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diff --git a/11887-8.txt b/11887-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d991ac6 --- /dev/null +++ b/11887-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2076 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and +Instruction, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction + Vol. 20. No. 568 - 29 Sept 1832 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: April 3, 2004 [EBook #11887] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Bill Walker and PG Distributed Proofreaders + + + + +THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION. + +Vol. 20, No. 568.] SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 29, 1832. [PRICE 2d. + + + + * * * * * + +[Illustration: BIRTHPLACE OF THE EARL OF ELDON.] + +Little need be said, by way of explanation, for the addition of the +present subject to our collection of the birthplaces of eminent +men. It is something to know that John Scott was born at +Newcastle-upon-Tyne, in the principal dwelling represented in the +above Engraving, in the year 1751; that he received the rudiments of +his education at the free grammar-school of the town; that he grew up +"a man of safe discretion;" that he enjoyed the highest legal honours +which his sovereign could bestow for a quarter of a century; and that +he still lives, a venerable octogenarian, in the enjoyment of "glory +from his conscience, and honour from men." The biography of so +distinguished an individual must have innumerable good tendencies: +it at once inculcates the wholesome truth that "every man is the +architect of his own fortune;" and it presents us, moreover, with +the encouraging picture of a well-regulated life, and its healthful +energies so employed in the discharge of important duties as to +entitle the subject to high rank among the worthies of his country. + +John Scott, Lord Eldon, is the third son of William Scott, of +Newcastle-upon-Tyne. "His father was by trade what in the language of +the place is called a 'fitter,' or agent for the sale and shipment +of coals. He had by industry and habits of close saving accumulated +rather considerable means from small beginnings. Beyond this he was +a man of great shrewdness and knowledge of the world," and quickly +perceiving the talents of the two younger boys, William (now Lord +Stowell,) and John, he wisely gave them an education in accordance +with their mental endowments. "It is said that the singular variety +in the talent of these two remarkable youths was manifested at a very +early age. When asked to 'give an account of the sermon,' which was a +constant Sabbath custom of their father, William, the eldest, gave at +once a condensed and lucid digest of the general argument. John, +on the other hand, would go into all the minutiae, but failed in +producing the lucid, general view embodied in half the number of words +by his brother."[1] The two boys received their early education at the +free grammar-school of Newcastle.[2] William was from the beginning +destined for the study of the law. John was at first intended for +the church, and was, accordingly, sent to Oxford: early marriage was, +however, the fortunate means of changing his destination, and he began +the world in the same profession with his brother. In 1757, John was +entered as a student at the Middle Temple, and was called to the bar +at the usual period. He at this time possessed an extensive stock of +legal information, having been an indefatigable reader, and spent the +two last years of his preliminary studies in the office of a special +pleader. At his outset he made no progress, his powers being palsied +by an oppressive diffidence. He therefore devoted his talents entirely +to being a draftsman in Chancery. His employment was laborious, and +not lucrative, while it materially injured his health. In a fit of +despondency he resolved to retire into humble practice in his native +county; and he had actually given up his chambers and taken leave of +his friends in the metropolis, when he was not only diverted from his +purpose by an eminent solicitor, but was even prevailed upon to make +one more trial at the bar. His first success was the undoubted fruit +of his extraordinary abilities, and is said to have originated in the +sudden illness of a leading counsel the night before the trial of a +complicated civil cause. It could not be put off, and the client +of the lost leader was in despair, when Scott courageously took the +brief, made himself in one night master of its voluminous intricacies, +and triumphed. From this time he gained confidence, and his forensic +reputation soon became established. He was much aided by the +encouragement which he received from Lord Thurlow, who praised his +abilities, and is said to have offered him a mastership in Chancery, +which Mr. Scott declined. + + [1] Tait's Edinburgh Magazine for the present month. + + [2] At this school also were educated Vice-Admiral Lord + Collingwood; Sir Robert Chambers; William Elstob, an antiquary + and divine; the poet, Akenside; the Rev. George Hall, Bishop + of Dromore; and the Rev. John Brand, author of a history of + Newcastle, and secretary to the Society of Antiquaries; all of + whom were born at Newcastle. + +In 1783; Mr. Scott obtained a silk gown; and, through Lord Weymouth's +interest, he was introduced into parliament for the borough of Weobly. +It is stated that on the latter occasion, he stipulated for the +liberty of voting as he pleased. He took a decided part with the Pitt +administration; and in 1788, he was appointed solicitor-general, +and knighted; in 1793, he rose to be attorney-general, and in the +following year he conducted the trial of Hardy, Tooke, and Thelwall, +for treason. Erskine was opposed to him; and the prosecution failed, +though the speech of the attorney-general occupied nine hours in the +delivery. + +In 1799, Sir John Scott was appointed to the chief justiceship of the +Common Pleas, on the resignation of Chief Justice Eyre; and in the +same year he was raised to the peerage by the title of Baron Eldon. In +1801, he was made Lord Chancellor, which high office he retained till +the year 1827, with the exception of the short period during which the +Whigs were in office, in 1806. His lordship was raised to the dignity +of an earl at the coronation of George IV. in 1821. + +The high character of the Earl of Eldon as Chancellor is thus lucidly +drawn by Sir Egerton Brydges: "Of all who, in the long lapse of ages, +have filled the sacred seat on which he now (1823) sits, none ever +had purer hands, none ever had a conscientious desire of equity more +ardent and more incessant than Lord Eldon. The amazing expanse of +his views, the inexpressible niceness of his discrimination, his +unrelaxing anxiety to do justice in every individual case, the +kindness of his heart, and the ductility of his ideas, all ensure that +attention to every suitor which must necessarily obtain the unbounded +admiration and attachment of the virtuous and the wise. Lord Eldon's +eloquence," continues Sir Egerton, "is rather adapted to cultivated +and thinking minds than to a popular audience. It generally addresses +the understanding rather than the fancy. It frequently wants fluency, +but occasionally is tinged with a high degree of moral pathos." + +We could illustrate the conscientious character alluded to by the +above writer, with anecdotes of the chancellorship of Lord Eldon. As +the following have, we believe, but once appeared in print, they may +not, be familiar to the reader. Sir Richard Phillips relates:[3] "In +conversation with Mr. Butterman, (at Dronfield), I heard two anecdotes +of Lord Eldon, which, as an example to Lord Chancellors, and to +public spirited parishioners, I consider it my duty to introduce. The +incumbent, some years ago, thought proper to propose an exchange with +an incompetent clergyman; when Mr. B., as a friend to the church, and +some of his respectable neighbours took alarm at the negotiation, and +in the commencement he penned a letter to the Chancellor. The other +parties calculated on the arrangement, but, on applying to the +Chancellor he could consent to no exchange, but that if the parties +were tired of their positions, they might respectively resign, and +there were plenty of candidates. The determination was final, and the +scheme of exchange was abandoned. In another instance, a master +had been regularly appointed to the grammar school at Dronfield, +on liberal principles of education, but, within a few years, some +prejudice was excited against him, and the churchwardens for the time +thought proper to stop his salary. On this occasion, Mr. B. and some +friends combined in an application to Lord Eldon, and his lordship +instantly directed the churchwardens to render an account of the trust +within a few days. They claimed time, and were allowed a month, when, +without other form, he directed the salary to be paid to the appointed +master, with all expenses." + + [3] In his Personal Tour through the United Kingdom, Part iii. + +Newcastle contains memorials of Lord Eldon which indicate that +the inhabitants are proud of their distinguished fellow-freeman. A +spacious range of elegant buildings is called Eldon Square: and in the +Guildhall is a portrait of his lordship, opposite that of his brother, +Lord Stowell. + + * * * * * + + +THE WEARIED SOLDIER. + + + "When silent time, wi' lightly foot, + Had trod o'er thirty years, + I sought again, my native land, + Wi' many hopes and fears." + MRS. HAMILTON. + + He came to the village, when the sun + In the "golden west" was bright, + When sounds were dying one by one, + And the vesper star was shining down, + With a soft and silvery light. + + A war-worn wanderer was he, + And absent many a year + From the cottage-home he fain would see, + From that resting-place where he would be, + The spot to memory dear. + + It rose at last upon his view, + (Old times were thronging round him,) + The lattice where the jasmine grew, + The meadow where he brush'd the dew + When youth's bright hopes were round him. + + But faces new, and sadly strange, + Were in that cottage now; + Cold eyes, that o'er his features range, + For time had wrought a weary change + Upon the soldier's brow. + + And some there were--the lov'd--the dead-- + Whom he no more could see, + From this cold changing world were fled, + And they had