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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 20, Issue 563, August 25, 1832, by Various
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 20,
+Issue 563, August 25, 1832
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 31, 2004  [eBook #11862]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: iso-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE,
+AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 20, ISSUE 563, AUGUST 25, 1832***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Bill Walker, and Project Gutenberg
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+
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+Vol. 20, No. 563.] SATURDAY, AUGUST 25, 1832. [PRICE 2d
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ANTIQUITIES OF THE PEAK.
+
+CROSSES
+
+[Illustration: (At Eyam.)]
+
+[Illustration: (At Wheston.)]
+
+[Illustration: (Beauchief Abbey.)]
+
+Mr. Rhodes, the elegant topographer of _the Peak_, observes, "there
+are but few individuals in this country, possessing the means and the
+opportunities of travel, who have not, either from curiosity or some
+other motive, visited the Peak of Derbyshire." This remark is correct;
+and to it we may add, that the "few" who have not personally visited
+the Peak, have become familiar with its wonders through the pencils
+of artists, or the graphic pens of accomplished tourists. Yet their
+attractions are not of that general character which delights an
+untravelled eye: they belong rather to the wonderful than what is,
+in common parlance, the beautiful. Mr. Rhodes says, "Travellers
+accustomed to well-wooded and highly-cultivated scenes only, have
+frequently expressed a feeling bordering on disgust, at the bleak and
+barren appearance of the mountains in the Peak of Derbyshire; but to
+the man whose taste is unsophisticated by a fondness for artificial
+adornments, they possess superior interest, and impart more pleasing
+sensations. Remotely seen, they are often beautiful; many of their
+forms, even when near, are decidedly good; and in distance, the
+features of rudeness, by which they are occasionally marked, are
+softened down into general and sometimes harmonious masses. The
+graceful and long-continued outline which they present, the breadth of
+light and shadow that spreads over their extended surfaces, and the
+delightful colouring with which they are often invested, never fail to
+attract the attention of the picturesque traveller."
+
+Our present road, however, lies through the dales rather than the
+mountainous portion of this district. To enjoy the picturesque variety
+of the former we must leave the cloud-capped peaks, and ramble with
+the reader through "cultivated meadows, luxuriant foliage, steep
+heathy hills, and craggy rocks, while the eye is enchanted with
+brilliant streams." Such indeed is the character of the dales,
+especially those through which the Derwent, the Dove, and the Wye
+meander. Hitherto we have but adverted to the natural beauties of the
+country; although they are checkered with many mouldering relics
+of "hoar antiquity"--many crumbling memorials of ages long past,
+reminding us of the nothingness of man's labours, yet harmonizing most
+happily with the feelings inspired by the natural sublimities of the
+scene. By such associations, the decaying glories of art lend even a
+charm to ever flourishing nature!
+
+The Cuts are but three vignettes from the architectural lore of the
+district. They stand in sheltered valleys, though, as their ruinous
+condition implies, their situation has not saved them from the
+destroying hand of time. Indeed, one of them, Beauchief Abbey, gives
+name to its locality, Abbey Dale, not far from the partition line that
+separates Derbyshire from Yorkshire. In this road, the ruin in the Cut
+is the first object that claims the attention of the tourist in his
+progress to the Peak; being part of a once magnificent abbey, founded
+by Robert Fitz-Ranulph, Lord of Alfreton; as an expiation for the part
+he is said to have taken in the murder of Thomas à Becket. The
+late Dr. Pegg, the antiquary, discountenances this tradition. His
+arguments, however, which are chiefly founded on the circumstance of
+the brother of Robert Fitz-Ranulph, being afterwards in great favour
+with Henry the Second, do not appear conclusive, particularly when
+opposed to the authority of Dugdale, Fuller, Bishop Tanner, and others
+who have written on the subject.[1]
+
+    [1] Dugdale says, "Robert Fitz-Ranulph, Lord of Alfreton, Norton,
+    and Marnham, was one of the four knights who martyred the blessed
+    Thomas à Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury; and afterwards founded
+    the Monastery of Beauchief, by way of expiating his crime; in the
+    reign of Henry the Second." Bishop Tanner writes, "Beauchief, an
+    Abbey of Promonstatentian, or White Canons, founded A.D. 1183, by
+    Robert Fitz-Ranulph, Lord of Alfreton, one of the executioners of
+    Thomas à Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, to whom canonized, this
+    monastery was dedicated." These authorities are quoted by
+    Mr. Rhodes. Sir James Mackintosh names the four "knights of
+    distinguished rank," (apparently upon the authority of Hoveden,)
+    to have been "William de Tracy, Hugh de Moreville, Richard Britto,
+    and Reginald Fitz-Urse." We do not attempt to reconcile the
+    conflicting chroniclers; but we should add, from the subsequent
+    page, by Sir James, "the conspirators, despairing of pardon, found
+    a distant refuge in the Castle of Knaresborough, in the town of
+    Hugh de Moreville, and were, after some time, enjoined by the Pope
+    to do penance for their crime, by a pilgrimage to the Holy Land,
+    where _they died_, and were interred before the gate of the
+    Temple." Sir James describes the murder of Becket with minuteness:
+    "the assassins fell on him with many strokes; and though the
+    second brought him to the ground, they did not cease till _his
+    brains were scattered over the pavement_."--We know the Cathedral
+    guide at Canterbury shows you the stone in the place of that on
+    which Becket fell, and states the original stone to be preserved
+    in St. Peter's, at Rome; but the story is to us rather apocryphal.
+    At St. Alban's they show you the _dust_ of the good Duke Humphrey:
+    we once begged a pinch, which the guide granted freely; this
+    induced us to ask him how often he re-supplied the dust: the man
+    stared at our ungrateful incredulity.
+
+The walls of Beauchief Abbey, with the exception of the west end,
+represented in the Cut, have long since either been removed, or have
+mouldered into dust. Parochial service is still performed in the
+remains; but the whole of the original form of the once extensive pile
+of building cannot now be traced.
+
+The exterior architecture of the chapel is almost destitute of
+ornament; if we except the reeded windows, and the double buttresses
+at the angles of the tower, which is stated to be short of its
+original height. On the east side, two angular lines mark the
+connexion which the chapel had with the other buildings, and a part of
+the ground plan may be traced by an adjoining wall, in which are the
+remains of two circular arches, comparatively little impaired. Mr.
+Rhodes observes "a wreath of ivy which falls from the top of the
+tower, and nearly invests one side of it, breaks the dull monotony of
+its outline, and produces a tolerably good effect: in other respects
+it is not strikingly attractive as a picturesque object. The Abbey of
+_Bello-Capite_ will ever be dear to the antiquary who will visit it
+with veneration and delight; nor will the artist pass it by unnoticed.
+The magnificent woods, and the beautiful hills that environ the Abbey
+of Beauchief, amply compensate for any deficiency of grandeur in the
+subordinate adornments of so rich a scene."
+
+Beauchief Abbey, though once a considerable structure, was never
+proportionally wealthy. At the time of its dissolution, (Henry VIII.)
+the whole of its revenues were estimated but at 157_l_; and with the
+materials furnished by its demolition was built Beauchief House upon
+the same estate, granted by Henry VIII. to Sir William Shelly. The
+mansion is still tenanted.
+
+CROSSES.
+
+These emblematic relics stand in two of the villages in the Peak
+district: viz. Eyam and Wheston. They are places of little importance;
+though a touching interest is attached to Eyam, from it having been
+visited by the Great Plague of the year 1666; its population, at this
+time, was about 330; of whom 259 fell by the plague.[2] The history of
+this calamitous visitation forms the subject of a meritorious poem
+by W. and M. Howitt, entitled _the Desolation of Eyam_, in which
+the piety of Mr. Mompesson, (who then held the living of Eyam,)
+his pastoral consolations to his mourning people, and the amiable
+character of his beautiful wife, who fell a victim to the plague,--are
+narrated with true pathos. Yet, this afflicting episode in village
+history--
+
+    So sad, so tender and so true.
+
+having been but recently related by our ingenious contemporary, Mr.
+Hone,[3] we quote but two of the opening stanzas by the Messrs.
+Howitt:
+
+  Among the verdant mountains of the Peak
+    There lies a quiet hamlet, where the slope
+  Of pleasant uplands wards the north-wind's bleak;
+    Below wild dells romantic pathways ope;
+    Around, above it, spreads a shadowy cope
+  Of forest trees: flower, foliage, and clear rill
+    Wave from the cliffs, or down ravines elope;
+  It seems a place charmed from the power of ill
+  By sainted words of old: so lovely, lone, and still.
+
+  And many are the pilgrim's feet which tread
+    Its rocky steps, which thither yearly go;
+  Yet, less by love of Nature's wonders led,
+    Than by the memory of a mighty woe,
+    Which smote, like blasting thunder, long ago,
+  The peopled hills. There stands a sacred tomb,
+    Where tears have rained, nor yet shall cease to flow;
+  Recording days of death's sublimest gloom;
+  Mompesson's power and pain,--his beauteous Catherine's doom.
+
+    [2] Dr. Mead, in his Narrative of the Great Plague in London,
+    particularly mentions its introduction into Eyam, through the
+    medium of a box of clothes, sent to a tailor who resided there.
+
+    [3] Table Book, 1827, p. 481.
+
+The cross at Eyam stands near the entrance into the chancel of the
+church. According to village tradition, this rare relic was found
+on some of the neighbouring hills. It is curiously ornamented with
+symbolic devices in bold relief. "It has suffered dilapidation from
+the culpable neglect of those who should have felt an interest in its
+preservation. About two feet of the top of the shaft is wanting, as
+may be seen by reference to the engraved sketch, (_See the Cut_,)
+which was taken in the year 1815." The sexton of the church, who was
+then an old man, told Mr. Rhodes in 1818, that he well recollected the
+missing part being thrown carelessly about the churchyard, as if of no
+value, until it was broken up by some of the inhabitants, and knocked
+to pieces for domestic purposes. The preservation of the Cross, to the
+extent we have shown, is referable to the philanthropic Howard,
+who, in a visit to Eyam, about the year 1788, or 44 years since,
+particularly noticed the finest part of the relic lying in a corner
+of the churchyard, and nearly overgrown with docks and thistles. "The
+value this hitherto unregarded relic had in the estimation of Howard,"
+says Mr. Rhodes, "made it dearer to the people of Eyam: they brought
+the top part of the cross from its hiding-place, and set it on the
+still dilapidated shaft, where it has ever since remained." Other
+crosses, similar in appearance and workmanship, have been found on
+the hills of Derbyshire, particularly one in the village of Bakewell,
+which we have already figured in _The Mirror_.[4] It evidently
+originated with the same people as that at Eyam, though it is much
+more mutilated. These crosses have been generally regarded as Saxon or
+Danish, though the probability is in favour of the Saxon origin, from
+the high veneration of the Saxons for the sacred symbol of the cross.
+Thus, stone crosses were not only parts of the decorations of every
+church and altar, but set up as land-marks on the high roads as aids
+to devotion, and in market-places as incentives to integrity and
+fair-dealing.
+
+    [4] Vol. xi. p. 40.
+
+Near the cross at Eyam, and in the distance of the Cut, is the tomb of
+Mrs. Mompesson, on one end of which is an hour-glass with two expanded
+wings; and underneath on an oblong tablet is inscribed CAVETE;
+(beware,) and nearer the base, the words _Nescitis Horam_ (ye know not
+the hour). On the other end of the tomb is a death's head resting on a
+plain, projecting tablet; and below the words _Mihi lucrum_ (mine is
+the gain).
+
+The second hallowed relic is at Wheston a small and pleasant village,
+which is situated on an eminence that forms one side of Monksdale,
+and which at this place is known by the name of Peter-dale. A short
+distance from hence is Tideswell, about four miles from Eyam.[5]
+"Wheston," observes Mr. Rhodes, "though consisting of a few houses
+only, is a picturesque little place: the trees which are mingled with
+the cottages, are so abundant, and everywhere so finely foliaged, that
+the place altogether, particularly when seen at a short distance,
+appears more like a copse or wood than a village." The position of the
+Wheston cross favours the conclusion already made as to the purposes
+for which this kind of emblem was originally set up in England. It
+stands in the village, _near the road-side_. The upper part of the
+cross resembles in some of its ornaments the mullion-work of a Gothic
+window: the shaft is unadorned, and more modern. One side represents
+the infant Saviour in the arms of his mother: over their heads is a
+faint indication of a star, emblematic of the ray that directed the
+wise men of the East to the birthplace of Jesus. The reverse of the
+cross exhibits the crucifixion of Christ, whose birth and death it
+has apparently been the design of the sculptor to commemorate in the
+erection of this symbol of his faith. Similar structures are by no
+means uncommon by the road-sides throughout France, and to this day
+the peasantry may be seen bending before them; while the drivers of
+carriages on the most frequented roads are not unmindful of an act of
+passing homage to the time-worn emblem.
+
+    [5] From King John, the Eyam estate descended to the Stafford
+    family, on whom it was bestowed in consideration of certain
+    military services, and on the express condition "that a lamp
+    should be kept perpetually burning before the altar of St. Helen,
+    in the parish-church of Eyam." The lamp has long since ceased
+    to burn, and the estate has passed into other hands: it now
+    constitutes a part of the immense property of his Grace the Duke
+    of Devonshire.
+
+Several crosses have been found in this part of Derbyshire, but only
+a few have escaped the dilapidations of age; the others have been, we
+had almost said sacrilegiously, destroyed as objects of no value. Mr.
+Rhodes tells us that "in one place the shaft of a cross, originally of
+no mean workmanship, has been converted into a gate-post; at another,
+one has been scooped and hollowed out, and made into a blacksmith's
+trough. I have seen one, which is richly sculptured on the three
+remaining sides, with figures and a variety of ornaments, all well
+executed, that was long applied to this humble purpose." The Cut shows
+that a portion of the cross at Wheston has been broken off; Mr. Rhodes
+saw the fragment as a common piece of stone, built and cemented into
+an adjoining wall; and he judiciously adds, "where so little interest
+has been felt in the preservation of these relics, it is only
+surprising that so many of them yet remain in different parts of the
+kingdom." Among all acts of wanton license, the destruction of a cross
+is to us the most unaccountable. We can readily refer the defacement
+of imperial insignia and the spoliation of royal houses to political
+turbulence engendered by acts of tyrannical misrule; but the
+mutilation of _the cross_--the _universal_ Christian emblem--remains
+to be explained, unless we attribute it to the brutal ignorance of the
+spoilers. Its religious universality ought consistently to protect it
+from intolerance.
+
+We must not bring this paper to a close without explaining that the
+preceding Engravings have been copied from the first of Mr. Rhodes's
+excursions of seventeen miles, viz. from Sheffield to Tideswell.
+The Abbey and the two Crosses therefore occur in that district. The
+original plates are effectively engraved by W. and W.B. Cook, from
+drawings by Mr. Chantrey, R.A., who presented to Mr. Rhodes a series
+of drawings for his work, "as a token of his friendship, and a mark of
+his attachment to his native country."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SELECT BIOGRAPHY
+
+
+M. CASIMIR PERIER.
+
+
+(_PARTLY FROM THE FRENCH._)
+
+
+The late French premier, was the son of a rich merchant at Grenoble,
+where he was born October 12, 1777. At an early age he entered the
+army: he served in the Italian campaigns of 1799 and 1800, in the
+staff of the Military Engineers. On the death of his father, however,
+he quitted the service and devoted himself wholly to commercial
+pursuits. In 1802, he opened a bank at Paris, and subsequently,
+establishments for cotton-spinning and sugar-refining, and a steam
+flour mill, all of which were eminently successful, and contributed
+to the formation of his immense fortune. He first became known to the
+public in 1816, by a pamphlet against the foreign loan system, which
+was equally remarkable for its clearness of argument and profound
+knowledge of finance. In 1817, he was elected one of the Deputies for
+the Department of the Seine, and from that time until the revolution
+of 1830, he continued the firm opponent of every ministerial
+encroachment on the rights and privileges of the people. He
+particularly distinguished himself by his hostility to the Villele
+administration; himself supporting almost singly the whole burden of
+the opposition to the famous budget of Villele, which he disputed,
+item by item, with talent and perseverance worthy of entering the
+lists with the distinguished financier to whom he was opposed. When
+M. de Polignac became President of the Council, the opposition of M.
+Perier assumed a more violent character, and he was pre-eminent
+among the 221 deputies who voted the address which led to the fatal
+ordonnances of July. When the revolution broke out, he at once avowed
+himself the advocate of the popular cause, and opened his house as the
+place of meeting of the deputies, who assembled to protest against the
+illegality of the proceedings of the Crown. Firmly, however, attached
+to the principles of constitutional opposition, and shrinking,
+therefore, from the probable effects of a revolution, he was one of
+the last to abandon the hope that his infatuated sovereign would open
+his eyes to the gulf on the brink of which he was standing, and by a
+timely revocation of the ordonnances, prevent the necessity of the
+extreme measure of an appeal to arms, and a consequent change of
+dynasty. When these became inevitable, M. Perier attached himself
+firmly to the work of consolidating the new throne of Louis Philippe,
+and reassembling those elements of order and stability which the
+convulsion of July had scattered, but not annihilated. On the
+dissolution of the ministry of M. Lafitte, M. Casimir Perier was
+called to the head of the government, and immediately entered into the
+system of conservative policy, which he continued until the close of
+his career. The last time he took any important part in the debates
+of the Chamber of Deputies was on the 20th of March, when he made an
+ingenious defence of the conduct of government with respect to the
+events of Grenoble. His last appearance in the Chamber was on the 29th
+of March, when he merely brought in several private bills. On the
+3rd of April he was attacked by the cholera, and, although the
+indefatigable care bestowed on him by his medical attendants had more
+than once apparently eradicated the disease, his frame, enfeebled by
+a long standing internal complaint, as well as by his intense and
+incessant application, was unable to resist the violence of the
+disease, and, after several relapses, he at length sunk under his
+sufferings, on the morning of the 16th of May, 1832.
+
+As an orator M. Perier was energetic and impassioned: the natural
+warmth of his temper, added to the irritability produced by illness,
+frequently imparted a _brusque_ acerbity to his style, which injured
+both the oratorical and moral effect of his eloquence; but his
+reasoning was forcible, and his manner commanding and effective. "It
+is not our province," says the editor of the Journal, whence these
+particulars have been chiefly obtained, "to examine the merits or
+demerits of his political system: recorders of, not actors in, the
+great political struggle in which France is engaged, we have too
+often had occasion to quote the enthusiastic eulogiums and unmeasured
+invectives heaped upon him by different parties, to render it
+necessary to repeat here, that he possessed the strongest proofs
+against the reproach of mediocrity ever being applicable to him."
+
+W.G.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+NEW BOOKS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHARACTERISTICS OF WOMEN.
+
+    [The elegantly embellished volumes by Mrs. Jamieson, with
+    the above attractive title, present the prettiest code of
+    ladye-philosophy we have ever witnessed on paper. They aim
+    at illustrating the characters of Intellect, Passion, and
+    Imagination, the Affections, and what are purely Historical
+    Characters, in the females of Shakspeare's Plays. Such is the
+    design: of its beautiful execution we can give the reader but a
+    faint idea by extracting from Passion and Imagination, part of the
+    _Character of Juliet_:--]
+
+It is not without emotion, that I attempt to touch on the character of
+Juliet. Such beautiful things have already been said of her--only
+to be exceeded in beauty by the subject that inspired them!--it
+is impossible to say any thing better; but it is possible to say
+something more. Such in fact is the simplicity, the truth, and the
+loveliness of Juliet's character, that we are not at first aware
+of its complexity, its depth, and its variety. There is in it an
+intensity of passion, a singleness of purpose, an entireness, a
+completeness of effect, which we feel as a whole; and to attempt to
+analyze the impression thus conveyed at once to soul and sense, is
+as if while hanging-over a half-blown rose, and revelling in its
+intoxicating perfume, we should pull it asunder, leaflet by leaflet,
+the better to display its bloom and fragrance. Yet how otherwise
+should we disclose the wonders of its formation, or do justice to the
+skill of the divine hand that hath thus fashioned it in its beauty?
+
+All Shakspeare's women, being essentially women, either love, or
+have loved, or are capable of loving; but Juliet is love itself. The
+passion is her state of being, and out of it she has no existence.
+It is the soul within her soul; the pulse within her heart; the
+life-blood along her veins, "blending with every atom of her frame."
+The love that is so chaste and dignified in Portia--so airy-delicate,
+and fearless in Miranda--so sweetly confiding in Perdita--so playfully
+fond in Rosalind--so constant in Imogem--so devoted in Desdemona--so
+fervent in Helen--so tender in Viola,--is each and all of these in
+Juliet. All these remind us of her; but she reminds us of nothing but
+her own sweet self: or if she does, it is of the Grismunda, or the
+Lisetta, or the Fiamminetta of Boccaccio, to whom she is allied, not
+in the character or circumstances, but in the truly Italian spirit,
+the glowing, national complexion of the portrait.[6]
+
+    [6] Lord Byron has remarked of the Italian women, (and he could
+    speak _avec connaissance de fait_,) that they are the only women
+    in the world capable of impressions at once very sudden and very
+    durable; which, he adds, is to be found in no other nation. Mr.
+    Moore observes afterwards, how completely an Italian woman, either
+    from nature or her social position, is led to invert the usual
+    course of frailty among ourselves, and weak in resisting the
+    first impulses of passion, to reserve the whole strength
+    her character for a display of constancy and devotedness
+    afterwards.--Both these traits of national character are
+    exemplified in Juliet.--_Moore's Life of Byron_, vol. ii p. 303,
+    338, 4to edit.
+
+There was an Italian painter who said that the secret of all effect
+in colour consisted in white upon black, and black upon white. How
+perfectly did Shakspeare understand this secret of effect! and how
+beautifully he has exemplified it in Juliet!
+
+  So shews a snowy dove trooping with crows,
+  As yonder lady o'er her follows shews!
+
+Thus she and her lover are in contrast with all around them. They are
+all love, surrounded with all hate; all harmony, surrounded with all
+discord; all pure nature, in the midst of polished and artificial
+life. Juliet, like Portia, is the foster-child of opulence and
+splendour: she dwells in a fair city--she has been nurtured in a
+palace--she clasps her robe with jewels--she braids her hair with
+rainbow-tinted pearls; but in herself she has no more connexion with
+the trappings around her, than the lovely exotic transplanted from
+some Eden-like climate, has with the carved and gilded conservatory
+which has reared and sheltered its luxuriant beauty.
+
+But in this vivid impression of contrast, there is nothing abrupt or
+harsh. A tissue of beautiful poetry weaves together the principal
+figures and the subordinate personages. The consistent truth of the
+costume, and the exquisite gradations of relief with which the most
+opposite hues are approximated, blend all into harmony. Romeo and
+Juliet are not poetical beings placed on a prosaic background; nor are
+they, like Thekla and Max in the Wallenstein, two angels of light amid
+the darkest and harshest, the most debased and revolting aspects of
+humanity; but every circumstance, and every personage, and every shade
+of character in each, tends to the developement of the sentiment which
+is the subject of the drama. The poetry, too, the richest that can
+possibly be conceived, is interfused through all the characters; the
+splendid imagery lavished upon all with the careless prodigality of
+genius, and all is lighted up into such a sunny brilliance of effect,
+as though Shakspeare had really transported himself into Italy, and
+had drunk to intoxication of her genial atmosphere. How truly it has
+been said, that "although Romeo and Juliet are in love, they are not
+love-sick!" What a false idea would any thing of the mere whining
+amoroso, give us of Romeo, such as he is really in Shakspeare--the
+noble, gallant, ardent, brave, and witty! And Juliet--with even less
+truth could the phrase or idea apply to her! The picture in "Twelfth
+Night" of the wan girl dying of love, "who pined in thought, and with
+a green and yellow melancholy," would never surely occur to us, when
+thinking on the enamoured and impassioned Juliet, in whose bosom love
+keeps a fiery vigil, kindling tenderness into enthusiasm, enthusiasm
+into passion, passion into heroism! No, the whole sentiment of the
+play is of a far different cast. It is flushed with the genial spirit
+of the south; it tastes of youth, and of the essence of youth; of
+life, and of the very sap of life. We have indeed the struggle of love
+against evil destinies and a thorny world; the pain, the grief,
+the anguish, the terror, the despair:--the aching adieu; the pang
+unutterable of parted affection; and rapture, truth, and tenderness
+trampled into an early grave: but still an Elysian grace lingers round
+the whole, and the blue sky of Italy bends over all!
+
+Lord Byron's Haidée is a copy of Juliet in the Oriental costume, but
+the development is epic, not dramatic.
+
+I remember no dramatic character, conveying the same impression of
+singleness of purpose, and devotion of heart and soul, except the
+Thekla of Schiller's Wallenstein: she is the German Juliet; far
+unequal, indeed, but conceived, nevertheless, in a kindred spirit. I
+know not if critics have ever compared them, or whether Schiller is
+supposed to have had the English, or rather the Italian, Juliet in his
+fancy when he portrayed Thekla; but there are some striking points of
+coincidence, while the national distinction in the character of the
+passion leaves to Thekla a strong cast of originality.
+
+With regard to the termination of the play, which has been a subject
+of much critical argument, it is well-known that Shakspeare, following
+the old English versions, has departed from the original story of Da
+Porta;[7] and I am inclined to believe that Da Porta, in making Juliet
+waken from her trance while Romeo yet lives, and in his terrible final
+scene between the lovers, has departed from the old tradition, and as
+a romance, has certainly improved it: but that which is effective in
+a narrative is not always calculated for the drama; and I cannot but
+agree with Schlegel, that Shakspeare has done well and wisely
+in adhering to the old story.[8] Can we doubt for a moment that
+Shakspeare, who has given us the catastrophe of Othello, and the
+tempest scene in Lear, might also have adopted these additional
+circumstances of horror in the fate of the lovers, and have so treated
+them as to harrow up our very souls--had it been his object to do so?
+But apparently it was _not_. The tale is one,
+
+  Such, as once heard, in gentle heart destroys
+  All pain but pity.
+
+    [7] The "Giulietta" of Luigi da Porta was written about 1520. In
+    a popular little book published in 1565, thirty years before
+    Shakspeare wrote his tragedy, the name of Juliet occurs as an
+    example of faithful love, and is thus explained by a note in the
+    margin. "Juliet, a noble maiden of the citie of Verona, which
+    loved Romeo, eldest son of the Lord Monteschi; and being privily
+    married together, he at last poisoned himself for love of her:
+    she, for sorrow of his death, slew herself with his dagger." This
+    note, which furnishes in brief, the whole argument of Shakspeare's
+    play, might possibly have made the first impression on his fancy.
+
+    [8] There is nothing so improbable in the story of Romeo and
+    Juliet as to make us doubt the tradition that it is a real fact.
+    "The Veronese," says Lord Byron, in one of his letters from
+    Verona, "are tenacious to a degree of the truth of Juliet's story,
+    insisting on the fact, giving the date 1303, and showing a tomb.
+    It is a plain, open, and partly decayed sarcophagus, with withered
+    leaves in it, in a wild and desolate conventual garden--once a
+    cemetery, now ruined, to the very graves! The situation struck me
+    as very appropriate to the legend, being blighted as their
+    love." He might have added, that when Verona itself, with its
+    amphitheatre and its Palladian structures, lies level with the
+    earth, the very spot on which it stood will still be consecrated
+    by the memory of Juliet. When in Italy, I met a gentleman, who
+    being then "_dans le genre romantique_," wore a fragment of
+    Juliet's tomb set in a ring.
+
+It is in truth a tale of love and sorrow, not of anguish and terror.
+We behold the catastrophe afar off with scarcely a wish to avert it.
+Romeo and Juliet _must_ die: their destiny is fulfilled: they have
+quaffed off the cup of life, with all its infinite of joys and
+agonies, in one intoxicating draught. What have they to do more
+upon this earth? Young, innocent, loving, and beloved, they descend
+together into the tomb: but Shakspeare has made that tomb a shrine
+of martyred and sainted affection consecrated for the worship of all
+hearts,--not a dark charnel vault, haunted by spectres of pain, rage,
+and desperation.
+
+The poem, which opened with the enmity of the two families, closes
+with their reconciliation over the breathless remains of their
+children; and no violent, frightful, or discordant feeling, is
+suffered to mingle with that soft impression of melancholy left within
+the heart, and which Schlegel compares to one long, endless sigh.
+
+"A youthful passion," says Goëthe, (alluding to one of his own early
+attachments), "which is conceived and cherished without any certain
+object, may be compared to a shell thrown from a mortar by night: it
+rises calmly in a brilliant track, and seems to mix, and even to dwell
+for a moment, with the stars of heaven; but at length it falls--it
+bursts--consuming and destroying all around even as itself expires."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PALACE OF CHARLEMAGNE, AT AIX-LA-CHAPELLE.
+
+
+At Aix-la-Chapelle, situated nearly in the centre of his vast
+dominions, and in a salubrious climate, Charlemagne had fixed upon a
+spot for building a palace, in the neighbourhood of some natural warm
+baths,--a Roman luxury, in which the Frankish monarch particularly
+delighted. All that the great conception of Charlemagne could devise,
+and the art of the age could execute, was done, to render this
+structure, and the church attached to it, worthy of their magnificent
+founder. But no account can be given;[9] for nothing has come down to
+the present age which can justify any thing like detailed description.
