shrubbery. It delights in a
+mixture of peat and loam, and is propagated by cuttings placed in sand
+under a handglass, or, better still, by layers of the lower branches
+in March, detaching them in the autumn. While young it makes a fine
+pot-plant. Height, 6 ft.
+
+Chorozemas.--These Australian plants delight in rich turfy peat mixed
+with fibrous loam, leaf-mould, and coarse sand. When freshly potted
+they should be given a warm part of the greenhouse and watered
+cautiously till they are in full growth, when a little clear liquid
+manure may be given twice a week. May be shifted at any time except
+from October to Christmas. Propagated by cuttings about 1 or 2 in.
+long of half-ripened young wood taken in July or August, and inserted
+in sand under a glass. When the pots are full of roots shift the
+plants into larger sizes. They bloom nearly all the year round,
+especially in the winter and spring. The plants have rather a rambling
+habit, and are usually trained over balloon or pyramidal trellises;
+but this trouble can be spared by cutting them back freely and
+employing a few light sticks to keep them within bounds.
+
+Christmas Rose.--_See_ "Helleborus."
+
+Chrysanthemum.--The Chrysanthemum will grow in any good mould, a
+naturally good soil being often preferable to an artificial one. Where
+the ground is not in good condition a compost may be made of one-half
+rich loam and one-fourth each of well-rotted manure and leaf-mould,
+with sufficient sand to keep it porous. Cuttings taken in November or
+December make the finest exhibition plants. Pot them singly in 2-in.
+or 3-in. pots; stand them on coal ashes in a cold frame, and re-pot
+them in March or April in 6-in. pots, making the soil moderately firm.
+When they attain the height of 6 in. pinch off the extreme point of
+the shoot, which will induce the growth of side-shoots. Shift the
+plants from time to time into larger pots, until at the end of May
+they receive their final shift into 10-in. pots, after which they
+must not on any account be stopped. In June they may be placed in a
+sheltered and partially shaded part of the open border, standing the
+pots on pieces of slate to prevent the ingress of worms. Syringe the
+leaves each day and give the roots a liberal supply of liquid manure.
+When the flower-buds begin to show colour, discontinue the manure
+water. Thin out the flower-buds, leaving two or three only of the
+strongest on each stem. At the end of September they must be removed
+to a cool greenhouse to flower. Where there is no greenhouse a canvas
+structure may be erected to protect them from the cold. Good plants
+for the border may be raised from cuttings in March or April. These
+should be kept close in a frame until rooted, then gradually hardened
+off, and planted in rich soil. Syringing with soot-water twice a week
+until the flower-buds appear will darken the leaves and deepen the
+colour of the flowers.
+
+Chrysogonum Virginianum.--A free-flowering, hardy, herbaceous plant,
+best grown in loam and peat. Its deep-golden, star-shaped flowers are
+produced from June to September. Cuttings of ripened wood planted in
+sand and subjected to moist heat will strike. It may also be increased
+by dividing the root. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Cichorium Intybus.--This is a hardy herbaceous plant producing blue
+flowers in July. It will grow in any soil and needs no special
+treatment. Seeds may be sown either in autumn or spring. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Cimcifuga.--These hardy herbaceous plants will flourish in any good
+garden soil and are easily raised from seed, or they may be increased
+by dividing the roots. Various species produce their flowers from May
+to September. Height, 1 ft. to 3 ft.
+
+Cinerarias.--These grow well in a soil composed of equal parts of rich
+loam, leaf-mould, and thoroughly rotted horse-dung, liberally mixed
+with sharp sand. They are increased by seed, cuttings, or off-sets.
+The seed should be sown as soon as it is ripe and covered with the
+lightest layer of the finest soil; or it may be sown during March on a
+slight hotbed. Keep the young plants shaded from the sun, and as soon
+as they can be handled put them into 3-in. pots. Return them to the
+hotbed and keep them shaded till established, then gradually harden
+them off, and towards the end of May they may be planted in the open,
+choosing a sheltered situation. The first flower-stem should be cut
+out close to the bottom, but the side-shoots may either be reduced
+or not. At the end of September place them in a cool frame to bloom
+during the following month. They require to be well supplied with
+manure water. As soon as the plants have done flowering, cut them
+down, and keep them well supplied with water, and in March shake them
+out of their pots and plant each sucker separately. Other sowings may
+be made in April and May. To obtain cuttings, when the plants have
+flowered cut them down, and when they have again grown large enough
+take the cuttings and plant them in pots filled with the above
+compost, putting a layer of silver sand on the top. When the cuttings
+have made shoots 3 in. long, pinch off the tops to make the plants
+grow bushy. Re-pot when the roots are well grown, but before they get
+matted, and give occasionally a little liquid manure. Keep a good
+look-out for green fly, and as soon as this nuisance appears fumigate
+the plants with tobacco paper. An excess of fumigation is injurious.
+Those that have bloomed in pots may be planted in the north border of
+the garden in July, where they may shed their seed, from which early
+plants will be produced. They may also be increased by off-sets. If
+the old plants are cut down and kept well watered they will throw
+up suckers, which may be separated and potted off into thumb pots,
+transplanting into larger ones when required. They must _always_ be
+kept shaded from the sun. A cool frame suits them in summer, and being
+nearly hardy, should never be subjected to a forcing temperature,
+sufficient heat to keep away frost and damp being all that is
+necessary.
+
+Cinnamon Plant.--This is a stove or greenhouse plant, and requires a
+loam and peat soil. Cuttings of the ripe wood strike freely.
+
+Cissus Orientalis.--Useful climbing plants which delight in a light,
+rich soil. They are increased by cuttings planted under glass and kept
+in a gentle, moist heat.
+
+Cistus (_Rock Rose_).--A compost of loam and peat suits these
+beautiful evergreen shrubs. They may be increased by layers, ripe
+cuttings covered with a hand-glass, or seed. Though the plants are
+pretty hardy it is advisable to afford them protection during severe
+frosts. June is their flowering month. Height, 3 ft. to 6 ft.
+
+Citrus Japonica.--A greenhouse evergreen tree, requiring a rich loamy
+soil. Very little water should be given it while in a growing state.
+It is generally budded on an orange or lemon tree and plunged in a
+bottom-heat. June is its flowering season. Height, 5 ft.
+
+Cladanthus.--The annuals may be sown in the open in April to flower in
+July. The greenhouse evergreens may be propagated by cuttings under
+glass. These produce flowers in June.
+
+Clarkia.--These hardy annuals make a pretty display in the borders
+during summer. Seed ripens plentifully, and merely requires sowing in
+the open in March, or in September if protected in winter. The bloom
+lasts from June to September. Height, 18 in.
+
+Claytonia Sibirica.--A hardy herbaceous plant which yields light
+yellow flowers in June. It is not particular as to soil, and may be
+raised from seed sown either in autumn or spring. It stands division
+of the root. Height, 4 ft.
+
+Clematis (_Virgin's Bower_).--These plants like a dry situation. They
+will grow in smoky districts, and may be increased by cuttings of firm
+side-shoots under a glass in summer or by layers in September. With
+the protection of a greenhouse they come into flower early in spring.
+They are the most beautiful of all flowering hardy climbers. The stove
+and greenhouse varieties are best planted in loam and peat, though
+they will thrive in any light soil. Any good garden soil suits the
+hardy kinds. The herbaceous varieties are increased by dividing the
+roots early in spring. They bloom at various periods. After they have
+ceased to flower, the Jackmanni and Viticella sections should be cut
+down to within 9 or 12 in. of the ground. The Patens and Florida
+do not require pruning; those of the Lanuginosa should be cut back
+moderately, but not too close. A good dressing of leaf-mould and
+manure should be dug in about November. Heights vary from 2 ft. to 20
+ft. (_See also_ "Traveller's Joy.")
+
+Cleome.--The species of this genus are very pretty and free flowering,
+some being half-hardy climbers notable for their foliage. They like
+a rich, light soil. Cuttings of the stove kinds root freely under a
+glass. Some of the annual species require to be sown in a hotbed frame
+or in a hot-house, then potted off and placed with tender annuals. The
+hardier ones may be sown on a hotbed, and afterwards planted out in a
+sheltered position. They flower in May, June, and July. Heights vary
+from 6 in. to 8 ft.
+
+Clethra Alnifolia.--This hardy deciduous shrub bears in September
+deliciously scented pure white flowers on the side-shoots of the
+previous year's growth. It needs a light soil and a dry, sunny
+situation. It may be propagated by cuttings placed under glass in
+sandy loam, or by suckers taken when the leaves have fallen, but is
+more generally increased by layers. Height, 3 ft.
+
+Clianthus.--A genus of very elegant, free-flowering, evergreen
+greenhouse shrubs. They flourish in the border of the conservatory (or
+against a south wall if protected from cold) in an equal mixture of
+loam, peat, and sand. Cuttings root freely in the same soil under
+glass. Seed sown early in spring produce flowers the first year, in
+May. Height, 3 ft. to 4 ft.
+
+Clintonia.--Very pretty half-hardy annuals; useful for beds, edging,
+pots, or rock-work. They produce an abundance of Lobelia-like flowers
+in August. Sow the seed in the open in spring. Height, 6 in.
+
+Clitoria.--A greenhouse climbing or trailing plant, which thrives in a
+mixture of loam, peat, and sand. Cuttings will strike in heat, but it
+is more readily grown from seed.
+
+Clivias (_Caffre Lilies_).--Most beautiful evergreen plants for
+the greenhouse. The soil most suitable for them is a compost of
+leaf-mould, loam, and sand. Give a liberal supply of water when in
+full growth, but from September to February keep them only moderately
+moist. Shade from strong sunshine, and keep the temperature at from 60
+to 70 degrees. They will not bear much disturbance. Seed may be sown
+in bottom-heat early in spring, or they may be increased by suckers.
+
+Cobaea Scandens.--This rapid climber is well adapted for the
+conservatory, but it will thrive in the open air if the root is
+protected during the winter. If planted against a rough wall its
+tendrils will catch in the crevices and support it without any
+assistance. It requires plenty of room and a rather poor soil,
+otherwise it runs to leaf instead of to bloom. The tops of the shoots
+should be constantly pinched off, to induce thickness of growth.
+Cuttings of firm side-shoots taken in summer will root under glass in
+a little moist heat; but it is best raised from seed, sown sideways,
+in a hotbed in March. Its blue and purple flowers are produced in
+August. Height, 10 ft. to 20 ft.
+
+Cob Nuts.--_See_ "Filberts."
+
+Cockscomb.--These tender annuals should be sown on a moderate hotbed
+in March or April, in pans of leaf-mould and sand, covering with 1/4
+in. of soil. When a couple of inches high place them in small pots,
+replace them on the hotbed, and give shade till they have taken fresh
+root. When the weather is favourable let them have a moderate amount
+of fresh air. Afterwards shift them into larger pots, and when the
+combs are full grown place them in the greenhouse, taking care not to
+allow any damp to lodge on them, at the same time supplying them
+well with water and all the air possible. Height, 9 in. (_See also_
+"Celosia.")
+
+Codonopsis.--These hardy perennials are best grown in sandy peat and
+loam. They are easily raised from seed or cuttings, and produce their
+flowers in July and August. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Coix Lachryma (_Job's Tears_).--A half-hardy, annual, ornamental grass
+bearing clusters of beautiful pearl-like seeds. Sow in a warm spot in
+April, barely covering the seed with fine soil, and keep the surface
+of the ground moist till germination is ensured. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Colchicum (_Autumn-Flowering Crocus_).--Plant the bulbs in February in
+light, loamy soil, placing them 2 in. deep and 3 in. apart. They
+are readily increased by off-sets from the bulb. September is their
+flowering season. Height, 3 in. (_See also_ "Bulbocodium.")
+
+Coleus.--Tender perennial shrubs of some merit, requiring the
+protection of a greenhouse. Keep the plants root-bound and near the
+glass, with a good supply of heat and moisture. They succeed best in
+a mixture of loam and peat. Cuttings of shoots 3 in. long planted in
+sand, covered with a glass, and plunged in heat 60 to 70 degrees,
+will strike. Pot off singly in loam and sand. Bloom in June or July.
+Height, 2 ft. to 3 ft.
+
+Colletia.--Ornamental evergreen shrubs. A mixture of peat and loam,
+with a sheltered position, is their delight. Cuttings will strike
+in sand if covered with glass. They produce their flowers in July.
+Height, 2 ft. to 3 ft.
+
+Collinsia.--Most elegant hardy annuals, doing well in any garden soil.
+The seed is sown in autumn for early flowering, and in spring for a
+later display. Bloom May to August. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Collomia.--Hardy annuals, possessing little beauty. Treat as
+Collinsia. Flower in July. Height, 1 ft. to 2 ft.
+
+Colt's-foot.--This hardy perennial flowers before the leaves appear.
+It grows best in a moist, clayey soil, and may be increased by pieces
+of the running root.
+
+Columbine.--_See_ "Aquilegia."
+
+Colutea Arborescens (_Bladder Senna_).--A shrub with Acacia-like
+leaves and producing yellow Pea-shaped flowers in July, followed with
+bladder-shaped seed vessels. It will grow in any soil, and may be
+raised either from seed or cuttings taken in autumn. Height, 10 ft.
+
+Commelina Sellowina (_Blue Spider Wort, or Day Flower_).--A pretty
+greenhouse climber, bearing cobalt-blue flowers. It should occupy a
+sunny position, and be watered freely from March to September, after
+which very little should be given.
+
+Commelina Tuberosa.--Perfectly hardy plants, bearing in June blue or
+white flowers the size of a shilling. The bulbs may be planted in
+spring in any garden soil; the plants are increased by off-sets.
+Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Compost Heap.--Get a heap of dead leaves and press and jam them down
+as closely as possible. Then take as much manure, in appearance,
+as you have dead leaves, and for each cartload have two bushels of
+unslaked quicklime and some earth. Now spread upon the ground, in some
+out-of-the-way corner, a layer of the dead leaves, upon which sprinkle
+a layer of lime, and over that a thin layer of earth. Next lay on a
+covering of manure, then a layer of leaves, and one of lime and earth
+as before, and proceed in this way till all the materials are used up.
+It will be well, however, to give the heap a good watering whenever
+you come to the layer of leaves. This slakes the lime and hastens the
+decomposition of the vegetable matter. After letting it stand for
+about six weeks, begin at the top of the heap and turn it completely
+over, so that what was at the bottom will be at the top. Repeat this
+operation from time to time at intervals of six or seven weeks, until
+it has become perfectly friable and will powder through a garden-fork
+like dust. It will then be ready for use. This compost is invigorating
+to flowers of all kinds, and is so ready for them to assimilate.
+
+Comptonia Asplenifolia.--This ornamental deciduous shrub is quite
+hardy, but requires a light, sandy loam or peat soil and a shady
+situation. It is increased by layers. Blooms in April. Height, 4 ft.
+
+Cone Flower.--_See_ "Echinacea."
+
+Conifers.--Conifers (so called because they bear cones in place of
+ordinary seed) are mostly of tall growth, yet among the class are many
+low--growing evergreens well adapted for the lawn or border. Indeed,
+any of the specimens may be utilised in this way, but of course must
+be removed from the shrubbery or border before they attain undue
+proportions. They are hardy, and, generally speaking, not particular
+as to soil or situation. Firs, Pines, Cedars, etc., come under this
+heading, and mention is made in other parts of this work of those most
+suitable for the amateur's requirements.
+
+Convallaria Prolificans.--This is one of the most beautiful hardy
+perennials known. It has large, deep-green foliage, with erect and
+much-branched flower-stems. The flowers are white, internally flushed
+rose; are very fragrant, and are produced from May to September. The
+plant will grow in any ordinary soil, and may be increased by dividing
+the root. Height, 2-1/2 ft.
+
+Convolvulus (_Morning Glory_).--Showy plants. The tender species are
+well adapted for the stove or conservatory, and are best grown in loam
+and peat: cuttings strike freely in sand under a glass. The half-hardy
+annual kinds should be sown on a gentle hotbed in February, and when
+large enough transferred to the open; or they may be sown in the open
+in April. Hardy kinds merely require sowing in the open, early in
+spring. The stove and greenhouse annuals and biennials require to be
+sown in heat, and treated as other stove and greenhouse annuals and
+biennials. Flowering season, May to July. Height, 6 in. to 15 ft.
+
+Coral Plant.--_See_ "Erythrina."
+
+Corchorus.--_See_ "Kerria."
+
+Cordyline.--A stove evergreen shrub, which may be grown in any light,
+vegetable mould or in peat and loam, and is easily increased by
+suckers. It flowers in spring. Height, 3 ft.
+
+Coreopsis.--Very pretty and long-flowering. They all like a light,
+rich, and sandy soil. Cuttings of the stove kinds root freely under
+glass. Hardy perennials may be divided at the roots. The annuals may
+be sown either in the autumn or in March; they bear transplanting.
+Longipes flowers in April; Grandiflora in August. Useful as cut
+flowers. Height, 1-1/2 ft. to 3 ft.
+
+Cornel.--_See_ "Cornus."
+
+Cornflower.--_See_ "Cyanus."
+
+Corn Salad (_Lamb's Lettuce_).--Sow in drills--the plants to stand 6
+in. apart--from March till August, in well-drained sandy loam. Autumn
+sowings will stand the winter and prove useful in early spring. It
+must be gathered young.
+
+Cornus Canadensis (_Canadian Cornel_).--A pretty herbaceous plant,
+suitable for moist parts of rock-work. It is very hardy, likes a light
+soil, and produces flowers from June to August. The roots may be
+divided in autumn, or in the early part of spring. Height, 8 in.
+
+Cornus Mas (_Cornelian Cherry_).--This hardy deciduous shrub does
+well in common soil if a fair amount of moisture be given. Its yellow
+flowers are produced on bare stems from February to April. It may be
+increased by seeds, cuttings, or layers, autumn being the time to
+propagate.
+
+Coronilla.--The greenhouse shrubs should be grown in peat and loam.
+They are raised by seeds and by cuttings. Most of the hardy perennials
+need protection in winter, therefore they are best grown in pots.
+These are propagated by seed or division. The annuals need no special
+treatment.
+
+Coronilla Iberica.--A pretty creeping hardy perennial suitable for
+rock-work, on which its bright yellow flowers are very attractive
+during June and July. It thrives best in a mixture of peat and loam,
+and may be increased by seeds or division of the roots. Height, 6 in.
+
+Correa Cardinalis.--An evergreen greenhouse shrub. Place in equal
+parts of sand and loam, and propagate by cuttings, which should have
+plenty of room, as they are liable to damp off. July is its flowering
+season. Height, 4 ft. C. Magnifica is also a capital plant.
+
+Cortusa Matthioli.--This ornamental hardy herbaceous plant thrives
+best in a mixture of peat and loam. It is advisable to give protection
+to the roots in winter. It may be increased by seeds or by division of
+the roots. It makes a good pot-plant, and produces flowers in May and
+June. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Corydalis (_Fumitory_).--These low-growing perennials are suitable for
+dry positions on rock-work. They are not particular as to soil, and
+may be increased by division of roots, while some scatter seed in
+abundance. Their flowering period extends over many months. Height, 6
+in. to 1 ft.
+
+Cosmea Bipinnata.--A very pretty half-hardy annual which flowers in
+July. Sow the seed early in spring on a slight hotbed covered with
+glass, and transplant to the flower border at the end of May. Height,
+2 ft.
+
+Cosmos.--Pretty plants, the flowers resembling a single Dahlia. They
+are mostly hardy, but some need protection. The annuals should
+be raised on a hotbed in February and be planted out in May. The
+perennials, too, are brought forward in heat. Some flower in June,
+others in September. Height, 1 ft. to 3 ft.
+
+Cotoneaster.--Evergreen shrubs which will grow in any soil and are
+easily increased by layers. C. Hookeriana attains the dimensions of
+small trees, and produces a profusion of white flowers and bright
+crimson berries. C. Simonsii is largely used as a hedge. Height, 6 ft.
+to 8 ft. C. Rupestris is a small-leaved, prostrate perennial species,
+bearing white flowers from May to August, followed by red berries.
+Height, 3 in.
+
+Cotyledon Chrysantha (_Umbilicus)._--A choice Alpine succulent which
+thrives in a sandy loam, or in well-drained pots of the same soil. It
+flowers from May to August, and is multiplied by cuttings, which must
+be left to dry for a few days in a sunny place. Flowers are produced
+from May to August. Height, 3 in.
+
+Cowslips.--Well-known hardy perennials. These require the same
+treatment as Primulas. Plant in a mixture of loam and peat, and divide
+as soon as the bloom has died off. Height, 6 in.
+
+Cowslips, Cape.--_See_ "Lachenalia."
+
+Crambe Cordifolia (_Tournefort, or Sea Cabbage_).--This hardy
+herbaceous plant is suitable for a wild garden. It likes a good, rich
+soil, and is easily increased by seed or division. August is its
+flowering period. Height, 3 ft.
+
+Crane's Bill.--_See_ "Geranium Argentium."
+
+Crataegus Pyracantha (_Fire Thorn_).--This hardy, ornamental shrub
+will grow in any soil. It should be planted early in spring on a south
+or south-west wall, and may be increased by seeds, by budding, or by
+grafting. The profuse brilliant orange-coloured berries of the C.
+Lelandii (Mespilus) ensures it a place on walls and trellises. A sunny
+position gives best results. Prune in March.
+
+Creeping Jenny.--_See_ "Lysimachia Nummularia."
+
+Crepis (_Hawkweed_).--An interesting hardy annual. It merely requires
+sowing in spring, and will grow in any soil. The flowers are produced
+in June. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Cress.--Sow at intervals of a week from March to September in the open
+ground, and during the winter months in frames. A shady position is
+most suitable. By these frequent sowings, and by often cutting over
+such as readily renew a bottom growth, a constant succession of tender
+shoots is obtained.
+
+Crocus.--Among our earliest spring flowers. These will grow in any
+garden soil, but prefer rich, sandy earth. Plant in October or
+November, 3 in. deep and 2 in. apart. Take the roots up every second
+year, and plant the small off-sets in a nursery bed for two years,
+when they will be fit for the beds or borders. Protect the bulbs from
+mice, as they are very partial to them, especially in winter.
+
+_Indoor Culture_.--Select strong bulbs of the seedling varieties, and
+plant them in succession, commencing early in autumn, in good, rich,
+sandy soil. A liberal supply of water is necessary during the blooming
+season, but perfect drainage must be secured. They grow well in bowls
+filled with wet moss or sand. Height, 6 in. (_See also_ "Colchicum.")
+
+Crotons.--Fine-foliaged hothouse plants. A mixture of peat and sandy
+loam suits their growth, and they require a good amount of light to
+properly colour their leaves, with a night temperature of 70 degrees.
+
+Crowea Saligna.--Charming greenhouse evergreen shrubs, which send
+forth their purple flowers in September. They grow best in loam and
+peat. Cuttings may be struck in sand under bell-glasses. Height, 3 ft.
+
+Crown Imperials.--_See_ "Fritillarias."
+
+Crucianella Stylosa.--A hardy perennial. Sow in August or September in
+a sheltered spot to stand the winter. The seed may also be sown from
+March to midsummer, and the plants moved in autumn to the place where
+they are to bloom. Their delicate pink flowers are produced in July.
+Height, 1 ft.
+
+Cuckoo Flower.--_See_ "Cardamine."
+
+Cucumbers.--A rich, loamy soil is most suitable for their growth. Sow
+frame varieties in a heat of 75 degrees or 85 degrees during February
+and March for summer use, and when the plants are of sufficient size
+transplant to a well-prepared hotbed. Sow again in September for
+winter use. The hardy or ridge cucumbers (which are not suited for
+frame or hothouse culture) should be raised in a frame or hot-bed in
+April, and planted out about the middle of May in a warm border on
+strawed ridges prepared with good stable manure, placing a hand-glass
+over each plant until it is well established.
+
+Cunila Mariana (_Dittany_).--This hardy perennial produces heads of
+pretty purple flowers from July to September. It is not particular as
+to soil, and can easily be increased by division. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Cuphea.--Shrubs of a rather pretty description. The stove varieties
+require a sandy loam to grow in, and may be propagated by cuttings.
+The annuals should be sown on a gentle hotbed, and when strong enough
+potted off and kept in the greenhouse; they should not be moved into
+the open before the end of May. The perennial species if sown early
+make good bedding plants the first year; they need protection in the
+winter.
+
+Currants.--_Black._--A rich, deep soil and a moist situation, together
+with partial shade, are most suitable for their growth. They succeed
+better as bushes than as espaliers or trained to walls. Cuttings of
+the previous year's growth are taken in autumn and planted firmly 1
+ft. by 6 in. apart. In two years shift every alternate plant so as to
+allow room for expansion, and plant out finally to a distance of 5 ft.
+In pruning the bushes, remember that the fruit is borne on the young
+wood, therefore only sufficient should be cut away to allow of
+the admission of air and sunshine and the further growth of young
+branches. A portion of the old wood should be removed each year. Mulch
+the roots, and keep the plants supplied with water in dry seasons.
+Baldwin's Black, Ogden's Black, Black Naples, Lee's Prolific, James'
+Prolific, and Old Black are among the best.
+
+_Red and White._--An open, sunny position is needed. The soil that
+suits them best is a deeply-manured, stiff loam. They are readily
+raised from cuttings--which should be as long and strong as
+possible--taken in autumn. Cut away all the eyes except the three
+uppermost ones, and plant firmly in rows 1 ft. by 6 in. apart.
+Transplant at the end of the second year to a distance of 5 ft. apart.
+While the plants are young cut out all the top centre branches,
+cutting always to an outgrowing bud, so as to give a cylindrical form
+to the bush. In further pruning leave the leading shoots untouched,
+but shorten all others to 4 in. or 6 in., and cut out all old, mossy
+wood. Towards the end of June is a good time for cutting the young
+wood away. The fruit is produced on spurs. In the autumn of each year
+carefully dig in a good dressing of half-rotted manure, in such a
+manner as not to injure the roots. Among the leading red varieties are
+the following:--Champagne, Cherry, Chiswick Red, Houghton Castle, Raby
+Castle, and Red Dutch. Of the white fruit the White Dutch and the
+Cut-leaved White are the leaders. In plantations they should stand
+from 4 ft. to 6 ft. apart.
+
+Currants, Flowering.--_See_ "Ribes."
+
+Cyanthus Lobatus--A small, but very beautiful procumbent perennial,
+well adapted to fill moist places on rock-work if the situation is
+open and sunny. A mixture of vegetable mould and sand suits it, and it
+is best increased by cuttings placed in moist peat. It flowers in the
+autumn, the flower-stems being from 6 in. to 1 ft. in length.
+
+Cyanus(_Cornflower_).--Very pretty and free-blooming hardy annuals.
+Sow the seed in the open in autumn for an early display of flowers,
+or in March for a later one. Thin out to 2 ft. apart. Bloom in July.
+Height, 2 ft. to 3 ft.
+
+Cyclamen.--Charming winter and spring blooming bulbous greenhouse
+plants, which thrive in a mixture of sandy loam and vegetable mould.
+They require a moist atmosphere and a uniform temperature not lower
+than 50 degrees. They may be increased by seed sown in slight heat as
+soon as it is ripe. Plant the bulbs in October, also in February and
+March, placing them so that the crown is level with the top of the
+pots. One full-sized bulb is sufficient for a 6-in. pot, which must be
+provided with good drainage and placed on a layer of coal ashes that
+is kept constantly moist. Water moderately till growth begins, then
+increase the supply. Give a little liquid manure, in a weak state, if
+a large quantity of flower-buds appear. When the blooming season is
+over, plunge the pots in a shady, well-drained border, and when the
+leaves start afresh turn the plants carefully out of the pots, so
+as not to injure their roots, and re-pot in fresh soil. C. Persicum
+flowers in February, and C. Neapolitanum in April. C. Europeum is a
+hard variety, thriving in any situation. It produces sweetly-scented
+flowers throughout July and August. It does best when planted under
+trees, or in partial shade on rock-work, in well-drained, good loamy
+or peaty soil mixed with a fair proportion of brick rubble. Plant the
+corms in September 3 in. apart, and 1-1/2 in. deep. Height, 6 in. to 9
+in.
+
+Cydonia (_Pyrus_).--These hardy plants are well adapted for
+trellis-work, but are more effective when grown as bushes, and flower
+more freely than when trained to the wall, the bloom often lasting to
+the winter. They will grow in any soil, and are increased by suckers.
+Height, 4 ft. and upwards.
+
+Cyperius Alternifolius.--A stove grass which will grow in any soil,
+but requires a plentiful supply of water. It is increased by dividing
+the roots. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Cypress (_Cupressus_).--Among these useful conifers C. Lawsoniana has
+no superior as a single specimen for the decoration of the lawn. Of
+free growth and perfectly hardy, it succeeds in almost any soil or
+situation. C. Fraserii is also hardy, of erect habit, and of a rich
+glaucous hue. When it attains a good size it is very ornamental. The
+beautiful silver variegated variety Argenteo Variegata deserves a
+place in every shrubbery. Nana Alba Maculata is a dwarf globular
+plant, the slender branches of which are tipped with white, giving it
+the appearance of being partly covered with snow. Pygmea is a compact
+dwarf-growing variety suitable for the centre of small beds and for
+rock-work. Japan Cypresses are elegant little shrubs, one of the
+finest being Retinospora Ericoides, whose peculiar violet-red leaves
+contrast charmingly with light green plants. Any of the above may be
+increased by cuttings. They succeed best in a rich, deep loam, and are
+improved by thinning out the branches where too thick, and pinching
+out the stronger shoots where too thin, so as to encourage new growth.
+
+Cypripedium (_Hardy Ladies' Slipper Orchid_).--This plant is of
+the simplest culture and is well adapted for pots, ferneries, or
+rock-work. It is most at home in a well-drained yet moist peaty soil,
+and kept in a frame or on a shady border, where it will bloom in June.
+Protect from frost and heavy rains, but never allow the roots to get
+dry. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Cytisus.--Elegant hardy shrubs with finely-cut leaves and terminal
+racemes of Pea-shaped flowers in July. They will grow in any soil, and
+are readily raised from seed or layers. Height, 3 ft. to 4 ft.
+
+
+D
+
+
+Daffodils.--These will grow in any good, cool, moist, well-drained
+garden soil if sand be put round their roots, but thrive best in a
+moderately rich loam. They may remain in the ground for years, for
+large bulbs produce the finest flowers. When the flowering is over the
+leaves must be allowed to die down, not cut off. Plant from September
+to December. The top of the bulb should be about 3 in. below the
+surface, according to its size; 10 in. apart is a good distance.
+Daffodils are also suitable for pot culture. Plant three to six bulbs,
+according to size, in a 4-in. or 5-in. pot, using a compost of two
+parts fibrous loam, one part leaf-mould, and one part sand. Place the
+pots on a bed of ashes, and cover with 4 in. of cocoa-nut fibre. As
+soon as top growth has commenced, remove the plants indoors, and
+give plenty of light and air to prevent them being drawn. Daffodils
+likewise make a good display when planted on a lawn.
+
+Dahlias.--These attractive plants require a deep, friable soil, not
+over rich. They may be grown from seed sown on a hotbed in March and
+lightly covered with fine mould. As soon as they are up give all the
+air which can with safety be given. When the seedlings are large
+enough pot them off singly in the smallest-sized pots or round the
+edges of 6-in. ones. Plant them out at the end of May, 1 ft. apart;
+they will flower at the end of August. Any that turn out very good had
+better be propagated by cuttings from the young tops, to save the kind
+in case the roots should die. When flowering is over take up the young
+bulbs and treat them as directed afterwards for old tubers.
+
+Another way to propagate them is to place the old tubers in soil over
+a hotbed early in March. When the shoots are a couple of inches high
+the tubers may be taken up and divided with a sharp knife. Pot off
+separately. Water them occasionally with liquid manure, made from
+guano and powdered charcoal, well mixed with rain water, and plant
+them out early in May. Give them plenty of room, and tie the branches
+securely to stakes firmly fixed in the soil. When they have become
+good bushy plants put a layer of half-rotted manure round each plant.
+As soon as frost turns their foliage brown take them up, cut off the
+roots, leaving about 6 in. of stem attached, and plunge them into a
+box of sand, chaff, or ashes, and preserve them from damp, frost, and
+heat during the winter.
+
+Daisies (_Bellis Perennis_).--These pretty, little hardy perennials
+are very useful as edgings. To grow them to perfection the ground
+should be highly manured, and the roots divided every year, planting
+them out 6 in. apart in a cool, shady situation. October is a suitable
+time for transplanting. They flower continuously from February to
+July. Height, 6 in.
+
+Dandelions.--Dandelions on lawns, etc., may be killed by cutting them
+down as low as possible, and putting a little gas-tar or a pinch of
+salt on the wound. Or they may be dug up and blanched for mixing with
+salad. In this case plant six roots in an 8-in. pot, and place an
+inverted flower-pot over the whole, in order to exclude the light; the
+plants are sometimes blanched in the open by covering them with old
+tan or fine ashes. The flowers must be kept picked off, for they soon
+run to seed, and if unattended to become troublesome.
+
+Daphne.--Beautiful shrubs, mostly evergreens, bearing elegant flowers
+followed by bright-red poisonous berries. D. Mezereum is the most
+common variety, and is very suitable for the front of shrubberies. The
+Chinese variety D. Odorata is too tender for outdoors, but makes a
+fine ornament for the greenhouse. The dwarf kinds, bearing fragrant
+pink flowers, are rather tender, but are very useful for rockeries
+occupying sheltered positions. They all need a peaty soil, and may
+be increased by grafting on to the common Spurge Laurel. Different
+varieties flower at various periods, from February to October. Height,
+9 in. to 6 ft, but the majority are from 2 ft. to 3 ft. high.
+
+Datura.--Ornamental half-hardy annuals. The seeds of all the species
+must be sown on a hotbed early in spring. When the plants are strong
+enough transplant them in the border, where they will bloom more
+freely than in pots. The seeds of D. Ceratocaula will sometimes remain
+several years in the ground before they germinate. They flower in
+July. Height, 2 ft. to 3 ft.
+
+Day Flower.--_See_ "Commelina."
+
+Day Lily.--_See_ "Hemerocallis."
+
+Delphinium (_Larkspur_).--The gorgeous spikes of flowers produced by
+these plants render them invaluable for the border. They like a deep
+soil, highly enriched. The perennials may be divided at the root in
+autumn, care being taken not to injure the young fleshy sprouts. The
+annuals are readily raised from seed. The quickest way to grow the
+perennial varieties from seed is to sow in a frame with a slight
+bottom-heat, at any time from March to August; but sowings made in the
+open from April to June will succeed. Keep the ground moist, and shade
+from the sun till the plants are up, then transplant to nursery beds
+for the summer, afterwards transferring them to their final quarters.
+Flower in June and July. Height, 1-1/2 ft. to 6 ft.
+
+Dentaria Digitata (_Toothwort_).--This tuberous hardy perennial grows
+well in old leaf-mould, and is very suitable for the base portion of
+rock-work, where it can obtain both shade from the midday sun and
+moisture. It is readily increased by cutting the roots into pieces
+about 1-1/2 in. long, and replanting them where they are intended to
+bloom, putting 1 in. or so of sand round them. They flower in May.
+Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Desfontania Spinosa.--A fine, evergreen wall shrub with holly-like
+leaves, and long, pendulous scarlet and orange flowers in June. It
+grows best in a compost of loam, peat, and sand, with a south or west
+aspect. It is propagated by cuttings under glass. Height, 10 ft.
+
+Desmodium Canadense.--This is a fine border hardy perennial, producing
+long racemes of rosy-purple flowers in June or July. It prefers a soil
+of sandy loam and peat, and may be increased by seed or by cuttings
+planted in sand and subjected to heat. Height, 4 ft.
+
+Desmodium Pendulaeflorum.--A hardy evergreen shrub, flowering in July.
+It thrives in sandy loam and peat. Cuttings planted in sand with a
+little bottom-heat and under glass will strike. Height, 6 ft.
+
+Deutzia.--A beautiful conservatory shrub, bearing in spring a large
+quantity of flowers resembling the snowdrop. A peaty soil suits it. It
+is pretty hardy. Height, 3 ft.
+
+Devil-in-a-Bush.--_See_ "Nigella."
+
+Dianthus.--Very beautiful and fragrant flowers. The genus embraces
+Carnations, Pinks, Picotees, and Sweet Williams. The soil most
+suitable for them is a light, loamy one, mixed with a little rotten
+dung and sand. It is well to confine the rarer kind to pots, so as
+the better to protect them in winter. They are propagated by layers,
+cuttings, or division of roots. If the cuttings are taken about the
+middle of June, and placed under glass on a gentle hotbed, they will
+be ready in about three weeks to plant out in the open. The annuals
+and biennials merely require sowing where they are intended to bloom.
+Flower in July. Height, 1-1/2 ft. to 2 ft.
+
+Dictamnus (_Burning Bush_).--_See_ "Fraxinella."
+
+Dielytra Spectabilis (_Venus's Car, Bleeding Heart, or Lyre
+Flower_).--One of the most elegant hardy perennials for forcing
+for table decorations, or cutting for vases. The graceful, pendent
+branches are laden with beautiful red or purple heart-shaped flowers;
+these, combined with the delicate green of the foliage, give them a
+conspicuous place among plants. Out of doors in summer, among shrubs
+or herbaceous plants, they are exceedingly attractive. Let them be
+planted in tufty groups in a warm, sheltered border of rich, light
+soil. They may be increased by division of the root, as in the Dahlia,
+or by cuttings. Height, 3 ft.
+
+Digitalis (_Foxglove_).--Very showy, hardy, perennial border plants.
+They will grow in any garden soil, and are readily raised from seed,
+which, if sown in the autumn, will produce flowers the following June
+and July. Height, 1 ft. to 3 ft.
+
+Digitata.--_See_ "Callirhoe."
+
+Dimorphantus _(Aralia Sinensis_).--The Dimorphantus Mandschuricus is
+one of the noblest of deciduous shrubs, the foliage being very large
+and much divided. Any soil is suitable for its growth, and it may be
+propagated by cuttings of ripe wood, taken at a joint and planted on a
+shaded site. It produces its flowers at midsummer. Height, 4 ft. to 6
+ft.
+
+Dimorphotheca Ecklonis.--This plant is not perhaps quite hardy, still
+it may be grown out of doors in a sheltered, sunny situation. It
+grows well in sandy loam and leaf-mould, and requires a good deal
+of moisture in the summer months, though from autumn till spring it
+should be kept on the dry side. During winter it is safest to afford
+it protection. It is generally raised from cuttings late in summer,
+which are kept through the winter in small pots in the greenhouse.
+
+Diphylleia Cymosa.--A very pretty bog plant which blooms from June to
+August. Plant in rich, light soil, and give plenty of water. It is
+propagated by division. Height, 9 in.