found a quiet bed + Beneath the old yew tree. + + And thither too--the wanderer hied, + Night-dews were falling fast, + This is my "welcome home" he cried, + And the chill breezes low replied + In murmurs as they pass'd. + + They whispering said, or seem'd to say, + No lasting joys to earth are given, + No longer near these ashes stray, + Go, mourner! hence, away! away! + Thy lost ones are in heaven. + + _Kirton, Lindsey._ ANNE R. + + * * * * * + + +RELIGIOUS FASTINGS. + + +From the remotest ages of antiquity most nations have practised +fasting to keep the wrath of God from falling upon them for their +sins. Some celebrated authors even affirm that fasting was originated +by Adam after he had eaten of the forbidden fruit; but this obviously +is carrying their arguments, in favour of fasting, too far, though it +is as certain that the Jewish churches practised it from their first +formation. The Egyptians, Phoenicians, and the Assyrians held the +"solemn fast" in high favour. The Egyptians, according to Herodotus, +before they offered in sacrifice the cow to Isis, to purify themselves +from impurities, fasted and prayed. This custom he also ascribes to +the Cyrenian women. Porphyry relates that the fasts of the Egyptians +were sometimes continued for six weeks, and that the shortest ordained +by their priests was seven days, during which they abstained from +nearly all kinds of food. These rites they communicated to the Greeks, +who observed these fasts more strictly, and with more outward show and +solemnity. The Athenians likewise observed stated fasts, two of which +were named "the Elusinian and Thesmoporian fasts;" the observation +of these fasts was extremely rigid, especially amongst women, who, +in mournful dresses, spent one whole day sitting on the ground (their +sign of grief,) without taking the least food. The islanders of Crete, +before sacrificing to Jupiter, had to abstain from food. A celebrated +ancient author informs us, that those who wished to be initiated into +the secrets of Cybele, fasted ten days before their initiation; and +that, in short, the priests who gave the oracles, and those who came +to consult them, had to perform this duty. + +Amongst other Heathen nations, before they prepared for any important +enterprise, the whole expedition fasted. The Lacedemonians having +agreed to aid an ally, ordained a fast throughout their nation, and +without _even_ excepting their _domestic animals_. The Romans having +besieged the city of Tarentum, and the city being hard pressed, +the citizens demanded succour of their friends, the inhabitants of +Rhegium; who, preparatory to granting assistance to the besieged, +commanded that a fast should be held throughout their territories. +Their aid having proved successful, the government of Tarentum to +commemorate this important event, ordained a perpetual fast on the day +of their deliverance. + +Philosophers and certain religious people have for ages reckoned +fasting as a service which led to important results, and a duty which +could not be dispensed with without causing the wrath of God to fall +upon the heads of the nation. At Rome it was practised even by the +emperors. Amongst the most remarkable for keeping this institution +were Numa Pompilius, Julius Caesar, Vespasian, &c. Julian, the +apostate, was so exact in the performance of this ordinance, that +the fasting of the philosophers and of the priests themselves, was as +nothing compared with his abstinence. Pythagoras fasted sometimes +as long as forty days; his disciples followed the example of their +master; and after his death they kept a continual fast, in which they +denounced the inhabitants of the deep as well as the creatures of the +meadow. The eastern Brahmins are remarkable for their fasting; but as +the people believe they regale themselves with the good things of this +life, in secret, their example gains not many followers. That nation +which reckons itself infinitely superior to _us_ "poor barbarians," +the Chinese, also observe stated seasons of fasting and prayer. The +Mahomedans likewise strictly observe fasting and prayer, and the +exactness with which the dervishes perform them, and the lengths of +time of their fasts are very remarkable. + +The Israelites were commanded by Jehovah himself to fast on the +appearance of any plague, famine, war, &c.; and though they sadly +neglected the commands of God in other particulars, yet they obeyed +this command with great devotedness. The abstinence of the ancient +Jews generally lasted from twenty-six to twenty-seven hours. On these +days they wore sackcloth, laid themselves in ashes, and sprinkled +them on their heads, in token of their great grief and penitence. Some +spent the whole night in the synagogue; occasionally using with great +effect a scourge as a penance for their sins, or as a stimulant to +devout behaviour. We think it is not improbable that it is from the +Jews that the Roman Catholics derived their scourging penance system. + +In "happy smiling England," fasting was, and is, practised by the +Catholics every Friday; it was also practised by the fathers of the +church, and the primitive Protestants, at stated seasons. The custom +is still observed amongst the methodists, who follow the example of +their great leader, Wesley. The rust of time has, however, worn away +the veneration for this "good _old_ system," and it is totally +disused by the general body of Protestants, except on great national +occasions. + +E.J.H. + + * * * * * + + + +MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. + + * * * * * + +SHERIFFS OF LONDON. + + + [The subsequent paper extracted from Mr. Brayley's + laboriously-compiled _Londiniana_ possesses more than a + passing interest. Its neatness and perspicuity as a Journal + will doubtless be appreciated by the reader.] + +The following particulars relating to the office of Sheriff, are +derived from a manuscript copy of the _Journal_ of Richard Hoare, +Esq. during the year of his Shrievalty, in 1740-41, in his own +hand-writing, which is now in the possession of his grandson, Sir +Richard Colt Hoare, Bart., of Stourhead, in Wiltshire. The above year +became memorable in the city annals, from their having been _three_ +Lord Mayors during its progress, viz. Sir John Salter, knight; Humphry +Parsons, Esq., and Daniel Lambert, Esq. + +Mr. Hoare, who was a banker, in Fleet Street, and principal of the +respectable house which, instituted by one of his predecessors, still +bears the family name, was elected alderman of the Ward of Farringdon +Without, on St. George's day, 1740, in the place of Sir Francis Child, +who died on the preceding Sunday, April the 20th. This honour was +conferred upon him, whilst he was at Bath, and quite unexpectedly; and +equally so, was his election to the Sheriffdom, conjointly with Mr. +Alderman Marshall, on the midsummer-day following. Shortly afterwards +they gave bonds under the penalty of 1,000_l_. to undertake and enter +upon the office on the ensuing Michaelmas eve; and "thereupon, became +each entitled to 100_l_. out of the forfeitures of those, who had this +year been nominated to be sheriff's by my Lord Mayor, but had paid +their fines to be excused." + +In the intermediate time they prepared for the due execution of their +duties, chose their under-sheriff's, &c.; and, "as it is customary for +each sheriff to preside over the two Counters separately, my brother +Marshall chose that in the Poultry, and the care of Wood-street +Counter was under my direction, and we agreed, at our joint expense, +to give the usual livery gowns to the officers of both, although they +are greater in number at the Poultry than in mine; in recompense for +which, it was settled that we should equally share in the sale of the +places upon any vacancy." + +On Sunday, the 28th of September, the sheriffs elect met at ten +o'clock in the morning, at Drapers' Hall, "and there entertained +several of the Court of Aldermen, and sixteen of the Court of +Assistance of each of the Companies, viz: the Goldsmiths and the +Drapers, with the usual breakfast of roast beef, burnt wine," &c. He +continues,-- + +"Upon notice sent to us, that the Lord Mayor, with George Heathcote, +and Sir John Lequesne, aldermen and sheriffs for the last year were +attending at the council chamber, Guildhall, we all repaired thither; +the gentlemen of the Court of Assistance walking two by two, the +senior sheriff's company on the right hand, the aldermen following in +their coaches; in which, we, though sheriffs-elect, took our rank as +aldermen. Upon coming up to the area of Guildhall, the two companies +made a lane for the aldermen to pass through, and after having waited +on my Lord Mayor to Guildhall Chapel, to hear divine service, we +returned back to the court of the hustings, which being opened by +the common cryer, we were summoned to come forth and take the oath +of office; which we accordingly did, together with the oaths of +allegiance and abjuration; and the same was also administered to Mr. +Tims, (clerk to St. Bartholomews,) as under-sheriff, he kneeling all +the while. + +"When this was over, the gold chains were taken off from the former +sheriffs, and put on us; and then the court being dissolved, the Lord +Mayor went home, attended by the former sheriffs, and we returned back +to Drapers' Hall to our dinner, provided for the Court of Aldermen and +Courts of Assistance, at which the senior alderman took the chair as +president, and the rest of the aldermen and gentlemen of Guildhall +took their places at the upper table, whilst we, the sheriffs, sat +at the head of the second table, with the gentlemen of the Courts of +Assistance of our two companies. When dinner was over, and the healths +of the royal family were drunk, the cryer proclaimed the health and +prosperity to the two sheriffs' companies in the following manner; +that is to say, 'Prosperity to the worshipful Company of Drapers, and +prosperity to the worshipful Company of Goldsmiths: to the Goldsmiths +and Drapers, and Drapers and Goldsmiths, prosperity to both:' and this +is so usually done, naming each company first alternately, to prevent +any dispute concerning preference or priority. + +"After dinner, we all retired to one table in the inner room, at which +we, though sheriffs, were placed underneath all the aldermen; for +whatever rank an alderman may be in point of seniority, yet during the +year he