+Nevertheless, a number of circumstances in regard to this building are
+occasionally mentioned in the historians of the time, that convey an
+idea of vastness and splendour, which probably might have been lost
+had minute examination been possible. Immense halls[10]--magnificent
+galleries--a college--a library--baths, where a hundred persons could
+swim at large--a theatre and a cathedral--a profuse display of the
+finest marble--gates and doors of wrought brass--columns from Rome,
+and pavements from Ravenna,--such, we know, to have been some of the
+many things which that great palace displayed.
+
+    [9] In all probability, the crypt of the church of
+    Aix-la-Chapelle, as it stands at present, is all that remains of
+    the original edifice.
+
+    [10] The baths of Aix-la-Chapelle, constructed by the emperor for
+    the enjoyment of this recreation, were of immense extent; and
+    while their splendour and their size showed the progress of
+    luxury, the manner in which they were used, evinces the curious
+    simplicity and condescension of the monarch. "Not only his sons,"
+    says Eginhard, "but also the great men of his court, his friends,
+    and the soldiers of his guard, were invited to partake of the
+    enjoyment which the monarch had provided for himself; so that
+    sometimes as many as a hundred persons were known to bathe there
+    together."
+
+Workmen were gathered together from every part of Europe; and, though
+but small reliance can be placed upon the anecdotes related by the
+Monk of St. Gall, it is evident, from every account, that the building
+must have been the most magnificent architectural effort which Europe
+had beheld since the days of the splendour of ancient Rome.
+
+Besides the palace itself, we find, that an immense number of
+buildings were constructed around it, for the accommodation of
+every one in any way connected with the court, and adjoining, were
+particular halls, open at all times, and in which all classes and
+conditions might find a refuge from the cold of night, or from the
+wintry storm.[11]
+
+    [11] Stoves were furnished also to warm those who might take
+    refuge in these general chambers; and the Monk of St. Gaul
+    asserts, that the apartments of Charlemagne were so constructed,
+    that he could see everything which took place in the building
+    round about,--an impossible folly, imagined by the small cunning
+    of a monk.
+
+Within the walls, was that famous domestic college, on the
+maintenance, extension, and direction of which Charlemagne, amidst all
+the multiplicity of his occupations, found means to bestow so much of
+his time and attention. But every trace of his actions tends to prove,
+that his first and greatest, object--to which even conquest was
+secondary, if not subservient--was to civilize his dominions, and to
+raise mankind in general from that state of dark ignorance into which
+barbarian invasion had cast the world.
+
+During the first ten or fifteen years after its establishment, the
+college of the palace had probably followed the court during its
+frequent migrations, notwithstanding the number of members, and
+the difficulty of transporting the library, which soon became
+considerable. Many circumstances, however, seem to show, that after
+the construction of the great palace at Aix-la-Chapelle, it became
+fixed in that place. The library, we know, was there concentrated; and
+several of the books thus collected, such as the Codex Carolinus, &c.
+have come down through a long line of emperors to the present day.
+Indeed, a great part of the most valuable literature of former ages,
+was preserved alone by the efforts of the French monarch for the
+revival of science; and the link of connexion between ancient and
+modern civilization, owes its existence, as much to the endeavours of
+Charlemagne, as even to the papal preservation of antique Rome.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WRITING IN FRANCE.
+
+
+In the reign of Charlemagne, in the year 796, the mode of writing
+underwent a change. The rude characters employed under the Merovingian
+race were disused, and the small Roman letters were introduced. As the
+spirit of improvement proceeded, new alterations were sought; and some
+years afterwards, to write in the large Roman capitals, became the
+mode of the day, the initial letter of each paragraph being always
+highly ornamented, and sometimes painted, many specimens of which have
+come down to the present time. Though at an advanced[12] period of
+life when this method of writing first began to prevail, Charlemagne
+endeavoured to learn it, and even caused models of the letters to be
+laid by his pillow, that during the waking moments of the night, he
+might practise the art which he sought to acquire.
+
+    [12] I do not know whether it be worth while to attempt to refute
+    the opinion which has been founded on an erroneous passage in
+    Eginhard, that Charlemagne could not write. Eginhard understood,
+    as Gibbon says, the court and the world, and the Latin language,
+    it is true; but, nevertheless, we may much more rationally believe
+    that the secretary made use of a vague expression, than
+    suppose that he wished to imply, in one sentence, the manifest
+    contradiction of Charlemagne being in the habit of going through
+    all the abstruse calculations of astronomy, in an age when those
+    calculations were most complicated, without being able to write.
+    The whole of Charlemagne's life renders the supposition absurd.
+    He studied under Alcuin, whose first rule was to teach the most
+    correct orthography in writing. We know that he subscribed many
+    deeds, though his signature was abbreviated, to render it as rapid
+    as possible. Eginhard himself states, that the monarch wrote the
+    history of the ancient kings in verse: and Lambecius, one of the
+    highest antiquarian authorities, declares, that the imperial
+    library still contains a manuscript, corrected by the hand of
+    Charlemagne himself.
+
+Nor did the monarch remain satisfied with leading the way himself on
+the path of knowledge which he desired the whole nation to follow; nor
+content himself with bestowing on his children a careful and judicious
+education, both mental and corporeal; but by constantly proposing in
+writing questions for solution, addressed to the various prelates and
+teachers of his realm, he forced them to exercise their talents and
+cultivate their minds, under the severe penalty of shame and ridicule.
+On the other hand, literary merit was never without its reward,
+for though, as far as we can discover, Charlemagne, wise in his
+generosity, seldom if ever gave more than one profitable charge at
+once to one man, yet those who distinguished themselves by talent
+and exertion, were sure to meet with honour, distinction, and
+competence.--_James_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE MONEY OF BETRAYAL, OR "PRICE OF BLOOD."
+
+
+[Two Illustrations]
+
+The following very curious notice respecting the money (coin
+and value) for which Judas Iscariot betrayed our Redeemer, (and
+afterwards, with it, purchased "the Potter's Field, to bury strangers
+in,") is extracted from _The Sovereign Order of Saint John of
+Jerusalem_, by ANDREW FAVINE, 1620, and will no doubt prove acceptable
+to the reader:--
+
+"In this citty of Rhodes they did beate and stamp money of silver,
+in bignesse somewhat neare to an half teston of France, but yet much
+thicker, and the figures thereon more embossed than ours are. These
+pieces of silver are like to the halfe sickle of the Jews, or the
+diobrachma of the Romaines, but they be more worth. There is a
+tradition, that the thirtie pence, for which the Saviour of the world
+was sold and delivered to the Jews, by the traitor, Judas, were of
+this kinde. And in very deede, in the Church of the Holy Crosse of
+Jerusalem, at Rome, is to be seene one of those thirtie pence, which
+is wholly like to that in the Church of the Temple, in the citty of
+Paris. It is enchased in a shrine, and is to be seene but thorow a
+christall glasse, and on the side which may be noated, appeareth
+nothing but a head.
+
+"The learned Gulielmus Budeus, the honour of our Citty of Paris, and
+of all France, in the remarkable tract which he wrote, _De Asse_,
+affirmeth that he had scene the pennie of silver, in the Temple at
+Paris, and that on it was represented a head, as in truth there
+is. But, concerning the other side, neither the learned Cardinall
+Baronius, nor Budeus, doe speake anything else; then of the weight of
+those silver pence, which the Evangelists tearme Argenteos. One of
+those silver pence of Rhodes I have, and both the sides thereof, in
+this manner I shew to you (_vide Engraving_).
+
+"I have confronted and compared it with the sight of that pennie at
+Rome, and the other in the Temple at Paris, and they are all three
+alike, both in the visage and in the circumference. Mine is in weight
+two groates, a halfe pennie less of silver, which commeth to twelve
+sols and one liard. On the other (_one?_) side, it hath the visage of
+the sunne, like to the fashion of a young man's face, without a beard,
+with long locks of hayre, as here it is figured, and as poets have
+feigned. On the other side is a blowne rose, higher and greater than
+ours are;[13] which commeth somewhat neare in resemblance to the rose
+which we tearme of Jericho, and which are brought from the Holy Land.
+Upon this pennie the rose hath, on eache side, a button, (bud) the one
+whereof beginneth to blome, but not the other. Above the rose, on
+the ring of the piece, is formed in capitall Greeke letters, [Greek:
+RODION], (Rhodian,) which signifieth, and would say (if it could)
+_a rose_. At the foote whereof is this sillable, EY. (Favine then
+mentions the arms of Rhodes, which, as well as we are able to
+translate the old French, left untranslated, appears to be Field
+_d'Argent_, a rose _proper_, with buds; _gules_, stalk, _de synople_.)
+So," he continues, "that thirtie pence of this money amounteth not
+but altogether to the summe of eighteen poundes seaven shillings and
+sixe-pence of our money, and seemeth a very small summe for buying
+a piece of ground, or land, which the Evangelists call Ackeldemach,
+(Alcedaema), 'The Potter's Field,' so neere to Jerusalem peopled with
+more than a million of men, solde for an offence, and with condition
+that it should never be redeemed, in regard it was destined for the
+Burial-place of Pilgrims, which came to Jerusalem at the solemn Feasts
+there held; and every one well knoweth, that (amongst the Jews)
+inheritances were sold, more or less, according as the conditions were
+made, either neere, or further off, from the yeare of jubilee, which
+they feasted from fifty yeares, to fifty yeares; a feast, so solemnly
+observed among them, that the sellers did then re-enter into their
+sold inheritances, which they possessed again freely, and without any
+charge, or paying any arrerages, according as it was ordained by their
+law, in the five-and-twentieth chapter of Leviticus. But it may be,
+this Potter's Field was (in parte) bought with those thirtie pence,
+and the other parte might be the almes and giftes of the proprietaries
+or owners, both in the Temple of Jerusalem and publickly, for so good
+a subject as the buriall of pilgrims, and poore strangers. For ever,
+and beside the offerings and Tribute-money, which the Jews offered and
+paid to the treasurers in the Temple, for maintaining the Tribe of
+Levi, (the deserving ministers thereof) who, at the distribution and
+division of the Land of Promise to the Jewish people, had not any lot
+or partage (but were assigned to the Jews devotion,) inheritances
+might be legacied to them, which falling into mortmaine, could not
+be redeemed by any custome of kindred, whatsoever jubilee might
+be alledged, or selling, or alienating, as it is written in the
+seaven-and-twentieth of Leviticus. And such an inheritance was called
+_Ager Anathematis_--a field wholly dedicated and consecrated to God;
+and which from thenceforward, might fall no more into any secular, or
+prophane hand."
+
+    [13] Amongst other interpretations of "_Under the Rose_," why may
+    we not conjecture that it may have something to do with _bribes to
+    silence?_ with _hush-money?_ the _Rose_, in many countries, being
+    not an unusual stamp on their coins.
+
+After this erudite disquisition, which endeavours to account for the
+_smallness_ of the sum for which our blessed Lord was betrayed, and
+for which Alcedama was purchased, how would honest Andrew Favine
+stare, could he learn that modern commentators have, _without
+comment_, assigned something less than _one-fifth_ of 18_l_. 7_s_.
+6_d_. as the "price of innocent blood." We transcribe in proof,
+the annotation on Mat. 26 c. 15 v. from D'Oyly and Mant's
+Bible:--"'_Thirty pieces of silver_.' Thirty shekels, about 3_l_.
+10_s_. 8_d_. of our money. It appears from Exod. 21 c. 32 v., that
+this was the price to be paid for a slave or servant, when killed by a
+beast. So vilely was HE esteemed, who shed his precious blood for man;
+and so true it is, that _Christ_ took upon him the form of a servant."
+Now, the Jewish _shekel_ being valued at 2_s_. 4-1/4_d_. and the coin
+of the _next_ superior denomination, (the _maneh_) being set down
+in our Bible money-tables, at 7_l_. 1_s_. 5_d_. it is clear that
+_several_ of _intermediate value_ must have existed, for exchange,
+which might reconcile this difference. M.L.B.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PORTDOWN FAIR.
+
+    [A series of characteristic sketches of Life in the Navy, has
+    appeared in the successive numbers of the _Metropolitan_, from the
+    pen of Captain Marryatt, author of the _King's Own_, and other
+    popular novels, with a high stamp of originality. The sketches
+    before us are entitled Peter Simple, and detail the early
+    adventures of a Middy with much of that delightful ease we are
+    wont to admire in the writings of Smollett, Fielding, and the
+    _character_ novelists of the latter half of the past century. The
+    style of Captain Marryatt is fresh, vigorous, and racy--"native
+    and to the manner born,"--abounding in lively anecdote, but never
+    straying into caricature--with just enough of the romance of life
+    to keep the incidents afloat from commonplace, and probability
+    above-board. This and the following are specimen sketches.]
+
+We all had leave from the first lieutenant to go to Portdown fair, but
+he would only allow the oldsters to sleep on shore. We anticipated so
+much pleasure from our excursion, that some of us were up, and went
+away in the boat sent for fresh beef. This was very foolish. There
+were no carriages to take us to the fair, nor indeed any fair so early
+in the morning: the shops were all shut, and the Blue Posts, where
+we always rendezvoused was hardly open. We waited there in the
+coffee-room, until we were driven out by the maid sweeping away the
+dirt, and were forced to walk about until she had finished, and
+lighted the fire, when we ordered our breakfast; but how much better
+would it have been to have taken our breakfast comfortably on board,
+and then to have come on shore, especially as we had no money to
+spare. Next to being too late, being too soon is the worst plan in
+the world. However, we had our breakfast, and paid the bill; then we
+sallied forth, and went up George Street, where we found all sorts
+of vehicles ready to take us to the fair. We got into one which they
+called a dilly. I asked the man who drove us why it was so called, and
+he replied because he only charged a shilling. O'Brien, who had joined
+us after breakfasting on board, said that this answer reminded him of
+one given to him by a man who attended the hackney-coach stands in
+London. "Pray," said he, "why are you called Watermen?" "Watermen,"
+replied the man, "vy, sir, 'cause ve opens the hackney-coach doors."
+At last, with plenty of whipping, and plenty of swearing, and a great
+deal of laughing, the old horse, whose back curved upwards like a bow,
+from the difficulty of dragging so many, arrived at the bottom of
+Portdown hill, where we got out, and walked up to the fair. It really
+was a most beautiful sight. The bright blue sky, and the coloured
+flags flapping about in all directions, the grass so green, and the
+white tents and booths, the sun shining so bright, and the shining
+gilt gingerbread, the variety of toys and variety of noise, the
+quantity of people and the quantity of sweetmeats; little boys so
+happy, and shop people so polite, the music at the booths, and the
+bustle and eagerness of the people outside, made my heart quite jump.
+There was Richardson, with a clown and harlequin, and such beautiful
+women, dressed in clothes all over gold spangles, dancing reels and
+waltzes, and looking so happy! There was Flint and Gyngell, with
+fellows tumbling over head and heels, playing such tricks--eating
+fire, and drawing yards of tape out of their mouths. Then there was
+the Royal Circus, all the horses standing in a line, with men and
+women standing on their backs, waving flags, while the trumpeters blew
+their trumpets. And the largest giant in the world, and Mr. Paap,
+the smallest dwarf in the world, and a female dwarf, who was smaller
+still, and Miss Biffin, who did every thing without legs or arms.
+There was also the learned pig, and the Herefordshire ox, and a
+hundred other sights which I cannot now remember. We walked about for
+an hour or two, seeing the outside of every thing: we determined to go
+and see the inside. First we went into Richardson's, where we saw a
+bloody tragedy, with a ghost and thunder, and afterwards a pantomime,
+full of tricks, and tumbling over one another. Then we saw one or
+two other things, I forget which, but this I know, that generally
+speaking, the outside was better than the inside. After this, feeling
+very hungry, we agreed to go into a booth and have something to eat.
+The tables were ranged all around, and in the centre there was a
+boarded platform for dancing. The ladies were there already dressed
+for partners; and the music was so lively, that I felt very much
+inclined to dance, but we had agreed to go and see the wild beasts fed
+at Mr. Polito's menagerie, and as it was now almost eight o'clock, we
+paid our bill and set off. It was a very curious sight, and better
+worth seeing than any thing in the fair; I never had an idea that
+there were so many strange animals in existence. They were all secured
+in iron cages, and a large chandelier, with twenty lights, hung in the
+centre of the booth, and lighted them up, while the keeper went round
+and stirred them up with his long pole; at the same time he gave us
+their histories, which were very interesting. I recollect a few of
+them. There was the tapir, a great pig with a long nose, a variety of
+the hiptostomass, which the keeper said was an amphibious animal, as
+couldn't live on land, and _dies_ in the water--however, it seemed to
+live very well in a cage. Then there was the kangaroo with its young
+ones peeping out of it--a most astonishing animal. The keeper said
+that it brought forth two young ones at a birth, and then took them
+into its stomach again, until they arrived at years of discretion.
+Then there was the pelican of the wilderness, (I shall not forget
+him,) with a large bag under his throat, which the man put on his head
+as a night-cap; this bird feeds its young with its own blood--when
+fish are scarce. And there was the laughing hyaena, who cries in the
+wood like a human being in distress, and devours those who come to his
+assistance--a sad instance of the depravity of human nature, as the
+keeper observed. There was a beautiful creature, the royal Bengal
+tiger, only three years old, what growed ten inches every year, and
+never arrived at its full growth. The one we saw measured, as the
+keeper told us, sixteen feet from the snout to the tail, and seventeen
+feet from the tail to the snout; but there must have been some mistake
+there. There was a young elephant and three lions, and several other
+animals, which I forget now, so I shall go on to describe the tragical
+scene which occurred. The keeper had poked up all the animals, and had
+commenced feeding them. The great lion was growling and snarling
+over the shin bone of an ox, cracking it like a nut, when by some
+mismanagement, one end of the pole upon which the chandelier was
+suspended fell down, striking the door of the cage in which the
+lioness was at supper, and bursting it open. It was all done in a
+second; the chandelier fell, the cage opened, and the lioness sprung
+out. I remember to this moment seeing the body of the lioness in the
+air, and then all as dark as pitch. What a change! not a moment before
+all of us staring with delight and curiosity, and then to be left in
+darkness, horror and dismay! There was such screaming and shrieking,
+such crying, and fighting, and pushing, and fainting, nobody knew
+where to go, or how to find their way out. The people crowded first on
+one side, and then on the other, as their fears instigated them. I was
+very soon jammed up with my back against the bars of one of the cages,
+and feeling some beast lay hold of me behind, made a desperate effort,
+and succeeded in climbing up to the cage above, not however without
+losing the seat of my trousers, which the laughing hyaena would not
+let go. I hardly knew where I was when I climbed up; but I knew the
+birds were mostly stationed above. However, that I might not have the
+front of my trousers torn as well as the behind, as soon as I gained
+my footing I turned round, with my back to the bars of the cage; but I
+had not been there a minute, before I was attacked by something which
+digged into me like a pickaxe, and as the hyaena had torn my clothes,
+I had no defence against it. To turn round would have been worse
+still; so after having received above a dozen stabs, I contrived by
+degrees to shift my position, until I was opposite to another cage,
+but not until the pelican, for it was that brute, had drawn as much
+blood from me as would have fed his young for a week. I was surmising
+what danger I should next encounter, when to my joy I discovered that
+I had gained the open door from which the lioness had escaped. I
+crawled in, and pulled the door too after me, thinking myself very
+fortunate; and there I sat very quietly in a corner during the
+remainder of the noise and confusion. I had not been there but a few
+minutes, when the beef-eaters, as they were called, who played the
+music outside, came in with torches and loaded muskets. The sight
+which presented itself was truly shocking; twenty or thirty men,
+women, and children, lay on the ground, and I thought at first the
+lioness had killed them all, but they were only in fits, or had been
+trampled down by the crowd. No one was seriously hurt. As for the
+lioness, she was not to be found; and as soon as it was ascertained
+that she had escaped, there was as much terror and scampering away
+outside, as there had been in the menagerie. It appeared afterwards,
+that the animal had been as much frightened as we had been, and had
+secreted himself under one of the wagons. It was sometime before she
+could be found. At last O'Brien who was a very brave fellow, went
+a-head of the beef-eaters, and saw her eyes glaring. They borrowed a
+net or two from the carts which had brought calves to the fair, and
+threw them over her. When she was fairly entangled, they dragged her
+by the tail into the menagerie. All this while I had remained very
+quietly in the den, but when I perceived that its lawful owner had
+come back again to retake possession, I thought it was time to come
+out; so I called to my messmates, who with O'Brien were assisting the
+beef-eaters. They had not discovered me, and laughed very much when
+they saw where I was. One of the midshipmen shot the bolt of the door,
+so that I could not jump out, and then stirred me up with a long pole.
+At last I contrived to unbolt it again, and got out, when they laughed
+still more, at the seat of my trousers being torn off. It was not
+exactly a laughing matter to me, although I had to congratulate myself
+upon a very lucky escape: and so did my messmates think, when I
+narrated my adventures. The pelican was the worst part of the
+business. O'Brien lent me a dark silk handkerchief, which I tied
+round my waist, and let drop behind, so that my misfortunes might not
+attract any notice, and then we quitted the menagerie; but I was so
+stiff that I could scarcely walk.
+
+
+SCOTCH "BLUID."
+
+
+We had a new messmate of the name of M'Foy. I was on the quarter-deck
+when he came on board and presented a letter to the captain, inquiring
+first if his name was "Captain Sauvage." He was a florid young man
+nearly six feet high, with sandy hair, yet very good-looking. As his
+career in the service was very short, I will tell at once what I did
+not find out till some time afterwards. The captain had agreed to
+receive him to oblige a brother officer, who had retired from the
+service, and lived in the Highlands of Scotland. The first notice
+which the captain had of the arrival of Mr. M'Foy, was from a letter
+written to him by the young man's uncle. This amused him so much, that
+he gave it to the first lieutenant to read. It ran as follows;--
+
+                      Glasgow, April 25th, 1---.
+
+"Sir,
+
+"Our much esteemed and mutual friend, Captain M'Alpine, having
+communicated by letter, dated the 14th inst., your kind intentions
+relative to my nephew Sholto M'Foy, (for which you will be pleased to
+accept my best thanks,) I write to acquaint you that he is now on
+his way to join your ship the Diomede, and will arrive, God willing,
+twenty-six hours after the receipt of this letter.
+
+"As I have been given to understand by those who have some
+acquaintance with the service of the King, that his equipment as an
+officer will be somewhat expensive, I have considered it but fair
+to ease your mind as to any responsibility on that score, and have
+therefore enclosed the half of a Bank of England note for ten pounds
+sterling, No. 3742, the other half of which will be duly forwarded in
+a frank promised to me the day after tomorrow. I beg you will make the
+necessary purchases, and apply the balance, should there be any,
+to his mess account, or any other expenses which you may consider
+warrantable or justifiable.
+
+"It is at the same time proper to inform you, that Sholto had ten
+shillings in his pocket at the time of his leaving Glasgow; the
+satisfactory expenditure of which I have no doubt you will inquire
+into, as it is a large sum to be placed at the discretion of a youth
+only fourteen years and five months old. I mention his age, as Sholto
+is so tall that you might be deceived by his appearance, and be
+induced to trust to his prudence in affairs of this serious nature.
+Should he at any time require further assistance beyond his pay, which
+I am told is extremely handsome to all king's officers, I beg you to
+consider that any draft of yours, at ten days' sight, to the amount
+of five pounds sterling English, will be duly honoured by the firm of
+Monteith, M'Killop, and Company, of Glasgow. Sir, with many thanks for
+your kindness and consideration,
+
+                      "I remain your most obedient,
+
+                      "WALTER MONTEITH."
+
+The letter brought on board by M'Foy was to prove his identity. While
+the captain read it, M'Foy stared about him like a wild stag. The
+captain welcomed him to the ship, asked him one or two questions,
+introduced him to the first lieutenant, and then went on shore. The
+first lieutenant had asked me to dine in the gun-room; and when the
+captain pulled on shore, he also invited Mr. M'Foy, when the following
+conversation took place.
+
+"Well, Mr. M'Foy, you have had a long journey; I presume it is the
+first that you have ever made."
+
+"Indeed is it, Sir," replied M'Foy; "and sorely I've been pestered.
+Had I minded all they whispered in my lug as I came along, I had need
+been made of money--sax-pence here, sax-pence there, sax-pence every
+where. Sich extortion I ne'er dreamt of."
+
+"How did you come from Glasgow?"
+
+"By the wheel-boat, or steam-boat, as they ca'd it, to Lunnon: where
+they charged me sax-pence for taking my baggage on shore--wee boxy nae
+bigger than yon cocked-up hat. I would fain carry it mysel', but they
+wadna let me."
+
+"Well, where did you go to when you arrived in London?"
+
+"I went to a place ca'd Chichester Rents, to the house of Storm and
+Mainwaring, Warehousemen, and they must have anither sax-pence for
+showing me the way. There I waited half-an-hour in the counting-house,
+till they took me to a place ca'd Bull and Mouth, and put me into a
+coach, paying my whole fare; nevertheless they must din me for money
+the whole of the way down. There was first the guard, and then the
+coachman, and another guard, and another coachman; but I wudna listen
+to them, and so they growled and abused me."
+
+"And when did you arrive?"
+
+"I came here last night; and I only had a bed and a breakfast at the
+twa Blue Pillars' house, for which they extortioned me three shillings
+and sax-pence, as I sit here. And then there was the chambermaid hussy
+and waiter loon axed me to remember them, and wanted more siller; but
+I told them, as I told the guard and coachman, that I had none for
+them."
+
+"How much of your ten shillings have you left?" inquired the first
+lieutenant, smiling.
+
+"Hoot! sir lieutenant, how came you for to ken that? Eh! it's my uncle
+Monteith at Glasgow. Why, as I sit here, I've but three shillings and
+a penny of it lift. But there's a smell here that's no canny; so I
+just go up again into the fresh air."
+
+When Mr. M'Foy quitted the gun-room, they all laughed very much. After
+he had been a short time on deck, he went down into the midshipmen's
+berth; but he made himself very unpleasant, quarrelling and wrangling
+with every body. It did not, however, last very long; for he would not
+obey any orders that were given to him. On the third day, he quitted
+the ship without asking the permission of the first lieutenant; when
+he returned on board the following day, the first lieutenant put him
+under an arrest, and in charge of the sentry at the cabin door. During
+the afternoon I was under the half-deck, and perceived that he was
+sharpening a long clasp knife upon the after truck of the gun. I went
+up to him, and asked him why he was doing so, and he replied, as his
+eyes flashed fire, that it was to revenge the insult offered to the
+bluid of M'Foy. His look told me that he was in earnest. "But what do
+you mean?" inquired I. "I mean," said he, drawing the edge and feeling
+the point of his weapon, "to put into the wheam of that man with the
+gold podge on his shoulder, who has dared to place me here."
+
+I was very much alarmed, and thought it my duty to state his murderous
+intentions, or worse might happen; so I walked up on deck and told the
+first lieutenant what M'Foy was intending to do, and how his life was
+in danger. Mr. Falcon laughed, and shortly afterwards went down on the
+main-deck. M'Foy's eyes glistened, and he walked forward to where the
+first lieutenant was standing; but the sentry, who had been cautioned
+by me, kept him back with his bayonet. The first lieutenant turned
+round, and perceiving what was going on, desired the sentry to see if
+Mr. M'Foy had a knife in his hand; and he had it sure enough, open,
+and held behind his back. He was disarmed, and the first lieutenant,
+perceiving that the lad meant mischief, reported his conduct to the
+captain, on his arrival on board. The captain sent for M'Foy, who was
+very obstinate, and when taxed with his intention would not deny it,
+or even say that he would not again attempt it; so he was sent on
+shore immediately, and returned to his friends in the Highlands. We
+never saw any more of him; but I heard that he obtained a commission
+in the army, and three months after he had joined his regiment, was
+killed in a duel, resenting some fancied affront offered to the bluid
+of M'Foy.--_Metropolitan_
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+NOTES OF A READER
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A CHANCELLOR'S START IN LIFE.
+
+
+(_FROM THE DOUBLE TRIAL_.)
+
+
+Thurlow had travelled the ---- Circuit for some years with little
+notice, and with no opportunity to put forth his abilities; when the
+housekeeper of a Duke of N---- was prosecuted for stealing a great
+deal of linen, with which she had been intrusted. An attorney of
+little note and practice conducted the woman's case. He knew full well
+that he could expect no hearty co-operation in employing any of the
+leading counsel: it was a poor case, and a low case; and it could not
+be supposed that they, "the foremost men of all the bar," would set
+themselves, "_tooth and nail_," against the Duke, who in himself, his
+agents, and his friends, made the greatest part of every high legal
+and political assemblage in the country. The attorney looked round,
+therefore, for some young barrister who had nothing to lose, and might
+have something to win; and he fixed upon Thurlow. Thurlow read over
+his brief with the highest glee, and had an interview with the
+prisoner. As he entered the court, he jogged another briefless one
+like himself, and said, in his favourite slang language--"Neck or
+nothing, my boy, to-day! I'll soar or tumble!" The opening speech
+of the eminent counsel for the Duke, and the evidence, completely
+convicted the woman. The articles stolen were brought into court. When
+Thurlow rose to cross-examine the leading witness, before he asked
+a question, he merely, bending his black brows upon the man, turned
+round, and desired to look at the things that were said to be stolen.
