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diff --git a/11887-h/11887-h.htm b/11887-h/11887-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..307e2f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/11887-h/11887-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2669 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" + content="text/html; charset=us-ascii" /> + + <title>The Mirror of Literature, Issue 568.</title> + <style type="text/css"> + /*<![CDATA[*/ + + <!-- + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + p {text-align: justify;} + blockquote {text-align: justify;} + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center;} + pre {font-size: 0.7em;} + + hr {text-align: center; width: 50%;} + html>body hr {margin-right: 25%; margin-left: 25%; width: 50%;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + html>body hr.full {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;} + hr.short {text-align: center; width: 20%;} + html>body hr.short {margin-right: 40%; margin-left: 40%; width: 20%;} + + .note, .footnote + {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + + span.pagenum + {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt;} + + .poem + {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem p {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem p.i2 {margin-left: 1em;} + .poem p.i4 {margin-left: 2em;} + .poem p.i6 {margin-left: 3em;} + .poem p.i8 {margin-left: 4em;} + .poem p.i10 {margin-left: 5em;} + + .figure + {padding: 1em; margin: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em; margin: auto;} + .figure img + {border: none;} + .figure p + + .side { float:right; + font-size: 75%; + width: 25%; + padding-left:10px; + border-left: dashed thin; + margin-left: 10px; + text-align: left; + text-indent: 0; + font-weight: bold; + font-style: italic;} + --> + /*]]>*/ + </style> +</head> + +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and +Instruction, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction + Vol. 20. No. 568 - 29 Sept 1832 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: April 3, 2004 [EBook #11887] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Bill Walker and PG Distributed Proofreaders + + + + + +</pre> + + <hr class="full" /> + + <h1>THE MIRROR<br /> + OF<br /> + LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1> + <hr class="full" /> + + <table width="100%" + summary="Volume, Number, and Date"> + <tr> + <td align="left"><b>Vol. 20. No. 568.</b></td> + + <td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 29, + 1832.</b></td> + + <td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td> + </tr> + </table> + <hr class="full" /> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page193" + id="page193"></a>[pg 193]</span> + + <div class="figcenter" + style="width:100%;"> + <a href="images/568-1.png"><img width="100%" + src="images/568-1.png" + alt="" /></a> + + <h3>BIRTHPLACE OF THE EARL OF ELDON.</h3> + </div> + + <p>Little need be said, by way of explanation, for the addition + of the present subject to our collection of the birthplaces of + eminent men. It is something to know that John Scott was born + at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, in the principal dwelling represented + in the above Engraving, in the year 1751; that he received the + rudiments of his education at the free grammar-school of the + town; that he grew up "a man of safe discretion;" that he + enjoyed the highest legal honours which his sovereign could + bestow for a quarter of a century; and that he still lives, a + venerable octogenarian, in the enjoyment of "glory from his + conscience, and honour from men." The biography of so + distinguished an individual must have innumerable good + tendencies: it at once inculcates the wholesome truth that + "every man is the architect of his own fortune;" and it + presents us, moreover, with the encouraging picture of a + well-regulated life, and its healthful energies so employed in + the discharge of important duties as to entitle the subject to + high rank among the worthies of his country.</p> + + <p>John Scott, Lord Eldon, is the third son of William Scott, + of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. "His father was by trade what in the + language of the place is called a 'fitter,' or agent for the + sale and shipment of coals. He had by industry and habits of + close saving accumulated rather considerable means from small + beginnings. Beyond this he was a man of great shrewdness and + knowledge of the world," and quickly perceiving the talents of + the two younger boys, William (now Lord Stowell,) and John, he + wisely gave them an education in accordance with their mental + endowments. "It is said that the singular variety in the talent + of these two remarkable youths was manifested at a very early + age. When asked to 'give an account of the sermon,' which was a + constant Sabbath custom of their father, William, the eldest, + gave at once a condensed and lucid digest of the general + argument. John, on the other hand, would go into all the + minutiae, but failed in producing the lucid, general view + embodied in half the number of words by his + brother."<a id="footnotetag1" + name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a> + The two boys received their early education at the free + grammar-school of Newcastle.<a id="footnotetag2" + name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> + William was from the beginning destined for the study of the + law. John was at first intended for the church, + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page194" + id="page194"></a>[pg 194]</span> and was, accordingly, sent + to Oxford: early marriage was, however, the fortunate means + of changing his destination, and he began the world in the + same profession with his brother. In 1757, John was entered + as a student at the Middle Temple, and was called to the bar + at the usual period. He at this time possessed an extensive + stock of legal information, having been an indefatigable + reader, and spent the two last years of his preliminary + studies in the office of a special pleader. At his outset he + made no progress, his powers being palsied by an oppressive + diffidence. He therefore devoted his talents entirely to + being a draftsman in Chancery. His employment was laborious, + and not lucrative, while it materially injured his health. + In a fit of despondency he resolved to retire into humble + practice in his native county; and he had actually given up + his chambers and taken leave of his friends in the + metropolis, when he was not only diverted from his purpose + by an eminent solicitor, but was even prevailed upon to make + one more trial at the bar. His first success was the + undoubted fruit of his extraordinary abilities, and is said + to have originated in the sudden illness of a leading + counsel the night before the trial of a complicated civil + cause. It could not be put off, and the client of the lost + leader was in despair, when Scott courageously took the + brief, made himself in one night master of its voluminous + intricacies, and triumphed. From this time he gained + confidence, and his forensic reputation soon became + established. He was much aided by the encouragement which he + received from Lord Thurlow, who praised his abilities, and + is said to have offered him a mastership in Chancery, which + Mr. Scott declined.</p> + + <p>In 1783; Mr. Scott obtained a silk gown; and, through Lord + Weymouth's interest, he was introduced into parliament for the + borough of Weobly. It is stated that on the latter occasion, he + stipulated for the liberty of voting as he pleased. He took a + decided part with the Pitt administration; and in 1788, he was + appointed solicitor-general, and knighted; in 1793, he rose to + be attorney-general, and in the following year he conducted the + trial of Hardy, Tooke, and Thelwall, for treason. Erskine was + opposed to him; and the prosecution failed, though the speech + of the attorney-general occupied nine hours in the + delivery.</p> + + <p>In 1799, Sir John Scott was appointed to the chief + justiceship of the Common Pleas, on the resignation of Chief + Justice Eyre; and in the same year he was raised to the peerage + by the title of Baron Eldon. In 1801, he was made Lord + Chancellor, which high office he retained till the year 1827, + with the exception of the short period during which the Whigs + were in office, in 1806. His lordship was raised to the dignity + of an earl at the coronation of George IV. in 1821.</p> + + <p>The high character of the Earl of Eldon as Chancellor is + thus lucidly drawn by Sir Egerton Brydges: "Of all who, in the + long lapse of ages, have filled the sacred seat on which he now + (1823) sits, none ever had purer hands, none ever had a + conscientious desire of equity more ardent and more incessant + than Lord Eldon. The amazing expanse of his views, the + inexpressible niceness of his discrimination, his unrelaxing + anxiety to do justice in every individual case, the kindness of + his heart, and the ductility of his ideas, all ensure that + attention to every suitor which must necessarily obtain the + unbounded admiration and attachment of the virtuous and the + wise. Lord Eldon's eloquence," continues Sir Egerton, "is + rather adapted to cultivated and thinking minds than to a + popular audience. It generally addresses the understanding + rather than the fancy. It frequently wants fluency, but + occasionally is tinged with a high degree of moral pathos."</p> + + <p>We could illustrate the conscientious character alluded to + by the above writer, with anecdotes of the chancellorship of + Lord Eldon. As the following have, we believe, but once + appeared in print, they may not, be familiar to the reader. Sir + Richard Phillips relates:<a id="footnotetag3" + name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a> + "In conversation with Mr. Butterman, (at Dronfield), I heard + two anecdotes of Lord Eldon, which, as an example to Lord + Chancellors, and to public spirited parishioners, I consider + it my duty to introduce. The incumbent, some years ago, + thought proper to propose an exchange with an incompetent + clergyman; when Mr. B., as a friend to the church, and some + of his respectable neighbours took alarm at the negotiation, + and in the commencement he penned a letter to the + Chancellor. The other parties calculated on the arrangement, + but, on applying to the Chancellor he could consent to no + exchange, but that if the parties were tired of their + positions, they might respectively resign, and there were + plenty of candidates. The determination was final, and the + scheme of exchange was abandoned. In another instance, a + master had been regularly appointed to the grammar school at + Dronfield, on liberal principles of education, but, within a + few years, some prejudice was excited against him, and the + churchwardens for the time thought proper to stop his + salary. On this occasion, Mr. B. and some friends combined + in an application to Lord Eldon, and his lordship instantly + directed the churchwardens to render an account of the trust + within a few days. They claimed time, and were allowed a + month, when, without other form, he directed the salary to + be paid to the appointed master, with all expenses."</p> + + <p>Newcastle contains memorials of Lord Eldon which indicate + that the inhabitants <span class="pagenum"><a name="page195" + id="page195"></a>[pg 195]</span> are proud of their + distinguished fellow-freeman. A spacious range of elegant + buildings is called Eldon Square: and in the Guildhall is a + portrait of his lordship, opposite that of his brother, Lord + Stowell.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>THE WEARIED SOLDIER</h3>. + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"When silent time, wi' lightly foot,</p> + + <p class="i2">Had trod o'er thirty years,</p> + + <p>I sought again, my native land,</p> + + <p class="i2">Wi' many hopes and fears."</p> + + <p class="i10">MRS. HAMILTON.