+
+Diplacus Glutinosus _(Hard-wooded Mimulus_).--This elegant greenhouse
+shrub is an evergreen which delights in a rich, sandy loam. It flowers
+in June, and is increased by cuttings. Height, 3 ft.
+
+Diplopappus.--Dwarf-growing evergreen shrubs of pretty habit. The
+golden stems and leaves of D. Chrysophylla render that variety
+specially attractive. A sandy loam is most suitable for their growth.
+They require the warmest situation the garden affords, and to be
+protected during the winter. Cuttings strike readily. They flower in
+August. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Disbudding--The object of Disbudding is to prevent the growth of
+branches which, from their position, would be useless to the tree, and
+would consequently have to be cut away later on. The process is both
+simple and expeditious. The trees are gone over once a week during the
+spring, and the useless buds are rubbed off with the thumb, taking off
+first those which are most unfavourably situated. The work should be
+done gradually, so as not to give any check to the tree.
+
+The term is also applied to the pinching out of flower-buds, such as
+those of the Chrysanthemum, so as to give more room and strength to
+the remaining blooms.
+
+Disemma.--Splendid evergreen climbers, suitable either for the
+greenhouse or in a sheltered position out of doors. Plant in rich,
+loamy soil mixed with peat, and, if grown in the open, give protection
+to the roots during the winter. They flower in July, and may be
+increased by cuttings planted in sand under glass. Height, 20 ft. to
+30 ft.
+
+Dittany.--_See_ "Cunila."
+
+Docks, to Kill.--Cut the weeds down to the ground, and run a skewer
+dipped in vitriol through the roots.
+
+Dodecatheon.--A hardy perennial, which is very ornamental when in
+flower. It grows best in a loamy soil, and is easily increased by
+dividing the roots. Blooms in May. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Dog's-Tooth Violets.--_See_ "Violets."
+
+Dolichos Lablab.--Half-hardy annuals. The seed should be sown in
+spring in pots placed in heat, and kept in the hothouse till May, when
+the plants may be set out in a sheltered position, placing sticks for
+them to run up, in the like manner to Beans. Flower in July. Height, 6
+ft.
+
+Dondia Epipactis.--A very pretty and extremely hardy little perennial,
+suitable for either pot culture or rock-work. It thrives in peat or
+leaf-mould, and likes a moist position. Strong clumps may be divided
+in February, but it is rather shy at being moved. It flowers in May.
+Height, 6 in.
+
+Doronicum (_Leopards Bane_).--An ornamental hardy perennial. It will
+grow in any garden soil, and may be propagated from seed sown either
+in the autumn or spring, or by dividing the root. It produces its
+flowers in May. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Draba.--Pretty dwarf Alpine plants which bloom during April and May;
+very suitable for rock-work. They flourish in a compost of loam and
+peat, and may be propagated by seed or division. Height, 1-1/2 in. to
+3 in.
+
+Dracaena Indivisa.--A stove evergreen shrub much valued for its
+foliage and as a table plant. It requires a light, loamy soil and
+plenty of light. Cuttings stuck in tan or peat and sand, and provided
+with strong heat, will strike. It flowers in June. Height, 3 ft.
+
+Dracocephalum (_Dragon's Head_).--Ornamental plants, mostly bearing
+lilac or blue flowers. Many of the half-hardy kinds are grown in pots,
+so that they may the more readily be removed to the greenhouse in
+winter. The perennials are propagated by dividing the roots. The
+annuals are increased from seed sown in March or early in April. They
+like a rich, light soil, and come into bloom in June and July. Height,
+1 ft. to 2 ft.
+
+Dracophyllum.--Greenhouse evergreen shrubs of an ornamental character.
+The pots should be filled with an equal mixture of sand and peat. They
+are propagated by planting the young shoots in sand, covering them
+with a hand-glass, and plunging them in heat. They flower in June.
+Height, 2 ft.
+
+Dragon's Head.--_See_ "Dracocephalum."
+
+Dryas Octopetala (_Mountain Avens_).--A prostrate, creeping perennial
+which bears white Anemone-like flowers from July to September. It
+thrives in peat, and is increased by seeds, cuttings, or division.
+Not being quite hardy, protection should be afforded during winter.
+Height, 6 in.
+
+Dutchman's Pipe--_See_ "Aristolochia."
+
+
+E
+
+
+Earwigs, to Trap.--An inverted flower-pot, containing a little dry
+moss or hay, placed on a stick, forms a good trap for these pests.
+They will also congregate in any hollow stems of plants that may be
+laid about. They may be destroyed by shaking them into boiling water.
+
+Eccremocarpus (_Calampelis_).--These climbing half-hardy perennials
+will grow in any garden soil, a light, loamy one being preferable.
+Sow the seed in autumn on a slight hotbed, pot off, and winter in a
+greenhouse. The plants will be ready to turn out on a warm south wall
+in April or May. Cut them down in the autumn, and cover the roots with
+dry leaves: they will shoot up again in the spring. The foliage
+is dark and Clematis-like; the flowers are borne in clusters, are
+tube-shaped, and bright orange-scarlet in colour. They are increased
+by cuttings.
+
+Echeveria.--Choice greenhouse evergreen shrubs. They grow best in a
+sandy loam, with a little peat, mixed with pulverised brick rubbish.
+Water must be given cautiously. Young plants may be taken off the
+parent in October and pressed firmly, but without bruising them, in
+light, rich soil. Cuttings should be left for a few days to dry before
+planting. They flower in autumn. In winter keep them in a cold frame,
+and as dry as possible. Height, 1 ft. to 2 ft.
+
+Echinacea Purpurea (_Purple Cone Flower_).--A stately hardy perennial,
+very pretty when in flower, but hardly suitable for cutting purposes.
+It likes a rich, light, loam soil and plenty of sunshine. The roots
+may be divided in spring, after growth has fairly started. It blooms
+during September and October. Height, 2-1/2 ft.
+
+Echinops (_Globe Thistle_).--Coarse perennial plants, of stiff growth.
+Any soil suits them, and they may be increased by dividing the roots.
+They bloom in July. Height, 4 ft.
+
+Echium Creticum.--A scarlet-flowering hardy annual which should be
+grown wherever bees are kept. Sow in spring in any garden soil.
+Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Edelweiss.--_See_ "Gnaphalium."
+
+Edraianthus Dalmaticus.--A charming little herbaceous perennial which
+proves quite hardy in our climate, and well deserves a place in the
+rockery. Plant in deep, rich loam, and cover the surface of the crown
+with 1/2 in. of coarse sand. It may be propagated from off-sets, taken
+with as much root as possible as soon as flowering ceases. Winter the
+young plants in a cold frame, and do not give them too much water, or
+they will rot. They will bloom in July and August. Height, 4 in.
+
+Egg-Plant (_Aubergine_).--The fruit of the egg-plant is edible. The
+seed is sown in March or April in pots of well-drained, light, rich
+soil, and placed in a cucumber frame or on a hotbed with a temperature
+of 75 degrees. When the plants are fairly up they are potted off
+separately, and when they have started into growth the points are
+pinched out, so as to induce a bushy habit. It is necessary to keep
+the roots well supplied with water. When the fruit is set, the growth
+is stopped at the first joint beyond it. They are mostly treated as
+greenhouse pot-plants, but may be grown in the open if planted on a
+south border, in ridges like those made for cucumbers, and covered
+with hand-glasses till established. The Aubergine is a tender annual.
+Height, 2 ft.
+
+Eggs of Insects, to Destroy.--Into 3 gallons of water stir 1/4 peck
+of lime, 1/2 lb. of sulphur, and 1/2 lb. of tobacco. When settled,
+syringe the trees and walls with the clear liquid. More water may be
+added afterwards.
+
+Eichhornia Crassipes Major.--A pretty and curious plant which may be
+grown in bowls of water like the Chinese Lily. The stalks are bladders
+about the size of a greengage, which enable the plant to float. The
+flowers are soft lilac-rose in colour, and sparkle as if polished,
+each one being about 2 in. in diameter. A little soil at the bottom of
+the bowl is beneficial. It will flourish out of doors in summer.
+
+Elder.--_See_ "Sambucus."
+
+Eleagnus.--Effective variegated shrubs which prove perfectly hardy
+in the south of England. They grow in any ordinary soil, and are
+increased by cuttings. Height, 10 ft.
+
+Elsholtzia Cristata.--Hardy annuals of great value where there are
+bees, the flowers being very sweet. Sow in the open in spring. Height,
+1 ft.
+
+Empetrum.--Small hardy evergreen shrubs requiring an elevated and
+exposed position, and a dry, barren soil. They flower in May, and are
+propagated by layers. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Endive.--Sow at intervals from May till the end of August, but the
+principal sowing, to stand the winter, should be made the first week
+in August, giving the plants the protection of a frame. When the early
+sown ones are 2 in. high transplant them to a rich nursery bed. When 4
+in. high lift them carefully, with the soil round the roots, and place
+them in drills about 3 in. deep and 1 ft. apart each way. Water well
+immediately after planting, and keep the soil moist.
+
+Epacris.--Pretty Heath-like shrubs. They like a sandy peat soil, and
+plenty of moisture. The pots in which they grow should be provided
+with ample drainage and stood in a larger-sized pot, with wet moss
+between the two. As soon they have done blooming cut them back freely,
+and when the fresh shoots are 2 or 3 in. long, pot them off, placing
+them in a close, cool pit for three or four weeks. Gradually harden
+off, then place them in a sunny situation out of doors, and remove
+them to the conservatory in October. They only need sufficient heat to
+keep out the frost. Cuttings of the young wood placed in sand with a
+little bottom-heat will strike.
+
+Epigaea Repens (_Creeping Laurel_).--This creeper is hardy and
+evergreen, and its flowers possess a delicious fragrance. It may be
+grown in loam and sandy peat or in leaf-mould with a little sand
+added, in a well-sheltered and moist situation; and may be propagated
+by layers, in the same manner as Carnations. It flowers in April.
+Height, 6 in.
+
+Epilobium Angustifolium.--An ornamental herbaceous plant which may be
+grown in any common soil from seed sown in autumn, or may be increased
+by division of the roots. It puts forth its flowers in July. Height, 4
+ft.
+
+Epimedium.--An elegant hardy perennial, suitable for shaded borders
+or rock-work. The best soil for it is sandy peat. It flowers between
+April and June, and is increased by dividing the root. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Eragrostis Elegans (_Love Grass_).--One of the best of our hardy,
+annual, ornamental grasses. Sown in March, it will reach perfection in
+August or September. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Eranthis Hyemalis.--_See_ "Winter Aconite."
+
+Eremurus Robustus.--This hardy perennial bears tall, handsome spikes
+of sweetly-scented, peach-coloured flowers in May. It will grow in
+any ordinary soil, and is easily propagated by young plants from the
+roots. Height, I ft.
+
+Ericas (_Heaths_).--It is useless to attempt to grow these beautiful
+shrubs unless proper soil is provided. The free-growing kinds thrive
+best in good black peat and require large pots. The dwarf and
+hard-wooded kinds must be provided with sandy peat, and the pots
+thoroughly well drained. They need less water than the free-growing
+kinds. They all want a good deal of air, and must not be crowded too
+closely together. Protect from frost and damp. Cuttings off the tender
+tops of the shoots planted in sand under glass will strike. The
+cuttings of the stronger-growing kinds should be somewhat longer. As
+soon as rooted, pot off singly, place in a close frame, and harden off
+by degrees. The hardy sorts grow in a sandy peat, and may be increased
+by layers or by cuttings. They bloom at various times. Height, 6 in.
+to 4 ft. (_See_ "Heaths, Greenhouse.")
+
+Erigeron.--Very handsome hardy perennials, producing a copious display
+of bloom. They will grow in any soil, and may be increased by division
+or by seed sown between March and July, or in August or September.
+They flower at the end of July. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Erinus.--The hardy perennial kinds bloom in March, the greenhouse
+varieties in May. The latter are very pretty. They all like a sandy
+soil, and may be increased by seed or by division. Height, 6 in. to 9
+in.
+
+Eriogonum.--These pretty, hardy, herbaceous plants bloom in June. They
+grow best in a compost of loam and peat, and are easily raised from
+seed. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Eriostemon.--Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Grow in sandy peat with a
+little loam added. Cuttings will strike in sand. They flower in May
+and June. Height, 2 ft. to 3 ft.
+
+Erodium.--An extensive genus of very beautiful plants, mostly hardy.
+They will grow in any soil, and merely require ordinary treatment. The
+bloom is produced in June or July. Height, 4 in. to 1 ft.
+
+Eryngium.--A very ornamental and beautiful kind of Thistle. They are
+mostly quite hardy, and will grow in any garden soil, though they
+thrive best in a light, sandy one. The greenhouse and frame varieties
+should be grown in pots, so that they can be easily housed in winter.
+They are readily increased by seed or division, and produce their
+flowers in July. Height, 1 ft. to 4 ft.
+
+Erysimum.--Flowers of little merit. The herbaceous kinds thrive in
+common soil, but do best in a mixture of loam and peat. They may be
+increased by cuttings placed under glass. The annuals and biennials
+merely need sowing in the open during autumn. They bloom in June and
+July. Height, 1-1/2 ft. to 2 ft.
+
+Erythrina Crista Galli (_Coral Plant_).--A showy, summer-blooming
+greenhouse plant. Place it in turfy loam enriched with old manure. It
+may be transferred to the garden in the summer, and when the wood is
+ripe cut it back and keep it dry till spring. Cuttings taken at a
+joint, with the leaves left on, may be struck in sand.
+
+Erythronium Dens-Canis _(Dog's Tooth Violets_).--_See_ "Violets."
+
+Escallonia.--Handsome, half-hardy, evergreen shrubs, possessing rich
+glaucous leaves and bunches of tubular flowers. A peat and sandy loam
+soil suits them best. They may be planted against, and trained to, a
+south wall, but need protection from frost. The laterals may be cut
+back fairly close in March to encourage new growth. They may be
+propagated by layering in the autumn, or by suckers taken in the
+spring. Height, 3 ft.
+
+Eschscholtzia.--Pretty hardy annuals, especially during August, when
+they are in flower. Any rich soil suits them. Easily raised from seed
+sown on a gentle hotbed in spring, and afterwards transplanted to the
+border. They flower longest if sown in autumn, but the young plants
+need protection through the winter. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Eucalyptus Citriodora.--A useful window or greenhouse plant, with
+small, oblong, bright green leaves, furnished with appendages that
+emit an odour resembling the Lemon-scented Verbena. It is of easy
+cultivation, growing freely from seed sown in slight heat. Height, 4
+ft.
+
+Eucalyptus Globulus.--A greenhouse everlasting tree, commonly known as
+Blue Gum. It delights in a mixture of peat, loam, and sand. Cuttings,
+which should not be too ripe, root in sand under glass. It may be
+grown from seed sown, in a temperature of 65 degrees, from February to
+April. It flowers in June.
+
+Eucharidium.--Pretty little hardy annuals, nearly allied to the
+Clarkia. The seed may be sown in autumn for early flowering, or in
+spring for blooming in July. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Eucomis Punctata.--A fine, autumn-blooming plant, bearing long spikes
+of fragrant creamy-white flowers and curiously-spotted stems. It may
+be grown in any rich soil. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Eucryphia Pinnatifida.--A dwarf evergreen shrub with flowers
+resembling a white St. John's Wort. It grows best in a compost of loam
+and peat, and is propagated by cuttings planted in sand, and subjected
+to heat.
+
+Eugenia Ugni.--An evergreen shrub which produces white flowers in May,
+succeeded by round, edible berries. It should be grown in loam and
+peat. Ripened cuttings may be struck in sand under glass. Height, 4
+ft.
+
+Eulalia Japonica.--A hardy perennial Giant Grass. It is very handsome
+as single specimens on lawns, or used in groups on the margins of
+shrubberies. The flower panicles in their first stage have erect
+branches, but as the flowers open these curl over gracefully,
+resembling a Prince of Wales feather. Height, 6 ft.
+
+Euonymus Radicans Variegata.--A hardy evergreen shrub which, given a
+sunny situation, will grow in any soil, though a rich, sandy one is
+preferable. It may be increased by layers, by seed, by cuttings of
+ripe wood taken early in autumn and planted in the shade, or by
+dividing strong roots. May is its time to flower. Height, 6 ft. Other
+varieties of the Euonymus, or Spindle Tree, are equally hardy, and
+easy to propagate.
+
+Eupatorium Odoratum.--A greenhouse shrub which bears sweet-scented
+white flowers in August, continuing in bloom for a long while. It may
+be planted out at the end of May, but must be lifted before the frost
+comes. When flowering ceases, give less water and prune hard back. It
+grows well in peat and loam, and is increased by seed or by cuttings
+of the young shoots in spring in bottom-heat. Pinch back freely until
+the end of July, leaving all growth after that period. Height, 2-1/2
+ft.
+
+Euphorbia.--An elegant class of plants. The stove and greenhouse
+varieties are generally succulent, and require but little water, while
+the hardy kinds need plenty of moisture. Any rich, light soil suits
+them, but for the tender, succulent plants it should be mixed with
+brick rubbish. Best grown from seed, though the roots may be divided.
+Height, 2 ft.
+
+Eurya Latifolia Variegata.--A fine, variegated, large-leaved
+evergreen, very suitable for covering a low wall, or for conservatory
+decoration. It delights in a compost of loam and peat, and is
+propagated by cuttings planted in a sandy soil on gentle heat. Height,
+2 ft.
+
+Eurybia.--Very pretty flowering shrubs for walls, borders, or
+rockeries. They require a light, rich soil, and may be increased by
+seeds sown early in spring on a gentle hotbed. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Eutaxia Myrtifolia.--Pretty evergreen shrubs, suitable for the
+greenhouse. They thrive best in a mixture of peat and loam, and
+require the pots to be well drained. To have nice bushy plants they
+must be pinched back well. Cuttings will strike in sand under glass.
+They flower in August. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Eutoca.--Exceedingly pretty hardy annuals. Sow the seed in light soil
+early in spring where it is to flower, and thin out so that the plants
+have plenty of room. They bloom in July. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Evening Primrose.--_See_ "Oenothera."
+
+Everlasting Peas.--_See_ "Peas, Everlasting."
+
+
+F
+
+
+Fabacea.--_See_ "Thermopsis."
+
+Fatsia Japonica.--_See_ "Aralia."
+
+Feather Grass.--_See_ "Stipa Pennata."
+
+Fennel.--Sow the seed in April, cover lightly with fine mould, and
+when the plants are strong enough set them out 1 ft. apart. Cut off
+the flower-stalks as soon as they appear, to prevent them running to
+seed. The bed will last for years. (_See also_ "Ferula.")
+
+Fenzlia.--Elegant half-hardy annuals. Sow the seed on a peat soil. If
+this be done in autumn, they will flower in April or May; if sown in
+spring, they will bloom in autumn. Height, 6 in.
+
+Ferns.--Most Ferns delight in a loose soil, an abundance of moisture,
+and a warm, humid atmosphere. The stove and greenhouse kinds are best
+cultivated in a mixture of sandy loam and peat. The hardy kinds grow
+best among rock-work or in a shady border: a light, sandy soil suits
+them. They may be increased by dividing the roots.
+
+Ferns from Seed.--Collect the spore-fronds towards the end of summer,
+just as the spore-cases begin to open. Place them on a sheet of paper
+in a box for a few days, keeping it in a dry place. Most of the spores
+will fall out, the others may be rubbed out with the hand. These
+spores will keep good a long time, but are best sown within a year.
+Fill the pots with good heavy loam, water freely, and apply a coating
+of charcoal, coarse sand, and sphragnum moss, rubbed through a fine
+sieve. Damp the surface, sow the spores thinly, and cover with glass.
+Keep the soil moist by standing the pots for a time each day up to
+their rim in water. No surface water should be given. Stand the pots
+in a warm, light place in the greenhouse, but keep them shaded from
+the sun. When the surface is covered with growth, prick out into pans
+or boxes, using a rich, light soil. When they are large enough pot
+them off singly in thumb-pots, re-potting as soon as these are filled
+with roots.
+
+Ferraria.--_See_ "Tigridia."
+
+Ferula (_Giant Fennel_).--Strong-growing, hardy, herbaceous plants.
+F. Gigantea has bright, glistening foliage, changing to a brilliant
+orange, and attains a height of 8 ft or 10 ft. F. Tingitana is very
+stately and graceful, growing 4 ft. high. They are easily raised
+from seed, will grow in any garden soil, and flower in August and
+September.
+
+Festuca.--An annual ornamental grass, which is grown best on a loamy
+soil. Sow the seed in March, and keep moist till it germinates.
+Height, 1 ft.
+
+Feverfew.--This hardy perennial will grow in any soil and ripen its
+seed freely. Young plants, obtained by sowing the seed early in
+spring, are very useful for edgings; when planted alternately with, or
+in proximity to, Lobelia a pretty effect is produced.
+
+Ficaria Grandiflora.--A hardy perennial which thrives well when
+planted under the shade of trees. It is increased by separating the
+tubers in autumn, and produces its flowers in May. Height, 6 in.
+
+Ficus Elastica (_India-rubber Plant_).--This thrives well in any
+light, rich soil, or in loam and peat. Keep it moderately moist
+throughout the winter, using tepid water. In summer any of the
+artificial manures may be used. Sponge the leaves once a week to free
+them from dust, and keep the plant well sheltered from draughts.
+Cuttings with uninjured leaves will root in autumn in sand with a
+bottom-heat of 65 or 75 degrees; or the cuttings may be taken in
+spring, stem-rooting the slips. It flowers in May, and sometimes
+attains the height of 20 ft.
+
+Fig Palm.--_See_ "Aralia."
+
+Figs.--Though in some parts of our country Figs are cropped on
+standards, as a rule they require to be trained on a wall having a
+southern exposure. The soil should be a fairly good loam mixed with
+old mortar and crushed bones, but no manure is needed. The end of
+March or the beginning of April is the most favourable time for
+planting. The trees should be firmly set, and the surface of the soil
+kept moist until they are established. Manure may be given--preferably
+in a liquid state--when heavy crops of fruit are being borne. Old and
+exhausted wood may be cut away in April, but the knife must be used
+sparingly. The branches should be trained to a distance of 10 in.
+apart, and the fruit-bearing shoots may be pinched back with the thumb
+and finger at the end of August. The fruit is borne on the previous
+year's growth. They may be increased by layers, by suckers, or by
+cuttings of the young wood placed in sand and plunged in a bottom-heat
+under glass. Brown Turkey, Black Ischia, Yellow Ischia, White
+Marseilles, Brunswick, and St John's are all good varieties for
+open-air cultivation, or for growing in houses.
+
+When grown under glass, Figs may be trained on trellises near the roof
+of the house, or may be planted in tubs or pots, not allowing too much
+root-room. At starting the temperature in the day should be about 60
+degrees, and at night 55 degrees. More heat can be given as the plants
+advance, keeping up a moist atmosphere, but taking care not to give
+too much water to the roots. By pinching off the points of the shoots
+when they have made five or six leaves a second crop of fruit will
+be obtained. Use the knife upon them as little as possible. When the
+fruit begins to ripen admit air, and as soon as it is gathered give
+liquid manure to the roots every other day to encourage a second crop.
+When the plants are at rest they need hardly any water.
+
+Filberts and Cob Nuts.--These Nuts will succeed on any soil that is
+not cold or wet. The bushes should be planted in October, when the
+leaves have nearly all fallen. Make the soil firm about the roots and
+give a mulching of stable manure. At the beginning of April the old
+and exhausted wood may be cut away, as well as any branches that
+obstruct light and air. Encourage well-balanced heads to the bushes
+by cutting back any branch that grows too vigorously, and remove all
+suckers as they make an appearance, except they are required for
+transplanting. The crop is produced on the small wood. The best method
+of propagation is by layers in November or any time before the buds
+swell in spring. The process is simple, it merely requiring a notch
+to be made in a branch of two or three years' growth, which is then
+pegged down 2 or 3 in. below the surface. The following autumn it may
+be cut away from its parent, pruned, and planted. They may also be
+grown from nuts sown in autumn and transplanted when two years old. In
+Kent the bushes are kept low and wide-spreading, by which means the
+harvest is more readily reaped. On a fairly good soil they should
+stand from 10 to 14 ft. apart. Lambert's Filberts, Frizzled Filberts,
+Purple Filberts are good varieties, the former two bearing abundantly.
+Among the best of the Cobs may be mentioned the Great Cob and
+Merveille de Bollwyller.
+
+Fire Thorn.--_See_ "Crataegus."
+
+Flea Bane.--_See_ "Inula" _and_ "Stenactis."
+
+Flower-Pots, Sizes of.--Various practices prevail at different
+potteries, but the appended names and sizes are generally adopted. In
+every case the inside measurement is taken.
+
+  Inches     Inches
+  SIZES.                          across Top.   Deep.
+
+  Thimbles                            2         2
+  Thumbs                              2-1/2     2-1/2
+  Sixties (60's)                      3         3-1/2
+  Fifty-fours (54's)                  4         4
+  Forty-eights (48's)                 4-1/2     5
+  Thirty-twos (32's)                  6         6
+  Twenty-fours (24's)                 8-1/2     8
+  Sixteens (16's)                     9-1/2     9
+  Twelves (12's)                     11-1/2    10
+  Eights (8's)                       12        11
+  Sixes (6's)                        13        11
+  Fours (4's)                        15        13
+  Threes (3's)                       17        13
+  Twos (2's)                         18        14
+
+Foam Flower.--_See_ "Tiarella."
+
+Fontanesia Phillyraeoides.--This shrub will grow in any soil, but
+needs protection in severe weather. It may be propagated by layers or
+by cuttings planted under glass. August is its time for flowering.
+Height, 10 ft.
+
+Forget-me-not.--_See_ "Myosotis."
+
+Forsythia.--Any good soil suits these pretty shrubs. F. Suspensa
+thrives best under greenhouse treatment, but F. Viridissima is quite
+hardy. The former flowers in March, the latter in February. They may
+be increased by layers or cuttings. Height, 10 ft.
+
+Foxglove.--_See_ "Digitalis."
+
+Fragaria Indica (_Ornamental Strawberry_).--A rich or peaty mould
+suits this half-hardy perennial. It may be saved through the winter by
+protecting the roots, but seed sown in spring will generally fruit the
+same year. It flowers in July. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Francoa.--Hardy perennials bearing white flowers from June to
+September. They like a good, warm soil. The only way of raising them
+is from seed. They require a slight protection in winter. Height,
+2-1/2 ft.
+
+Fraxinella (_Dictamnus_).--This ornamental hardy perennial is commonly
+known as the Burning Bush. It succeeds in any garden soil, and is
+easily raised from seed, which ripens freely. If the flowers are
+rubbed they emit a fine odour. It blooms in June. Height, 3 ft.
+
+Freesia.--Remarkably pretty and graceful Cape flowers, possessing a
+most agreeable perfume. The plants grow about 9 in. high and produce
+six or eight tubular flowers on a stem. They are easily cultivated in
+a cool greenhouse, frame, or window, and are invaluable for cutting,
+the long sprays lasting from two to three weeks in water. The bulbs
+should be planted early in the spring in rich, very sandy soil, and
+given the protection of a cold frame in the winter. By successional
+plantings they may be had in bloom from January to May. Put six to
+twelve bulbs in a 4-in. or 8-in pot, place in a sunny position in
+a cold frame, and cover with damp cinder ashes to keep them fairly
+moist. When growth has begun and the pots are full of roots, remove
+the covering of ashes, but keep the pots in the frame, giving a little
+ventilation when the weather is mild, and watering carefully when the
+soil appears dry. Protect from frost by a covering of mats. For early
+flowering remove the plants to a warm greenhouse when the flower
+spikes appear, keeping them as near the glass as possible. When the
+buds are developed an occasional application of weak liquid manure
+will prove beneficial.
+
+Fremontia Californica.--A beautiful and somewhat singular wall shrub,
+with large yellow flowers. Any soil is suitable for it, but a south or
+west aspect is indispensable.
+
+Fringe Tree.--_See_ "Chionanthus."
+
+Fritillarias (_Crown Imperials, or Snake's Head Lilies_).--Soil, sandy
+loam, or well-drained, deep, rich mould. Plant in the open ground in
+autumn; take the bulbs up as soon as the leaves decay, and preserve
+them in a rather moist place. Increased by off-sets taken from the old
+roots every third year. They are not so suitable for pot culture
+as for outdoor decoration. They are quite hardy, and flower in the
+spring, bearing clusters of pendent bell-shaped flowers surrounded
+with tufts of fresh green leaves.
+
+F. Meleagris are of dwarf, slender growth, and bear in early spring
+elegant pendent flowers of various shades netted and marked with
+darker colours. These are suitable for either the border or pots.
+Plant in autumn.
+
+Fruit Trees, the Pruning of.--Cut away all growths that have an inward
+tendency, and do not allow any shoot to cross over or come in contact
+with another; also keep the centres of the trees or bushes open. The
+fruit of trees thus treated is not so liable to be blown down by the
+wind, and the sun can more readily ripen it. If the ground is poor a
+dressing of rotted manure worked into the soil will be beneficial to
+the roots.
+
+Fuchsias.--These like a warm and moist atmosphere. The hardy sorts do
+well out of doors in rich, light soil. On the approach of frost cut
+them down and cover the roots with 3 or 4 in. of coal dust, ashes, or
+moss. Remove the ashes in April and thin out the shoots in May. They
+will also grow well from cuttings taken off the old wood as soon as
+they are 1 in. long, inserted in sand and placed under glass, or
+plunged in dung at a temperature of 60 degrees. Cuttings will also
+strike in loam and leaf-mould. If grown in pots, take them indoors
+before the frosty weather begins, and give them very little or no
+water at all during the winter. Keep them in a cool place, yet free
+from frost. Re-pot them in the spring, trimming the branches and
+roots, and making a compost for them of one-half mellow yellow loam,
+one quarter leaf-mould, and one quarter old manure. Place them in a
+frame with bottom-heat, and water and syringe them moderately while
+they are growing. When they are in full growth never give them plain
+water, but always plenty of liquid manure.
+
+Fumitory.--_See_ "Corydalis."
+
+Funkia.--Ornamental plants which delight in a deep, light soil and a
+warm, moist situation, without which they will not flower. They are
+increased by division (which should not be too severe) and bloom in
+July and August. Height, 1 1/2 ft.
+
+Furze.--Enjoys a sandy soil. Increased by cuttings taken in spring
+or autumn and placed in a shady border under hand-glasses. It is of
+evergreen habit, and forms a dense and highly ornamental hedge. (_See
+also_ "Ulex.")
+
+
+G
+
+
+Gages.--The cultivation of Gages is similar to that of Plums. In the
+open they may be grown as dwarfs or pyramids, and in orchard-houses
+as gridirons, cordons, or in pots. The chief points to observe are to
+thin the branches in order to admit plenty of light into the middle of
+the tree, thus inducing the production of a plentiful supply of fruit
+spurs, and to occasionally lift and root-prune the tree if growing
+too strong. Among the choicest sorts are: Bonne Bouche (producing its
+fruit at the end of August), Coe's Golden Drop (end of September),
+Old Green Gage (August), Guthrie's Late Green Gage (September),
+M'Laughlin's Gage (end of August), Oullin's Golden Gage (end of
+August), and Reine Claude de Bavay (beginning of October).
+
+Gaillardia (_Blanket Flower_).--Very ornamental flowers, which will
+grow in any common soil, but thrive most in a light, rich one. Seeds
+of the annual kinds are sown in the spring. The perennials are
+increased by dividing the roots. Bloom in July. Height, 1 ft. to 2 ft.
+
+Galanthus.--_See_ "Snowdrops."
+
+Galax Aphylla (_Wand Plant_).--The Heart-shaped Galax is a charming
+little plant for rock-work. It is perennial, and does not lose the old
+leaves till the new ones appear. A rich, light mould is required for
+its growth, and its situation should be a somewhat shady one. Its
+flowers are borne in July and August, on stalks 1 ft. or more high.
+The plant may be increased by taking up a strong clump, shaking it
+apart, and transplanting at once. (_See also_ "Shortia.")
+
+Galega (_Goats Rue_).--Ornamental hardy perennials, requiring plenty
+of room. They are readily increased by seed or division of the root,
+and flower in July. Height, 3 ft. to 4 ft.
+
+Galium.--This hardy herbaceous plant blooms in July. It will grow in
+any soil, and can be increased by division of the root. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Gardenias.--Plant in a hothouse in fibrous peat mixed with a large
+proportion of sand. Give plenty of heat and moisture during growth,
+with a thin shade to keep off the sun's midday rays. Lower the
+temperature as soon as growth is completed, and in the middle of
+summer stand the plants out in the open for a week or two for the wood
+to ripen. Height, 3 ft.
+
+Garlic.--Plant small cloves from February to April in rows 9 in. apart
+and 6 in. from each other in the row. Lift them when the leaves die
+down, dry them in the sunshine, and store in an airy, cool shed.
+
+Garrya Elliptica.--A hardy evergreen shrub, which is very suitable
+in its early stages for pot-culture. A light, loamy soil is what it
+likes. Cuttings taken in August and placed in sand under a hand-glass
+will strike freely, but it is most readily increased by layers. In
+October it bears graceful yellowish-green tassels of flowers from the
+ends of its shoots. Height, 6 ft.
+
+Gasteria Verrucosa.--This plant grows best in pots of turfy loam and
+leaf-mould, to which has been added a little old mortar. Good drainage
+is essential. Water freely in summer, and keep just moist in winter.
+Keep the foliage clean by sponging. Give plenty of light, and during
+warm weather turn the plants out of doors.
+
+Gastrolobium.--Elegant evergreen shrubs which flower in April and May.
+They are most suitable for adorning the greenhouse, and grow best in
+a soil of loamy peat and sand. Cuttings of half-ripened wood planted
+under glass will take root. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Gaultheria.--Dwarf, creeping evergreen shrubs, having dark foliage
+and producing white flowers in May, June, or July. They require to be
+grown in peat, and are increased by layers. G. Procumbens is suitable
+for rockeries, as it only grows to the height of 6 in. G. Shallon
+attains the height of 2 ft.
+
+Gaura Lindheimeri.--This free-flowering, hardy, herbaceous plant will
+thrive in any light, rich soil. It bears elegant spikes of white
+flowers from May onwards, followed by red bracts in September, and is
+readily propagated by seeds. Height, 4 ft.
+
+Gazania Splendens.--A showy greenhouse plant. It may be planted in the
+open in warm positions, but will require protecting in winter. Grow it
+in peat and loam. Cuttings will strike if placed in sand under glass.
+It flowers in July. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Genethyllis.--Greenhouse evergreen shrubs which thrive best in sandy
+loam and peat. Cuttings of the young wood planted in the same soil and
+plunged in heat will take root. Their flowering season is in August.
+Height, 3 ft.
+
+Genista (_Broom_).--G. Canariense is an exceedingly ornamental and
+free-flowering greenhouse shrub. It should be planted in a mixture of
+loam, peat, and sand. Young cuttings inserted in sand under a glass
+take root readily. It blooms in June. Height, 2 ft. Hardy species of
+Genista may be placed in the front of shrubberies. They are increased
+by seeds or by layers.
+
+Gentians.--The herbaceous kinds do best in a light, rich soil, such as
+loam and peat mixed with vegetable mould. The annuals are raised from
+seed sown as soon as it is ripe; if left till spring before it is sown
+it will probably not come up till the second year. The perennials are
+increased by dividing the roots. Both of the latter kinds do best in
+a dry, sandy soil. Gentiana Acaulis, or Gentianella, is very suitable
+for edgings, or for rock-work; it is an evergreen creeper, and bears
+large trumpet-shaped flowers of rich ultramarine blue. All the
+Gentians need plenty of free air, and some of them moisture at the
+roots. Bloom in July. Height, 4 in. to 2 ft.
+
+Geranium Argentium(_Silvery Crane's-Bill_).--This hardy perennial
+alpine is very effective on rock-work, especially in front of dark
+stones; but provision must be made for its long tap roots. A rich,
+deep loam suits it well. Its seeds germinate freely when sown in peat
+and sand. Flowers are borne from May to July. Height, 6 in.
+
+Geraniums.--Take cuttings in July or August, and let them he to
+partially dry for twenty-four hours before planting. When rooted pot
+them off in 60's, and keep them under glass during the winter at a
+temperature of 55 degrees. If the cuttings are taken in September put
+three or four slips in a 48-size pot. In the spring they should be
+re-potted singly and hardened off as early as possible. A suitable
+soil for them is made by mixing two parts of good turfy loam, one of
+leaf-mould, one of well-decomposed cow-dung, and a good proportion
+of silver sand. Bone dust is an excellent addition to the soil. Old
+plants stripped of their leaves may be packed in sand during the
+winter, and re-potted in spring.
+
+Gerardia.--These hardy perennials form pyramidal bushes bearing
+Pentstemon-like flowers, thickly set and varying in colour from
+light pink to dark purple. A peat soil suits them best. They may be
+propagated by cuttings placed under glass, but are best grown from
+seed. July is their flowering season. Height, 1 ft. to 2 ft.
+
+German Seeds.--These require to be sown in a cold frame in seed-pans,
+in the greenhouse, or under a handglass, in good, rich compost,
+composed of old turf, leaf-mould, some well-rotted manure, and silver
+sand. The seeds should be sown thinly and watered sparingly. Sow early
+in April, and transplant in the middle or end of May in rich soil.
+Water occasionally with weak liquid manure.
+
+Gesneria.--Handsome greenhouse perennials. They thrive in any light,
+rich soil. Cuttings will strike readily either in sand or soil if
+placed under glass in heat. They may also be raised from seed sown in
+a temperature of 75 degrees in March or April. They flower in October.
+Height, 18 in.
+
+Geum.--Very handsome hardy perennials. They grow well in any light,
+rich, loamy soil, and may be increased either by seeds or by dividing
+the roots. G. Coccineum is extremely pretty. Flower in July. Height,
+18 in.
+
+Gherkins.--Sow the seed the first week in April in small pots, and
+cover it lightly with fine soil. Plunge the pots in a hotbed covered
+with a frame. When grown to nice little plants, remove them to a cold
+frame to harden, and plant them out on a warm border towards the end
+of May. When the fruit begins to form, give liquid manure twice a
+week. For pickling they must be cut while small.
+
+Gilia.--Extremely pretty and free-flowering hardy annuals, deserving
+of a place in every garden. They are very suitable for small beds.
+They should be sown in the open early in spring. G. Tricolour may be
+sown in autumn. Bloom in July. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Gillenia Trifoliata.--The Three-Leaved Gillenia is a hardy herbaceous
+perennial which is very useful as a cut flower for the decoration of
+vases, etc. It should be grown in large clumps, delights in a deep,
+moist soil and partial shade, and may be propagated by dividing the
+roots early in spring. It lasts in bloom from June to August. Height,
+1 ft.