serves as sheriff, he is to give place, and follow the rest +of his brethren, both at the court, and all processions and +entertainments. About six o'clock, the late sheriffs, having left the +Lord Mayor at his house, attended us to Guildhall, where we were +met by our own and the former under-sheriffs, together with the +secondaries and keepers of the prisons; and the names of the +respective prisoners in each gaol being read over, the keepers +acknowledged them one by one, to be in their custody; and then +tendered us the keys, which we delivered back to them again, and after +having executed the indentures, whereby we covenanted and undertook +the charge of our office, we were invited according to custom, to an +adjoining tavern; and there partook of an entertainment of sack and +walnuts, provided by the aforesaid keepers of the prisons. + +"Monday, September 29th. This being Michaelmas-day, my brother sheriff +and I set out for the first time in our new equipages and scarlet +gowns, attended by our beadles, and the several officers of our +Counters, and waited on the Lord Mayor, at Merchant Taylors' Hall, at +which he kept his mayoralty, and proceeded with him from thence, as +is customary, to Guildhall, where the livery-men of the city were +summoned to attend at the Court of Hustings for the election of a new +lord mayor for the year ensuing. The recorder made a speech to the +livery-men, 'apprising them of the custom and manner of choosing a +lord mayor; which, he observed, was for the Common Hall to nominate +two of the aldermen who had served sheriffs, to the Court of Aldermen, +who had then a right to elect either of them into that great office, +and which ever that the court so fixed on, the Common Hall was bound +to accept.' When he had ended, the Lord Mayor and Court of Aldermen +retired into the Council Chamber, and left us to preside at the +election, attended by the Common Sergeant and other officers. The +method of voting is, by each alderman going up to the recorder and +town clerk, who sit at a separate part of the room, and telling the +person he would choose, a scratch is made under each respective name." + +On the day following, the two sheriffs again went to Guildhall, with +the same company as on the preceding day, and waiting on the Lord +Mayor in the Council Chamber, requested that his lordship and the +recorder would present them at his Majesty's Court of Exchequer. Each +sheriff then paid the usual fees, viz. _6l. 13s. 4d._ to the Lord +Mayor, and _3l. 6s. 8d._ to the recorder; after which, they proceeded +to the Three Cranes' Stairs, in Upper Thames Street, "the Lord Mayor +first; we, the sheriffs, next; the recorder and aldermen following in +coaches, the companies walking before us. + +"From thence we went to Westminster in the city barge, taking place +of all the aldermen: and our two companies attended in the Goldsmiths' +barge, as before agreed on, adorned with half the colours, and rowed +with half the watermen belonging to the Drapers' company. On landing, +the companies went first, the Lord Mayor next, then the recorder with +a sheriff on each side, and last the aldermen. On our approaching the +bar of the Exchequer [in Westminster Hall,] the recorder, in a speech, +presented us to the Court, one of the Barons being seated there for +that purpose, signifying the choice the citizens had made, and that, +in pursuance of our charter, we were presented to his Majesty's +justices for his royal approbation; and the Baron accordingly +approving the choice, he, and the Clerks of the Exchequer, were +invited to our dinner; then the late sheriffs were sworn to their +accounts, and made their proffers; and the senior alderman present +cut one twig in two, and bent another, and the officers of the court +counted six horse-shoes and hob-nails. + +"This formality, it is said, is passed through each year, by way +of suit and service for the citizens holding some tenements in St. +Clement's Danes, as also some other lands; but where they are situated +no one knows, nor doth the city receive any rents or profits thereby. + +"This done, we returned in the same order to the Three Cranes, and +from thence, in our coaches, to dinner at Drapers' Hall; where my Lord +Mayor, aldermen, gentlemen of Guildhall, and guests invited, dined +at one table, and we, the sheriff's, at the head of another, with the +Court of Assistance of each of our companies: and the Clerks of the +Exchequer by themselves at another table. After dinner, the Lord +Mayor, aldermen, &c. returned into a separate room, where we sat with +them at the head of the table, one on each side of the Lord Mayor; +our two companies were in another room, and the greatest part of the +Clerks of the Exchequer remained in the hall." + +On the 7th of October they "settled a point," with the keeper of +Newgate in regard to the transportation of _felons_. That was, that +the keeper should deliver them to the merchant, "who contracts to +carry them over," at the door of Newgate, and there discharge himself +of any further custody; but leaving him and his officers the privilege +of protecting them down to the water side, according to any private +agreement between him and the merchant; it being fully understood that +the sheriffs should not be responsible for their charge "from the time +of their first delivery." + +(_TO BE CONCLUDED IN OUR NEXT._) + + * * * * * + + + +SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY. + + +STEAM CARRIAGES ON COMMON ROADS. + + + (_From Mr. Alexander Gordon's Treatise on Elemental + Locomotion. Concluded from page 185._) + +We do not advocate any thing so preposterous as the change of the +whole animate power of Great Britain into inanimate, though in this +the political economist can see the solution of all our Malthusian +difficulties to an indefinite extent and duration. What we urge is +merely the partial adoption of the thing to such an extent as will +relax the present pressure, and restore us to a wholesome state of +national prosperity. This will occasion no dangerous experiment, and +will be gradually followed up by a progressive conversion, by which +all the conflicting interests of society will be neutralized, and +the aggregate wealth, and prosperity, and happiness of the empire be +equalized. + +If then _elemental locomotion_ can he made to substitute the +expensive, unproductive system of animate labour now in use, it will +indubitably be for the vital interest of all classes of society that +the substitution should be realized speedily and extensively. That +steam can be so applied has been _satisfactorily proved_. The report +of the Committee of the House of Commons establishes this. But the +evidence of several of the enlightened and practical witnesses who +were examined before that committee bears with too much emphasis upon +the detail of the commercial and economic advantages of the project +we have just been attempting to enumerate and advocate, for us not to +avail ourselves of it even at this early stage of our work. It being +quite decisive in support of the grand conclusion to which the +said committee came after three months of patient and thorough +investigation of the subject, viz. "_That the substitution of +inanimate for animate power is one of the most important improvements +in the means of internal communication ever introduced._" + + [Then follow extracts from the evidence of Messrs. Torrens, + John Farey, Davies Gilbert, and Goldsworthy Garney.] + +In viewing the moral advantages which must result from +steam-carriages, we find them of no less importance. There are but few +so constitutionally indifferent to acceleration in travelling as +the Hollander, who delighted in the "old, solemn, straight-forward, +regular Dutch canal speed--three miles an hour for expresses, and two +for joy or trot journeys." Acceleration in the speed of travelling, if +unaccompanied by danger, is eagerly sought after, because the period +of discomfort is lessened. But steam-carriages will not only lessen +the discomfort by shortening its duration; they can be so equipped +that positive comfort, nay, luxury, may be enjoyed. A steam-engine is +perfectly under control, and consequently much more safe than horses. +The life of the traveller cannot be jeoparded by the breaking of a +rein, horses being frightened, running off, &c. &c.; the steamer, +it will be seen, the honourable Committee report to the House "is +perfectly safe for passengers." + +The actual casualties of stage-coaches, however, we may observe, bear +no proportion to the loss of lives from consumption and other diseases +occasioned by cold and wet, from exposure on the top of coaches.[4] + + [4] It appears from the newspapers that on the night of the + 25th of February, 1812, three outside passengers were found + dead on the roof of the Bath coach, from the inclemency of the + weather. + +Let us consider also how far humanity is outraged by the present +system of quick travelling. The short average life of stage-coach +horses (three years only!) shows how dreadfully over-wrought and +_out-wrought_ they are by the great speed now in practice. Driven for +eight or ten miles, with an oppressive weight, they tremble in every +nerve. With nostrils distended, and sides moving in breathless agony, +they can scarce, when unyoked, crawl to the stable. 