+They were before him all the time, and were then presented to him;
+and, without a word, he carelessly tossed them again upon the table
+before him. He now closely questioned the witness, as to points of
+honour and honesty; then, in a minute or two, again asked to see the
+things. He was informed that he had already had them handed to
+him, and that they were now before him. "I mean," said he, with
+well-assumed ignorance, "the things that this unhappy woman is accused
+of having stolen." The witness, with great sufficiency and knowledge,
+as if to prove his own correctness, pointed them out upon the table
+before him. "And what else?" said he. He was answered that they were
+the whole. "And you, Mr. Witness," said he, with a sneer, "are the man
+of great trust, of accredited honour and honesty; and, full of your
+own consequence, and in high feather, you come here to follow up a
+prosecution against a fellow-servant, and a confidential one (you
+tell me), whom you have indicted as a felon, for taking these rags,"
+exhibiting some cloth that happened to be torn; "and this is the sum
+and substance of her offence! And all these witnesses," pointing to a
+group, who had pushed themselves forward, "have been brought into this
+honourable court, to affix the ownership of the high and mighty noble
+Duke and Duchess to these cast-off, worn-out clothes! And here comes
+this fine gentleman to swear to the robber of that," holding up the
+garment, "which he himself would not accept as a gift! Shame, say I;
+and I am certain every one of your hearts, Gentlemen of the Jury,
+reechoes my indignant feeling! Shame, say I, on everyone of the
+party," pausing to give one of his looks to each individual, "that
+is concerned in such a business! Why, it is more like a conspiracy
+against this poor destitute woman, against whom I lament to see my
+very honourable and learned brethren," pointing to the other counsel,
+"here arrayed--it is more like a conspiracy (not that my learned
+friends have lot, or part, or feeling in the business)--more like a
+conspiracy against this woman, than any, the least act of felony on
+her part. These clothes! I pray you look at them, Gentlemen of the
+Jury--these clothes!! Can you conceive, Gentlemen, that if you were
+a Duke and Duchess of N----, you would have even offered to give a
+housekeeper, a woman of credit and respectability--a fellow-servant of
+this fine gentleman before you--such worn-out rags as these? Would you
+have thought it worthy of consideration, if such a servant had thought
+proper to appropriate to her own use a cart-load of this trumpery? If
+the poor woman did remove out of sight such trash as this, all I say
+is, that she seems to have had more respect for the credit and
+honour of that noble house than any of the people whose ridiculous
+pretensions to honesty have persecuted her and exhibited themselves
+here. _Gentlemen and Ladies_, witnesses! I have done with you; you may
+all leave the court!"
+
+They were all glad to take him at the first word, and in a few minutes
+not one of them was to be seen. "I have heard," he continued, "of the
+pride of a noble house, and of its poverty, being nearly allied;
+but here we have all the poverty and none of the pride!" Some one
+unluckily said that the things were not all in that torn state.
+"What," said he, with the utmost contempt, looking to the party, "is
+there any one that wishes to exhibit his devoted baseness? Let him not
+whisper here behind my back, but come forward and get into the box."
+He paused, and had no further interruption. "To you, Gentlemen of the
+Jury, I appeal. I ask you if you have seen enough of the rags of this
+noble family?" and he pulled out the worst piece of the linen, and
+held it at arm's length during the greater part of a taunting speech
+of the same kind: then, throwing it contemptuously from him--"Away,
+away, I say, with these rags of the noble family of N----!" (and some
+one gathered up all together, and took them out of court)--"and God
+grant that they may never rise up in judgment against them! Poor,
+weak, foolish woman! she took them as her perquisite. Perquisite
+indeed! her folly was her fault; for you have seen that they were not
+worth the taking.
+
+"Gentlemen of the Jury, I cannot believe that you will lend yourselves
+to such a grovelling prosecution--_persecution_, as this. I pause not
+to investigate where the evil spirit arose, in principles or agents,
+against this injured and calumniated female. If the great ones of our
+earth will disgrace themselves--if they will listen to the suggestions
+of envy, hatred, and malice, and all uncharitableness, I trust that
+you, more humble members of the community, will not be partakers of
+these evil passions. Where the prosecutor has sustained no personal
+fear and no personal loss, it is impossible that any offence can have
+been committed. You are not twelve despots sitting upon a case of
+high treason against the game-laws, and are to have your consciences
+racked, to bring in a verdict of trespass, where no damage can be
+proved; you are not required to strain right against justice and
+honesty. What is the offence? How is our Lord the King or his subjects
+aggrieved? Those rags!--I know not what the splendid household of the
+Duke may require for matches and tinder; for this is all the value
+that can be attached to them. Shall we call for them back again, lest
+the Duke and the Duchess should lose their recovered treasure? I
+am not disposed to dispute their right; for even if they were the
+perquisite of the housekeeper, I am convinced that she would not get
+a farthing emolument for those tattered remnants of nobility. Of one
+thing I am well assured, that there is not a sufficiency of sound
+linen in the whole to make lint enough to cover the wound that the
+reputation of the noble Duke and Duchess has sustained in this
+disgraceful prosecution. Gentlemen, I will trouble you no further--I
+confidently expect your verdict." And the woman was acquitted: and
+from that day the powers of Thurlow, in voice, sarcasm, gesture, and
+all the superior intonations of browbeating, which raised him to the
+most dangerous pinnacle of legal greatness, became known, and rapidly
+advanced him to fame,[14] and the grandchildren of his father to be
+enrolled among the established peers of our realm.
+
+    [14] "The foregoing anecdote was told to the writer by the late
+    James Burton, Esq., of Lockeridge House, a seat of the Marquess of
+    Aylesbury's, near Marlborough. Mr. Burton married a daughter of
+    the celebrated actress, Mrs. Cibber, by _General Sloper,_ a man of
+    the highest fashion of _his_ day, from whom, I believe, Mr.
+    Burton received the account; the particulars of which, as I have
+    narrated, no doubt, many persons of Mr. Burton's acquaintance
+    still remember."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY.
+
+
+ON THE POTATO.
+
+
+_BY T.A. KNIGHT, ESQ., F.R.S., PRES. HORT. SOC._
+
+
+Mr. Knight is convinced by the evidence of experiments, "that the
+potato plant, under proper management, is capable of causing to be
+brought to market a much greater weight of vegetable food, from any
+given extent of ground, than any other plant which we possess." There
+is no crop, he says, "so certain as that of potatoes; and it has the
+advantage of being generally most abundant, when the crops of wheat
+are defective; that is, in wet seasons." The following observations
+are extremely interesting:--
+
+"I think I shall be able to adduce some strong facts in support of
+my opinion, that by a greatly extended culture of the potato for the
+purpose of supplying the markets with vegetable food, a more abundant
+and more wholesome supply of food for the use of the labouring classes
+of society may be obtained, than wheat can ever afford, and, I
+believe, of a more palatable kind to the greater number of persons.
+I can just recollect the time when the potato was unknown to the
+peasantry of Herefordshire, whose gardens were then almost exclusively
+occupied by different varieties of the cabbage. Their food at that
+period consisted of bread and cheese with the produce of their
+gardens; and tea was unknown to them. About sixty-six years ago,
+before the potato was introduced into their gardens, agues had been
+so exceedingly prevalent, that the periods in which they, or their
+families, had been afflicted with that disorder, were the eras to
+which I usually heard them refer in speaking of past events; and I
+recollect being cautioned by them frequently not to stand exposed
+to the sun in May, lest I should get an ague. The potato was then
+cultivated in small quantities in the gardens of gentlemen, but it was
+not thought to afford wholesome nutriment, and was supposed by many to
+possess deleterious qualities. The prejudice of all parties, however,
+disappeared so rapidly, that within ten years the potato had almost
+wholly driven the cabbage from the gardens of the cottagers. Within
+the same period, ague, the previously prevalent disease of the
+country, disappeared; and no other species of disease became
+prevalent. I adduce this fact, as evidence only, that the introduction
+of the potato was not injurious to the health of the peasantry at that
+period; but whether its production was, or was not, instrumental in
+causing the disappearance of ague, I will not venture to give an
+opinion. I am, however, confident, that neither draining the soil
+(for that was not done,) nor any change in the general habits of the
+peasantry, had taken place, to which their improved health could be
+attributed. Bread is well known to constitute the chief food of the
+French peasantry. They are a very temperate race of men; and they
+possess the advantages of a very fine and dry climate. Yet the
+duration of life amongst them is very short, scarcely exceeding
+two thirds of the average duration of life in England; and in some
+districts much less. Dr. Hawkins, in his _Medical Statistics_, states,
+upon the authority of M. Villerme that, in the department of Indre,
+'one fourth of the children born die within the first year, and half
+between fifteen and twenty; and that three fourths are dead within
+the space of fifty years. Having inquired of a very eminent French
+physiologist, M. Dutrochet, who is resident in the department of
+Indre, the cause of this extraordinary mortality, he stated it to
+he their food, which consisted chiefly of bread; and of which he
+calculated every adult peasant to eat two pounds a day. And he added,
+without having received any leading question from me, of in any degree
+knowing my opinion upon the subject, that if the peasantry of his
+country would substitute (which they could do) a small quantity of
+animal food, with potatoes, instead of so much bread, they would live
+much longer, and with much better health. I am inclined to pay much
+deference to M. Dutrochet's opinion; for he combines the advantages
+of a regular medical education with great acuteness of mind, and I
+believe him to be as well acquainted with the general laws of organic
+life as any person living: and I think his opinion deserves some
+support, from the well known fact, that the duration of human life has
+been much greater in England during the last sixty years, than in the
+preceding period of the same duration. Bread made of wheat, when taken
+in large quantities, has probably, more than any other article of
+food in use in this country, the effect of overloading the alimentary
+canal: and the general practice of the French physician points out the
+prevalence of diseases thence arising amongst their patients. I do
+not, however, think, or mean to say, that potatoes alone are proper
+food for any human being: but I feel confident, that four ounces of
+meat, with as large quantity of good potatoes as would wholly take
+away the sensation of hunger, would afford, during twenty-four hours,
+more efficient nutriment than could be derived from bread in any
+quantity, and might be obtained at much less expense."--_Trans. Hort.
+Soc. quoted in Gardeners' Mag._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CLOCK-MAKING IN THE NINTH CENTURY.
+
+
+The Caliph Haroun al Raschid is stated to have maintained an unbroken
+friendship with his contemporary Charlemagne, throughout their mutual
+reign. A variety of magnificent presents attested the esteem of the
+caliph for his Christian friend. Among them were several objects,
+which tend to show the advance which art had made, at this time in the
+East. The first of these was a clock of gilded bronze, round which the
+course of the twelve hours was displayed; while, at the end of each
+hour, the number of brazen balls which were requisite to mark
+the division of time, were thrown out from above, and falling
+consecutively on a cymbal below, struck the hour required. In like
+manner a number of horsemen issued forth from windows placed around
+the dial; while a number of other clock-work miracles attested the
+height which the mechanical arts had reached at the court of Haroun.
+
+The carriage of such objects, as the above presents sent from Bagdad
+to France, was, of course, attended with no small inconvenience;
+and the neglected state of the science of navigation, rendered the
+journeys of the ambassadors long and dangerous. Between three and
+four years were generally consumed in a mission from one capital to
+another; and, indeed, it happened more than once, that even after
+arriving within the dominions of the Frankish monarchs, the envoys had
+still to seek him over a tract nearly as extensive as that which they
+had before crossed.
+
+_Parliamentary Debates_.--Originally these debates were given in the
+_Gentleman's Magazine_, under the fiction of "Debates in the Senate
+of Liliput," and the speakers were disguised under feigned names.
+Guthrie, for a time, composed these speeches from such hints as he
+could bring away in his memory. Dr. Johnson first assisted in this
+department, and then entirely filled it, and the public was highly
+gratified with the eloquence displayed in these compositions. P.T.W.
+
+_Steam Carriages_.--By the formation of rail-roads, a loss has
+occurred in the revenue from stage coaches, to the amount of 8,384_l_.
+
+_Electro-Magnetism_.--The largest electro-magnet is that constructed
+by the American philosophers. It is of a horse-shoe form, and weighs
+about 60 lbs.; around it are 26 coils of wire, the united lengths
+of which are 800 feet. When excited by about five feet of galvanic
+surface, it is said to have supported nearly two tons. We here see
+that the exciting cause of magnetism is the action of the galvanic
+battery; and a variety of other interesting experiments in
+electro-magnetics, tend to the conclusion that the magnetic and
+electric fluids are nearly allied.--_Imperial Magazine._
+
+_Salary of the Chancellor, 700 years since_.--The salary of the
+Chancellor, as fixed by Henry I., amounted to five shillings per diem,
+and a livery of provisions.
+
+_Dibdin_.--On the tombstone of Dibdin, the celebrated song composer,
+in St. Martin's, by Pancras New Church, is the first verse of his _Tom
+Bowling_:
+
+  "His form was of the manliest beauty,
+    His heart was kind and soft,
+  Faithful on earth he did his duty,
+    But now he's gone aloft."
+
+_Studious Printer_.--Morel was an eminent French printer, who
+sacrificed every thing to study. On being informed that his wife was
+dying, he refused to quit his pen till he had finished what he was
+about, and by that time news was brought him that she was dead; to
+which he coolly replied, "I am sorry for it--she was a good woman." He
+died in 1638, at the age of 78. P.T.W.
+
+_A Painter's Retort, or Dangerous Re-touch_.--Antonio More, the
+celebrated painter, was highly favoured by Philip of Spain, whose
+familiarity with him placed his life in danger; for More ventured to
+return a slap on the shoulder which the king in a playful moment gave
+him, by rubbing some carmine on his majesty's hand. This behaviour was
+accepted by the monarch as a jest, but it was hinted to More that
+the holy tribunal might regard it as sacrilege, and he fled, to save
+himself, into Flanders, where he was employed by the Duke of Alva.
+P.T.W.
+
+_Steam Power_.--Mr. Alexander Gordon states, that in various
+departments of the revenue, the saving of expenditure by the
+substitution of inanimate for animate power, would, in the Post Office
+alone, amount to upwards of half a million; whilst, from the cheapness
+of food which the substitution would produce, the navy and army
+estimates would be most essentially reduced.
+
+Steam may now be said to maintain the power which can engrave a seal,
+and crush a mass of obdurate metal like wax before it; draw out,
+without breaking, a thread as fine as gossamer, and lift a ship of
+war like a bauble in the air; to embroider muslin, forge anchors, cut
+steel into ribands, and impel itself against the opposition of the
+very tempest.
+
+Charlemagne was buried on the day of his death in the great church
+which he had constructed at Aix-la-Chapelle. The Monk of Angouleme
+declares that he was inhumed in his imperial robes, and that the
+pilgrim's wallet which he wore on his journeys to Rome was also
+consigned with his body to the tomb.
+
+_Indian Hail Storms_.--Captain Skinner says, during one in which a
+heavy shower of hail fell, the thermometer sunk nine degrees in fewer
+minutes--from 75 to 66; it rose again as rapidly. Although it was more
+than four o'clock in the afternoon when the hail fell, it was still on
+the ground the following morning; a proof of the coldness of the night
+air.
+
+_Waterloo Child_.--A private of the 27th regiment, who was severely
+wounded at the battle of Waterloo, was carried off the field by his
+wife, then far advanced in pregnancy; she also was wounded by a shell,
+and with her husband, remained a considerable time in one of the
+hospitals at Antwerp, in a hopeless state. The man lost both his arms,
+his wife was extremely lame, and here gave birth to a daughter, to
+whom it is said the late Duke of York stood sponsor; her names being
+Frederica M'Mullen Waterloo. A.H.K.--T.
+
+_The Royal Academy_.--The receipts for admission to the Exhibition of
+this year were £300. short of what they were last year. The sale of
+pictures at the Gallery of the Society of British Artists has been
+greater than in any preceding season.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic;
+G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen
+and Booksellers.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT,
+AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 20, ISSUE 563, AUGUST 25, 1832***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 11862-8.txt or 11862-8.zip *******
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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+      Instruction, Vol. 20, Issue 563, August 25, 1832, by Various
+    </h1>
+<pre xml:space="preserve">
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+    <p>
+      Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 20,
+      Issue 563, August 25, 1832
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Author: Various
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Release Date: March 31, 2004 [eBook #11862]
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+      Language: English
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Character set encoding: iso-8859-1
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+      ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE,
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+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <br /> <br /> <b>E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Bill Walker,<br /> and
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+    </p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <h1>
+      THE MIRROR<br /> OF<br /> LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+    </h1>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <table width="100%" summary="Volume, Number, and Date">
+      <tr>
+        <td align="left">
+          <b>Vol. 20. No. 563.]</b>
+        </td>
+        <td align="center">
+          <b>SATURDAY, AUGUST 25, 1832</b>
+        </td>
+        <td align="right">
+          <b>[PRICE 2d.</b>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="page113" id="page113"></a>[pg 113]</span>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      ANTIQUITIES OF THE PEAK.
+    </h3>
+    <h3>
+      Crosses
+    </h3>
+    <div class="figcenter" style="width:50%;">
+      <a href="images/563-1.png"><img width="100%" src="images/563-1.png" alt="" /></a>
+      <h3>
+        (At Eyam.)
+      </h3>
+    </div>
+    <div class="figcenter" style="width:50%;">
+      <a href="images/563-2.png"><img width="100%" src="images/563-2.png" alt="" /></a>
+      <h3>
+        (At Wheston.)
+      </h3>
+    </div>
+    <div class="figcenter" style="width:100%;">
+      <a href="images/563-3.png"><img width="100%" src="images/563-3.png" alt="" /></a>
+      <h3>
+        (Beauchief Abbey.)
+      </h3>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Rhodes, the elegant topographer of <i>the Peak</i>, observes, "there
+      are but few individuals in this country, possessing the means and the
+      opportunities of travel, who have not, either from curiosity or some other
+      motive, visited the Peak of Derbyshire." This remark is correct; and to it
+      we may add, that the "few" who have not personally visited the Peak, have
+      become familiar with its wonders through the pencils of artists, or the
+      graphic pens of accomplished tourists. Yet their attractions are not of
+      that general character which delights an untravelled eye: they belong
+      rather to the wonderful than what is, in common parlance, the beautiful.
+      Mr. Rhodes says, "Travellers accustomed to well-wooded and
+      highly-cultivated scenes only, have frequently expressed a feeling
+      bordering on disgust, at the bleak and barren appearance of the mountains
+      in the Peak of Derbyshire; but to the man whose taste is unsophisticated
+      by a fondness for artificial adornments, they possess superior interest,
+      and impart more pleasing sensations. Remotely seen, they are often
+      beautiful; many of their forms, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page114"
+      id="page114"></a>[pg 114]</span> even when near, are decidedly good; and
+      in distance, the features of rudeness, by which they are occasionally
+      marked, are softened down into general and sometimes harmonious masses.
+      The graceful and long-continued outline which they present, the breadth of
+      light and shadow that spreads over their extended surfaces, and the
+      delightful colouring with which they are often invested, never fail to
+      attract the attention of the picturesque traveller."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Our present road, however, lies through the dales rather than the
+      mountainous portion of this district. To enjoy the picturesque variety of
+      the former we must leave the cloud-capped peaks, and ramble with the
+      reader through "cultivated meadows, luxuriant foliage, steep heathy hills,
+      and craggy rocks, while the eye is enchanted with brilliant streams." Such
+      indeed is the character of the dales, especially those through which the
+      Derwent, the Dove, and the Wye meander. Hitherto we have but adverted to
+      the natural beauties of the country; although they are checkered with many
+      mouldering relics of "hoar antiquity"&mdash;many crumbling memorials of
+      ages long past, reminding us of the nothingness of man's labours, yet
+      harmonizing most happily with the feelings inspired by the natural
+      sublimities of the scene. By such associations, the decaying glories of
+      art lend even a charm to ever flourishing nature!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Cuts are but three vignettes from the architectural lore of the
+      district. They stand in sheltered valleys, though, as their ruinous
+      condition implies, their situation has not saved them from the destroying
+      hand of time. Indeed, one of them, Beauchief Abbey, gives name to its
+      locality, Abbey Dale, not far from the partition line that separates
+      Derbyshire from Yorkshire. In this road, the ruin in the Cut is the first
+      object that claims the attention of the tourist in his progress to the
+      Peak; being part of a once magnificent abbey, founded by Robert
+      Fitz-Ranulph, Lord of Alfreton; as an expiation for the part he is said to
+      have taken in the murder of Thomas &agrave; Becket. The late Dr. Pegg, the
+      antiquary, discountenances this tradition. His arguments, however, which
+      are chiefly founded on the circumstance of the brother of Robert
+      Fitz-Ranulph, being afterwards in great favour with Henry the Second, do
+      not appear conclusive, particularly when opposed to the authority of
+      Dugdale, Fuller, Bishop Tanner, and others who have written on the
+      subject.<a id="footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The walls of Beauchief Abbey, with the exception of the west end,
+      represented in the Cut, have long since either been removed, or have
+      mouldered into dust. Parochial service is still performed in the remains;
+      but the whole of the original form of the once extensive pile of building
+      cannot now be traced.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The exterior architecture of the chapel is almost destitute of ornament;
+      if we except the reeded windows, and the double buttresses at the angles
+      of the tower, which is stated to be short of its original height. On the
+      east side, two angular lines mark the connexion which the chapel had with
+      the other buildings, and a part of the ground plan may be traced by an
+      adjoining wall, in which are the remains of two circular arches,
+      comparatively little impaired. Mr. Rhodes observes "a wreath of ivy which
+      falls from the top of the tower, and nearly invests one side of it, breaks
+      the dull monotony of its outline, and produces a tolerably good effect: in
+      other respects it is not strikingly attractive as a picturesque object.
+      The Abbey of <i>Bello-Capite</i> will ever be dear to the antiquary who
+      will visit it with veneration and delight; nor will the artist pass it by
+      unnoticed. The magnificent woods, and the beautiful hills that environ the
+      Abbey of Beauchief, amply compensate for any deficiency of grandeur in the
+      subordinate adornments of so rich a scene."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Beauchief Abbey, though once a considerable structure, was never
+      proportionally wealthy. At the time of its dissolution, (Henry VIII.) the
+      whole of its revenues were estimated but at 157<i>l</i>; and with the
+      materials furnished by its demolition was built Beauchief House upon the
+      same estate, granted by Henry VIII. to Sir William Shelly. The mansion is
+      still tenanted.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="page115" id="page115"></a>[pg 115]</span>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      CROSSES.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      These emblematic relics stand in two of the villages in the Peak district:
+      viz. Eyam and Wheston. They are places of little importance; though a
+      touching interest is attached to Eyam, from it having been visited by the
+      Great Plague of the year 1666; its population, at this time, was about
+      330; of whom 259 fell by the plague.<a id="footnotetag2"
+      name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> The history
+      of this calamitous visitation forms the subject of a meritorious poem by
+      W. and M. Howitt, entitled <i>the Desolation of Eyam</i>, in which the
+      piety of Mr. Mompesson, (who then held the living of Eyam,) his pastoral
+      consolations to his mourning people, and the amiable character of his
+      beautiful wife, who fell a victim to the plague,&mdash;are narrated with
+      true pathos. Yet, this afflicting episode in village history&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <p>
+        So sad, so tender and so true.
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      having been but recently related by our ingenious contemporary, Mr. Hone,<a
+      id="footnotetag3" name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a>
+      we quote but two of the opening stanzas by the Messrs. Howitt:
+    </p>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          Among the verdant mountains of the Peak
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          There lies a quiet hamlet, where the slope
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Of pleasant uplands wards the north-wind's bleak;
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Below wild dells romantic pathways ope;
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Around, above it, spreads a shadowy cope
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Of forest trees: flower, foliage, and clear rill
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Wave from the cliffs, or down ravines elope;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          It seems a place charmed from the power of ill
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          By sainted words of old: so lovely, lone, and still.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          And many are the pilgrim's feet which tread
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Its rocky steps, which thither yearly go;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Yet, less by love of Nature's wonders led,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Than by the memory of a mighty woe,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Which smote, like blasting thunder, long ago,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The peopled hills. There stands a sacred tomb,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Where tears have rained, nor yet shall cease to flow;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Recording days of death's sublimest gloom;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Mompesson's power and pain,&mdash;his beauteous Catherine's doom.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      The cross at Eyam stands near the entrance into the chancel of the church.
+      According to village tradition, this rare relic was found on some of the
+      neighbouring hills. It is curiously ornamented with symbolic devices in
+      bold relief. "It has suffered dilapidation from the culpable neglect of
+      those who should have felt an interest in its preservation. About two feet
+      of the top of the shaft is wanting, as may be seen by reference to the
+      engraved sketch, (<i>See the Cut</i>,) which was taken in the year 1815."
+      The sexton of the church, who was then an old man, told Mr. Rhodes in
+      1818, that he well recollected the missing part being thrown carelessly
+      about the churchyard, as if of no value, until it was broken up by some of
+      the inhabitants, and knocked to pieces for domestic purposes. The
+      preservation of the Cross, to the extent we have shown, is referable to
+      the philanthropic Howard, who, in a visit to Eyam, about the year 1788, or
+      44 years since, particularly noticed the finest part of the relic lying in
+      a corner of the churchyard, and nearly overgrown with docks and thistles.
+      "The value this hitherto unregarded relic had in the estimation of
+      Howard," says Mr. Rhodes, "made it dearer to the people of Eyam: they
+      brought the top part of the cross from its hiding-place, and set it on the
+      still dilapidated shaft, where it has ever since remained." Other crosses,
+      similar in appearance and workmanship, have been found on the hills of
+      Derbyshire, particularly one in the village of Bakewell, which we have
+      already figured in <i>The Mirror</i>.<a id="footnotetag4"
+      name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a> It evidently
+      originated with the same people as that at Eyam, though it is much more
+      mutilated. These crosses have been generally regarded as Saxon or Danish,
+      though the probability is in favour of the Saxon origin, from the high
+      veneration of the Saxons for the sacred symbol of the cross. Thus, stone
+      crosses were not only parts of the decorations of every church and altar,
+      but set up as land-marks on the high roads as aids to devotion, and in
+      market-places as incentives to integrity and fair-dealing.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Near the cross at Eyam, and in the distance of the Cut, is the tomb of
+      Mrs. Mompesson, on one end of which is an hour-glass with two expanded
+      wings; and underneath on an oblong tablet is inscribed CAVETE; (beware,)
+      and nearer the base, the words <i>Nescitis Horam</i> (ye know not the
+      hour). On the other end of the tomb is a death's head resting on a plain,
+      projecting tablet; and below the words <i>Mihi lucrum</i> (mine is the
+      gain).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The second hallowed relic is at Wheston a small and pleasant village,
+      which is situated on an eminence that forms one side of Monksdale, and
+      which at this place is known by the name of Peter-dale. A short distance
+      from hence is Tideswell, about four miles from Eyam.<a id="footnotetag5"
+      name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a> "Wheston,"
+      observes Mr. Rhodes, "though consisting of a few houses only, is a
+      picturesque little place: the trees which are mingled with the cottages,
+      are so abundant, and everywhere so finely foliaged, that the place
+      altogether, particularly when seen at a short distance, appears more like
+      a copse or wood than a village." The position of the Wheston cross favours
+      the conclusion already made as to the purposes for which this kind of
+      emblem was originally set up in England. It stands in the village, <i>near
+      the road-side</i>. The upper part of the cross resembles in some of its
+      ornaments the mullion-work of a Gothic <span class="pagenum"><a
+      name="page116" id="page116"></a>[pg 116]</span> window: the shaft is
+      unadorned, and more modern. One side represents the infant Saviour in the
+      arms of his mother: over their heads is a faint indication of a star,
+      emblematic of the ray that directed the wise men of the East to the
+      birthplace of Jesus. The reverse of the cross exhibits the crucifixion of
+      Christ, whose birth and death it has apparently been the design of the
+      sculptor to commemorate in the erection of this symbol of his faith.
