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diff --git a/11862-h/11862-h.htm b/11862-h/11862-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d331314 --- /dev/null +++ b/11862-h/11862-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2254 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?> + +<!DOCTYPE html + PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd" > + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and + Instruction, Vol. 20, Issue 563, August 25, 1832, by Various + </title> + <style type="text/css" xml:space="preserve"> + /*//<![CDATA[*/ + + <!-- + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + p {text-align: justify;} + blockquote {text-align: justify;} + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center;} + pre {font-size: 0.7em;} + + hr {text-align: center; width: 50%;} + html>body hr {margin-right: 25%; margin-left: 25%; width: 50%;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + html>body hr.full {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;} + hr.short {text-align: center; width: 20%;} + html>body hr.short {margin-right: 40%; margin-left: 40%; width: 20%;} + + .note, .footnote + {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + + span.pagenum + {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt;} + + .poem + {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem p {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem p.i2 {margin-left: 1em;} + .poem p.i4 {margin-left: 2em;} + .poem p.i6 {margin-left: 3em;} + .poem p.i8 {margin-left: 4em;} + .poem p.i10 {margin-left: 5em;} + + .figure + {padding: 1em; margin: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em; margin: auto;} + .figure img + {border: none;} + .figure p + + .side { float:right; + font-size: 75%; + width: 25%; + padding-left:10px; + border-left: dashed thin; + margin-left: 10px; + text-align: left; + text-indent: 0; + font-weight: bold; + font-style: italic;} + a:link {color:blue; + text-decoration:none} + link {color:blue; + text-decoration:none} + a:visited {color:blue; + text-decoration:none} + a:hover {color:red} + pre {font-size: 9pt;} + --> + /*//]]>*/ + </style> + </head> + <body> + <h1> + The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and + Instruction, Vol. 20, Issue 563, August 25, 1832, by Various + </h1> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre> + <p> + Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 20, + Issue 563, August 25, 1832 + </p> + <p> + Author: Various + </p> + <p> + Release Date: March 31, 2004 [eBook #11862] + </p> + <p> + Language: English + </p> + <p> + Character set encoding: iso-8859-1 + </p> + <p> + ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, + AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 20, ISSUE 563, AUGUST 25, 1832*** + </p> + <p> + <br /> <br /> <b>E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Bill Walker,<br /> and + Project Gutenberg Distributed Proofreaders</b> <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr class="full" /> + <h1> + THE MIRROR<br /> OF<br /> LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION. + </h1> + <hr class="full" /> + <table width="100%" summary="Volume, Number, and Date"> + <tr> + <td align="left"> + <b>Vol. 20. No. 563.]</b> + </td> + <td align="center"> + <b>SATURDAY, AUGUST 25, 1832</b> + </td> + <td align="right"> + <b>[PRICE 2d.</b> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + <hr class="full" /> + <p> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page113" id="page113"></a>[pg 113]</span> + </p> + <h3> + ANTIQUITIES OF THE PEAK. + </h3> + <h3> + Crosses + </h3> + <div class="figcenter" style="width:50%;"> + <a href="images/563-1.png"><img width="100%" src="images/563-1.png" alt="" /></a> + <h3> + (At Eyam.) + </h3> + </div> + <div class="figcenter" style="width:50%;"> + <a href="images/563-2.png"><img width="100%" src="images/563-2.png" alt="" /></a> + <h3> + (At Wheston.) + </h3> + </div> + <div class="figcenter" style="width:100%;"> + <a href="images/563-3.png"><img width="100%" src="images/563-3.png" alt="" /></a> + <h3> + (Beauchief Abbey.) + </h3> + </div> + <p> + Mr. Rhodes, the elegant topographer of <i>the Peak</i>, observes, "there + are but few individuals in this country, possessing the means and the + opportunities of travel, who have not, either from curiosity or some other + motive, visited the Peak of Derbyshire." This remark is correct; and to it + we may add, that the "few" who have not personally visited the Peak, have + become familiar with its wonders through the pencils of artists, or the + graphic pens of accomplished tourists. Yet their attractions are not of + that general character which delights an untravelled eye: they belong + rather to the wonderful than what is, in common parlance, the beautiful. + Mr. Rhodes says, "Travellers accustomed to well-wooded and + highly-cultivated scenes only, have frequently expressed a feeling + bordering on disgust, at the bleak and barren appearance of the mountains + in the Peak of Derbyshire; but to the man whose taste is unsophisticated + by a fondness for artificial adornments, they possess superior interest, + and impart more pleasing sensations. Remotely