'Tis true they +are well fed; the interest of their owners secures that. They are +over-well fed, in order that a supernatural energy may be exerted. The +morrow comes when their galled withers are again to be wrung by the +ill-cushioned collars, and the lumbering of the wheels. But we do not +witness all the misery of the noble and the generous steed. When +the shades of night impend, the reproaches of the feeling, or the +expostulations of the timid traveller no longer protect him from the +lash; and the dread of Mr. Martin's act ceases to effect for a +time its beneficent purpose; when the stiffened joints--the cracked +hoofs--the greasy legs--and stumbling gait of the worn-out animal are +all put into agonized motion by belabouring _him upon the raw_! +The expression is Hibernian, but the brutality is our own. A few +ill-gained pounds reconcile the enormity to the owner--and the +cheapness and expedition of the conveyance give it public sanction: +but humanity is outraged by the same: human sympathies are seared; and +the noble precept, that "the merciful man is merciful to his beast," +is trampled under foot. + +Thus then, by substituting elementary for physical power, we have +comfort for comparative inconvenience--the inside of an elegant +apartment, where books, amusement, or general conversation may +occupy agreeably the time--for the outside of a hard, unsafe stage +conveyance, and exposure to all changes or varieties of atmosphere. +Nay, we see no reason to prevent such improvement in steam-carriages +as shall fit them up like steam-boats, the campaigning carriage of +Napoleon, or the travelling long coach of the present Duke of +Orleans, with beds, and a furnished table. We have besides safety +for danger--accelerated speed without inhumanity--gain of time--of +accommodation--of money--and over and above all, as a non-consumer +of food, we have by the substitution what will remove the host of +Malthusian ills to a period of almost indefinite duration. + + * * * * * + + + +OLD POETS. + + * * * * * + +EYES AND TEARS. + + + How wisely Nature did decree + With the same eyes to weep and see! + That, having view'd the object vain, + They might be ready to complain. + And, since the self-deluding sight, + In a false angle takes each height, + These tears which better measure all. + Like wat'ry lines and plummets fall. + Two tears, with sorrow long did weigh, + Within the scales of either eye, + And then paid out in equal poise, + Are the true price of all my joys. + What in the world most fair appears, + Yea, even laughter, turns to tears: + And all the jewels which we prize, + Melt in these pendents of the eyes. + I have through every garden been, + Amongst the red, the white, the green; + And yet from all those flow'rs I saw, + No honey, but these tears could draw. + So the all-seeing sun each day, + Distils the world with chemic ray; + But finds the essence only showers, + Which straight in pity back he pours. + Yet happy they whom grief doth bless, + That weep the more, and see the less; + And, to preserve their sight more true, + Bathe still their eyes in their own dew. + So Magdalen, in tears more wise + Dissolv'd those captivating eyes, + Whose liquid chains could flowing meet, + To fetter her Redeemer's feet. + Not full sails hasting loaden home, + Nor the chaste lady's pregnant womb, + Nor Cynthia teeming shows so fair, + As two eyes, swoln with weeping, are + The sparkling glance that shoots desire, + Drench'd in these waves, does lose its fire. + Yea, oft the Thunderer pity takes, + And here the hissing lightning slakes. + The incense was to heaven dear, + Not as a perfume, but a tear! + And stars show lovely in the night, + But as they seem the tears of light. + Ope, then, mine eyes, your double sluice, + And practise so your noblest use; + For others too can see, or sleep, + But only human eyes can weep. + Now, like two clouds dissolving, drop, + And at each tear in distance stop: + Now, like two fountains, trickle down: + Now like two floods o'er-run and drown: + Thus lot your streams o'erflow your springs, + Till eyes and tears be the same things; + And each the other's difference bears; + These weeping eyes, those seeing tears. + +MARVELL. + + (_From a neatly-printed Life of the Poet, by John Dove._) + + * * * * * + + +A DROP OF DEW. + + + See, how the orient dew + Shed from the bosom of the morn, + Into the blowing roses, + Yet careless of its mansion new, + For the clear region where 'twas born + Round in itself incloses: + And in its little globe's extent, + Frames, as it can, its native element. + How it the purple flow'r does slight, + Scarce touching where it lies; + But gazing back upon the skies, + Shines with a mournful light, + Like its own tear, + Because so long divided from the sphere. + Restless it rolls, and unsecure, + Trembling, lest it grows impure; + Till the warm sun pities its pain, + And to the skies exhales it back again. + So the _soul_, that drop, that ray, + Of the clear fountain of eternal day, + Could it within the human flow'r be seen, + Rememb'ring still its former height, + Shuns the sweet leaves, and blossoms green; + And, recollecting its own light, + Does, in its pure and circling thoughts, express + The greater heaven in an heaven less, + In how coy a figure wound, + Every way it turns away: + So the world excluding round, + Yet receiving in the day. + Dark beneath, but bright above; + Here disdaining, there in love, + How loose and easy hence to go; + How girt and ready to ascend: + Moving but on a point below, + It all about does upward bend. + Such did the Manna's sacred dew distil, + White and entire, although congeal'd and chill; + Congeal'd on earth; but does, dissolving run + Into the glories of th' almighty sun. + +IBID. + + * * * * * + + + +NOTES OF A READER. + + * * * * * + +ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS, REGENT'S PARK. + + +We recommend such of our London friends and visiters from the country +as have not lately passed an hour or two in the Zoological Gardens, +to do so without further delay. The present season is warm and genial, +and the rejoicing rays of the morning and noontide sun enliven the +tenants of this mimic world in a garden. As evening approaches the air +becomes chill and misty, though + + The weary sun hath made a golden set, + And, by the bright track of his fiery ear, + Gives token of a goodly day to-morrow: + +the several animals indicate their sense of the atmospheric changes by +their decreased activity, reminding us of the comparative torpidity in +which the majority of them will pass the coming winter. + +The present Cuts represent a few of the recent improvements in +the Zoological Gardens, as, the addition of the clock-house and +weathercock[5] to the Llama House. + + [5] By the way, a natural weathercock instead of the gilded + vane, as defined by Brown, would have been a _rara avis_: "A + kingfisher hanged by the bill, converting the breast to that + point of the horizon whence the wind doth blow, is a very + strange introducing of natural weathercocks." + +[Illustration: (_Llama House._)] + +Opposite is the sloping gravel walk leading from the Terrace; and +a large cage for Parrots, Parrakeets, Macaws, and Cockatoos, whose +brilliant colours are here seen to advantage in the resplendent beams +of a September sun. In the distance are the Bear Pole and Shed for +Goats. + +[Illustration: (_Armadillos._)] + +The next Cut includes the House and Enclosure for Armadillos, who +are, in sunny weather, located here with a "select few" rabbits. The +innocent gambols and restless run of the Armadillo over the turf are +here seen to advantage. This house as the distance of the Cut shows, +is not far from the Llama House and circular Aviary. + +Thus far in the Southern Garden, whence we reach the Northern by the +Tunnel beneath the Park-road, as figured in _The Mirror_, No. 535, +opposite to the end of the tunnel is a large squirrel-cage, and at the +extremity of the walk to the right is a spacious building, called the +Repository "the inhabitants of which are continually being changed as +variations in the weather, or any other cause may render convenient." +We last saw there the noble Lions from the Tower, together with the +Hyaena, Jackal, Ichneumons, Coatimondis, besides an assemblage of +splendid tropical birds. The exterior of the building, especially the +ornamented gable and doorways, is picturesque. + +[Illustration: (_The Repository._)] + +[Illustration: (_Deer._)] + +[Illustration: (_Elephants._)] + +Repassing the Squirrel Cage, the visiter must next proceed along the +straight gravelled walk, which leads towards the western extremity +of the North Garden. Here is a range of buildings, among which is the +Stable and enclosed Yard for Deer; Among which are specimens of the +Wapiti, remarkable for its size and the amplitude of its branching +horns when full grown. Next is the Stable and Enclosure for Elephants, +opposite the capacious Bath already represented in _The Mirror_, No. +560. + +In a fortnight we may probably resume our graphic visit to this most +interesting resort. + + * * * * * + + +THE VOICE OF HUMANITY. + + +"The Association for promoting Rational Humanity towards the Animal +Creation" exists--though, in one sense, as a blot upon the character +of the age. They publish the above Journal quarterly, assembling acts +of atrocity which make the blood curdle in our veins, and remind us +that "all are not men that wear the human form." The funds of +the society are not in a prosperous condition; the sand of their +philanthropy is well nigh run out, and fresh appeals are to be made. +Let us glance at the contents of, the _Voice_ before us. The subject +"Abattoirs contrasted with Slaughter-houses and Smithfield-market," +is continued--a plan which we illustrated in _The Mirror_ about five +years since. True enough the Society write, but the people do not +consider; they are so wedded to old prejudices and habits, and the +mammon of money, that pestilential slaughter-houses are tolerated in +the midst of a "city of the plague," notwithstanding a law exists for +its prevention. Four hospitals are building in the metropolis--and +markets are increasing for the sale of the necessaries and luxuries of +life; the _Haymarket_ has been removed from a fashionable quarter to +the suburbs, that loaded carts may not obstruct carriages in their +road to St. James's, the Houses of Parliament, and the Opera--yet, not +a single, _Abattoir_--for the health of the people--exists near the +metropolis. The King and the Court patronize and plan horse-racing, +throwing the lasso, and, if recent report be true, hawking; the +Parliament legislate, a bill is "ordered to be printed"--yet, the +inconsistency and tardiness of these proceedings compel us to +ask, where is the truth of the motto--_Salus populi suprema lex_. +Convictions before magistrates for acts of cruelty are not uncommon; +yet, it is in this, as in many other laws, the poor are caught, while +the rich break through the meshes of the net. In the work before us +are recorded Mr. Osbaldeston's matches, including "the cold-blooded +cruelty towards the generous and heart-broken _Rattler_, in riding him +thirty-four miles in the space of 2 hours, 18 min., and 56 sec." Next +are four police cases of cruelties towards horses, bullocks, and cats, +the persons convicted being "of low estate." Yet there follows the +fact of _a respectable woman_ boiling a cat to death! and next is this +quotation from