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>He came to the village, when the sun</p> + + <p class="i2">In the "golden west" was bright,</p> + + <p>When sounds were dying one by one,</p> + + <p class="i2">And the vesper star was shining down,</p> + + <p>With a soft and silvery light.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>A war-worn wanderer was he,</p> + + <p class="i2">And absent many a year</p> + + <p>From the cottage-home he fain would see,</p> + + <p class="i2">From that resting-place where he would + be,</p> + + <p>The spot to memory dear.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>It rose at last upon his view,</p> + + <p class="i2">(Old times were thronging round him,)</p> + + <p>The lattice where the jasmine grew,</p> + + <p class="i2">The meadow where he brush'd the dew</p> + + <p>When youth's bright hopes were round him.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>But faces new, and sadly strange,</p> + + <p class="i2">Were in that cottage now;</p> + + <p>Cold eyes, that o'er his features range,</p> + + <p class="i2">For time had wrought a weary change</p> + + <p>Upon the soldier's brow.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>And some there were—the lov'd—the + dead—</p> + + <p class="i2">Whom he no more could see,</p> + + <p>From this cold changing world were fled,</p> + + <p class="i2">And they had found a quiet bed</p> + + <p>Beneath the old yew tree.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>And thither too—the wanderer hied,</p> + + <p class="i2">Night-dews were falling fast,</p> + + <p>This is my "welcome home" he cried,</p> + + <p class="i2">And the chill breezes low replied</p> + + <p>In murmurs as they pass'd.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>They whispering said, or seem'd to say,</p> + + <p class="i2">No lasting joys to earth are given,</p> + + <p>No longer near these ashes stray,</p> + + <p class="i2">Go, mourner! hence, away! away!</p> + + <p>Thy lost ones are in heaven.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>Kirton, Lindsey.</i> ANNE R.</p> + </div> + </div> + <hr /> + + <h3>RELIGIOUS FASTINGS.</h3> + + <p>From the remotest ages of antiquity most nations have + practised fasting to keep the wrath of God from falling upon + them for their sins. Some celebrated authors even affirm that + fasting was originated by Adam after he had eaten of the + forbidden fruit; but this obviously is carrying their + arguments, in favour of fasting, too far, though it is as + certain that the Jewish churches practised it from their first + formation. The Egyptians, Phoenicians, and the Assyrians held + the "solemn fast" in high favour. The Egyptians, according to + Herodotus, before they offered in sacrifice the cow to Isis, to + purify themselves from impurities, fasted and prayed. This + custom he also ascribes to the Cyrenian women. Porphyry relates + that the fasts of the Egyptians were sometimes continued for + six weeks, and that the shortest ordained by their priests was + seven days, during which they abstained from nearly all kinds + of food. These rites they communicated to the Greeks, who + observed these fasts more strictly, and with more outward show + and solemnity. The Athenians likewise observed stated fasts, + two of which were named "the Elusinian and Thesmoporian fasts;" + the observation of these fasts was extremely rigid, especially + amongst women, who, in mournful dresses, spent one whole day + sitting on the ground (their sign of grief,) without taking the + least food. The islanders of Crete, before sacrificing to + Jupiter, had to abstain from food. A celebrated ancient author + informs us, that those who wished to be initiated into the + secrets of Cybele, fasted ten days before their initiation; and + that, in short, the priests who gave the oracles, and those who + came to consult them, had to perform this duty.</p> + + <p>Amongst other Heathen nations, before they prepared for any + important enterprise, the whole expedition fasted. The + Lacedemonians having agreed to aid an ally, ordained a fast + throughout their nation, and without <i>even</i> excepting + their <i>domestic animals</i>. The Romans having besieged the + city of Tarentum, and the city being hard pressed, the citizens + demanded succour of their friends, the inhabitants of Rhegium; + who, preparatory to granting assistance to the besieged, + commanded that a fast should be held throughout their + territories. Their aid having proved successful, the government + of Tarentum to commemorate this important event, ordained a + perpetual fast on the day of their deliverance.</p> + + <p>Philosophers and certain religious people have for ages + reckoned fasting as a service which led to important results, + and a duty which could not be dispensed with without causing + the wrath of God to fall upon the heads of the nation. At Rome + it was practised even by the emperors. Amongst the most + remarkable for keeping this institution were Numa Pompilius, + Julius Caesar, Vespasian, &c. Julian, the apostate, was so + exact in the performance of this ordinance, that the fasting of + the philosophers and of the priests themselves, was as nothing + compared with his abstinence. Pythagoras fasted sometimes as + long as forty days; his disciples followed the example of their + master; and after his death they kept a continual fast, in + which they denounced the inhabitants of the deep as well as the + creatures of the meadow. The eastern Brahmins are remarkable + for their fasting; but as the people believe they regale + themselves with the good things of this life, in secret, their + example gains not many followers. That nation which reckons + itself infinitely superior to <i>us</i> "poor barbarians," the + Chinese, also observe stated seasons of fasting and prayer. The + Mahomedans likewise strictly observe fasting and prayer, and + the exactness with which the dervishes perform them, and the + lengths of time of their fasts are very + remarkable.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page196" + id="page196"></a>[pg 196]</span> + + <p>The Israelites were commanded by Jehovah himself to fast on + the appearance of any plague, famine, war, &c.; and though + they sadly neglected the commands of God in other particulars, + yet they obeyed this command with great devotedness. The + abstinence of the ancient Jews generally lasted from twenty-six + to twenty-seven hours. On these days they wore sackcloth, laid + themselves in ashes, and sprinkled them on their heads, in + token of their great grief and penitence. Some spent the whole + night in the synagogue; occasionally using with great effect a + scourge as a penance for their sins, or as a stimulant to + devout behaviour. We think it is not improbable that it is from + the Jews that the Roman Catholics derived their scourging + penance system.</p> + + <p>In "happy smiling England," fasting was, and is, practised + by the Catholics every Friday; it was also practised by the + fathers of the church, and the primitive Protestants, at stated + seasons. The custom is still observed amongst the methodists, + who follow the example of their great leader, Wesley. The rust + of time has, however, worn away the veneration for this "good + <i>old</i> system," and it is totally disused by the general + body of Protestants, except on great national occasions.</p> + + <p>E.J.H.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>Manners and Customs.</h2> + <hr /> + + <h3>SHERIFFS OF LONDON.</h3> + + <blockquote> + <p>[The subsequent paper extracted from Mr. Brayley's + laboriously-compiled <i>Londiniana</i> possesses more than + a passing interest. Its neatness and perspicuity as a + Journal will doubtless be appreciated by the reader.]</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>The following particulars relating to the office of Sheriff, + are derived from a manuscript copy of the <i>Journal</i> of + Richard Hoare, Esq. during the year of his Shrievalty, in + 1740-41, in his own hand-writing, which is now in the + possession of his grandson, Sir Richard Colt Hoare, Bart., of + Stourhead, in Wiltshire. The above year became memorable in the + city annals, from their having been <i>three</i> Lord Mayors + during its progress, viz. Sir John Salter, knight; Humphry + Parsons, Esq., and Daniel Lambert, Esq.</p> + + <p>Mr. Hoare, who was a banker, in Fleet Street, and principal + of the respectable house which, instituted by one of his + predecessors, still bears the family name, was elected alderman + of the Ward of Farringdon Without, on St. George's day, 1740, + in the place of Sir Francis Child, who died on the preceding + Sunday, April the 20th. This honour was conferred upon him, + whilst he was at Bath, and quite unexpectedly; and equally so, + was his election to the Sheriffdom, conjointly with Mr. + Alderman Marshall, on the midsummer-day following. Shortly + afterwards they gave bonds under the penalty of 1,000<i>l</i>. + to undertake and enter upon the office on the ensuing + Michaelmas eve; and "thereupon, became each entitled to + 100<i>l</i>. out of the forfeitures of those, who had this year + been nominated to be sheriff's by my Lord Mayor, but had paid + their fines to be excused."</p> + + <p>In the intermediate time they prepared for the due execution + of their duties, chose their under-sheriff's, &c.; and, "as + it is customary for each sheriff to preside over the two + Counters separately, my brother Marshall chose that in the + Poultry, and the care of Wood-street Counter was under my + direction, and we agreed, at our joint expense, to give the + usual livery gowns to the officers of both, although they are + greater in number at the Poultry than in mine; in recompense + for which, it was settled that we should equally share in the + sale of the places upon any vacancy."</p> + + <p>On Sunday, the 28th of September, the sheriffs elect met at + ten o'clock in the morning, at Drapers' Hall, "and there + entertained several of the Court of Aldermen, and sixteen of + the Court of Assistance of each of the Companies, viz: the + Goldsmiths and the Drapers, with the usual breakfast of roast + beef, burnt wine," &c. He continues,—</p> + + <p>"Upon notice sent to us, that the Lord Mayor, with George + Heathcote, and Sir John Lequesne, aldermen and sheriffs for the + last year were attending at the council chamber, Guildhall, we + all repaired thither; the gentlemen of the Court of Assistance + walking two by two, the senior sheriff's company on the right + hand, the aldermen following in their coaches; in which, we, + though sheriffs-elect, took our rank as aldermen. Upon coming + up to the area of Guildhall, the two companies made a lane for + the aldermen to pass through, and after having waited on my + Lord Mayor to Guildhall Chapel, to hear divine service, we + returned back to the court of the hustings, which being opened + by the common cryer, we were summoned to come forth and take + the oath of office; which we accordingly did, together with the + oaths of allegiance and abjuration; and the same was also + administered to Mr. Tims, (clerk to St. Bartholomews,) as + under-sheriff, he kneeling all the while.</p> + + <p>"When this was over, the gold chains were taken off from the + former sheriffs, and put on us; and then the court being + dissolved, the Lord Mayor went home, attended by the former + sheriffs, and we returned back to Drapers' Hall to our dinner, + provided for the Court of Aldermen and Courts of Assistance, at + which the senior alderman took the chair as president, and the + rest of the aldermen and gentlemen of Guildhall took their + places at the upper table, whilst we, the sheriffs, sat at the + head of the second table, with the gentlemen of the Courts of + Assistance of our <span class="pagenum"><a name="page197" + id="page197"></a>[pg 197]</span> two companies. When dinner + was over, and the healths of the royal family were drunk, + the cryer proclaimed the health and prosperity to the two + sheriffs' companies in the following manner; that is to say, + 'Prosperity to the worshipful Company of Drapers, and + prosperity to the worshipful Company of Goldsmiths: to the + Goldsmiths and Drapers, and Drapers and Goldsmiths, + prosperity to both:' and this is so usually done, naming + each company first alternately, to prevent any dispute + concerning preference or priority.