+
+Gladiolus.--Dig the ground out to a depth of 1 ft. or 15 in.; put in
+a layer of leaf-mould or rotted manure, and then 4 or 5 in. of earth
+mixed with sand; insert the bulbs (6 in. from the surface and 9 in.
+apart), cover them with 1 in. of sand, and fill up with earth. In
+frosty weather cover with a thick layer of litter. Give plenty of
+water when they begin to throw up their flower-stems. They may be
+planted at any time between December and the end of March. If planted
+late in the season, a depth of 3 or 4 in. is enough. The roots must
+be kept dry in winter. They are increased by off-sets, taken when the
+bulbs are removed from the ground after the leaves have turned yellow.
+These should be planted at once in well-drained earth. If early
+flowers are required, plant the old bulbs in pots (three to six bulbs
+being placed in a 5-in. pot) any time between December and March. Give
+them frame culture up to the second week in May, when they may be
+transferred to the border. The flowers are invaluable for vase
+decoration.
+
+Glaucium Flavum Tricolor (_Hardy Horn Poppy_).--The large, brilliant,
+orange-red flowers of this plant are very effective in the border, and
+the bloom is continuous during the greater part of the summer. The
+seed is rather slow to germinate, but when sown in the open ground in
+autumn, it blooms from June to August; when sown in early spring it
+flowers from July to September. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Glaux Maritima (_Sea Milkweed_).--A pretty little hardy trailing plant
+bearing flesh-coloured flowers in June and July. It grows in sandy
+loam, and is raised from seed sown in spring. Height, 3 in.
+
+Globe Amaranthus (_Gomphrena_).--This tender annual is well known for
+its clover-like heads of everlasting flowers. It will grow in any rich
+soil, but to produce really fine plants, much attention must be given
+to shifting, watering, etc. Increased by seed in the same manner as
+other tender annuals. Blooms in July. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Globe Flower.--_See_ "Trollius."
+
+Globe Thistle.--_See_ "Echinops."
+
+Globularia Trichosantha.--A pretty dwarf perennial rock-plant bearing
+pale blue flowers in May and June. It is hardy, thrives in light,
+sandy soil, and is increased by either seeds or cuttings planted in
+sand. Height, 6 in. The greenhouse varieties of Globularia grow best
+in loam and peat.
+
+Glory of the Snow.--_See_ "Chionodoxa."
+
+Gloxinias.--A very ornamental family of tuberous-rooted hothouse
+plants. They are of two classes, the drooping and the erect. Pot at
+any time during January and March in a mixture of equal quantities of
+loam, peat, and sand, with the addition of a little vegetable soil,
+and place in a warm (60 degrees), moist temperature, where they can be
+favoured with a little shade. In summer supply the roots plentifully
+with water, but give them very little in winter. Overhead watering
+is likely to rot the leaves and flowers. G. Maculata is increased by
+division. The leaves of most of the others, if taken off close to the
+stem, and planted, will soon make young plants. They may be raised
+from seed sown from March to July in a hothouse or frame having a
+temperature of 65 to 75 degrees. They flower in June, and on into
+September. Height, 6 in. to 1 ft.
+
+Glycine.--_See_ "Wistaria" _and_ "Apios."
+
+Gnaphalium _(Edelweiss_).--Hardy everlasting flowers, which are
+covered with a woolly substance. They may be grown in any light, rich
+soil. The shrubby and herbaceous kinds may be increased by cuttings
+or division. The annuals are easily raised from seed. They flower in
+July. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Goat's Rue.--_See_ "Galega."
+
+Godetia.--Very pretty hardy annuals, that may be grown in any garden
+soil. Sow in the autumn for early flowering, or in spring for later
+blooms. July is their ordinary season of coming into flower. Height,
+1-1/2 ft. to 2 ft.
+
+Golden Feather.--Hardy annual foliage plants. They are not particular
+as to soil, and are easily raised from seed sown early in spring. They
+bloom in July. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Golden Rod.--_See_ "Solidago."
+
+Gompholobium.--Delicate greenhouse evergreen shrubs requiring a soil
+of sandy loam and peat and but little water. They flower in June, and
+are propagated by cuttings planted in sand under glass. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Gomphrena.--_See_ "Globe Amaranthus."
+
+Gooseberries.--From the middle of October to the end of November is
+the best time for planting. To produce good crops the soil should be
+rich, deep, and well drained. The position should be somewhat cool and
+sheltered, and a liberal quantity of liquid manure is beneficial. In
+dry seasons mulching may be resorted to with advantage. Cuttings are
+taken in autumn as soon as the leaves begin to fall. Select strong
+shoots about 1 ft. long. Cut the bottom end straight across, just
+below a joint, and with a sharp knife remove all the buds or eyes from
+the base to within a couple of inches of the top, so as to prevent the
+formation of suckers. Plant the shoots firmly 3 in. deep, in rows 1
+ft. apart and 6 in. apart in the rows, on a north border. At the end
+of the second season cut back all leading shoots to two-thirds of
+their length. In after years remove weak and superfluous branches, as
+also any that are growing near the ground, but plenty of young wood
+must always be left on the bushes. The pruning may be done either in
+spring or autumn. The following varieties may be recommended:--Red,
+White, and Yellow Champagne, Wilmot's Early Red, Golden Drop,
+Ironmonger, and Warrington Red for dessert; while for preserving and
+culinary purposes Old Rough Red, Conquering Hero, Favourite, Broom
+Girl, British Crown, Ironsides, Lady Leicester, Thumper, Green Walnut,
+Leader, and Moreton Hero may be classed among the leading varieties.
+When grown in bush form ample room must be allowed between each to
+enable one to get round the bushes to gather the fruit.
+
+Gooseberry Caterpillar.--To prevent caterpillars attacking
+Gooseberries syringe the bushes with a decoction of common foxglove
+(Digitalis), or dust the leaves with Hellebore powder. If the
+caterpillar has begun its attack, sprinkle some fresh lime below the
+bushes, and shake the bushes vigorously, so that the insects are
+dislodged.
+
+Gorse.--_See_ "Ulex."
+
+Gourds.--Sow at the end of March or the beginning of April on a
+slight hotbed; pot off when the plants are sufficiently advanced,
+and transplant to the open border in June. They are well adapted for
+arbours, trellis-work, or sloping banks. The following are among the
+most ornamental:--Abobra Viridiflora, Benincasa Cerifera (Wax Gourd),
+Bryonopsis Erythrocarpa, Coccinea Indica (scarlet fruit), Cucumis
+Anguinus (Serpent Gourd), Cucumis Dipsaceus (Teasel Gourd), Cucumis
+Dudaim (Balloon Gourd), Cucumis Erinaceus (Hedgehog Gourd), Cucumis
+Grossularoides (Gooseberry Gourd), Cucumis Perennis, Cucurbita
+Argyrosperma, Cucurbita Melopepo, Cyclanthera Explodens (Bombshell
+Gourd), Cyclanthera Pedata, Eopepon Aurantiacum, Eopepon Vitifolius,
+Lagenaria Clavata (Club Gourd), Lagenaria Enormis, Lagenaria Leucantha
+Depressa, Lagenaria Leucantha Longissima, Lagenaria Plate de Corse,
+Lagenaria Poire a Poudre, Lagenaria Siphon, Luffa Cylindrica, Luffa
+Solly Qua, Melothria Scabra, Momordica Balsamina, Momordica Charantia,
+Momordica Elaterium, Mukia Scabrella, Scotanthus Tubiflorus,
+Trichosanthes Anguina, Trichosanthes Coccinea, Trichosanthes
+Colubrina, and Trichosanthes Palmata.
+
+Grafting.--The objects of Grafting are to bring a bush or tree into an
+earlier state of bearing than it would do naturally; to produce good
+fruit from an inferior plant; and to save space by putting dwarf
+scions on to rampant-growing trees. By the process of uniting
+strong-growing trees to those of a weaker nature their exuberance is
+checked, and weaker ones are improved by being worked on those of
+a stronger growth. Whatever form of Grafting is adopted, the inner
+layers of the bark of the stock or tree on which the operation is
+performed, must be brought into direct contact with the inner layers
+of the bark of the branch which is grafted, or, as it is called,
+the scion. This scion should be a branch of the early growth of the
+previous year's wood, and should be in the same state of vegetation as
+the stock. If the scion is in a more advanced state than the stock,
+its growth may be stopped by cutting it off and burying it in the
+earth under a north wall until the stock has advanced sufficiently in
+growth. Grafting of all kinds is best done in March, when the sap is
+flowing freely. Many methods of Grafting are adopted, the following
+being the principal:--
+
+Whip or Tongue Grafting is suitable for almost any description of
+trees. Saw the stock off level at any desired height, then make a deep
+upward slanting cut through the bark at the top 2 or 3 in. in length,
+and in the middle of the cut turn the knife downwards and cut out a
+thin wedge-shaped socket. Next cut the scion in a similar manner so
+that it will fit exactly into the incision of the stock, bringing the
+bark of each into direct contact. Bind it firmly in position, and
+cover it over, from the top of the stock to the bottom of the scion,
+with grafting wax or clay. When the scion and the stock are united,
+which is demonstrated by the former making growth, remove the wax and
+cut away all shoots that may be produced on the stock.
+
+In the French mode of Grafting known as the Bertemboise, the crown of
+the stock is cut at a long level, about 1 in. at the top being left
+square, and an angular piece is cut away in which the scion is
+inserted. It is then bound and waxed over.
+
+Theophrastes or Rind Grafting is used where a tree has strong roots
+but inferior fruit. The branches are cut off about 1-1/2 or 2 ft. from
+the main stem. A sharp cut 2 or 3 in. in length is made down the bark
+of the branches, and the lower parts of the scion, selected from a
+superior tree, having been cut into tongues resembling the mouth-piece
+of a flageolet, the bark of the branches is lifted with a knife, and
+the tongues of the scions are slipped in, bound, and waxed.
+
+Side Grafting is useful where it is desired to replenish the tree
+with a fresh branch. A T-shaped cut is made in the stem of the tree,
+extending to the inner bark; the scion is prepared by a longitudinal
+sloping cut of the same length as that in the stem, into which it
+is inserted, and the two are bound together and treated like other
+grafts.
+
+Approach Grafting is the most favourable method of obtaining choice
+varieties of the vine, or of growing weak sorts on roots of a stronger
+growth. The scion is generally grown in a pot. A portion of the bark
+is cut from both scion and stock while the vine is in active growth,
+and the two wounded parts brought into contact, so that they fit
+exactly. They are then tied together, and moss (kept constantly wet)
+is bound round the parts. The union may be completed by the following
+spring, but it is safer to leave the cutting down of the stock to the
+point of union and the separation of the scion from the potted plant
+until the second spring.
+
+Grafting Wax (_Cobbetts_), etc.--Pitch and resin four parts each,
+beeswax two parts, tallow one part. Melt and mix the ingredients, and
+use when just warm. It may be rolled into balls and stored in a dry
+place.
+
+Clay bands are frequently employed for excluding the air from wounds
+caused in the process of grafting. These are liable to crack, unless
+the clay is well kneaded and mixed with wood ashes or dry horse
+droppings.
+
+Grapes.--The cultivation of Grapes in the open in our cloudy and
+changeable climate cannot be looked forward to with any certainty of
+success. Two successive favourable seasons are indispensable--one to
+ripen the wood, and the next to ripen the fruit. Nevertheless, the
+highly ornamental foliage of the vine entitles it to a place on our
+walls, and every facility should be afforded for the production of a
+chance crop of fruit. The soil most suited to the growth of the vine
+is a medium loam, with which is incorporated a quantity of crushed
+chalk and half-inch bones. It should be given a south aspect, and be
+liberally supplied with water in dry seasons. April is the best time
+to plant it, spreading the roots out equally about 9 in. below the
+surface of the soil, and mulching with 3 or 4 in. of manure. Should
+mildew set in, syringe the vine with a mixture of soapsuds and
+sulphur. To secure a continuance of fruit, cut out some of the old
+rods each year as soon as the leaves fall, and train young shoots in
+their places. Last year's shoots produce other shoots the ensuing
+summer, and these are the fruit-bearers. One bunch of grapes is enough
+for a spur to carry. Professional gardeners cast off the weight of the
+bunches, and allow 1 ft. of rod to each pound of fruit. Tie or nail
+the bunches to the trellis or wall, and remove all branches or leaves
+that intercept light and air.
+
+The vine may be increased by layers at the end of September. Cut a
+notch at a bud, and bury it 4 or 5 in. deep, leaving two or three eyes
+above ground. It may also be propagated by cuttings, about 1 ft. in
+length, of the last year's growth, with 1 in. of old wood attached,
+taken the latter end of February. Plant these deep in the ground,
+leaving one eye only above the surface. Both the Black Hamburgh and
+Royal Muscadine ripen as well as any in the open.
+
+It is under glass only that Grapes can be brought to perfection.
+Here a night temperature of 55 to 65 degrees, with a rise of 5 or 10
+degrees in the day, should be maintained, the walls and paths damped
+once or twice a day, and the vine syringed frequently until it comes
+into bloom, when syringing must cease, and a drier atmosphere is
+necessary; the moisture being reduced by degrees. As the grapes ripen,
+admit more air, and reduce the heat, otherwise the fruit will shrivel.
+After gathering the grapes syringe the vine frequently to clear it
+from spiders or dust, and keep the house cool to induce rest to the
+plant. The fruit may be preserved for a long while in a good condition
+by cutting it with about 1 ft. of the rod attached, and inserting the
+cuttings in bottles of water in which a piece of charcoal is placed:
+the bottles to be placed in racks nailed on to an upright post in any
+room or cellar where an equable temperature of 45 or 50 degrees can be
+kept up. The system of pruning adopted is that known as spur pruning
+(_see_ "Pruning"). Mrs. Pearson is a very fine variety, and produces
+very sweet berries; the Frontignan Grizzly Black and White are also
+delicious.
+
+Grasses, Natural--
+
+_AGROSTIS STOLONIFERA_ (_Creeping Bent Grass_).--Useful for damp
+meadows.
+
+_ALOPECURUS PRATENSIS_ (_Meadow Foxtail_).--Strong-growing and very
+nutritious.
+
+_ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM_ (_True Sweet Vernal_),--Hardy and gives
+fragrance to hay.
+
+_AVENA FLAVESCENS_ (_Yellow Oat Grass_).--Fine for sheep; grows freely
+on light soils.
+
+_CYNOSURUS CRISTATUS_ (_Crested Dogstail_).--Suitable for any soil.
+
+_DACTYLIS GLOMERATA_ (_Cocksfoot_).--Strong and coarse-growing; cattle
+are fond of it.
+
+_FESTUCA DURIUSCULA_ (_Hard Fescue_).--Dwarf-growing; excellent for
+sheep.
+
+_FESTUCA ELATIOR_ (_Tall Fescue_).--Useful for cold, strong soils.
+
+_FESTUCA OVINA_ (_Sheep's Fescue_).--Fine for dry, sandy soils.
+
+_FESTUCA OVINA TENUIFOLIA_ (_Slender Fescue_).--Suitable for mountain
+pastures.
+
+_FESTUCA PRATENSIS_ (_Meadow Fescue_).--Good permanent grass for rich,
+moist soil.
+
+_PHLEUM PRATENSE_ (_Timothy, or Catstail_).--Suitable for strong
+soils; nutritious and hardy.
+
+_POA NEMORALIS_ (_Wood Meadow Grass_).--Good for poor soils.
+
+_POA PRATENSIS_ (_Smooth-stalked Meadow Grass_).--Grows well on light,
+dry soil, and also in water-meadows.
+
+_POA TRIVIALIS_ (_Rough-stalked Meadow Grass_).--Fine for damp soil.
+
+Grasses, Ornamental.--Fine for mixing in a green state with cut
+flowers, or in a dried condition for the decoration of vases, winter
+bouquets, etc. To have them in perfection gather them while quite
+fresh, with the pollen on them. Cut with as long stems as possible,
+arrange lightly in vases, and keep them in the dark till they are
+dried and the stems become stiff. The Grasses may be divided into two
+sections, viz., those for bouquets or edgings, and those grown in the
+border or on lawns for specimen plants. The class is numerous, but
+the following (which may be found described herein under alphabetical
+classification) may be mentioned:--
+
+For bouquets and edgings: Agrostis, Anthoxanthum, Avena, Briza, Coix
+Lachryma, Eragrostis, Festuca, Hordeum Jubatum, Lagurus, and Stipa
+Pennata. For specimen plants: Eulalia, Gynerium, Panicum, Phalaris,
+and Zea.
+
+Gratiola Officinalis.--This hardy herbaceous plant bears light blue
+flowers in July. A rich, moist soil is its delight. It is propagated
+by dividing the roots. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Green Fly.--Fumigate the infected plants with tobacco, and afterwards
+syringe them with clear water; or the plants may be washed with
+tobacco water by means of a soft brush.
+
+Grevillea.--Handsome greenhouse shrubs, which require a mould composed
+of equal parts of peat, sand, and loam. Give plenty of water in
+summer, a moderate amount at other seasons. Ripened cuttings may be
+rooted in sand, under a glass. Young plants may also be obtained from
+seed. They bloom in June. Their common height is from 3 to 4 ft.,
+but G. Robusta attains a great height. Grevilleas will grow well in
+windows facing south.
+
+Griselinia Littoralis.--A dwarf-growing, light-coloured evergreen
+shrub, which will thrive near the sea. It requires a light, dry soil,
+and may be increased by cuttings.
+
+Guelder Rose.--_See_ "Viburnum."
+
+Guernsey Lily (_Nerine Sarniense_).--Soil, strong, rich loam with
+sand, well drained. Plant the bulbs deeply in a warm, sheltered
+position, and let them remain undisturbed year by year. Keep the beds
+dry in winter, and protect the roots from frost. They also make good
+indoor plants, potted in moss or cocoa-nut fibre in September, or they
+may be grown in vases of water.
+
+Gumming of Trees.--Scrape the gum off, wash the place thoroughly with
+clear water, and apply a compost of horse-dung, clay, and tar.
+
+Gunnera Manicata (_Chilian Rhubarb_).--This hardy plant bears large
+leaves on stout foot-stalks, and is very ornamental in the backs of
+borders, etc. Planted in a rich, moist soil, it will flower in August.
+It can be propagated by division. Height, 6 ft.
+
+Gunnera Scabra.--Has gigantic leaves, 4 to 5 ft. in diameter, on
+petioles 3 to 6 ft. in length. It prefers a moist, shady position, and
+bears division. Makes a fine addition to a sub-tropical garden, where
+it will flower in August. Height, 6 ft.
+
+Gynerium (_Pampas Grass_).--This unquestionably is the grandest of all
+grasses, and is sufficiently hardy to endure most of our winters. It
+is, however, desirable to give it some protection. It requires a deep,
+rich, alluvial soil, with plenty of room and a good supply of water.
+Plants may be raised from seed sown thinly in pots during February or
+March, barely covering it with very fine soil, and keeping the surface
+damp. Plant out at end of May. They will flower when three or four
+years old. The old leaves should be allowed to remain on till the
+new ones appear, as they afford protection to the plant. It may be
+increased by division of the root. Height, 7 ft.
+
+Gypsophila.--Of value for table bouquets, etc. They will grow in any
+soil, but prefer a chalky one. The herbaceous kinds are increased by
+cuttings; the annuals are sown in the open either in autumn or spring.
+They bloom during July and August. Height, 1 ft. to 3 ft.
+
+
+H
+
+
+Habrothamnus.--These beautiful evergreen shrubs require greenhouse
+culture, and to be grown in sandy loam and leaf-mould. The majority of
+them flower in spring. Height, 4 ft. to 6 ft.
+
+Halesia Tetraptera (_Snowdrop Tree_).--This elegant shrub will grow in
+any soil, and may be propagated by cuttings of the roots or by layers.
+The pendent white flowers are produced close to the branches in June.
+Height, 8 ft.
+
+Hamamelis (_Witch Hazel_).--An ornamental shrub which will grow in
+ordinary soil, but thrives best in a sandy one. It is increased by
+layers. May is its season for flowering. Height, 12 ft. to 15 ft. H.
+Arborea is a curious small tree, producing brownish-yellow flowers in
+mid-winter.
+
+Harpalium Rigidum.--A hardy perennial, producing very fine yellow
+flowers in the autumn. It will grow in any good garden soil, and may
+be propagated by seed sown in early autumn, or by division of the
+roots. Height, 3 ft.
+
+Hawkweed.--_See_ "Crepis" _and_ "Hieracium."
+
+Heartsease.--_See_ "Pansies."
+
+Heaths, Greenhouse.--For their successful growth Heaths require a
+well-drained soil, composed of three parts finely pulverised peat and
+one part silver sand, free ventilation, and a careful supply of water,
+so that the soil is always damp. If they suffer a check they are
+hard to bring round, especially the hard-wooded kinds. Some of the
+soft-wooded Heaths, such as the H. Hyemalis, are easier of management.
+After they have flowered they may be cut hard back, re-potted, and
+supplied with liquid manure. The stout shoots thus obtained will bloom
+the following season. (_See also_ "Ericas.")
+
+Hedera.--_See_ "Ivy."
+
+Hedychium Gardnerianum.--A hothouse herbaceous plant, delighting in a
+rich, light soil, plenty of room in the pots for the roots, and a good
+amount of sunshine. In the spring a top-dressing of rich manure and
+soot should be given. From the time the leaves begin to expand,
+and all through its growing stage, it needs plenty water, and an
+occasional application of liquid manure. The foliage should not be cut
+off when it dies, but allowed to remain on all the winter. While the
+plant is dormant keep it rather dry and quite free from frost. It
+may be increased by dividing the roots, but it blooms best when
+undisturbed. July is its flowering month. Height, 6 ft.
+
+Hedysarum.--Hardy perennials, requiring a light, rich soil, or loam
+and peat. They may be raised from seed, or increased by dividing the
+roots in spring. H. Multijugum bears rich purple flowers. Height, 6
+in. to 3 ft.
+
+Heleniums.--The Pumilum is a very pretty hardy perennial that may be
+grown in any soil, and increased by dividing the roots. It produces
+its golden flowers in August. Height, 1-1/2 ft. H. Autumnale is also
+easy to grow, but flowers a month later than the Pumilum, and attains
+a height of 3 ft. H. Bigelowi is the best of the late autumn-flowering
+species, producing an abundance of rich yellow flowers with purple
+discs. Flowers in August. Height, 3-1/2 ft.
+
+Helianthemum Alpinum (_Rock Roses_).--These hardy perennials are best
+grown in sandy loam and peat, and may be increased by cuttings placed
+under glass in a sheltered situation. Bloom in June or July. Height, 1
+ft.
+
+Helianthus (_Sunflowers_).--The tall variety is a very stately plant,
+suitable for the background or a corner of the border. Well-grown
+flowers have measured 16 in. in diameter. The miniature kinds make
+fine vase ornaments. They grow in any garden soil, and are easily
+increased by seed raised on a hotbed in spring and afterwards
+transplanted. The perennials may be propagated by division of the
+root. They produce their flowers in August. Height, 3 ft. to 6 ft.
+
+Helichrysum.--Fine everlasting hardy annuals, that grow best in a
+mixture of three parts peat and one part sandy loam. May be readily
+raised from seed sown in a cold frame in March, or cuttings taken off
+at a joint will strike in peat and sand. Bloom during July and August.
+For winter decoration the flowers should be gathered in a young state,
+as they continue to develop after being gathered. Height, 1 ft. to 6
+ft, but most of them are 2 ft. high.
+
+Heliophila.--Pretty little hardy annuals, thriving best in sandy loam
+and peat. Sow the seed early in spring in pots placed in a gentle
+hotbed, and plant out in May. They flower in June. Height, 9 in.
+
+Heliopsis.--This hardy perennial is useful for cutting purposes, the
+flowers being borne on long stalks, and lasting for two or three weeks
+in water. It is not particular as to soil, and may be increased by
+dividing the roots. Height, 5 ft.
+
+Heliotrope.--Commonly called Cherry Pie. Sow the seed early in spring
+in light, rich soil in a little heat, and plant out in May. The best
+plants, however, are obtained from cuttings taken off when young,
+in the same way as Verbenas and bedding Calceolarias. They are very
+sensitive to frost. Flower in June. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Helipterium.--A half-hardy annual, bearing everlasting flowers. It
+should receive the same treatment as Helichrysum. Blooms in May or
+June. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Helleborus (_Christmas Rose_).--As its name implies, the Hellebore
+flowers about Christmas, and that without any protection whatever. The
+foliage is evergreen, and of a dark colour. When the plant is once
+established it produces flowers in great abundance. The plants of the
+white-flowered variety should be protected with a hand-light when the
+flower-buds appear, in order to preserve the blossoms pure and clean.
+Any deeply-dug rich garden soil suits it, and it is most at home under
+the shade of a tree. It prefers a sheltered situation, and during the
+summer months a mulching of litter and an occasional watering will be
+beneficial. Readily increased by division in spring or seed. Height, 1
+ft.
+
+Helonias Bullata.--A pretty herbaceous plant, bearing dense racemes of
+purple-rose flowers from June to August. It grows best in peat, in a
+moist position. It can be raised from seed or increased by division of
+the roots. Height 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Hemerocallis (_Day Lily_).--Old-fashioned plants of great merit.
+Planted in large clumps they produce a grand effect. They are easily
+grown in any common garden soil, and bloom in July. Height, 3 ft. H.
+Kwanso has handsome, variegated foliage.
+
+Hemp.--_See_ "Canna" _and_ "Cannabis."
+
+Hepatica.--This enjoys a rather light, sandy soil and a shady
+situation. The roots should be taken up and divided every second year.
+Well adapted for surrounding beds or clumps of Rhododendrons. Flowers
+in March. Height, 4 in.
+
+Heracleum.--Coarse hardy biennials, that may be grown in any kind of
+soil, and are readily raised from seed. They flower at midsummer.
+Height, 2 ft. to 4 ft.
+
+Herbs.--Thyme, Marjoram, Chervil, Basil, Burnet, Hyssop, Savory, etc.,
+should be sown early in spring, in dry, mild weather, in narrow drills
+about 1/2 in. deep and 8 or 9 in. apart, covered evenly with soil,
+and transplanted when strong enough. Mint is quickly increased by
+separating the roots in spring, and covering them with 1 in. of earth.
+Sage is propagated by slips of the young shoots taken either in
+spring or autumn. If planted in light soil and in a sunny position it
+produces very fragrant flowers. Chives should be planted 6 or 8 in.
+apart: they are increased by division in spring. Penny Royal, like
+mint generally, will grow from very small pieces of the root; it needs
+to be frequently transplanted, and to be kept from a damp condition.
+Rosemary will grow from cuttings planted under glass in a shady spot.
+Thyme likes a light, rich soil, and bears division. Sorrel will grow
+in any soil, and the roots should be divided every two or three years.
+Chamomile roots are divided and subdivided in spring. Herbs should be
+harvested on a fine day, just before they are in full bloom. Tie them
+up in small bunches and hang in the shade to dry, then wrap in paper
+and store in air-tight vessels, or rub the leaves to a powder and keep
+in tightly-corked bottles. They will retain their strength for a long
+time.
+
+Herbs, the Uses of Sweet and Pot.--
+
+_ANGELICA_.--A biennial. Leaves and stalks are eaten raw or boiled;
+the seeds are aromatic, and used to flavour spirits.
+
+_ANISE_.--Leaves used for garnishing, and for seasoning, like fennel;
+the seeds are medicinal.
+
+_BALM_.--A hardy perennial. Makes a useful tea and wine for fevers.
+
+_BASIL_, Sweet and Bush.--Half-hardy annuals. The leaves and tops
+of the shoots, on account of their clove-like flavour, are used for
+seasoning soups and introduced into salads.
+
+_BORAGE_.--Hardy annual. Used for salads and garnishing, and as an
+ingredient in cool drinks; excellent also for bees.
+
+_CHAMOMILE_.--A hardy perennial. Flowers used medicinally.
+
+_CARAWAY_.--A biennial. Leaves used in soups, and the seeds in
+confectionery and medicine.
+
+_CHERVIL_.--An annual. Useful for salads.
+
+_CHIVES_.--Hardy perennial. The young tops used to flavour soups, etc.
+
+_CORIANDER_.--A hardy annual. Cultivated for garnishing.
+
+_DILL_.--A hardy perennial. Leaves used in soups and sauces, also in
+pickles.
+
+_FENNEL_.--Hardy perennial. Used in salads and in fish sauce, also for
+garnishing dishes.
+
+_HOREHOUND_.--Hardy perennial. Leaves and young shoots used for making
+a beverage for coughs.
+
+_HYSSOP_.--Hardy evergreen shrub. Leaves and young shoots used for
+making tea; also as a pot herb.
+
+_LAVENDER_.--Hardy perennial. Cultivated for its flowers, for the
+distillation of lavender water, for flavouring sauces, and for
+medicinal purposes.
+
+_MARIGOLD_, Pot.--Hardy annual. Flowers used in soups.
+
+_MARJORAM_, Sweet or Knotted, and Pot.--Hardy annuals. Aromatic and
+sweet flavour. Used for stuffings and as a pot herb; leaves dried for
+winter use.
+
+_RAMPION_.--Hardy perennial. Roots used as a radish; they have a nutty
+flavour.
+
+_ROSEMARY_.--Hardy ornamental shrub. Sprigs used for garnishing and
+the leaves in drink.
+
+_RUE_.--Hardy evergreen shrub. Leaves used for medicinal drinks;
+useful for poultry with croup.
+
+_SAGE_.--Hardy perennial. Decoction of leaves drank as tea; used also
+for stuffing, meats, and sauces.
+
+_SAVORY_, Summer.--Hardy annual. Used for flavouring soups and salads.
+
+_SAVORY_, Winter.--Hardy evergreen shrub. Its aromatic flavour makes
+it valuable as a pot herb.
+
+_SCURVY GRASS_.--The small leaves are eaten as watercress.
+
+_SKIRRET_.--Hardy perennial. Sweet, white, and pleasant; the tubers
+are boiled and served up with butter.
+
+_SORREL_, Broad-Leaved.--Hardy perennial. Imparts an acid flavour to
+salads and soups.
+
+_THYME_, Broad-Leaved.--Hardy perennial. Young leaves and tops used
+for stuffing, also in soups and sauces.
+
+_TARRAGON_.--Hardy perennial. For flavouring vinegar; also used in
+salads, soups, and pickles.
+
+_WORMWOOD_.--A hardy shrub. Beneficial to horses and poultry, and is
+used for medical purposes.
+
+Herniaria Glabra.--These dwarf carpeting plants are of easy culture.
+Grow from seed in spring and transplant into sandy soil. Height, 1-1/2
+in.
+
+Hesperis.--_See_ "Rocket."
+
+Heuchera.--Very neat, but not showy, hardy American perennials. They
+may be grown in any ordinary light garden soil, are increased by
+dividing the root, and bloom in May. Height, 1 ft. to 2 ft.
+
+Hibbertia Dentata.--An evergreen twining plant, requiring a greenhouse
+for its cultivation and a soil of sandy loam and peat. It flowers in
+July, and is increased by cuttings taken in spring or summer and kept
+under glass. Height, 6 ft.
+
+Hibiscus Africanus.--A handsome hardy annual Mallow. Sow in March
+in slight heat, and plant out in May 10 in. apart. Grows best in a
+mixture of loam and peat. Blooms in June. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Hibiscus Syriacus (_Rose of Sharon_).--A hardy, deciduous,
+autumn-flowering shrub, which will grow in common soil, and may be
+propagated by seeds, layers, or cuttings planted under glass. Height,
+6 ft.
+
+Hieracium (_Hawkweed_).--A free-growing hardy perennial, suitable for
+a sunny bank or border. It is not particular as to soil. From June to
+September it produces orange-brown flowers. It grows freely from seed,
+and the roots bear division. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Hippeastrums.--_See_ "Amaryllis."
+
+Hippocrepis.--Very pretty hardy trailing perennials, covered from May
+to July with golden Pea-shaped flowers. They will grow in any light,
+sandy soil, and may be increased by cuttings, which root readily under
+glass. Height, 3 in. to 6 in.
+
+Hippophae.--Ornamental shrubs, thriving in ordinary soil, and
+increased by layers or cuttings of the roots. H. Rhamnoides (Sea
+Buckthorn) flowers in May. Height, 12 ft.
+
+Holboellia Latifolia.--_See_ "Stauntonia Latifolia."
+
+Holly (_Ilex_).--This pleasing hardy evergreen shrub thrives best on
+a deep, sandy loam, but will grow in any good soil, provided the
+position is dry. It succeeds well in the shade. Cuttings of young
+shoots having 1 in. of the old wood attached will strike root, but the
+plant is of very slow growth, and takes at least four years to grow
+into a good bush. Choice varieties may be grafted or budded on to the
+common sorts in June or July. To grow Holly from seed, gather the
+berries when ripe, crush them, and mix them up with a little sandy
+loam, bury them in a hole 3 ft. deep, and cover with litter. Dig them
+up and sow them in March. Big bushes are best moved at the end of
+August, mixing the earth to a puddle before planting. The less pruning
+they receive the better. They may be trimmed in spring.
+
+Hollyhock.--May be raised from seed or cuttings. Sow the seed about
+the second week of March in very rich soil, and cover it with 1 in. of
+dry earth. In June (having soaked the bed thoroughly overnight) remove
+the young plants to a nursery-bed, setting them 6 in. apart. Press the
+earth firmly round the roots, and water plentifully until settled. In
+the autumn plant them where they are to bloom. Cuttings may be taken
+as soon as the flowers appear, or from the old plants in autumn. Each
+joint having an eye will furnish a plant. Select side branches having
+two or three joints and leaves. Cut the shoots through just under the
+lower joint, leaving the leaf entire; cut it also about 2 in. above
+the joint. Plant in equal parts of loam, gritty sand, and leaf-mould;
+shelter from the sun, and sprinkle them every day in fine weather with
+water. If the cuttings are taken in autumn pot them off in 60-sized
+pots, and keep them in a cold frame till the spring, when they may be
+planted out. Flowers in August. Height, 6 ft.
+
+Homerias.--Beautiful little South African plants. For out-door
+cultivation plant the bulbs in a dry, warm situation, from October
+to January, 3 in. deep, and the same distance apart, in rich, light,
+well-drained soil, and protect them from heavy rains with a good layer
+of leaves. For pot culture put four or five bulbs in a 5-in. pot,
+place in a cold frame, and cover with cocoa-nut fibre until the growth
+appears. Water moderately, and when the flowers fade abstain from
+supplying moisture. The bulbs are not quite hardy, therefore they
+should be removed indoors before frosts appear.
+
+Homogyne Alpina.--Hardy herbaceous plants flowering in April. Any soil
+is suitable for them, and they may be increased by division. Height, 6
+in.
+
+Honesty (_Lunaria_).--Interesting hardy biennials. When dried, the
+shining seed-pods make a handsome addition to winter bouquets, mixed
+with ornamental grass. Any common soil suits them. Sow the seed any
+time from April to June, and transplant them to the border in the
+autumn for flowering the following May. Height, 1-1/2 ft. to 3 ft.
+
+Honeysuckles.--These rapid twiners thrive in any loamy soil, and may
+be increased by putting down layers in the autumn, after the leaves
+begin to fall. They can also be propagated by cuttings taken in the
+autumn and planted in a shady, sheltered spot. Caprifolium Brachypoda
+and the evergreen C. Sempervirens are handsome, free-flowering kinds,
+suitable for almost any situation. C. Aurea-reticulata has beautifully
+variegated leaves, which render it very ornamental. Height, 6 ft. to 8
+ft.
+
+Hop.--A useful hardy climber for covering verandahs, summer-houses,
+etc. Plant in rich, loamy soil, and increase by dividing the roots.
+(_See also_ "Humulus Japonicus.")
+
+Hordeum Jubatum (_Squirrel-tail Grass)_.--A very pretty species
+resembling miniature barley. Sow seed in March, covering it very
+lightly, and keep the surface of the soil moist till the grass
+appears. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Horminum Pyrenaicum.--This hardy perennial produces erect white
+flowers with blue corolla in June or July. It will grow in any
+ordinary soil, but needs protection in winter, as it is apt to be
+injured by damp. It may be propagated either by seed or division.
+Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Horn Poppy.--_See_ "Glaucium."
+
+Horseradish.--Plant in October or February in deep, rich soil; or it
+may be grown on a heap of cinder-ashes, or on any light ground through
+which the roots can make their way readily. The best way to increase
+it is by slips taken from the roots. It requires little or no
+attention beyond pinching out the tops when running to seed and
+keeping the ground hoed.
+
+Hotbeds, to Make.--Take dead leaves and stable-straw, with the dung,
+in the proportion of two double loads for a three-light frame. Turn it
+over four or five times during a fortnight, watering it if it is dry.
+Then mark out the bed, allowing 1 ft. or more each way than the size
+of the frame. Shake the compost well up, and afterwards beat it down
+equally with the fork. Place the frame on the bed, leaving the lights
+off for four or five days to allow the rank steam to escape. Keep a
+thermometer in the frame, and as soon as the temperature falls below
+70 degrees apply a lining of fresh dung to the front and one side of
+the bed, and when this again declines, add another lining to the back
+and other side, and so on from time to time as occasion requires. The
+mats used for covering the frames in frosty weather should be made to
+fit the top, and not hang over the sides.
+
+Houseleek.--_See_ "Sempervivum."
+
+Houstonia Coerulea.--These hardy little evergreens are more generally
+known as Bluets. They make charming ornaments for rock-work, planted
+between large stones, but in this position they need protection from
+severe frosts. When planted in pots and placed in a cold frame they
+show to most advantage. A mixture of leaf-mould and sand, and a
+moist but well-drained situation is what they delight in. They bloom
+continuously from April to July. Height, 3 in.
+
+Hovea Celsi.--A greenhouse shrub, which is evergreen and elegant when
+in flower in June. A sandy loam and peat soil is most suitable, and
+it may be increased by cuttings planted in sand under a hand-glass.
+Height, 3 ft.
+
+Humea.--A remarkably handsome and graceful plant, the leaves of which
+when slightly bruised yield a strong odour. It is equally suitable for
+the centre of beds or large borders, and placed in pots on terraces or
+the lawn it is very effective. The seed should be raised on a gentle
+hotbed, then potted off and kept in the greenhouse till the second
+year, when it may be turned out into a warm situation. It generally
+succeeds better in such a position than in the greenhouse. Flowers in
+July. Height, 6 ft. to 8 ft.
+
+Humulus Japonicus.--(_Japanese Hop_).--A hardy annual Hop of rapid
+growth, the leaves of which are splashed with white. Useful for
+covering arbours, verandahs, etc. A deep, loamy soil suits it best.
+Increased by seed sown in gentle heat in February, and gradually
+hardened off. Flowers in July. Height, 20 ft.
+
+Hutchinsia Alpina.--This small alpine creeper is a profuse bloomer,
+its glistening white flowers being produced at all seasons. It grows
+in moist vegetable mould, and bears transplanting at any season. Care,
+however, is required to prevent its roots over-running and choking
+other things. Height, 2 in.