+      Similar structures are by no means uncommon by the road-sides throughout
+      France, and to this day the peasantry may be seen bending before them;
+      while the drivers of carriages on the most frequented roads are not
+      unmindful of an act of passing homage to the time-worn emblem.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Several crosses have been found in this part of Derbyshire, but only a few
+      have escaped the dilapidations of age; the others have been, we had almost
+      said sacrilegiously, destroyed as objects of no value. Mr. Rhodes tells us
+      that "in one place the shaft of a cross, originally of no mean
+      workmanship, has been converted into a gate-post; at another, one has been
+      scooped and hollowed out, and made into a blacksmith's trough. I have seen
+      one, which is richly sculptured on the three remaining sides, with figures
+      and a variety of ornaments, all well executed, that was long applied to
+      this humble purpose." The Cut shows that a portion of the cross at Wheston
+      has been broken off; Mr. Rhodes saw the fragment as a common piece of
+      stone, built and cemented into an adjoining wall; and he judiciously adds,
+      "where so little interest has been felt in the preservation of these
+      relics, it is only surprising that so many of them yet remain in different
+      parts of the kingdom." Among all acts of wanton license, the destruction
+      of a cross is to us the most unaccountable. We can readily refer the
+      defacement of imperial insignia and the spoliation of royal houses to
+      political turbulence engendered by acts of tyrannical misrule; but the
+      mutilation of <i>the cross</i>&mdash;the <i>universal</i> Christian emblem&mdash;remains
+      to be explained, unless we attribute it to the brutal ignorance of the
+      spoilers. Its religious universality ought consistently to protect it from
+      intolerance.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      We must not bring this paper to a close without explaining that the
+      preceding Engravings have been copied from the first of Mr. Rhodes's
+      excursions of seventeen miles, viz. from Sheffield to Tideswell. The Abbey
+      and the two Crosses therefore occur in that district. The original plates
+      are effectively engraved by W. and W.B. Cook, from drawings by Mr.
+      Chantrey, R.A., who presented to Mr. Rhodes a series of drawings for his
+      work, "as a token of his friendship, and a mark of his attachment to his
+      native country."
+    </p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <h2>
+      SELECT BIOGRAPHY
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      M. CASIMIR PERIER.
+    </h3>
+    <h4>
+      (<i>Partly from the French.</i>)
+    </h4>
+    <p>
+      The late French premier, was the son of a rich merchant at Grenoble, where
+      he was born October 12, 1777. At an early age he entered the army: he
+      served in the Italian campaigns of 1799 and 1800, in the staff of the
+      Military Engineers. On the death of his father, however, he quitted the
+      service and devoted himself wholly to commercial pursuits. In 1802, he
+      opened a bank at Paris, and subsequently, establishments for
+      cotton-spinning and sugar-refining, and a steam flour mill, all of which
+      were eminently successful, and contributed to the formation of his immense
+      fortune. He first became known to the public in 1816, by a pamphlet
+      against the foreign loan system, which was equally remarkable for its
+      clearness of argument and profound knowledge of finance. In 1817, he was
+      elected one of the Deputies for the Department of the Seine, and from that
+      time until the revolution of 1830, he continued the firm opponent of every
+      ministerial encroachment on the rights and privileges of the people. He
+      particularly distinguished himself by his hostility to the Villele
+      administration; himself supporting almost singly the whole burden of the
+      opposition to the famous budget of Villele, which he disputed, item by
+      item, with talent and perseverance worthy of entering the lists with the
+      distinguished financier to whom he was opposed. When M. de Polignac became
+      President of the Council, the opposition of M. Perier assumed a more
+      violent character, and he was pre-eminent among the 221 deputies who voted
+      the address which led to the fatal ordonnances of July. When the
+      revolution broke out, he at once avowed himself the advocate of the
+      popular cause, and opened his house as the place of meeting of the
+      deputies, who assembled to protest against the illegality of the
+      proceedings of the Crown. Firmly, however, attached to the principles of
+      constitutional opposition, and shrinking, therefore, from the probable
+      effects of a revolution, he was one of the last to abandon the hope that
+      his infatuated sovereign would open his eyes to the gulf on the brink of
+      which he was standing, and by a timely revocation of the ordonnances,
+      prevent the necessity of the extreme measure of an appeal to arms, and a
+      consequent change of dynasty. When these became inevitable, M. Perier
+      attached himself firmly to the work of consolidating the new throne of
+      Louis Philippe, and reassembling those elements of order and stability
+      which the convulsion of July had scattered, but not annihilated. On the
+      dissolution of the ministry of M. Lafitte, M. Casimir Perier was called to
+      the head of the government, and immediately <span class="pagenum"><a
+      name="page117" id="page117"></a>[pg 117]</span> entered into the system of
+      conservative policy, which he continued until the close of his career. The
+      last time he took any important part in the debates of the Chamber of
+      Deputies was on the 20th of March, when he made an ingenious defence of
+      the conduct of government with respect to the events of Grenoble. His last
+      appearance in the Chamber was on the 29th of March, when he merely brought
+      in several private bills. On the 3rd of April he was attacked by the
+      cholera, and, although the indefatigable care bestowed on him by his
+      medical attendants had more than once apparently eradicated the disease,
+      his frame, enfeebled by a long standing internal complaint, as well as by
+      his intense and incessant application, was unable to resist the violence
+      of the disease, and, after several relapses, he at length sunk under his
+      sufferings, on the morning of the 16th of May, 1832.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As an orator M. Perier was energetic and impassioned: the natural warmth
+      of his temper, added to the irritability produced by illness, frequently
+      imparted a <i>brusque</i> acerbity to his style, which injured both the
+      oratorical and moral effect of his eloquence; but his reasoning was
+      forcible, and his manner commanding and effective. "It is not our
+      province," says the editor of the Journal, whence these particulars have
+      been chiefly obtained, "to examine the merits or demerits of his political
+      system: recorders of, not actors in, the great political struggle in which
+      France is engaged, we have too often had occasion to quote the
+      enthusiastic eulogiums and unmeasured invectives heaped upon him by
+      different parties, to render it necessary to repeat here, that he
+      possessed the strongest proofs against the reproach of mediocrity ever
+      being applicable to him."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      W.G.C.
+    </p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <h2>
+      New Books.
+    </h2>
+    <hr class="short" />
+    <h3>
+      CHARACTERISTICS OF WOMEN.
+    </h3>
+    <blockquote>
+      <p>
+        [The elegantly embellished volumes by Mrs. Jamieson, with the above
+        attractive title, present the prettiest code of ladye-philosophy we have
+        ever witnessed on paper. They aim at illustrating the characters of
+        Intellect, Passion, and Imagination, the Affections, and what are purely
+        Historical Characters, in the females of Shakspeare's Plays. Such is the
+        design: of its beautiful execution we can give the reader but a faint
+        idea by extracting from Passion and Imagination, part of the <i>Character
+        of Juliet</i>:&mdash;]
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      It is not without emotion, that I attempt to touch on the character of
+      Juliet. Such beautiful things have already been said of her&mdash;only to
+      be exceeded in beauty by the subject that inspired them!&mdash;it is
+      impossible to say any thing better; but it is possible to say something
+      more. Such in fact is the simplicity, the truth, and the loveliness of
+      Juliet's character, that we are not at first aware of its complexity, its
+      depth, and its variety. There is in it an intensity of passion, a
+      singleness of purpose, an entireness, a completeness of effect, which we
+      feel as a whole; and to attempt to analyze the impression thus conveyed at
+      once to soul and sense, is as if while hanging-over a half-blown rose, and
+      revelling in its intoxicating perfume, we should pull it asunder, leaflet
+      by leaflet, the better to display its bloom and fragrance. Yet how
+      otherwise should we disclose the wonders of its formation, or do justice
+      to the skill of the divine hand that hath thus fashioned it in its beauty?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      All Shakspeare's women, being essentially women, either love, or have
+      loved, or are capable of loving; but Juliet is love itself. The passion is
+      her state of being, and out of it she has no existence. It is the soul
+      within her soul; the pulse within her heart; the life-blood along her
+      veins, "blending with every atom of her frame." The love that is so chaste
+      and dignified in Portia&mdash;so airy-delicate, and fearless in Miranda&mdash;so
+      sweetly confiding in Perdita&mdash;so playfully fond in Rosalind&mdash;so
+      constant in Imogem&mdash;so devoted in Desdemona&mdash;so fervent in Helen&mdash;so
+      tender in Viola,&mdash;is each and all of these in Juliet. All these
+      remind us of her; but she reminds us of nothing but her own sweet self: or
+      if she does, it is of the Grismunda, or the Lisetta, or the Fiamminetta of
+      Boccaccio, to whom she is allied, not in the character or circumstances,
+      but in the truly Italian spirit, the glowing, national complexion of the
+      portrait.<a id="footnotetag6" name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      There was an Italian painter who said that the secret of all effect in
+      colour consisted in white upon black, and black upon white. How perfectly
+      did Shakspeare understand this secret of effect! and how beautifully he
+      has exemplified it in Juliet!
+    </p>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          So shews a snowy dove trooping with crows,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          As yonder lady o'er her follows shews!
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      Thus she and her lover are in contrast with all around them. They are all
+      love, surrounded with all hate; all harmony, surrounded with all discord;
+      all pure nature, in the midst of polished and artificial life. Juliet,
+      like Portia, is the foster-child of opulence and splendour: she dwells in
+      a fair <span class="pagenum"><a name="page118" id="page118"></a>[pg 118]</span>
+      city&mdash;she has been nurtured in a palace&mdash;she clasps her robe
+      with jewels&mdash;she braids her hair with rainbow-tinted pearls; but in
+      herself she has no more connexion with the trappings around her, than the
+      lovely exotic transplanted from some Eden-like climate, has with the
+      carved and gilded conservatory which has reared and sheltered its
+      luxuriant beauty.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But in this vivid impression of contrast, there is nothing abrupt or
+      harsh. A tissue of beautiful poetry weaves together the principal figures
+      and the subordinate personages. The consistent truth of the costume, and
+      the exquisite gradations of relief with which the most opposite hues are
+      approximated, blend all into harmony. Romeo and Juliet are not poetical
+      beings placed on a prosaic background; nor are they, like Thekla and Max
+      in the Wallenstein, two angels of light amid the darkest and harshest, the
+      most debased and revolting aspects of humanity; but every circumstance,
+      and every personage, and every shade of character in each, tends to the
+      developement of the sentiment which is the subject of the drama. The
+      poetry, too, the richest that can possibly be conceived, is interfused
+      through all the characters; the splendid imagery lavished upon all with
+      the careless prodigality of genius, and all is lighted up into such a
+      sunny brilliance of effect, as though Shakspeare had really transported
+      himself into Italy, and had drunk to intoxication of her genial
+      atmosphere. How truly it has been said, that "although Romeo and Juliet
+      are in love, they are not love-sick!" What a false idea would any thing of
+      the mere whining amoroso, give us of Romeo, such as he is really in
+      Shakspeare&mdash;the noble, gallant, ardent, brave, and witty! And Juliet&mdash;with
+      even less truth could the phrase or idea apply to her! The picture in
+      "Twelfth Night" of the wan girl dying of love, "who pined in thought, and
+      with a green and yellow melancholy," would never surely occur to us, when
+      thinking on the enamoured and impassioned Juliet, in whose bosom love
+      keeps a fiery vigil, kindling tenderness into enthusiasm, enthusiasm into
+      passion, passion into heroism! No, the whole sentiment of the play is of a
+      far different cast. It is flushed with the genial spirit of the south; it
+      tastes of youth, and of the essence of youth; of life, and of the very sap
+      of life. We have indeed the struggle of love against evil destinies and a
+      thorny world; the pain, the grief, the anguish, the terror, the despair:&mdash;the
+      aching adieu; the pang unutterable of parted affection; and rapture,
+      truth, and tenderness trampled into an early grave: but still an Elysian
+      grace lingers round the whole, and the blue sky of Italy bends over all!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Lord Byron's Haid&eacute;e is a copy of Juliet in the Oriental costume,
+      but the development is epic, not dramatic.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I remember no dramatic character, conveying the same impression of
+      singleness of purpose, and devotion of heart and soul, except the Thekla
+      of Schiller's Wallenstein: she is the German Juliet; far unequal, indeed,
+      but conceived, nevertheless, in a kindred spirit. I know not if critics
+      have ever compared them, or whether Schiller is supposed to have had the
+      English, or rather the Italian, Juliet in his fancy when he portrayed
+      Thekla; but there are some striking points of coincidence, while the
+      national distinction in the character of the passion leaves to Thekla a
+      strong cast of originality.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With regard to the termination of the play, which has been a subject of
+      much critical argument, it is well-known that Shakspeare, following the
+      old English versions, has departed from the original story of Da Porta;<a
+      id="footnotetag7" name="footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a>
+      and I am inclined to believe that Da Porta, in making Juliet waken from
+      her trance while Romeo yet lives, and in his terrible final scene between
+      the lovers, has departed from the old tradition, and as a romance, has
+      certainly improved it: but that which is effective in a narrative is not
+      always calculated for the drama; and I cannot but agree with Schlegel,
+      that Shakspeare has done well and wisely in adhering to the old story.<a
+      id="footnotetag8" name="footnotetag8"></a><a href="#footnote8"><sup>8</sup></a>
+      Can we doubt for a moment that Shakspeare, who has given us the
+      catastrophe of Othello, and the tempest scene in Lear, might also have
+      adopted these additional circumstances of horror in the fate of the
+      lovers, and have so treated them as to harrow up our very souls&mdash;had
+      it been his object to do so? But apparently it was <i>not</i>. The tale is
+      one,
+    </p>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          Such, as once heard, in gentle heart destroys
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          All pain but pity.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      It is in truth a tale of love and sorrow, not <span class="pagenum"><a
+      name="page119" id="page119"></a>[pg 119]</span> of anguish and terror. We
+      behold the catastrophe afar off with scarcely a wish to avert it. Romeo
+      and Juliet <i>must</i> die: their destiny is fulfilled: they have quaffed
+      off the cup of life, with all its infinite of joys and agonies, in one
+      intoxicating draught. What have they to do more upon this earth? Young,
+      innocent, loving, and beloved, they descend together into the tomb: but
+      Shakspeare has made that tomb a shrine of martyred and sainted affection
+      consecrated for the worship of all hearts,&mdash;not a dark charnel vault,
+      haunted by spectres of pain, rage, and desperation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The poem, which opened with the enmity of the two families, closes with
+      their reconciliation over the breathless remains of their children; and no
+      violent, frightful, or discordant feeling, is suffered to mingle with that
+      soft impression of melancholy left within the heart, and which Schlegel
+      compares to one long, endless sigh.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "A youthful passion," says Go&euml;the, (alluding to one of his own early
+      attachments), "which is conceived and cherished without any certain
+      object, may be compared to a shell thrown from a mortar by night: it rises
+      calmly in a brilliant track, and seems to mix, and even to dwell for a
+      moment, with the stars of heaven; but at length it falls&mdash;it bursts&mdash;consuming
+      and destroying all around even as itself expires."
+    </p>
+    <hr class="short" />
+    <h3>
+      PALACE OF CHARLEMAGNE, AT AIX-LA-CHAPELLE.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      At Aix-la-Chapelle, situated nearly in the centre of his vast dominions,
+      and in a salubrious climate, Charlemagne had fixed upon a spot for
+      building a palace, in the neighbourhood of some natural warm baths,&mdash;a
+      Roman luxury, in which the Frankish monarch particularly delighted. All
+      that the great conception of Charlemagne could devise, and the art of the
+      age could execute, was done, to render this structure, and the church
+      attached to it, worthy of their magnificent founder. But no account can be
+      given;<a id="footnotetag9" name="footnotetag9"></a><a href="#footnote9"><sup>9</sup></a>
+      for nothing has come down to the present age which can justify any thing
+      like detailed description. Nevertheless, a number of circumstances in
+      regard to this building are occasionally mentioned in the historians of
+      the time, that convey an idea of vastness and splendour, which probably
+      might have been lost had minute examination been possible. Immense halls<a
+      id="footnotetag10" name="footnotetag10"></a><a href="#footnote10"><sup>10</sup></a>&mdash;magnificent
+      galleries&mdash;a college&mdash;a library&mdash;baths, where a hundred
+      persons could swim at large&mdash;a theatre and a cathedral&mdash;a
+      profuse display of the finest marble&mdash;gates and doors of wrought
+      brass&mdash;columns from Rome, and pavements from Ravenna,&mdash;such, we
+      know, to have been some of the many things which that great palace
+      displayed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Workmen were gathered together from every part of Europe; and, though but
+      small reliance can be placed upon the anecdotes related by the Monk of St.
+      Gall, it is evident, from every account, that the building must have been
+      the most magnificent architectural effort which Europe had beheld since
+      the days of the splendour of ancient Rome.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Besides the palace itself, we find, that an immense number of buildings
+      were constructed around it, for the accommodation of every one in any way
+      connected with the court, and adjoining, were particular halls, open at
+      all times, and in which all classes and conditions might find a refuge
+      from the cold of night, or from the wintry storm.<a id="footnotetag11"
+      name="footnotetag11"></a><a href="#footnote11"><sup>11</sup></a>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Within the walls, was that famous domestic college, on the maintenance,
+      extension, and direction of which Charlemagne, amidst all the multiplicity
+      of his occupations, found means to bestow so much of his time and
+      attention. But every trace of his actions tends to prove, that his first
+      and greatest, object&mdash;to which even conquest was secondary, if not
+      subservient&mdash;was to civilize his dominions, and to raise mankind in
+      general from that state of dark ignorance into which barbarian invasion
+      had cast the world.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      During the first ten or fifteen years after its establishment, the college
+      of the palace had probably followed the court during its frequent
+      migrations, notwithstanding the number of members, and the difficulty of
+      transporting the library, which soon became considerable. Many
+      circumstances, however, seem to show, that after the construction of the
+      great palace at Aix-la-Chapelle, it became fixed in that place. The
+      library, we know, was there concentrated; and several of the books thus
+      collected, such as the Codex Carolinus, &amp;c. have come down through a
+      long line of emperors to the present day. Indeed, a great part of the most
+      valuable literature of former ages, was preserved alone by the efforts of
+      the French monarch for the revival of science; and the link of connexion
+      between ancient and modern civilization, owes its existence, as much to
+      the endeavours of Charlemagne, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page120"
+      id="page120"></a>[pg 120]</span> as even to the papal preservation of
+      antique Rome.
+    </p>
+    <hr class="short" />
+    <h3>
+      WRITING IN FRANCE.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      In the reign of Charlemagne, in the year 796, the mode of writing
+      underwent a change. The rude characters employed under the Merovingian
+      race were disused, and the small Roman letters were introduced. As the
+      spirit of improvement proceeded, new alterations were sought; and some
+      years afterwards, to write in the large Roman capitals, became the mode of
+      the day, the initial letter of each paragraph being always highly
+      ornamented, and sometimes painted, many specimens of which have come down
+      to the present time. Though at an advanced<a id="footnotetag12"
+      name="footnotetag12"></a><a href="#footnote12"><sup>12</sup></a> period of
+      life when this method of writing first began to prevail, Charlemagne
+      endeavoured to learn it, and even caused models of the letters to be laid
+      by his pillow, that during the waking moments of the night, he might
+      practise the art which he sought to acquire.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Nor did the monarch remain satisfied with leading the way himself on the
+      path of knowledge which he desired the whole nation to follow; nor content
+      himself with bestowing on his children a careful and judicious education,
+      both mental and corporeal; but by constantly proposing in writing
+      questions for solution, addressed to the various prelates and teachers of
+      his realm, he forced them to exercise their talents and cultivate their
+      minds, under the severe penalty of shame and ridicule. On the other hand,
+      literary merit was never without its reward, for though, as far as we can
+      discover, Charlemagne, wise in his generosity, seldom if ever gave more
+      than one profitable charge at once to one man, yet those who distinguished
+      themselves by talent and exertion, were sure to meet with honour,
+      distinction, and competence.&mdash;<i>James</i>.
+    </p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <h2>
+      Retrospective Gleanings.
+    </h2>
+    <hr class="short" />
+    <h3>
+      THE MONEY OF BETRAYAL, OR "PRICE OF BLOOD."
+    </h3>
+    <div class="figcenter" style="width:100%;">
+      <a href="images/563-4.png"><img width="100%" src="images/563-4.png" alt="" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      The following very curious notice respecting the money (coin and value)
+      for which Judas Iscariot betrayed our Redeemer, (and afterwards, with it,
+      purchased "the Potter's Field, to bury strangers in,") is extracted from
+      <i>The Sovereign Order of Saint John of Jerusalem</i>, by ANDREW FAVINE,
+      1620, and will no doubt prove acceptable to the reader:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "In this citty of Rhodes they did beate and stamp money of silver, in
+      bignesse somewhat neare to an half teston of France, but yet much thicker,
+      and the figures thereon more embossed than ours are. These pieces of
+      silver are like to the halfe sickle of the Jews, or the diobrachma of the
+      Romaines, but they be more worth. There is a tradition, that the thirtie
+      pence, for which the Saviour of the world was sold and delivered to the
+      Jews, by the traitor, Judas, were of this kinde. And in very deede, in the
+      Church of the Holy Crosse of Jerusalem, at Rome, is to be seene one of
+      those thirtie pence, which is wholly like to that in the Church of the
+      Temple, in the citty of Paris. It is enchased in a shrine, and is to be
+      seene but thorow a christall glasse, and on the side which may be noated,
+      appeareth nothing but a head.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The learned Gulielmus Budeus, the honour <span class="pagenum"><a
+      name="page121" id="page121"></a>[pg 121]</span> of our Citty of Paris, and
+      of all France, in the remarkable tract which he wrote, <i>De Asse</i>,
+      affirmeth that he had scene the pennie of silver, in the Temple at Paris,
+      and that on it was represented a head, as in truth there is. But,
+      concerning the other side, neither the learned Cardinall Baronius, nor
+      Budeus, doe speake anything else; then of the weight of those silver
+      pence, which the Evangelists tearme Argenteos. One of those silver pence
+      of Rhodes I have, and both the sides thereof, in this manner I shew to you
+      (<i>vide Engraving</i>).
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I have confronted and compared it with the sight of that pennie at Rome,
+      and the other in the Temple at Paris, and they are all three alike, both
+      in the visage and in the circumference. Mine is in weight two groates, a
+      halfe pennie less of silver, which commeth to twelve sols and one liard.
+      On the other (<i>one?</i>) side, it hath the visage of the sunne, like to
+      the fashion of a young man's face, without a beard, with long locks of
+      hayre, as here it is figured, and as poets have feigned. On the other side
+      is a blowne rose, higher and greater than ours are;<a id="footnotetag13"
+      name="footnotetag13"></a><a href="#footnote13"><sup>13</sup></a> which
+      commeth somewhat neare in resemblance to the rose which we tearme of
+      Jericho, and which are brought from the Holy Land. Upon this pennie the
+      rose hath, on eache side, a button, (bud) the one whereof beginneth to
+      blome, but not the other. Above the rose, on the ring of the piece, is
+      formed in capitall Greeke letters, [Greek: RODION], (Rhodian,) which
+      signifieth, and would say (if it could) <i>a rose</i>. At the foote
+      whereof is this sillable, EY. (Favine then mentions the arms of Rhodes,
+      which, as well as we are able to translate the old French, left
+      untranslated, appears to be Field <i>d'Argent</i>, a rose <i>proper</i>,
+      with buds; <i>gules</i>, stalk, <i>de synople</i>.) So," he continues,
+      "that thirtie pence of this money amounteth not but altogether to the
+      summe of eighteen poundes seaven shillings and sixe-pence of our money,
+      and seemeth a very small summe for buying a piece of ground, or land,
+      which the Evangelists call Ackeldemach, (Alcedaema), 'The Potter's Field,'
+      so neere to Jerusalem peopled with more than a million of men, solde for
+      an offence, and with condition that it should never be redeemed, in regard
+      it was destined for the Burial-place of Pilgrims, which came to Jerusalem
+      at the solemn Feasts there held; and every one well knoweth, that (amongst
+      the Jews) inheritances were sold, more or less, according as the
+      conditions were made, either neere, or further off, from the yeare of
+      jubilee, which they feasted from fifty yeares, to fifty yeares; a feast,
+      so solemnly observed among them, that the sellers did then re-enter into
+      their sold inheritances, which they possessed again freely, and without
+      any charge, or paying any arrerages, according as it was ordained by their
+      law, in the five-and-twentieth chapter of Leviticus. But it may be, this
+      Potter's Field was (in parte) bought with those thirtie pence, and the
+      other parte might be the almes and giftes of the proprietaries or owners,
+      both in the Temple of Jerusalem and publickly, for so good a subject as
+      the buriall of pilgrims, and poore strangers. For ever, and beside the
+      offerings and Tribute-money, which the Jews offered and paid to the
+      treasurers in the Temple, for maintaining the Tribe of Levi, (the
+      deserving ministers thereof) who, at the distribution and division of the
+      Land of Promise to the Jewish people, had not any lot or partage (but were
+      assigned to the Jews devotion,) inheritances might be legacied to them,
+      which falling into mortmaine, could not be redeemed by any custome of
+      kindred, whatsoever jubilee might be alledged, or selling, or alienating,
+      as it is written in the seaven-and-twentieth of Leviticus. And such an
+      inheritance was called <i>Ager Anathematis</i>&mdash;a field wholly
+      dedicated and consecrated to God; and which from thenceforward, might fall
+      no more into any secular, or prophane hand."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this erudite disquisition, which endeavours to account for the <i>smallness</i>
+      of the sum for which our blessed Lord was betrayed, and for which Alcedama
+      was purchased, how would honest Andrew Favine stare, could he learn that
+      modern commentators have, <i>without comment</i>, assigned something less
+      than <i>one-fifth</i> of 18<i>l</i>. 7<i>s</i>. 6<i>d</i>. as the "price
+      of innocent blood." We transcribe in proof, the annotation on Mat. 26 c.
+      15 v. from D'Oyly and Mant's Bible:&mdash;"'<i>Thirty pieces of silver</i>.'
+      Thirty shekels, about 3<i>l</i>. 10<i>s</i>. 8<i>d</i>. of our money. It
+      appears from Exod. 21 c. 32 v., that this was the price to be paid for a
+      slave or servant, when killed by a beast. So vilely was HE esteemed, who
+      shed his precious blood for man; and so true it is, that <i>Christ</i>
+      took upon him the form of a servant." Now, the Jewish <i>shekel</i> being
+      valued at 2<i>s</i>. 4-1/4<i>d</i>. and the coin of the <i>next</i>
+      superior denomination, (the <i>maneh</i>) being set down in our Bible
+      money-tables, at 7<i>l</i>. 1<i>s</i>. 5<i>d</i>. it is clear that <i>several</i>
+      of <i>intermediate value</i> must have existed, for exchange, which might
+      reconcile this difference. M.L.B.
+    </p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <h2>
+      The Public Journals.
+    </h2>
+    <hr class="short" />
+    <h3>
+      PORTDOWN FAIR.
+    </h3>
+    <blockquote>
+      <p>
+        [A series of characteristic sketches of Life in the Navy, has appeared
+        in the successive numbers of the <i>Metropolitan</i>, from the pen of
+        Captain Marryatt, author of the <i>King's Own</i>, and other popular
+        novels, with a high stamp of originality. The sketches before us <span
+        class="pagenum"><a name="page122" id="page122"></a>[pg 122]</span> are
+        entitled Peter Simple, and detail the early adventures of a Middy with
+        much of that delightful ease we are wont to admire in the writings of
+        Smollett, Fielding, and the <i>character</i> novelists of the latter
+        half of the past century. The style of Captain Marryatt is fresh,
+        vigorous, and racy&mdash;"native and to the manner born,"&mdash;abounding
+        in lively anecdote, but never straying into caricature&mdash;with just
+        enough of the romance of life to keep the incidents afloat from
+        commonplace, and probability above-board. This and the following are
+        specimen sketches.]
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      We all had leave from the first lieutenant to go to Portdown fair, but he
+      would only allow the oldsters to sleep on shore. We anticipated so much
+      pleasure from our excursion, that some of us were up, and went away in the
+      boat sent for fresh beef. This was very foolish. There were no carriages
+      to take us to the fair, nor indeed any fair so early in the morning: the
+      shops were all shut, and the Blue Posts, where we always rendezvoused was
+      hardly open. We waited there in the coffee-room, until we were driven out
+      by the maid sweeping away the dirt, and were forced to walk about until
+      she had finished, and lighted the fire, when we ordered our breakfast; but
+      how much better would it have been to have taken our breakfast comfortably
+      on board, and then to have come on shore, especially as we had no money to
+      spare. Next to being too late, being too soon is the worst plan in the
+      world. However, we had our breakfast, and paid the bill; then we sallied
+      forth, and went up George Street, where we found all sorts of vehicles
+      ready to take us to the fair. We got into one which they called a dilly. I
+      asked the man who drove us why it was so called, and he replied because he
+      only charged a shilling. O'Brien, who had joined us after breakfasting on
+      board, said that this answer reminded him of one given to him by a man who
+      attended the hackney-coach stands in London. "Pray," said he, "why are you
+      called Watermen?" "Watermen," replied the man, "vy, sir, 'cause ve opens
+      the hackney-coach doors." At last, with plenty of whipping, and plenty of
+      swearing, and a great deal of laughing, the old horse, whose back curved
+      upwards like a bow, from the difficulty of dragging so many, arrived at
+      the bottom of Portdown hill, where we got out, and walked up to the fair.