</p> + + <p>"After dinner, we all retired to one table in the inner + room, at which we, though sheriffs, were placed underneath all + the aldermen; for whatever rank an alderman may be in point of + seniority, yet during the year he serves as sheriff, he is to + give place, and follow the rest of his brethren, both at the + court, and all processions and entertainments. About six + o'clock, the late sheriffs, having left the Lord Mayor at his + house, attended us to Guildhall, where we were met by our own + and the former under-sheriffs, together with the secondaries + and keepers of the prisons; and the names of the respective + prisoners in each gaol being read over, the keepers + acknowledged them one by one, to be in their custody; and then + tendered us the keys, which we delivered back to them again, + and after having executed the indentures, whereby we covenanted + and undertook the charge of our office, we were invited + according to custom, to an adjoining tavern; and there partook + of an entertainment of sack and walnuts, provided by the + aforesaid keepers of the prisons.</p> + + <p>"Monday, September 29th. This being Michaelmas-day, my + brother sheriff and I set out for the first time in our new + equipages and scarlet gowns, attended by our beadles, and the + several officers of our Counters, and waited on the Lord Mayor, + at Merchant Taylors' Hall, at which he kept his mayoralty, and + proceeded with him from thence, as is customary, to Guildhall, + where the livery-men of the city were summoned to attend at the + Court of Hustings for the election of a new lord mayor for the + year ensuing. The recorder made a speech to the livery-men, + 'apprising them of the custom and manner of choosing a lord + mayor; which, he observed, was for the Common Hall to nominate + two of the aldermen who had served sheriffs, to the Court of + Aldermen, who had then a right to elect either of them into + that great office, and which ever that the court so fixed on, + the Common Hall was bound to accept.' When he had ended, the + Lord Mayor and Court of Aldermen retired into the Council + Chamber, and left us to preside at the election, attended by + the Common Sergeant and other officers. The method of voting + is, by each alderman going up to the recorder and town clerk, + who sit at a separate part of the room, and telling the person + he would choose, a scratch is made under each respective + name."</p> + + <p>On the day following, the two sheriffs again went to + Guildhall, with the same company as on the preceding day, and + waiting on the Lord Mayor in the Council Chamber, requested + that his lordship and the recorder would present them at his + Majesty's Court of Exchequer. Each sheriff then paid the usual + fees, viz. <i>6l. 13s. 4d.</i> to the Lord Mayor, and <i>3l. + 6s. 8d.</i> to the recorder; after which, they proceeded to the + Three Cranes' Stairs, in Upper Thames Street, "the Lord Mayor + first; we, the sheriffs, next; the recorder and aldermen + following in coaches, the companies walking before us.</p> + + <p>"From thence we went to Westminster in the city barge, + taking place of all the aldermen: and our two companies + attended in the Goldsmiths' barge, as before agreed on, adorned + with half the colours, and rowed with half the watermen + belonging to the Drapers' company. On landing, the companies + went first, the Lord Mayor next, then the recorder with a + sheriff on each side, and last the aldermen. On our approaching + the bar of the Exchequer [in Westminster Hall,] the recorder, + in a speech, presented us to the Court, one of the Barons being + seated there for that purpose, signifying the choice the + citizens had made, and that, in pursuance of our charter, we + were presented to his Majesty's justices for his royal + approbation; and the Baron accordingly approving the choice, + he, and the Clerks of the Exchequer, were invited to our + dinner; then the late sheriffs were sworn to their accounts, + and made their proffers; and the senior alderman present cut + one twig in two, and bent another, and the officers of the + court counted six horse-shoes and hob-nails.</p> + + <p>"This formality, it is said, is passed through each year, by + way of suit and service for the citizens holding some tenements + in St. Clement's Danes, as also some other lands; but where + they are situated no one knows, nor doth the city receive any + rents or profits thereby.</p> + + <p>"This done, we returned in the same order to the Three + Cranes, and from thence, in our coaches, to dinner at Drapers' + Hall; where my Lord Mayor, aldermen, gentlemen of Guildhall, + and guests invited, dined at one table, and we, the sheriff's, + at the head of another, with the Court of Assistance of each of + our companies: and the Clerks of the Exchequer by themselves at + another table. After dinner, the Lord Mayor, aldermen, &c. + returned into a separate room, where we sat with them at the + head of the table, one on each side of the Lord Mayor; our two + companies were in another room, and the greatest part of the + Clerks of the Exchequer remained in the hall."</p> + + <p>On the 7th of October they "settled a + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page198" + id="page198"></a>[pg 198]</span> point," with the keeper of + Newgate in regard to the transportation of <i>felons</i>. + That was, that the keeper should deliver them to the + merchant, "who contracts to carry them over," at the door of + Newgate, and there discharge himself of any further custody; + but leaving him and his officers the privilege of protecting + them down to the water side, according to any private + agreement between him and the merchant; it being fully + understood that the sheriffs should not be responsible for + their charge "from the time of their first delivery."</p> + + <h4>(<i>To be concluded in our next.</i>)</h4> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>Spirit of Discovery.</h2> + + <h3>STEAM CARRIAGES ON COMMON ROADS.</h3> + + <blockquote> + <p>(<i>From Mr. Alexander Gordon's Treatise on Elemental + Locomotion. Concluded from page 185.</i>)</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>We do not advocate any thing so preposterous as the change + of the whole animate power of Great Britain into inanimate, + though in this the political economist can see the solution of + all our Malthusian difficulties to an indefinite extent and + duration. What we urge is merely the partial adoption of the + thing to such an extent as will relax the present pressure, and + restore us to a wholesome state of national prosperity. This + will occasion no dangerous experiment, and will be gradually + followed up by a progressive conversion, by which all the + conflicting interests of society will be neutralized, and the + aggregate wealth, and prosperity, and happiness of the empire + be equalized.</p> + + <p>If then <i>elemental locomotion</i> can he made to + substitute the expensive, unproductive system of animate labour + now in use, it will indubitably be for the vital interest of + all classes of society that the substitution should be realized + speedily and extensively. That steam can be so applied has been + <i>satisfactorily proved</i>. The report of the Committee of + the House of Commons establishes this. But the evidence of + several of the enlightened and practical witnesses who were + examined before that committee bears with too much emphasis + upon the detail of the commercial and economic advantages of + the project we have just been attempting to enumerate and + advocate, for us not to avail ourselves of it even at this + early stage of our work. It being quite decisive in support of + the grand conclusion to which the said committee came after + three months of patient and thorough investigation of the + subject, viz. "<i>That the substitution of inanimate for + animate power is one of the most important improvements in the + means of internal communication ever introduced.</i>"</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>[Then follow extracts from the evidence of Messrs. + Torrens, John Farey, Davies Gilbert, and Goldsworthy + Garney.]</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>In viewing the moral advantages which must result from + steam-carriages, we find them of no less importance. There are + but few so constitutionally indifferent to acceleration in + travelling as the Hollander, who delighted in the "old, solemn, + straight-forward, regular Dutch canal speed—three miles + an hour for expresses, and two for joy or trot journeys." + Acceleration in the speed of travelling, if unaccompanied by + danger, is eagerly sought after, because the period of + discomfort is lessened. But steam-carriages will not only + lessen the discomfort by shortening its duration; they can be + so equipped that positive comfort, nay, luxury, may be enjoyed. + A steam-engine is perfectly under control, and consequently + much more safe than horses. The life of the traveller cannot be + jeoparded by the breaking of a rein, horses being frightened, + running off, &c. &c.; the steamer, it will be seen, the + honourable Committee report to the House "is perfectly safe for + passengers."</p> + + <p>The actual casualties of stage-coaches, however, we may + observe, bear no proportion to the loss of lives from + consumption and other diseases occasioned by cold and wet, from + exposure on the top of coaches.<a id="footnotetag4" + name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a></p> + + <p>Let us consider also how far humanity is outraged by the + present system of quick travelling. The short average life of + stage-coach horses (three years only!) shows how dreadfully + over-wrought and <i>out-wrought</i> they are by the great speed + now in practice. Driven for eight or ten miles, with an + oppressive weight, they tremble in every nerve. With nostrils + distended, and sides moving in breathless agony, they can + scarce, when unyoked, crawl to the stable. 'Tis true they are + well fed; the interest of their owners secures that. They are + over-well fed, in order that a supernatural energy may be + exerted. The morrow comes when their galled withers are again + to be wrung by the ill-cushioned collars, and the lumbering of + the wheels. But we do not witness all the misery of the noble + and the generous steed. When the shades of night impend, the + reproaches of the feeling, or the expostulations of the timid + traveller no longer protect him from the lash; and the dread of + Mr. Martin's act ceases to effect for a time its beneficent + purpose; when the stiffened joints—the cracked + hoofs—the greasy legs—and stumbling gait of the + worn-out animal are all put into agonized motion by belabouring + <i>him upon the raw</i>! The expression is Hibernian, but the + brutality is our own. A few ill-gained pounds reconcile the + enormity to the owner—and the cheapness and expedition of + the conveyance give it public sanction: but humanity is + outraged by the same: human sympathies are seared; and the + noble <span class="pagenum"><a name="page199" + id="page199"></a>[pg 199]</span> precept, that "the merciful + man is merciful to his beast," is trampled under foot.</p> + + <p>Thus then, by substituting elementary for physical power, we + have comfort for comparative inconvenience—the inside of + an elegant apartment, where books, amusement, or general + conversation may occupy agreeably the time—for the + outside of a hard, unsafe stage conveyance, and exposure to all + changes or varieties of atmosphere. Nay, we see no reason to + prevent such improvement in steam-carriages as shall fit them + up like steam-boats, the campaigning carriage of Napoleon, or + the travelling long coach of the present Duke of Orleans, with + beds, and a furnished table. We have besides safety for + danger—accelerated speed without inhumanity—gain of + time—of accommodation—of money—and over and + above all, as a non-consumer of food, we have by the + substitution what will remove the host of Malthusian ills to a + period of almost indefinite duration.