+
+Hyacinths.--May be grown in pots, in glasses, or in beds and borders.
+The soil should be rich and light. Good loam mixed with old manure and
+a little leaf-mould and sand suits them very well. If intended to be
+grown in pots the best time to begin potting is early in September,
+putting more in at intervals of two or three weeks until the end of
+December. One bulb is sufficient for a 5-in. or 6-in. pot, or three
+may be placed in an 8-in. pot. The soil under the bulb should not be
+pressed down. The top of the bulb should be just above the surface.
+Place the pots on a bed of ashes in a cold frame, put a small inverted
+pot over the top of the bulb, and cover the whole with cocoa-nut fibre
+or cinder-ashes to the depth of about 4 in. In about a month roots
+will have formed with about 1 in. of top growth. The plants may then
+be taken out, gradually exposed to the light, and finally removed to
+the conservatory or sunny window. The doubles do best in pots.
+
+For growing in glasses select the firmest and best-shaped bulbs.
+Those with single blossoms are preferable, as they are of stronger
+constitution than the doubles. Fill the glasses with pure pond or rain
+water, so that the bulbs just escape touching it, and put a piece
+of charcoal in each glass, and change the water when it becomes
+offensive, taking care that the temperature is not below that which is
+poured away. Stand the glasses in a cool, dark place for three or four
+weeks until the roots have made considerable progress, then gradually
+inure to the full light. September is a good time to start the growth.
+
+When planted in beds or borders, place the bulbs about 4 in. deep and
+6 in. apart, putting a little silver sand below each one. This may be
+done at any time from October till frost sets in. They succeed fairly
+well in any good garden soil, but give greatest satisfaction when the
+ground is rich and light.
+
+Hyacinthus (_Muscari_).--A very hardy race of spring-flowering bulbs.
+Though the varieties are very dissimilar in appearance, they all
+produce a good effect, especially when planted in good large clumps.
+Plant from September to December. A sandy soil suits them best.
+The following are well-known varieties:--_BOTRYOIDES_ (_Grape
+Hyacinth_).--Very pretty and hardy, bearing fine spikes of deep,
+rich blue flowers in compact clusters on a stem 6 to 9 in. high.
+Sweet-scented, and blooms about May. The _Alba_, or white, variety is
+also sweet-scented.
+
+Hyacinthus--_continued_.
+
+_CANDICANS_ (_Galtonia_).--The white Cape Hyacinth, or Spire Lily.
+A hardy, summer-flowering, bulbous plant 3 ft. to 4 ft. in height,
+gracefully surmounted with from twenty to fifty pendent, bell-shaped
+snow-white flowers. Thrives in any position and equally suitable for
+indoor or outdoor decoration.
+
+_MOSCHATUS_ (_Musk Hyacinth_).--Bears very fragrant purplish flowers.
+
+_PLVMOSUM_ (_Feather Hyacinth_).--A fine, hardy, dwarf plant suitable
+for any soil. Its massive sprays of fine blue flowers, arranged in
+curious clusters, 5 to 6 in. in length, resemble much-branched slender
+coral.
+
+_RACEMOSUM_ (_Starch Hyacinth_).--Rich dark-blue or reddish-purple
+flowers. Very free-flowering and fine for massing. It is similar to
+the Cape Hyacinth, but flowers in denser spikes.
+
+Hydrangea.--This shrub delights in a moist, sheltered position and
+rich soil. It may be increased at any time from cuttings of the young
+side-shoots, 2 or 3 in. long, under glass, in sandy soil. The old
+stems will also strike if planted in a sheltered situation. The plants
+should be cut back when they have done flowering, and protected from
+frost; or they may be cut down to the root and covered with manure.
+They are well suited for the front of shrubberies, and also make fine
+plants for pot cultivation. The flowers are produced in June and July.
+Height, 3 ft.
+
+Hymenanthera Crassifolia.--Ornamental evergreen shrubs, thriving best
+in a compost of loam and peat. They are increased by cuttings planted
+in sand and subjected to a little heat. Height, 6 ft.
+
+Hymenoxys.--Pretty little hardy annuals that may be easily raised
+from seed sown early in March in any garden soil. They bloom in June.
+Height, 1 ft.
+
+Hypericum (_St. John's Wort_).--Favourite dwarf shrubs. Any soil suits
+the hardy kinds, but they prefer shade and moisture. These may be
+increased by seed or division. The greenhouse varieties thrive best in
+a mixture of loam and peat. Young cuttings placed in sand under glass
+will strike. July is their flowering season. Height, 1-1/2 ft. to 2
+ft.
+
+
+I
+
+
+Iberis.--_See_ "Candytuft."
+
+Ice Plants.--_See_ "Mesembryanthemum."
+
+Ilex.--_See_ "Holly."
+
+Impatiens Sultani.--Half-hardy perennials. May be raised from seed
+sown early in spring on a hotbed, or later on in a shady spot in the
+open border; greenhouse culture, however, is more suitable. They bloom
+in August. Height, 11/2 ft.
+
+Incarvilleas.--Ornamental hardy herbaceous plants, of easy culture.
+They are suitable for the border or the rockery, and will grow in any
+soil if not too dry and exposed. The tuberous roots may be planted at
+any time in autumn, 4 in. deep. I. Delavayi makes a fine solitary or
+lawn plant, its leaves being from 1 to 3 ft. long; the soft rose-pink,
+Mimulus-shaped flowers, which are carried on stout stems well above
+the foliage, appearing in May. Care should be taken not to disturb it
+in spring, and it is advisable to cover the roots in winter with a
+pyramid of ashes, which may be carefully removed at the end of April.
+Incarvilleas may be propagated by seed sown, as soon as it is ripe,
+in light, well-drained soil, giving the young plants protection in a
+frame during the first winter, with enough water merely to keep them
+moist. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Indian Corn.--_See_ "Zea."
+
+Indian Shot.--_See_ "Canna."
+
+India-rubber Plants.--_See_ "Ficus."
+
+Indigofera.--Beautiful evergreen shrubs. I. Australis has elegant,
+fern-like foliage and racemes of pink or purple Pea-shaped flowers in
+April. I. Decora Alba bears its white flowers in July. They require a
+sandy loam or peat soil, and greenhouse culture. Cuttings of the young
+wood planted in sand under glass will strike. Height, 21/2 ft.
+
+Insects on Plants.--To destroy insects on plants wash the plant with
+Tobacco-Water (_which see_). Or put 1 oz. of quassia chips in a muslin
+bag, pour on some boiling water, and make it up to I gallon; dissolve
+1 oz. of soft soap, add it to the chips, and stir well. Use it two or
+three times during spring and early summer.
+
+Inula Royleana (_Fleabane_).--A hardy perennial which flowers in
+November. It will grow in any garden soil, and can be increased by
+seeds, or by division of the roots. Height, 3 ft.
+
+Ionopsidium.--These hardy annuals grow freely in any rich, damp soil;
+a shady position is indispensable. Height, 1/8 ft.
+
+Ipomoea.--These beautiful climbing plants are very suitable for
+covering trellis-work, or for the pillars or rafters of the
+stove-house. The seed is generally sown in April on a hotbed or under
+glass, and the young plants set out in the border of the house in May
+in light, rich soil. Success is mainly secured by allowing plenty of
+root-room. The perennial kinds are increased from cuttings taken from
+the small side-shoots placed in sand in a brisk bottom-heat. If grown
+in the open they often shed their seed, and come up year after year
+with but little attention. They make a good contrast to Canariensis.
+The Ipomoea Horsfalliae, with its bright scarlet flowers, has a
+lovely appearance, but must be treated as a stove evergreen. This is
+propagated by layers, or by grafting on some strong-growing kind. It
+thrives in loam and peat mixed with a little dung, and flowers in July
+or August. Height, 6 ft. to 10 ft.
+
+Ipomopsis.--A very beautiful half-hardy biennial, but difficult to
+cultivate. Some gardeners steep the seed in hot water before sowing
+it; but the best way seems to be to sow it in July in 3-in. pots in
+equal parts of sandy peat and loam, ensuring good drainage, and place
+it in a cold frame, giving it very little water. When the leaves
+appear, thin out the plants to three or four in each pot. Replace them
+in the frame for a week or so, then remove them to a light, airy part
+of the greenhouse for the winter. During this period be careful not
+to over-water them. In spring shift them into well-drained 4-1/2-in.
+pots, using the same kind of soil as before, and taking great care not
+to injure the roots; still give the least possible amount of water. If
+plenty of light and air be given, they will flower in July or August.
+Height, 2 ft.
+
+Iresines.--Take cuttings of these greenhouse plants in autumn; insert
+them thinly in 48-size pots filled with coarse sand, loam, and
+leaf-mould, and place in a uniform temperature of 60 or 70 degrees.
+When they have taken root place them near the glass. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Iris.--The Iris is the orchid of the flower garden; its blossoms are
+the most rich and varied in colour of hardy plants. For cutting, for
+vases, table decoration, etc., it is exceedingly useful, as it is very
+free-flowering, and lasts a long time in water. It thrives in almost
+any soil, though a sandy one suits it best, and is strikingly
+effective when planted in clumps. It soon increases if left
+undisturbed. The English Iris blooms in June and July, bearing large
+and magnificent flowers ranging in colour from white to deep purple,
+some being self-colours, while others are prettily marbled. The German
+Iris is especially suitable for town gardens. The Spanish Iris blooms
+a fortnight before the English. Its flowers, however, are smaller,
+and the combinations of colours very different. The Leopard Iris
+(_Pardanthus Chinensis_)is very showy, its orange-yellow flowers,
+spotted purple-brown, appearing in June and July. They are quite
+hardy. The best time for planting them is October or November,
+selecting a sunny position. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Isopyrums--Hardy herbaceous plants of great beauty, nearly related to
+the Thalictrums. They will grow in any ordinary soil, but flourish
+best in vegetable mould, and in a moist, yet open, situation. They
+are readily raised from seed, or may be propagated by division of the
+roots in autumn. They flower in July. Height, 1 ft. to 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Ivy (_Hedera_).--A deep, rich soil suits the common Ivy; the more
+tender kinds require a lighter mould. To increase them, plant slips in
+a north border in sandy soil. Keep them moist through the autumn,
+and plant them out when well rooted. The following are the principal
+choice sorts:--Aurea Spectabilis, palmate-leaved, blotched with
+yellow; Cavendishii, a slender-growing variety, leaves margined with
+white, with a bronzy shade on the edge; Conglomerata, crumpled leaves;
+Elegantissima, slender-growing, with silvery variegated leaves; Irish
+Gold-Blotch, large leaves, blotched with yellow; Latifolia Maculata,
+large white-blotched leaves; Lee's Silver, silver variegated;
+Maderiensis Variegata, leaves broadly marked with white; Marmorata,
+small leaves blotched and marbled with white; Pupurea, small leaves
+of a bright green changing to bronzy-purple; Rhomboides Obovata, deep
+green foliage; Rhomboides Variegata, greyish-green leaves, edged with
+white; and Silver Queen, a good hardy variety.
+
+Ixias.--Plant out of doors from September to December, in a
+sunny, sheltered position, in light, rich, sandy soil. For indoor
+cultivation, plant four bulbs in a 5-in. pot in a compost of loam,
+leaf-mould, and silver sand. Plunge the pot in ashes in a frame or
+cold pit, and withhold water until the plants appear. When making free
+growth remove them to the conservatory or greenhouse, placing them
+near the glass, and give careful attention to the watering. Ixias are
+also known under the name of African Corn Lilies.
+
+
+J
+
+
+Jacobaea (_Ragwort_).--May be raised from cuttings in the same way as
+Verbenas, and will grow freely from seeds sown in autumn or spring.
+It delights in a rich, light soil. The purple Jacobaea is a great
+favourite of the public. Flowers in August. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Jacob's Ladder.--_See_ "Polemonium."
+
+Jasione Perennis (_Sheep Scabious_).--A hardy perennial which produces
+a profusion of heads of blue flowers in June, and continues to bloom
+till August. It enjoys a peat soil, and should have the protection of
+a frame during the winter. It can be propagated by seeds, cuttings, or
+division. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Jasminum.--These are favourite plants for training over arbours or
+trellis-work, and for growing against walls. The hardy kinds will
+flourish in ordinary soil. The stove and greenhouse sorts should
+be provided with a mixture of sandy peat and loam. They may all be
+increased by cuttings of ripened wood planted in a sandy soil under
+glass. J. Nudifolium produces an abundance of bright flowers after
+its leaves have fallen, and is very suitable for town gardens. J.
+Unofficinale is likewise adapted for town, bearing confinement well,
+and has very sweet flowers. J. Revolutum needs protection in severe
+weather. They bloom in July. Height, 12 ft.
+
+Job's Tears.--_See_ "Coix Lachryma."
+
+Jonquils.--These are quite hardy, and may be grown in the open in the
+same manner as Hyacinths. Five or six bulbs in a 5-in. pot make a
+very pretty bouquet. They are excellent early flowers, and very
+odoriferous. Plant in autumn, placing sand round the bulbs. Best not
+disturbed too often. The leaves should not be cut off when withering,
+but allowed to die down. They bloom in April. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Joss Flower.--_See_ "Chinese Sacred Narcissus."
+
+Juniper (_Juniperus_).--These useful conifers prefer dry chalk or
+sandy soils, but will thrive in any ground that is not too heavy.
+J. Japonica, Sabina, and Tamariscifolia do well on steep banks and
+rock-work. They may be propagated by seeds, grafting, or by cuttings
+of firm young shoots planted in a sandy compost, kept shaded, and
+covered with a hand-glass.
+
+
+K
+
+
+Kadsura Japonica.--This is a beautiful creeper for a south or west
+aspect. It thrives best in loam and sandy peat. Cuttings may be struck
+in sand, placed under a glass, and subjected to heat.
+
+Kale.--_See_ "Borecole."
+
+Kalmia Latifolia.--This hardy, dwarf evergreen shrub is deservedly a
+great favourite. It produces a wealth of flowers in large clusters. It
+requires to be grown in peat or good leaf-mould, and needs pure air.
+It is increased by pegging down the lower branches, which soon become
+rooted. The flowers are produced from June to August. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Kalosanthes.--Showy greenhouse succulent plants. A light, turfy loam
+is suitable for them, and they may be increased by placing cuttings of
+the young shoots in a sandy soil on a slight hotbed in spring. Pinch
+them back so as to produce a bushy growth, and give support to the
+heavy heads of bloom. The cuttings should be left for twenty-four
+hours to dry before they are planted. The plants require very little
+water, and they flower in July. Height, 6 in. to 1 ft.
+
+Kaulfussia.--Sow this pretty hardy annual in April in the open border,
+or in March in slight heat. It may also be sown in autumn for early
+flowering. It will succeed in any light soil, blooming in July.
+Height, 6 in.
+
+Kennedya Marryattae.--A greenhouse evergreen twining plant of a very
+beautiful order, which thrives best in a compost of sandy loam and
+peat. Cuttings of the young wood planted in sand, and having a
+bottom-heat, will strike. It produces its flowers in May. Height, 4
+ft. Other varieties of Kennedyas range from 2 to 10 ft. They all need
+to be well drained and not to stand too near the pipes.
+
+Kerria (_Corchorus_).--Beautiful hardy shrubs, which may be grown in
+any garden soil, and can be propagated by cuttings of the young wood,
+taken at a joint, and placed under glass. They flower at midsummer.
+Height, 4 ft.
+
+Koelreuteria Paniculata.--This is an ornamental tree bearing long
+spikes of yellow flowers in July. It will grow in any soil, but
+requires a sheltered position, and may be increased by layers or root
+cuttings. Height, 10 ft.
+
+Kohl Rabi (_Turnip-rooted Cabbage_).--Though mostly grown as a farm
+crop, this vegetable is strongly recommended for garden cultivation,
+as it is both productive and nutritious, and is delicious when cooked
+while still very small and young. Sow in March, and transplant to
+deeply-dug and liberally manured ground, at a distance of 15 in. from
+each other.
+
+
+L
+
+
+Lachenalia. (_Cape Cowslips_).--Charming greenhouse plants for pot
+or basket culture. Pot in December in a compost of fibrous loam,
+leaf-mould, and sand; place as near the glass as possible, and never
+allow the soil to become dry, but maintain good drainage, and only
+give a little water till they have produced their second leaves. No
+more heat is required than will keep out the frost.
+
+Lactuca Sonchifolia. (_Sow Thistle-Leaved Lettuce_).--An ornamental,
+but not handsome, hardy perennial, with leaves 1 ft. in length and
+9 in. in breadth. It is of neat habit and enjoys the sunshine. A
+deeply-dug, sandy loam suits it, and it may be increased by seed or
+division of the roots. The flowers are produced from September till
+frost sets in. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Ladies' Slipper Orchid.--_See_ "Cypripedium."
+
+Lady's Mantle.--_See_ "Alchemilla."
+
+Lagurus Ovatus.--This hardy annual is commonly known as Hare's-Tail
+Grass. It is distinctly ornamental, producing elegant egg-shaped tufts
+of a silvery-white hue, and is fine for ornamenting bouquets. Sow in
+March, and keep the ground moist till the seed germinates. Height, 1
+ft.
+
+Lallemantia Canescens.--Bees are very fond of this blue hardy annual,
+which may readily be grown from seed sown in the spring. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Lamium.--These plants are mostly of a hardy herbaceous description and
+of little value. They will grow well in any kind of soil, flowering
+from March to July, according to their varieties, and can be
+propagated by seed or division. Height, 6 in. to 1 ft.
+
+Lantana.--These dwarf, bushy, half-hardy perennial shrubs bear
+Verbena-like blossoms. They like a dry and warm situation and rich,
+light soil. The seed is sown in March to produce summer and autumn
+blooming plants. If cuttings are placed in sand, in heat, they will
+take root easily. Height, 1 ft. to 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Lapageria Rosea.--A beautiful climbing plant which bears large
+rose-coloured flowers in May. It can be grown in any light, rich soil,
+but a compost of leaf-mould, sand, and peat suits it best. It makes
+a very desirable greenhouse plant, and can be increased either by
+cuttings or by division. Lapagerias require partial shade, plenty of
+water, and good drainage. Height, 10 ft.
+
+Lardizabala Biternata.--This climbing shrub has fine ornamental
+foliage. It is most suitable for a south or west aspect, where it
+proves hardy; in other positions protection should be afforded. It
+will grow in any good soil. May is the month in which it flowers.
+Height, 20 ft.
+
+Larkspur.--The Stock-flowered Larkspur is of the same habit as the
+Dutch Rocket, but has longer spikes and larger and more double
+flowers. The Hyacinth-flowered is an improved strain of the Rocket.
+Among other of the hardy annual varieties may be mentioned the
+Candelabrum-formed, the Emperor, and the Ranunculi-flowered. They are
+charming flowers for beds or mixed borders, and only require the same
+treatment as ordinary annuals, when they will flower in June. Height,
+1 ft. to 2-1/2 ft. For perennial Larkspurs, _see_ "Delphinium."
+
+Lasiandra.--Stove evergreen shrubs, flourishing best in a mixture of
+equal parts of loam, peat, and sand. They are propagated by cuttings
+of the young wood, plunged in heat. July is their flowering month.
+Height, 5 ft.
+
+Lasthenia.--A hardy annual of a rather pretty nature, suitable for
+flower-beds or borders. Autumn is the best time for sowing the seed,
+but it may also be sown early in the spring. It blooms in May. Height,
+1 ft.
+
+Lathyrus.--Handsome plants when in flower, the larger kinds being well
+adapted as backgrounds to other plants in the shrubbery, where they
+will require supports. They may be planted in any garden soil, and can
+be increased by seed, and some of the perennial kinds by division of
+the root. L. Latifolia (Everlasting Pea) flowers in August, other
+varieties at different times, from May onwards. Height, 1 ft. to 8 ft.
+
+Laurel.--Laurels will grow in any good garden soil. They are grown
+both as bushes and standards, and require but little attention beyond
+watering. The standards are produced by choosing a young Portugal
+plant and gradually removing the side-shoots on the lower part of the
+stem, and when the desired height is reached a well-balanced head is
+cultivated, any eyes that break out on the stem being rubbed off
+with the thumb. Lauro Rotundifolia is beyond dispute the best of all
+Laurels; it is of free growth and of dense habit, and its leaves are
+roundish and of a lively green. (_See also_ "Epigaea.") All Laurels
+may be propagated by cuttings and by layers, the latter being the plan
+usually adopted.
+
+Laurestinus.--_See_ "Viburnum Tinus."
+
+Laurus.--_See_ "Bay, Sweet."
+
+Lavatera.--The greenhouse and frame kinds grow in any light soil, and
+are increased by cuttings of the ripened wood, under glass. The hardy
+herbaceous species grow well in any common soil, and are propagated by
+seeds or division. The annuals are sown in the open in spring. Some
+bloom in June, others as late as August. Height, 2 ft. to 5 ft.
+
+Lavender (_Lavandula Spied_).--A hardy shrub whose sweetly-scented
+flowers, which are produced in August, are much prized. A dry,
+gravelly soil is what it likes best. Young plants should be raised
+every three years. It is readily propagated from seed sown in spring.
+Cuttings about 8 in. long, taken in autumn and planted 4 in. deep
+under a hand-light or in a shaded, sheltered position, will strike.
+Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Lawns--To make or renovate Lawns sow the seed on damp ground during
+March or April, if possible, but in any case not later than September,
+as the young plants are easily ruined by frost. Rake the seed in
+lightly, afterwards roll with a wooden roller, and carefully weed the
+ground until the grass is well established. To form a thick bottom
+quickly on new Lawns sow 60 lbs., or 3 bushels, to the acre; for
+improving old ones, 20 lbs. per acre. Frequent cutting and rolling is
+essential to success. If the grass is inclined to grow rank and coarse
+it will be much improved by a good dressing of sand over it; if it has
+an inclination to scald and burn up, sprinkle it with guano or soot
+just before a shower of rain. An accumulation of moss upon a lawn can
+only be cured by under-draining.
+
+Lawns, Shrubs for.--_See_ "Shrubs for Lawns."
+
+Layering.--_See under_ "Carnations."
+
+Ledum (_Labrador Tea_).--Low-growing American evergreen shrubs,
+thriving best in sandy peat, and may be increased by layers.
+
+Leek.--Sow early in March, and prick out the plants in rich soil, in a
+sheltered position, to strengthen. As soon as they are large enough,
+plant them out in very rich, light ground in drills 6 in. between each
+plant and the rows 18 in. apart. For large exhibition Leeks sow in
+boxes in February, under glass. Plant out in June in trenches 15 in.
+wide and 18 in. deep, with plenty of old manure at the bottom of the
+trench and 6 in. of good light mould on the top of it. Gradually earth
+up as the stems grow. Water liberally in dry weather, and give a
+little weak liquid manure occasionally.
+
+Leontopodium.--Hardy perennials, succeeding best in peat soil. They
+are most suitable for rock-work, and may be increased by seed or
+division of the roots. Bloom is produced in June. Height, 6 in.
+
+Leopard's Bane.--_See_ "Doronicum."
+
+Leptosiphon.--Charming hardy annuals which make nice pot-plants. The
+seed should be sown in rich, light soil--peat for preference. If this
+is done in autumn they will flower in April and May; if sown in
+spring they will bloom in autumn. They are very attractive in beds or
+ribbons, and also on rock-work. Height, 3 in. to 1 ft.
+
+Leptospermum.--Neat greenhouse evergreen shrubs, most at home in equal
+portions of loam, peat, and sand. Cuttings may be struck in sand under
+glass. They flower in June. Height, 4 ft. to 5 ft.
+
+Leschenaultia.--Elegant greenhouse shrubs, delighting in a mixture of
+turfy loam, peat, and sand. They are evergreen, flower in June, and
+are propagated by cuttings of the young wood under glass. Height, 1
+ft.
+
+Lettuce.--Sow early in February on a slight hotbed, and prick out into
+a well-manured and warm border, having the soil broken down fine on
+the surface. For early summer supplies sow outdoors in March, and at
+intervals till the middle of September for later crops. Some of the
+plants raised in September should be wintered in a cold frame, and the
+remainder transplanted to a dry, sheltered border, or protected with
+hand-lights. The June and July sowings may be made where the plants
+are intended to remain. They should stand from 6 to 9 in. apart. A
+north border is a suitable position in the summer months, as they are
+less exposed to the sun, and do not run to seed so quickly. The Cos
+Lettuce requires to be tied up to blanch; this should be done ten days
+before it is wanted for use. Cabbage Lettuce does not need to be tied.
+
+Leucanthemum (_Hardy Marguerites_).--Same treatment as Chrysanthemum.
+
+Leucojum (_Snowflake_).--Also known as St. Agnes' Flower. Handsome
+plants. The flowers are pure white, every petal being tipped with
+green, dropping in a cluster of from six to eight blooms, each nearly
+1 in. long. They grow freely in almost any soil, sandy loam being
+preferable. Increased by off-sets from the bulb, or by seed as soon as
+it is ripe. The spring snowflake blooms in March, the summer variety
+in June. The latter is a much more vigorous plant than the former.
+Height, 12 in. to 18 in.
+
+Leucophyton Browni.--A popular white-foliaged bedding plant, which may
+be increased by dibbling cuttings in sandy soil and placing them in a
+cool frame.
+
+Lewisia Rediviva.--This makes a pretty rock-plant. It is a perennial
+and quite hardy, but requires plenty of sun. During April and May it
+produces large flowers varying in colour from satiny rose to white.
+The most suitable soil is a light loam mixed with brick rubbish. It
+is increased by division of the root, or it may be raised from seed.
+Height, 3 in.
+
+Leycesteria Formosa.--Ornamental plants, the flowers resembling Hops
+of a purple colour. They will grow in any soil, but need protection in
+winter. They are multiplied by cuttings. Height, 3 ft.
+
+Liatris Pycnostachya.--A curious old herbaceous perennial, now seldom
+met with, sending up late in summer a dense cylindrical purple spike
+2 ft. high. It needs a rich, light, sandy soil, and to be protected
+during the winter with a thick covering of litter. The roots may be
+divided in the spring. Height, 3 ft.
+
+Libertia Formosa.--The narrow foliage and spikes of pure white
+flowers, produced in May and June, render this hardy perennial very
+ornamental. The soil should consist of equal parts of loam and peat.
+It is propagated by dividing the roots. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Libonia Floribunda.--This is a winter-flowering plant, and is easily
+grown in a cool greenhouse. It is very useful for table decoration,
+its slender red and yellow tubes of bloom being very effective, but it
+does not do to keep it for any length of time in a room where there
+is gas. When flowering has ceased, encourage new growth by giving it
+plenty of water, air, and sunlight. The new shoots should be cut back
+in May, and the tips of them used as cuttings, which strike readily in
+good mould. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Ligustrum _(Privet)._--L. Ovalifolium is a handsome hardy evergreen,
+of very rapid growth, and one of the best ornamental hedge plants in
+cultivation, especially for towns or smoky situations. L. Japonicum is
+likewise ornamental and hardy: Tricolor is considered one of the
+best light-coloured variegated plants grown. L. Coriaceum is a
+slow-growing, compact bush with very dark, shining green leaves,
+which are round, thick, and leathery. Privet will grow in any soil or
+situation, and is readily increased by cuttings planted in the shade
+in spring.
+
+Lilac--_See_ "Syringa."
+
+Lilium.--The Lily is admirably adapted for pot culture, the
+conservatory, and the flower border, and will flourish in any light
+soil or situation. To produce fine specimens in pots they should be
+grown in a mixture of light turfy loam and leaf-mould. Six bulbs
+planted in a 12-in. pot form a good group. The pots should have free
+ventilation, and the bulbs be covered with 1 in. of mould. For outdoor
+cultivation plant the bulbs 4 to 5 in. deep, from October to March.
+After once planting they require but little care, and should not be
+disturbed oftener than once in three years, as established plants
+bloom more freely than if taken up annually. Give a thin covering of
+manure during the winter. Lilium seed may be sown in well-drained pots
+or shallow boxes filled with equal parts of peat, leaf-mould, loam,
+and sand. Cover the seeds slightly with fine mould and place the boxes
+or pots in a temperature of 55 or 65 degrees. A cold frame will
+answer the purpose, but the seeds will take longer to germinate. The
+Lancifolium and Auratum varieties have a delicious fragrance.
+
+Lilium--_continued_.
+
+_CANDIDUM_ (the Madonna, or White Garden Lily) should be planted
+before the middle of October, if possible, in groups of three, in
+well-drained, highly-manured loam. Should they decline, take them up
+in September and re-plant at once in fresh, rich soil, as they will
+not stand being kept out of the ground long. They are increased by
+off-sets. As soon as these are taken from the parent bulb, plant them
+in a nursery-bed; after two years they may be transferred to the
+garden. This Lily is quite hardy, and needs no protection during
+winter.
+
+_LANCIFOLIUM_ make very fine pot-plants, or they may be placed in a
+sunny situation in the border, but in the latter case they must have
+a thick covering of dry ashes in winter. If grown in pots place them,
+early in March, in rich, sandy soil. Three bulbs are sufficient for an
+11-in. pot. Give very little water, but plenty air in mild weather.
+Let them grow slowly. When all frost is over place pans under them,
+mulch the surface with old manure, and supply freely with air and
+water. They are propagated by off-sets.
+
+_MARTAGON_ (or Turk's Cap) requires the same treatment as the
+Candidum, with the exception that a little sand should be added to the
+soil.
+
+_TIGRINUM_ (Tiger Lily) also receives the same treatment as the
+Madonna. When the flower-stems grow up they throw out roots. A few
+lumps of horse manure should be placed round for these roots to lay
+hold of. They are increased by the tiny bulbs which form at the axis
+of the leaves of the flower-stem. When these fall with a touch they
+are planted in rich, light earth, about 6 in. apart. In four or five
+years' time they will make fine bulbs.
+
+_AURATUM_ and _SZOVITZIANUM_ (or Colchicum) thrive best in a deep,
+friable, loamy soil, which should be well stirred before planting. If
+the soil is of a clayey nature it should be loosened to a depth of
+several feet, and fresh loam, coarse sand, and good peat or leaf-mould
+added, to make it sufficiently light.
+
+For _PARDALINUM_ (the Panther Lily) and _SUPERBUM_ mix the garden soil
+with three parts peat and one part sand, and keep the ground moist.
+They should occupy a rather shady position.
+
+All the other varieties will succeed in any good garden soil enriched
+with leaf-mould or well-decayed manure.
+
+For _VALLOTA_ (Scarborough Lily), _BELLADONNA_, and _FORMOSISSIMA_ (or
+Jacobean) Lilies, _see_ "Amaryllis."
+
+For _AFRICAN LILY, see_ "Agapanthus."
+
+For _PERUVIAN LILIES, see_ "Alstromeria."
+
+For _ST BERNARD'S_ and _ST BRUNO'S LILIES, see_ "Anthericum."
+
+For _CAFFRE LILIES, see_ "Clivias."
+
+Lily of the Valley.--Set the roots in bunches 1 ft. apart, and before
+severe weather sets in cover them with a dressing of well-rotted
+manure. They should not be disturbed, even by digging among the roots.
+If grown in pots, they should be kept in a cool place and perfectly
+dry when their season is over: by watering they will soon come into
+foliage and flower again. For forcing put ten or twelve "buds" in a
+5-in. pot--any light soil will do--plunge the pot in a sheltered part
+of the garden. From this they may be removed to the forcing-house as
+required to be brought into bloom. Plunge the pots in cocoa-nut fibre
+and maintain an even temperature of from 65 to 70 degrees.
+
+Limnanthes Douglasii.--Very elegant and beautiful hardy annuals,
+which are slightly fragrant. They must be grown in a moist and shady
+situation. The seeds ripen freely, and should be sown in autumn to
+produce bloom in June, or they may be sown in spring for flowering at
+a later period. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Linaria.--These all do best in a light, sandy loam, and make good
+plants for rock-work. L. Bipartita is suitable for an autumn sowing.
+The other annuals are raised in spring. L. Triornithophora is a
+biennial, and may be sown any time between April and June, or in
+August. The hardy perennial, L. Alpina, should be sown in April, and
+if necessary transplanted in the autumn. Linarias flower from July to
+September. Height, 6 in. to 1 ft.
+
+Linnaea Borealis.--A rare, native, evergreen creeping perennial.
+From July to September it bears pale pink flowers; it makes a pretty
+pot-plant, and also does well in the open when planted in a shady
+position. It enjoys a peat soil, and is propagated by separating the
+creeping stems after they are rooted. Height, 11/2 in.
+
+Linum (_Flax_).--This succeeds best in rich, light mould. The Linum
+Flavum, or Golden Flax, is very suitable for pot culture; it grows 9
+in. in height, and bears brilliant yellow flowers. It requires the
+same treatment as other half-hardy perennials. The Scarlet Flax is an
+annual, very free-flowering, and unsurpassed for brilliancy; easily
+raised from seed sown in spring. Height, 11/2 ft. The hardy, shrubby
+kinds may be increased by cuttings placed under glass. A mixture
+of loam and peat makes a fine soil for the greenhouse and frame
+varieties. They flower from March to July.
+
+Lippia Reptans.--A frame creeping perennial which flowers in June. It
+requires a light soil. Cuttings of the young wood may be struck under
+glass. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Lithospermum Prostratum.--A hardy perennial, evergreen trailer,
+needing no special culture, and adapting itself to any soil. It is
+increased by cuttings of the previous year's growth, placed in peat
+and silver sand, shaded and kept cool, but not too wet. They should be
+struck early in summer, so as to be well rooted before winter sets in.
+Its blue flowers are produced in June. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Loasa.--The flowers are both beautiful and curiously formed, but the
+plants have a stinging property. They grow well in any loamy soil, and
+are easily increased by seed sown in spring. Flowers are produced in
+June and July. Height, 2 ft. Besides the annuals there is a half-hardy
+climber, L. Aurantiaca, bearing orange-coloured flowers, and attaining
+the height of 10 or 12 ft.
+
+Lobelia.--These effective plants may be raised from seed sown in
+January or February in fine soil. Sprinkle a little silver sand or
+very fine mould over the seed; place in a greenhouse, or in a frame
+having a slight bottom-heat, and when large enough prick them out
+about 1 in. apart; afterwards put each single plant in a thumb-pot,
+and plant out at the end of May. As the different varieties do not
+always come true from seed, it is best to propagate by means of
+cuttings taken in autumn, or take up the old plants before the frost
+gets to them, remove all the young shoots (those at the base of the
+plant are best, and if they have a little root attached to them so
+much the better), and plant them thinly in well-drained, shallow pans
+of leaf-mould and sand; plunge the pans in a hotbed under a frame,
+shade them from hot sunshine, and when they are rooted remove them to
+the greenhouse till spring, at which time growth must be encouraged by
+giving a higher temperature and frequent syringing. They may then be
+planted out in light, rich soil, where they will bloom in June or
+July. Height, 4 in.
+
+Lobels Catchfly.--_See_ "Silene."
+
+London Pride.--_See_ "Saxifrage."
+
+Lonicera.--Hardy deciduous shrubs, which will grow in any ordinary
+soil, and produce their flowers in April or May. They are propagated
+by cuttings planted in a sheltered position. Prune as soon as
+flowering is over. Height, from 3 ft. to 10 ft.
+
+Lophospermum.--Very elegant half-hardy climbers. Planted against a
+wall in the open air, or at the bottom of trellis-work, they will
+flower abundantly in June, but the protection of a greenhouse is
+necessary in winter. They like a rich, light soil, and may be grown
+from seeds sown on a slight hotbed in spring, or from cuttings taken
+young and placed under glass. Height, 10 ft.
+
+Love Apples.--_See_ "Tomatoes."
+
+Love Grass.--_See_ "Eragrostis."
+
+Love-in-a-Mist.--_See_ "Nigella."
+
+Love-lies-Bleeding (_Amaranthus Caudatus_).--A hardy annual bearing
+graceful drooping racemes of crimson blossom. The seed should be sown
+in the open at the end of March, and thinned out or transplanted with
+a good ball of earth. Makes a fine border plant. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Luculia Gratissima.--A fine plant either for the wall or border. It
+grows well in a compost of peat and light, turfy loam, but it is not
+suitable for pot culture. During growing time abundance of water
+is needed. When flowering has ceased, cut it hard back. It may be
+increased by layering, or by cuttings placed in sand under glass and
+subjected to heat. It flowers in August. Height, 8 ft.
+
+Lunaria.--_See_ "Honesty."
+
+Lupins.--Though old-fashioned flowers, these still rank among our most
+beautiful annual and herbaceous border plants. They may be grown in
+any soil, but a rich loam suits them best. The seed germinates freely
+when sown in March, and the flowers are produced in July. Height, 2
+ft. to 3 ft.
+
+Lychnis.--Hardy perennials which, though rather straggling, deserve
+to be cultivated on account of the brilliancy of their flowers. L.
+Chalcedonica, commonly known as Ragged Robin, is perhaps the most
+showy variety; but L. Viscaria Plena, or Catchfly, is a very beautiful
+plant. They grow freely in light, rich, loamy soil, but need dividing
+frequently to prevent them dwindling away. The best season for this
+operation is early in spring. Beyond the care that is needed to
+prevent the double varieties reverting to a single state, they merely
+require the same treatment as other hardy perennials. They flower in
+June and July. Height, 2 ft. to 3 ft.
+
+Lyre Flower.--_See_ "Dielytra."
+
+Lysimachia Clethroides.--This hardy perennial has something of the
+appearance of a tall Speedwell. When in flower it is attractive, and
+as it blooms from July on to September it is worth a place in the
+border. A deep, rich loam is most suitable for its growth, and a
+sheltered position is of advantage. The roots may be divided either in
+November or early in spring. Height, 3 ft.
+
+Lysimachia Nummularia (_Creeping Jenny_).--This plant is extremely
+hardy, and is eminently suitable either for rock-work or pots. It is
+of the easiest cultivation, and when once established requires merely
+to be kept in check. Every little piece of the creeping root will, if
+taken off, make a fresh plant.
+
+Lythrum.--Very handsome hardy perennials which thrive in any garden
+soil, and may be raised from seed or increased by dividing the roots.
+They flower in July. Height, of different varieties, 6 in. to 4 ft.
+
+
+M
+
+
+Madia.--A hardy annual of a rather handsome order. The seed should be
+sown in May in a shady situation. The plant is not particular as to
+soil, and will flower about eight weeks after it is sown, and continue
+to bloom during August and September. Height, 11/2 ft.
+
+Magnolia Grandiflora.--A handsome, hardy evergreen, with large
+shining, Laurel-shaped leaves, and highly-scented, Tulip-shaped white
+flowers. A noble plant for a spacious frontage, but in most places
+requires to be grown on a wall. It flourishes in any damp soil, and is
+increased by layers. Flowers in August. Height, 20 ft.