+      It really was a most beautiful sight. The bright blue sky, and the
+      coloured flags flapping about in all directions, the grass so green, and
+      the white tents and booths, the sun shining so bright, and the shining
+      gilt gingerbread, the variety of toys and variety of noise, the quantity
+      of people and the quantity of sweetmeats; little boys so happy, and shop
+      people so polite, the music at the booths, and the bustle and eagerness of
+      the people outside, made my heart quite jump. There was Richardson, with a
+      clown and harlequin, and such beautiful women, dressed in clothes all over
+      gold spangles, dancing reels and waltzes, and looking so happy! There was
+      Flint and Gyngell, with fellows tumbling over head and heels, playing such
+      tricks&mdash;eating fire, and drawing yards of tape out of their mouths.
+      Then there was the Royal Circus, all the horses standing in a line, with
+      men and women standing on their backs, waving flags, while the trumpeters
+      blew their trumpets. And the largest giant in the world, and Mr. Paap, the
+      smallest dwarf in the world, and a female dwarf, who was smaller still,
+      and Miss Biffin, who did every thing without legs or arms. There was also
+      the learned pig, and the Herefordshire ox, and a hundred other sights
+      which I cannot now remember. We walked about for an hour or two, seeing
+      the outside of every thing: we determined to go and see the inside. First
+      we went into Richardson's, where we saw a bloody tragedy, with a ghost and
+      thunder, and afterwards a pantomime, full of tricks, and tumbling over one
+      another. Then we saw one or two other things, I forget which, but this I
+      know, that generally speaking, the outside was better than the inside.
+      After this, feeling very hungry, we agreed to go into a booth and have
+      something to eat. The tables were ranged all around, and in the centre
+      there was a boarded platform for dancing. The ladies were there already
+      dressed for partners; and the music was so lively, that I felt very much
+      inclined to dance, but we had agreed to go and see the wild beasts fed at
+      Mr. Polito's menagerie, and as it was now almost eight o'clock, we paid
+      our bill and set off. It was a very curious sight, and better worth seeing
+      than any thing in the fair; I never had an idea that there were so many
+      strange animals in existence. They were all secured in iron cages, and a
+      large chandelier, with twenty lights, hung in the centre of the booth, and
+      lighted them up, while the keeper went round and stirred them up with his
+      long pole; at the same time he gave us their histories, which were very
+      interesting. I recollect a few of them. There was the tapir, a great pig
+      with a long nose, a variety of the hiptostomass, which the keeper said was
+      an amphibious animal, as couldn't live on land, and <i>dies</i> in the
+      water&mdash;however, it seemed to live very well in a cage. Then there was
+      the kangaroo with its young ones peeping out of it&mdash;a most
+      astonishing animal. The keeper said that it brought forth two young ones
+      at a birth, and then took them into its stomach again, until they arrived
+      at years of discretion. Then there was the pelican of the wilderness, (I
+      shall not forget him,) with a large bag under his throat, which the man
+      put on his head as a night-cap; this bird feeds its young with its own
+      blood&mdash;when fish are scarce. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page123"
+      id="page123"></a>[pg 123]</span> And there was the laughing hyaena, who
+      cries in the wood like a human being in distress, and devours those who
+      come to his assistance&mdash;a sad instance of the depravity of human
+      nature, as the keeper observed. There was a beautiful creature, the royal
+      Bengal tiger, only three years old, what growed ten inches every year, and
+      never arrived at its full growth. The one we saw measured, as the keeper
+      told us, sixteen feet from the snout to the tail, and seventeen feet from
+      the tail to the snout; but there must have been some mistake there. There
+      was a young elephant and three lions, and several other animals, which I
+      forget now, so I shall go on to describe the tragical scene which
+      occurred. The keeper had poked up all the animals, and had commenced
+      feeding them. The great lion was growling and snarling over the shin bone
+      of an ox, cracking it like a nut, when by some mismanagement, one end of
+      the pole upon which the chandelier was suspended fell down, striking the
+      door of the cage in which the lioness was at supper, and bursting it open.
+      It was all done in a second; the chandelier fell, the cage opened, and the
+      lioness sprung out. I remember to this moment seeing the body of the
+      lioness in the air, and then all as dark as pitch. What a change! not a
+      moment before all of us staring with delight and curiosity, and then to be
+      left in darkness, horror and dismay! There was such screaming and
+      shrieking, such crying, and fighting, and pushing, and fainting, nobody
+      knew where to go, or how to find their way out. The people crowded first
+      on one side, and then on the other, as their fears instigated them. I was
+      very soon jammed up with my back against the bars of one of the cages, and
+      feeling some beast lay hold of me behind, made a desperate effort, and
+      succeeded in climbing up to the cage above, not however without losing the
+      seat of my trousers, which the laughing hyaena would not let go. I hardly
+      knew where I was when I climbed up; but I knew the birds were mostly
+      stationed above. However, that I might not have the front of my trousers
+      torn as well as the behind, as soon as I gained my footing I turned round,
+      with my back to the bars of the cage; but I had not been there a minute,
+      before I was attacked by something which digged into me like a pickaxe,
+      and as the hyaena had torn my clothes, I had no defence against it. To
+      turn round would have been worse still; so after having received above a
+      dozen stabs, I contrived by degrees to shift my position, until I was
+      opposite to another cage, but not until the pelican, for it was that
+      brute, had drawn as much blood from me as would have fed his young for a
+      week. I was surmising what danger I should next encounter, when to my joy
+      I discovered that I had gained the open door from which the lioness had
+      escaped. I crawled in, and pulled the door too after me, thinking myself
+      very fortunate; and there I sat very quietly in a corner during the
+      remainder of the noise and confusion. I had not been there but a few
+      minutes, when the beef-eaters, as they were called, who played the music
+      outside, came in with torches and loaded muskets. The sight which
+      presented itself was truly shocking; twenty or thirty men, women, and
+      children, lay on the ground, and I thought at first the lioness had killed
+      them all, but they were only in fits, or had been trampled down by the
+      crowd. No one was seriously hurt. As for the lioness, she was not to be
+      found; and as soon as it was ascertained that she had escaped, there was
+      as much terror and scampering away outside, as there had been in the
+      menagerie. It appeared afterwards, that the animal had been as much
+      frightened as we had been, and had secreted himself under one of the
+      wagons. It was sometime before she could be found. At last O'Brien who was
+      a very brave fellow, went a-head of the beef-eaters, and saw her eyes
+      glaring. They borrowed a net or two from the carts which had brought
+      calves to the fair, and threw them over her. When she was fairly
+      entangled, they dragged her by the tail into the menagerie. All this while
+      I had remained very quietly in the den, but when I perceived that its
+      lawful owner had come back again to retake possession, I thought it was
+      time to come out; so I called to my messmates, who with O'Brien were
+      assisting the beef-eaters. They had not discovered me, and laughed very
+      much when they saw where I was. One of the midshipmen shot the bolt of the
+      door, so that I could not jump out, and then stirred me up with a long
+      pole. At last I contrived to unbolt it again, and got out, when they
+      laughed still more, at the seat of my trousers being torn off. It was not
+      exactly a laughing matter to me, although I had to congratulate myself
+      upon a very lucky escape: and so did my messmates think, when I narrated
+      my adventures. The pelican was the worst part of the business. O'Brien
+      lent me a dark silk handkerchief, which I tied round my waist, and let
+      drop behind, so that my misfortunes might not attract any notice, and then
+      we quitted the menagerie; but I was so stiff that I could scarcely walk.
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      SCOTCH "BLUID."
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      We had a new messmate of the name of M'Foy. I was on the quarter-deck when
+      he came on board and presented a letter to the captain, inquiring first if
+      his name was "Captain Sauvage." He was a florid young man nearly six feet
+      high, with sandy hair, yet very good-looking. As his career in the service
+      was very short, I will tell at once what I did not find out till some time
+      afterwards. The captain had agreed to receive him to <span class="pagenum"><a
+      name="page124" id="page124"></a>[pg 124]</span> oblige a brother officer,
+      who had retired from the service, and lived in the Highlands of Scotland.
+      The first notice which the captain had of the arrival of Mr. M'Foy, was
+      from a letter written to him by the young man's uncle. This amused him so
+      much, that he gave it to the first lieutenant to read. It ran as follows;&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <p>
+        Glasgow, April 25th, 1&mdash;.
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        "Sir,
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        "Our much esteemed and mutual friend, Captain M'Alpine, having
+        communicated by letter, dated the 14th inst., your kind intentions
+        relative to my nephew Sholto M'Foy, (for which you will be pleased to
+        accept my best thanks,) I write to acquaint you that he is now on his
+        way to join your ship the Diomede, and will arrive, God willing,
+        twenty-six hours after the receipt of this letter.
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        "As I have been given to understand by those who have some acquaintance
+        with the service of the King, that his equipment as an officer will be
+        somewhat expensive, I have considered it but fair to ease your mind as
+        to any responsibility on that score, and have therefore enclosed the
+        half of a Bank of England note for ten pounds sterling, No. 3742, the
+        other half of which will be duly forwarded in a frank promised to me the
+        day after tomorrow. I beg you will make the necessary purchases, and
+        apply the balance, should there be any, to his mess account, or any
+        other expenses which you may consider warrantable or justifiable.
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        "It is at the same time proper to inform you, that Sholto had ten
+        shillings in his pocket at the time of his leaving Glasgow; the
+        satisfactory expenditure of which I have no doubt you will inquire into,
+        as it is a large sum to be placed at the discretion of a youth only
+        fourteen years and five months old. I mention his age, as Sholto is so
+        tall that you might be deceived by his appearance, and be induced to
+        trust to his prudence in affairs of this serious nature. Should he at
+        any time require further assistance beyond his pay, which I am told is
+        extremely handsome to all king's officers, I beg you to consider that
+        any draft of yours, at ten days' sight, to the amount of five pounds
+        sterling English, will be duly honoured by the firm of Monteith,
+        M'Killop, and Company, of Glasgow. Sir, with many thanks for your
+        kindness and consideration,
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p class="i10">
+          "I remain your most obedient,
+        </p>
+        <br />
+        <p class="i10">
+          "WALTER MONTEITH."
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      The letter brought on board by M'Foy was to prove his identity. While the
+      captain read it, M'Foy stared about him like a wild stag. The captain
+      welcomed him to the ship, asked him one or two questions, introduced him
+      to the first lieutenant, and then went on shore. The first lieutenant had
+      asked me to dine in the gun-room; and when the captain pulled on shore, he
+      also invited Mr. M'Foy, when the following conversation took place.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Well, Mr. M'Foy, you have had a long journey; I presume it is the first
+      that you have ever made."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Indeed is it, Sir," replied M'Foy; "and sorely I've been pestered. Had I
+      minded all they whispered in my lug as I came along, I had need been made
+      of money&mdash;sax-pence here, sax-pence there, sax-pence every where.
+      Sich extortion I ne'er dreamt of."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "How did you come from Glasgow?"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "By the wheel-boat, or steam-boat, as they ca'd it, to Lunnon: where they
+      charged me sax-pence for taking my baggage on shore&mdash;wee boxy nae
+      bigger than yon cocked-up hat. I would fain carry it mysel', but they
+      wadna let me."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Well, where did you go to when you arrived in London?"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I went to a place ca'd Chichester Rents, to the house of Storm and
+      Mainwaring, Warehousemen, and they must have anither sax-pence for showing
+      me the way. There I waited half-an-hour in the counting-house, till they
+      took me to a place ca'd Bull and Mouth, and put me into a coach, paying my
+      whole fare; nevertheless they must din me for money the whole of the way
+      down. There was first the guard, and then the coachman, and another guard,
+      and another coachman; but I wudna listen to them, and so they growled and
+      abused me."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "And when did you arrive?"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I came here last night; and I only had a bed and a breakfast at the twa
+      Blue Pillars' house, for which they extortioned me three shillings and
+      sax-pence, as I sit here. And then there was the chambermaid hussy and
+      waiter loon axed me to remember them, and wanted more siller; but I told
+      them, as I told the guard and coachman, that I had none for them."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "How much of your ten shillings have you left?" inquired the first
+      lieutenant, smiling.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Hoot! sir lieutenant, how came you for to ken that? Eh! it's my uncle
+      Monteith at Glasgow. Why, as I sit here, I've but three shillings and a
+      penny of it lift. But there's a smell here that's no canny; so I just go
+      up again into the fresh air."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When Mr. M'Foy quitted the gun-room, they all laughed very much. After he
+      had been a short time on deck, he went down into the midshipmen's berth;
+      but he made himself very unpleasant, quarrelling and wrangling with every
+      body. It did not, however, last very long; for he would not obey any
+      orders that were given to him. On the third day, he quitted the ship
+      without asking the permission of the first lieutenant; when he returned on
+      board the following day, the first lieutenant put him under an arrest, and
+      in charge of the sentry at the cabin door. During the afternoon I was
+      under the half-deck, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="page125"
+      id="page125"></a>[pg 125]</span> perceived that he was sharpening a long
+      clasp knife upon the after truck of the gun. I went up to him, and asked
+      him why he was doing so, and he replied, as his eyes flashed fire, that it
+      was to revenge the insult offered to the bluid of M'Foy. His look told me
+      that he was in earnest. "But what do you mean?" inquired I. "I mean," said
+      he, drawing the edge and feeling the point of his weapon, "to put into the
+      wheam of that man with the gold podge on his shoulder, who has dared to
+      place me here."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I was very much alarmed, and thought it my duty to state his murderous
+      intentions, or worse might happen; so I walked up on deck and told the
+      first lieutenant what M'Foy was intending to do, and how his life was in
+      danger. Mr. Falcon laughed, and shortly afterwards went down on the
+      main-deck. M'Foy's eyes glistened, and he walked forward to where the
+      first lieutenant was standing; but the sentry, who had been cautioned by
+      me, kept him back with his bayonet. The first lieutenant turned round, and
+      perceiving what was going on, desired the sentry to see if Mr. M'Foy had a
+      knife in his hand; and he had it sure enough, open, and held behind his
+      back. He was disarmed, and the first lieutenant, perceiving that the lad
+      meant mischief, reported his conduct to the captain, on his arrival on
+      board. The captain sent for M'Foy, who was very obstinate, and when taxed
+      with his intention would not deny it, or even say that he would not again
+      attempt it; so he was sent on shore immediately, and returned to his
+      friends in the Highlands. We never saw any more of him; but I heard that
+      he obtained a commission in the army, and three months after he had joined
+      his regiment, was killed in a duel, resenting some fancied affront offered
+      to the bluid of M'Foy.&mdash;<i>Metropolitan</i>
+    </p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <h2>
+      Notes of a Reader
+    </h2>
+    <hr class="short" />
+    <h3>
+      A CHANCELLOR'S START IN LIFE.
+    </h3>
+    <h4>
+      (<i>From the Double Trial</i>.)
+    </h4>
+    <p>
+      Thurlow had travelled the &mdash;&mdash; Circuit for some years with
+      little notice, and with no opportunity to put forth his abilities; when
+      the housekeeper of a Duke of N&mdash;&mdash; was prosecuted for stealing a
+      great deal of linen, with which she had been intrusted. An attorney of
+      little note and practice conducted the woman's case. He knew full well
+      that he could expect no hearty co-operation in employing any of the
+      leading counsel: it was a poor case, and a low case; and it could not be
+      supposed that they, "the foremost men of all the bar," would set
+      themselves, "<i>tooth and nail</i>," against the Duke, who in himself, his
+      agents, and his friends, made the greatest part of every high legal and
+      political assemblage in the country. The attorney looked round, therefore,
+      for some young barrister who had nothing to lose, and might have something
+      to win; and he fixed upon Thurlow. Thurlow read over his brief with the
+      highest glee, and had an interview with the prisoner. As he entered the
+      court, he jogged another briefless one like himself, and said, in his
+      favourite slang language&mdash;"Neck or nothing, my boy, to-day! I'll soar
+      or tumble!" The opening speech of the eminent counsel for the Duke, and
+      the evidence, completely convicted the woman. The articles stolen were
+      brought into court. When Thurlow rose to cross-examine the leading
+      witness, before he asked a question, he merely, bending his black brows
+      upon the man, turned round, and desired to look at the things that were
+      said to be stolen. They were before him all the time, and were then
+      presented to him; and, without a word, he carelessly tossed them again
+      upon the table before him. He now closely questioned the witness, as to
+      points of honour and honesty; then, in a minute or two, again asked to see
+      the things. He was informed that he had already had them handed to him,
+      and that they were now before him. "I mean," said he, with well-assumed
+      ignorance, "the things that this unhappy woman is accused of having
+      stolen." The witness, with great sufficiency and knowledge, as if to prove
+      his own correctness, pointed them out upon the table before him. "And what
+      else?" said he. He was answered that they were the whole. "And you, Mr.
+      Witness," said he, with a sneer, "are the man of great trust, of
+      accredited honour and honesty; and, full of your own consequence, and in
+      high feather, you come here to follow up a prosecution against a
+      fellow-servant, and a confidential one (you tell me), whom you have
+      indicted as a felon, for taking these rags," exhibiting some cloth that
+      happened to be torn; "and this is the sum and substance of her offence!
+      And all these witnesses," pointing to a group, who had pushed themselves
+      forward, "have been brought into this honourable court, to affix the
+      ownership of the high and mighty noble Duke and Duchess to these cast-off,
+      worn-out clothes! And here comes this fine gentleman to swear to the
+      robber of that," holding up the garment, "which he himself would not
+      accept as a gift! Shame, say I; and I am certain every one of your hearts,
+      Gentlemen of the Jury, reechoes my indignant feeling! Shame, say I, on
+      everyone of the party," pausing to give one of his looks to each
+      individual, "that is concerned in such a business! Why, it is more like a
+      conspiracy against this poor destitute woman, against whom I lament to see
+      my very honourable and learned brethren," pointing to the other counsel,
+      "here arrayed&mdash;it is more like a conspiracy (not that my learned
+      friends have lot, or part, or feeling in the business)&mdash;more like a
+      conspiracy against <span class="pagenum"><a name="page126" id="page126"></a>[pg
+      126]</span> this woman, than any, the least act of felony on her part.
+      These clothes! I pray you look at them, Gentlemen of the Jury&mdash;these
+      clothes!! Can you conceive, Gentlemen, that if you were a Duke and Duchess
+      of N&mdash;&mdash;, you would have even offered to give a housekeeper, a
+      woman of credit and respectability&mdash;a fellow-servant of this fine
+      gentleman before you&mdash;such worn-out rags as these? Would you have
+      thought it worthy of consideration, if such a servant had thought proper
+      to appropriate to her own use a cart-load of this trumpery? If the poor
+      woman did remove out of sight such trash as this, all I say is, that she
+      seems to have had more respect for the credit and honour of that noble
+      house than any of the people whose ridiculous pretensions to honesty have
+      persecuted her and exhibited themselves here. <i>Gentlemen and Ladies</i>,
+      witnesses! I have done with you; you may all leave the court!"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      They were all glad to take him at the first word, and in a few minutes not
+      one of them was to be seen. "I have heard," he continued, "of the pride of
+      a noble house, and of its poverty, being nearly allied; but here we have
+      all the poverty and none of the pride!" Some one unluckily said that the
+      things were not all in that torn state. "What," said he, with the utmost
+      contempt, looking to the party, "is there any one that wishes to exhibit
+      his devoted baseness? Let him not whisper here behind my back, but come
+      forward and get into the box." He paused, and had no further interruption.
+      "To you, Gentlemen of the Jury, I appeal. I ask you if you have seen
+      enough of the rags of this noble family?" and he pulled out the worst
+      piece of the linen, and held it at arm's length during the greater part of
+      a taunting speech of the same kind: then, throwing it contemptuously from
+      him&mdash;"Away, away, I say, with these rags of the noble family of N&mdash;&mdash;!"
+      (and some one gathered up all together, and took them out of court)&mdash;"and
+      God grant that they may never rise up in judgment against them! Poor,
+      weak, foolish woman! she took them as her perquisite. Perquisite indeed!
+      her folly was her fault; for you have seen that they were not worth the
+      taking.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Gentlemen of the Jury, I cannot believe that you will lend yourselves to
+      such a grovelling prosecution&mdash;<i>persecution</i>, as this. I pause
+      not to investigate where the evil spirit arose, in principles or agents,
+      against this injured and calumniated female. If the great ones of our
+      earth will disgrace themselves&mdash;if they will listen to the
+      suggestions of envy, hatred, and malice, and all uncharitableness, I trust
+      that you, more humble members of the community, will not be partakers of
+      these evil passions. Where the prosecutor has sustained no personal fear
+      and no personal loss, it is impossible that any offence can have been
+      committed. You are not twelve despots sitting upon a case of high treason
+      against the game-laws, and are to have your consciences racked, to bring
+      in a verdict of trespass, where no damage can be proved; you are not
+      required to strain right against justice and honesty. What is the offence?
+      How is our Lord the King or his subjects aggrieved? Those rags!&mdash;I
+      know not what the splendid household of the Duke may require for matches
+      and tinder; for this is all the value that can be attached to them. Shall
+      we call for them back again, lest the Duke and the Duchess should lose
+      their recovered treasure? I am not disposed to dispute their right; for
+      even if they were the perquisite of the housekeeper, I am convinced that
+      she would not get a farthing emolument for those tattered remnants of
+      nobility. Of one thing I am well assured, that there is not a sufficiency
+      of sound linen in the whole to make lint enough to cover the wound that
+      the reputation of the noble Duke and Duchess has sustained in this
+      disgraceful prosecution. Gentlemen, I will trouble you no further&mdash;I
+      confidently expect your verdict." And the woman was acquitted: and from
+      that day the powers of Thurlow, in voice, sarcasm, gesture, and all the
+      superior intonations of browbeating, which raised him to the most
+      dangerous pinnacle of legal greatness, became known, and rapidly advanced
+      him to fame,<a id="footnotetag14" name="footnotetag14"></a><a
+      href="#footnote14"><sup>14</sup></a> and the grandchildren of his father
+      to be enrolled among the established peers of our realm.
+    </p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <h2>
+      Spirit of Discovery.
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      ON THE POTATO.
+    </h3>
+    <h4>
+      <i>By T.A. Knight, Esq., F.R.S., Pres. Hort. Soc.</i>
+    </h4>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Knight is convinced by the evidence of experiments, "that the potato
+      plant, under proper management, is capable of causing to be brought to
+      market a much greater weight of vegetable food, from any given extent of
+      ground, than any other plant which we possess." There is no crop, he says,
+      "so certain as that of potatoes; and it has the advantage of being
+      generally most abundant, when the crops of wheat are defective; that is,
+      in wet seasons." The following observations are extremely interesting:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "I think I shall be able to adduce some strong facts in support of my
+      opinion, that by a greatly extended culture of the potato for the purpose
+      of supplying the markets with vegetable food, a more abundant and more
+      wholesome supply of food for the use of the <span class="pagenum"><a
+      name="page127" id="page127"></a>[pg 127]</span> labouring classes of
+      society may be obtained, than wheat can ever afford, and, I believe, of a
+      more palatable kind to the greater number of persons. I can just recollect
+      the time when the potato was unknown to the peasantry of Herefordshire,
+      whose gardens were then almost exclusively occupied by different varieties
+      of the cabbage. Their food at that period consisted of bread and cheese
+      with the produce of their gardens; and tea was unknown to them. About
+      sixty-six years ago, before the potato was introduced into their gardens,
+      agues had been so exceedingly prevalent, that the periods in which they,
+      or their families, had been afflicted with that disorder, were the eras to
+      which I usually heard them refer in speaking of past events; and I
+      recollect being cautioned by them frequently not to stand exposed to the
+      sun in May, lest I should get an ague. The potato was then cultivated in
+      small quantities in the gardens of gentlemen, but it was not thought to
+      afford wholesome nutriment, and was supposed by many to possess
+      deleterious qualities. The prejudice of all parties, however, disappeared
+      so rapidly, that within ten years the potato had almost wholly driven the
+      cabbage from the gardens of the cottagers. Within the same period, ague,
+      the previously prevalent disease of the country, disappeared; and no other
+      species of disease became prevalent. I adduce this fact, as evidence only,
+      that the introduction of the potato was not injurious to the health of the
+      peasantry at that period; but whether its production was, or was not,
+      instrumental in causing the disappearance of ague, I will not venture to
+      give an opinion. I am, however, confident, that neither draining the soil
+      (for that was not done,) nor any change in the general habits of the
+      peasantry, had taken place, to which their improved health could be
+      attributed. Bread is well known to constitute the chief food of the French
+      peasantry. They are a very temperate race of men; and they possess the
+      advantages of a very fine and dry climate. Yet the duration of life
+      amongst them is very short, scarcely exceeding two thirds of the average
+      duration of life in England; and in some districts much less. Dr. Hawkins,
+      in his <i>Medical Statistics</i>, states, upon the authority of M.
+      Villerme that, in the department of Indre, 'one fourth of the children
+      born die within the first year, and half between fifteen and twenty; and
+      that three fourths are dead within the space of fifty years. Having
+      inquired of a very eminent French physiologist, M. Dutrochet, who is
+      resident in the department of Indre, the cause of this extraordinary
+      mortality, he stated it to he their food, which consisted chiefly of
+      bread; and of which he calculated every adult peasant to eat two pounds a
+      day. And he added, without having received any leading question from me,
+      of in any degree knowing my opinion upon the subject, that if the
+      peasantry of his country would substitute (which they could do) a small
+      quantity of animal food, with potatoes, instead of so much bread, they
+      would live much longer, and with much better health. I am inclined to pay
+      much deference to M. Dutrochet's opinion; for he combines the advantages
+      of a regular medical education with great acuteness of mind, and I believe
+      him to be as well acquainted with the general laws of organic life as any
+      person living: and I think his opinion deserves some support, from the
+      well known fact, that the duration of human life has been much greater in
+      England during the last sixty years, than in the preceding period of the
+      same duration. Bread made of wheat, when taken in large quantities, has
+      probably, more than any other article of food in use in this country, the
+      effect of overloading the alimentary canal: and the general practice of
+      the French physician points out the prevalence of diseases thence arising
+      amongst their patients. I do not, however, think, or mean to say, that
+      potatoes alone are proper food for any human being: but I feel confident,
+      that four ounces of meat, with as large quantity of good potatoes as would
+      wholly take away the sensation of hunger, would afford, during twenty-four
+      hours, more efficient nutriment than could be derived from bread in any
+      quantity, and might be obtained at much less expense."&mdash;<i>Trans.
+      Hort. Soc. quoted in Gardeners' Mag.</i>
+    </p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <h2>
+      THE GATHERER.
+    </h2>
+    <hr class="short" />
+    <h3>
+      CLOCK-MAKING IN THE NINTH CENTURY.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The Caliph Haroun al Raschid is stated to have maintained an unbroken
+      friendship with his contemporary Charlemagne, throughout their mutual
+      reign. A variety of magnificent presents attested the esteem of the caliph
+      for his Christian friend. Among them were several objects, which tend to
+      show the advance which art had made, at this time in the East. The first
+      of these was a clock of gilded bronze, round which the course of the
+      twelve hours was displayed; while, at the end of each hour, the number of
+      brazen balls which were requisite to mark the division of time, were
+      thrown out from above, and falling consecutively on a cymbal below, struck
+      the hour required. In like manner a number of horsemen issued forth from
+      windows placed around the dial; while a number of other clock-work
+      miracles attested the height which the mechanical arts had reached at the
+      court of Haroun.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The carriage of such objects, as the above presents sent from Bagdad to
+      France, was, of course, attended with no small inconvenience; and the
+      neglected state of the science of navigation, rendered the journeys of the
+      <span class="pagenum"><a name="page128" id="page128"></a>[pg 128]</span>
+      ambassadors long and dangerous. Between three and four years were
+      generally consumed in a mission from one capital to another; and, indeed,
+      it happened more than once, that even after arriving within the dominions
+      of the Frankish monarchs, the envoys had still to seek him over a tract
+      nearly as extensive as that which they had before crossed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Parliamentary Debates</i>.&mdash;Originally these debates were given in
+      the <i>Gentleman's Magazine</i>, under the fiction of "Debates in the
+      Senate of Liliput," and the speakers were disguised under feigned names.
+      Guthrie, for a time, composed these speeches from such hints as he could
+      bring away in his memory. Dr. Johnson first assisted in this department,
+      and then entirely filled it, and the public was highly gratified with the
+      eloquence displayed in these compositions. P.T.W.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Steam Carriages</i>.&mdash;By the formation of rail-roads, a loss has
+      occurred in the revenue from stage coaches, to the amount of 8,384<i>l</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Electro-Magnetism</i>.&mdash;The largest electro-magnet is that
+      constructed by the American philosophers. It is of a horse-shoe form, and
+      weighs about 60 lbs.; around it are 26 coils of wire, the united lengths
+      of which are 800 feet. When excited by about five feet of galvanic
+      surface, it is said to have supported nearly two tons. We here see that
+      the exciting cause of magnetism is the action of the galvanic battery; and
+      a variety of other interesting experiments in electro-magnetics, tend to
+      the conclusion that the magnetic and electric fluids are nearly allied.&mdash;<i>Imperial
+      Magazine.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Salary of the Chancellor, 700 years since</i>.&mdash;The salary of the
+      Chancellor, as fixed by Henry I., amounted to five shillings per diem, and
+      a livery of provisions.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Dibdin</i>.&mdash;On the tombstone of Dibdin, the celebrated song
+      composer, in St. Martin's, by Pancras New Church, is the first verse of
+      his <i>Tom Bowling</i>:
+    </p>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          "His form was of the manliest beauty,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          His heart was kind and soft,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Faithful on earth he did his duty,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          But now he's gone aloft."