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>Old Poets.</h2> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>EYES AND TEARS.</h3> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>How wisely Nature did decree</p> + + <p>With the same eyes to weep and see!</p> + + <p>That, having view'd the object vain,</p> + + <p>They might be ready to complain.</p> + + <p>And, since the self-deluding sight,</p> + + <p>In a false angle takes each height,</p> + + <p>These tears which better measure all.</p> + + <p>Like wat'ry lines and plummets fall.</p> + + <p>Two tears, with sorrow long did weigh,</p> + + <p>Within the scales of either eye,</p> + + <p>And then paid out in equal poise,</p> + + <p>Are the true price of all my joys.</p> + + <p>What in the world most fair appears,</p> + + <p>Yea, even laughter, turns to tears:</p> + + <p>And all the jewels which we prize,</p> + + <p>Melt in these pendents of the eyes.</p> + + <p>I have through every garden been,</p> + + <p>Amongst the red, the white, the green;</p> + + <p>And yet from all those flow'rs I saw,</p> + + <p>No honey, but these tears could draw.</p> + + <p>So the all-seeing sun each day,</p> + + <p>Distils the world with chemic ray;</p> + + <p>But finds the essence only showers,</p> + + <p>Which straight in pity back he pours.</p> + + <p>Yet happy they whom grief doth bless,</p> + + <p>That weep the more, and see the less;</p> + + <p>And, to preserve their sight more true,</p> + + <p>Bathe still their eyes in their own dew.</p> + + <p>So Magdalen, in tears more wise</p> + + <p>Dissolv'd those captivating eyes,</p> + + <p>Whose liquid chains could flowing meet,</p> + + <p>To fetter her Redeemer's feet.</p> + + <p>Not full sails hasting loaden home,</p> + + <p>Nor the chaste lady's pregnant womb,</p> + + <p>Nor Cynthia teeming shows so fair,</p> + + <p>As two eyes, swoln with weeping, are</p> + + <p>The sparkling glance that shoots desire,</p> + + <p>Drench'd in these waves, does lose its fire.</p> + + <p>Yea, oft the Thunderer pity takes,</p> + + <p>And here the hissing lightning slakes.</p> + + <p>The incense was to heaven dear,</p> + + <p>Not as a perfume, but a tear!</p> + + <p>And stars show lovely in the night,</p> + + <p>But as they seem the tears of light.</p> + + <p>Ope, then, mine eyes, your double sluice,</p> + + <p>And practise so your noblest use;</p> + + <p>For others too can see, or sleep,</p> + + <p>But only human eyes can weep.</p> + + <p>Now, like two clouds dissolving, drop,</p> + + <p>And at each tear in distance stop:</p> + + <p>Now, like two fountains, trickle down:</p> + + <p>Now like two floods o'er-run and drown:</p> + + <p>Thus lot your streams o'erflow your springs,</p> + + <p>Till eyes and tears be the same things;</p> + + <p>And each the other's difference bears;</p> + + <p>These weeping eyes, those seeing tears.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <h4>MARVELL.</h4> + + <blockquote> + <p>(<i>From a neatly-printed Life of the Poet, by John + Dove.</i>)</p> + </blockquote> + <hr /> + + <h3>A DROP OF DEW.</h3> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>See, how the orient dew</p> + + <p class="i2">Shed from the bosom of the morn,</p> + + <p class="i4">Into the blowing roses,</p> + + <p>Yet careless of its mansion new,</p> + + <p class="i2">For the clear region where 'twas born</p> + + <p class="i4">Round in itself incloses:</p> + + <p>And in its little globe's extent,</p> + + <p>Frames, as it can, its native element.</p> + + <p class="i4">How it the purple flow'r does slight,</p> + + <p class="i2">Scarce touching where it lies;</p> + + <p class="i2">But gazing back upon the skies,</p> + + <p class="i4">Shines with a mournful light,</p> + + <p>Like its own tear,</p> + + <p>Because so long divided from the sphere.</p> + + <p class="i2">Restless it rolls, and unsecure,</p> + + <p class="i2">Trembling, lest it grows impure;</p> + + <p class="i2">Till the warm sun pities its pain,</p> + + <p class="i2">And to the skies exhales it back + again.</p> + + <p class="i2">So the <i>soul</i>, that drop, that + ray,</p> + + <p class="i2">Of the clear fountain of eternal day,</p> + + <p>Could it within the human flow'r be seen,</p> + + <p class="i2">Rememb'ring still its former height,</p> + + <p>Shuns the sweet leaves, and blossoms green;</p> + + <p class="i2">And, recollecting its own light,</p> + + <p>Does, in its pure and circling thoughts, express</p> + + <p>The greater heaven in an heaven less,</p> + + <p class="i2">In how coy a figure wound,</p> + + <p class="i4">Every way it turns away:</p> + + <p class="i2">So the world excluding round,</p> + + <p class="i4">Yet receiving in the day.</p> + + <p>Dark beneath, but bright above;</p> + + <p>Here disdaining, there in love,</p> + + <p class="i2">How loose and easy hence to go;</p> + + <p class="i4">How girt and ready to ascend:</p> + + <p class="i2">Moving but on a point below,</p> + + <p class="i4">It all about does upward bend.</p> + + <p>Such did the Manna's sacred dew distil,</p> + + <p>White and entire, although congeal'd and chill;</p> + + <p>Congeal'd on earth; but does, dissolving run</p> + + <p>Into the glories of th' almighty sun.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <h4>IBID.</h4> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>Notes of a Reader.</h2> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS, REGENT'S PARK.</h3> + + <p>We recommend such of our London friends and visiters from + the country as have not lately passed an hour or two in the + Zoological Gardens, to do so without further delay. The present + season is warm and genial, and the rejoicing rays of the + morning and noontide sun enliven the tenants of this mimic + world in a garden. As evening approaches the air becomes chill + and misty, though</p> + + <div class="figure" + style="width:47%;float:left;"> + <a href="images/568-2.png"><img width="100%" + src="images/568-2.png" + alt="" /></a> + + <h3>(<i>Llama House.</i>)</h3> + </div> + + <div class="figure" + style="width:46%;float:right;"> + <a href="images/568-3.png"><img width="100%" + src="images/568-3.png" + alt="" /></a> + + <h3>(<i>Armadillos.</i>)</h3> + </div> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>The weary sun hath made a golden set,</p> + + <p>And, by the bright track of his fiery ear,</p> + + <p>Gives token of a goodly day to-morrow:</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>the several animals indicate their sense of the atmospheric + changes by their decreased activity, reminding us of the + comparative torpidity in which the majority of them will pass + the coming winter.</p> + + <p>The present Cuts represent a few of the + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page200" + id="page200"></a>[pg 200]</span> recent improvements in the + Zoological Gardens, as, the addition of the clock-house and + weathercock<a id="footnotetag5" + name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a> + to the Llama House.</p> + + <div class="figure" + style="width:50%;float:left;"> + <a href="images/568-4.png"><img width="100%" + src="images/568-4.png" + alt="" /></a> + + <h3>(<i>The Repository.</i>)</h3> + </div> + + <p>Opposite is the sloping gravel walk leading from the + Terrace; and a large cage for Parrots, Parrakeets, Macaws, and + Cockatoos, whose brilliant colours are here seen to advantage + in the resplendent beams of a September sun. In the distance + are the Bear Pole and Shed for Goats.</p> + + <p>The next Cut includes the House and Enclosure for + Armadillos, who are, in sunny weather, located here with a + "select few" rabbits. The innocent gambols and restless run of + the Armadillo over the turf are here seen to advantage. This + house as the distance of the Cut shows, is not far from the + Llama House and circular Aviary.</p> + + <p>Thus far in the Southern Garden, whence we reach the + Northern by the Tunnel beneath the Park-road, as figured in + <i>The Mirror</i>, No. 535, opposite to the end of the tunnel + is a large squirrel-cage, and at the extremity of the walk to + the right is a spacious building, called the Repository "the + inhabitants of which are continually being changed as + variations in the weather, or any other cause may render + convenient." We last saw there the noble Lions from the Tower, + together with the Hyaena, Jackal, Ichneumons, Coatimondis, + besides an assemblage of splendid tropical birds. The exterior + of the building, especially the ornamented gable and doorways, + is picturesque.</p> + + <div class="figure" + style="width:46%;float:left;"> + <a href="images/568-5.png"><img width="100%" + src="images/568-5.png" + alt="" /></a> + + <h3>(<i>Deer.</i>)</h3> + </div> + + <div class="figure" + style="width:46%;float:right;"> + <a href="images/568-6.png"><img width="100%" + src="images/568-6.png" + alt="" /></a> + + <h3>(<i>Elephants.</i>)</h3> + </div> + + <p>Repassing the Squirrel Cage, the visiter must next proceed + along the straight gravelled walk, which leads towards the + western extremity of the North Garden. Here is a range of + buildings, among which is the Stable and enclosed Yard for + Deer; Among which are specimens of the Wapiti, remarkable for + its size and the amplitude of its branching horns when full + grown. Next is the Stable and Enclosure for Elephants, + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page201" + id="page201"></a>[pg 201]</span> opposite the capacious Bath + already represented in <i>The Mirror</i>, No. 560.</p> + + <p>In a fortnight we may probably resume our graphic visit to + this most interesting resort.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>THE VOICE OF HUMANITY.</h3> + + <p>"The Association for promoting Rational Humanity towards the + Animal Creation" exists—though, in one sense, as a blot + upon the character of the age. They publish the above Journal + quarterly, assembling acts of atrocity which make the blood + curdle in our veins, and remind us that "all are not men that + wear the human form." The funds of the society are not in a + prosperous condition; the sand of their philanthropy is well + nigh run out, and fresh appeals are to be made. Let us glance + at the contents of, the <i>Voice</i> before us. The subject + "Abattoirs contrasted with Slaughter-houses and + Smithfield-market," is continued—a plan which we + illustrated in <i>The Mirror</i> about five years since. True + enough the Society write, but the people do not consider; they + are so wedded to old prejudices and habits, and the mammon of + money, that pestilential slaughter-houses are tolerated in the + midst of a "city of the plague," notwithstanding a law exists + for its prevention. Four hospitals are building in the + metropolis—and markets are increasing for the sale of the + necessaries and luxuries of life; the <i>Haymarket</i> has been + removed from a fashionable quarter to the suburbs, that loaded + carts may not obstruct carriages in their road to St. James's, + the Houses of Parliament, and the Opera—yet, not a + single, <i>Abattoir</i>—for the health of the + people—exists near the metropolis. The King and the Court + patronize and plan horse-racing, throwing the lasso, and, if + recent report be true, hawking; the Parliament legislate, a + bill is "ordered to be printed"—yet, the inconsistency + and tardiness of these proceedings compel us to ask, where is + the truth of the motto—<i>Salus populi suprema lex</i>. + Convictions before magistrates for acts of cruelty are not + uncommon; yet, it is in this, as in many other laws, the poor + are caught, while the rich break through the meshes of the net. + In the work before us are recorded Mr. Osbaldeston's matches, + including "the cold-blooded cruelty towards the generous and + heart-broken <i>Rattler</i>, in riding him thirty-four miles in + the space of 2 hours, 18 min., and 56 sec." Next are four + police cases of cruelties towards horses, bullocks, and cats, + the persons convicted being "of low estate." Yet there follows + the fact of <i>a respectable woman</i> boiling a cat to death! + and next is this quotation from the <i>Gentleman's Magazine</i> + for April, 1789:—</p> + + <p>"Died, April 4, at Tottenham, John Ardesoif, Esq.; a young + man of large fortune, and in the splendour of his carriages and + horses rivalled by few country gentlemen. His table was that of + hospitality, where it may be said he sacrificed too much to + conviviality. Mr. Ardesoif was fond of cock-fighting, and he + had a favourite cock upon which he had won many profitable + matches. The last bet he made upon this cock he lost; which so + enraged him, that he had the bird tied to a spit, and roasted + alive before a large fire. The screams of the miserable animal + were so affecting, that some gentlemen who were present + attempted to interfere, which so exasperated Mr. Ardesoif, that + he seized the poker; and, with the most furious vehemence, + declared that he would kill the first man who interfered; but, + in the midst of his passionate assertions, he fell down dead + upon the spot!"