+
+Mahonia.--Handsome evergreen shrubs, useful for covert planting or for
+grouping with others. They grow best in a compost of sand, peat, and
+loam, and may be propagated by cuttings or by layers of ripened wood,
+laid down in autumn. They flower in April. Height, 4 ft. to 6 ft.
+
+Maianthemum Bifolium.--The flowers of this hardy perennial are
+produced in April and May, and somewhat resemble miniature Lily of the
+Valley. Seed may be sown at the end of July. The plant will grow in
+any soil, but delights in partial shade. Height, 6 in.
+
+Maize.--_See_ "Zea."
+
+Malope.--Very beautiful hardy annuals having soft leaves. They may be
+raised from seed sown in April in any garden soil. They bloom in June
+or July. Height, 11/2 ft. to 2 ft.
+
+Malva.--Very ornamental plants, more especially the greenhouse
+varieties. The hardy perennials succeed in any good garden soil, and
+are increased by seed sown in the autumn, or by division of the
+root. The greenhouse kinds should be grown in rich earth: these are
+propagated by cuttings planted in light soil. The annuals are poor
+plants. Some of the varieties bloom in June, others in August. Height,
+2 ft.
+
+Mandevillea Suaveolens.--A fine climbing plant bearing very sweet
+white flowers in June. It is rather tender, and more suitable for the
+conservatory than the open air. It does not make a good pot-plant, but
+finds a suitable home in the border of the conservatory in equal parts
+of peat and sandy loam. In pruning adopt the same method as for the
+vine or other plants which bear flowers on wood of the same year's
+growth. It is propagated by seed sown in heat, or by cuttings under
+glass. Syringe the leaves daily during the hot season. A temperature
+of from 40 to 50 degrees in winter, and from 55 to 65 degrees in
+summer should be maintained. Height, 10 ft.
+
+Manures.--One of the best fertilisers of the soil is made by
+saturating charred wood with urine. This may be drilled in with seeds
+in a dry state. For old gardens liquid manure is preferable to stable
+manure, and if lime or chalk be added it will keep in good heart for
+years without becoming too rich. A good manure is made by mixing 64
+bushels of lime with 2 cwts. of salt. This is sufficient for one
+acre. It should be forked in directly it is put upon the ground.
+Superphosphate of lime mixed with a small amount of nitrate of
+soda and forked into the ground is also a fine manure, but is more
+expensive than that made from lime and salt. Charred cow-dung is
+ready for immediate use. For established fruit-trees use, in showery
+weather, equal quantities of muriate of potash and nitrate of soda,
+scattering 1 oz. to the square yard round the roots. Peruvian guano,
+in the proportion of 1 oz. to each gallon of water, is a very powerful
+and rapid fertiliser. In whatever form manure is given, whether in
+a dry or liquid form, care must be taken not to administer it in
+excessive quantities, for too strong a stimulant is as injurious as
+none at all. In ordinary cases loam with a fourth part leaf-mould is
+strong enough for potting purposes; and no liquid except plain water
+should be given until the plants have been established some time. For
+roses, rhubarb, and plants that have occupied the same ground for a
+considerable time, mix 1 lb. of superphosphate of lime with 1/2 lb. of
+guano and 20 gallons of water, and pour 2 or 3 gallons round each root
+every third day while the plants are in vigorous growth. Herbaceous
+plants are better without manure. Liquid manure should be of the same
+colour as light ale.
+
+Maple.--_See_ "Acer."
+
+Marguerites (_Chrysanthemums Frutescens_).--The White Paris Daisies
+are very effective when placed against scarlet Geraniums or other
+brightly-coloured flowers, and likewise make fine pot-plants. They
+will grow in any light soil, and merely require the same treatment
+as other half-hardy perennials. Height, 1 ft. (_See also_ "Anthemis"
+_and_ "Buphthalmum.")
+
+Margyricarpus Setosus (_Bristly Pearl Fruit_).--A charming little
+evergreen, of procumbent growth, bearing throughout the whole summer
+a number of berries on the main branches. Being only half-hardy, it
+requires protection from frost, but in the warmer weather it may be
+planted on rock-work in sandy loam and vegetable mould. Cuttings
+planted in moist peat under a hand-glass will strike, or it may be
+propagated by layers. Height, 6 in.
+
+Marigolds.--Handsome and free-flowering half-hardy annuals. The
+greenhouse varieties thrive in a mixture of loam and peat, and
+cuttings root easily if planted in sand under glass. The African and
+tall French varieties make a fine display when planted in shrubberies
+or large beds, while the dwarf French kinds are very effective in the
+foreground of taller plants, or in beds by themselves. They are raised
+from seed sown in a slight heat in March, and planted out at the
+end of May in any good soil. Height, 6 in. to 2 ft. (_See also_
+"Calendula," "Tagetes," _and_ "Calthus.")
+
+Martynia.--Handsome half-hardy, fragrant annuals. The seed should be
+sown on a hotbed in March. When the plants are sufficiently advanced
+transplant them singly into pots of light, rich earth, and keep them
+in the stove or greenhouse, where they will flower in June. Height, 11/2
+ft.
+
+Marvel of Peru (_Mirabilis_).--Half-hardy perennials, which are very
+handsome when in flower, and adorn equally the greenhouse or the open.
+They may be increased by seed sown in light soil in July or August and
+planted out in the border in spring. At the approach of frost take the
+roots up and store them in dry ashes or sand. They flower in July.
+Height, 2 ft.
+
+Massonia.--Singular plants, which to grow to perfection should be
+placed in a mixture of loam, peat, and sand. They require no water
+while in a dormant state, and may be increased by seed or by off-sets
+from the bulbs. Height, 3 in. to 6 in.
+
+Mathiola.--_See_ "Stocks."
+
+Mathiola Bicornis (_Night-scented Stocks_).--A favourite hardy annual
+whose lilac flowers are fragrant towards evening. They may be grown
+from seed sown between February and May on any ordinary soil. Height,
+1 ft.
+
+Matricaria.--This is a half-hardy annual of little interest so far as
+its flowers are concerned, and is mostly grown as a foliage plant. The
+seed should be sown in a frame in March, and transplanted at the end
+of May. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Maurandia Barclayana.--This elegant twining plant is best grown in
+pots, so that it can more conveniently be taken indoors in the winter.
+The soil should be light and rich. Cuttings can be taken either in
+spring or autumn, or it may be raised from seed. It does very well in
+the open during the summer, placed against a wall or trellis-work, but
+will not stand the cold. In the greenhouse it reaches perfection, and
+blooms in July. Height, 10 ft.
+
+Mazus Pumilio.--A pretty diminutive herbaceous plant. When grown in
+peat and sand in an open situation it survives from year to year, but
+it will not live through the winter in cold clay soils. Its pale green
+foliage is seen to advantage in carpet bedding, and its branched
+violet flowers, put forth from June to September, make it a desirable
+rock-work plant. It may be increased by transplanting, at the end of
+April, the rooted stems which run under the surface of the ground.
+
+Meconopsis Cambrica(_Welsh Poppy_).--An ornamental hardy perennial,
+often found on English rocks. It may be grown in any light, rich soil,
+is easily raised from seed, and blooms in June. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Medlars.--These trees will grow on any well-drained soil. The Dutch
+Medlar is most prized, as it bears the largest fruit. It is raised
+from seed, and usually trained to a standard form. The Nottingham and
+Royal are also excellent varieties. Any special variety may be grafted
+on to the seedlings. On deep soils it is best grafted on the Pear
+stock; on light, sandy soil it may be grafted on the White Thorn. No
+pruning is required, beyond cutting away cross-growing branches.
+
+Megasea.--This hardy herbaceous plant flowers from April to June.
+A light, sandy soil suits it best. It may be grown from seed or
+multiplied by division. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Melissa Officinalis.--A hardy perennial, flowering in July. Any soil
+suits it. It is increased by division of the root. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Melittis Melissophyllum (_Large-flowered Bastard Balm_).--This
+handsome perennial is not often seen, but it deserves to be more
+generally grown, especially as it will thrive in almost any soil;
+but to grow it to perfection, it should be planted in rich loam. It
+flowers from June to August, and may be increased by division of the
+roots any time after the latter month. Height, 11/2 ft.
+
+Melon.--Sow from January to June in pots plunged in a hotbed, the
+temperature of which should not be under 80 degrees. When the plants
+have made four or five leaves, set them out in a house or hotbed
+having a temperature ranging from 75 to 85 degrees. Keep the plants
+well thinned and water carefully, as they are liable to damp off at
+the collar if they have too much wet. Do not allow them to ramble
+after the fruit has begun to swell, nor allow the plants to bear more
+than two, or at most three, melons each. They require a strong,
+fibry, loamy soil, with a little rotten manure worked in. The Hero of
+Lockinge is a grand white-fleshed variety, and Blenheim Orange is a
+handsome scarlet-fleshed sort.
+
+Menispermum Canadense (_Moon seed_).--A pretty slender-branched,
+hardy, climbing, deciduous shrub, with yellow flowers in June,
+followed with black berries. It grows in any soil, and can be
+propagated by seed, by division of roots, or by planting cuttings in
+spring in a sheltered spot. Height, 10 ft.
+
+Mentha Rotundifloria Variegata (_Variegated Mint_).--A hardy
+perennial, which may be grown in any soil, and is easily increased by
+dividing the roots. It flowers in July. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Menyanthes.--Treat as other hardy aquatics.
+
+Menziesia (_Irish Heath_).--This evergreen thrives best in fibrous
+peat to which a fair quantity of silver sand has been added. While
+excessive moisture is injurious, the plant must not be kept too dry;
+the best condition for it is to be constantly damp. Slips torn off
+close to the stem will root in sand under glass, placed in gentle
+heat. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Mertensia.--These hardy perennials flower from March to July. They
+will grow in any garden soil, but do best in peat, and are propagated
+by division. They make fine border plants. Mertensia Maritima and
+M. Parviflora, however, are best grown in pots, in very sandy soil,
+perfection being afforded them during the winter. Height, 11/2 ft. to 2
+ft.
+
+Mesembryanthemums (_Ice Plants_).--These half-hardy, annual succulents
+have a bright green foliage covered with ice-like globules. They must
+be raised in a greenhouse or on a hotbed, sowing the seed in April on
+sandy soil. Prick the young plants out in May. If grown in pots they
+thrive best in a light, sandy loam. In the border they should occupy a
+hot and dry situation. Keep the plants well watered until established,
+afterwards give a little liquid manure. May be increased by cuttings
+taken in autumn. Cuttings of the more succulent kinds should be
+allowed to dry a little after planting before giving them water. A
+dry pit or frame is sufficient protection in the winter; they merely
+require to be kept from frost. Flower in July. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Mespilus.--_For treatment, see_ "Medlars."
+
+Meum Athamanticum.--A hardy perennial with graceful, feathery green
+foliage, but of no special beauty. It is a native of our shores, will
+grow in any soil, blooms in July or August, and is freely propagated
+by seeds. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Michaelmas Daisies (_Starworts_).--A numerous family of hardy
+herbaceous perennials. Some few are very pretty, while others can only
+be ranked with wild flowers. They thrive in any soil or position, but
+flourish best where there is a due proportion of sunshine. They are
+easily raised from seed, sown early in spring, or may be increased
+by root-division either in the autumn, as soon as they have done
+flowering, or in the spring. They vary in height from 1 ft. to 5 ft.
+
+Michauxia Campanuloides.--This is an attractive border biennial,
+bearing from March to June white campanula-like flowers tinged with
+purple, on erect stems. It is not particular as to soil, but requires
+a southern position and protection in winter. Propagated by seeds in
+the same way as other biennials. Height, 4 ft.
+
+Mignonette.--For summer-flowering plants sow the seed in spring, and
+thin out to a distance of 9 in. apart. To obtain bloom during the
+winter and spring successive sowings are necessary. Let the first of
+these be made the second week in July in light, rich soil; pot off
+before frost sets in, plunge them in old tan or ashes, and cover with
+a frame facing the west. Another sowing should be made about the
+middle of August, giving them the same treatment as the previous; and
+a third one in February, in gentle heat. Height, 9 in. to 3 ft. The
+Mignonette tree is produced by taking a vigorous plant of the spring
+sowing, and removing all the lower shoots in the autumn. Pot it in
+good loam, and keep it in the greenhouse in a growing state, but
+removing all the flowers. By the spring the stem will be woody. Let
+the same treatment be given it the second year, and the third season
+it will have become a fine shrub. It may be made to bloom during the
+winter by picking off the blossom in the summer and autumn. Height, 3
+ft.
+
+Mildew.--Syringe with a strong decoction of green leaves and tender
+branches of the elder-tree, or with a solution of nitre made in the
+proportion of 1 oz. of nitre to each gallon of water. Another good
+remedy is to scatter sulphur over the leaves while the dew is upon
+them, afterwards giving them a syringing of clear water.
+
+Milkmaid.--_See_ "Cardamine."
+
+Milk Thistle.--_See_ "Carduus."
+
+Mimosa.--These shrubs are often called Sensitive Plants, on account
+of the leaves of several of the species of this genus shrinking when
+touched. They grow well in loam and peat with a little sand, but
+require to be planted in a warm situation or to have greenhouse care.
+Cuttings of the young wood root readily in sand under a glass. They
+may also be raised from seed. Mimosa Pudica exhibits most sensibility.
+Height, 2 ft.
+
+Mimulus (_Monkey Flower_).--Showy half-hardy perennials which thrive
+in moist and shady situations and in almost any soil. They may be
+grown from seed sown in slight heat from February to May, or increased
+by division of the root. The frame and greenhouse kinds grow best in a
+rich, light soil, and may be multiplied by cuttings. The annuals may
+be sown where they are to flower. They bloom in June and July. Height,
+2 in. to 11/2 ft. (_See also_ "Diplacus.")
+
+Mina Lobata.--A charming half-hardy annual climber, bearing singularly
+shaped flowers, produced on long racemes. When young the buds are a
+vivid red, changing to orange-yellow, and when fully expanded the
+flowers are creamy-white. It thrives in loam and peat to which
+a little dung has been added, and is well adapted for arbours,
+trellises, or stumps of trees. Sow the seed on a hotbed in March,
+harden off, and transplant when all fear of frost is over. Height, 8
+ft. to 12 ft.
+
+Mint.--May be grown in any garden soil. It is increased by runners,
+which, if not held in check, become very troublesome. The roots may be
+confined by means of tiles or slates. Flowers in July. Height, 11/2 ft.
+
+Mistletoe.--Raise the bark of an apple, pear, or oak tree on the
+underneath part of a branch and insert some well-ripened berries, then
+tie the bark down neatly with raffia or woollen yarn. If the berries
+were inserted on the top of the branch the operation would result in
+failure, as the birds would devour them.
+
+Mitella Diphylla.--A hardy perennial which bears slender racemes of
+white flowers in April. It makes a pretty rock plant, delights in a
+peat soil, and is increased by division of the root. Height, 6 in.
+
+Moles.--These pests may be destroyed by placing in their runs worms
+that have been kept for some time in mould to which carbonate of
+barytes has been added.
+
+Monardia Didyma (_Oswego Mint, or Horse Balm_).--_See_ "Bergamot."
+
+Monetia Barlerioides.--An ornamental shrub, suitable for the
+greenhouse or stove. It requires to be grown in loam and peat, and
+may be increased by cuttings planted in sand, under glass, in a
+bottom-heat. Height, 3 ft.
+
+Monkey Flower.--_See_ "Mimulus."
+
+Monkey Puzzle.--_See_ "Araucaria."
+
+Monk's-hood.--_See_ "Aconite."
+
+Montbretia.--Very graceful and showy plants. The flowers, which are
+like small Gladioli, are produced on long branched spikes and are
+excellent for cutting. Plant 3 in. deep and 2 in. apart in sandy loam
+and leaf-mould. The corms should never be kept long out of the ground,
+as they shrivel, and weak growth and few flowers are the result.
+Though they are hardy it is well to give them a covering of litter in
+winter. They may also be grown in pots. Height, 2-1/2 ft.
+
+Moraea Iridioides.--These plants flower in May, and require the same
+treatment as Ixias.
+
+Morina (_Whorl Flower_).--An ornamental hardy perennial, which is
+seldom met with. It forms rosettes of large, deep green, shiny foliage
+and stout spikes of rose-coloured flowers in whorls, which make it one
+of the most attractive of Thistles. It likes a rich, light soil, is
+increased by seed sown in the autumn, also by division in August, and
+flowers in July. Height, 21/2 ft.
+
+Morisia Hypogaea.--This is a pretty hardy perennial for rock-work. It
+flowers in May, and is raised from seed sown as soon as it is ripe.
+Height, 2 in.
+
+Morna Elegans.--Beautiful half-hardy annuals. For early flowering sow
+the seed in September: for later blooms sow in February in slight
+heat, pot off, affording good drainage to the plants. They are very
+sensitive to cold, and should not be placed out of doors before the
+end of May. Avoid over-watering, as this would prove fatal to them.
+The soil should be light and sandy. Those sown in September will bloom
+in the greenhouse in May; those sown in February will flower in the
+open in the autumn. Height, 11/2 ft.
+
+Morning Glory.--_See_ "Convolvulus."
+
+Morrenia Odorata.--A good twining plant for the greenhouse, producing
+fragrant cream-coloured flowers in July. It will grow in any good
+loamy soil, and may be increased by cuttings. Height, 3 ft.
+
+Moss.--To eradicate moss from fruit-trees wash the branches with
+strong brine or lime water. If it makes its appearance on the lawn,
+the first thing to do is to ensure a good drainage to the ground, rake
+the moss out, and apply nitrate of soda at the rate of 1 cwt. to the
+half-acre, then go over the grass with a heavy roller. Should moss
+give trouble by growing on gravel paths, sprinkle the ground with salt
+in damp weather.
+
+Mountain _Avens.--See_ "Dryas."
+
+Muhlenbeckia Complexa.--A very decorative climber, hardy in nature but
+requiring a good amount of sunshine to make it bloom. A well-drained,
+sandy soil is best for its growth, and it can be increased by cuttings
+of hardy shoots taken early in summer. Height, 6 ft.
+
+Mulberries.--Any good soil will grow the Mulberry. The tree is hardy,
+but the fruit wants plenty of sunshine to bring it to perfection. It
+may be propagated by cuttings of wood one year old with a heel two
+years old attached. The only pruning necessary is to keep the branches
+well balanced. Autumn is the time to do this, not forgetting that the
+fruit is borne on the young wood. When grown in tubs or large pots
+in the greenhouse the fruit attains the perfection of flavour. In
+addition to the Large Black and the White (Morus Alba) the New Weeping
+Russian White may be recommended.
+
+Mulching.--_See_ "Soil."
+
+Muscari.--_See_ "Hyacinthus."
+
+Muscari Botryoides.--_See_ "Hyacinthus."
+
+Mushrooms.--Take partially dry horse manure and lay it in a heap
+to ferment. Turn and mix it well every few days, and when well and
+equally fermented, which will be from ten to fourteen days, make it
+into a bed 4 ft. wide and 2 ft. deep, mixing it well together and
+beating or treading it firmly. When the temperature of the bed falls
+to 75 degrees, or a little under, the spawn may be inserted in pieces
+about the size of a walnut, 2 in. deep and 6 in. apart. Now give
+a covering of loamy soil, 2 in. deep, and beat it down evenly and
+firmly. Finish off with a covering of clean straw or hay about 1 ft.
+thick. Water when necessary with lukewarm water; but very little
+should be given till the Mushrooms begin to come up, then a plentiful
+supply may be given. They may be grown in any warm cellar or shed, and
+usually appear in from four to six weeks after planting.
+
+Musk (_Mimulus Moschatus_).--A well-known sweet-scented, half-hardy
+perennial, well adapted for pot culture. A moist, shady position is
+most congenial to it when placed in the border. Seed sown in autumn
+make fine, early-flowering greenhouse plants. For summer blooming
+the seed is sown early in spring, under a frame or hand-glass, at a
+temperature of from 55 to 60 degrees. It is readily propagated by
+division. Height, 6 in.
+
+Mustard and Cress.--For sowing in the open choose a shady border, make
+the surface fine and firm, and water it well before putting down the
+seed. Let the seed be sown thickly at intervals of seven or fourteen
+days from March to September. As the Cress does not germinate so
+quickly as the Mustard, the former should be sown four days before
+the latter. The seed must not be covered, but simply pressed into the
+surface of the soil. Keep the ground moist, and cut the crop when the
+second leaf appears. For winter use it is best sown in boxes and grown
+in a frame, the seed being covered with flannel kept constantly moist.
+This may be removed as soon as the seed germinates. Gardeners mostly
+prefer to grow it through coarse flannel, to avoid the possibility of
+grit being sent to table. The curled leaf Cress is the best, and the
+new Chinese Mustard is larger in leaf than the old variety, and is
+very pungent in flavour.
+
+Myosotis (_Forget-me-not_).--The perennial varieties of these
+beautiful plants grow best in moist places, such as the edges of ponds
+or ditches; but they also do well in pots among Alpine plants. Most of
+them may be increased by root division, and all of them by seed. The
+annuals like a dry, sandy soil, and are grown from seed sown in March.
+They flower in June or July. Height, 6 in.
+
+Myrica Gala (_Candleberry Myrtle_).--This hardy deciduous shrub is
+very ornamental, and its foliage is scented like the myrtle. It
+will grow in light, rich soil, but thrives best in peat, and may be
+increased by seeds or layers. May is its flowering time. Height, 4 ft.
+M. Cerifera is treated in precisely the same manner. Height, 6 ft.
+
+Myrsiphyllum Asparagoides.--_See_ "Smilax."
+
+Myrtle (_Myrtus_).--Will strike readily if the cuttings be placed in a
+bottle of water till roots grow, and then planted; or young cuttings
+will strike in sandy soil under a hand-glass. They succeed best in a
+mixture of sandy loam and peat and on a south wall. Near the sea they
+prove quite hardy. Height, 6 ft.
+
+
+N
+
+
+Narcissus.--_See_ "Daffodils."
+
+Nasturtiums.--These are among the most useful of our hardy annuals,
+producing a display of the brightest of colours throughout the entire
+summer. The tall-growing climbers make a gay background to a border,
+and are equally valuable for trellis-work, while the dwarf varieties
+are first-class bedding plants, and of great service for ribboning.
+The seeds may be sown in pots in September or in the open ground early
+in spring. A light sandy or gravelly soil is the best to produce a
+wealth of bloom. Height, 6 ft. and 1 ft.
+
+Nectarines.--Require the same treatment as the Peach. In fact, the
+Nectarine stone sometimes produces a Peach, and a Peach stone often
+produces a Nectarine. Fairchild's, Humboldt, Lord Napier, and Red
+Roman are useful varieties. They should stand 20 ft. apart.
+
+Neilla.--These shrubs thrive in ordinary soil, and are increased by
+cuttings of the young wood. They flower in July. N. Torreyi bears
+white Spiraea-like flowers, which are very effective. Height, 6 ft.
+
+Nemesia.--A most beautiful half-hardy annual of the Antirrhinum class.
+Sow the seed early in spring on a hotbed, and plant out in May in
+rich, light soil. Cuttings of the young wood will strike under glass.
+Height, 1-1/2 ft. to 2-1/2 ft.
+
+Nemophila.--Pretty, neat, and compact hardy annuals, well worth
+cultivating. They succeed best in a moist and shady situation, delight
+in peat or vegetable mould, and when grown in circles are very
+striking. If wanted to flower early, sow the seed in autumn, or on a
+hotbed in spring; and if required for late blooming, sow in the open
+in March. Treated thus they flower from June to September. Height, 1
+ft.
+
+Nepeta Glechoma Variegata.--A very useful plant for hanging baskets.
+It can be trained as a pyramid or allowed to hang down; in many cases
+it is employed as edgings. It is of easy culture, and does well as a
+window plant or in a cool greenhouse. The soil should be light and
+dry. It flowers in July, and may be increased by root-division.
+
+Nerine Sarniense.--_See_ "Guernsey Lily."
+
+Nertera Depressa (_Coral Berry_).--This pretty Moss-like plant is
+fairly hardy, and is eminently suited for a sheltered position on the
+rockery. The soil should consist of leaf-mould and sand, and overhead
+sprinkling with soft water is very beneficial. In cold districts it is
+better to grow it in the greenhouse. The flowers are produced in
+July, succeeded by orange-coloured berries. It is easily increased by
+dividing it early in the spring. Height, 3 in.
+
+Neuvusia Alabamensis.--A tamarix-like shrub, bearing clusters of white
+flowers early in spring. Will grow in any soil or situation. Increased
+by cuttings placed in sand under glass.
+
+Nicotiana (_Tobacco Plants_).--Very showy half-hardy annuals. N.
+Affinis bears long, tubular, sweet-scented, white flowers in July, and
+grows to the height of 3 ft. N. Virginica produces immense leaves and
+pink flowers, and the plants are 4 to 5 ft. high. The seed is sown
+on a hotbed in spring, and when the second or third leaf appears the
+plants are put into small pots and placed in a frame till the end of
+May, when they are transferred to the border.
+
+Nierembergia (_Cup Flowers_).--These elegant half-hardy annuals
+grow well in any light soil, but prefer a mixture of sandy loam and
+leaf-mould. Sow the seed in March or April in slight heat, harden off,
+and plant out in May as soon as all fear of frost is over. They flower
+in July. Height, 9 in. to 1 ft.
+
+Nierembergia Rivularis.--This herbaceous plant is of a creeping
+nature; it has deep green ovate foliage and large saucer-shaped white
+flowers. It needs a moist position, and is increased by division. The
+bloom is produced throughout June, July, and August. Height, 3 in.
+
+Nigella.--These hardy annuals, a species of Fennel-flower, are both
+curious and ornamental. Perhaps the best known among them is N.
+Hispanica, or Love-in-a-Mist. They only require sowing in the open in
+spring--but not before the middle of March--to produce flowers in July
+and August. Height, 9 in. to 2 ft.
+
+Night-scented Stocks.--_See_ "Mathiola."
+
+Nolana.--Hardy annuals that are suitable for the border, as they are
+very showy when in flower. The seed should be sown in spring on a
+gentle hotbed, and the plants transferred to the garden about the
+middle of May. N. Atriplicifolia may be sown in the open in the
+autumn. They flower in July and August. Height, 6 in. to 2 ft.
+
+North Borders, Plants suitable for.--Hardy Camellias, Chrysanthemums,
+black and green Tea Plant, Rhododendrons, Ferns, Red Currants, Morello
+Cherries, and spring and summer cuttings of all sorts.
+
+Nuttallia.--This early-flowering shrub is only hardy in the south and
+south-west of our country. It requires a light, rich soil, and may be
+increased by division. Racemes of white flowers are produced during
+February and March. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Nycterina.--Exquisite little half-hardy plants, suitable for pots or
+rock-work. The seed should be sown early in spring on a gentle hotbed,
+and the young plants transferred to the pots or open ground at the end
+of May, using a light, rich soil. Height, 3 in.
+
+Nymphaea Alba.--A hardy aquatic perennial, frequently found in our
+ponds. It flowers in June, and may be increased by dividing the roots.
+Height, 1 ft.
+
+
+O
+
+
+Odontoglossum Grande.--A most beautiful orchid, delighting in a
+temperature of from 60 to 70 degrees and an abundance of water during
+summer, but good drainage is essential. The blooms are yellow, spotted
+and streaked with venetian red, and are often 6 in. across. The pots
+should be two-thirds filled with crocks, then filled up with fibrous
+peat and sphagnum moss. During winter only a very little moisture
+should be given.
+
+Oenothera.--The Evening Primroses are most useful and beautiful
+plants, well suited for ornamenting borders, beds, edgings, or
+rock-work. All the species are free-flowering, and grow well in any
+good, rich soil. The annual and biennial kinds are sown in the open
+in spring. The perennials may be increased by dividing the roots, by
+cuttings, or by seed, the plants from which will flower the first
+season if sown early in spring. They bloom in June and July. Height, 6
+in. to 4 ft.
+
+Olearia.--These evergreen shrubs thrive in peat and loam, and may be
+increased by division of the roots. O. Haastii has foliage resembling
+the Box, and a profusion of white, sweet-scented flowers in summer: a
+chalk soil suits it admirably. Height, 3 ft. to 4 ft.
+
+Omphalodes Verna.--A hardy perennial which may be grown under the
+shade of trees in ordinary soil. It produces its flowers in March, and
+is increased by dividing the roots in autumn. Height, 6 in.
+
+Oncidium Sarcodes.--Plant these Orchids firmly in well-drained pots,
+using equal parts of live sphagnum and fibrous peat. Give one good
+watering as soon as the potting is finished, and stand them in a
+light, warm part of the greenhouse. They will require very little more
+water until the roots have taken hold of the soil--only sufficient to
+keep the pseudo-bulbs from shrivelling--and during the winter months
+scarcely any moisture is needed. They flower in August. Height, 1-1/2
+ft.
+
+Onions.--Require a deep, rich, heavy soil. Where the ground is not
+suitable it should have had a good dressing of rotten manure the
+previous autumn, and left in ridges during the winter. Level the
+ground, and make it very firm just before the time of sowing. The seed
+should be sown early in March for the main crop and for salad and
+pickling Onions, and in August for summer use. Thin out to about 6
+in. apart, excepting those intended to be gathered while small. The
+Tripoli varieties attain a large size if transplanted in the spring.
+The Silver-skins do best on a poor soil. For exhibition Onions sow in
+boxes early in February in a greenhouse; when about 1 in. high prick
+out, 3 in. apart, into other boxes; give gentle heat and plenty of
+air, and when they have grown 6 in. high put them in a cool frame
+until the middle of April, when they must be planted in the open, 1
+ft. apart.
+
+Ononis Rotundifolia (_Round-leaved Restharrow_).--A charming hardy
+evergreen of a shrubby nature. It will grow in any ordinary garden
+soil, and is increased by seed, sown as soon as it is ripe. It is most
+effective in clumps, and blooms from June to September. Height, 1-1/2
+ft.
+
+Onopordon.--Half-hardy perennials of a rather interesting nature and
+of easy cultivation. Sow the seed any time between March and June.
+They require the protection of a frame or greenhouse during winter,
+and produce flowers in July. Height, 6 in. to 8 ft.
+
+Onosma Taurica (_Golden Drop_).--This hardy herbaceous plant is very
+pretty when in flower, and suitable for rock-work. It requires a
+well-drained vegetable mould, and to be planted where it can obtain
+plenty of sun. It is increased from cuttings taken in summer, placed
+in a cucumber frame, kept shaded for about a fortnight, and hardened
+off before the winter. The flowers succeed one another from June to
+November. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Opuntia Rafinesquii (_Hardy Prickly Fig_).--A dwarf hardy Cactus with
+sulphur-coloured flowers, produced from June to August; very suitable
+for dry spots in rock-work. It grows best in peat with a little sand,
+and is propagated by separating the branches at a joint, and allowing
+them to dry for a day or so before putting them into the soil. Height,
+2 ft.
+
+Orange, Mexican.--_See_ "Choisya."
+
+Orchids.--The four classes into which these charming and interesting
+plants are divided may be described as (1) those coming from the
+tropics, (2) from South Africa, (3) from the South of Europe, and
+(4) our native varieties. The first require a stove, the second a
+greenhouse, the third and fourth slight protection during winter. As
+their natural character differs so widely it is necessary to ascertain
+from what part of the globe they come, and to place them in houses
+having as near as possible the same temperature and humidity as that
+to which they are accustomed. The pots in which they are grown should
+be filled with fibrous peat and sphagnum moss, largely mixed with
+charcoal, and abundant drainage ensured. They are propagated by
+dividing the root stocks, by separating the pseudo-bulbs, and, in case
+of the Dendrobiums, by cuttings. Orchis Foliosa (_Leafy Orchis_) may
+be grown in the open ground in good sandy loam. When once established
+it is best not to disturb it, but if needed it may be increased by
+division, after the tops have died down. Orchis Fusca (_Brown Orchis_)
+may likewise be planted in the open, in a sheltered position, in fine
+loam and leaf-mould, the soil to be well drained, yet constantly
+moist.
+
+Origanum Pulchellum.--Popularly known as the Beautiful Marjoram, this
+plant is useful for cutting for vases. It is perennial and hardy, and
+thrives in a dry situation with a sunny aspect and in a sandy soil.
+The bloom is in its best condition in October. The rooted shoots may
+be divided in spring or almost at any other period, or it may be
+propagated by taking cuttings in summer. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Ornithogalum.--O. Arabicum bears a large white flower with a shiny
+black centre. It is a fine plant for pot culture, or it may be grown
+in water like the Hyacinth. It may be planted in the open early in
+spring in sandy loam and peat. Take it up before the frost sets in and
+store it in a dry place, as it requires no moisture while in a dormant
+state. In September the flowers are produced. Height, 6 in. O.
+Umbellatum (_Star of Bethlehem_) is a pretty little flower often found
+in English meadows, is quite hardy, and once established may be left
+undisturbed for years. It throws up large heads of starry flowers,
+which are produced in great abundance. While in a dormant state the
+bulbs should be kept almost dry. It is propagated by off-sets; flowers
+in May. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Orobus.--These hardy perennials bear elegant Pea-shaped blossoms. The
+plants will grow readily in any light soil, and are easily increased
+by root-division in the spring, or by seeds. They flower in June.
+Height, 2 ft. to 3 ft.
+
+Osmanthus.--These elegant hardy evergreen shrubs succeed best in
+light, sandy loam, and like a dry situation. They may be increased by
+cuttings of the young shoots with a little old wood attached, or they
+may be grafted on to common Privet. The variegated varieties are very
+beautiful. They grow well on chalk soils. Height, 4 ft. to 6 ft.
+
+Othera Japonica.--A newly introduced evergreen shrub very similar to
+the Holly. It is perfectly hardy and may be treated in the same manner
+as that plant.
+
+Ourisia Coccinea.--A hardy herbaceous, surface-creeping perennial of
+singular beauty as regards both leaf and flower. The soil in which it
+is grown must be well drained, a peat one being preferable; and the
+position it occupies must be well shaded from the rays of the midday
+sun. It flowers from May onwards to September, the cut bloom being
+admirable for mixing with fern leaves. As soon as new life starts in
+spring the roots may be divided. Height, 9 in.
+
+Oxalis.--A genus of very pretty bulbous plants that thrive well in a
+mixture of loam, peat, and sand, or will grow in any light soil. Most
+of the tender kinds may be reared in a frame if protected from frost
+in the winter. After they have done flowering they should be kept dry
+until they begin to grow afresh. They are increased by off-sets from
+the bulb. The hardy species should be planted in a shady border, where
+they will grow and flower freely. The seeds of these may be sown in
+the open in spring. Some of the varieties have fibrous roots: these
+will bear dividing. They are equally suitable for pots, borders, or
+rock-work. Height, 9 in. to 3 ft.
+
+Ox-Tongue.--_See_ "Bugloss."
+
+Oxythopis Campestris.--A hardy perennial with lemon-yellow flowers in
+June and July. It will grow in any good garden soil, and is propagated
+by seed only, which should be sown where the plants are intended to be
+grown. Height, 6 in.
+
+
+P
+
+
+Pachysandra.--This early hardy perennial has ornamental foliage and
+blooms in April. It will succeed in almost any soil, and may be
+increased by suckers from the roots. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Paeonies.--These beautiful flowering plants are mostly hardy enough to
+endure our winters. The herbaceous kinds are increased by dividing the
+plants at the roots, leaving a bud on each slip. The shrubby species
+are multiplied by cuttings taken in August or September, with a piece
+of the old wood attached, and planted in a sheltered situation. Tree
+Paeonies require protection in winter, and may be propagated by
+grafting on to the others, by suckers, or by layers. New varieties are
+raised from seed. A rich, loamy soil suits them best. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Palms from Seed.--Soak the seed in tepid water for twenty-four hours,
+then put them singly 1 in. deep in 2-in. pots filled with equal parts
+of loam, leaf-mould, and sand. Cover the pots with glass and stand
+them in the warmest part of a hothouse. Shade from strong sunshine,
+and keep the soil just moist. Re-pot as soon as the roots have filled
+the old ones.
+
+Pampas Grass.--_See_ "Gynerium."
+
+Pampas Lily of the Valley.--_See_ "Withania."
+
+Pancratium.--A handsome class of plants. Their habit of growth is
+somewhat like that of the Amaryllis. They are admirably adapted for
+growing in pots in the greenhouse. They may also be planted in the
+open ground under a south wall. The bulbs should be placed in a
+composition of three parts light, sandy loam and one of vegetable
+mould. They are increased by off-sets from the roots, or by seeds, by
+which the new varieties are obtained. Height, 1 ft. to 2 ft.
+
+Pandanus Veitchi (_Variegated Screw Pine_).--For table decoration or
+vases this is a most useful plant. It requires a warm greenhouse where
+a temperature of 60 or 70 degrees can be kept up throughout the year,
+and grows well in equal parts of peat and loam with one-sixth part
+sand. During the autumn a little liquid manure is beneficial. In the
+winter months it should be watered carefully, but in the summer it is
+improved by syringing with warm water. It is propagated very easily by
+suckers taken off in spring or summer, placed in a temperature of 75
+degrees.
+
+Panicum.--Handsome ornamental grasses. They will grow in any soil
+or situation. P. Capillare is an annual, suitable for bouquets or
+edgings; it is increased by seed. P. Altissimum, an annual, and P.
+Sulcatum, a most elegant greenhouse plant, are fine for specimens.
+P. Plicatum is highly ornamental and hardy, but is best grown as a
+conservatory or window plant; it has a Palm-like appearance, and is
+of quick growth. Most of the plants flower in July. They may be
+propagated by seed or by division of the roots. Average height, 1-1/2
+ft.
+
+Pansies (_Heartsease_).--Grow well from seed sown in July or August on
+a raised bed of light earth. They may also be increased from cuttings
+taken in August, September, April, or May, selecting young side-shoots
+and planting them in light earth mixed with silver sand. The cuttings
+should be kept in a cool frame, moderately moist, and shaded from the
+hot sun. They can likewise be increased by layers, merely pegging them
+down and not slitting them on account of their tendency to damp off.
+They may also be increased by dividing the roots in April or May. They
+should be planted where they will get all the morning sun, yet be
+sheltered from mid-day rays; in an open and airy situation, yet
+protected from cutting winds. While the plants are blooming they
+should be supplied with liquid manure.
+
+Papaver (_Poppy_).--These showy flowers are most at home in a rich,
+light soil. They are easily raised from seed sown where they are
+intended to bloom. The perennials may also be increased by dividing
+the roots. They flower at midsummer. Height varies from 1 ft. to 3 ft.
+
+Pardanthus Chinensis.--_See_ "Iris."
+
+Parsley.--In order to grow Parsley to perfection it is necessary that
+the ground be well drained, as the roots and stems must be kept dry,
+and the soil should be rich and light. Three sowings may be made
+during the year: the first in spring for late summer and autumn use,
+the next in June for succession, and another in August or September
+for spring and early summer use. Thin out or transplant, to 6 in.