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      <i>Studious Printer</i>.&mdash;Morel was an eminent French printer, who
+      sacrificed every thing to study. On being informed that his wife was
+      dying, he refused to quit his pen till he had finished what he was about,
+      and by that time news was brought him that she was dead; to which he
+      coolly replied, "I am sorry for it&mdash;she was a good woman." He died in
+      1638, at the age of 78. P.T.W.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>A Painter's Retort, or Dangerous Re-touch</i>.&mdash;Antonio More, the
+      celebrated painter, was highly favoured by Philip of Spain, whose
+      familiarity with him placed his life in danger; for More ventured to
+      return a slap on the shoulder which the king in a playful moment gave him,
+      by rubbing some carmine on his majesty's hand. This behaviour was accepted
+      by the monarch as a jest, but it was hinted to More that the holy tribunal
+      might regard it as sacrilege, and he fled, to save himself, into Flanders,
+      where he was employed by the Duke of Alva. P.T.W.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Steam Power</i>.&mdash;Mr. Alexander Gordon states, that in various
+      departments of the revenue, the saving of expenditure by the substitution
+      of inanimate for animate power, would, in the Post Office alone, amount to
+      upwards of half a million; whilst, from the cheapness of food which the
+      substitution would produce, the navy and army estimates would be most
+      essentially reduced.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Steam may now be said to maintain the power which can engrave a seal, and
+      crush a mass of obdurate metal like wax before it; draw out, without
+      breaking, a thread as fine as gossamer, and lift a ship of war like a
+      bauble in the air; to embroider muslin, forge anchors, cut steel into
+      ribands, and impel itself against the opposition of the very tempest.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Charlemagne was buried on the day of his death in the great church which
+      he had constructed at Aix-la-Chapelle. The Monk of Angouleme declares that
+      he was inhumed in his imperial robes, and that the pilgrim's wallet which
+      he wore on his journeys to Rome was also consigned with his body to the
+      tomb.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Indian Hail Storms</i>.&mdash;Captain Skinner says, during one in which
+      a heavy shower of hail fell, the thermometer sunk nine degrees in fewer
+      minutes&mdash;from 75 to 66; it rose again as rapidly. Although it was
+      more than four o'clock in the afternoon when the hail fell, it was still
+      on the ground the following morning; a proof of the coldness of the night
+      air.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Waterloo Child</i>.&mdash;A private of the 27th regiment, who was
+      severely wounded at the battle of Waterloo, was carried off the field by
+      his wife, then far advanced in pregnancy; she also was wounded by a shell,
+      and with her husband, remained a considerable time in one of the hospitals
+      at Antwerp, in a hopeless state. The man lost both his arms, his wife was
+      extremely lame, and here gave birth to a daughter, to whom it is said the
+      late Duke of York stood sponsor; her names being Frederica M'Mullen
+      Waterloo. A.H.K.&mdash;T.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>The Royal Academy</i>.&mdash;The receipts for admission to the
+      Exhibition of this year were &pound;300. short of what they were last
+      year. The sale of pictures at the Gallery of the Society of British
+      Artists has been greater than in any preceding season.
+    </p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+      <p>
+        <a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b> <a
+        href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        Dugdale says, "Robert Fitz-Ranulph, Lord of Alfreton, Norton, and
+        Marnham, was one of the four knights who martyred the blessed Thomas
+        &agrave; Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury; and afterwards founded the
+        Monastery of Beauchief, by way of expiating his crime; in the reign of
+        Henry the Second." Bishop Tanner writes, "Beauchief, an Abbey of
+        Promonstatentian, or White Canons, founded A.D. 1183, by Robert
+        Fitz-Ranulph, Lord of Alfreton, one of the executioners of Thomas
+        &agrave; Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, to whom canonized, this
+        monastery was dedicated." These authorities are quoted by Mr. Rhodes.
+        Sir James Mackintosh names the four "knights of distinguished rank,"
+        (apparently upon the authority of Hoveden,) to have been "William de
+        Tracy, Hugh de Moreville, Richard Britto, and Reginald Fitz-Urse." We do
+        not attempt to reconcile the conflicting chroniclers; but we should add,
+        from the subsequent page, by Sir James, "the conspirators, despairing of
+        pardon, found a distant refuge in the Castle of Knaresborough, in the
+        town of Hugh de Moreville, and were, after some time, enjoined by the
+        Pope to do penance for their crime, by a pilgrimage to the Holy Land,
+        where <i>they died</i>, and were interred before the gate of the
+        Temple." Sir James describes the murder of Becket with minuteness: "the
+        assassins fell on him with many strokes; and though the second brought
+        him to the ground, they did not cease till <i>his brains were scattered
+        over the pavement</i>."&mdash;We know the Cathedral guide at Canterbury
+        shows you the stone in the place of that on which Becket fell, and
+        states the original stone to be preserved in St. Peter's, at Rome; but
+        the story is to us rather apocryphal. At St. Alban's they show you the
+        <i>dust</i> of the good Duke Humphrey: we once begged a pinch, which the
+        guide granted freely; this induced us to ask him how often he
+        re-supplied the dust: the man stared at our ungrateful incredulity.
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+      <p>
+        <a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b> <a
+        href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        Dr. Mead, in his Narrative of the Great Plague in London, particularly
+        mentions its introduction into Eyam, through the medium of a box of
+        clothes, sent to a tailor who resided there.
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+      <p>
+        <a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b> <a
+        href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        Table Book, 1827, p. 481.
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+      <p>
+        <a id="footnote4" name="footnote4"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b> <a
+        href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        Vol. xi. p. 40.
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+      <p>
+        <a id="footnote5" name="footnote5"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b> <a
+        href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        From King John, the Eyam estate descended to the Stafford family, on
+        whom it was bestowed in consideration of certain military services, and
+        on the express condition "that a lamp should be kept perpetually burning
+        before the altar of St. Helen, in the parish-church of Eyam." The lamp
+        has long since ceased to burn, and the estate has passed into other
+        hands: it now constitutes a part of the immense property of his Grace
+        the Duke of Devonshire.
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+      <p>
+        <a id="footnote6" name="footnote6"></a><b>Footnote 6:</b> <a
+        href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        Lord Byron has remarked of the Italian women, (and he could speak <i>avec
+        connaissance de fait</i>,) that they are the only women in the world
+        capable of impressions at once very sudden and very durable; which, he
+        adds, is to be found in no other nation. Mr. Moore observes afterwards,
+        how completely an Italian woman, either from nature or her social
+        position, is led to invert the usual course of frailty among ourselves,
+        and weak in resisting the first impulses of passion, to reserve the
+        whole strength of her character for a display of constancy and
+        devotedness afterwards.&mdash;Both these traits of national character
+        are exemplified in Juliet.&mdash;<i>Moore's Life of Byron</i>, vol. ii
+        p. 303, 338, 4to edit.
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+      <p>
+        <a id="footnote7" name="footnote7"></a><b>Footnote 7:</b> <a
+        href="#footnotetag7">(return)</a>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        The "Giulietta" of Luigi da Porta was written about 1520. In a popular
+        little book published in 1565, thirty years before Shakspeare wrote his
+        tragedy, the name of Juliet occurs as an example of faithful love, and
+        is thus explained by a note in the margin. "Juliet, a noble maiden of
+        the citie of Verona, which loved Romeo, eldest son of the Lord
+        Monteschi; and being privily married together, he at last poisoned
+        himself for love of her: she, for sorrow of his death, slew herself with
+        his dagger." This note, which furnishes in brief, the whole argument of
+        Shakspeare's play, might possibly have made the first impression on his
+        fancy.
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+      <p>
+        <a id="footnote8" name="footnote8"></a><b>Footnote 8:</b> <a
+        href="#footnotetag8">(return)</a>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        There is nothing so improbable in the story of Romeo and Juliet as to
+        make us doubt the tradition that it is a real fact. "The Veronese," says
+        Lord Byron, in one of his letters from Verona, "are tenacious to a
+        degree of the truth of Juliet's story, insisting on the fact, giving the
+        date 1303, and showing a tomb. It is a plain, open, and partly decayed
+        sarcophagus, with withered leaves in it, in a wild and desolate
+        conventual garden&mdash;once a cemetery, now ruined, to the very graves!
+        The situation struck me as very appropriate to the legend, being
+        blighted as their love." He might have added, that when Verona itself,
+        with its amphitheatre and its Palladian structures, lies level with the
+        earth, the very spot on which it stood will still be consecrated by the
+        memory of Juliet. When in Italy, I met a gentleman, who being then "<i>dans
+        le genre romantique</i>," wore a fragment of Juliet's tomb set in a
+        ring.
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+      <p>
+        <a id="footnote9" name="footnote9"></a><b>Footnote 9:</b> <a
+        href="#footnotetag9">(return)</a>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        In all probability, the crypt of the church of Aix-la-Chapelle, as it
+        stands at present, is all that remains of the original edifice.
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+      <p>
+        <a id="footnote10" name="footnote10"></a><b>Footnote 10:</b> <a
+        href="#footnotetag10">(return)</a>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        The baths of Aix-la-Chapelle, constructed by the emperor for the
+        enjoyment of this recreation, were of immense extent; and while their
+        splendour and their size showed the progress of luxury, the manner in
+        which they were used, evinces the curious simplicity and condescension
+        of the monarch. "Not only his sons," says Eginhard, "but also the great
+        men of his court, his friends, and the soldiers of his guard, were
+        invited to partake of the enjoyment which the monarch had provided for
+        himself; so that sometimes as many as a hundred persons were known to
+        bathe there together."
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+      <p>
+        <a id="footnote11" name="footnote11"></a><b>Footnote 11:</b> <a
+        href="#footnotetag11">(return)</a>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        Stoves were furnished also to warm those who might take refuge in these
+        general chambers; and the Monk of St. Gaul asserts, that the apartments
+        of Charlemagne were so constructed, that he could see everything which
+        took place in the building round about,&mdash;an impossible folly,
+        imagined by the small cunning of a monk.
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+      <p>
+        <a id="footnote12" name="footnote12"></a><b>Footnote 12:</b> <a
+        href="#footnotetag12">(return)</a>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        I do not know whether it be worth while to attempt to refute the opinion
+        which has been founded on an erroneous passage in Eginhard, that
+        Charlemagne could not write. Eginhard understood, as Gibbon says, the
+        court and the world, and the Latin language, it is true; but,
+        nevertheless, we may much more rationally believe that the secretary
+        made use of a vague expression, than suppose that he wished to imply, in
+        one sentence, the manifest contradiction of Charlemagne being in the
+        habit of going through all the abstruse calculations of astronomy, in an
+        age when those calculations were most complicated, without being able to
+        write. The whole of Charlemagne's life renders the supposition absurd.
+        He studied under Alcuin, whose first rule was to teach the most correct
+        orthography in writing. We know that he subscribed many deeds, though
+        his signature was abbreviated, to render it as rapid as possible.
+        Eginhard himself states, that the monarch wrote the history of the
+        ancient kings in verse: and Lambecius, one of the highest antiquarian
+        authorities, declares, that the imperial library still contains a
+        manuscript, corrected by the hand of Charlemagne himself.
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+      <p>
+        <a id="footnote13" name="footnote13"></a><b>Footnote 13:</b> <a
+        href="#footnotetag13">(return)</a>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        Amongst other interpretations of "<i>Under the Rose</i>," why may we not
+        conjecture that it may have something to do with <i>bribes to silence?</i>
+        with <i>hush-money?</i> the <i>Rose</i>, in many countries, being not an
+        unusual stamp on their coins.
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+      <p>
+        <a id="footnote14" name="footnote14"></a><b>Footnote 14:</b> <a
+        href="#footnotetag14">(return)</a>
+      </p>
+      <p>
+        "The foregoing anecdote was told to the writer by the late James Burton,
+        Esq., of Lockeridge House, a seat of the Marquess of Aylesbury's, near
+        Marlborough. Mr. Burton married a daughter of the celebrated actress,
+        Mrs. Cibber, by <i>General Sloper,</i> a man of the highest fashion of
+        <i>his</i> day, from whom, I believe, Mr. Burton received the account;
+        the particulars of which, as I have narrated, no doubt, many persons of
+        Mr. Burton's acquaintance still remember."
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <p>
+      Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset House,)
+      London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; G.G. BENNIS,
+      55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen and Booksellers.
+    </p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <p>
+      ***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT,
+      AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 20, ISSUE 563, AUGUST 25, 1832***
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      ******* This file should be named 11862-h.txt or 11862-h.zip *******
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@@ -0,0 +1,1959 @@
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 20, Issue 563, August 25, 1832, by Various
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 20,
+Issue 563, August 25, 1832
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 31, 2004  [eBook #11862]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: US-ASCII
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE,
+AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 20, ISSUE 563, AUGUST 25, 1832***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Bill Walker, and Project Gutenberg
+Distributed Proofreaders
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustration.
+      See 11862-h.htm or 11862-h.zip:
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/8/6/11862/11862-h/11862-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/8/6/11862/11862-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+Vol. 20, No. 563.] SATURDAY, AUGUST 25, 1832. [PRICE 2d
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ANTIQUITIES OF THE PEAK.
+
+CROSSES
+
+[Illustration: (At Eyam.)]
+
+[Illustration: (At Wheston.)]
+
+[Illustration: (Beauchief Abbey.)]
+
+Mr. Rhodes, the elegant topographer of _the Peak_, observes, "there
+are but few individuals in this country, possessing the means and the
+opportunities of travel, who have not, either from curiosity or some
+other motive, visited the Peak of Derbyshire." This remark is correct;
+and to it we may add, that the "few" who have not personally visited
+the Peak, have become familiar with its wonders through the pencils
+of artists, or the graphic pens of accomplished tourists. Yet their
+attractions are not of that general character which delights an
+untravelled eye: they belong rather to the wonderful than what is,
+in common parlance, the beautiful. Mr. Rhodes says, "Travellers
+accustomed to well-wooded and highly-cultivated scenes only, have
+frequently expressed a feeling bordering on disgust, at the bleak and
+barren appearance of the mountains in the Peak of Derbyshire; but to
+the man whose taste is unsophisticated by a fondness for artificial
+adornments, they possess superior interest, and impart more pleasing
+sensations. Remotely seen, they are often beautiful; many of their
+forms, even when near, are decidedly good; and in distance, the
+features of rudeness, by which they are occasionally marked, are
+softened down into general and sometimes harmonious masses. The
+graceful and long-continued outline which they present, the breadth of
+light and shadow that spreads over their extended surfaces, and the
+delightful colouring with which they are often invested, never fail to
+attract the attention of the picturesque traveller."
+
+Our present road, however, lies through the dales rather than the
+mountainous portion of this district. To enjoy the picturesque variety
+of the former we must leave the cloud-capped peaks, and ramble with
+the reader through "cultivated meadows, luxuriant foliage, steep
+heathy hills, and craggy rocks, while the eye is enchanted with
+brilliant streams." Such indeed is the character of the dales,
+especially those through which the Derwent, the Dove, and the Wye
+meander. Hitherto we have but adverted to the natural beauties of the
+country; although they are checkered with many mouldering relics
+of "hoar antiquity"--many crumbling memorials of ages long past,
+reminding us of the nothingness of man's labours, yet harmonizing most
+happily with the feelings inspired by the natural sublimities of the
+scene. By such associations, the decaying glories of art lend even a
+charm to ever flourishing nature!
+
+The Cuts are but three vignettes from the architectural lore of the
+district. They stand in sheltered valleys, though, as their ruinous
+condition implies, their situation has not saved them from the
+destroying hand of time. Indeed, one of them, Beauchief Abbey, gives
+name to its locality, Abbey Dale, not far from the partition line that
+separates Derbyshire from Yorkshire. In this road, the ruin in the Cut
+is the first object that claims the attention of the tourist in his
+progress to the Peak; being part of a once magnificent abbey, founded
+by Robert Fitz-Ranulph, Lord of Alfreton; as an expiation for the part
+he is said to have taken in the murder of Thomas a Becket. The
+late Dr. Pegg, the antiquary, discountenances this tradition. His
+arguments, however, which are chiefly founded on the circumstance of
+the brother of Robert Fitz-Ranulph, being afterwards in great favour
+with Henry the Second, do not appear conclusive, particularly when
+opposed to the authority of Dugdale, Fuller, Bishop Tanner, and others
+who have written on the subject.[1]
+
+    [1] Dugdale says, "Robert Fitz-Ranulph, Lord of Alfreton, Norton,
+    and Marnham, was one of the four knights who martyred the blessed
+    Thomas a Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury; and afterwards founded
+    the Monastery of Beauchief, by way of expiating his crime; in the
+    reign of Henry the Second." Bishop Tanner writes, "Beauchief, an
+    Abbey of Promonstatentian, or White Canons, founded A.D. 1183, by
+    Robert Fitz-Ranulph, Lord of Alfreton, one of the executioners of
+    Thomas a Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, to whom canonized, this
+    monastery was dedicated." These authorities are quoted by
+    Mr. Rhodes. Sir James Mackintosh names the four "knights of
+    distinguished rank," (apparently upon the authority of Hoveden,)
+    to have been "William de Tracy, Hugh de Moreville, Richard Britto,
+    and Reginald Fitz-Urse." We do not attempt to reconcile the
+    conflicting chroniclers; but we should add, from the subsequent
+    page, by Sir James, "the conspirators, despairing of pardon, found
+    a distant refuge in the Castle of Knaresborough, in the town of
+    Hugh de Moreville, and were, after some time, enjoined by the Pope
+    to do penance for their crime, by a pilgrimage to the Holy Land,
+    where _they died_, and were interred before the gate of the
+    Temple." Sir James describes the murder of Becket with minuteness:
+    "the assassins fell on him with many strokes; and though the
+    second brought him to the ground, they did not cease till _his
+    brains were scattered over the pavement_."--We know the Cathedral
+    guide at Canterbury shows you the stone in the place of that on
+    which Becket fell, and states the original stone to be preserved
+    in St. Peter's, at Rome; but the story is to us rather apocryphal.
+    At St. Alban's they show you the _dust_ of the good Duke Humphrey:
+    we once begged a pinch, which the guide granted freely; this
+    induced us to ask him how often he re-supplied the dust: the man
+    stared at our ungrateful incredulity.
+
+The walls of Beauchief Abbey, with the exception of the west end,
+represented in the Cut, have long since either been removed, or have
+mouldered into dust. Parochial service is still performed in the
+remains; but the whole of the original form of the once extensive pile
+of building cannot now be traced.
+
+The exterior architecture of the chapel is almost destitute of
+ornament; if we except the reeded windows, and the double buttresses
+at the angles of the tower, which is stated to be short of its
+original height. On the east side, two angular lines mark the
+connexion which the chapel had with the other buildings, and a part of
+the ground plan may be traced by an adjoining wall, in which are the
+remains of two circular arches, comparatively little impaired. Mr.
+Rhodes observes "a wreath of ivy which falls from the top of the
+tower, and nearly invests one side of it, breaks the dull monotony of
+its outline, and produces a tolerably good effect: in other respects
+it is not strikingly attractive as a picturesque object. The Abbey of
+_Bello-Capite_ will ever be dear to the antiquary who will visit it
+with veneration and delight; nor will the artist pass it by unnoticed.
+The magnificent woods, and the beautiful hills that environ the Abbey
+of Beauchief, amply compensate for any deficiency of grandeur in the
+subordinate adornments of so rich a scene."
+
+Beauchief Abbey, though once a considerable structure, was never
+proportionally wealthy. At the time of its dissolution, (Henry VIII.)
+the whole of its revenues were estimated but at 157_l_; and with the
+materials furnished by its demolition was built Beauchief House upon
+the same estate, granted by Henry VIII. to Sir William Shelly. The
+mansion is still tenanted.
+
+CROSSES.
+
+These emblematic relics stand in two of the villages in the Peak
+district: viz. Eyam and Wheston. They are places of little importance;
+though a touching interest is attached to Eyam, from it having been
+visited by the Great Plague of the year 1666; its population, at this
+time, was about 330; of whom 259 fell by the plague.[2] The history of
+this calamitous visitation forms the subject of a meritorious poem
+by W. and M. Howitt, entitled _the Desolation of Eyam_, in which
+the piety of Mr. Mompesson, (who then held the living of Eyam,)
+his pastoral consolations to his mourning people, and the amiable
+character of his beautiful wife, who fell a victim to the plague,--are
+narrated with true pathos. Yet, this afflicting episode in village
+history--
+
+    So sad, so tender and so true.
+
+having been but recently related by our ingenious contemporary, Mr.
+Hone,[3] we quote but two of the opening stanzas by the Messrs.
+Howitt:
+
+  Among the verdant mountains of the Peak
+    There lies a quiet hamlet, where the slope
+  Of pleasant uplands wards the north-wind's bleak;
+    Below wild dells romantic pathways ope;
+    Around, above it, spreads a shadowy cope
+  Of forest trees: flower, foliage, and clear rill
+    Wave from the cliffs, or down ravines elope;
+  It seems a place charmed from the power of ill
+  By sainted words of old: so lovely, lone, and still.
+
+  And many are the pilgrim's feet which tread
+    Its rocky steps, which thither yearly go;
+  Yet, less by love of Nature's wonders led,
+    Than by the memory of a mighty woe,
+    Which smote, like blasting thunder, long ago,
+  The peopled hills. There stands a sacred tomb,
+    Where tears have rained, nor yet shall cease to flow;
+  Recording days of death's sublimest gloom;
+  Mompesson's power and pain,--his beauteous Catherine's doom.
+
+    [2] Dr. Mead, in his Narrative of the Great Plague in London,
+    particularly mentions its introduction into Eyam, through the
+    medium of a box of clothes, sent to a tailor who resided there.
+
+    [3] Table Book, 1827, p. 481.
+
+The cross at Eyam stands near the entrance into the chancel of the
+church. According to village tradition, this rare relic was found
+on some of the neighbouring hills. It is curiously ornamented with
+symbolic devices in bold relief. "It has suffered dilapidation from
+the culpable neglect of those who should have felt an interest in its
+preservation. About two feet of the top of the shaft is wanting, as
+may be seen by reference to the engraved sketch, (_See the Cut_,)
+which was taken in the year 1815." The sexton of the church, who was
+then an old man, told Mr. Rhodes in 1818, that he well recollected the
+missing part being thrown carelessly about the churchyard, as if of no
+value, until it was broken up by some of the inhabitants, and knocked
+to pieces for domestic purposes. The preservation of the Cross, to the
+extent we have shown, is referable to the philanthropic Howard,
+who, in a visit to Eyam, about the year 1788, or 44 years since,
+particularly noticed the finest part of the relic lying in a corner
+of the churchyard, and nearly overgrown with docks and thistles. "The
+value this hitherto unregarded relic had in the estimation of Howard,"
+says Mr. Rhodes, "made it dearer to the people of Eyam: they brought
+the top part of the cross from its hiding-place, and set it on the
+still dilapidated shaft, where it has ever since remained." Other
+crosses, similar in appearance and workmanship, have been found on
+the hills of Derbyshire, particularly one in the village of Bakewell,
+which we have already figured in _The Mirror_.[4] It evidently
+originated with the same people as that at Eyam, though it is much
+more mutilated. These crosses have been generally regarded as Saxon or
+Danish, though the probability is in favour of the Saxon origin, from
+the high veneration of the Saxons for the sacred symbol of the cross.
+Thus, stone crosses were not only parts of the decorations of every
+church and altar, but set up as land-marks on the high roads as aids
+to devotion, and in market-places as incentives to integrity and
+fair-dealing.
+
+    [4] Vol. xi. p. 40.
+
+Near the cross at Eyam, and in the distance of the Cut, is the tomb of
+Mrs. Mompesson, on one end of which is an hour-glass with two expanded
+wings; and underneath on an oblong tablet is inscribed CAVETE;
+(beware,) and nearer the base, the words _Nescitis Horam_ (ye know not
+the hour). On the other end of the tomb is a death's head resting on a
+plain, projecting tablet; and below the words _Mihi lucrum_ (mine is
+the gain).
+
+The second hallowed relic is at Wheston a small and pleasant village,
+which is situated on an eminence that forms one side of Monksdale,
+and which at this place is known by the name of Peter-dale. A short
+distance from hence is Tideswell, about four miles from Eyam.[5]
+"Wheston," observes Mr. Rhodes, "though consisting of a few houses
+only, is a picturesque little place: the trees which are mingled with
+the cottages, are so abundant, and everywhere so finely foliaged, that
+the place altogether, particularly when seen at a short distance,
+appears more like a copse or wood than a village." The position of the
+Wheston cross favours the conclusion already made as to the purposes
+for which this kind of emblem was originally set up in England. It
+stands in the village, _near the road-side_. The upper part of the
+cross resembles in some of its ornaments the mullion-work of a Gothic
+window: the shaft is unadorned, and more modern. One side represents
+the infant Saviour in the arms of his mother: over their heads is a
+faint indication of a star, emblematic of the ray that directed the
+wise men of the East to the birthplace of Jesus. The reverse of the
+cross exhibits the crucifixion of Christ, whose birth and death it
+has apparently been the design of the sculptor to commemorate in the
+erection of this symbol of his faith. Similar structures are by no
+means uncommon by the road-sides throughout France, and to this day
+the peasantry may be seen bending before them; while the drivers of
+carriages on the most frequented roads are not unmindful of an act of
+passing homage to the time-worn emblem.
+
+    [5] From King John, the Eyam estate descended to the Stafford
+    family, on whom it was bestowed in consideration of certain
+    military services, and on the express condition "that a lamp
+    should be kept perpetually burning before the altar of St. Helen,
+    in the parish-church of Eyam." The lamp has long since ceased
+    to burn, and the estate has passed into other hands: it now
+    constitutes a part of the immense property of his Grace the Duke
+    of Devonshire.
+
+Several crosses have been found in this part of Derbyshire, but only
+a few have escaped the dilapidations of age; the others have been, we
+had almost said sacrilegiously, destroyed as objects of no value. Mr.
+Rhodes tells us that "in one place the shaft of a cross, originally of
+no mean workmanship, has been converted into a gate-post; at another,
+one has been scooped and hollowed out, and made into a blacksmith's
+trough. I have seen one, which is richly sculptured on the three
+remaining sides, with figures and a variety of ornaments, all well
+executed, that was long applied to this humble purpose." The Cut shows
+that a portion of the cross at Wheston has been broken off; Mr. Rhodes
+saw the fragment as a common piece of stone, built and cemented into
+an adjoining wall; and he judiciously adds, "where so little interest
+has been felt in the preservation of these relics, it is only
+surprising that so many of them yet remain in different parts of the
+kingdom." Among all acts of wanton license, the destruction of a cross
+is to us the most unaccountable. We can readily refer the defacement
+of imperial insignia and the spoliation of royal houses to political
+turbulence engendered by acts of tyrannical misrule; but the
+mutilation of _the cross_--the _universal_ Christian emblem--remains
+to be explained, unless we attribute it to the brutal ignorance of the
+spoilers. Its religious universality ought consistently to protect it
+from intolerance.
+
+We must not bring this paper to a close without explaining that the
+preceding Engravings have been copied from the first of Mr. Rhodes's
+excursions of seventeen miles, viz. from Sheffield to Tideswell.
+The Abbey and the two Crosses therefore occur in that district. The
+original plates are effectively engraved by W. and W.B. Cook, from
+drawings by Mr. Chantrey, R.A., who presented to Mr. Rhodes a series
+of drawings for his work, "as a token of his friendship, and a mark of
+his attachment to his native country."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SELECT BIOGRAPHY
+
+
+M. CASIMIR PERIER.
+
+
+(_PARTLY FROM THE FRENCH._)
+
+
+The late French premier, was the son of a rich merchant at Grenoble,
+where he was born October 12, 1777. At an early age he entered the
+army: he served in the Italian campaigns of 1799 and 1800, in the
+staff of the Military Engineers. On the death of his father, however,
+he quitted the service and devoted himself wholly to commercial
+pursuits. In 1802, he opened a bank at Paris, and subsequently,
+establishments for cotton-spinning and sugar-refining, and a steam
+flour mill, all of which were eminently successful, and contributed
+to the formation of his immense fortune. He first became known to the
+public in 1816, by a pamphlet against the foreign loan system, which
+was equally remarkable for its clearness of argument and profound
+knowledge of finance. In 1817, he was elected one of the Deputies for
+the Department of the Seine, and from that time until the revolution
+of 1830, he continued the firm opponent of every ministerial
+encroachment on the rights and privileges of the people. He
+particularly distinguished himself by his hostility to the Villele
+administration; himself supporting almost singly the whole burden of
+the opposition to the famous budget of Villele, which he disputed,
+item by item, with talent and perseverance worthy of entering the
+lists with the distinguished financier to whom he was opposed. When
+M. de Polignac became President of the Council, the opposition of M.