</p> + + <p>If we be asked whether it be proper to regard <i>all</i> + such dispensations as judicial inflictions, we reply in the + words of Cowper above:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"'Tis not for us, with rash surmise,</p> + + <p>To point the judgments of the skies,</p> + + <p class="i2">But judgments <i>plain as this</i>,</p> + + <p>That, sent for man's instruction, bring</p> + + <p>A written label on their wing,</p> + + <p class="i2">'Tis hard to read amiss."</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>[A contribution full of touching simplicity follows:]</p> + + <p>THE WORM.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Turn, turn, thy hasty foot aside</p> + + <p class="i2">Nor crush that helpless worm;</p> + + <p>The frame thy wayward looks deride,</p> + + <p class="i2">Required a God to form.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>The common Lord of all that move,</p> + + <p class="i2">From whom thy being flowed,</p> + + <p>A portion of his boundless love</p> + + <p class="i2">On that poor worm bestowed.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>The sun, the moon, the stars, he made</p> + + <p class="i2">To all his creatures free;</p> + + <p>And spread o'er earth the grassy blade</p> + + <p class="i2">For worms as well as thee.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Let them enjoy their little day,</p> + + <p class="i2">Their lowly hiss receive;</p> + + <p>Oh! do not lightly take away</p> + + <p class="i2">The life thou canst not give.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>Here we may remark, that much wanton cruelty has been + abolished by the extended education of the people. Brutal + sports among boys are much less indulged than formerly, and the + worrying of domestic animals almost invariably denotes a <i>bad + boy</i>, in the worst sense of the phrase, likely to make a bad + man; "so true to nature is the admirable aphorism of + Wordsworth:—</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>The boy's the father of the man."</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>But we do not so much complain of boyish as of adult + cruelties; though, according to the above showing, such + atrocities will be less rare in the next than in the present + generation. To conclude, we hope that the present notice may + awaken the sympathy of the reader towards the laudable objects + of the <i>Society</i>, under whose guidance the <i>Voice of + Humanity</i> is published. It is a difficult matter to point + out "the uneducated," and writers of all grades are eternally + babbling of our high state of civilization and refinement, + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page202" + id="page202"></a>[pg 202]</span> yet, we repeat, the + necessity of this association is an anomaly which amounts to + a national disgrace.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>The Public Journals.</h2> + + <h3>VISIT TO THE SUMMIT OF MOUNT ETNA.</h3> + + <h4><i>By Lieutenant G.H.P. White, Royal Navy.</i></h4> + + <p>On the evening of the 13th of July, 1830, I set off from + Catania with a party of my messmates, to ascend Mount Etna, + taking the necessary guides, and two sumpter mules to carry the + provisions, &c., as nothing in that way can be procured + after leaving Nicolosi, which is a small village about twelve + miles from Catania. Etna is divided by the Sicilians into three + several regions. The first is called Piè de Montagna, + the second Nemerosa, and the third Discoperta. The ascent, + though very gradual, commences immediately on leaving the city + of Catania, over a tolerably constructed road; the country + around is formed on an ancient volcanic soil; probably the + third eruption mentioned by Thucydides, which happened in the + sixth year of the Peloponnesian war, and the second of the + eighty-eighth Olympiad. Traversing the lands of Battianti, and + St. Giovanni della Punta, the road is constantly over the lava, + and the country on either side is delicious. Trecastagne, nine + miles from Catania, is seated on the acclivity of a high + volcanic mountain. The scene here is beautiful and picturesque. + Near the principal church the view is most extensive. Towards + the east the mountains of Calabria, the sea stretching from + Taormina to Catania, bathing the sides of Etna, covered with + vineyards, woods and villages: northward rises the mountain + itself, surrounded by its progeny of pigmy mountains; these + have been thrown up in various forms, composed principally of + cinders, and covered with rich vegetation. The freshness of the + air, the beauty and picturesque situations of the houses + surrounded by lofty and fine trees, the over-teeming fertility + of the soil, and the laughing fields, where golden Ceres still + lingers, unwilling to quit her favourite abode, intersected by + courses of lava, as yet unproductive, make this view one of the + most beautiful and interesting that can be imagined. These + mighty streams of once liquid fire, extending in many places + ten miles in length, by two or three in breadth, fill the mind + with horror and astonishment: that such wondrous masses, + consisting of earths, stones, and minerals, fused and mixed, + could be driven forth in one wild current from the mountain, + makes us pause, and confounds any attempt to reason on the + phenomena.—And, although the lava for many centuries lays + waste the superincumbent land, yet, after a certain, but very + long period, it is brought by human industry into such a state + as to become the richest soil for cultivation: but when we + reflect on the necessity of some ages to effect this wished-for + state of decomposition, we bewilder the mind without arriving + at any certain conclusion. When this process is duly effected, + the cactus opuntia, or prickly pear, is planted, which hastens + the desired event, and has the power to break up the lava, and + render it fit for productive purposes. Five miles from + Trecastagne is Nicolosi, a small village which has often + suffered from the fire-vomiting mountain. Here we supped, and + baited the mules for two hours. Nicolosi, according to Signor + Gemmellero, a Sicilian physician, long resident at Catania, is + two thousand one hundred and twenty-eight feet above the level + of the sea, and its mean temperature 64° Fahr.</p> + + <p>From hence, to an almost interminable extent, there is a + most superb view of the surrounding country; nothing can be + more varied, grand, and sublime; every spot spared by the + all-devastating lavas, is highly cultivated; the vines and + other productive fruit-trees are seen laden with the most + delicious fruits; the groves of olives, the towns and villages, + in almost endless aerial perspective, all terminated by the + distant and deep-blue sea, form a scene the most enchanting + that can be conceived. We remounted about ten o'clock, P.M., + our trusty mules, and pursued or journey. The evening was + deliciously serene, the stars shone with extraordinary + brilliancy, and the sky appeared intensely blue, while the + galaxy, or milky way, beamed like a splendid stream of light + across the azure expanse.</p> + + <p>The cool breezes now wafted from the upper regions of the + mountain were very refreshing, and exhilarated our spirits in + an extraordinary degree. Passed Monte Rosso, which is about 600 + feet above the level of the surrounding plain, and is said to + have been thrown up during the great eruption of the year 1669, + and from which issued that horrible stream of burning lava, + which, after destroying the country for the length of fourteen + miles, ran into the sea at Catania.</p> + + <p>About six miles higher up commences the Nemerosa region, + which, like a beautiful green girdle, encircles the mountain; + it abounds with ancient hillocks, and lava of different + periods, and is almost covered with frowning woods of oak, + holm, beech and pines, on the more elevated points.</p> + + <p>After enjoying for some time this stupendous and enchanting + treat, we kept torturing and progressing, lost in pleasing + reveries caused by the fairy scene.</p> + + <p>Halted at the upper boundary of the forest region, to + refresh our mules, and exchange our light clothing for garments + of a warmer texture, as the wind now blew cool and somewhat + chilly; for the temperature of this spot was about 50°, + while that of Catania, which + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page203" + id="page203"></a>[pg 203]</span> we had only left a few + hours ago, was about 84° Fahr.</p> + + <p>The road, on leaving our resting-place, became tedious and + cheerless; hardly any vegetation was discoverable, and still + wilder regions appeared above us. The path now lay over masses + of rough lava; so much so, that at times it became necessary to + dismount and actually drag our jaded animals over the rugged + precipices which obstructed our progress: the intricacy of the + path required us to follow one another very closely, that we + might not lose the track, which became so tortuous in its + course, as would puzzle any one but a muleteer accustomed to + the road to find the clue of this volcanic labyrinth in the + darkness of night.</p> + + <p>After much anxious travelling over wastes of cinders and + black sand, we seemed to be approaching near the wished-for + summit; when, about two o'clock, A.M., the moon, now shorn of + her beams, queen like, arose behind the bifurcated summit of + Etna; her cheering light was very grateful to us in this wild + spot. The awful cone of the mountain pillowed against the + heavens, and emitting clouds of silvery white smoke from its + burning crater, had a grand effect at this solemn hour of the + night.</p> + + <p>At three o'clock, arrived at the Casa Inglese, a rude hut + built by the English troops when stationed in Sicily, during + the late war. Here it became again necessary to halt a little + to put on some extra clothing. As soon as this was + accomplished, the signal for the ascent was made by the guides + giving each person of the party a long staff, to assist him in + clambering the steeps, as the mules could not proceed any + further, owing to the nature and fatigue of the ascent. The + first portion of the road lay over large broken masses of lava, + most wearisome to scramble over. On approaching nearer the + apex, the path was over cinders, fine black sand, and scoria. + In wading through this compound the ascent became so difficult + and fatiguing, that we were all under the necessity of reposing + every twenty or thirty yards, tormented by the sulphureous + vapour, which rendered respiration painful, and was even less + supportable than the abruptness of the mountain path!