the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for April, 1789:-- + +"Died, April 4, at Tottenham, John Ardesoif, Esq.; a young man of +large fortune, and in the splendour of his carriages and horses +rivalled by few country gentlemen. His table was that of hospitality, +where it may be said he sacrificed too much to conviviality. Mr. +Ardesoif was fond of cock-fighting, and he had a favourite cock upon +which he had won many profitable matches. The last bet he made upon +this cock he lost; which so enraged him, that he had the bird tied +to a spit, and roasted alive before a large fire. The screams of +the miserable animal were so affecting, that some gentlemen who were +present attempted to interfere, which so exasperated Mr. Ardesoif, +that he seized the poker; and, with the most furious vehemence, +declared that he would kill the first man who interfered; but, in the +midst of his passionate assertions, he fell down dead upon the spot!" + +If we be asked whether it be proper to regard _all_ such dispensations +as judicial inflictions, we reply in the words of Cowper above: + + "'Tis not for us, with rash surmise, + To point the judgments of the skies, + But judgments _plain as this_, + That, sent for man's instruction, bring + A written label on their wing, + 'Tis hard to read amiss." + +[A contribution full of touching simplicity follows:] + +THE WORM. + + Turn, turn, thy hasty foot aside + Nor crush that helpless worm; + The frame thy wayward looks deride, + Required a God to form. + + The common Lord of all that move, + From whom thy being flowed, + A portion of his boundless love + On that poor worm bestowed. + + The sun, the moon, the stars, he made + To all his creatures free; + And spread o'er earth the grassy blade + For worms as well as thee. + + Let them enjoy their little day, + Their lowly hiss receive; + Oh! do not lightly take away + The life thou canst not give. + +Here we may remark, that much wanton cruelty has been abolished by the +extended education of the people. Brutal sports among boys are much +less indulged than formerly, and the worrying of domestic animals +almost invariably denotes a _bad boy_, in the worst sense of the +phrase, likely to make a bad man; "so true to nature is the admirable +aphorism of Wordsworth:-- + + The boy's the father of the man." + +But we do not so much complain of boyish as of adult cruelties; +though, according to the above showing, such atrocities will be less +rare in the next than in the present generation. To conclude, we hope +that the present notice may awaken the sympathy of the reader towards +the laudable objects of the _Society_, under whose guidance the _Voice +of Humanity_ is published. It is a difficult matter to point out "the +uneducated," and writers of all grades are eternally babbling of +our high state of civilization and refinement, yet, we repeat, +the necessity of this association is an anomaly which amounts to a +national disgrace. + + * * * * * + + + +THE PUBLIC JOURNALS. + + +VISIT TO THE SUMMIT OF MOUNT ETNA. + + +_BY LIEUTENANT G.H.P. WHITE, ROYAL NAVY._ + + +On the evening of the 13th of July, 1830, I set off from Catania with +a party of my messmates, to ascend Mount Etna, taking the necessary +guides, and two sumpter mules to carry the provisions, &c., as nothing +in that way can be procured after leaving Nicolosi, which is a small +village about twelve miles from Catania. Etna is divided by the +Sicilians into three several regions. The first is called Pič de +Montagna, the second Nemerosa, and the third Discoperta. The ascent, +though very gradual, commences immediately on leaving the city of +Catania, over a tolerably constructed road; the country around is +formed on an ancient volcanic soil; probably the third eruption +mentioned by Thucydides, which happened in the sixth year of the +Peloponnesian war, and the second of the eighty-eighth Olympiad. +Traversing the lands of Battianti, and St. Giovanni della Punta, the +road is constantly over the lava, and the country on either side is +delicious. Trecastagne, nine miles from Catania, is seated on the +acclivity of a high volcanic mountain. The scene here is beautiful +and picturesque. Near the principal church the view is most extensive. +Towards the east the mountains of Calabria, the sea stretching +from Taormina to Catania, bathing the sides of Etna, covered with +vineyards, woods and villages: northward rises the mountain itself, +surrounded by its progeny of pigmy mountains; these have been thrown +up in various forms, composed principally of cinders, and covered with +rich vegetation. The freshness of the air, the beauty and picturesque +situations of the houses surrounded by lofty and fine trees, the +over-teeming fertility of the soil, and the laughing fields, where +golden Ceres still lingers, unwilling to quit her favourite abode, +intersected by courses of lava, as yet unproductive, make this view +one of the most beautiful and interesting that can be imagined. These +mighty streams of once liquid fire, extending in many places ten miles +in length, by two or three in breadth, fill the mind with horror and +astonishment: that such wondrous masses, consisting of earths, stones, +and minerals, fused and mixed, could be driven forth in one wild +current from the mountain, makes us pause, and confounds any attempt +to reason on the phenomena.--And, although the lava for many centuries +lays waste the superincumbent land, yet, after a certain, but very +long period, it is brought by human industry into such a state as to +become the richest soil for cultivation: but when we reflect on +the necessity of some ages to effect this wished-for state of +decomposition, we bewilder the mind without arriving at any certain +conclusion. When this process is duly effected, the cactus opuntia, or +prickly pear, is planted, which hastens the desired event, and has the +power to break up the lava, and render it fit for productive purposes. +Five miles from Trecastagne is Nicolosi, a small village which has +often suffered from the fire-vomiting mountain. Here we supped, +and baited the mules for two hours. Nicolosi, according to Signor +Gemmellero, a Sicilian physician, long resident at Catania, is two +thousand one hundred and twenty-eight feet above the level of the sea, +and its mean temperature 64° Fahr. + +From hence, to an almost interminable extent, there is a most superb +view of the surrounding country; nothing can be more varied, grand, +and sublime; every spot spared by the all-devastating lavas, is highly +cultivated; the vines and other productive fruit-trees are seen laden +with the most delicious fruits; the groves of olives, the towns and +villages, in almost endless aerial perspective, all terminated by the +distant and deep-blue sea, form a scene the most enchanting that can +be conceived. We remounted about ten o'clock, P.M., our trusty mules, +and pursued or journey. The evening was deliciously serene, the stars +shone with extraordinary brilliancy, and the sky appeared intensely +blue, while the galaxy, or milky way, beamed like a splendid stream of +light across the azure expanse. + +The cool breezes now wafted from the upper regions of the mountain +were very refreshing, and exhilarated our spirits in an extraordinary +degree. Passed Monte Rosso, which is about 600 feet above the level of +the surrounding plain, and is said to have been thrown up during the +great eruption of the year 1669, and from which issued that horrible +stream of burning lava, which, after destroying the country for the +length of fourteen miles, ran into the sea at Catania. + +About six miles higher up commences the Nemerosa region, which, like +a beautiful green girdle, encircles the mountain; it abounds with +ancient hillocks, and lava of different periods, and is almost +covered with frowning woods of oak, holm, beech and pines, on the more +elevated points. + +After enjoying for some time this stupendous and enchanting treat, we +kept torturing and progressing, lost in pleasing reveries caused by +the fairy scene. + +Halted at the upper boundary of the forest region, to refresh our +mules, and exchange our light clothing for garments of a warmer +texture, as the wind now blew cool and somewhat chilly; for the +temperature of this spot was about 50°, while that of Catania, which +we had only left a few hours ago, was about 84° Fahr. + +The road, on leaving our resting-place, became tedious and cheerless; +hardly any vegetation was discoverable, and still wilder regions +appeared above us. The path now lay over masses of rough lava; so much +so, that at times it became necessary to dismount and actually drag +our jaded animals over the rugged precipices which obstructed our +progress: the intricacy of the path required us to follow one another +very closely, that we might not lose the track, which became so +tortuous in its course, as would puzzle any one but a muleteer +accustomed to the road to find the clue of this volcanic labyrinth in +the darkness of night. + +After much anxious travelling over wastes of cinders and black sand, +we seemed to be approaching near the wished-for summit; when, about +two o'clock, A.M., the moon, now shorn of her beams, queen like, arose +behind the bifurcated summit of Etna; her cheering light was very +grateful to us in this wild spot. The awful cone of the mountain +pillowed against the heavens, and emitting clouds of silvery white +smoke from its burning crater, had a grand effect at this solemn hour +of the night. + +At three o'clock, arrived at the Casa Inglese, a rude hut built by the +English troops when stationed in Sicily, during the late war. Here it +became again necessary to halt a little to put on some extra clothing. +As soon as this was accomplished, the signal for the ascent was made +by the guides giving each person of the party a long staff, to assist +him in clambering the steeps, as the mules could not proceed any +further, owing to the nature and fatigue of the ascent. The first +portion of the road lay over large broken masses of lava, most +wearisome to scramble over. On approaching nearer the apex, the path +was over cinders, fine black sand, and scoria. In wading through this +compound the ascent became so difficult and fatiguing, that we were +all under the necessity of reposing every twenty or thirty yards, +tormented by the sulphureous vapour, which rendered respiration +painful, and was even less