+Perier assumed a more violent character, and he was pre-eminent
+among the 221 deputies who voted the address which led to the fatal
+ordonnances of July. When the revolution broke out, he at once avowed
+himself the advocate of the popular cause, and opened his house as the
+place of meeting of the deputies, who assembled to protest against the
+illegality of the proceedings of the Crown. Firmly, however, attached
+to the principles of constitutional opposition, and shrinking,
+therefore, from the probable effects of a revolution, he was one of
+the last to abandon the hope that his infatuated sovereign would open
+his eyes to the gulf on the brink of which he was standing, and by a
+timely revocation of the ordonnances, prevent the necessity of the
+extreme measure of an appeal to arms, and a consequent change of
+dynasty. When these became inevitable, M. Perier attached himself
+firmly to the work of consolidating the new throne of Louis Philippe,
+and reassembling those elements of order and stability which the
+convulsion of July had scattered, but not annihilated. On the
+dissolution of the ministry of M. Lafitte, M. Casimir Perier was
+called to the head of the government, and immediately entered into the
+system of conservative policy, which he continued until the close of
+his career. The last time he took any important part in the debates
+of the Chamber of Deputies was on the 20th of March, when he made an
+ingenious defence of the conduct of government with respect to the
+events of Grenoble. His last appearance in the Chamber was on the 29th
+of March, when he merely brought in several private bills. On the
+3rd of April he was attacked by the cholera, and, although the
+indefatigable care bestowed on him by his medical attendants had more
+than once apparently eradicated the disease, his frame, enfeebled by
+a long standing internal complaint, as well as by his intense and
+incessant application, was unable to resist the violence of the
+disease, and, after several relapses, he at length sunk under his
+sufferings, on the morning of the 16th of May, 1832.
+
+As an orator M. Perier was energetic and impassioned: the natural
+warmth of his temper, added to the irritability produced by illness,
+frequently imparted a _brusque_ acerbity to his style, which injured
+both the oratorical and moral effect of his eloquence; but his
+reasoning was forcible, and his manner commanding and effective. "It
+is not our province," says the editor of the Journal, whence these
+particulars have been chiefly obtained, "to examine the merits or
+demerits of his political system: recorders of, not actors in, the
+great political struggle in which France is engaged, we have too
+often had occasion to quote the enthusiastic eulogiums and unmeasured
+invectives heaped upon him by different parties, to render it
+necessary to repeat here, that he possessed the strongest proofs
+against the reproach of mediocrity ever being applicable to him."
+
+W.G.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+NEW BOOKS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CHARACTERISTICS OF WOMEN.
+
+    [The elegantly embellished volumes by Mrs. Jamieson, with
+    the above attractive title, present the prettiest code of
+    ladye-philosophy we have ever witnessed on paper. They aim
+    at illustrating the characters of Intellect, Passion, and
+    Imagination, the Affections, and what are purely Historical
+    Characters, in the females of Shakspeare's Plays. Such is the
+    design: of its beautiful execution we can give the reader but a
+    faint idea by extracting from Passion and Imagination, part of the
+    _Character of Juliet_:--]
+
+It is not without emotion, that I attempt to touch on the character of
+Juliet. Such beautiful things have already been said of her--only
+to be exceeded in beauty by the subject that inspired them!--it
+is impossible to say any thing better; but it is possible to say
+something more. Such in fact is the simplicity, the truth, and the
+loveliness of Juliet's character, that we are not at first aware
+of its complexity, its depth, and its variety. There is in it an
+intensity of passion, a singleness of purpose, an entireness, a
+completeness of effect, which we feel as a whole; and to attempt to
+analyze the impression thus conveyed at once to soul and sense, is
+as if while hanging-over a half-blown rose, and revelling in its
+intoxicating perfume, we should pull it asunder, leaflet by leaflet,
+the better to display its bloom and fragrance. Yet how otherwise
+should we disclose the wonders of its formation, or do justice to the
+skill of the divine hand that hath thus fashioned it in its beauty?
+
+All Shakspeare's women, being essentially women, either love, or
+have loved, or are capable of loving; but Juliet is love itself. The
+passion is her state of being, and out of it she has no existence.
+It is the soul within her soul; the pulse within her heart; the
+life-blood along her veins, "blending with every atom of her frame."
+The love that is so chaste and dignified in Portia--so airy-delicate,
+and fearless in Miranda--so sweetly confiding in Perdita--so playfully
+fond in Rosalind--so constant in Imogem--so devoted in Desdemona--so
+fervent in Helen--so tender in Viola,--is each and all of these in
+Juliet. All these remind us of her; but she reminds us of nothing but
+her own sweet self: or if she does, it is of the Grismunda, or the
+Lisetta, or the Fiamminetta of Boccaccio, to whom she is allied, not
+in the character or circumstances, but in the truly Italian spirit,
+the glowing, national complexion of the portrait.[6]
+
+    [6] Lord Byron has remarked of the Italian women, (and he could
+    speak _avec connaissance de fait_,) that they are the only women
+    in the world capable of impressions at once very sudden and very
+    durable; which, he adds, is to be found in no other nation. Mr.
+    Moore observes afterwards, how completely an Italian woman, either
+    from nature or her social position, is led to invert the usual
+    course of frailty among ourselves, and weak in resisting the
+    first impulses of passion, to reserve the whole strength
+    her character for a display of constancy and devotedness
+    afterwards.--Both these traits of national character are
+    exemplified in Juliet.--_Moore's Life of Byron_, vol. ii p. 303,
+    338, 4to edit.
+
+There was an Italian painter who said that the secret of all effect
+in colour consisted in white upon black, and black upon white. How
+perfectly did Shakspeare understand this secret of effect! and how
+beautifully he has exemplified it in Juliet!
+
+  So shews a snowy dove trooping with crows,
+  As yonder lady o'er her follows shews!
+
+Thus she and her lover are in contrast with all around them. They are
+all love, surrounded with all hate; all harmony, surrounded with all
+discord; all pure nature, in the midst of polished and artificial
+life. Juliet, like Portia, is the foster-child of opulence and
+splendour: she dwells in a fair city--she has been nurtured in a
+palace--she clasps her robe with jewels--she braids her hair with
+rainbow-tinted pearls; but in herself she has no more connexion with
+the trappings around her, than the lovely exotic transplanted from
+some Eden-like climate, has with the carved and gilded conservatory
+which has reared and sheltered its luxuriant beauty.
+
+But in this vivid impression of contrast, there is nothing abrupt or
+harsh. A tissue of beautiful poetry weaves together the principal
+figures and the subordinate personages. The consistent truth of the
+costume, and the exquisite gradations of relief with which the most
+opposite hues are approximated, blend all into harmony. Romeo and
+Juliet are not poetical beings placed on a prosaic background; nor are
+they, like Thekla and Max in the Wallenstein, two angels of light amid
+the darkest and harshest, the most debased and revolting aspects of
+humanity; but every circumstance, and every personage, and every shade
+of character in each, tends to the developement of the sentiment which
+is the subject of the drama. The poetry, too, the richest that can
+possibly be conceived, is interfused through all the characters; the
+splendid imagery lavished upon all with the careless prodigality of
+genius, and all is lighted up into such a sunny brilliance of effect,
+as though Shakspeare had really transported himself into Italy, and
+had drunk to intoxication of her genial atmosphere. How truly it has
+been said, that "although Romeo and Juliet are in love, they are not
+love-sick!" What a false idea would any thing of the mere whining
+amoroso, give us of Romeo, such as he is really in Shakspeare--the
+noble, gallant, ardent, brave, and witty! And Juliet--with even less
+truth could the phrase or idea apply to her! The picture in "Twelfth
+Night" of the wan girl dying of love, "who pined in thought, and with
+a green and yellow melancholy," would never surely occur to us, when
+thinking on the enamoured and impassioned Juliet, in whose bosom love
+keeps a fiery vigil, kindling tenderness into enthusiasm, enthusiasm
+into passion, passion into heroism! No, the whole sentiment of the
+play is of a far different cast. It is flushed with the genial spirit
+of the south; it tastes of youth, and of the essence of youth; of
+life, and of the very sap of life. We have indeed the struggle of love
+against evil destinies and a thorny world; the pain, the grief,
+the anguish, the terror, the despair:--the aching adieu; the pang
+unutterable of parted affection; and rapture, truth, and tenderness
+trampled into an early grave: but still an Elysian grace lingers round
+the whole, and the blue sky of Italy bends over all!
+
+Lord Byron's Haidee is a copy of Juliet in the Oriental costume, but
+the development is epic, not dramatic.
+
+I remember no dramatic character, conveying the same impression of
+singleness of purpose, and devotion of heart and soul, except the
+Thekla of Schiller's Wallenstein: she is the German Juliet; far
+unequal, indeed, but conceived, nevertheless, in a kindred spirit. I
+know not if critics have ever compared them, or whether Schiller is
+supposed to have had the English, or rather the Italian, Juliet in his
+fancy when he portrayed Thekla; but there are some striking points of
+coincidence, while the national distinction in the character of the
+passion leaves to Thekla a strong cast of originality.
+
+With regard to the termination of the play, which has been a subject
+of much critical argument, it is well-known that Shakspeare, following
+the old English versions, has departed from the original story of Da
+Porta;[7] and I am inclined to believe that Da Porta, in making Juliet
+waken from her trance while Romeo yet lives, and in his terrible final
+scene between the lovers, has departed from the old tradition, and as
+a romance, has certainly improved it: but that which is effective in
+a narrative is not always calculated for the drama; and I cannot but
+agree with Schlegel, that Shakspeare has done well and wisely
+in adhering to the old story.[8] Can we doubt for a moment that
+Shakspeare, who has given us the catastrophe of Othello, and the
+tempest scene in Lear, might also have adopted these additional
+circumstances of horror in the fate of the lovers, and have so treated
+them as to harrow up our very souls--had it been his object to do so?
+But apparently it was _not_. The tale is one,
+
+  Such, as once heard, in gentle heart destroys
+  All pain but pity.
+
+    [7] The "Giulietta" of Luigi da Porta was written about 1520. In
+    a popular little book published in 1565, thirty years before
+    Shakspeare wrote his tragedy, the name of Juliet occurs as an
+    example of faithful love, and is thus explained by a note in the
+    margin. "Juliet, a noble maiden of the citie of Verona, which
+    loved Romeo, eldest son of the Lord Monteschi; and being privily
+    married together, he at last poisoned himself for love of her:
+    she, for sorrow of his death, slew herself with his dagger." This
+    note, which furnishes in brief, the whole argument of Shakspeare's
+    play, might possibly have made the first impression on his fancy.
+
+    [8] There is nothing so improbable in the story of Romeo and
+    Juliet as to make us doubt the tradition that it is a real fact.
+    "The Veronese," says Lord Byron, in one of his letters from
+    Verona, "are tenacious to a degree of the truth of Juliet's story,
+    insisting on the fact, giving the date 1303, and showing a tomb.
+    It is a plain, open, and partly decayed sarcophagus, with withered
+    leaves in it, in a wild and desolate conventual garden--once a
+    cemetery, now ruined, to the very graves! The situation struck me
+    as very appropriate to the legend, being blighted as their
+    love." He might have added, that when Verona itself, with its
+    amphitheatre and its Palladian structures, lies level with the
+    earth, the very spot on which it stood will still be consecrated
+    by the memory of Juliet. When in Italy, I met a gentleman, who
+    being then "_dans le genre romantique_," wore a fragment of
+    Juliet's tomb set in a ring.
+
+It is in truth a tale of love and sorrow, not of anguish and terror.
+We behold the catastrophe afar off with scarcely a wish to avert it.
+Romeo and Juliet _must_ die: their destiny is fulfilled: they have
+quaffed off the cup of life, with all its infinite of joys and
+agonies, in one intoxicating draught. What have they to do more
+upon this earth? Young, innocent, loving, and beloved, they descend
+together into the tomb: but Shakspeare has made that tomb a shrine
+of martyred and sainted affection consecrated for the worship of all
+hearts,--not a dark charnel vault, haunted by spectres of pain, rage,
+and desperation.
+
+The poem, which opened with the enmity of the two families, closes
+with their reconciliation over the breathless remains of their
+children; and no violent, frightful, or discordant feeling, is
+suffered to mingle with that soft impression of melancholy left within
+the heart, and which Schlegel compares to one long, endless sigh.
+
+"A youthful passion," says Goethe, (alluding to one of his own early
+attachments), "which is conceived and cherished without any certain
+object, may be compared to a shell thrown from a mortar by night: it
+rises calmly in a brilliant track, and seems to mix, and even to dwell
+for a moment, with the stars of heaven; but at length it falls--it
+bursts--consuming and destroying all around even as itself expires."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PALACE OF CHARLEMAGNE, AT AIX-LA-CHAPELLE.
+
+
+At Aix-la-Chapelle, situated nearly in the centre of his vast
+dominions, and in a salubrious climate, Charlemagne had fixed upon a
+spot for building a palace, in the neighbourhood of some natural warm
+baths,--a Roman luxury, in which the Frankish monarch particularly
+delighted. All that the great conception of Charlemagne could devise,
+and the art of the age could execute, was done, to render this
+structure, and the church attached to it, worthy of their magnificent
+founder. But no account can be given;[9] for nothing has come down to
+the present age which can justify any thing like detailed description.
+Nevertheless, a number of circumstances in regard to this building are
+occasionally mentioned in the historians of the time, that convey an
+idea of vastness and splendour, which probably might have been lost
+had minute examination been possible. Immense halls[10]--magnificent
+galleries--a college--a library--baths, where a hundred persons could
+swim at large--a theatre and a cathedral--a profuse display of the
+finest marble--gates and doors of wrought brass--columns from Rome,
+and pavements from Ravenna,--such, we know, to have been some of the
+many things which that great palace displayed.
+
+    [9] In all probability, the crypt of the church of
+    Aix-la-Chapelle, as it stands at present, is all that remains of
+    the original edifice.
+
+    [10] The baths of Aix-la-Chapelle, constructed by the emperor for
+    the enjoyment of this recreation, were of immense extent; and
+    while their splendour and their size showed the progress of
+    luxury, the manner in which they were used, evinces the curious
+    simplicity and condescension of the monarch. "Not only his sons,"
+    says Eginhard, "but also the great men of his court, his friends,
+    and the soldiers of his guard, were invited to partake of the
+    enjoyment which the monarch had provided for himself; so that
+    sometimes as many as a hundred persons were known to bathe there
+    together."
+
+Workmen were gathered together from every part of Europe; and, though
+but small reliance can be placed upon the anecdotes related by the
+Monk of St. Gall, it is evident, from every account, that the building
+must have been the most magnificent architectural effort which Europe
+had beheld since the days of the splendour of ancient Rome.
+
+Besides the palace itself, we find, that an immense number of
+buildings were constructed around it, for the accommodation of
+every one in any way connected with the court, and adjoining, were
+particular halls, open at all times, and in which all classes and
+conditions might find a refuge from the cold of night, or from the
+wintry storm.[11]
+
+    [11] Stoves were furnished also to warm those who might take
+    refuge in these general chambers; and the Monk of St. Gaul
+    asserts, that the apartments of Charlemagne were so constructed,
+    that he could see everything which took place in the building
+    round about,--an impossible folly, imagined by the small cunning
+    of a monk.
+
+Within the walls, was that famous domestic college, on the
+maintenance, extension, and direction of which Charlemagne, amidst all
+the multiplicity of his occupations, found means to bestow so much of
+his time and attention. But every trace of his actions tends to prove,
+that his first and greatest, object--to which even conquest was
+secondary, if not subservient--was to civilize his dominions, and to
+raise mankind in general from that state of dark ignorance into which
+barbarian invasion had cast the world.
+
+During the first ten or fifteen years after its establishment, the
+college of the palace had probably followed the court during its
+frequent migrations, notwithstanding the number of members, and
+the difficulty of transporting the library, which soon became
+considerable. Many circumstances, however, seem to show, that after
+the construction of the great palace at Aix-la-Chapelle, it became
+fixed in that place. The library, we know, was there concentrated; and
+several of the books thus collected, such as the Codex Carolinus, &c.
+have come down through a long line of emperors to the present day.
+Indeed, a great part of the most valuable literature of former ages,
+was preserved alone by the efforts of the French monarch for the
+revival of science; and the link of connexion between ancient and
+modern civilization, owes its existence, as much to the endeavours of
+Charlemagne, as even to the papal preservation of antique Rome.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WRITING IN FRANCE.
+
+
+In the reign of Charlemagne, in the year 796, the mode of writing
+underwent a change. The rude characters employed under the Merovingian
+race were disused, and the small Roman letters were introduced. As the
+spirit of improvement proceeded, new alterations were sought; and some
+years afterwards, to write in the large Roman capitals, became the
+mode of the day, the initial letter of each paragraph being always
+highly ornamented, and sometimes painted, many specimens of which have
+come down to the present time. Though at an advanced[12] period of
+life when this method of writing first began to prevail, Charlemagne
+endeavoured to learn it, and even caused models of the letters to be
+laid by his pillow, that during the waking moments of the night, he
+might practise the art which he sought to acquire.
+
+    [12] I do not know whether it be worth while to attempt to refute
+    the opinion which has been founded on an erroneous passage in
+    Eginhard, that Charlemagne could not write. Eginhard understood,
+    as Gibbon says, the court and the world, and the Latin language,
+    it is true; but, nevertheless, we may much more rationally believe
+    that the secretary made use of a vague expression, than
+    suppose that he wished to imply, in one sentence, the manifest
+    contradiction of Charlemagne being in the habit of going through
+    all the abstruse calculations of astronomy, in an age when those
+    calculations were most complicated, without being able to write.
+    The whole of Charlemagne's life renders the supposition absurd.
+    He studied under Alcuin, whose first rule was to teach the most
+    correct orthography in writing. We know that he subscribed many
+    deeds, though his signature was abbreviated, to render it as rapid
+    as possible. Eginhard himself states, that the monarch wrote the
+    history of the ancient kings in verse: and Lambecius, one of the
+    highest antiquarian authorities, declares, that the imperial
+    library still contains a manuscript, corrected by the hand of
+    Charlemagne himself.
+
+Nor did the monarch remain satisfied with leading the way himself on
+the path of knowledge which he desired the whole nation to follow; nor
+content himself with bestowing on his children a careful and judicious
+education, both mental and corporeal; but by constantly proposing in
+writing questions for solution, addressed to the various prelates and
+teachers of his realm, he forced them to exercise their talents and
+cultivate their minds, under the severe penalty of shame and ridicule.
+On the other hand, literary merit was never without its reward,
+for though, as far as we can discover, Charlemagne, wise in his
+generosity, seldom if ever gave more than one profitable charge at
+once to one man, yet those who distinguished themselves by talent
+and exertion, were sure to meet with honour, distinction, and
+competence.--_James_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE MONEY OF BETRAYAL, OR "PRICE OF BLOOD."
+
+
+[Two Illustrations]
+
+The following very curious notice respecting the money (coin
+and value) for which Judas Iscariot betrayed our Redeemer, (and
+afterwards, with it, purchased "the Potter's Field, to bury strangers
+in,") is extracted from _The Sovereign Order of Saint John of
+Jerusalem_, by ANDREW FAVINE, 1620, and will no doubt prove acceptable
+to the reader:--
+
+"In this citty of Rhodes they did beate and stamp money of silver,
+in bignesse somewhat neare to an half teston of France, but yet much
+thicker, and the figures thereon more embossed than ours are. These
+pieces of silver are like to the halfe sickle of the Jews, or the
+diobrachma of the Romaines, but they be more worth. There is a
+tradition, that the thirtie pence, for which the Saviour of the world
+was sold and delivered to the Jews, by the traitor, Judas, were of
+this kinde. And in very deede, in the Church of the Holy Crosse of
+Jerusalem, at Rome, is to be seene one of those thirtie pence, which
+is wholly like to that in the Church of the Temple, in the citty of
+Paris. It is enchased in a shrine, and is to be seene but thorow a
+christall glasse, and on the side which may be noated, appeareth
+nothing but a head.
+
+"The learned Gulielmus Budeus, the honour of our Citty of Paris, and
+of all France, in the remarkable tract which he wrote, _De Asse_,
+affirmeth that he had scene the pennie of silver, in the Temple at
+Paris, and that on it was represented a head, as in truth there
+is. But, concerning the other side, neither the learned Cardinall
+Baronius, nor Budeus, doe speake anything else; then of the weight of
+those silver pence, which the Evangelists tearme Argenteos. One of
+those silver pence of Rhodes I have, and both the sides thereof, in
+this manner I shew to you (_vide Engraving_).
+
+"I have confronted and compared it with the sight of that pennie at
+Rome, and the other in the Temple at Paris, and they are all three
+alike, both in the visage and in the circumference. Mine is in weight
+two groates, a halfe pennie less of silver, which commeth to twelve
+sols and one liard. On the other (_one?_) side, it hath the visage of
+the sunne, like to the fashion of a young man's face, without a beard,
+with long locks of hayre, as here it is figured, and as poets have
+feigned. On the other side is a blowne rose, higher and greater than
+ours are;[13] which commeth somewhat neare in resemblance to the rose
+which we tearme of Jericho, and which are brought from the Holy Land.
+Upon this pennie the rose hath, on eache side, a button, (bud) the one
+whereof beginneth to blome, but not the other. Above the rose, on
+the ring of the piece, is formed in capitall Greeke letters, [Greek:
+RODION], (Rhodian,) which signifieth, and would say (if it could)
+_a rose_. At the foote whereof is this sillable, EY. (Favine then
+mentions the arms of Rhodes, which, as well as we are able to
+translate the old French, left untranslated, appears to be Field
+_d'Argent_, a rose _proper_, with buds; _gules_, stalk, _de synople_.)
+So," he continues, "that thirtie pence of this money amounteth not
+but altogether to the summe of eighteen poundes seaven shillings and
+sixe-pence of our money, and seemeth a very small summe for buying
+a piece of ground, or land, which the Evangelists call Ackeldemach,
+(Alcedaema), 'The Potter's Field,' so neere to Jerusalem peopled with
+more than a million of men, solde for an offence, and with condition
+that it should never be redeemed, in regard it was destined for the
+Burial-place of Pilgrims, which came to Jerusalem at the solemn Feasts
+there held; and every one well knoweth, that (amongst the Jews)
+inheritances were sold, more or less, according as the conditions were
+made, either neere, or further off, from the yeare of jubilee, which
+they feasted from fifty yeares, to fifty yeares; a feast, so solemnly
+observed among them, that the sellers did then re-enter into their
+sold inheritances, which they possessed again freely, and without any
+charge, or paying any arrerages, according as it was ordained by their
+law, in the five-and-twentieth chapter of Leviticus. But it may be,
+this Potter's Field was (in parte) bought with those thirtie pence,
+and the other parte might be the almes and giftes of the proprietaries
+or owners, both in the Temple of Jerusalem and publickly, for so good
+a subject as the buriall of pilgrims, and poore strangers. For ever,
+and beside the offerings and Tribute-money, which the Jews offered and
+paid to the treasurers in the Temple, for maintaining the Tribe of
+Levi, (the deserving ministers thereof) who, at the distribution and
+division of the Land of Promise to the Jewish people, had not any lot
+or partage (but were assigned to the Jews devotion,) inheritances
+might be legacied to them, which falling into mortmaine, could not
+be redeemed by any custome of kindred, whatsoever jubilee might
+be alledged, or selling, or alienating, as it is written in the
+seaven-and-twentieth of Leviticus. And such an inheritance was called
+_Ager Anathematis_--a field wholly dedicated and consecrated to God;
+and which from thenceforward, might fall no more into any secular, or
+prophane hand."
+
+    [13] Amongst other interpretations of "_Under the Rose_," why may
+    we not conjecture that it may have something to do with _bribes to
+    silence?_ with _hush-money?_ the _Rose_, in many countries, being
+    not an unusual stamp on their coins.
+
+After this erudite disquisition, which endeavours to account for the
+_smallness_ of the sum for which our blessed Lord was betrayed, and
+for which Alcedama was purchased, how would honest Andrew Favine
+stare, could he learn that modern commentators have, _without
+comment_, assigned something less than _one-fifth_ of 18_l_. 7_s_.
+6_d_. as the "price of innocent blood." We transcribe in proof,
+the annotation on Mat. 26 c. 15 v. from D'Oyly and Mant's
+Bible:--"'_Thirty pieces of silver_.' Thirty shekels, about 3_l_.
+10_s_. 8_d_. of our money. It appears from Exod. 21 c. 32 v., that
+this was the price to be paid for a slave or servant, when killed by a
+beast. So vilely was HE esteemed, who shed his precious blood for man;
+and so true it is, that _Christ_ took upon him the form of a servant."
+Now, the Jewish _shekel_ being valued at 2_s_. 4-1/4_d_. and the coin
+of the _next_ superior denomination, (the _maneh_) being set down
+in our Bible money-tables, at 7_l_. 1_s_. 5_d_. it is clear that
+_several_ of _intermediate value_ must have existed, for exchange,
+which might reconcile this difference. M.L.B.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PORTDOWN FAIR.
+
+    [A series of characteristic sketches of Life in the Navy, has
+    appeared in the successive numbers of the _Metropolitan_, from the
+    pen of Captain Marryatt, author of the _King's Own_, and other
+    popular novels, with a high stamp of originality. The sketches
+    before us are entitled Peter Simple, and detail the early
+    adventures of a Middy with much of that delightful ease we are
+    wont to admire in the writings of Smollett, Fielding, and the
+    _character_ novelists of the latter half of the past century. The
+    style of Captain Marryatt is fresh, vigorous, and racy--"native
+    and to the manner born,"--abounding in lively anecdote, but never
+    straying into caricature--with just enough of the romance of life
+    to keep the incidents afloat from commonplace, and probability
+    above-board. This and the following are specimen sketches.]
+
+We all had leave from the first lieutenant to go to Portdown fair, but
+he would only allow the oldsters to sleep on shore. We anticipated so
+much pleasure from our excursion, that some of us were up, and went
+away in the boat sent for fresh beef. This was very foolish. There
+were no carriages to take us to the fair, nor indeed any fair so early
+in the morning: the shops were all shut, and the Blue Posts, where
+we always rendezvoused was hardly open. We waited there in the
+coffee-room, until we were driven out by the maid sweeping away the
+dirt, and were forced to walk about until she had finished, and
+lighted the fire, when we ordered our breakfast; but how much better
+would it have been to have taken our breakfast comfortably on board,
+and then to have come on shore, especially as we had no money to
+spare. Next to being too late, being too soon is the worst plan in
+the world. However, we had our breakfast, and paid the bill; then we
+sallied forth, and went up George Street, where we found all sorts
+of vehicles ready to take us to the fair. We got into one which they
+called a dilly. I asked the man who drove us why it was so called, and
+he replied because he only charged a shilling. O'Brien, who had joined
+us after breakfasting on board, said that this answer reminded him of
+one given to him by a man who attended the hackney-coach stands in
+London. "Pray," said he, "why are you called Watermen?" "Watermen,"
+replied the man, "vy, sir, 'cause ve opens the hackney-coach doors."
+At last, with plenty of whipping, and plenty of swearing, and a great
+deal of laughing, the old horse, whose back curved upwards like a bow,
+from the difficulty of dragging so many, arrived at the bottom of
+Portdown hill, where we got out, and walked up to the fair. It really
+was a most beautiful sight. The bright blue sky, and the coloured
+flags flapping about in all directions, the grass so green, and the
+white tents and booths, the sun shining so bright, and the shining
+gilt gingerbread, the variety of toys and variety of noise, the
+quantity of people and the quantity of sweetmeats; little boys so
+happy, and shop people so polite, the music at the booths, and the
+bustle and eagerness of the people outside, made my heart quite jump.
+There was Richardson, with a clown and harlequin, and such beautiful
+women, dressed in clothes all over gold spangles, dancing reels and
+waltzes, and looking so happy! There was Flint and Gyngell, with
+fellows tumbling over head and heels, playing such tricks--eating
+fire, and drawing yards of tape out of their mouths. Then there was
+the Royal Circus, all the horses standing in a line, with men and
+women standing on their backs, waving flags, while the trumpeters blew
+their trumpets. And the largest giant in the world, and Mr. Paap,
+the smallest dwarf in the world, and a female dwarf, who was smaller
+still, and Miss Biffin, who did every thing without legs or arms.
+There was also the learned pig, and the Herefordshire ox, and a
+hundred other sights which I cannot now remember. We walked about for
+an hour or two, seeing the outside of every thing: we determined to go
+and see the inside. First we went into Richardson's, where we saw a
+bloody tragedy, with a ghost and thunder, and afterwards a pantomime,
+full of tricks, and tumbling over one another. Then we saw one or
+two other things, I forget which, but this I know, that generally
+speaking, the outside was better than the inside. After this, feeling
+very hungry, we agreed to go into a booth and have something to eat.