</p> + + <p>At length, after somewhat more than an hour's walk, the most + harassing that can be imagined, we arrived at the top just as + the day began to dawn. To paint the feelings at this dizzy + height, requires the pen of poetic inspiration; or to describe + the scene presented to mortal gaze, when thus looking down with + fearful eye on the almost boundless prospect beneath! The blue + expanded ocean, fields, woods, cities, rivers, mountains, and + all the wonted charms of the terrestrial world, had a magic + effect, when viewed by the help of the nascent light; while + hard by yawned that dreadful crater of centuries untold, + evolving thick sulphureous clouds of white smoke, which rolling + down the mountain's side in terrific grandeur, at length formed + one vast column for many miles in extent across the sky. Anon + the mountain growled awfully in its inmost recesses, and the + earth was slightly convulsed! We now attempted to descend a + short distance within the crater; the guides, timid of its + horrors, did not relish the undertaking, but were induced at + length, and conducted the party behind some heaps of lava, from + whence was a grand view of this awful cavern. The noise within + the gulf resembled loud continuous thunderings, and after each + successive explosion, there issued columns of white, and + sometimes of black smoke.</p> + + <p>The crater presents the appearance of an inverted cone, the + interior part of which is covered with crystallizations of + salts and sulphur, of various brilliant hues—red appeared + to predominate, or rather a deep orange colour. Writers vary + much in their accounts as to the circumference of the crater. + Captain Smyth, R.N., who had an opportunity to ascertain it + correctly, describes it as an oval, stretching from E. and by + N. to W., and by S. with a conjugate diameter of four hundred + and ninety-three yards; the transverse he was prevented from + ascertaining by a dense cloud that arose before his operations + were completed. It was soon requisite for us to retire from + this spot, as the smoke began to increase, and our guides said + that some adventurous travellers had lost their lives by + approaching too near, and were either blown into the abyss + below by the violence of the wind, which is generally very + strong at this elevation, or suffocated by a sudden burst of + the sulphureous vapour.</p> + + <p>The Regione Deserta, or desolate region of Etna, first + attracts the eye, marked in winter by a circle of ice and snow, + but now (July) by cinders and black sand. In the midst the + great crater rears its burning head, and the regions of intense + heat and extreme cold shake hands together. The eye soon + becomes satiated with its wildness, and turns with delight on + the Sylvana region, which, with its magnificent zone of forest + trees, embraces the mountain completely round: in many parts of + this delightful tract are seen hills, now covered with the most + luxuriant vegetation, that have been formed by different + eruptions of Etna. This girdle is succeeded by another still + richer, called the Regione Culta, abundant in every fruit or + grain that man can desire: the small rivers Semetus and + Alcantara intersect these fertile fields; beyond this the whole + of Sicily, with its cities, towns, and villages, its + corn-fields and vineyards in almost endless perspective, charm + and delight the senses.</p> + + <p>The summit of the mountain is composed of scoria, and + crystallizations of sulphur, with here and there heaps of lava; + wherever a <span class="pagenum"><a name="page204" + id="page204"></a>[pg 204]</span> stick is thrust in, the + opening immediately emits a volume of white smoke, and if + the hand be applied to the aperture, it is soon withdrawn on + account of the great heat. The mean temperature of the + summit, during the months of July and August, is 37° + Fahr. After having remained about an hour, descended to the + Casa Inglese. After an hour's repose, proceeded downwards, + visited the Philosopher's Tower, as it is called, which + tradition says was constructed by Empedocles while he was + studying the various phenomena of Etna.</p> + + <p>About a mile or two from this spot, there is a grand view of + the Val di Bove. The foreground consists of lava, forming the + face of an enormous precipice, at the bottom of which is seen a + lovely valley, gradually sloping down towards the coast, + embracing the three several regions of the mountain, to which + the purple wave of the Mediterranean forms a noble boundary: + nothing can be more varied, rich, and beautiful than this + scene, as it comprises every object necessary to form a perfect + landscape.</p> + + <p>It was interesting to notice the gradual increase of + vegetation during the descent. The Senecio Christhenifolius + grows at the elevation of 8,830 feet, the Juniperus Communis + commences at 6,800. Then follow the Pinus Sylv., Betula Alba, + Quercus Robur, and the Fagus Sylvaticus. The olive is seen at + the altitude of 3,000 feet, and the vines flourish as high as + 5,000 feet.—<i>United Service Journal.</i></p> + + <blockquote> + <p>[In a clever paper on the geographical position and + history of Active Volcanoes, contributed by W.M. Higgins, + Esq. F.G.S. and J.W. Draper, Esq. to the <i>Magazine of + Natural History</i>, is the following outline of Etna.]</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>Etna is entirely composed of volcanic rocks, and rises in + imposing grandeur to the height of 10,000 ft. above the level + of the sea. It is about 180 miles in circumferences, and is + surrounded on every hand by apparently small volcanic cones, + though of no inconsiderable size, which tend in a great degree + to increase the apparent dimensions of the central mountain. + Some of these cones are covered with vegetation, but others are + arid and bare. From this variety in the progress of vegetation, + some persons have endeavoured to calculate the relative ages of + the cones; but these opinions are exceedingly vague, as it + requires a longer period to form a soil on some lavas than on + others. The earliest historical notice we have of this mountain + is by Thucydides, who states that there were three eruptions + previous to the Peloponnesian war (431 B.C.), to one of which + Pindar alludes in his first Pythian Ode. In the year 396 B.C. + the volcano was again active; and according to Diodorus + Siculus, the Carthaginian army was stopped in its march against + Syracuse by the flowing lava. But let it suffice to say, that + ten eruptions previous to, and forty-eight subsequent to, the + Christian era, have been recorded; some when the mountain was + in the phase of moderate activity, and others when in the phase + of prolonged intermittence.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>THE SECRET LOVER.</h3> + + <h4>FROM THE PERSIAN OF JAUMI.</h4> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Lives there the soulless youth, whose eye</p> + + <p>That ruby tinted lip could see,</p> + + <p>Nor long for thee to live or die?</p> + + <p class="i10">How unlike me!</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Or see that cheek's pomegranate glow;</p> + + <p>Yet think of anything but thee,</p> + + <p>Cold as that bosom heaving snow?</p> + + <p class="i10">How unlike me!</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Or see thee o'er the golden wire</p> + + <p>Bend with such lovely witchery,</p> + + <p>Nor feel each tone like living fire?</p> + + <p class="i10">How unlike me!</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Or see thee in the evening dance</p> + + <p>Float, like the foam upon the sea,</p> + + <p>Nor drink sweet poison from thy glance?</p> + + <p class="i10">How unlike me!</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Or hear thy hymn, at moonlight rise,</p> + + <p>Soft as the humming of the bee,</p> + + <p>Nor think he sits in Paradise?</p> + + <p class="i10">How unlike me!</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Or see thee in thy simplest hour,</p> + + <p>Sweet as the rose upon the tree,</p> + + <p>Nor long to plant thee in his bower?</p> + + <p class="i10">How unlike me!</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>But lives there one who vainly tries</p> + + <p>To look the freest of the free,</p> + + <p>And hide the wound by which he dies?</p> + + <p class="i10">Ah! how like me!</p> + </div> + </div> + + <h4><i>Blackwood's Magazine</i>.</h4> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>Retrospective Gleanings.</h2> + + <h3>ROBIN HOOD.</h3> + + <blockquote> + <p>(<i>Concluded from page 182</i>.)</p> + </blockquote> + + <p>With respect to the personal character of Robin Hood, it is + generally agreed that he was active, brave, prudent, patient, + possessed of uncommon bodily strength, and considerable + military skill; just, generous, and beloved by his followers. + As proofs of his singular popularity, his story and exploits + have been made the subject of various dramatic exhibitions, as + well of innumerable poems, lyrics, songs, and ballads; he has + given rise to divers proverbs, and to swear by him was a common + practice. Some writers say his songs have been preferred on + solemn occasions, not only to the Psalms of David, but to the + New Testament, and his service to the word of God. We have the + opinion of Bishop Latimer on this head:—"I came," says + the bishop (in his sixth sermon before King Edward VI.) "to a + place, riding on a journey homeward from London, and I sent + word over night into the town, that I would preach there in the + morning, because it was a holyday, and methought it was a + holydayes worke; the churche stode in my way, and I toke my + horse and my companye and went thither. I thought I should have + found a great companye in the churche, and when I came there, + the churche dore was faste locked; + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page205" + id="page205"></a>[pg 205]</span> I tarried halfe an houre + and more, and at last the keye was founde, and one of the + parishe commes to me, and sayes, 'Syr, thys ys a busye day + with us, we cannot heare you; it is Robyn Hoode's day; the + parishe is gone abroad to gather for Robyn Hoode.' I pray + you let them not, I was fayne there to geve place to Robyn + Hoode. I thought my rochet should have been regarded thoughe + I were not; but it woulde not serve, it was fayne to give + place to Robyn Hoode's men. It is no laughyng matter, my + friendes, it is a wepynge matter, a heavy matter under a + pretence for gatherynge for Robyn Hoode, a traytoure and a + thefe, to put out a preacher, to have his office lesse + esteemed, to prefer Robyn Hoode before the mynystration of + God's word, and all thys hath come of unpreachynge prelates. + Thys realme hath been il provided, for that it hath had + suche corrupte judgementes in it, to prefer Robyn Hode to + Godde's worde. Yf the bysshoppes had bene preachers, there + sholde never have bene any such thynge," &c.</p> + + <p>Robin Hood was believed to possess supernatural powers. In + the parish of Halifax is an immense stone or rock, supposed to + be a Druidical monument, there called Robin Hood's penny-stone, + which he is said to have used to pitch with at a mark, for his + amusement. There was likewise another of these stones of + several tons weight, which the country people would say he + threw off an adjoining hill with a spade, as he was digging. At + Bitchover, where it was said he lived, among several groups of + rocks, were some stones called Robin Hood's Stride, being two + of the highest and most remarkable. He obtained also the + distinction of sainthood, in having a festival allotted to him, + and solemn games instituted in honour of his memory; a short + account of which will be found in <i>The Mirror</i>, No. 544, + p. 259. These games were celebrated till the latter end of the + sixteenth century, not by the populace only, but by kings and + princes, and grave magistrates, in Scotland and in England; + being considered in the former country of the highest political + importance, and essential to the civil and religious liberties + of the people; the efforts of government to suppress them + frequently producing tumult and insurrection.