seen, they are often + beautiful; many of their forms, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page114" + id="page114"></a>[pg 114]</span> even when near, are decidedly good; and + in distance, the features of rudeness, by which they are occasionally + marked, are softened down into general and sometimes harmonious masses. + The graceful and long-continued outline which they present, the breadth of + light and shadow that spreads over their extended surfaces, and the + delightful colouring with which they are often invested, never fail to + attract the attention of the picturesque traveller." + </p> + <p> + Our present road, however, lies through the dales rather than the + mountainous portion of this district. To enjoy the picturesque variety of + the former we must leave the cloud-capped peaks, and ramble with the + reader through "cultivated meadows, luxuriant foliage, steep heathy hills, + and craggy rocks, while the eye is enchanted with brilliant streams." Such + indeed is the character of the dales, especially those through which the + Derwent, the Dove, and the Wye meander. Hitherto we have but adverted to + the natural beauties of the country; although they are checkered with many + mouldering relics of "hoar antiquity"—many crumbling memorials of + ages long past, reminding us of the nothingness of man's labours, yet + harmonizing most happily with the feelings inspired by the natural + sublimities of the scene. By such associations, the decaying glories of + art lend even a charm to ever flourishing nature! + </p> + <p> + The Cuts are but three vignettes from the architectural lore of the + district. They stand in sheltered valleys, though, as their ruinous + condition implies, their situation has not saved them from the destroying + hand of time. Indeed, one of them, Beauchief Abbey, gives name to its + locality, Abbey Dale, not far from the partition line that separates + Derbyshire from Yorkshire. In this road, the ruin in the Cut is the first + object that claims the attention of the tourist in his progress to the + Peak; being part of a once magnificent abbey, founded by Robert + Fitz-Ranulph, Lord of Alfreton; as an expiation for the part he is said to + have taken in the murder of Thomas à Becket. The late Dr. Pegg, the + antiquary, discountenances this tradition. His arguments, however, which + are chiefly founded on the circumstance of the brother of Robert + Fitz-Ranulph, being afterwards in great favour with Henry the Second, do + not appear conclusive, particularly when opposed to the authority of + Dugdale, Fuller, Bishop Tanner, and others who have written on the + subject.<a id="footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a> + </p> + <p> + The walls of Beauchief Abbey, with the exception of the west end, + represented in the Cut, have long since either been removed, or have + mouldered into dust. Parochial service is still performed in the remains; + but the whole of the original form of the once extensive pile of building + cannot now be traced. + </p> + <p> + The exterior architecture of the chapel is almost destitute of ornament; + if we except the reeded windows, and the double buttresses at the angles + of the tower, which is stated to be short of its original height. On the + east side, two angular lines mark the connexion which the chapel had with + the other buildings, and a part of the ground plan may be traced by an + adjoining wall, in which are the remains of two circular arches, + comparatively little impaired. Mr. Rhodes observes "a wreath of ivy which + falls from the top of the tower, and nearly invests one side of it, breaks + the dull monotony of its outline, and produces a tolerably good effect: in + other respects it is not strikingly attractive as a picturesque object. + The Abbey of <i>Bello-Capite</i> will ever be dear to the antiquary who + will visit it with veneration and delight; nor will the artist pass it by + unnoticed. The magnificent woods, and the beautiful hills that environ the + Abbey of Beauchief, amply compensate for any deficiency of grandeur in the + subordinate adornments of so rich a scene." + </p> + <p> + Beauchief Abbey, though once a considerable structure, was never + proportionally wealthy. At the time of its dissolution, (Henry VIII.) the + whole of its revenues were estimated but at 157<i>l</i>; and with the + materials furnished by its demolition was built Beauchief House upon the + same estate, granted by Henry VIII. to Sir William Shelly. The mansion is + still tenanted. + </p> + <p> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page115" id="page115"></a>[pg 115]</span> + </p> + <h3> + CROSSES. + </h3> + <p> + These emblematic relics stand in two of the villages in the Peak district: + viz. Eyam and Wheston. They are places of little importance; though a + touching interest is attached to Eyam, from it having been visited by the + Great Plague of the year 1666; its population, at this time, was about + 330; of whom 259 fell by the plague.