supportable than the abruptness of the +mountain path! + +At length, after somewhat more than an hour's walk, the most harassing +that can be imagined, we arrived at the top just as the day began to +dawn. To paint the feelings at this dizzy height, requires the pen of +poetic inspiration; or to describe the scene presented to mortal +gaze, when thus looking down with fearful eye on the almost boundless +prospect beneath! The blue expanded ocean, fields, woods, cities, +rivers, mountains, and all the wonted charms of the terrestrial world, +had a magic effect, when viewed by the help of the nascent light; +while hard by yawned that dreadful crater of centuries untold, +evolving thick sulphureous clouds of white smoke, which rolling down +the mountain's side in terrific grandeur, at length formed one vast +column for many miles in extent across the sky. Anon the mountain +growled awfully in its inmost recesses, and the earth was slightly +convulsed! We now attempted to descend a short distance within +the crater; the guides, timid of its horrors, did not relish the +undertaking, but were induced at length, and conducted the party +behind some heaps of lava, from whence was a grand view of this +awful cavern. The noise within the gulf resembled loud continuous +thunderings, and after each successive explosion, there issued columns +of white, and sometimes of black smoke. + +The crater presents the appearance of an inverted cone, the interior +part of which is covered with crystallizations of salts and sulphur, +of various brilliant hues--red appeared to predominate, or rather +a deep orange colour. Writers vary much in their accounts as to +the circumference of the crater. Captain Smyth, R.N., who had an +opportunity to ascertain it correctly, describes it as an oval, +stretching from E. and by N. to W., and by S. with a conjugate +diameter of four hundred and ninety-three yards; the transverse he +was prevented from ascertaining by a dense cloud that arose before his +operations were completed. It was soon requisite for us to retire from +this spot, as the smoke began to increase, and our guides said that +some adventurous travellers had lost their lives by approaching too +near, and were either blown into the abyss below by the violence +of the wind, which is generally very strong at this elevation, or +suffocated by a sudden burst of the sulphureous vapour. + +The Regione Deserta, or desolate region of Etna, first attracts the +eye, marked in winter by a circle of ice and snow, but now (July) +by cinders and black sand. In the midst the great crater rears its +burning head, and the regions of intense heat and extreme cold shake +hands together. The eye soon becomes satiated with its wildness, and +turns with delight on the Sylvana region, which, with its magnificent +zone of forest trees, embraces the mountain completely round: in many +parts of this delightful tract are seen hills, now covered with +the most luxuriant vegetation, that have been formed by different +eruptions of Etna. This girdle is succeeded by another still richer, +called the Regione Culta, abundant in every fruit or grain that man +can desire: the small rivers Semetus and Alcantara intersect these +fertile fields; beyond this the whole of Sicily, with its cities, +towns, and villages, its corn-fields and vineyards in almost endless +perspective, charm and delight the senses. + +The summit of the mountain is composed of scoria, and crystallizations +of sulphur, with here and there heaps of lava; wherever a stick is +thrust in, the opening immediately emits a volume of white smoke, +and if the hand be applied to the aperture, it is soon withdrawn on +account of the great heat. The mean temperature of the summit, during +the months of July and August, is 37° Fahr. After having remained +about an hour, descended to the Casa Inglese. After an hour's repose, +proceeded downwards, visited the Philosopher's Tower, as it is called, +which tradition says was constructed by Empedocles while he was +studying the various phenomena of Etna. + +About a mile or two from this spot, there is a grand view of the +Val di Bove. The foreground consists of lava, forming the face of an +enormous precipice, at the bottom of which is seen a lovely valley, +gradually sloping down towards the coast, embracing the three several +regions of the mountain, to which the purple wave of the Mediterranean +forms a noble boundary: nothing can be more varied, rich, and +beautiful than this scene, as it comprises every object necessary to +form a perfect landscape. + +It was interesting to notice the gradual increase of vegetation during +the descent. The Senecio Christhenifolius grows at the elevation of +8,830 feet, the Juniperus Communis commences at 6,800. Then follow the +Pinus Sylv., Betula Alba, Quercus Robur, and the Fagus Sylvaticus. The +olive is seen at the altitude of 3,000 feet, and the vines flourish as +high as 5,000 feet.--_United Service Journal._ + + [In a clever paper on the geographical position and history of + Active Volcanoes, contributed by W.M. Higgins, Esq. F.G.S. and + J.W. Draper, Esq. to the _Magazine of Natural History_, is the + following outline of Etna.] + +Etna is entirely composed of volcanic rocks, and rises in imposing +grandeur to the height of 10,000 ft. above the level of the sea. It is +about 180 miles in circumferences, and is surrounded on every hand +by apparently small volcanic cones, though of no inconsiderable size, +which tend in a great degree to increase the apparent dimensions of +the central mountain. Some of these cones are covered with vegetation, +but others are arid and bare. From this variety in the progress of +vegetation, some persons have endeavoured to calculate the relative +ages of the cones; but these opinions are exceedingly vague, as it +requires a longer period to form a soil on some lavas than on +others. The earliest historical notice we have of this mountain is by +Thucydides, who states that there were three eruptions previous to the +Peloponnesian war (431 B.C.), to one of which Pindar alludes in his +first Pythian Ode. In the year 396 B.C. the volcano was again active; +and according to Diodorus Siculus, the Carthaginian army was stopped +in its march against Syracuse by the flowing lava. But let it suffice +to say, that ten eruptions previous to, and forty-eight subsequent to, +the Christian era, have been recorded; some when the mountain was +in the phase of moderate activity, and others when in the phase of +prolonged intermittence. + + * * * * * + + +THE SECRET LOVER. + + +FROM THE PERSIAN OF JAUMI. + + + Lives there the soulless youth, whose eye + That ruby tinted lip could see, + Nor long for thee to live or die? + How unlike me! + + Or see that cheek's pomegranate glow; + Yet think of anything but thee, + Cold as that bosom heaving snow? + How unlike me! + + Or see thee o'er the golden wire + Bend with such lovely witchery, + Nor feel each tone like living fire? + How unlike me! + + Or see thee in the evening dance + Float, like the foam upon the sea, + Nor drink sweet poison from thy glance? + How unlike me! + + Or hear thy hymn, at moonlight rise, + Soft as the humming of the bee, + Nor think he sits in Paradise? + How unlike me! + + Or see thee in thy simplest hour, + Sweet as the rose upon the tree, + Nor long to plant thee in his bower? + How unlike me! + + But lives there one who vainly tries + To look the freest of the free, + And hide the wound by which he dies? + Ah! how like me! + +_BLACKWOOD'S MAGAZINE_. + + * * * * * + + + +RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS. + + +ROBIN HOOD. + + (_Concluded from page 182_.) + +With respect to the personal character of Robin Hood, it is generally +agreed that he was active, brave, prudent, patient, possessed of +uncommon bodily strength, and considerable military skill; just, +generous, and beloved by his followers. As proofs of his singular +popularity, his story and exploits have been made the subject of +various dramatic exhibitions, as well of innumerable poems, lyrics, +songs, and ballads; he has given rise to divers proverbs, and to swear +by him was a common practice. Some writers say his songs have been +preferred on solemn occasions, not only to the Psalms of David, but +to the New Testament, and his service to the word of God. We have the +opinion of Bishop Latimer on this head:--"I came," says the bishop +(in his sixth sermon before King Edward VI.) "to a place, riding on +a journey homeward from London, and I sent word over night into the +town, that I would preach there in the morning, because it was a +holyday, and methought it was a holydayes worke; the churche stode +in my way, and I toke my horse and my companye and went thither. I +thought I should have found a great companye in the churche, and when +I came there, the churche dore was faste locked; I tarried halfe +an houre and more, and at last the keye was founde, and one of the +parishe commes to me, and sayes, 'Syr, thys ys a busye day with us, we +cannot heare you; it is Robyn Hoode's day; the parishe is gone abroad +to gather for Robyn Hoode.' I pray you let them not, I was fayne there +to geve place to Robyn Hoode. I thought my rochet should have been +regarded thoughe I were not; but it woulde not serve, it was fayne +to give place to Robyn Hoode's men. It is no laughyng matter, my +friendes, it is a wepynge matter, a heavy matter under a pretence +for gatherynge for Robyn Hoode, a traytoure and a thefe, to put out +a preacher, to have his office lesse esteemed, to prefer Robyn Hoode +before the mynystration of God's word, and all thys hath come of +unpreachynge prelates. Thys realme hath been il provided, for that +it hath had suche corrupte judgementes in it, to prefer Robyn Hode +to Godde's worde. Yf the bysshoppes had bene preachers, there sholde +never have bene any such thynge," &c. + +Robin Hood was believed to possess supernatural powers. In the parish +of Halifax is an immense stone or rock, supposed to be a Druidical +monument, there called Robin Hood's penny-stone, which he is said +to have used to pitch with at a mark, for his amusement. There was +likewise another of these stones of several tons weight, which the +country people would say he threw off an adjoining hill with a spade, +as he was digging. At Bitchover, where it was said he lived, among +several groups of rocks, were some stones called Robin Hood's Stride, +being