+apart. Parsley takes longer than most seeds to germinate; it must
+therefore be watched during dry weather and watered if necessary.
+Plants potted in September and placed in a cold frame, or protected
+in the open from rain and frost with a covering of mats supported by
+arches, will be valuable for winter use.
+
+Parsnips.--These succeed best in a rich soil, but the application of
+fresh manure should be avoided, as it induces forked and ill-shaped
+roots. Let the ground be trenched two spits deep and left ridged up as
+long as possible. As early in March as the weather will permit level
+the surface and sow the seed in drills 15 in. apart, covering it with
+half an inch of fine soil. When the plants are 2 or 3 in. high, thin
+them out to 9 in. apart. They may be taken up in November and, after
+cutting off the tops, stored in a pit or cellar in damp sand, or they
+may be left in the ground till required for use.
+
+Passion Flower.--Cuttings of the young shoots strike readily in sand
+under glass. The plant likes a good loamy soil mixed with peat. A
+sheltered position with a south or south-western aspect should be
+assigned those grown out of doors, and the root should be well
+protected in winter. The flowers are borne on seasoned growth of the
+current year: this fact must be considered when pruning the plants.
+During the hot months the roots require a copious supply of water, and
+the foliage should be syringed freely. Passiflora Caerulea is fine for
+outdoor culture, and Countess Guiglini makes a capital greenhouse
+plant.
+
+Pavia Macrostachya.--This is a deciduous hardy shrub or tree which
+bears elegant racemes of white Chestnut-like flowers in July. Any
+soil suits it. It is propagated by layers or by grafting it on to the
+Horse-chestnut. Height, 10 ft.
+
+Peaches.--These are best grown on a strong loam mixed with old mortar;
+though any soil that is well drained will produce good fruit. When
+possible, a south wall should be chosen; but they are not particular
+as to position, providing they are afforded shelter from cold winds.
+November and February are the most favourable months for planting. The
+roots should be carefully arranged at equal distances apart, 3 or 4
+in. below the surface of soil, and then covered with fine mould. Avoid
+giving manure at all times, except when the trees are bearing fruit
+heavily. Train the shoots about 6 in. apart, removing all the
+wood-buds except one at the base of the shoot and one at the point.
+Keep the flowers dry and free from frost by means of an overhead
+shelter, to which tiffany or canvas can be attached, which should,
+however, only be used so long as the cold weather lasts. To ensure
+good fruit, thin the same out to 6 in. apart as soon as it attains
+the size of a small pea, and when the stoning period is passed remove
+every alternate one, so that they will be 1 ft. apart. After gathering
+the fruit, remove any exhausted and weak wood, leaving all that is
+of the thickness of a black-lead pencil. To keep the foliage clean,
+syringe once a day with water; this may be continued until the
+fruit is nearly ripe. The following may be recommended for outdoor
+cultivation:--Hale's Early, Dagmar, and Waterloo for fruiting in July
+or August; Crimson Galande, Dymond, and the well-known Bellegarde
+for succession in September; and Golden Eagle for a late sort. When
+planted in quantities, Peaches should stand 20 ft. apart.
+
+When grown under glass a day temperature of 50 degrees, falling to 45
+degrees at night, is sufficient to start with, gradually increasing it
+so that 65 degrees by day and 55 by night is reached at the period of
+blossoming. Syringe the leaves daily until the flowers are produced,
+then discontinue it, merely keeping the walls near the pipes and
+the paths damp. As soon as the fruit is set the syringing should
+recommence. Water of the same temperature as that of the house should
+in all cases be used. When the fruit begins to ripen, cease once more
+the syringing until it is gathered, then admit air freely, wash the
+trees daily, and apply liquid manure to the roots in sufficient
+quantities to keep the soil moist during the time the trees are at
+rest. Rivers's Early, Pitmaston Orange, Dagmar, and Royal George are
+all good under glass.
+
+Pears.--Wherever Apples are a success Pears will grow. As a rule, they
+are best grown dwarf. On light soils they should be grafted on to Pear
+stocks, but on heavy soils they are best worked on the Quince. The
+fruiting of young trees may be accelerated by lifting them when about
+five years old, spreading out the roots 1 ft. below the surface of the
+soil, and mulching the ground. The mulching should be raked off in the
+spring, the ground lightly stirred with a fork and left to sweeten,
+and another mulching applied when the weather becomes hot and dry.
+In pruning, leave the leading branches untouched, but let all cross
+shoots be removed, and the young wood be cut away in sufficient
+quantity to produce a well-balanced tree, and so equalise the flow
+of sap. Some of the pruning may be done in summer, but directly the
+leaves fall is the time to perform the main work. A good syringing
+once a week with the garden hose will keep the trees vigorous and free
+from insects. Should scab make its appearance on the leaves, spray
+them occasionally with Bordeaux Mixture, using the minimum strength at
+first, and a stronger application afterwards if necessary. There
+are over 500 varieties of Pears, so it is no easy matter to give a
+selection to suit all tastes, but a few may be named as most likely to
+give satisfaction. Louise Bonne de Jersey succeeds in almost any soil
+and in any situation, is a great favourite, and ripens its fruit in
+October. Beurre Giffard makes a fine standard, and ripens in July.
+Beurre Hardy is delicious in October and November. Doyenne du Comice
+is one of the best-flavoured, and is very prolific. Beurre d'Amanlis
+ripens in August. Williams's Bon Chretien, Aston Town, Pitmaston
+Duchess, Clapp's Favourite, Comte de Lamy, and Josephine de Malines
+are all reliable for dessert, while for stewing purposes Catillac,
+Black Pear of Worcester, Verulam, and Vicar of Winkfield are among the
+best. In orchards standards should be from 20 to 25 ft. apart; dwarfs
+12 ft. to 1 rod.
+
+Peas.--For the production of heavy summer and autumn crops a rich and
+deeply-stirred soil is essential, one of the best fertilisers being
+well-decayed farmyard manure; but for the earliest crop a poorer soil,
+if deep and well pulverised, will give the best results. Peas under
+3 ft. in height do not require sticking, but they can be more easily
+gathered if a few small twigs are used to keep the haulm off the
+ground. If sown in successive lines the space between the rows should
+correspond with the height of the variety grown. A good plan is to
+arrange the rows 10 or 15 ft. apart, and crop the intervening spaces
+with early dwarf vegetables. The earliest varieties may be sown from
+November to February, on the warmest and most sheltered border: these
+may be gathered in May and June. The second early round, varieties, if
+sown from January to April, will be ready for gathering in June and
+July. The main crop round varieties may be sown from February to May:
+these will be ready to gather in July and August. The early wrinkled
+varieties may be sown from March to June, for gathering between June
+and September. Sow main crop and late varieties at intervals of
+fourteen days from March to May: these will be ready to gather in
+July, August, and September. When the plants are a couple of inches
+high draw the earth neatly round them, and stake the taller varieties
+as soon as the tendrils appear. Keep them well watered in dry weather,
+and if on a light soil a mulching of manure will be beneficial. As
+soon as the pods are setting apply weak liquid manure to the roots
+when the ground is moist.
+
+Peas, Everlasting (_Lathyrus Latifolia_).--These well-known and
+favourite hardy perennials are very useful for covering trellises,
+etc. They will grow in any garden soil, and may be raised from seed
+sown early in spring in slight heat. Where there is no greenhouse or
+frame the seed may be planted, about 1/2 in. deep, round the edges of
+pots filled with nice, light soil, and covered with a sheet of glass,
+keeping the soil moist till the seed germinates. When the plants are
+strong enough they may be placed in their permanent quarters. They
+bloom from June to September. Old roots may be divided. Height, 6 ft.
+
+Peas, Sweet.--These most beautiful and profuse blooming hardy annuals
+will grow almost anywhere, but they prefer a dry soil that is
+both rich and light. The seed should be sown as early in March as
+practicable, and in April and May for succession. When the plants are
+2 or 3 in. high a few twigs may be placed among them, to which they
+will cling. The flowers are produced in July, and the more liberally
+they are gathered the longer the plants will continue to bloom.
+Height, 3 ft.
+
+Pelargonium.--The shrubby kinds will grow well in any rich soil; loam
+and decayed leaves form a good compost for them. They require good
+drainage and plenty of air and light while in a vigorous state.
+Cuttings root readily in either soil or sand, especially if placed
+under glass. Most of the hard-wooded varieties are more easily
+increased by cuttings from the roots. The tuberous-rooted ones should
+be kept quite dry while dormant, and may be increased by small
+off-sets from the roots.
+
+Pentstemon.--This charming hardy perennial is deserving of a place in
+every garden. It may be grown in any good soil, but a mixture of loam
+and peat is most suitable. The seed may be sown in April, and the
+plants transferred when strong enough to their flowering quarters; or
+it may be sown in a sheltered position during August or September to
+stand the winter. It may also be increased by dividing the roots in
+spring, as soon as growth begins. Cuttings of the young side-shoots
+about 6 in. long may be taken at any period--the middle of September
+is a good time; these should be placed under a hand-glass in sandy
+loam and leaf-mould. These cuttings will flower the first year. It
+blooms from May to October. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Peppermint.--This may be grown on any damp or marshy soil, and
+increased by dividing the roots.
+
+Perennials.--These are plants that die down during the winter, but
+spring up and produce new stems annually. Some, as for instance
+Antirrhinums and Pansies, flower the first season, but usually they do
+not bloom till the second season. Many of the species improve by age,
+forming large clumps or bushes. The stock is increased by division
+of the roots, which, if judiciously done, improves the plant. Like
+annuals, they are divided into classes of Hardy, Half-hardy, and
+Tender plants.
+
+Hardy perennials do not require artificial heat to germinate the
+seeds, or at any period of their growth, but are the most easily
+cultivated of all plants. Seed may be sown from March to midsummer,
+transplanting in the autumn to their flowering quarters; or it may
+be sown in August and September in a sheltered position to stand the
+winter.
+
+Half-hardy plants require artificial heat to germinate their seed, and
+must be gradually introduced into the open. They may be sown during
+March and April in frames or a greenhouse, when many will bloom the
+first season. If sown between May and the end of August they will
+flower the following spring and summer. They require protection during
+winter, such as is afforded by a cold pit, frame, or greenhouse, or
+the covering of a mat or litter. Tender perennials may be sown as
+directed above, but the plants should be kept constantly under glass.
+
+Some perennials, such as Pinks, Carnations, Saxifrages, etc., do
+not die down, but retain their leaves. These are called evergreen
+perennials.
+
+Pergularia.--Very fragrant twining plants, suitable for trellis-work,
+arbours, etc. A rich soil suits them best. They are easily increased
+by cuttings sown in sand under glass. They flower at midsummer.
+Height, 8 ft. to 12 ft.
+
+Perilla Nankinensis.--A plant of little merit, except for its foliage,
+which is of a rich bronze purple. It bears a cream-coloured flower in
+July. It may be raised in the same manner as other half-hardy annuals,
+and prefers a light, loamy soil. Height, 1 1/2 ft.
+
+Periploca Graeca.--A hardy, deciduous, twining shrub, which will grow
+in any soil, and may be increased by layers or by cuttings placed
+under glass. It flowers in July. Height, 10 ft.
+
+Periwinkle.--_See_ "Vinca."
+
+Pernettya.--An American evergreen shrub, which, like all of its class,
+thrives best in sandy peat; it delights in partial shade, and a moist
+but well-drained position. It is increased by layers in September,
+which should not be disturbed for a year. It is a good plan to mulch
+the roots with leaf-mould or well-rotted manure. Height, 5 ft.
+
+Petunias.--These ornamental half-hardy perennials prefer a mixture of
+sandy loam and vegetable mould, but will grow in any rich, light
+soil. Seeds sown in March or April, at a temperature of from 65 to 75
+degrees, make fine bedding plants for a summer or autumn display.
+As the seeds are very minute, they should be covered merely with a
+dusting of the finest of soil. Moisture is best supplied by standing
+the pots up to the rims in water. Pot off singly, harden off, and
+plant out at the end of May. May also easily be raised from cuttings,
+which will strike at any season in heat, but care must be taken that
+they do not damp off. They flower in July and August. Height, 1-1/2
+ft. to 2 ft.
+
+Phacelia Campanularia.--A superb, rich blue, hardy annual. It will
+grow in any soil, and is easily raised from seed sown in spring.
+Flowers are borne in June. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Phalaris.--P. Arundinacea is the well-known perennial Ribbon Grass;
+it is easily grown from seed, and the root allows division. P.
+Canariensis is the useful canary seed: it may be propagated from seed
+on any soil. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Philadelphus.--Among the best of our flowering shrubs, producing a
+wealth of sweetly-scented flowers. For cultivation, _see_ "Syringa."
+
+Philesia.--An American evergreen shrub which grows best in peat, but
+will thrive in any light soil. It should occupy a cool position, but
+be well sheltered from winds. It is increased by suckers. Flowers in
+June. Height, 4 ft.
+
+Phillyrea.--This effective border evergreen will grow in any ordinary
+garden soil, and may be increased either by layers or cuttings. It has
+dark green shining leaves, and is quite hardy. Height, 6 ft.
+
+Phlomis (_Lion's Tail_).--This effective hardy perennial will grow in
+any rich, light soil in a warm position, and is a fine lawn plant.
+Flowers are produced from June to August. It may be increased by seed
+or division. Protect the plant from damp in winter. Height, 3 ft.
+
+Phlox.--For richness of colour and duration of bloom there are few
+plants that can rival either the annual or perennial Phlox. The
+trailing kinds are very suitable for small pots or rock-work, C.
+Drummondi for beds, and the French perennials, P. Decussata, for mixed
+borders. A rich, loamy soil suits them best, and they must never
+lack moisture. They are easily raised in spring from seed, and the
+perennials may be increased by cuttings placed under glass, or by
+division. Flower in July. Height, 1 ft. to 2 ft.
+
+Phormium Tenax.--A greenhouse herbaceous plant which succeeds best in
+rich loam. It flowers in August, and may be propagated by dividing the
+roots. Height, 3 ft.
+
+Phygelius Capensis.--A greenhouse perennial bearing carmine and yellow
+flowers in June, but is hardy enough to be grown on a warm border. It
+is increased by off-sets from the root, taken off in May. Height, 2
+ft.
+
+Physalis (_Winter Cherry_).--A rich, light soil is most suitable for
+the stove and greenhouse kinds, cuttings of which root freely under
+glass. The hardy kinds will grow in any soil, and are increased by
+seed. P. Francheti produces seed-pods over 2 in. in diameter, the
+Cherry-like fruit of which is edible and makes a fine preserve. It is
+larger than that of the old Winter Cherry, P. Alkekengi. They flower
+in August. Height, 1 ft. to 2 ft.
+
+Physianthus Albens.--This evergreen climber is a good plant for
+training to the rafters of a greenhouse. It grows well in a mixture
+of sandy loam and peat, and should receive bold treatment. Its white
+flowers are produced in July. The plant is propagated by seeds, also
+by cuttings. Height, 20 ft.
+
+Physostegia.--Ornamental hardy herbaceous plants, ranging in colour
+from white to purple. They like a rich soil, and can be raised from
+seed sown in March. They also bear division. July and August are their
+flowering months. Height, from 1 ft. to 5 ft.
+
+Phyteuma Hallierii.--A very pretty hardy perennial. It will thrive in
+any soil, blooms from May to August, and can be readily increased by
+seed or division. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Phytolacca Decandra (_Virginian Poke_).--A very fine herbaceous plant,
+bearing bunches of pretty black berries. It requires a rich soil and
+plenty of room for its widespreading branches. Cuttings will strike
+under glass, or the seed may be sown in autumn. It flowers in August.
+Height, 6 ft.
+
+Picotees.--_See_ "Carnations."
+
+Pimelias.--Very beautiful, compact, and free-growing greenhouse
+everlasting shrubs. The most suitable soil consists of three parts
+sandy peat and one part loam, with good drainage. June or July is
+their flowering season. They may be grown from seed or young cuttings
+2 in. long, placed in sandy peat, with a little bottom heat. Do not
+give too much water. Height, 2 ft. to 4 ft.
+
+Pimpernel.--_See_ "Anagallis."
+
+Pinguicula Grandiflora (_Great Irish Butterwort_).--This handsome,
+hardy bog-plant produces deep violet-blue flowers in August and
+September. It may be grown in any damp soil and increased by division.
+Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Pinks.--Will live in almost any soil, but if large blooms are required
+rich earth is essential. They are increased by pipings taken in May
+or June. These should be planted out in October, but must be given a
+well-drained position, as too much wet is injurious to them. Do not
+set the roots too deep, but let the collar of the plant be on a level
+with the soil.
+
+Pinus.--As a tall specimen tree nothing is more graceful than the
+Corsican Pine (_Pinus Laricio_). P. Strobus Nana is a curious dwarf
+variety, rarely exceeding 3 ft. in height. The Argentea Aurea is also
+of dwarf habit. Its leaves, which are green in summer, change to a
+bright golden colour in winter. The Umbrella Pine (_Sciadopitys_) is a
+very striking conifer, and does well everywhere. It gets its name from
+its leaves being set at regular intervals round the branches, like
+the ribs of an umbrella. The Pinus may be increased by layers, or by
+sowing the cones in spring, after they have opened out, in rather
+sandy soil, covering them lightly.
+
+Piping.--This consists in drawing out the young grass, or shoots, from
+the joints of Pinks, etc., from May to July being the time for doing
+so. Place them in light, sandy soil, and cover them with a hand-glass.
+Towards the end of September they may be planted out in beds or potted
+off in rich, light loam. In either case they must not be planted too
+deeply. The crust of the soil should be level with the collar of the
+plant. If the pots are put into a frame the plants will require very
+little water during winter, but as much air should be given as is
+possible. In March re-pot them, using 8-1/2-in. pots.
+
+Platycodon (_Japanese Balloon Flower_).--Hardy and elegant herbaceous
+plants, requiring a sandy soil. They may be raised either from seeds
+or from cuttings of the young growth; they flower in July. Height, 1
+ft.
+
+Platystemon Californicus.--Pretty hardy annuals which thrive in a
+sandy soil. They are easily raised from seed sown in March or April,
+and bring forth their flowers in August. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Pleroma Elegans.--A beautiful evergreen shrub for a greenhouse. Pot in
+equal parts of loam, peat, and sand. It flowers in July. Cuttings may
+be struck in peat in a rather warm temperature. Height, 4 ft.
+
+Plumbago.--These pretty evergreens will grow in any soil, and can be
+propagated in September by cuttings of half-ripened wood having
+a heal, planted in a sandy soil, and kept near the glass in a
+greenhouse. They flower in June. Height, 3 ft. P. Occidentalis is
+a charming greenhouse climber. P. Capensis Alba is a greenhouse
+evergreen shrub, flowering in November, and growing to a height of 2
+ft. P. Larpentae is good for a sunny border, in light soil: it bears
+terminal clusters of rich violet-purple flowers in September. Height,
+1 ft. Plumbagoes require very little attention in winter.
+
+Plums.--Almost any soil will grow this useful fruit. Young trees may
+be planted at any time, when the ground is friable, from November to
+March, but the earlier it is done the better. The situation should be
+somewhat sheltered. In exposed positions protection may be afforded
+by a row of damson trees. Many varieties are suitable for growing on
+walls or sheds, where they are trained into fans, as cordons, and
+other decorative designs; but it must not be overlooked that until the
+trees are well established a great deal of fruit is necessarily lost
+by the severe pruning and disbudding which is required to bring the
+tree into shape. A pyramid-shaped tree is useful, and is easily
+grown by training one straight, central shoot, which must be stopped
+occasionally so that fresh side branches may be thrown out, which of
+course must be kept at the desired length. A bush tree about 7 ft. in
+height is undoubtedly the best form of growth, and needs but a minimum
+amount of attention. In pruning wall trees the main object is to get
+the side-shoots equally balanced, and to prevent the growth advancing
+in the centre. The bush form merely require the removal of any dead
+wood and of cross-growing branches. This should be done late in the
+summer or in the autumn. The trees are frequently attacked by a small
+moth, known as the Plum Fortrix, which eats its way into the fruit
+and causes it to fall. In this case the fallen unripe fruit should be
+gathered up and burned, and the trees washed in winter with caustic
+potash and soda. For growing on walls the following kinds may be
+recommended: Diamond, White Magnum Bonum, Pond's Seedling, and Belle
+de Louvain for cooking; and Kirke, Coe's Golden Drop, and Jefferson
+for dessert. For pyramids and bushes, Victoria, Early Prolific, Prince
+Engelbert, Sultan, and Belgian Purple are good sorts. In orchards
+Plums should stand 20 ft. apart.
+
+Poa Trivalis.--A very pretty, dwarf-growing, variegated grass. Plant
+in a moist situation in a rich, light, loamy soil. It is increased
+either by seed or division.
+
+Podocarpus.--_See_ "Cephalotaxus."
+
+Podolepis.--Hardy annuals bearing yellow and red and white flowers. A
+mixture of loam and peat is most suitable for their growth. They are
+easily raised from seed sown in March, and bloom from June to August.
+Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Podophyllum Peltatum (_Duck's Foot, or May Apple_).--Grown chiefly
+for its foliage and berries, this hardy herbaceous perennial forms a
+pleasing spectacle when planted in moist soil under trees; it likewise
+makes a splendid pot-plant. A mixture of peat and chopped sphagnum is
+what it likes. The pots are usually plunged in wet sand or ashes on
+a northern border. It is propagated by cutting the roots into pieces
+several inches in length, with a good bud or crown on each. During May
+and June the plant produces small white Dog-rose-like flowers. Height,
+1 ft.
+
+Poinsettia Pulcherrima.--A stove evergreen shrub which produces lovely
+crimson bracts in the winter. Plant in sandy loam, give plenty of
+water to the roots, and syringe the leaves frequently. In early spring
+cut down the branches to within three or four eyes of the old wood.
+These cuttings, if laid aside for a day to dry and then planted under
+glass, will form new plants. It flowers in April. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Polemonium (_Jacob's Ladder_).--Hardy perennial border plants of an
+ornamental character and of the easiest culture. Any soil suits them,
+and they merely require sowing in the open either in spring or autumn.
+P. Richardsoni is most commonly met with, its blue flowers being
+produced in early autumn. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Polyanthus.--Sow the seed late in autumn in well-drained boxes of
+light, rich mould; cover it very lightly, place under glass, and water
+sparingly, but give enough to keep the plants moist. The seed requires
+no artificial heat to germinate it. The roots should be divided each
+year as soon as they have flowered, and fresh soil given. The single
+varieties only are florists' flowers. The Polyanthus is a species of
+primrose, grows best in a rather shady position in a loam and peat
+compost, and produces its flowers in May. Height, 6 in.
+
+Polygala Chamaesbuxus.--A hardy evergreen trailing plant requiring
+a peat soil in which to grow. It may be increased from seed or by
+division of the roots. May is the time at which it blooms. Height, 6
+in.
+
+Polygala Dalmaisiana.--This showy evergreen shrub needs a greenhouse
+treatment. Soil--three parts peat, one part turfy loam, and a little
+sand. It flowers in March. To increase it, top the shoots, which will
+cause it to throw out new ones. Take the new growth off when it is 3
+in. long, and place it under glass in a propagating house. Height, 1
+ft.
+
+The hardy annual varieties of Polygala are obtained by seed sown in
+peat. These flower at midsummer. (_See also_ "Solomon's Seal.")
+
+Polygonatum.--These pretty herbaceous plants are quite hardy. The
+flowers, which are borne in May or June, are mostly white. Plants
+succeed best in a rich soil. They may be raised from seed, or the
+roots can be divided. Height, 1ft. to 3 ft.
+
+Polygonum Brunonis (_Knotweed_).--This strong-growing creeping
+perennial plant is not particular as to soil so long as it can enjoy
+plenty of sunshine. The shoots root of themselves and must be kept in
+check, else they will choke other things. It flowers in August, after
+which the leaves assume beautiful autumnal tints. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Pomegranate.--This requires a deep, loamy soil and a warm, airy
+situation. May be propagated by cuttings of the shrubs or the root,
+putting the cuttings into light, rich soil, or by layers. The double
+kinds of Punica, or Pomegranate, should be grafted on to the single
+ones. There is a dwarf kind, bearing scarlet flowers in August, which
+requires heat.
+
+Poppies.--_See_ "Papaver" _and_ "Stylophorum."
+
+Portulaca.--The seeds of the hardy annual species of this genus may be
+sown in a sheltered open spot in spring. The half-hardy annuals should
+be sown thinly in boxes during March and placed in gentle heat. Harden
+off and plant out in May, as soon as the weather permits, in a light,
+dry soil where it can get a good amount of sunshine. Its brilliant
+and striking colour admirably adapts it for small beds, edgings, or
+rock-work; and it will succeed in dry, hot sandy positions where
+scarcely any other plant would live. It flowers in June. Height, 6 in.
+
+Potatoes.--Ground intended for Potatoes should be dug deeply in the
+autumn, thoroughly drained, well manured and trenched, and left rough
+on the surface during the winter. At the beginning of February stand
+the tubers on end in shallow boxes, and expose them to the light to
+induce the growth of short, hard, purple sprouts. Allow one sprout to
+each tuber or set, rubbing off the rest. They may be planted at any
+time from the end of February to the end of March in rows 1-1/2 to
+2-1/2 ft. asunder, placing the sets 6 in. deep and from 6 to 9 in.
+apart. As soon as growth appears keep the ground well stirred with the
+hoe to prevent the growth of weeds, and when the tops are 4 to 6 in.
+high ridge the earth up about them. Directly flower appears, pick it
+off, as it retards the growth of the tubers. They should be taken up
+and stored in October. If short of storage room dig up every other row
+only, and give the remaining ridges an additional covering of earth.
+They keep well this way.
+
+Potentilla.--Handsome herbaceous plants with Strawberry-like foliage.
+They will grow in any common soil, and may be increased by dividing
+the roots or by seeds treated like other hardy perennials. The
+shrubby kinds are well adapted for the fronts of shrubberies, and are
+propagated by cuttings taken in autumn and planted in a sheltered
+situation. They flower at midsummer. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Potting.--Great attention must be paid to this important gardening
+operation. It is necessary that the pots used be perfectly clean, and,
+if new, soaked in water for several hours previously, otherwise they
+would absorb the moisture from the soil to the detriment of the roots.
+At the bottom of the pots place a few layers of crocks, and on these
+some rough mould so as to ensure perfect drainage. For all delicate,
+hard-wooded plants one-third of each pot should be occupied with
+drainage, but a depth of 1-1/2 in. is sufficient for others. Lift the
+plant carefully so as not to break the ball of earth round the roots,
+and fill in with mould round the sides. In order to supply water
+readily the pots must not be filled up to the rim. Pot firmly, and in
+the case of hard-wooded plants ram the earth down with a blunt-pointed
+stick; soft-wooded ones may be left rather looser. Give shade till the
+plants have recovered themselves. The soil used for potting should be
+moist, but not clammy. A rather light, rich loam is most suitable for
+strong-growing plants; peat for slow-growing, hard-wooded ones, like
+Ericas, Camellias, etc.; and a mixture of light loam, one-third its
+bulk of leaf-soil, and silver sand in sufficient quantity to make
+the whole porous for quick-growing, soft-wooded plants, such as
+Pelargoniums, Calceolarias, Fuchsias etc.
+
+Pratia Repens (_Lobelia Pratiana_).--This pretty little creeping
+perennial is very suitable for the front of rock-work. It requires
+a well-drained vegetable soil and all the sun it can get. It is
+self-propagating. Though pretty hardy, it is safer to pot it off in
+autumn and place it in a cold frame throughout the winter. Flowers are
+produced in June, and are succeeded till cut off by frost.
+
+Primroses.--_See_ "Primulas," _and_ "Streptocarpus."
+
+Primulas.--This genus embraces the Auricula, the Polyanthus, and the
+Primrose. The greenhouse varieties are among the most useful of our
+winter-flowering plants. The seed may be sown at any time from March
+to July in a pot of two-year-old manure, leaf-mould, or fine, rich
+mould, but not covering it with the soil. Tie a sheet of paper over
+the pot and plunge it in a hotbed. Sufficient moisture will be
+communicated to the seed by keeping the paper damp. When the plants
+make their appearance remove the paper and place the pot in the shady
+part of the greenhouse. When they are strong enough to handle, pot off
+into 4-1/2 in. pots, and stand them near the glass. The roots may be
+divided as soon as the plants have done flowering. The hardy kinds may
+be sown in the open. It should be borne in mind that the seed must
+be new, as it soon loses its germinating properties. These flower in
+March or April. Height, 6 in.
+
+Prince's Feather.--An ornamental hardy annual, producing tall
+spikes of dark crimson flowers and purple-tinted foliage. It is not
+particular as to soil, and merely requires sowing in the open in
+spring to produce flowers in July. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Privet.--_See_ "Ligustrum."
+
+Prophet's Flower.--_See_ "Arnebia."
+
+Prunella Grandiflora.--A pretty hardy perennial, suitable for a front
+border or rock-work, bearing dense spikes of flowers from May to
+August. It grows well in any ordinary soil, and is propagated by
+division. Height, 6 in.
+
+Pruning.--The main objects to bear in mind in Pruning any kind of bush
+or tree are to prevent a congested growth of the branches, to remove
+any shoots that cross each other, as well as all useless and dead
+wood, and to obtain a well-balanced head. It may be done either in
+August or in the winter when the sap is at rest, after the worst of
+the frosts are over, the end of February being usually suitable;
+but the former period is generally acknowledged to be the better,
+especially for fruit-trees. The cuts should be clean and level, and
+when a saw is used should be made smooth with a chisel and covered
+with grafting wax. In all cases as little wound as possible should
+be presented. Root-pruning has for its object the suppression of
+over-vigorous growth and the restoration of old trees to a bearing
+condition. It consists in taking off all the small fibres, shortening
+the long roots to within 6 or 8 in. of the stem, and cutting away any
+bruised or injured roots before the trees are first planted out. The
+mode of procedure in the case of old or unproductive trees is to
+open the earth in autumn 3 ft. from the stem of the tree, and to saw
+through two-thirds of the strongest roots. The opening is then filled
+in with fresh mould. Should the growth still be too vigorous, the soil
+must be opened again the following season and the remaining roots cut
+through, care being taken not to injure the young fibrous roots.
+
+Prunus.--Beautiful early-flowering trees, which will grow in any soil,
+and can be increased by seeds or suckers.
+
+Ptelia Trifoliata (_Hop Tree_).--This is very suitable for planting on
+the borders of still waters, where its long frond-like leaves, which
+turn to a golden yellow in autumn, produce a fine effect. It blooms in
+June, and is propagated by layers. Height, 10 ft.
+
+Pulmonarias (_Lungworts_).--Hardy perennials that require but little
+attention; may be grown in any common soil, and propagated by division
+at any time. They flower in April and May. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Pumilum.--_See_ "Heleniums."
+
+Pumpkins.--Valuable for soups and pies in winter, and in summer the
+young shoots are an excellent substitute for Asparagus. For their
+cultivation, _see_ "Gourds."
+
+Punica Granata Nana.--A greenhouse deciduous shrub which flowers in
+August. The soil in which it is placed should be a light, rich loam.
+It can be most freely multiplied by layers, and cuttings will strike
+in sand under glass. Height, 4 ft.
+
+Puschkinia (_Striped Squills_).--This charming bulbous plant may be
+grown in any light, rich mould, provided it is drained well. The bulbs
+may be separated when the clumps get overcrowded, late in summer,
+after the tops have died down, being the most suitable time to do so.
+If planted in a warm position it will begin to flower in March, and
+continue in bloom till May. Height, 8 in.
+
+Pyrethrum.--The greenhouse kinds grow in any rich soil, and young
+cuttings planted under glass root readily. The hardy kinds are not
+particular as to soil so long as it is not cold and wet, and are
+increased by seeds sown in heat in February if wanted for early use,
+or in the open during March and April for later growth. The crowns may
+be divided either in autumn or spring: each eye or bud will make a
+fresh plant. Young plants produced in this way in the autumn require
+the protection of a frame during the winter. They flower in July.
+Height varies from 6 in. to 3 ft.
+
+Pyrola.--A handsome hardy plant, suitable for a moist, shady
+situation. It is raised from seed, or will bear dividing, but is
+rather hard to grow. Height, 6 in.
+
+Pyrus Japonica.--_See_ "Cydonia."
+
+
+Q
+
+
+Quaking Grass.--_See_ "Briza."
+
+Quercus Ilex.--A handsome evergreen Oak, delighting in a deep, loamy
+soil. It is propagated by seed sown as soon as it is ripe.
+
+Quinces.--Plant in autumn in a moist but well-drained soil. Cuttings
+of stout stems 6 or 8 in. long, firmly and deeply planted in a shady
+situation, mulched with leaf-mould, and kept watered in dry weather,
+will take root; but the surest method of propagation is by layers,
+pegged down in the soil and detached the following year. A good
+watering with liquid manure will swell the fruit to a large size. Keep
+the branches well thinned out and cut them regular, so as to let in
+light and air and form nicely shaped trees. The pruning should be done
+as soon as the leaves fall. In orchards they should stand 1 rod apart.
+
+
+R
+
+
+Radish.--For an early supply sow on a gentle hotbed under a frame in
+January, February, and March. For succession sow thinly on a warm and
+sheltered border early in March. Follow on with sowings in the open
+till the middle of September. The Black Spanish and China Rose should
+be sown during August and September for winter use. Lift in November,
+and store in sand in a cool place. Radishes should be liberally
+watered in dry weather, and the soil made rich and light some time
+before sowing commences.
+
+Ragged Robin.--_See_ "Lychnis."
+
+Ragwort.--_See_ "Jacobaea."
+
+Ramondia Pyrenaica.--A pretty dwarf perennial, suitable for moist
+interstices of rock-work. It should be planted in a slanting position,
+so that the roots, while absorbing plenty of moisture, will not rot
+through being continually in stagnant water. Peat soil suits it best.
+It may be increased by division in spring. If grown from seed it takes
+two years before flowers are produced. During the height of summer it
+is in full beauty.
+
+Rampion.--The roots are used in cooking, and also for salads. For
+winter use sow in April in rows 12 in. apart, covering the seeds
+lightly with fine mould, and thin out to 4 in. apart. Sow at intervals
+for a succession.
+
+Ranunculus.--These prefer a good stiff, rather moist, but well-drained
+loam, enriched with well-rotted cow-dung, and a sunny situation.
+February is probably the best time for planting, though some prefer to
+do it in October. Press the tubers (claws downwards) firmly into the
+soil, placing them 2 or 3 in. deep and 4 or 5 in. apart. Cover them
+with sand, and then with mould. Water freely in dry weather. Protect
+during winter with a covering of dry litter, which should be removed
+in spring before the foliage appears. They flower in May or June.
+Seeds, selected from the best semi-double varieties, sown early in
+October and kept growing during the winter, will flower the next
+season. They may likewise be increased by off-sets and by dividing the
+root. The claws may be lifted at the end of June and stored in dry
+sand. The plants are poisonous. Height, 8 in. to 12 in.
+
+Raphiolepis Ovata.--Beautiful evergreen shrubs, producing long spikes
+of white flowers in June. A compost of loam, peat, and sand is their
+delight. Cuttings will strike in sand under glass. Height, 4 ft.
+
+Raspberries.--A rich, moist, loamy soil is most suitable for their
+cultivation. Suckers are drawn by the hand from the old roots any time
+between October and February, and set in groups of three in rows 6 ft.
+apart. If taken in October, the young plants may be pruned early in
+November. It is usual to cut one cane to the length of 3 ft., the
+second one to 2 ft., and the third to within a few inches of the
+ground. As soon as the year's crop is gathered, the old bearing shoots
+are cut clean away, the young canes are drawn closer together, and at
+the end of August the tops of the tall ones are pinched off. When the
+leaves have fallen all the suckers are drawn out and the canes pruned
+(about four being left to each root). The canes are then tied and
+manure applied. About May they are, if necessary, thinned out again,
+and the suckers that are exhausting both soil and plant removed. They
+produce their fruit on one-year-old canes, which wood is of no further
+use. The general way of training them is by tying the tops together,
+or by training them in the shape of a fan on a south wall, but perhaps
+the best way is to tic them about equal distances apart round hoops
+supported by light sticks. Seed may be separated from the fruit,
+dried, and sown early in February on a gentle hotbed. Prick off into
+good rich mould, harden off by the middle of May, and plant in rich
+soil. Train them and keep down suckers. When they are grown tall
+pinch off the tops. Red Antwerp, Yellow Antwerp, Prince of Wales,
+Northumberland Filbasket, Carter's Prolific, and White Magnum Bonum
+are all good sorts.
+
+Red-hot Poker.--_See_ "Tritoma."
+
+Red Scale.--_See_ "Scale."
+
+Red Spiders.--These troublesome pests which appear in the heat of
+summer, may be got rid of by constantly syringing the plants attacked,
+and by occasionally washing the walls, etc., with lime or sulphur.
+
+Retinospora Filifera.--A large-growing, hardy evergreen shrub. It may
+be grown in any light soil, and increased by seed, or by cuttings
+planted under glass in the shade. It flowers in May.
+
+Rhamnus (_Buckthorn_).--Fine evergreen shrubs, of hardy habit and
+quick growth. They may be grown in any soil, but prefer a sheltered
+situation, and are very suitable for planting near the sea. R.
+Latifolius has handsome broad leaves. Some, such as R. Alaternus and
+R. Catharticus, attain large proportions, the former reaching 30 ft.
+and the latter 10 ft. in height. They may be propagated by layers or
+by seed.
+
+Rheum Palmatum.--This species of rhubarb makes an effective plant for
+the back portion of a border. It does well in rich loam, flowering in
+June, and is increased by dividing the root. Height, 5 ft.
+
+Rhodanthe (_Swan River Everlasting_).--These beautiful everlasting
+flowers are half-hardy annuals and are suitable for beds or ribbons,
+and make most graceful plants for pot culture, placing four plants in
+a 5-in. pot. They thrive best in fibrous peat or a rich, light soil,
+and prefer a warm situation. Used largely for winter bouquets, and are
+perfect gems for pot culture. A succession of bloom may be obtained
+by sowings made in August, October, and March. The temperature of the
+seed-pots should be kept at from 60 to 70 degrees, and the soil
+kept constantly damp with water of the same heat. After potting the
+seedlings remove them to a cooler house and keep them near the glass.
+Those sown in March may be planted in the open in June, where they
+will flower in autumn. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Rhodochiton--This evergreen climber makes a fine plant for
+trellis-work. It is more suitable for the greenhouse, though it may be
+grown in the open in summer. A light, rich, well-drained soil is its
+delight, and it may be propagated by seed or by cuttings under glass.
+In the greenhouse it should not be placed near the pipes. July is its
+time for flowering. Height, 10 ft.