</p> + + <p>In Ray's Itineraries, 1760, we are told that Robin Hood's + bow, one of his arrows, his chair, his cap, and one of his + slippers, were preserved till within the above century. In + Brome's Travels, is the following notice of his relics: "having + pleased ourselves with the antiquities of Nottingham, we took + horse and went to visit the well, and ancient chair, of Robin + Hood, which is not far from hence, within the Forest of + Sherwood. Being placed in the chair, we had a cap which they + say was his, very formally put upon our heads, and having + performed the usual ceremonies befitting so great a solemnity, + we received the freedom of the chair, and were incorporated + into the society of that renowned brotherhood." In Hutton's + Journey from Birmingham to London, 1785, he states, "I was much + pleased with a slipper, belonging to the famous Robin Hood, + shown me, fifty years ago, at St. Ann's Well, near Nottingham, + a place upon the borders of Sherwood Forest, to which he + resorted." Over a spring called Robin Hood's Well, four miles + north of Doncaster, is a handsome stone arch, erected by Lord + Carlisle, where passengers from the coach used to drink of the + fair water, and give alms to two people who attended.</p> + + <p>Thus, not only did those places retain his name which + afforded him security or amusement, but even the well at which + he quenched his thirst. There is also Robin Hood's Bay, on the + coast of Yorkshire. It is mentioned by Leland as "a fischer + tounlet of 20 bootes caulled Robyn Huddes Bay, a dok or bosom + of a mile yn length:" in this bay he often went fishing in the + summer season, and not far from this he had butts or marks set + up, where he used to exercise his men in shooting with the long + bow.</p> + + <p>After Robin's death, his company dispersed, and are supposed + to have been distinguished from the name of their gallant + leader, by the title of Roberdsmen. It may not be uninteresting + to subjoin a short account of the last days of Robin's friend + and favourite, Little John. The honour of his death and burial + is contended by rival nations, first by England. At the village + of Hathersage, about six miles from Castleton, in Derbyshire, + is Little John's grave. Tradition states, some curious person + caused it to be opened, when there were found several bones of + uncommon size, which he preserved; but meeting afterwards with + many unlucky accidents, he carefully replaced them, partly at + the intercession of the sexton who had taken them up for him, + and who had in like manner been visited with misfortunes, but + upon restoring the bones all these troubles ceased. Secondly, + by Scotland. In Murray-land, according to the historian, Hector + Boece, is "the Kirke of Pette, quhare the banis of Lytill Johne + remainis in grete admiratioun of pepill. He hes bene fourtene + feet of hycht with square membris effering thairto VI zeris," + continues he, "afore the cumyng of this werk to lycht we saw + his hanche-bane, als mekill as the hail bane of ane man, lor we + schot our arme in the mouth thairof. Be quhilk apperis how + strang and square pepill grew in our regioun afore they were + effeminat with lust and intemperance of mouth." Thirdly, by + Ireland. "There stood," as Stanihurst relates, "in Ostmantowne + greene an hillocke, named Little John his shot. The occasion," + he says, proceeded of this—"In the yeere one thousand one + hundred foure score and nine, there ranged three robbers + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page206" + id="page206"></a>[pg 206]</span> and outlaws in England, + among which Robert Hood and Little John weere cheefeteins, + of all theeves doubtlesse the most courteous. Robert Hood + being betrayed at a nunrie in Scotland, called Bricklies, + the remnant of the crue was scattered, and everie man forced + to shift for himselfe; whereupon Little John was faine to + flee the realme by sailing to Ireland, where he sojornied + for a few daies at Dublin. The citizens beeing doone to + understand the wandering outcast to be an excellent archer, + requested him hartilie to trie how far he could shoote at + random; who yeelding to their behest, stood on the bridge of + Dublin, and shot to that mole hill, leaving behind him a + monument, rather by his posteritie to be woondered, than + possiblie by anie man living to be counterscored. But as the + repaire of so notorious a champion to anie countrie would + soone be published, so his abode could not be long + concealed, and therefore to eschew the danger of laws, he + fled into Scotland, where he died at a town or village + called Moravie." But, Mr. Walker, after observing, that + "poor Little John's great practical skill in archery could + not save him from an ignominious fall," says "it appeared + from some records in the Southwell family, that he was + publicly executed for robbery on Arbor-hill, Dublin."</p> + + <p>A bow, said to have belonged to Little John, with the name + of Nayler upon it, is now in the possession of a gentleman in + the West Riding of Yorkshire.<a id="footnotetag6" + name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a> + <i>--SWAINE.</i></p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>New Books.</h2> + <hr class="short" /> + + <h3>ELEMENTS OF CHEMISTRY.</h3> + + <blockquote> + <p>[This is one of the <i>Naturo-Philosophical</i> volumes + of the <i>Cabinet Cyclopaedia</i>, and is therefore to be + viewed as a portion of that series rather than as a + substantive work. Its preparation has been entrusted to Mr. + M. Donovan, Professor of Chemistry to the Company of + Apothecaries in Ireland; so that it comes to us with some + share of recommendatory experience on the part of the + editor. It would, however, be difficult to point out the + advantages of Mr. Donovan's volume over others of the same + description. Neither will such distinction be looked for + but in a scientific journal. The arrangement is clear and + satisfactory; the manner plain and illustrative; and the + matter in accordance with the science of the present day; + though in a few cases the nomenclature is somewhat + overloaded with hard names, and presumes more previous + acquaintance with the subject than is consistent. We + subjoin a few extracts of popular interest.]</p> + </blockquote> + + <p><i>Caloric, or the matter of Heat.</i></p> + + <p>Heat is admitted by the philosophers of the present day to + be the principle concerned in repulsion; and heat and cold are + known to produce expansion and contraction in all bodies. Heat + is, therefore, the antagonist of cohesion. Chemists have + thought it necessary to make a distinction between the senses + in which the word heat may be taken. In its usual acceptation, + it merely means the effect excited on the organs of sensation + by a hot body. But as this must be produced by a power in the + hot body independent of sensation, that power is what chemists + understand by the word <i>heat</i>: and to distinguish between + the effect and its cause, the term <i>caloric</i> has been + substituted. The introduction of this term appears altogether + unnecessary, when the sense in which the word <i>heat</i> + should be understood is explained. Caloric means the + <i>cause</i> of the <i>sensation</i> heat: and there seems no + reason to fear that the perception of heat by the organs of + sensation can ever be misunderstood to be the agent in chemical + phenomena.</p> + + <p><i>Omniscience displayed in the constitution of the + Atmosphere.</i></p> + + <p>In the constitution of the atmosphere we have ample scope to + admire the design and execution of a structure calculated, with + such wondrous precision, to fulfil its purposes. Were the + atmosphere to consist wholly of oxygen; and the different kinds + of objects which compose, and are found upon, the globe, to + remain what they are; the world would run through its stages of + decay, renovation, and final destruction, in a rapid cycle. + Combustion, once excited, would proceed with ungovernable + violence; the globe, during its short existence, would be in a + continual conflagration, until its ashes would be its only + remains: animals would live with hundred-fold intensity, and + terminate their mortal career in a few hours. On the other + hand, were the atmosphere wholly composed of azote, life could + never have existed, whether animal or vegetable, and the + objects of the Creator in forming this world would not be + fulfilled. But the atmosphere is a wholesome mixture of these + two formidable elements, each neutralizing the other's baneful + influence. The life of animals quietly runs through its + allotted space; and the current of nature flows within + prescribed limits, manageably and moderately.</p> + + <p><i>Tartaric Acid.</i></p> + + <p>Every one knows, that when a large quantity of the juice of + grapes is left to spontaneous fermentation, the result is wine. + When wine has been kept some time to depurate in wooden + vessels, it deposits, on the side of the vessel, a hard crust + of dark coloured matter, the taste of which is sour. This + matter is impure; but, when purified by various + crystallizations, it becomes perfectly white and crystalline; + and then it is known in commerce by the name of <i>cream of + tartar</i>. The etymology of the singular name, tartar, is + uncertain: it is derived from <i>tártaros</i>, as + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page207" + id="page207"></a>[pg 207]</span> some say, because it + occasions pains equal to those endured in the infernal + regions; and, as others say, merely because this substance + deposits itself in the inferior parts of the cask. Tartaric + acid may be obtained from cream of tartar by a process + analogous to that given for obtaining citric acid. It has an + exceedingly acid taste: it dissolves readily in water, and + is soluble in alcohol. Its crystals are of a very irregular + shape. In 100 parts, by weight, there are 12 of water; the + remaining 88 parts are the pure anhydrous acid, composed of + 32-39 parts of carbon, 52-97 of oxygen, and 2-64 of + hydrogen. This acid exists abundantly in other fruits, but + especially in the tamarind; in the grape it exists along + with citric, malic, and an acid called <i>vinic</i>, which + resembles tartaric acid in many respects, but differs from + it in others, and concerning the nature of which almost + nothing is known: these four constitute the agreeable + tartness of the juice of that fruit.</p> + + <p><i>Oxalic Acid</i>.</p> + + <p>The plant called sorrel is valued for its acidulous taste. + This acidity is owing to the presence of a peculiar acid, which + may be separated from the juice, and from the potash with which + it is combined, by a process analagous to that described for + the preparation of citric acid. It has obtained the name of + <i>oxalic acid</i>, from the generic name of the plant, + <i>oxalis acetosella</i>. This acid forms readily into regular + crystals, of which one half the weight is water, the other half + being pure acid. It is a remarkable circumstance in its + constitution, that it contains no hydrogen, and that it + consists merely of carbon and oxygen—there being twice as + much oxygen as there is carbon. So that it differs from + carbonic acid merely in the relative quantities of its + ingredients. Oxalic acid can be prepared by an artificial + process, with great ease, from sugar, and six times its weight + of nitric acid,—the former affording the carbon necessary + to its formation, and the latter the oxygen. It is only + necessary to heat the nitric acid on the sugar; the sugar + dissolves, and there is a violent effervescence, which must be + moderated by immersion in cold water: when the mixture cools, + crystals of oxalic acid form in abundance, which may be + purified by a second crystallization.