two of the highest and most remarkable. He obtained also the +distinction of sainthood, in having a festival allotted to him, and +solemn games instituted in honour of his memory; a short account of +which will be found in _The Mirror_, No. 544, p. 259. These games were +celebrated till the latter end of the sixteenth century, not by the +populace only, but by kings and princes, and grave magistrates, in +Scotland and in England; being considered in the former country of the +highest political importance, and essential to the civil and religious +liberties of the people; the efforts of government to suppress them +frequently producing tumult and insurrection. + +In Ray's Itineraries, 1760, we are told that Robin Hood's bow, one +of his arrows, his chair, his cap, and one of his slippers, were +preserved till within the above century. In Brome's Travels, is the +following notice of his relics: "having pleased ourselves with the +antiquities of Nottingham, we took horse and went to visit the well, +and ancient chair, of Robin Hood, which is not far from hence, within +the Forest of Sherwood. Being placed in the chair, we had a cap +which they say was his, very formally put upon our heads, and having +performed the usual ceremonies befitting so great a solemnity, we +received the freedom of the chair, and were incorporated into the +society of that renowned brotherhood." In Hutton's Journey from +Birmingham to London, 1785, he states, "I was much pleased with a +slipper, belonging to the famous Robin Hood, shown me, fifty years +ago, at St. Ann's Well, near Nottingham, a place upon the borders of +Sherwood Forest, to which he resorted." Over a spring called Robin +Hood's Well, four miles north of Doncaster, is a handsome stone arch, +erected by Lord Carlisle, where passengers from the coach used to +drink of the fair water, and give alms to two people who attended. + +Thus, not only did those places retain his name which afforded him +security or amusement, but even the well at which he quenched his +thirst. There is also Robin Hood's Bay, on the coast of Yorkshire. +It is mentioned by Leland as "a fischer tounlet of 20 bootes caulled +Robyn Huddes Bay, a dok or bosom of a mile yn length:" in this bay he +often went fishing in the summer season, and not far from this he had +butts or marks set up, where he used to exercise his men in shooting +with the long bow. + +After Robin's death, his company dispersed, and are supposed to have +been distinguished from the name of their gallant leader, by the title +of Roberdsmen. It may not be uninteresting to subjoin a short account +of the last days of Robin's friend and favourite, Little John. The +honour of his death and burial is contended by rival nations, first by +England. At the village of Hathersage, about six miles from Castleton, +in Derbyshire, is Little John's grave. Tradition states, some curious +person caused it to be opened, when there were found several bones of +uncommon size, which he preserved; but meeting afterwards with +many unlucky accidents, he carefully replaced them, partly at the +intercession of the sexton who had taken them up for him, and who had +in like manner been visited with misfortunes, but upon restoring +the bones all these troubles ceased. Secondly, by Scotland. In +Murray-land, according to the historian, Hector Boece, is "the +Kirke of Pette, quhare the banis of Lytill Johne remainis in grete +admiratioun of pepill. He hes bene fourtene feet of hycht with square +membris effering thairto VI zeris," continues he, "afore the cumyng of +this werk to lycht we saw his hanche-bane, als mekill as the hail +bane of ane man, lor we schot our arme in the mouth thairof. Be quhilk +apperis how strang and square pepill grew in our regioun afore they +were effeminat with lust and intemperance of mouth." Thirdly, by +Ireland. "There stood," as Stanihurst relates, "in Ostmantowne greene +an hillocke, named Little John his shot. The occasion," he says, +proceeded of this--"In the yeere one thousand one hundred foure score +and nine, there ranged three robbers and outlaws in England, among +which Robert Hood and Little John weere cheefeteins, of all theeves +doubtlesse the most courteous. Robert Hood being betrayed at a nunrie +in Scotland, called Bricklies, the remnant of the crue was scattered, +and everie man forced to shift for himselfe; whereupon Little John was +faine to flee the realme by sailing to Ireland, where he sojornied +for a few daies at Dublin. The citizens beeing doone to understand the +wandering outcast to be an excellent archer, requested him hartilie to +trie how far he could shoote at random; who yeelding to their behest, +stood on the bridge of Dublin, and shot to that mole hill, leaving +behind him a monument, rather by his posteritie to be woondered, than +possiblie by anie man living to be counterscored. But as the repaire +of so notorious a champion to anie countrie would soone be published, +so his abode could not be long concealed, and therefore to eschew +the danger of laws, he fled into Scotland, where he died at a town or +village called Moravie." But, Mr. Walker, after observing, that "poor +Little John's great practical skill in archery could not save him +from an ignominious fall," says "it appeared from some records in +the Southwell family, that he was publicly executed for robbery on +Arbor-hill, Dublin." + +A bow, said to have belonged to Little John, with the name of Nayler +upon it, is now in the possession of a gentleman in the West Riding of +Yorkshire.[6] SWAINE. + + [6] Sir George Armitage, of Kirklees Hall.--See _Mirror_, vol. + xix. p. 322. + + * * * * * + + + +NEW BOOKS. + + * * * * * + +ELEMENTS OF CHEMISTRY. + + + [This is one of the _Naturo-Philosophical_ volumes of the + _Cabinet Cyclopaedia_, and is therefore to be viewed as a + portion of that series rather than as a substantive work. Its + preparation has been entrusted to Mr. M. Donovan, Professor of + Chemistry to the Company of Apothecaries in Ireland; so that + it comes to us with some share of recommendatory experience + on the part of the editor. It would, however, be difficult to + point out the advantages of Mr. Donovan's volume over others + of the same description. Neither will such distinction be + looked for but in a scientific journal. The arrangement is + clear and satisfactory; the manner plain and illustrative; and + the matter in accordance with the science of the present day; + though in a few cases the nomenclature is somewhat overloaded + with hard names, and presumes more previous acquaintance with + the subject than is consistent. We subjoin a few extracts of + popular interest.] + +_Caloric, or the matter of Heat._ + +Heat is admitted by the philosophers of the present day to be the +principle concerned in repulsion; and heat and cold are known to +produce expansion and contraction in all bodies. Heat is, therefore, +the antagonist of cohesion. Chemists have thought it necessary to make +a distinction between the senses in which the word heat may be taken. +In its usual acceptation, it merely means the effect excited on the +organs of sensation by a hot body. But as this must be produced by +a power in the hot body independent of sensation, that power is what +chemists understand by the word _heat_: and to distinguish between +the effect and its cause, the term _caloric_ has been substituted. +The introduction of this term appears altogether unnecessary, when +the sense in which the word _heat_ should be understood is explained. +Caloric means the _cause_ of the _sensation_ heat: and there seems no +reason to fear that the perception of heat by the organs of sensation +can ever be misunderstood to be the agent in chemical phenomena. + +_Omniscience displayed in the constitution of the Atmosphere._ + +In the constitution of the atmosphere we have ample scope to admire +the design and execution of a structure calculated, with such wondrous +precision, to fulfil its purposes. Were the atmosphere to consist +wholly of oxygen; and the different kinds of objects which compose, +and are found upon, the globe, to remain what they are; the world +would run through its stages of decay, renovation, and final +destruction, in a rapid cycle. Combustion, once excited, would proceed +with ungovernable violence; the globe, during its short existence, +would be in a continual conflagration, until its ashes would be its +only remains: animals would live with hundred-fold intensity, and +terminate their mortal career in a few hours. On the other hand, +were the atmosphere wholly composed of azote, life could never have +existed, whether animal or vegetable, and the objects of the Creator +in forming this world would not be fulfilled. But the atmosphere is a +wholesome mixture of these two formidable elements, each neutralizing +the other's baneful influence. The life of animals quietly runs +through its allotted space; and the current of nature flows within +prescribed limits, manageably and moderately. + +_Tartaric Acid._ + +Every one knows, that when a large quantity of the juice of grapes is +left to spontaneous fermentation, the result is wine. When wine has +been kept some time to depurate in wooden vessels, it deposits, on the +side of the vessel, a hard crust of dark coloured matter, the taste +of which is sour. This matter is impure; but, when purified by various +crystallizations, it becomes perfectly white and crystalline; and +then it is known in commerce by the name of _cream of tartar_. The +etymology of the singular name, tartar, is uncertain: it is derived +from _tártaros_, as some say, because it occasions pains equal to +those endured in the infernal regions; and, as others say, merely +because this substance deposits itself in the inferior parts of the +cask. Tartaric acid may be obtained from cream of tartar by a +process analogous to that given for obtaining citric acid. It has an +exceedingly acid taste: it dissolves readily in water, and is soluble +in alcohol. Its crystals are of a very irregular shape. In 100 parts, +by weight, there are 12 of water; the remaining 88 parts are the pure +anhydrous acid, composed of 32-39 parts of carbon, 52-97 of oxygen, +and 2-64 of hydrogen. This acid exists abundantly in other fruits, but +especially in the tamarind; in the grape it exists along with citric, +malic, and an acid called _vinic_, which resembles tartaric acid +in many respects, but differs from it in