+
+Rhododendrons.--Plant in October in peat, or in a compost of sandy,
+turfy loam, with a good proportion of decayed leaves and charred
+refuse. The best position for them is a sheltered one where they can
+get a moderate amount of sunshine to develop the flower-buds. They
+like plenty of moisture, but the ground must be well drained. If it is
+desired to shift their position spring is the best time, the next best
+being October. They are propagated by layers or seeds, and the small
+wooded kinds by slips torn off close to the stems, planted in sand,
+and placed under glass in heat. The seed should be sown early in
+spring in pans of peat soil, and covered very lightly. Place the pans
+in a frame, and when the soil becomes dry stand the pans in water
+nearly up to the rims until the surface is moist. Pot off when strong
+enough to handle, and keep close in the frame till fresh roots are
+produced, then harden off. Rhododendrons may, when desired, be
+transplanted in spring, even after the flower-buds are well advanced,
+if care be taken not to break the ball of earth round their roots.
+They bloom at the end of May. Height, 4 ft.
+
+Rhubarb.--Seed may be sown thinly during April in drills 1 ft. apart.
+Thin out the plants 12 in. from each other, and let them grow on
+till the following April, then plant them out 4 ft. apart in deeply
+trenched ground into which a good quantity of well-rotted manure has
+been worked. Large roots may be divided in autumn or early spring;
+every portion of the root that has a crown will make a fresh plant.
+When the last of the crop has been pulled, fork in a dressing of old
+manure. It may be forced out of doors by covering the ground thickly
+with stable manure, and placing large flower-pots over the plants to
+bleach them; but if forced in a frame the light need not be excluded.
+None but the earliest kinds should be selected for forcing.
+
+Rhubarb, Chilian.--_See_ "Gunnera."
+
+Rhus (_Sumach_).--Lovely shrubs, growing in any ordinary soil. The
+young shoots of R. Cotinus are clothed with round leaves which
+change to bright crimson and orange, surmounted with fluffy pink
+seed-vessels, while R. Glabra Laciniata resembles a tree fern. They
+may be propagated either by layers or cuttings. Height, 8 ft. to 10
+ft.
+
+Rhynchospermum (Trachelospermum) Jasminoides.--A pretty, evergreen,
+woody climber for the conservatory, which succeeds best in a compost
+of light loam and peat; is of easy culture, and readily increased by
+cuttings. It is a fine plant for rafters or trellis, and produces in
+July deliciously fragrant white flowers at the ends of the branches.
+Height, 10 ft.
+
+Ribes (_Flowering Currants_).--Well-known shrubs, growing in any soil,
+and flowering early in spring. The colours vary from crimson to white.
+They may be raised from cuttings either in autumn or early spring.
+Height, 4 ft.
+
+Richardia Aethiopica.--A fine herbaceous perennial with very bold
+leaves. It needs a good supply of water, and on dry soils should be
+planted in trenches. A light, rich mould is best for it, and it should
+have sufficient sun to ripen the wood. Lift it in September and winter
+in the greenhouse. It is increased from off-sets from the root, and
+flowers in March. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Ricinus, or Palma Christi (_Castor-oil Plant, etc._).--The foliage of
+these half-hardy annuals is very ornamental. The plants like a rich
+soil. Sow the seed early in spring in a slight heat, harden off
+gradually, and put out at the end of May in a warm, sheltered spot.
+They may also be propagated by cuttings. Height, 3 ft. to 6 ft.
+
+Robinia.--All these shrubs have fine, Fern-like foliage which changes
+colour in autumn. The Pea-shaped flowers vary in colour from cream to
+purple, and while in bloom the plants are very handsome. They grow
+in any soil, flower in May and onwards, and are increased by layers.
+Height varies, the Rose Acacia _(Hispida)_ reaching 10 ft., while the
+Locust Tree (_Pseudo-Acacia_) grows to the height of 40 ft.
+
+Rock Cress.--_See_ "Arabis."
+
+Rocket (_Hesperis_).--The hardy perennials like a light, rich soil,
+and need to be frequently divided. The best time to divide them is
+just after they have done flowering, when they should be potted off,
+planting them out again in the spring. The annual and biennial kinds
+merely require to be sown in the open border. Most of the Rockets give
+forth greater fragrance towards evening. Their flowering season is
+June. Height, 1 ft. to 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Rock Rose.--_See_ "Cistus" _and_ "Helianthemum."
+
+Rodgersia Podophylla.--A hardy perennial having immense bronze
+foliage. It thrives best in a moist, peaty soil; flowers from May to
+July, and may readily be increased either by seed or division. Height,
+3 ft.
+
+Rogiera Gratissima.--A pretty evergreen stove shrub, which is often
+trained to a single stem so as to form a standard. It succeeds in
+sandy loam and peat. It may be sunk in the flower-border during the
+height of summer, but must be taken indoors before frost sets in.
+Cuttings placed in sand under a hand-glass in heat will strike. It
+flowers in June. Height, 3 ft.
+
+Romneyi Coulteri.--This grand white-flowered Poppy Tree is quite
+hardy, and will grow in any light, rich soil. It blooms in August and
+September, and may be increased by seed or by division. Height, 4 ft.
+
+Rose Campion.--A pretty hardy perennial which may be grown from seed
+sown in autumn, choosing a sheltered site, or in March in a frame or
+under a hand-glass, transplanting it in the autumn into a light, rich,
+loamy soil. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Rosemary (_Rosmarinus Officinalis_).--This hardy evergreen shrub
+should occupy a dry and sheltered position. Its fragrant purple
+flowers are produced in February. Cuttings of the ripened wood, if
+planted in spring, will strike root freely. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Roses.--A good, deep, loamy soil, well drained, but which retains a
+certain amount of moisture, is the most suitable. The position should
+be sheltered, yet open and exposed to the sun. The latter part of
+October or November is the most favourable time for planting, but
+it may be continued with safety until the commencement of March. A
+fortnight before planting the holes should be dug out 1-1/2 or 2 ft.
+deep, and plenty of old manure thrown in and trodden down. On this a
+good layer of fine mould should be placed, so that the roots do not
+come in contact with the manure. Great care must be taken not to
+expose the roots to the cold air. When the ground is quite ready for
+their reception dip the roots in a pail of water, then spread them out
+carefully on top of the mould, fill in the earth, and tread it
+firmly. If the plants are standards they require to be firmly staked.
+Precaution is necessary not to plant too deeply, keeping them as near
+as possible at the depth at which they were previously grown, in no
+case exceeding 1 in. above the mark which the earth has left on the
+stem. Three weeks after planting tread the earth again round the
+roots. Pruning should be done in March, except in the case of those
+planted in spring, when the beginning of April will be early enough.
+Cut away all of the wood that is unripe, or exhausted and dead. Dwarf
+growers should be cut back to within two or three buds of the previous
+year's growth, but five or six eyes may be left on those of stronger
+growth. The majority of climbing and pillar roses do not require to
+be cut back, it being only necessary to take out the useless wood. In
+pruning standards aim at producing an equally balanced head, which
+object is furthered by cutting to buds pointing outwards. At the
+first sign of frost the delicate Tea and Noisette Roses need to be
+protected. In the case of standards a covering of bracken fern or
+straw must be tied round the heads; dwarfs should have the soil drawn
+up over the crowns, or they may be loosely covered by straw. Apply a
+top-dressing of farm-yard manure to the beds before the frosts set in,
+as this will both nourish and protect the roots. Fork it in carefully
+in the spring. Cow manure is especially valuable for Tea Roses. After
+the first year of planting most of the artificial manures may, if
+preferred, be used; but nothing is better than farmyard stuff. If the
+summer be dry, water freely in the evening. Roses may be propagated by
+cuttings in the summer or autumn. The slips should be 5 or 6 in. long,
+of the spring's growth, taken with 1 in. of the previous year's
+wood attached. A little bottom-heat is beneficial. They may also be
+increased by grafting or by separating the suckers. Keep a sharp
+look-out for maggots in the spring, which will generally be
+found where the leaves are curled up. These must be destroyed by
+hand-picking. Green fly can be eradicated with tobacco wash. Mildew
+may be cured by sprinkling the leaves with sulphur while dew is on
+them.
+
+Rose of Heaven.--_See_ "Viscaria Coeli Rosa."
+
+Rose of Sharon.--_See_ "Hibiscus Syriacus."
+
+Rubus.--_See_ "Blackberries."
+
+Rudbeckia (_Cone Flower._)--Hardy annuals yielding yellow flowers in
+July. They are readily grown from seed sown early in spring, and will
+grow in any garden soil, but naturally succeed best in deeply-worked,
+well-manured ground. They may be increased by division in October or
+November, as well as in spring-time. Height, 3 ft.
+
+Ruscus Aculeatus (_Butchers Broom_).--A hardy evergreen shrub which
+thrives in any rich soil, and may be increased by division of the
+root. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Ruta Graveolens.--This hardy evergreen shrub is a species of Rue.
+It enjoys a good, rich soil, in which it flowers freely in August.
+Cuttings may be struck under a hand-glass. Height, 3 ft.
+
+Ruta Patavina (_Rue of Padua_).--For rock-work this hardy perennial is
+very useful. It likes a dry yet rich and light soil. At midsummer it
+produces an abundance of greenish-yellow flowers. It can be raised
+from seed, or cuttings may be struck under a hand-glass. Height, 6 in.
+
+
+S
+
+
+Saffron, Spring.--_See_ "Bulbocodium."
+
+Sage.--This useful herb likes a rich, light soil, and is propagated by
+division of the root, by cuttings, or by seed.
+
+Saintpaulia Ionantha.--The leaves of this plant spread themselves
+laterally just over the soil, forming a rosette, in the centre of
+which spring up large violet-like flowers. It is a continuous bloomer.
+A rather light, rich soil or vegetable mould suits it best. The seed,
+which is very minute, should be sown early in spring, in gentle heat:
+to prevent it being washed away, the pots may stand up to the rims in
+water for a while when the ground wants moisture. Height, 1 ft.
+
+St. John's Wort.--_See_ "Hypericum."
+
+Salix Reticulata.--A dwarf creeping plant whose dark green leaves
+eminently fit it for the rock-work or carpet bedding. It will grow in
+any soil, but prefers a moist one, and produces unattractive brown
+flowers in September. Propagated in spring by detaching rooted
+portions from the parent plant and planting them in moist, sandy loam.
+Height, 2 in.
+
+Salpiglossis.--Very beautiful half-hardy annuals which are greatly
+prized for cut bloom. A light but not over-rich soil suits them best.
+The seed may be sown in the open border early in spring, or preferably
+on a hotbed at the same period. For early flowering raise the plants
+in the autumn, and winter them in a frame or greenhouse. Flowers are
+produced in July and August. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Salsafy (_Vegetable Oyster_).--Sow the seed in any good garden
+soil--deep sandy loam is best--towards the end of April in drills 1
+ft. apart, and thin the plants out to a distance of 6 in. from each
+other. The roots may remain in the ground till required for use, or be
+lifted in October and stored in the same way as Beet or Carrots. They
+are prepared for table in the same manner as Parsnips, and are also
+used for flavouring soups.
+
+Salvia.--Very showy flowers, well worth cultivating, and easily grown
+in a rich, light soil. The annuals and biennials may be sown in the
+open early in spring. The herbaceous kinds are increased by dividing
+the roots; the shrubby varieties by cuttings of the young wood planted
+under glass in March; while the stove species require to be placed in
+heat. They flower in August in the open. Heights vary, according to
+the kinds, but S. Coccinea and S. Patens, which are most commonly met
+with in gardens, grow to a height of 2 ft.
+
+Sambucus (_The Elder_).--Useful deciduous shrubs. S. Nigra Aurea
+has golden foliage, and is suitable for town gardens. The silvery
+variegated variety (Variegata), is fine for contrasting with others.
+They may all be propagated by cuttings or by division. Flower in June.
+
+Sand Wort.--_See_ "Arenaria."
+
+Sanguinaria Canadensis (_Bloodroot_).--A hardy perennial, curious
+both in leaf and flower. It requires a light, sandy soil, shade, and
+moisture; is propagated by seed sown in July, also by division of the
+tuberous roots, and it blooms in March. The tubers should be planted 5
+in. deep and 3 in. apart. Height, 6 in.
+
+Santolina.--This hardy evergreen shrub grows freely in any soil. It
+flowers in July, and is increased by cuttings. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Sanvitalia.--Interesting, hardy annual trailers, which may be readily
+raised from seed sown in March or April, and merely require ordinary
+treatment. They produce their golden and brown and yellow flowers in
+July. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Saponaria.--These grow best in a mixture of sandy loam and peat or
+decayed vegetable soil. The annuals may be sown either in autumn,
+and wintered in a frame, or in the open in April. The perennials are
+increased by seed or by division of the root, and young cuttings
+of the branching species root freely if planted under glass. S.
+Ocymoides, on account of its trailing nature, and S. Calabrica make
+fine rock-work plants. The leaves of S. Officinalis, or Soap Plant, if
+stirred in water form a lather strong enough to remove grease spots.
+They bloom in June and July. Height, 6 in. to 2 ft.
+
+Sarracenia.--Curious herbaceous plants, requiring to be grown in pots
+of rough peat, filled up with sphagnum moss, in a moderately cool
+house having a moist atmosphere. They flower in June, and are
+increased by division. Height, from 9 in. to 1 ft.
+
+Sauromatum Guttatum.--This makes a good window or cool greenhouse
+plant. Pot the tuber in good loam and leaf-soil, and keep the mould
+only just damp until the foliage, which follows the flowers, appears.
+When the foliage fails, keep the tubers dry till spring. If grown out
+of doors the tubers must be lifted before frost sets in.
+
+Savoys.--Sow the seed in March or April, and when the plants are 2 in.
+high remove them to a nursery-bed, selecting the strongest first. Let
+them remain till they are about 6 in. high, then transplant them, 18
+in. apart, in well-manured soil. Their flavour is greatly improved if
+they are frozen before being cut for use.
+
+Saxifrage.--These beautiful Alpine perennials delight in a light,
+sandy soil, and are easily propagated by seed or division. It is most
+convenient to grow the rare and tender kinds in pots, as they require
+the protection of a frame in winter. Saxifraga Sibthorpii is very
+suitable for the lower and damper parts of rock-work; it is hardy, and
+sheds its seed freely. S. Umbrosa (London Pride) makes a neat border,
+and is also useful for rock-work. S. Sarmentosa (Mother-of-Thousands)
+is a fine hanging plant for greenhouse or window. They flower in
+April. Height, mostly 4 in. to 6 in., but some grow as high as 1-1/2
+ft.
+
+Scabious.--Ornamental and floriferous hardy biennials, which grow
+freely in common soil. The seed may be sown at any time between March
+and midsummer; transplant in the autumn. They bloom in June. Height, 1
+ft to 3 ft. (_See also_ "Cephalaria.")
+
+Scale.--Red Scale may be easily overcome with a strong solution of
+soft soap applied with a sponge. White Scale is harder to deal with.
+Syringe frequently with strong soapsuds heated to 120 degrees. If the
+plant is badly attacked it is best to destroy it.
+
+Schizanthus.--Extremely beautiful and showy annuals. A rather poor,
+light soil is most suitable for their growth. For early flowering sow
+the seed in autumn, and keep the young plants in a frame or greenhouse
+throughout the winter. For a succession of bloom sow in the open
+border early in the spring. They flower in July and August. Height, 2
+ft.
+
+Schizopetalum.--This singular and delightfully fragrant annual
+does best in a mixture of loam, peat, and sand, or sandy loam and
+leaf-mould. Sow the seed in pots in the spring, place in a greenhouse,
+and when large enough to handle, plant out in the open border, or it
+may be kept in an airy part of the house, where it will bloom in June.
+Height, 1 ft.
+
+Schizostylis Coccinea (_Crimson Flag, or Kaffre Lily_).--A most lovely
+autumn-blooming plant, producing abundant spikes of Izia-like flowers
+about 2 ft. high. It is suitable for pot-culture or planting outdoors,
+and is quite hardy. It requires a rich, light soil.
+
+Scillas (_Squills_).--Very useful spring-flowering bulbs. They are
+hardy, and do well in any position in light soil. When mixed with
+Crocuses and Snowdrops they produce a very charming effect. To get
+perfection of bloom they require deep planting. S. Siberica especially
+looks well when grown in pots with Snowdrops. Scilla roots are
+poisonous. General height, 1 ft.
+
+Scorzonera.--Sow in March in light soil in rows 18 in. apart. Thin
+the plants out to about 7 in. one from the other. They may perhaps be
+ready for use in August, but to have large roots they should be left
+till they are two years old. They may remain in the ground till wanted
+for use, or they may be lifted in October and stored like Beet, etc.
+This vegetable is scraped and thrown into cold water for a few hours,
+then boiled in the same way as Carrots and Parsnips.
+
+Scutellaria.--These plants will grow in any good soil. The hardy
+perennials flower in July. The greenhouse varieties merely require
+protecting in the winter. They all bear division of the root, and are
+easily raised from seed. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Scyphanthus.--An elegant and curious trailer, which is best grown in
+a loamy soil. It may be increased from seed sown in April, and it
+flowers in August. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Sea Cabbage.--_See_ "Crambe Cordifolia."
+
+Seakale.--The readiest way of propagating this useful vegetable is by
+off-sets, but it may be raised from seed sown in March or April in
+rows 1 ft. apart. Thin out the young plants to 6 in. in the rows, and
+transplant in February or March into well-trenched, deep, rich soil in
+rows 2 ft. apart and the plants 15 in. asunder. Keep the plants to one
+crown, or shoot, and remove all flower-shoots as they appear. In
+dry weather give a liberal quantity of liquid manure. Cropping may
+commence after the roots have been planted two years.
+
+Sea Lavender.--_See_ "Statice."
+
+Sea Milkweed.--_See_ "Glaux."
+
+Sedum (_Stonecrop_).--This well-known hardy perennial is suitable for
+pots or rock-work. It delights in a light, sandy soil, and is readily
+increased by division or cuttings. It flowers in June or July. Height,
+3 in.
+
+Seed-Sowing.--Two of the most important points in the sowing of seed
+are the proper condition of the ground and the regular and uniform
+depth at which the seed is sown. Seeds require light, heat, air, and
+moisture for their germination. The ground should be light, and in
+such a condition that the young roots can easily penetrate it, and in
+all cases should be freshly dug so as to communicate air and moisture:
+it should be neither too wet nor too dry. The most favourable time for
+seed-sowing is just before a gentle rain. If sown too early on cold,
+wet ground, the seed is apt to rot; when sown too shallow in a dry
+time, there may not be sufficient moisture to cause it to sprout. The
+seed should be sown evenly. The size of a seed is a nearly safe guide
+as to the depth at which it should be sown. For instance, Beans and
+Peas of all kinds should be sown about a couple of inches deep, while
+very small flower-seeds merely require to be just covered. As to the
+time for sowing, _see_ "Annuals," "Biennials," and "Perennials."
+
+Seeds, the Protection of.--In order to protect seeds against birds,
+insects, and rodents, soak them in water containing 20 or 25 per cent,
+of mineral oil. Vegetable seeds, such as Haricot Beans and Peas,
+should be soaked for twelve hours, and the pips of Apples and Pears
+for double that time. For soaking the finer seeds, bitter liquids,
+such as that of Quassia and Gentian, should be used.
+
+Sempervivum (_Houseleek_).--The hardy kinds are well known, and may
+often be seen growing on the roofs of cottages and on walls. They make
+good rock-work plants, and are easily increased by off-sets. The more
+tender kinds are suitable for the greenhouse. These should be planted
+in sandy loam and old brick rubbish. They require but very little
+water; more may be given when they are in flower. Cuttings, after
+being laid aside for a day or two to dry, will soon make root. Height,
+6 in.
+
+Senecio Pulcher (_Noble Crimson Groundsel_).--A warm position and a
+deep, rich, well-drained soil are needed for this flower. It may be
+propagated by cutting the roots into pieces 5 or 6 in. long, and
+dibbling them into light soil. It is also increased by the rootlets,
+which send up small growths in spring. Protect from damp and frost,
+and keep a sharp look-out for slugs. The flowers are produced in
+autumn. Height, 3 ft.
+
+Senna, Bladder.--_See_ "Colutea."
+
+Sensitive Plant.--_See_ "Mimosa."
+
+Shallots.--Plant the bulbs in November, or in February or March, in
+rows 9 in. apart, and the bulbs 6 in. one from the other. In July,
+when the tops are dying down, lift the bulbs, lay them in the sunshine
+to dry, then store them in a cool place.
+
+Shamrock.--_See_ "Trifolium Repens."
+
+Sheep Scabious.--_See_ "Jasione."
+
+Shortia Galacifolia.--A hardy, creeping Alpine evergreen, having oval
+leaves, slightly notched at the margins, which turn to a brilliant
+crimson during the autumn and winter months. In April and May it
+produces pearly-white flowers, somewhat Campanulate in form. It may be
+planted in early autumn or spring. A light, rich soil suits it best,
+and it delights in partial shade. It is a lovely plant for rock-work.
+Height, 6 in.
+
+Shrubs.--Deciduous shrubs may be transplanted at any time during late
+autumn or winter when the ground is not too wet. Evergreen shrubs may
+be moved either early in autumn or in April or May, damp, warm, but
+not sunny weather being most suitable for the operation. They rejoice
+in a clean, healthy soil, such as good loam; animal manure does not
+agree with them, but wood ashes, or charcoal powder with a little
+guano, may be used. Cuttings of shrubs or trees may be taken in
+September, placed in a mixture of sandy loam and leaf-mould with 1/2
+in. of sand on top, and covered with a hand-glass; 5 to 8 in. is a
+good length for the cuttings, all of which, with the exception of
+about 1 in., should be buried, and preferably with a heel of old wood.
+Keep the soil just damp and give shade.
+
+Shrubs for Lawns.--Monkey Puzzle (_Araucaria Imbricata_)--mix wood
+ashes and burnt refuse with the soil; Thujopsis Delabrata, Thujopsis
+Borealis (of taller growth), Irish Yews, Cupressus Lawsoniana Erecta
+Viridis, Thujas Orientalis, Vervaeneana, Semperaurescens, Standard
+Rhododendrons, Standard and Pyramid Hollies, Yucca Gloriosa (a perfect
+picture), Yucca Recurva (the best hardy plant for vases). The Cercis
+tree is also well adapted for lawns.
+
+Sicyos.--This hardy annual somewhat resembles the Cucumber, but is
+scarcely worth growing except as a curiosity. The seeds are sown on a
+hotbed in spring, potted off when strong enough, and transferred to
+the open border early in June. It is a climber, and flowers in August.
+Height, 3 ft.
+
+Sidalcea.--Very pretty hardy perennials, of easy culture. S. Candida
+has pure white flowers closely arranged on the upper part of the
+stems. S. Malvaeflora bears beautifully fringed, satiny pink flowers.
+They will grow in any good soil from seed sown in autumn and protected
+during the winter, or they may be increased by division of the roots.
+Height, 3 ft.
+
+Silene _(Catchfly_).--Elegant plants, delighting in a light, rich
+soil. Sow the seeds of the annual varieties early in April where they
+are intended to bloom. Silene Pendula, when sown in the autumn, makes
+a pleasing show of pink flowers in the spring. The roots of the
+herbaceous kinds may be divided in spring. The shrubby sorts are
+increased by cuttings planted under a hand-glass. The dwarfs make fine
+rock-work ornaments. Flowers are produced in June and July. Height, 2
+in. to 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Silphium Aurantiacum.--A good and hardy border perennial, which
+produces during July and August large deep orange-yellow flowers
+resembling a Sunflower. It is very useful for cutting, will grow
+anywhere, and can be increased by dividing the root. Height, 4 ft.
+
+Sisyrinchium Grandifolium(_Satin Flower, or Rush Lily_).--A light loam
+suits this plant, which is moderately hardy. The soil should be moist,
+but not wet. It does not like being disturbed, but when necessary the
+crowns may be divided in autumn, taking care to spread the roots well
+out. It blooms in April or May. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Skimmia.--Neat-growing, dwarf evergreen shrubs having Laurel-like
+leaves, and producing a profusion of scarlet berries in winter. They
+succeed in any ordinary soil, but thrive best in peat and loam; and
+are propagated by cuttings placed in heat under glass.
+
+Slugs.--A sharp watch should be kept over all slugs, and constant
+visits paid to the garden at daybreak for their destruction. If
+fresh cabbage leaves are strewed about in the evening the slugs will
+congregate under them, and in the morning they may be gathered up and
+dropped into strong brine. The ground may also be dusted with fresh
+lime, which is fatal to them, but in wet weather the lime soon loses
+its power.
+
+Smilax.--A greenhouse climbing plant that is admired for its foliage
+rather than its bloom. A mixture of peat and loam or leaf-mould and
+sandy loam suits it. Train the shoots up string, and freely water the
+plant in summer; during the autumn and winter it does not need
+much moisture. Keep the temperature of the house up to 60 degrees
+throughout the winter. It is readily increased by cuttings. It flowers
+in July. Fine for table decoration. Height, 4 ft.
+
+Snails.--To prevent snails crawling up walls or fruit trees daub the
+ground with a thick paste of soot and train oil. There is no remedy so
+effectual for their destruction as hand-picking.
+
+Snake's Head Lilies.--_See_ "Fritillarias."
+
+Snapdragon.--_See_ "Antirrhinum."
+
+Sneezewort.--_See_ "Achillea."
+
+Snowball Tree.--_See_ "Viburnum."
+
+Snowberry.--_See_ "Symphoricarpus."
+
+Snowdrops _(Galanthus)._--These are most effective in clumps. They may
+be planted at any time from September to December, and left alone for
+three or four years, when they may be taken up and divided. They grow
+best in a light, rich soil.
+
+Snowdrop Tree.--_See_ "Halesia."
+
+Snowflake.--_See_ "Leucojum."
+
+Snow in Summer.--_See_ "Arabis."
+
+Soil and its Treatment.--Loam is a mixture of clay and sand. When
+the former predominates it is termed heavy loam, and when the latter
+abounds it is called light.
+
+Marl is a compound of chalk and clay, or chalk and loam. Though
+suitable for certain fruit-trees and a few other things, few flowers
+will grow in it.
+
+Drainage is one of the most important considerations in the
+cultivation of flowers. Should the soil be clayey, and hold water,
+make V-shaped drains, 3 ft. below the surface, and let 2-in. pipes
+lead to a deep hole made at the lowest part of the garden and filled
+with brick rubbish, or other porous substances, through which the
+water may drain; otherwise the cold, damp earth will rot the roots of
+the plants.
+
+Trenching is the process of digging deep, so as to loosen and expose
+the soil as much as possible to the action of the air. If this is done
+in the autumn or early winter to a new garden, it is best to dig it
+deep, say about 2 ft, and leave it in large clods to the pulverising
+action of the frost, after which it is easily raked level for spring
+planting. If the clods are turned over the grass will rot and help to
+improve the ground; new land thus treated will not require manuring
+the first year. Should the ground be clayey, fine ashes or coarse sand
+thrown over the rough clods after trenching will greatly improve it.
+
+Digging should be done when the ground is fairly dry, and about one
+spade deep. Avoid treading it down as much as possible.
+
+Hoeing must be constantly attended to, both to prevent the soil
+becoming exhausted of its nourishment by the rapid growth of weeds,
+and because when the surface becomes hard and cracked the rain runs
+through the deep fissures, leaving the surface soil dry and the roots
+of the plants unnourished.
+
+Mulching consists in spreading a layer of stable manure, about 3 in.
+deep, over the roots of trees and plants in the autumn to keep them
+warm and moist. The manure may be forked into the soil in the spring.
+
+Watering the plants carefully is of great consequence. Evening or
+early morning is the best time, and one copious application is far
+better than little and often. Water may be given to the _roots_ at any
+time, but should not be sprinkled over the leaves in a hot sun nor in
+cold weather. Plants having a soft or woolly foliage should never be
+wetted overhead, but those with hard and shiny leaves may be freely
+syringed, especially when in full growth.
+
+Solanum.--Showy greenhouse shrubs, some of which have ornamental
+foliage. The soil in which they are grown should be light and rich.
+Cuttings planted in sand under glass strike readily. The tender annual
+varieties may be sown on a hotbed in spring, and placed in the border
+at the end of May in a dry, sheltered situation, where they will
+flower in June. Height, 1 ft. and upwards.
+
+Soldanellas.--These small herbaceous perennials should find a place in
+all Alpine collections. They grow best in sandy peat, or in leaf-mould
+with a liberal addition of sand, and they require a moderate amount of
+moisture. They may be increased by dividing the roots in April. They
+flower from March to May. Height, 4 in. or 5 in.
+
+Solidago (_Golden Rod_).--A useful hardy perennial for the back of
+borders. Throughout late summer and autumn it produces masses of
+golden flowers. It is not over-particular as to soil, and may be
+increased by dividing the root in the spring. It increases very
+rapidly. Height, 2 ft. to 6 ft.
+
+Solomon's Seal (_Polygonatum Multiflorum_).--A graceful hardy plant
+bearing white pendulent flowers on long curving stems. Plant freely
+in light, rich soil, in a shady position or under trees. The plants
+should not be disturbed, even by digging among the roots. Flowers in
+May. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Soot-Water.--For room and window plants soot-water has this advantage
+over coarse animal manures, that while the latter are unhealthy and
+apt to taint the air, the former is purifying and has no unpleasant
+smell. It is easily made by tying a little soot in a coarse canvas bag
+and immersing it in a pail of water. It should be applied in a clear,
+thin state to plants in bud or in full growth during the summer
+months.
+
+Sorrel.--Sow in March or April in any garden soil, thin out to 1 ft.
+apart. It is desirable to cut away the flower-stems and to divide the
+roots every two or three years. The plants may be forced for winter
+use.
+
+Southernwood (_Artemisia Arborea_).--Any soil suits this odoriferous
+bush, and it is readily increased by cuttings or by division.
+
+Sparaxis.--Closely allied to the Ixias, equally beautiful and varied
+in colour, but rather dwarfer and compact in growth. Invaluable for
+pot-culture. For outdoor cultivation plant them early in September,
+5 or 6 in. deep, on a sheltered border, in rich, well-drained, loamy
+soil. Protect from frost and wet in the winter, but keep the roots
+moist while they are growing. For indoor cultivation plant four to six
+bulbs in a 5-in. pot, plunge in ashes in a cold frame, withholding
+water till the plants appear. When making full growth remove them to
+a sunny window or conservatory, and water them carefully. They will
+bloom in March or April. Height, 3 ft.
+
+Sparmannia Africana.--An exceedingly handsome and attractive
+greenhouse evergreen shrub, thriving best in loam and peat. Cuttings
+may be struck in sand under glass. May is its flowering season.
+Height, 10 ft.
+
+Spartium Junceum(_Yellow Broom_).--A hardy evergreen shrub which will
+grow in any soil, and is propagated by seeds. It flowers in August.
+Height, 6 ft.
+
+Specularia Speculum.--_See_ "Venus's Looking-Glass."
+
+Spergula Pilfera.--May be grown in any moist situation in sandy soil.
+It is of little value.
+
+Sphenogyne Speciosa.--An elegant hardy annual. Sow the seed early in
+spring on a gentle hotbed in loam and peat, harden off, and transplant
+at the end of May to a soil composed of loam and leaf-mould, if peat
+cannot be obtained. The bloom is produced in July. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Spider Wort.--_See_ "Commelina" _and_ "Tradescantia."
+
+Spigelia Marilandica.--From August to October this hardy perennial
+produces tubular crimson and yellow flowers. It finds a congenial home
+in damp peat, shaded from the sun, and may be propagated by cuttings
+in loam and peat under glass. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Spinach.--For summer use sow the round-seeded kinds at intervals of
+two or three weeks from February to the end of July in rows 1 ft.
+apart, cover with the finest of soil, and thin out to a distance of 3
+or 4 in. In dry weather give a liberal supply of manure water. Pull
+before it runs to seed. For winter use sow the prickly-seeded variety
+in August and September, and thin the plants out 9 in. apart. If the
+ground is hot and dry, the seed should be soaked for twenty-four hours
+before it is sown. New Zealand Spinach may be sown in the open during
+May, choosing the warmest spot for its growth; but it is best to
+sow it in heat in March, keeping the soil fairly moist, and, after
+hardening it off, to plant it out in June, 3 ft. apart Sow Perpetual
+Spinach or Spinach Beet in March in drills 1 ft. apart. Cut the leaves
+frequently, when a fresh crop will be produced.
+
+Spiraeas.--Placed in the open ground these make splendid plants, and
+are not particular as to soil, though a moist, rich one is preferable.
+For forcing, plant the clumps in 6-in. pots, and keep them in a cool
+frame until they are well rooted. They may then be removed indoors
+and forced rapidly, supplying them with an abundance of water.
+Their elegant flower spikes are invaluable for bouquets and table
+decoration. The shrubby kinds are increased by layers or cuttings of
+the young wood, the herbaceous varieties by division of the roots
+in autumn. Spiraea Aruncus, if potted early in the autumn, is very
+valuable for winter decoration. Spiraeas bloom at different periods,
+from May to August, and vary in height, 3 or 4 ft. being the general
+growth.
+
+Spruce Firs.--_See_ "Abies."
+
+Stachys Coccinea.--This scarlet hardy annual is fine for bees. It may
+be grown in any soil from seed sown in March or April. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Stachys Lanata.--A hardy perennial which will grow in any soil, and
+bears division. It flowers in July. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Staphylea Colchica_(Mexican Bladder Nut)._--This beautiful
+free-flowering shrub will grow in any garden soil, and produces
+bunches of fragrant, delicate white flowers in June. It forces well,
+and may be made to flower at Easter by potting it in rich, light soil,
+placing it in a cold frame till the middle of January, keeping
+the roots moist, then bringing it into the warm house. It may be
+propagated by suckers from the roots, by layers, or by cuttings taken
+in autumn.
+
+Star Flower.--_See_ "Trientalis."
+
+Star of Bethlehem.--_See_ "Ornithogalum."
+
+Statice _(Sea Lavender)._--The greenhouse and frame varieties succeed
+best in sandy loam and peat, and may be increased by cuttings placed
+under a bell-glass or in a warm pit. The hardy herbaceous kinds are
+very suitable for the front of flower borders, and may be freely
+increased by seeds or division. The annuals, if sown in March, will
+produce flowers in July. Statices require a good amount of water, but
+thorough drainage must be ensured. If the flowers are dried they will
+keep their colour for a considerable time. Height, 1 ft. to 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Stauntonia Latifolia.--A greenhouse evergreen climbing plant, which
+needs a peat and loam soil and plenty of room for its roots. It
+flowers in April, and is increased by cuttings planted in sand under
+glass, with a gentle heat. Height, 10 ft.
+
+Stenactis (_Fleabane_).--Showy hardy perennials which make fine
+bedding plants. They may be grown from seed, which is produced in
+great quantities, and merely requires the same treatment as other
+perennials, or they may be propagated by dividing the plants. They
+bloom in July. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Stephanotis.--This pretty evergreen twining plant is most suitable for
+the greenhouse, and flourishes in a mixture of loam and leaf-mould. It
+flowers in May, and is increased by cuttings struck in heat. Height,
+10 ft.
+
+Sternbergia Lutea.--A hardy perennial which produces bright yellow
+flowers in August. It likes a rich soil, and is propagated by
+off-sets. Height, 6 in.
+
+Stipa Pennata (_Feather Grass_).--One of the most graceful of our
+ornamental grasses, and most attractive in the border. The seed may be
+sown early in March, keeping the ground moist until it has germinated,
+and it is also increased by division. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Stobaea Purpurea.--A hardy border plant with long spiny foliage, and
+bearing from July to September large light blue flowers. It requires a
+light, rich soil. Young cuttings may be struck in sand. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Stocks--
+
+_ANNUAL, OR TEN WEEKS' STOCKS_.--Sow the seeds in February, March,
+April, and May for succession; those sown in May will continue to
+flower till Christmas. The soil should be rich, and occasionally a
+little manure-water may be given. Another sowing may be made in August
+and September. When the plants have several leaves pot off singly in
+vegetable loam and river sand. Height, 1 ft. to 1-1/2 ft.
+
+_BROMPTON_.--Sow very thinly during the first week in May in a rich,
+light, sandy border, with an eastern aspect. When 2 or 3 in. high,
+thin out to 9 in. apart. Those taken out may be re-planted in the
+flower border, 9 in. from each other. In transplanting reject those
+plants having a long tap-root: they generally prove to be single. If
+the following winter be severe they must be protected with mats. Any
+desirable varieties may be propagated by cuttings, which root readily
+under glass if kept shaded. Should it be desirable to transplant them
+to another part of the garden, March or April will be found the best
+time to remove them. Shade the plants till they are established, and
+use liquid manure till they begin to flower.
+
+_GREENHOUSE OR SHRUBBY_ species grow best in a mixture of light soil
+and sand, and cuttings of these Stocks root readily under glass.
+
+_NIGHT-SCENTED STOCKS_.--_See_ "Mathiola Bicornis." If Emperor,
+Imperial, or Intermediate Stocks are sown in March or April, they will
+flower in the autumn; if sown in June or July they will flower during
+the following June, and throughout the summer and autumn.
+
+Stokesia Cyanea.--A handsome herbaceous perennial which is quite
+hardy, but owing to the late period at which it flowers its blooms are
+liable to be cut off by frosts. It is therefore more suitable for a
+cool house than the open air, unless the warmest and most sheltered
+position be assigned to it. A rich, sandy soil is indispensable for
+its growth. It may be increased by dividing the roots in spring. The
+flowers are produced from October to December. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Stonecrop.--_See_ "Sedum."
+
+Strawberries.--The soil most suitable for the growth of this fruit is
+a rich, deep, adhesive loam. July or early in August is the best time
+to make new beds, but if the ground be not then available runners from
+the old plants may be planted in peat on a north border and lifted
+with good balls of earth to their permanent bed in the spring. Set
+them firmly in rows 2 ft. apart and 18 in. from plant to plant. Spread
+out the roots and avoid deep planting. Remove from the old plants
+all runners not required for new beds before they take root, as they
+exhaust the crown. In dry seasons liquid manure is highly beneficial.
+Some growers give supports to the fruit by means of forked-shaped
+pegs, while others lay straw down to keep the fruit free from grit.
+Keep a sharp look-out for snails and slugs. King of the Earlies,
+Auguste Nicaise, Royal Sovereign, Vicomtesse Hericart de Thury, Gunton
+Park, President, Sir Joseph Paxton, Lord Suffield, Noble, and Samuel
+Bradley are excellent sorts. For Ornamental Strawberries, _see_
+"Fragaria Indica."
+
+Strawberry Tree.--_See_ "Arbutus."