+The tables were ranged all around, and in the centre there was a
+boarded platform for dancing. The ladies were there already dressed
+for partners; and the music was so lively, that I felt very much
+inclined to dance, but we had agreed to go and see the wild beasts fed
+at Mr. Polito's menagerie, and as it was now almost eight o'clock, we
+paid our bill and set off. It was a very curious sight, and better
+worth seeing than any thing in the fair; I never had an idea that
+there were so many strange animals in existence. They were all secured
+in iron cages, and a large chandelier, with twenty lights, hung in the
+centre of the booth, and lighted them up, while the keeper went round
+and stirred them up with his long pole; at the same time he gave us
+their histories, which were very interesting. I recollect a few of
+them. There was the tapir, a great pig with a long nose, a variety of
+the hiptostomass, which the keeper said was an amphibious animal, as
+couldn't live on land, and _dies_ in the water--however, it seemed to
+live very well in a cage. Then there was the kangaroo with its young
+ones peeping out of it--a most astonishing animal. The keeper said
+that it brought forth two young ones at a birth, and then took them
+into its stomach again, until they arrived at years of discretion.
+Then there was the pelican of the wilderness, (I shall not forget
+him,) with a large bag under his throat, which the man put on his head
+as a night-cap; this bird feeds its young with its own blood--when
+fish are scarce. And there was the laughing hyaena, who cries in the
+wood like a human being in distress, and devours those who come to his
+assistance--a sad instance of the depravity of human nature, as the
+keeper observed. There was a beautiful creature, the royal Bengal
+tiger, only three years old, what growed ten inches every year, and
+never arrived at its full growth. The one we saw measured, as the
+keeper told us, sixteen feet from the snout to the tail, and seventeen
+feet from the tail to the snout; but there must have been some mistake
+there. There was a young elephant and three lions, and several other
+animals, which I forget now, so I shall go on to describe the tragical
+scene which occurred. The keeper had poked up all the animals, and had
+commenced feeding them. The great lion was growling and snarling
+over the shin bone of an ox, cracking it like a nut, when by some
+mismanagement, one end of the pole upon which the chandelier was
+suspended fell down, striking the door of the cage in which the
+lioness was at supper, and bursting it open. It was all done in a
+second; the chandelier fell, the cage opened, and the lioness sprung
+out. I remember to this moment seeing the body of the lioness in the
+air, and then all as dark as pitch. What a change! not a moment before
+all of us staring with delight and curiosity, and then to be left in
+darkness, horror and dismay! There was such screaming and shrieking,
+such crying, and fighting, and pushing, and fainting, nobody knew
+where to go, or how to find their way out. The people crowded first on
+one side, and then on the other, as their fears instigated them. I was
+very soon jammed up with my back against the bars of one of the cages,
+and feeling some beast lay hold of me behind, made a desperate effort,
+and succeeded in climbing up to the cage above, not however without
+losing the seat of my trousers, which the laughing hyaena would not
+let go. I hardly knew where I was when I climbed up; but I knew the
+birds were mostly stationed above. However, that I might not have the
+front of my trousers torn as well as the behind, as soon as I gained
+my footing I turned round, with my back to the bars of the cage; but I
+had not been there a minute, before I was attacked by something which
+digged into me like a pickaxe, and as the hyaena had torn my clothes,
+I had no defence against it. To turn round would have been worse
+still; so after having received above a dozen stabs, I contrived by
+degrees to shift my position, until I was opposite to another cage,
+but not until the pelican, for it was that brute, had drawn as much
+blood from me as would have fed his young for a week. I was surmising
+what danger I should next encounter, when to my joy I discovered that
+I had gained the open door from which the lioness had escaped. I
+crawled in, and pulled the door too after me, thinking myself very
+fortunate; and there I sat very quietly in a corner during the
+remainder of the noise and confusion. I had not been there but a few
+minutes, when the beef-eaters, as they were called, who played the
+music outside, came in with torches and loaded muskets. The sight
+which presented itself was truly shocking; twenty or thirty men,
+women, and children, lay on the ground, and I thought at first the
+lioness had killed them all, but they were only in fits, or had been
+trampled down by the crowd. No one was seriously hurt. As for the
+lioness, she was not to be found; and as soon as it was ascertained
+that she had escaped, there was as much terror and scampering away
+outside, as there had been in the menagerie. It appeared afterwards,
+that the animal had been as much frightened as we had been, and had
+secreted himself under one of the wagons. It was sometime before she
+could be found. At last O'Brien who was a very brave fellow, went
+a-head of the beef-eaters, and saw her eyes glaring. They borrowed a
+net or two from the carts which had brought calves to the fair, and
+threw them over her. When she was fairly entangled, they dragged her
+by the tail into the menagerie. All this while I had remained very
+quietly in the den, but when I perceived that its lawful owner had
+come back again to retake possession, I thought it was time to come
+out; so I called to my messmates, who with O'Brien were assisting the
+beef-eaters. They had not discovered me, and laughed very much when
+they saw where I was. One of the midshipmen shot the bolt of the door,
+so that I could not jump out, and then stirred me up with a long pole.
+At last I contrived to unbolt it again, and got out, when they laughed
+still more, at the seat of my trousers being torn off. It was not
+exactly a laughing matter to me, although I had to congratulate myself
+upon a very lucky escape: and so did my messmates think, when I
+narrated my adventures. The pelican was the worst part of the
+business. O'Brien lent me a dark silk handkerchief, which I tied
+round my waist, and let drop behind, so that my misfortunes might not
+attract any notice, and then we quitted the menagerie; but I was so
+stiff that I could scarcely walk.
+
+
+SCOTCH "BLUID."
+
+
+We had a new messmate of the name of M'Foy. I was on the quarter-deck
+when he came on board and presented a letter to the captain, inquiring
+first if his name was "Captain Sauvage." He was a florid young man
+nearly six feet high, with sandy hair, yet very good-looking. As his
+career in the service was very short, I will tell at once what I did
+not find out till some time afterwards. The captain had agreed to
+receive him to oblige a brother officer, who had retired from the
+service, and lived in the Highlands of Scotland. The first notice
+which the captain had of the arrival of Mr. M'Foy, was from a letter
+written to him by the young man's uncle. This amused him so much, that
+he gave it to the first lieutenant to read. It ran as follows;--
+
+                      Glasgow, April 25th, 1---.
+
+"Sir,
+
+"Our much esteemed and mutual friend, Captain M'Alpine, having
+communicated by letter, dated the 14th inst., your kind intentions
+relative to my nephew Sholto M'Foy, (for which you will be pleased to
+accept my best thanks,) I write to acquaint you that he is now on
+his way to join your ship the Diomede, and will arrive, God willing,
+twenty-six hours after the receipt of this letter.
+
+"As I have been given to understand by those who have some
+acquaintance with the service of the King, that his equipment as an
+officer will be somewhat expensive, I have considered it but fair
+to ease your mind as to any responsibility on that score, and have
+therefore enclosed the half of a Bank of England note for ten pounds
+sterling, No. 3742, the other half of which will be duly forwarded in
+a frank promised to me the day after tomorrow. I beg you will make the
+necessary purchases, and apply the balance, should there be any,
+to his mess account, or any other expenses which you may consider
+warrantable or justifiable.
+
+"It is at the same time proper to inform you, that Sholto had ten
+shillings in his pocket at the time of his leaving Glasgow; the
+satisfactory expenditure of which I have no doubt you will inquire
+into, as it is a large sum to be placed at the discretion of a youth
+only fourteen years and five months old. I mention his age, as Sholto
+is so tall that you might be deceived by his appearance, and be
+induced to trust to his prudence in affairs of this serious nature.
+Should he at any time require further assistance beyond his pay, which
+I am told is extremely handsome to all king's officers, I beg you to
+consider that any draft of yours, at ten days' sight, to the amount
+of five pounds sterling English, will be duly honoured by the firm of
+Monteith, M'Killop, and Company, of Glasgow. Sir, with many thanks for
+your kindness and consideration,
+
+                      "I remain your most obedient,
+
+                      "WALTER MONTEITH."
+
+The letter brought on board by M'Foy was to prove his identity. While
+the captain read it, M'Foy stared about him like a wild stag. The
+captain welcomed him to the ship, asked him one or two questions,
+introduced him to the first lieutenant, and then went on shore. The
+first lieutenant had asked me to dine in the gun-room; and when the
+captain pulled on shore, he also invited Mr. M'Foy, when the following
+conversation took place.
+
+"Well, Mr. M'Foy, you have had a long journey; I presume it is the
+first that you have ever made."
+
+"Indeed is it, Sir," replied M'Foy; "and sorely I've been pestered.
+Had I minded all they whispered in my lug as I came along, I had need
+been made of money--sax-pence here, sax-pence there, sax-pence every
+where. Sich extortion I ne'er dreamt of."
+
+"How did you come from Glasgow?"
+
+"By the wheel-boat, or steam-boat, as they ca'd it, to Lunnon: where
+they charged me sax-pence for taking my baggage on shore--wee boxy nae
+bigger than yon cocked-up hat. I would fain carry it mysel', but they
+wadna let me."
+
+"Well, where did you go to when you arrived in London?"
+
+"I went to a place ca'd Chichester Rents, to the house of Storm and
+Mainwaring, Warehousemen, and they must have anither sax-pence for
+showing me the way. There I waited half-an-hour in the counting-house,
+till they took me to a place ca'd Bull and Mouth, and put me into a
+coach, paying my whole fare; nevertheless they must din me for money
+the whole of the way down. There was first the guard, and then the
+coachman, and another guard, and another coachman; but I wudna listen
+to them, and so they growled and abused me."
+
+"And when did you arrive?"
+
+"I came here last night; and I only had a bed and a breakfast at the
+twa Blue Pillars' house, for which they extortioned me three shillings
+and sax-pence, as I sit here. And then there was the chambermaid hussy
+and waiter loon axed me to remember them, and wanted more siller; but
+I told them, as I told the guard and coachman, that I had none for
+them."
+
+"How much of your ten shillings have you left?" inquired the first
+lieutenant, smiling.
+
+"Hoot! sir lieutenant, how came you for to ken that? Eh! it's my uncle
+Monteith at Glasgow. Why, as I sit here, I've but three shillings and
+a penny of it lift. But there's a smell here that's no canny; so I
+just go up again into the fresh air."
+
+When Mr. M'Foy quitted the gun-room, they all laughed very much. After
+he had been a short time on deck, he went down into the midshipmen's
+berth; but he made himself very unpleasant, quarrelling and wrangling
+with every body. It did not, however, last very long; for he would not
+obey any orders that were given to him. On the third day, he quitted
+the ship without asking the permission of the first lieutenant; when
+he returned on board the following day, the first lieutenant put him
+under an arrest, and in charge of the sentry at the cabin door. During
+the afternoon I was under the half-deck, and perceived that he was
+sharpening a long clasp knife upon the after truck of the gun. I went
+up to him, and asked him why he was doing so, and he replied, as his
+eyes flashed fire, that it was to revenge the insult offered to the
+bluid of M'Foy. His look told me that he was in earnest. "But what do
+you mean?" inquired I. "I mean," said he, drawing the edge and feeling
+the point of his weapon, "to put into the wheam of that man with the
+gold podge on his shoulder, who has dared to place me here."
+
+I was very much alarmed, and thought it my duty to state his murderous
+intentions, or worse might happen; so I walked up on deck and told the
+first lieutenant what M'Foy was intending to do, and how his life was
+in danger. Mr. Falcon laughed, and shortly afterwards went down on the
+main-deck. M'Foy's eyes glistened, and he walked forward to where the
+first lieutenant was standing; but the sentry, who had been cautioned
+by me, kept him back with his bayonet. The first lieutenant turned
+round, and perceiving what was going on, desired the sentry to see if
+Mr. M'Foy had a knife in his hand; and he had it sure enough, open,
+and held behind his back. He was disarmed, and the first lieutenant,
+perceiving that the lad meant mischief, reported his conduct to the
+captain, on his arrival on board. The captain sent for M'Foy, who was
+very obstinate, and when taxed with his intention would not deny it,
+or even say that he would not again attempt it; so he was sent on
+shore immediately, and returned to his friends in the Highlands. We
+never saw any more of him; but I heard that he obtained a commission
+in the army, and three months after he had joined his regiment, was
+killed in a duel, resenting some fancied affront offered to the bluid
+of M'Foy.--_Metropolitan_
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+NOTES OF A READER
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A CHANCELLOR'S START IN LIFE.
+
+
+(_FROM THE DOUBLE TRIAL_.)
+
+
+Thurlow had travelled the ---- Circuit for some years with little
+notice, and with no opportunity to put forth his abilities; when the
+housekeeper of a Duke of N---- was prosecuted for stealing a great
+deal of linen, with which she had been intrusted. An attorney of
+little note and practice conducted the woman's case. He knew full well
+that he could expect no hearty co-operation in employing any of the
+leading counsel: it was a poor case, and a low case; and it could not
+be supposed that they, "the foremost men of all the bar," would set
+themselves, "_tooth and nail_," against the Duke, who in himself, his
+agents, and his friends, made the greatest part of every high legal
+and political assemblage in the country. The attorney looked round,
+therefore, for some young barrister who had nothing to lose, and might
+have something to win; and he fixed upon Thurlow. Thurlow read over
+his brief with the highest glee, and had an interview with the
+prisoner. As he entered the court, he jogged another briefless one
+like himself, and said, in his favourite slang language--"Neck or
+nothing, my boy, to-day! I'll soar or tumble!" The opening speech
+of the eminent counsel for the Duke, and the evidence, completely
+convicted the woman. The articles stolen were brought into court. When
+Thurlow rose to cross-examine the leading witness, before he asked
+a question, he merely, bending his black brows upon the man, turned
+round, and desired to look at the things that were said to be stolen.
+They were before him all the time, and were then presented to him;
+and, without a word, he carelessly tossed them again upon the table
+before him. He now closely questioned the witness, as to points of
+honour and honesty; then, in a minute or two, again asked to see the
+things. He was informed that he had already had them handed to
+him, and that they were now before him. "I mean," said he, with
+well-assumed ignorance, "the things that this unhappy woman is accused
+of having stolen." The witness, with great sufficiency and knowledge,
+as if to prove his own correctness, pointed them out upon the table
+before him. "And what else?" said he. He was answered that they were
+the whole. "And you, Mr. Witness," said he, with a sneer, "are the man
+of great trust, of accredited honour and honesty; and, full of your
+own consequence, and in high feather, you come here to follow up a
+prosecution against a fellow-servant, and a confidential one (you
+tell me), whom you have indicted as a felon, for taking these rags,"
+exhibiting some cloth that happened to be torn; "and this is the sum
+and substance of her offence! And all these witnesses," pointing to a
+group, who had pushed themselves forward, "have been brought into this
+honourable court, to affix the ownership of the high and mighty noble
+Duke and Duchess to these cast-off, worn-out clothes! And here comes
+this fine gentleman to swear to the robber of that," holding up the
+garment, "which he himself would not accept as a gift! Shame, say I;
+and I am certain every one of your hearts, Gentlemen of the Jury,
+reechoes my indignant feeling! Shame, say I, on everyone of the
+party," pausing to give one of his looks to each individual, "that
+is concerned in such a business! Why, it is more like a conspiracy
+against this poor destitute woman, against whom I lament to see my
+very honourable and learned brethren," pointing to the other counsel,
+"here arrayed--it is more like a conspiracy (not that my learned
+friends have lot, or part, or feeling in the business)--more like a
+conspiracy against this woman, than any, the least act of felony on
+her part. These clothes! I pray you look at them, Gentlemen of the
+Jury--these clothes!! Can you conceive, Gentlemen, that if you were
+a Duke and Duchess of N----, you would have even offered to give a
+housekeeper, a woman of credit and respectability--a fellow-servant of
+this fine gentleman before you--such worn-out rags as these? Would you
+have thought it worthy of consideration, if such a servant had thought
+proper to appropriate to her own use a cart-load of this trumpery? If
+the poor woman did remove out of sight such trash as this, all I say
+is, that she seems to have had more respect for the credit and
+honour of that noble house than any of the people whose ridiculous
+pretensions to honesty have persecuted her and exhibited themselves
+here. _Gentlemen and Ladies_, witnesses! I have done with you; you may
+all leave the court!"
+
+They were all glad to take him at the first word, and in a few minutes
+not one of them was to be seen. "I have heard," he continued, "of the
+pride of a noble house, and of its poverty, being nearly allied;
+but here we have all the poverty and none of the pride!" Some one
+unluckily said that the things were not all in that torn state.
+"What," said he, with the utmost contempt, looking to the party, "is
+there any one that wishes to exhibit his devoted baseness? Let him not
+whisper here behind my back, but come forward and get into the box."
+He paused, and had no further interruption. "To you, Gentlemen of the
+Jury, I appeal. I ask you if you have seen enough of the rags of this
+noble family?" and he pulled out the worst piece of the linen, and
+held it at arm's length during the greater part of a taunting speech
+of the same kind: then, throwing it contemptuously from him--"Away,
+away, I say, with these rags of the noble family of N----!" (and some
+one gathered up all together, and took them out of court)--"and God
+grant that they may never rise up in judgment against them! Poor,
+weak, foolish woman! she took them as her perquisite. Perquisite
+indeed! her folly was her fault; for you have seen that they were not
+worth the taking.
+
+"Gentlemen of the Jury, I cannot believe that you will lend yourselves
+to such a grovelling prosecution--_persecution_, as this. I pause not
+to investigate where the evil spirit arose, in principles or agents,
+against this injured and calumniated female. If the great ones of our
+earth will disgrace themselves--if they will listen to the suggestions
+of envy, hatred, and malice, and all uncharitableness, I trust that
+you, more humble members of the community, will not be partakers of
+these evil passions. Where the prosecutor has sustained no personal
+fear and no personal loss, it is impossible that any offence can have
+been committed. You are not twelve despots sitting upon a case of
+high treason against the game-laws, and are to have your consciences
+racked, to bring in a verdict of trespass, where no damage can be
+proved; you are not required to strain right against justice and
+honesty. What is the offence? How is our Lord the King or his subjects
+aggrieved? Those rags!--I know not what the splendid household of the
+Duke may require for matches and tinder; for this is all the value
+that can be attached to them. Shall we call for them back again, lest
+the Duke and the Duchess should lose their recovered treasure? I
+am not disposed to dispute their right; for even if they were the
+perquisite of the housekeeper, I am convinced that she would not get
+a farthing emolument for those tattered remnants of nobility. Of one
+thing I am well assured, that there is not a sufficiency of sound
+linen in the whole to make lint enough to cover the wound that the
+reputation of the noble Duke and Duchess has sustained in this
+disgraceful prosecution. Gentlemen, I will trouble you no further--I
+confidently expect your verdict." And the woman was acquitted: and
+from that day the powers of Thurlow, in voice, sarcasm, gesture, and
+all the superior intonations of browbeating, which raised him to the
+most dangerous pinnacle of legal greatness, became known, and rapidly
+advanced him to fame,[14] and the grandchildren of his father to be
+enrolled among the established peers of our realm.
+
+    [14] "The foregoing anecdote was told to the writer by the late
+    James Burton, Esq., of Lockeridge House, a seat of the Marquess of
+    Aylesbury's, near Marlborough. Mr. Burton married a daughter of
+    the celebrated actress, Mrs. Cibber, by _General Sloper,_ a man of
+    the highest fashion of _his_ day, from whom, I believe, Mr.
+    Burton received the account; the particulars of which, as I have
+    narrated, no doubt, many persons of Mr. Burton's acquaintance
+    still remember."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY.
+
+
+ON THE POTATO.
+
+
+_BY T.A. KNIGHT, ESQ., F.R.S., PRES. HORT. SOC._
+
+
+Mr. Knight is convinced by the evidence of experiments, "that the
+potato plant, under proper management, is capable of causing to be
+brought to market a much greater weight of vegetable food, from any
+given extent of ground, than any other plant which we possess." There
+is no crop, he says, "so certain as that of potatoes; and it has the
+advantage of being generally most abundant, when the crops of wheat
+are defective; that is, in wet seasons." The following observations
+are extremely interesting:--
+
+"I think I shall be able to adduce some strong facts in support of
+my opinion, that by a greatly extended culture of the potato for the
+purpose of supplying the markets with vegetable food, a more abundant
+and more wholesome supply of food for the use of the labouring classes
+of society may be obtained, than wheat can ever afford, and, I
+believe, of a more palatable kind to the greater number of persons.
+I can just recollect the time when the potato was unknown to the
+peasantry of Herefordshire, whose gardens were then almost exclusively
+occupied by different varieties of the cabbage. Their food at that
+period consisted of bread and cheese with the produce of their
+gardens; and tea was unknown to them. About sixty-six years ago,
+before the potato was introduced into their gardens, agues had been
+so exceedingly prevalent, that the periods in which they, or their
+families, had been afflicted with that disorder, were the eras to
+which I usually heard them refer in speaking of past events; and I
+recollect being cautioned by them frequently not to stand exposed
+to the sun in May, lest I should get an ague. The potato was then
+cultivated in small quantities in the gardens of gentlemen, but it was
+not thought to afford wholesome nutriment, and was supposed by many to
+possess deleterious qualities. The prejudice of all parties, however,
+disappeared so rapidly, that within ten years the potato had almost
+wholly driven the cabbage from the gardens of the cottagers. Within
+the same period, ague, the previously prevalent disease of the
+country, disappeared; and no other species of disease became
+prevalent. I adduce this fact, as evidence only, that the introduction
+of the potato was not injurious to the health of the peasantry at that
+period; but whether its production was, or was not, instrumental in
+causing the disappearance of ague, I will not venture to give an
+opinion. I am, however, confident, that neither draining the soil
+(for that was not done,) nor any change in the general habits of the
+peasantry, had taken place, to which their improved health could be
+attributed. Bread is well known to constitute the chief food of the
+French peasantry. They are a very temperate race of men; and they
+possess the advantages of a very fine and dry climate. Yet the
+duration of life amongst them is very short, scarcely exceeding
+two thirds of the average duration of life in England; and in some
+districts much less. Dr. Hawkins, in his _Medical Statistics_, states,
+upon the authority of M. Villerme that, in the department of Indre,
+'one fourth of the children born die within the first year, and half
+between fifteen and twenty; and that three fourths are dead within
+the space of fifty years. Having inquired of a very eminent French
+physiologist, M. Dutrochet, who is resident in the department of
+Indre, the cause of this extraordinary mortality, he stated it to
+he their food, which consisted chiefly of bread; and of which he
+calculated every adult peasant to eat two pounds a day. And he added,
+without having received any leading question from me, of in any degree
+knowing my opinion upon the subject, that if the peasantry of his
+country would substitute (which they could do) a small quantity of
+animal food, with potatoes, instead of so much bread, they would live
+much longer, and with much better health. I am inclined to pay much
+deference to M. Dutrochet's opinion; for he combines the advantages
+of a regular medical education with great acuteness of mind, and I
+believe him to be as well acquainted with the general laws of organic
+life as any person living: and I think his opinion deserves some
+support, from the well known fact, that the duration of human life has
+been much greater in England during the last sixty years, than in the
+preceding period of the same duration. Bread made of wheat, when taken
+in large quantities, has probably, more than any other article of
+food in use in this country, the effect of overloading the alimentary
+canal: and the general practice of the French physician points out the
+prevalence of diseases thence arising amongst their patients. I do
+not, however, think, or mean to say, that potatoes alone are proper
+food for any human being: but I feel confident, that four ounces of
+meat, with as large quantity of good potatoes as would wholly take
+away the sensation of hunger, would afford, during twenty-four hours,
+more efficient nutriment than could be derived from bread in any
+quantity, and might be obtained at much less expense."--_Trans. Hort.
+Soc. quoted in Gardeners' Mag._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CLOCK-MAKING IN THE NINTH CENTURY.
+
+
+The Caliph Haroun al Raschid is stated to have maintained an unbroken
+friendship with his contemporary Charlemagne, throughout their mutual
+reign. A variety of magnificent presents attested the esteem of the
+caliph for his Christian friend. Among them were several objects,
+which tend to show the advance which art had made, at this time in the
+East. The first of these was a clock of gilded bronze, round which the
+course of the twelve hours was displayed; while, at the end of each
+hour, the number of brazen balls which were requisite to mark
+the division of time, were thrown out from above, and falling
+consecutively on a cymbal below, struck the hour required. In like
+manner a number of horsemen issued forth from windows placed around
+the dial; while a number of other clock-work miracles attested the
+height which the mechanical arts had reached at the court of Haroun.
+
+The carriage of such objects, as the above presents sent from Bagdad
+to France, was, of course, attended with no small inconvenience;
+and the neglected state of the science of navigation, rendered the
+journeys of the ambassadors long and dangerous. Between three and
+four years were generally consumed in a mission from one capital to
+another; and, indeed, it happened more than once, that even after
+arriving within the dominions of the Frankish monarchs, the envoys had
+still to seek him over a tract nearly as extensive as that which they
+had before crossed.
+
+_Parliamentary Debates_.--Originally these debates were given in the
+_Gentleman's Magazine_, under the fiction of "Debates in the Senate
+of Liliput," and the speakers were disguised under feigned names.
+Guthrie, for a time, composed these speeches from such hints as he
+could bring away in his memory. Dr. Johnson first assisted in this
+department, and then entirely filled it, and the public was highly
+gratified with the eloquence displayed in these compositions. P.T.W.
+
+_Steam Carriages_.--By the formation of rail-roads, a loss has
+occurred in the revenue from stage coaches, to the amount of 8,384_l_.
+
+_Electro-Magnetism_.--The largest electro-magnet is that constructed
+by the American philosophers. It is of a horse-shoe form, and weighs
+about 60 lbs.; around it are 26 coils of wire, the united lengths
+of which are 800 feet. When excited by about five feet of galvanic
+surface, it is said to have supported nearly two tons. We here see
+that the exciting cause of magnetism is the action of the galvanic
+battery; and a variety of other interesting experiments in
+electro-magnetics, tend to the conclusion that the magnetic and
+electric fluids are nearly allied.--_Imperial Magazine._
+
+_Salary of the Chancellor, 700 years since_.--The salary of the
+Chancellor, as fixed by Henry I., amounted to five shillings per diem,
+and a livery of provisions.
+
+_Dibdin_.--On the tombstone of Dibdin, the celebrated song composer,
+in St. Martin's, by Pancras New Church, is the first verse of his _Tom
+Bowling_:
+
+  "His form was of the manliest beauty,
+    His heart was kind and soft,
+  Faithful on earth he did his duty,
+    But now he's gone aloft."
+
+_Studious Printer_.--Morel was an eminent French printer, who
+sacrificed every thing to study. On being informed that his wife was
+dying, he refused to quit his pen till he had finished what he was
+about, and by that time news was brought him that she was dead; to
+which he coolly replied, "I am sorry for it--she was a good woman." He
+died in 1638, at the age of 78. P.T.W.
+
+_A Painter's Retort, or Dangerous Re-touch_.--Antonio More, the
+celebrated painter, was highly favoured by Philip of Spain, whose
+familiarity with him placed his life in danger; for More ventured to
+return a slap on the shoulder which the king in a playful moment gave
+him, by rubbing some carmine on his majesty's hand. This behaviour was
+accepted by the monarch as a jest, but it was hinted to More that
+the holy tribunal might regard it as sacrilege, and he fled, to save
+himself, into Flanders, where he was employed by the Duke of Alva.
+P.T.W.
+
+_Steam Power_.--Mr. Alexander Gordon states, that in various
+departments of the revenue, the saving of expenditure by the
+substitution of inanimate for animate power, would, in the Post Office
+alone, amount to upwards of half a million; whilst, from the cheapness
+of food which the substitution would produce, the navy and army
+estimates would be most essentially reduced.
+
+Steam may now be said to maintain the power which can engrave a seal,
+and crush a mass of obdurate metal like wax before it; draw out,
+without breaking, a thread as fine as gossamer, and lift a ship of
+war like a bauble in the air; to embroider muslin, forge anchors, cut
+steel into ribands, and impel itself against the opposition of the
+very tempest.
+
+Charlemagne was buried on the day of his death in the great church
+which he had constructed at Aix-la-Chapelle. The Monk of Angouleme
+declares that he was inhumed in his imperial robes, and that the
+pilgrim's wallet which he wore on his journeys to Rome was also
+consigned with his body to the tomb.
+
+_Indian Hail Storms_.--Captain Skinner says, during one in which a
+heavy shower of hail fell, the thermometer sunk nine degrees in fewer
+minutes--from 75 to 66; it rose again as rapidly. Although it was more
+than four o'clock in the afternoon when the hail fell, it was still on
+the ground the following morning; a proof of the coldness of the night
+air.
+
+_Waterloo Child_.--A private of the 27th regiment, who was severely
+wounded at the battle of Waterloo, was carried off the field by his
+wife, then far advanced in pregnancy; she also was wounded by a shell,
+and with her husband, remained a considerable time in one of the
+hospitals at Antwerp, in a hopeless state. The man lost both his arms,
+his wife was extremely lame, and here gave birth to a daughter, to
+whom it is said the late Duke of York stood sponsor; her names being
+Frederica M'Mullen Waterloo. A.H.K.--T.
+
+_The Royal Academy_.--The receipts for admission to the Exhibition of
+this year were L300. short of what they were last year. The sale of
+pictures at the Gallery of the Society of British Artists has been
+greater than in any preceding season.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic;
+G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen
+and Booksellers.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT,
+AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 20, ISSUE 563, AUGUST 25, 1832***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 11862.txt or 11862.zip *******
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