</p> + + <p>Oxalic acid is an active poison; many persons have fallen + victims to its virulence, by having swallowed it in mistake for + Epsom salt, which it resembles in appearance. In all + probability, this would not prove to be the only vegetable acid + capable of acting as a poison. Chalk finely powdered, and + diffused in water, is the proper antidote to the poison of + oxalic acid.</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>[The chapter on Combustion contains some new facts; and + that on the Atomic Theory is more attractive than might + have been expected.]</p> + </blockquote> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>The Gatherer</h2> + <hr class="short" /> + + <p><i>The Plain Truth.</i>—Sir John Trevor, cousin to + Lord Chancellor Jefferies, was an able man, but as corrupt as + he was able. He was twice Speaker of the House of Commons, and + officially had the mortification to put the question to the + house, "whether himself ought to be expelled for bribery." The + answer was "Yes."</p> + + <p><i>Freaks of Royalty.</i>—James I. in a capricious + mood, threatened the Lord Mayor with removing the seat of + royalty, the meetings of parliament, &c. from the capital. + "Your Majesty at least," replied the Mayor, "will be graciously + pleased to leave us the River Thames."</p> + + <p><i>The Original Strand.</i>—In the reign of Edward + III. the Strand was an open highway. A solitary house + occasionally occurred; but in 1353, the ruggedness of the + highway was such, that Edward appointed a tax on wool, leather, + &c. for its improvement.</p> + + <p>On the laying the first stone of the church of St. Martin's + in the Fields, the king (George I.) gave one hundred guineas to + be distributed among the workmen.</p> + + <p><i>A swampy Kingdom.</i>—In the reign of Charles II. + at the east end of St. James's Park, there was a swampy retreat + for the ducks, thence denominated Duck Island, which, by + Charles was erected into a government, and a salary annexed to + the office, in favour of the celebrated French writer, M. de + St. Evremond, who was the first and last governor.</p> + + <p>The gold embroidery of the chair of state in Carlton Palace + is stated to have cost 500<i>l</i>.</p> + + <p>The horse rode by the Champion in the coronation of George + the Third was the same that bore George the Second at the + memorable battle of Dettingen.</p> + + <p><i>Political Criticism.</i>—The following proof of + political prejudice may not be known:—"John Milton was + one whose natural parts might deservedly give him a place + amongst the principal of our English poets, having written two + heroic poems and a tragedy, viz:—Paradise Lost, Paradise + Regained, and Samson Agonistes; <i>but his fame is gone out + like a candle in a snuff</i>; and his memory will always stink, + which might have ever lived in honourable repute, had he not + been a notorious traitor, and most impiously and villanously + belied that blessed martyr, King Charles I."—<i>Lives of + the most famous English Poets, &c. 1687, by Wm. + Winstanley.</i></p> + + <p><i>A Pastor.</i>—The Rev. Andrew Marvell, A.M. father + of the patriot, was born at Mildred, in Cambridgeshire, in + 1586. He was a student of Emanuel College in that University, + where he took his degree of Master of Arts in 1608. Afterwards + he was elected <span class="pagenum"><a name="page208" + id="page208"></a>[pg 208]</span> master of the grammar + school at Hull, and in 1624, lecturer of Trinity Church in + that town. "He was a most excellent preacher," says Fuller, + "who, like a good husband, never broached what he had + new-brewed, but preached what he had studied some competent + time before: insomuch that he was wont to say that he would + cross the common proverb, which called 'Saturday the working + day, and Monday the holiday, of preachers.'"</p> + + <p><i>Dryden's Mc Flecnoe</i>.—W. Newcastle has the + following excellent lines in reference to Dryden's + poem:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"<i>Flecnoe</i>, thy characters are so full of + wit</p> + + <p>And fancy, as each word is throng'd with it.</p> + + <p>Each line's a <i>volume</i>, and who reads would + swear</p> + + <p><i>Whole libraries</i> were in each character.</p> + + <p>Nor arrows in a quiver stuck, nor yet</p> + + <p>Lights in the starry skies are thicker set,</p> + + <p>Nor quills upon the armed porcupine,</p> + + <p>Than <i>wit and fancy</i> in this work of + thine."</p> + </div> + </div> + + <h4>SIR WALTER SCOTT.</h4> + + <p>The long-expected death of this good and great man took + place at Abbotsford on Friday, September 21. Our seventh volume + contains a Portrait and Memoir of his life to the year 1826; + and it is our intention to prepare for our ensuing number, a + brief memoir continued to his last days, with a wood-cut + portrait from the latest painting. About twelve months since, + Sir Walter wrote, with almost prophetic pen, the following + passage in the introduction to his last published work: "The + gentle reader is acquainted, that these are, in all + probability, the last tales which it will be the lot of the + author to submit to the public." The sequel has not been so far + realized, though the accordance of the closing line with the + last hours of the deceased bears a consoling balm: "He is now + on the eve of visiting foreign parts; a ship of war is + commissioned by its royal master to carry the Author of + Waverley to climates in which he may possibly obtain such a + restoration of health as may serve him to spin his thread to an + end in his own country."</p> + + <p><i>Eating Goose on Michaelmas Day</i>.—Although this + custom can be traced through upwards of three centuries, its + origin has not been decided by antiquaries. The commonly + received belief is that a goose forming part of the royal + dinner when the news was brought to Queen Elizabeth of the + defeat of the Spanish Armada, her chivalrous majesty commanded + that the dish (a goose) then before her, might be served up on + every 29th of September, to commemorate the above glorious + event. Mr. Douce, the learned antiquarian illustrator, saw the + above reason "somewhere" (such is his expression); but Mr. + Brand thinks this rather to be a stronger proof that the custom + prevailed at court in Queen Elizabeth's time. Its origin, + however, is referable to the previous century: since, bringing + a goose "fit for the lord's dinner," on this day appears to + have been customary even in the time of Edward IV.; and, that + it was common before the Armada victory, is shown the following + passage in Gascoigne, who died in 1577, or eleven years before + the above event:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"And when the tenauntes come to pay their quarter's + rent,</p> + + <p>They bring some fowle at Midsummer, a dish of fish + at Lent;</p> + + <p>At Christmasse a capon, <i>at Michaelmas a + goose</i>,</p> + + <p>And somewhat else at New Yere's-tide, <i>for feare + their leave flies</i></p> + + <p class="i2">loose."</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>The reason given by Blount, in his <i>Tenures</i>, is + considered far from satisfactory. Beckwith, his editor, says, + "Probably no other reason can be given for this custom, but + that Michaelmas Day was a great festival, and geese at that + time were most plentiful." The origin of the saying that "if + you eat goose on Michaelmas Day, you will never want money all + the year round," is explained, in the <i>British Apollo</i>, as + follows:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>The custom came up from the tenants presenting</p> + + <p>Their landlords with geese to incline their + relenting</p> + + <p>On following payments.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>Again:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>For doubtless 'twas at first design'd</p> + + <p>To make the people seasons mind,</p> + + <p>That so they might apply their care</p> + + <p>To all those things which needful were;</p> + + <p>And by a good industrious hand,</p> + + <p>Know when and how t' improve their land.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>Ellis, in his notes to Brand, says, "the practice of eating + goose on Michaelmas Day does not appear to prevail in any part + of France. Upon St. Martin's Day, they eat turkey at Paris. + They likewise eat geese upon St. Martin's Day, Twelfth Day, and + Shrove Tuesday, at Paris." In Denmark, where the harvest is + later than here, every family has a roasted goose for supper on + St. Martin's Eve. PHILO.</p> + + <h4><i>The reason why Pennsylvania was settled.</i></h4> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"Penn refused to pull his hat off</p> + + <p>Before the king, and therefore set off,</p> + + <p>Another country to light pat on,</p> + + <p>Where he might worship with his hat on." H.H.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <h4>"Mollissima tempora fandi."</h4>A translation of the above + is requested, in one line, which shall rhyme with the original. + H.H.<br /> + <br /> + + + <h4><i>Motto for a Cigar Smoker.</i></h4>"Non fumum ex fulgore, + sed ex fumo dare lucem cogita." H.H.<br /> + <br /> + + <hr /> + + <p>St. Cross, Winchester, received some weeks since, shall + appear next week.</p> + <hr /> + + <h4>THE LATE SIR WALTER SCOTT, BART.</h4> + + <h4>No. 203, price Twopence, of</h4> + + <h4>THE MIRROR,</h4> + + <h4>Contains a STEEL-PLATE PORTRAIT and MEMOIR</h4> + + <h4>of the late</h4> + + <h4>SIR WALTER SCOTT, BART.</h4> + <hr class="full" /> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote1" + name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a> + + <p>Tait's Edinburgh Magazine for the present month.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote2" + name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a> + + <p>At this school also were educated Vice-Admiral Lord + Collingwood; Sir Robert Chambers; William Elstob, an + antiquary and divine; the poet, Akenside; the Rev. George + Hall, Bishop of Dromore; and the Rev. John Brand, author of + a history of Newcastle, and secretary to the Society of + Antiquaries; all of whom were born at Newcastle.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote3" + name="footnote3"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a> + + <p>In his Personal Tour through the United Kingdom, Part + iii.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote4" + name="footnote4"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a> + + <p>It appears from the newspapers that on the night of the + 25th of February, 1812, three outside passengers were found + dead on the roof of the Bath coach, from the inclemency of + the weather.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote5" + name="footnote5"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a> + + <p>By the way, a natural weathercock instead of the gilded + vane, as defined by Brown, would have been a <i>rara + avis</i>: "A kingfisher hanged by the bill, converting the + breast to that point of the horizon whence the wind doth + blow, is a very strange introducing of natural + weathercocks."</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote6" + name="footnote6"></a><b>Footnote 6:</b> + <a href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a> + + <p>Sir George Armitage, of Kirklees Hall.—See + <i>Mirror</i>, vol. xix. p. 322.</p> + </blockquote> + <hr class="full" /> + + <p><i>Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143. Strand, (near + Somerset House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New + Market, Leipsic; G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, + Paris; and by all Newsmen and Booksellers.</i></p> + <hr class="full" /> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, +and Instruction, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE *** + +***** This file should be named 11887-h.htm or 11887-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/8/8/11887/ + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Bill Walker and PG Distributed Proofreaders + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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