+
+Streptocarpus (_Cape Primrose_).--This plant is a greenhouse
+perennial, showing great variety of colours, from white to violet
+and crimson, and is of neat habit. A light and rather rich soil or
+vegetable mould suits it best. Seed sown in February in slight heat
+will produce plants for flowering in July; that sown in March or April
+will flower in August and September. Grow slowly in small pots, and
+in February put them in their flowering pots. Give plenty of air and
+shade them from the sun. It may also be increased by division, or
+leaf-cuttings may be taken under a bell-glass. The plants like plenty
+of water, but need good drainage. Height, 9 in.
+
+Streptosolen Jamesoni.--A good compost for this greenhouse evergreen
+shrub is two parts sandy loam, one part leaf-mould, and a little
+silver sand. During growth it needs a liberal supply of water and to
+be kept near the glass; only a small amount of moisture should be
+given in winter. In March cut it into shape, and re-pot it as soon as
+new growth starts. During the summer syringe it frequently to keep off
+red spider, and during winter maintain a temperature of 55 degrees.
+
+Stylophorum _(Celandine Poppy, or Poppywort)._--During May and June
+this hardy and handsome plant produces fine yellow flowers. It
+accommodates itself to any soil, but prefers a rich, light one, and
+can be increased by seed sown in autumn or early spring. Height, 1-1/2
+ft.
+
+Styrax.--Ornamental shrubs requiring a light soil for their
+cultivation. S. Japonica has Snowdrop-like flowers, and S. Obasa
+Lily-of-the-Valley-like scented flowers. They are best propagated by
+layers. Height, 4 ft. to 10 ft.
+
+Sunflower.--_See_ "Helianthus."
+
+Swainsonia Galegifolia Alba.--A graceful and charming cool greenhouse
+plant, with Fern-like evergreen foliage and pure white flowers, which
+are borne from April to November. The soil most suitable for it is a
+mixture of loam and sandy peat. Cuttings of the young growth planted
+in sand under glass strike readily. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Swallow Wort.--_See_ "Asclepias."
+
+Swamp Lilies.--_See_ "Zephyranthes."
+
+Swan River Daisy.--_See_ "Brachycome."
+
+Sweet Alyssum.--_See_ "Alyssum."
+
+Sweet Flag.--_See_ "Acorus."
+
+Sweet Peas.--_See_ "Peas, Sweet."
+
+Sweet Rocket.--_See_ "Rocket."
+
+Sweet Scabious.--_See_ "Scabious."
+
+Sweet Sultan.--Sweet-scented, Thistle-shaped hardy annual flowers,
+which are very useful for cutting. They may be raised in any garden
+soil from seed sown in March or April, and will flower in August.
+Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Sweet William.--Well-known hardy perennials, and deservedly favourite
+border plants, which may be grown in any good soil; but to have them
+to perfection they should be placed in light, loamy ground mixed with
+a little old manure and sand. They can be raised with little trouble
+from seed sown thinly at any time between March and midsummer where
+they are to bloom, and may also be increased by dividing the old
+plants in spring. They produce their flowers in July. Height, 1-1/2
+ft.
+
+Symphoricarpus (_Snowberry_).--A handsome species of St. Peter's Wort.
+The shrubs will grow in any ordinary soil, are hardy, and readily
+propagated by suckers, which are produced abundantly; or cuttings may
+be taken either in spring or autumn. They bloom in August. Height, 4
+ft.
+
+Symphytum Caucasicum.--Hardy perennials. They will grow in any soil
+or situation, even thriving under the shade of trees, and may be
+increased by division. June is the month in which they flower. Height,
+3 ft.
+
+Syringa (_Lilac_.)--There are many choice varieties of these favourite
+shrubs, but any of them may be grown in a tolerably good soil. They
+are propagated by layers or by suckers from the root. They bloom in
+May or June. Height varies from 4 ft. to 12 ft.
+
+
+T
+
+
+Tacsonia.--A beautiful twining shrub belonging to the Passiflora
+family. It should be provided with a rich soil, and, as the flowers
+are produced upon the lateral shoots, it requires frequent stopping.
+Syringe frequently in warm weather to induce a quick growth. It is
+a quick grower, and, when properly treated, a profuse bloomer, the
+flowers being produced in July, August, and September. Cuttings of
+young shoots placed under glass in a sandy soil will strike. Height,
+20 ft.
+
+Tagetes (_French and African Marigolds_).--Half-hardy annuals, very
+elegant when in flower, and deserve a place in the garden. The seed
+should be sown on a hotbed in March or April, the plants gradually
+hardened off, and placed in the open at the end of May in a rich,
+light soil, when they will flower in August. Height, 1 ft. to 2-1/2
+ft.
+
+Tamarix.--Neat feathery plants, very suitable for banks and thriving
+at the seaside, as is evidenced by its luxuriant growth along the
+parades at Eastbourne. The hardy kinds will grow in any soil, and may
+be propagated by cuttings planted in the open either in spring or
+autumn. The greenhouse and stove varieties require a soil of loam and
+peat. Cuttings of these should be placed in sand under glass. They
+flower in June and July. Height, 8 ft. to 10 ft.
+
+Tansy.--A feathery-foliaged hardy perennial, useful for mixing with
+cut blooms. No special treatment is required. Height, 11 ft.
+
+Taxus.--_See_ "Yew."
+
+Tecoma.--Ornamental evergreen shrubs of a twining nature, needing a
+greenhouse for their cultivation. They require a rich, loamy soil
+mixed with a little sand, or loam and peat, and rejoice in shade and
+moisture. T. Radicans will grow in the open against a wall, but a
+warm situation is needed to make it flower. They may be propagated
+by cuttings of the roots placed in sand under a hand-glass, and by
+layers. Their flowers are produced in July and August. Height, 6 ft.
+to 30 ft.
+
+Telekia.--_See_ "Buphthalmum."
+
+Tellima Grandiflora.--A hardy and very ornamental perennial with round
+bronzy foliage and spikes of white flowers at midsummer. It succeeds
+best in peat, but will grow in any rich, light soil. To increase it,
+divide the roots. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Tetratheca.--Pretty greenhouse evergreen shrubs which produce
+pink flowers in July. They flourish in a soil consisting of equal
+proportions of loam, peat, and sand. Cuttings of the young wood
+planted under glass in a sandy soil will strike. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Teucrium Scorodonia.--This hardy herbaceous plant will grow in any
+ordinary garden soil. It flowers in July, and is easily raised from
+seed or increased by division. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Thalictrum.--Hardy Fern-like perennials, suitable for the backs of
+borders. They grow well in any light soil from seed sown in spring or
+autumn, and may also be increased by division.
+
+Thermopsis Montana_(Fabacea)._--This hardy perennial produces spikes
+of yellow Lupin-like flowers from June to September. The soil should
+be light and rich. As the plants suffer by division, it is best to
+raise them by seed, which may be sown either in autumn or spring.
+Height, 2 ft.
+
+Thladianthe Dubia.--A fine climbing plant with handsome foliage and an
+abundance of fine yellow flowers. Quite hardy. Sow on a hotbed early
+in spring, and when sufficiently large and strong, pot off, place in a
+cold frame to harden, and plant out at the end of May in rich soil.
+
+Thrift.--_See_ "Armeria."
+
+Thumbergia.--These slender, rapid-growing climbers are extremely
+pretty when in bloom during June, but they are only half-hardy; they
+therefore need greenhouse care, or to be planted in a warm situation.
+They flourish best in a mixture of sandy loam and leaf-mould, and may
+be grown from seed sown in heat (65 to 75 degrees) early in spring.
+Cuttings strike readily. Height, 4 ft.
+
+Thuya (_Arbor Vitae_).--Very decorative conifers, mostly of conical
+shape, and indispensable to the shrubbery. They thrive in any soil,
+but prefer a moist situation. For sheltered positions, where a
+small dome-shaped bush is required, the Chinese Arbor Vitae _(Biota
+Orientalis)_ is most desirable; it delights in a heavy soil. The Biota
+Elegantissima is one of the most unique hardy shrubs cultivated, and
+presents a bright golden appearance. Another effective yellow variety
+is the Semperaurescens, which retains its colour throughout the
+winter, and makes a fine pot-plant. One of the most beautiful of all
+evergreens is the Thuyopsis Dolabrata; its flat, spray-like leaves are
+bright green above and silvery below. The China varieties are somewhat
+tender, and require protection from frost. They may all be propagated
+from seed or by cuttings.
+
+Thymus.--Effective little perennials for rock-work, growing best in
+a light, dry, sandy soil. The hardy kinds like an exposed position;
+rarer kinds should be grown in pots, as they need protection in
+winter. They are easily increased by seed sown in spring, by cuttings
+or division. Height, 3 in. to 6 in.
+
+Tiarella.--These hardy herbaceous plants are very suitable for
+rock-work or the front of a border. They are not particular as to
+soil; they flower in April, and may be propagated by seed or division.
+Height, 9 in. to 1 ft.
+
+Tiarella Cordifolia (_Foam Flower_).--A hardy herbaceous perennial,
+having fine foliage. It will grow in any good soil, but likes shade
+and moisture. It may be increased by dividing the roots at the end of
+the summer. The blooms are produced during May and June. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Tigridia (_Ferraria; Mexican Tiger Flower, popularly called the Tiger
+Iris_).--A gorgeous flower of exceptional beauty. Plant the bulbs in
+the sunniest spot out of doors during March, April, or May, in a sandy
+loam enriched with a liberal amount of leaf-mould, placing them 3 in.
+deep and 6 in. apart, and putting a little silver sand round each bulb
+before covering it with the soil. Shelter from cutting winds. The
+blossoms appear in July or August. Each bloom lasts only one day, but
+is succeeded on the next by fresh ones, so that a continuance of bloom
+is maintained. Protect them in winter with a covering of dead leaves,
+or, better still, take them up when they have done flowering, and keep
+them dry and free from frost. For pot-culture plant the bulbs in sandy
+loam and peat, plunge them in a cold frame, and withhold water until
+the foliage appears. They may be increased by off-sets or seeds.
+Height, 1 ft.
+
+Tobacco Plants.--_See_ "Nicotiana."
+
+Tobacco-Water.--Boil 2 oz. of shag, or other strong tobacco, in a pint
+of water. Apply with a soft brush. This is a deadly poison to insects.
+
+Tomatoes (_Love Apples_).--Those intended to be grown in the open
+should be raised from seed sown the first week in March in pots of
+very rich, light mould. Place them in a cucumber-house or other gentle
+heat, and when the second leaf appears, pot them off singly, keeping
+them near the glass and well watered. Towards the end of May remove
+them to a cold frame to harden off, and plant out as soon as fear of
+frost is over, in deeply-dug and moderately manured ground, against a
+south wall fully exposed to the sun. Train to a single stem and remove
+all lateral growths. When the plants are 3 or 4 ft. high pinch off
+the tops to prevent further growth and throw strength into the fruit.
+Watering should cease as soon as the blossom-buds appear, except in
+periods of very severe drought. When grown under glass Tomatoes need
+to be trained in much the same way as Grape Vines. Constant attention
+must be given to removing all useless shoots and exposing the fruit
+to air and light. An average temperature of 60 degrees should be
+maintained, with a rather dry and buoyant atmosphere.
+
+Toothwort.--_See_ "Dentaria."
+
+Torch Lily.--_See_ "Tritoma."
+
+Torenia.--These stove and greenhouse plants require a rich soil. They
+may be increased by seed or division. They flower during June and
+July. Height, 6 in. to 9 in.
+
+Tournefort.--_See_ "Crambe Cordifolia."
+
+Tradescantia Virginica (_Spider Wort_).--A hardy herbaceous plant. In
+a light, rich soil it will flower in July. Height, 1 ft. There are
+other varieties of Tradescantia; they all make good border plants,
+thrive in any situation, and are continuous bloomers.
+
+Transplanting.--Plants may be transplanted as soon as they are large
+enough to handle. They must be lifted carefully with a small trowel,
+or if they are very small, such as Golden Feather, with a still
+smaller blunt article, disturbing the roots as little as possible. It
+should be done when the ground is wet, and preferably in the evening.
+In dry weather they should be well watered twelve hours before they
+are disturbed. Shade them from sun for one or two days. Cabbages,
+Lettuces, Cauliflowers, Broccoli, Kale, and other members of the
+Brassica family _must_ be transplanted, or they will be a failure.
+Root crops such as Carrots, Parsnips, Turnips, etc., must not be
+transplanted, but thinned out. Celery may be transplanted in June or
+July.
+
+Traveller's Joy (_Clematis Viorna_).--This hardy climbing plant grows
+best in a light soil, flowers in August, and is increased by layers of
+the young shoots in summer. Height, 12 ft.
+
+Trees, Plants that Flourish under.--Ivy, St. John's Wort (Hypericum
+Calycinum), early-flowering White Aconite.
+
+Tricyrtis.--These greenhouse herbaceous plants bloom in May. A rich,
+light soil suits them. Height, 6 in.
+
+Trientalis Europaea (_Star Flower_).--To grow this native perennial
+to advantage, it should be planted in leaf-mould with which a large
+proportion of sand has been mixed. Confine the roots to a narrow
+compass by means of slates placed just beneath the surface of the
+soil. Let the ground be kept moist, but well drained. The bloom is
+produced during May and June, and it is propagated by runners. Height,
+6 in. to 8 in.
+
+Trifolium Repens Pentaphyllum.--A showy, hardy, deciduous perennial.
+It thrives in ordinary soil, puts forth its white flowers in June, and
+is propagated by seed or division. Height, 6 in.
+
+Trillium Erectum (_Wood Lily_).--This tuberous perennial is quite
+hardy, and flourishes in partial shade. The soil must be light and
+rich, yet moist. The plant does not increase very fast, but the roots
+of good-sized plants may be divided. It flowers in May and June.
+Height, 6 in.
+
+Tritelia.--A charming spring-flowering plant, bearing pretty white
+star-like flowers on slender stalks. It is used largely for edgings.
+It looks well in clumps on the front of borders. Plant in autumn, and
+divide the bulbs every two or three years. Height, 6 in.
+
+Tritoma (_Red-hot Poker, or Torch Lily_).--Requires a rich, sandy
+soil, and to be protected in a frame from wet and frost in the winter.
+Increase by division or by suckers from the root. The flower spikes
+grow 18 to 27 in. long. The crown of the plant should not be more than
+11/2 in. in the soil, which should be dug deeply and mixed with rotted
+manure. In winter, if it is left in the ground, surround the plant
+with 2 in. of sawdust, well trodden. Remove this in May, and water
+liberally with liquid manure till it blooms. The best time to plant is
+March or October. By many it is considered advisable not to disturb
+the plant too often.
+
+Tritonias.--These somewhat resemble miniature Gladioli, and are
+among the most useful bulbs for pot-culture. Plant from September
+to December, placing five or six bulbs in a 5-in. pot, and using a
+compost of loam, leaf-mould, and silver sand. Plunge the pots in ashes
+in a cold pit or frame, and keep them dry until the plants appear.
+When in full growth they may be removed to the conservatory, placing
+them near the glass, and giving careful attention to watering. For
+outdoor cultivation choose a sunny, sheltered position, with a light,
+rich, sandy soil. Give protection in frosty weather by covering with
+dry litter.
+
+Trollius Altaiense (_Globe Flower_).--A pretty, hardy herbaceous
+plant, with very handsome foliage. It likes a light but moist soil,
+may be increased by seed or by dividing the root, and flowers in May.
+Height, 9 in. to 2 ft.
+
+Trollius Asiaticus.--A very pretty herbaceous plant, suitable for the
+border. It may be raised from seed sown in the autumn, and grown on in
+light, moist soil. The plant is hardy and flowers in May. Height, 1
+ft.
+
+Tropaeolums--
+
+_JARRATTI_ (_scarlet, orange, and black_) are remarkable for a slender
+and graceful growth. Well adapted for covering wire globes, trellises,
+etc.
+
+_LOBBIANUM_ (_various colours_).--Elegant dwarf climbers, suitable
+either for the conservatory or for outdoor culture. They may also be
+used for bedding if planted thinly and kept pegged down; or may be
+grown in window-boxes. Height, 6 ft.
+
+_PENTAPHYLLUM_ (_red_) is slender and graceful, and an elegant
+climber.
+
+_POLYPHYLLUM_ (_yellow_) succeeds best against a south wall. It is
+hardy, has rich abundant glaucous foliage, and is a particularly fine
+climber.
+
+_SPECIOSUM_ (_scarlet_).--Of wild, graceful, luxuriant and slender
+growth. Fine for covering walls and fences, festooning arches, etc.
+Plant at the beginning of October in an eastern aspect or at the base
+of a north wall, the soil and atmosphere being moderately moist. Bury
+the roots 4 in. deep.
+
+_TUBEROSUM_ (_yellow and red_) is quite hardy, and may be planted in
+any situation.
+
+Generally a light, rich soil is most suitable. The greenhouse
+varieties may be increased by cuttings placed in sandy soil under
+glass. The tuberous-rooted kinds should be taken up in winter and kept
+in sand till spring, when they may be planted in a sheltered part
+of the garden. The annuals merely require to be sown in the open in
+spring. They flower in July, August, and September. Height, 1 ft. to
+10 ft. (_See also_ "Canary Creeper.")
+
+Trumpet Flower.--_See_ "Bignonia."
+
+Tuberose.--Plant the bulbs in January in a mixture of sandy loam and
+rotten dung, or leaf-mould, using a small pot for each bulb. Plunge
+them in a hotbed, taking care that the temperature does not fall below
+60 degrees, and withhold water until the foliage appears, when a
+moderate amount should be given. When the pots are full of roots,
+shift the plants into larger ones, and grow on in a house with a
+uniform high temperature and moist atmosphere. For a succession of
+bloom place the roots in a cold frame and cover with cocoanut fibre
+until growth begins, then remove the fibre, water moderately, and
+transfer the most forward plants to the conservatory. Bloom may be had
+all the year round by planting in succession from September to June.
+
+Tulips.--Drainage may be considered as the chief means of success in
+the cultivation of these showy spring flowers. The soil they like best
+is well-rotted turf cut from pasture land and mixed with a moderate
+amount of sand, but they will thrive in any ground that is well
+drained. The bulbs should be planted during October and November about
+3 in. deep and 5 in. apart, either in lines or groups, and they retain
+their bloom longest in a shady situation. As soon as the leaves begin
+to decay the bulbs may be taken up, dried, and stored away, keeping
+the colours separate. For pot-culture the single varieties are best.
+Put three bulbs in a 5-in. pot and six in a 6-in. one, and treat in
+the same manner as the Hyacinth. They may, if desired, be forced as
+soon as the shoots appear. When required to fill vases, etc., it is
+a good plan to grow them in shallow boxes, and transfer them when in
+flower to the vases or baskets. By this method exactitude of height
+and colouring is ensured. Tulips are divided into three classes: (1)
+Roses, which have a white ground, with crimson, pink, or scarlet
+marks; (2) Byblomens, having also a white ground, but with lilac,
+purple, or black marks; and (3) Bizarres, with a yellow ground having
+marks of any colour.
+
+Tunica.--Same treatment as "Dianthus."
+
+Turkey's Beard.--_See_ "Xerophyllum."
+
+Turnips.--To obtain mild and delicately-flavoured Turnips a somewhat
+light, sandy, but deep, rich soil is necessary. For a first crop sow
+the Early White Dutch variety in February or the beginning of March on
+a warm border. For succession sow Early Snowball at intervals of three
+weeks until the middle of July. For winter use sow Golden Ball, or
+other yellow-fleshed kinds, early in August. Thin each sowing out so
+that the bulbs stand 9 in. apart. To ensure sound, crisp, fleshy roots
+they require to be grown quickly, therefore moist soil and liberal
+manuring is necessary, and the ground kept free from weeds. If fly
+becomes troublesome, dust the plants with quicklime early in the day,
+while the dew is on them, and repeat the operation as often as is
+necessary.
+
+Tussilago Fragrans (_Winter Heliotrope_).--A very fragrant hardy
+perennial, flowering in January and February. It will grow in any good
+garden soil and bears division. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Twin Flower.--_See_ "Bravoa."
+
+
+U
+
+
+Ulex Europaeus Flore Pleno (_Double Furze_).--This elegant, hardy,
+evergreen shrub likes a rich, sandy soil, and may be increased by
+cuttings planted in a shady border and covered with a hand-glass.
+Height, 5 ft.
+
+Umbilicus Chrysanthus.--This little Alpine plant should occupy a warm,
+sheltered, and dry situation, and be protected with an overhead screen
+in wet seasons. The soil it most enjoys is a mixture of peat and
+coarse sand. Its procumbent stalks emit roots. This new growth may be
+transplanted in the spring or early summer months. Height, 6 in.
+
+Uvularia.--Beautiful hardy perennials, producing drooping flowers from
+May to July. They succeed best in a light, sandy soil, and may be
+increased by dividing the roots. Height, 1 ft.
+
+
+V
+
+
+Vaccineum Myrtillus and V. Uliginosum.--Attractive deciduous shrubs.
+They require to be grown in peat or very sandy loam. In April or May
+they produce flowers. They can be increased by dividing the creeping
+roots. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Vaccineum Vitis-Idaea (_Red Whortleberry_).--A neat native shrub
+which, with its flowers and clusters of bright red berries, is very
+attractive in autumn. A rich, light, sandy soil, moist but well
+drained, is necessary, and the position should be sunny so as to ripen
+the berries. It may be increased at any time by division. It flowers
+from May to October. Height, 9 in.
+
+Valeriana.--An ornamental hardy perennial. It will succeed in any
+garden soil, and merely requires the same treatment as ordinary
+perennials. It is readily increased by dividing the roots, and
+produces its flowers in July. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Vegetable Marrow.--Sow in pots during March or April, and place in a
+cucumber frame or on a hotbed, and cover with a hand-glass. Harden
+off, and plant out about the third week in May in ground previously
+prepared with a heavy dressing of good stable or farmyard manure,
+protecting the plants at night for the first week or so with a
+handglass or large flower-pot. Do not allow the roots to feel the want
+of water, and keep a sharp look-out for slugs. Seed may also be sown
+in May in the open. The best way of proceeding in this case is to
+dig a pit 2 ft. deep and the same in width, fill it with fermenting
+manure, and put 1 ft. of light mould on top. Let it remain for a week
+so that the soil may get warm, then sow the seed, and cover it with a
+hand-glass. Train the shoots so that they may have plenty of room, and
+pinch off the tops when the plant has attained its desired length.
+
+Venidium.--Hardy annuals, which are best raised from seed sown early
+in March on a slight hotbed, and grown in turfy loam, or loam and
+peat. They bloom in May. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Venus's Car.--_See_ "Dielytra."
+
+Venus's Looking-Glass (_Specularia Speculum_).--A pretty hardy annual,
+bearing a profusion of Campanula-like flowers in July. Suitable for
+beds, pots, hanging baskets, or rock-work. It flourishes most in a
+compost of sandy loam and peat. The seeds are best sown in autumn and
+wintered in a greenhouse, but they may be raised on a hotbed early in
+spring. Cuttings of the young wood planted under glass root freely.
+Height, 9 in.
+
+Venus's Navel Wort.--A charming hardy annual for rock-work. The seed
+should be sown early in spring in good garden mould. Height, 6 in.
+
+Veratum.--Handsome foliage plants. They are quite hardy, and delight
+in a rich soil. July is the month in which they flower. They may be
+raised from seed, or propagated by division. Height, 5 ft.
+
+Verbascum.--A hardy annual, which produces a profusion of showy
+flowers in July, and is very suitable for the backs of borders. It
+will thrive in any soil, and is easily raised from seed sown early in
+spring. Height, 3 ft.
+
+Verbena.--This charming half-hardy perennial succeeds best in light,
+loamy soil. It seeds freely, and roots rapidly by being pegged down.
+It is usual to take the cuttings in February, as spring-struck plants
+prove best both for growth and flowering. Place a score of cuttings in
+a 48-sized pot containing 1/3 of drainage material, covered with 1 in.
+of rough leaf-mould, then filled to within 1-1/2 in. of the rim with
+equal parts of loam, leaf-mould, or peat and sand, with 1/3 in. of
+sand on the top. Make the soil firm at the base of the cuttings, and
+water level. It is, however, more easily obtained from seed raised
+on a gentle hotbed, and the plants thus raised are more robust and
+floriferous. It flowers in July. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Verbena, Lemon-scented.--_See_ "Aloysia."
+
+Veronica.--This graceful evergreen, commonly called Speedwell, bears
+handsome spikes of autumn flowers, and makes a good conservatory or
+sitting-room plant. It stands the winter out of doors in a sheltered
+position with a dry sub-soil. The annual varieties may be sown in
+autumn for spring flowering. Any light, rich, moist soil suits them.
+The hardy perennial kinds are increased by dividing the roots, and
+the greenhouse varieties by seeds or cuttings. The different species
+flower from July to October. Height, 1 ft. to 10 ft.
+
+Vesicaria Graeca.--A small hardy evergreen shrub, suitable for
+rock-work or edgings. It likes a light, dry soil and an open
+situation. It may be propagated by seeds, which are freely produced;
+but the readiest way to increase it is by cuttings of the side-shoots,
+taken as early as possible so as to become well rooted before cold
+weather sets in. It flowers from April to June. Height, 6 in. to 8 in.
+
+Viburnum Opulus(_Guelder Rose_, or _Snowball Tree_).--A very elegant
+and hardy deciduous shrub, which will grow in any soil, and may be
+increased by layers, or by cuttings planted in the shade under glass.
+It blooms in June. Height, 12 ft.
+
+Viburnum Tinus (_Laurestinus_).--This well-known and much-admired
+evergreen shrub produces masses of white flowers through the winter
+months, at which season it is especially ornamental. It is generally
+propagated by layers, but where a number of the plants are required
+they may be obtained from autumn cuttings planted in the shade and
+covered with a hand-glass. Height, 5 ft.
+
+Vicia Pyrenaica.--A hardy and good perennial for rock-work, having
+compact tufts of green growth and producing deep crimson flowers in
+May and June. It will grow in any soil, and is of easy culture. It is
+increased by seed, also by division of the roots. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Vinca (_Periwinkle_).--Many of these are variegated and very showy as
+rock-work plants, and will grow in any moist soil, enjoying a shady
+situation. They may be raised from seed sown early in spring in a warm
+situation, or may be increased by runners, which strike root at the
+joints like the Strawberry. They may be planted under the shade of
+trees. Many choice greenhouse evergreens bearing fine circular flowers
+and shining foliage are also included under the name of Vinca. Height,
+2 ft.
+
+Vines.--_See_ "Grapes."
+
+Violas.--The hardy perennials are suitable for the front of flower
+borders or rock-work, but the smaller species succeed best when grown
+in pots in a mixture of loam, peat, and sand. The herbaceous kinds are
+increased by seed or division of the roots, the shrubby varieties by
+cuttings planted under glass, and the annuals by seed sown in the open
+in spring. Height, 3 in. to 6 in.
+
+Violets.--Plant the runners or off-sets in May in loam and leaf-mould,
+choosing a damp, shady situation. Russian and Neapolitan Violets may
+be made to flower throughout the winter and early spring by placing
+them in a stove or warm pit. Dog-toothed Violets will grow in any
+light soil. Autumn is the best time to plant them, and 1 in. of silver
+sand round the roots prevents decay; they are hardy and early, but
+will not bloom unless planted 9 in. deep. White Violets like a chalky
+soil. One of the best manures for Violets is the ash from bonfires.
+They may be multiplied to any extent by pegging down the side-shoots
+in April. The common Violet flowers in March and April. Height, 6 in.
+
+Virgilia.--For the most part greenhouse shrubs, requiring to be grown
+in a compost of loam, peat, and sand. Young cuttings planted in sandy
+loam and covered with glass will strike. The hardy kinds, such as V.
+Lutea, grow in any light soil, and are increased by laying down shoots
+in autumn or spring. July is the month in which they flower. Height,
+from 2 ft. to 12 ft.
+
+Virginian Creeper (_Ampelopsis Hederacea_).--May be propagated by
+layers or cuttings, and will grow in any common garden soil. The
+plant is also known as the Five-leaved Ivy, is a rapid grower, and a
+favourite for covering unsightly walls.
+
+Virginian Stock.--This pretty little hardy annual is readily raised
+from seed sown on a border in autumn or spring. It is not particular
+as to soil. Height, 9 in.
+
+Virgin's Bower.--_See_ "Clematis."
+
+Viscaria Coeli Rosa (_the Rose of Heaven_).--Sow in April, or on a
+warm, dry, sheltered spot in September. Other varieties of Viscaria
+are graceful and effective in beds, masses, or lines, and only require
+the usual care bestowed upon hardy annuals. The flowers are produced
+in June and July. Height, 1 ft.
+
+Vitis Heterophylla.--These vines are hardy, and will grow in any
+rich soil. They are propagated by cuttings, and also by layers. V.
+Purpureus has purple leaves, which are very effective. V. Coignettae,
+or the Chinese Vine, has very noble foliage.
+
+
+W
+
+
+Wahlenbergia.--The hardy perennial kinds thrive best in pots, the soil
+in which should be kept moist. The annuals, which are raised on a
+hotbed in March, may be planted out in May in a warm situation.
+
+Waitzia.--Very beautiful half-hardy annuals, but more suitable for the
+greenhouse than the open flower-bed. They require a sandy peat and
+leaf-mould, and the pots to be well drained, as too much water is as
+destructive to them as too little. They may be had in flower from May
+to August by making two sowings, one in September and the other in
+February, and keeping them in the greenhouse. When large enough to
+handle, pot off into 3-in. pots, putting two plants in each pot close
+to the sides, and shift them into larger ones when they have made
+sufficient growth. Place them in a dry and airy situation and near the
+glass. They are unable to stand the least frost, therefore, if they
+are planted out, it should not be done before the beginning of June.
+Height, 11/2 ft.
+
+Waldsteina Fragarioides.--A hardy and pretty trailing rock plant, with
+deep green foliage. From March to May it bears yellow Strawberry-like
+flowers. Any soil suits it, and it may be increased by seed or
+division. Height, 6 in.
+
+Wall-flower (_Cheiranthus_).--These favourite hardy perennials prefer
+a rich, light, sandy soil, and a dry situation. The seed may be sown
+where it is intended for them to bloom either in autumn or spring.
+Thin out to 2 ft. apart. They may also be increased by shoots torn
+from the stems of old plants. As well as flowering early in spring,
+they often bloom in the autumn. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Walnuts.--The Nuts for raising young trees may be planted at any time
+between October and the end of February, 3 in. deep and 1-1/2 ft.
+apart. Train to a single stem 8 to 10 ft. high, removing all the side
+branches as soon as they make an appearance. The following year they
+may be planted in their permanent position, which should be high,
+yet sheltered from frost. Two of the best tall-growing varieties are
+Thin-shelled and Noyer a Bijou. The Dwarf Prolific makes a good bush
+tree.
+
+Wand Plant.--_See_ "Galax."
+
+Wasps.--To destroy Wasps rinse a large bottle with spirits of
+turpentine, and thrust the neck into the principal entrance to their
+nest, stopping up all the other holes to prevent their escape. In
+a few days the nest may be dug up. The fumes of the spirit first
+stupefies and eventually destroys the insects.
+
+Water-cress.--Sow in prepared places, during spring, in sluggish
+brooks and moist situations; or it may be grown on a shady border if
+kept moist by frequent waterings. It may also be grown in a frame in
+September from cuttings placed 6 in. apart, sprinkling them daily, but
+keeping the frame closed for two or three weeks, then watering once a
+week. Give all the air possible in fine weather, but cover the frame
+with mats during frosts. It is best when grown quickly.
+
+Watsonia.--Plant the bulbs during January in sandy loam with a little
+peat. They flower in April. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Weeds in Paths.--These may be destroyed by strong brine, applied when
+hot. Or mix 1/2 lb. of oil of vitriol with 6 gallons of water, and
+apply, taking care not to get the vitriol on the hands or clothes.
+
+Weigelia.--Free-flowering, hardy, deciduous shrubs, the flowers being
+produced in profusion along the shoots in April, and varying in colour
+from white to deep crimson. The plants will grow in any soil, and
+require no special culture. All the varieties force well, and may be
+increased by cuttings. Height, 6 ft.
+
+White Scale.--_See_ "Scale."
+
+Whitlavia.--A hardy annual, needing no special treatment. It may be
+sown in autumn, and protected during winter in a frame, or it may be
+raised in spring in the open ground, where it will bloom in June.
+Height, 2 ft.
+
+Whortleberry.--_See_ "Vaccineum."
+
+Wigandia Caraccasana.--A stove deciduous shrub which thrives best in a
+mixture of loam and peat. Cuttings in sand will strike if placed under
+glass and in heat. It flowers in April. Height, 10 ft.
+
+Windflowers.--_See_ "Anemones."
+
+Winter Aconite (_Eranthis Hyemalis_).--This is one of the very first
+of flowers to bloom, being in advance of the Snowdrop. In the bleakest
+days of winter this little flower covers the ground with its gilt
+spangles. Plant in early autumn. Any soil or situation suits it, but
+it does best in a light mould and a moist, shady position, or under
+trees. Most effective when planted in masses. The tubers may remain
+permanently in the ground, or they may be lifted and divided in
+summer, as soon as the foliage dies down. Flowers are produced from
+December to February.
+
+Winter Cherry.--_See_ "Physalis."
+
+Winter Heliotrope.--_See_ "Tussilago."
+
+Wire-worms.--Before using mould for potting purposes it is advisable
+to examine it carefully and pick out any Wire-worms that are in it.
+For the border the best traps are small potatoes with a hole cut in
+them, buried at intervals just beneath the surface of the soil.
+
+Wistaria.--This noble wall plant may be abundantly produced, as a long
+layer will root at every joint. It will also grow from cuttings of the
+plant and root. Though of slow growth at first, when well established
+it is very free-growing and perfectly hardy. It may also be grown as a
+small tree for the lawn or centres of large beds by keeping the long
+twining shoots pinched in.
+
+Witch Hazel.--_See_ "Hamamelis."
+
+Withania Origanifolia (_Pampas Lily-of-the-Valley_).--A hardy climbing
+plant, attaining a height of 20 or 30 ft. in a very short period. The
+foliage is small, but very dense and of a dark green, the flowers
+being white. It may be raised from seed, and when once established the
+roots may remain undisturbed for any length of time, merely removing
+the stems as soon as they are destroyed by frost.
+
+Wolf's Bane.--_See_ "Aconite."
+
+Wood, to Preserve.--In order to prevent wooden posts, piles, etc.,
+from rotting, dip the parts to be sunk in the earth in the following
+composition:--Fine, hard sand, three hundred parts; powdered chalk,
+forty parts; resin, fifty parts; linseed oil, four parts. Heat these
+together in a boiler, then add red lead, one part; sulphuric acid, one
+part. Mix well together, and use while hot. If too thick, more linseed
+oil may be added. This composition when dry attains the consistency of
+varnish, and becomes extremely hard.
+
+Wood Lily.--_See_ "Trillium."
+
+Woodruff.--_See_ "Asperula."
+
+Worms, to Destroy.--To each 5 lbs. of newly-slaked lime add 15 gallons
+of water. Stir it well, let it settle, draw off the clear portion, and
+with it water the surface of the lawn, etc. The Worms will come to the
+top and may be swept up. Worms in pots may be brought to the top by
+sprinkling a little dry mustard on the surface of the soil, and then
+giving the plant a good watering.
+
+Wulfenia Carinthiaca.--A pretty and hardy perennial from the
+Corinthian Alps, suitable alike for rock-work or the border, throwing
+up spikes of blue flowers from May to July. During winter place it in
+a frame, as it is liable to rot in the open. It needs a light, rich,
+sandy soil and plenty of moisture when in growth. Cuttings will strike
+in sand; it may also be propagated by seeds or division. Height, 1 ft.
+
+
+X
+
+
+Xeranthemum.--These charming everlasting annuals retain, in a dried
+state, their form and colour for several years. They are of the
+easiest culture, merely requiring to be sown in spring in light, rich
+soil to produce flowers in July. Height, 2 ft.
+
+Xerophyllum Asphodeloides (_Turkey's Beard_).--A showy hardy perennial
+with tufts of graceful, curving, slender foliage. From May to July,
+when it bears spikes of white flowers, it is very handsome. It does
+best in a peat border, and may be increased by well-ripened seed or by
+division. Height, 1-1/2 ft.
+
+Xerotes.--Herbaceous plants, which thrive well in any light, rich
+soil, and are readily increased by dividing the roots. They flower in
+June. Height, 2 ft.
+
+
+Y
+
+
+Yew (_Taxus_).--For landscape gardening the old gold-striped (_Baccata
+Aurea Variegata_) is most effective. The Japanese variety, T.
+Adpressa, is a pleasing evergreen having dark green leaves and large
+scarlet berries; it is very suitable for the front of large borders.
+The Common Yew (_Baccata_) grows dense and bushy, and is excellent for
+hedges. The dark green leaves of the Irish Yew (_Baccata Fastigiata_)
+make a fine contrast with lighter foliage. Dovastonii is a fine
+Weeping Yew with long dark green leaves and extra large red berries.
+There are many other good sorts. The Yew likes shade and moisture,
+but it is not very particular as to soil, loams and clays suiting it
+admirably.
+
+Yucca.--This plant, popularly known as Adam's Needle thrives best in
+dry, sandy loam. It is quite hardy, and does well on rock-work, to
+which it imparts a tropical aspect, Yucca Recurva has fine drooping
+leaves, and is suitable for vases, etc. It bears a white flower.
+Yuccas are mostly evergreen shrubs, are very beautiful, and have the
+habit of palm-trees. A light, rich soil suits them all. They are
+increased by suckers from the root. They make handsome plants for
+lawns, terraces, ornamental vases, the centre of beds, or sub-tropical
+gardens, and bloom in September. Height, 2 ft.
+
+
+Z
+
+
+Zauschneria.--A Californian half-hardy perennial plant which bears
+a profusion of scarlet tube-shaped flowers from June to October. It
+grows freely in a sunny position in any dry, light, gravelly, rich
+soil, and is increased by division of roots or by cuttings. Height, 1
+ft.
+
+Zea (_Indian Corn_).--This is best raised in a hotbed early in spring,
+but it will germinate in ordinary soil in May. It requires a sunny
+situation. Height, 2 ft. to 3 ft.
+
+Zea Japonica Variegata (_Striped Japanese Maize_).--A fine half-hardy
+annual ornamental grass, the foliage being striped green and white,
+and growing to the height of 3 ft. The cultivation is the same as the
+foregoing.
+
+Zephyranthes (_Swamp Lilies_).--Plant on a warm border in a rather
+sandy, well-drained soil. Give protection in severe weather, and
+supply with water during the growing season. Take up and divide every
+second or third year. The flowers are produced in July. Height, 9 in.
+
+Zinnia.--A genus of very pretty annuals, well deserving of
+cultivation. The seeds must be raised on a gentle hotbed in spring,
+and planted out in June 1 ft. apart in the richest of loamy soil and
+warmest and most sheltered position. Height 1 ft. to 11/2 ft.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Gardening for the Million, by Alfred Pink
+
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