<a id="footnotetag2" + name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> The history + of this calamitous visitation forms the subject of a meritorious poem by + W. and M. Howitt, entitled <i>the Desolation of Eyam</i>, in which the + piety of Mr. Mompesson, (who then held the living of Eyam,) his pastoral + consolations to his mourning people, and the amiable character of his + beautiful wife, who fell a victim to the plague,—are narrated with + true pathos. Yet, this afflicting episode in village history— + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + So sad, so tender and so true. + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + having been but recently related by our ingenious contemporary, Mr. Hone,<a + id="footnotetag3" name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a> + we quote but two of the opening stanzas by the Messrs. Howitt: + </p> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + Among the verdant mountains of the Peak + </p> + <p class="i2"> + There lies a quiet hamlet, where the slope + </p> + <p> + Of pleasant uplands wards the north-wind's bleak; + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Below wild dells romantic pathways ope; + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Around, above it, spreads a shadowy cope + </p> + <p> + Of forest trees: flower, foliage, and clear rill + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Wave from the cliffs, or down ravines elope; + </p> + <p> + It seems a place charmed from the power of ill + </p> + <p> + By sainted words of old: so lovely, lone, and still. + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + And many are the pilgrim's feet which tread + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Its rocky steps, which thither yearly go; + </p> + <p> + Yet, less by love of Nature's wonders led, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Than by the memory of a mighty woe, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Which smote, like blasting thunder, long ago, + </p> + <p> + The peopled hills. There stands a sacred tomb, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Where tears have rained, nor yet shall cease to flow; + </p> + <p> + Recording days of death's sublimest gloom; + </p> + <p> + Mompesson's power and pain,—his beauteous Catherine's doom. + </p> + </div> + </div> + <p> + The cross at Eyam stands near the entrance into the chancel of the church. + According to village tradition, this rare relic was found on some of the + neighbouring hills. It is curiously ornamented with symbolic devices in + bold relief. "It has suffered dilapidation from the culpable neglect of + those who should have felt an interest in its preservation. About two feet + of the top of the shaft is wanting, as may be seen by reference to the + engraved sketch, (<i>See the Cut</i>,) which was taken in the year 1815." + The sexton of the church, who was then an old man, told Mr. Rhodes in + 1818, that he well recollected the missing part being thrown carelessly + about the churchyard, as if of no value, until it was broken up by some of + the inhabitants, and knocked to pieces for domestic purposes. The + preservation of the Cross, to the extent we have shown, is referable to + the philanthropic Howard, who, in a visit to Eyam, about the year 1788, or + 44 years since, particularly noticed the finest part of the relic lying in + a corner of the churchyard, and nearly overgrown with docks and thistles. + "The value this hitherto unregarded relic had in the estimation of + Howard," says Mr. Rhodes, "made it dearer to the people of Eyam: they + brought the top part of the cross from its hiding-place, and set it on the + still dilapidated shaft, where it has ever since remained." Other crosses, + similar in appearance and workmanship, have been found on the hills of + Derbyshire, particularly one in the village of Bakewell, which we have + already figured in <i>The Mirror</i>.<a id="footnotetag4" + name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a> It evidently + originated with the same people as that at Eyam, though it is much more + mutilated. These crosses have been generally regarded as Saxon or Danish, + though the probability is in favour of the Saxon origin, from the high + veneration of the Saxons for the sacred symbol of the cross. Thus, stone + crosses were not only parts of the decorations of every church and altar, + but set up as land-marks on the high roads as aids to devotion, and in + market-places as incentives to integrity and fair-dealing. + </p> + <p> + Near the cross at Eyam, and in the distance of the Cut, is the tomb of + Mrs. Mompesson, on one end of which is an hour-glass with two expanded + wings; and underneath on an oblong tablet is inscribed CAVETE; (beware,) + and nearer the base, the words <i>Nescitis Horam</i> (ye know not the + hour). On the other end of the tomb is a death's head resting on a plain, + projecting tablet; and below the words <i>Mihi lucrum</i> (mine is the + gain). + </p> + <p> + The second hallowed relic is at Wheston a small and pleasant village, + which is situated on an eminence that forms one side of Monksdale, and + which at this place is known by the name of Peter-dale. A short distance + from hence is Tideswell, about four miles from Eyam.