others, and concerning the +nature of which almost nothing is known: these four constitute the +agreeable tartness of the juice of that fruit. + +_Oxalic Acid_. + +The plant called sorrel is valued for its acidulous taste. This +acidity is owing to the presence of a peculiar acid, which may +be separated from the juice, and from the potash with which it is +combined, by a process analagous to that described for the preparation +of citric acid. It has obtained the name of _oxalic acid_, from +the generic name of the plant, _oxalis acetosella_. This acid forms +readily into regular crystals, of which one half the weight is water, +the other half being pure acid. It is a remarkable circumstance in +its constitution, that it contains no hydrogen, and that it consists +merely of carbon and oxygen--there being twice as much oxygen as +there is carbon. So that it differs from carbonic acid merely in the +relative quantities of its ingredients. Oxalic acid can be prepared by +an artificial process, with great ease, from sugar, and six times its +weight of nitric acid,--the former affording the carbon necessary to +its formation, and the latter the oxygen. It is only necessary to +heat the nitric acid on the sugar; the sugar dissolves, and there is +a violent effervescence, which must be moderated by immersion in +cold water: when the mixture cools, crystals of oxalic acid form in +abundance, which may be purified by a second crystallization. + +Oxalic acid is an active poison; many persons have fallen victims to +its virulence, by having swallowed it in mistake for Epsom salt, which +it resembles in appearance. In all probability, this would not prove +to be the only vegetable acid capable of acting as a poison. Chalk +finely powdered, and diffused in water, is the proper antidote to the +poison of oxalic acid. + + [The chapter on Combustion contains some new facts; and that + on the Atomic Theory is more attractive than might have been + expected.] + + * * * * * + + + +THE GATHERER + + * * * * * + +_The Plain Truth._--Sir John Trevor, cousin to Lord Chancellor +Jefferies, was an able man, but as corrupt as he was able. He +was twice Speaker of the House of Commons, and officially had the +mortification to put the question to the house, "whether himself ought +to be expelled for bribery." The answer was "Yes." + +_Freaks of Royalty._--James I. in a capricious mood, threatened +the Lord Mayor with removing the seat of royalty, the meetings of +parliament, &c. from the capital. "Your Majesty at least," replied the +Mayor, "will be graciously pleased to leave us the River Thames." + +_The Original Strand._--In the reign of Edward III. the Strand was an +open highway. A solitary house occasionally occurred; but in 1353, +the ruggedness of the highway was such, that Edward appointed a tax on +wool, leather, &c. for its improvement. + +On the laying the first stone of the church of St. Martin's in +the Fields, the king (George I.) gave one hundred guineas to be +distributed among the workmen. + +_A swampy Kingdom._--In the reign of Charles II. at the east end of +St. James's Park, there was a swampy retreat for the ducks, thence +denominated Duck Island, which, by Charles was erected into a +government, and a salary annexed to the office, in favour of the +celebrated French writer, M. de St. Evremond, who was the first and +last governor. + +The gold embroidery of the chair of state in Carlton Palace is stated +to have cost 500_l_. + +The horse rode by the Champion in the coronation of George the Third +was the same that bore George the Second at the memorable battle of +Dettingen. + +_Political Criticism._--The following proof of political prejudice +may not be known:--"John Milton was one whose natural parts might +deservedly give him a place amongst the principal of our English +poets, having written two heroic poems and a tragedy, viz:--Paradise +Lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes; _but his fame is gone +out like a candle in a snuff_; and his memory will always stink, +which might have ever lived in honourable repute, had he not been +a notorious traitor, and most impiously and villanously belied that +blessed martyr, King Charles I."--_Lives of the most famous English +Poets, &c. 1687, by Wm. Winstanley._ + +_A Pastor._--The Rev. Andrew Marvell, A.M. father of the patriot, +was born at Mildred, in Cambridgeshire, in 1586. He was a student of +Emanuel College in that University, where he took his degree of Master +of Arts in 1608. Afterwards he was elected master of the grammar +school at Hull, and in 1624, lecturer of Trinity Church in that town. +"He was a most excellent preacher," says Fuller, "who, like a good +husband, never broached what he had new-brewed, but preached what he +had studied some competent time before: insomuch that he was wont to +say that he would cross the common proverb, which called 'Saturday the +working day, and Monday the holiday, of preachers.'" + +_Dryden's Mc Flecnoe_.--W. Newcastle has the following excellent lines +in reference to Dryden's poem:-- + + "_Flecnoe_, thy characters are so full of wit + And fancy, as each word is throng'd with it. + Each line's a _volume_, and who reads would swear + _Whole libraries_ were in each character. + Nor arrows in a quiver stuck, nor yet + Lights in the starry skies are thicker set, + Nor quills upon the armed porcupine, + Than _wit and fancy_ in this work of thine." + + +SIR WALTER SCOTT. + + +The long-expected death of this good and great man took place at +Abbotsford on Friday, September 21. Our seventh volume contains +a Portrait and Memoir of his life to the year 1826; and it is our +intention to prepare for our ensuing number, a brief memoir continued +to his last days, with a wood-cut portrait from the latest painting. +About twelve months since, Sir Walter wrote, with almost prophetic +pen, the following passage in the introduction to his last published +work: "The gentle reader is acquainted, that these are, in all +probability, the last tales which it will be the lot of the author to +submit to the public." The sequel has not been so far realized, though +the accordance of the closing line with the last hours of the deceased +bears a consoling balm: "He is now on the eve of visiting foreign +parts; a ship of war is commissioned by its royal master to carry the +Author of Waverley to climates in which he may possibly obtain such a +restoration of health as may serve him to spin his thread to an end in +his own country." + +_Eating Goose on Michaelmas Day_.--Although this custom can be traced +through upwards of three centuries, its origin has not been decided by +antiquaries. The commonly received belief is that a goose forming part +of the royal dinner when the news was brought to Queen Elizabeth of +the defeat of the Spanish Armada, her chivalrous majesty commanded +that the dish (a goose) then before her, might be served up on every +29th of September, to commemorate the above glorious event. Mr. Douce, +the learned antiquarian illustrator, saw the above reason "somewhere" +(such is his expression); but Mr. Brand thinks this rather to be a +stronger proof that the custom prevailed at court in Queen Elizabeth's +time. Its origin, however, is referable to the previous century: +since, bringing a goose "fit for the lord's dinner," on this day +appears to have been customary even in the time of Edward IV.; and, +that it was common before the Armada victory, is shown the following +passage in Gascoigne, who died in 1577, or eleven years before the +above event:-- + + "And when the tenauntes come to pay their quarter's rent, + They bring some fowle at Midsummer, a dish of fish at Lent; + At Christmasse a capon, _at Michaelmas a goose_, + And somewhat else at New Yere's-tide, _for feare their leave flies + loose_." + +The reason given by Blount, in his _Tenures_, is considered far from +satisfactory. Beckwith, his editor, says, "Probably no other reason +can be given for this custom, but that Michaelmas Day was a great +festival, and geese at that time were most plentiful." The origin of +the saying that "if you eat goose on Michaelmas Day, you will never +want money all the year round," is explained, in the _British Apollo_, +as follows:-- + + The custom came up from the tenants presenting + Their landlords with geese to incline their relenting + On following payments. + +Again:-- + + For doubtless 'twas at first design'd + To make the people seasons mind, + That so they might apply their care + To all those things which needful were; + And by a good industrious hand, + Know when and how t' improve their land. + +Ellis, in his notes to Brand, says, "the practice of eating goose on +Michaelmas Day does not appear to prevail in any part of France. Upon +St. Martin's Day, they eat turkey at Paris. They likewise eat geese +upon St. Martin's Day, Twelfth Day, and Shrove Tuesday, at Paris." +In Denmark, where the harvest is later than here, every family has a +roasted goose for supper on St. Martin's Eve. PHILO. + +_The reason why Pennsylvania was settled._ + + "Penn refused to pull his hat off + Before the king, and therefore set off, + Another country to light pat on, + Where he might worship with his hat on." H.H. + + +"Mollissima tempora fandi." + +A translation of the above is requested, in one line, which shall +rhyme with the original. H.H. + + +_Motto for a Cigar Smoker._ + +"Non fumum ex fulgore, sed ex fumo dare lucem cogita." H.H. + + * * * * * + +St. Cross, Winchester, received some weeks since, shall appear next +week. + + * * * * * + + THE LATE SIR WALTER SCOTT, BART. + No. 203, price Twopence, of + THE MIRROR, + Contains a STEEL-PLATE PORTRAIT and MEMOIR + of the late + SIR WALTER SCOTT, BART. + + * * * * * + +_Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143. Strand, (near Somerset +House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; +G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen +and Booksellers._ + + * * * * * + + + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, +and Instruction, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE *** + +***** This file should be named 11887-8.txt or 11887-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/8/8/11887/ + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Bill Walker and PG Distributed Proofreaders + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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