<a id="footnotetag5" + name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a> "Wheston," + observes Mr. Rhodes, "though consisting of a few houses only, is a + picturesque little place: the trees which are mingled with the cottages, + are so abundant, and everywhere so finely foliaged, that the place + altogether, particularly when seen at a short distance, appears more like + a copse or wood than a village." The position of the Wheston cross favours + the conclusion already made as to the purposes for which this kind of + emblem was originally set up in England. It stands in the village, <i>near + the road-side</i>. The upper part of the cross resembles in some of its + ornaments the mullion-work of a Gothic <span class="pagenum"><a + name="page116" id="page116"></a>[pg 116]</span> window: the shaft is + unadorned, and more modern. One side represents the infant Saviour in the + arms of his mother: over their heads is a faint indication of a star, + emblematic of the ray that directed the wise men of the East to the + birthplace of Jesus. The reverse of the cross exhibits the crucifixion of + Christ, whose birth and death it has apparently been the design of the + sculptor to commemorate in the erection of this symbol of his faith. + Similar structures are by no means uncommon by the road-sides throughout + France, and to this day the peasantry may be seen bending before them; + while the drivers of carriages on the most frequented roads are not + unmindful of an act of passing homage to the time-worn emblem. + </p> + <p> + Several crosses have been found in this part of Derbyshire, but only a few + have escaped the dilapidations of age; the others have been, we had almost + said sacrilegiously, destroyed as objects of no value. Mr. Rhodes tells us + that "in one place the shaft of a cross, originally of no mean + workmanship, has been converted into a gate-post; at another, one has been + scooped and hollowed out, and made into a blacksmith's trough. I have seen + one, which is richly sculptured on the three remaining sides, with figures + and a variety of ornaments, all well executed, that was long applied to + this humble purpose." The Cut shows that a portion of the cross at Wheston + has been broken off; Mr. Rhodes saw the fragment as a common piece of + stone, built and cemented into an adjoining wall; and he judiciously adds, + "where so little interest has been felt in the preservation of these + relics, it is only surprising that so many of them yet remain in different + parts of the kingdom." Among all acts of wanton license, the destruction + of a cross is to us the most unaccountable. We can readily refer the + defacement of imperial insignia and the spoliation of royal houses to + political turbulence engendered by acts of tyrannical misrule; but the + mutilation of <i>the cross</i>—the <i>universal</i> Christian emblem—remains + to be explained, unless we attribute it to the brutal ignorance of the + spoilers. Its religious universality ought consistently to protect it from + intolerance. + </p> + <p> + We must not bring this paper to a close without explaining that the + preceding Engravings have been copied from the first of Mr. Rhodes's + excursions of seventeen miles, viz. from Sheffield to Tideswell. The Abbey + and the two Crosses therefore occur in that district. The original plates + are effectively engraved by W. and W.B. Cook, from drawings by Mr. + Chantrey, R.A., who presented to Mr. Rhodes a series of drawings for his + work, "as a token of his friendship, and a mark of his attachment to his + native country." + </p> + <hr class="full" /> + <h2> + SELECT BIOGRAPHY + </h2> + <h3> + M. CASIMIR PERIER. + </h3> + <h4> + (<i>Partly from the French.</i>) + </h4> + <p> + The late French premier, was the son of a rich merchant at Grenoble, where + he was born October 12, 1777. At an early age he entered the army: he + served in the Italian campaigns of 1799 and 1800, in the staff of the + Military Engineers. On the death of his father, however, he quitted the + service and devoted himself wholly to commercial pursuits. In 1802, he + opened a bank at Paris, and subsequently, establishments for + cotton-spinning and sugar-refining, and a steam flour mill, all of which + were eminently successful, and contributed to the formation of his immense + fortune. He first became known to the public in 1816, by a pamphlet + against the foreign loan system, which was equally remarkable for its + clearness of argument and profound knowledge of finance. In 1817, he was + elected one of the Deputies for the Department of the Seine, and from that + time until the revolution of 1830, he continued the firm opponent of every + ministerial encroachment on the rights and privileges of the people. He + particularly distinguished himself by his hostility to the Villele + administration; himself supporting almost singly the whole burden of the + opposition to the famous budget of Villele, which he disputed, item by + item, with talent and perseverance worthy of entering the lists with the + distinguished financier to whom he was opposed. When M. de Polignac became + President of the Council, the opposition of M. Perier assumed a more + violent character, and he was pre-eminent among the 221 deputies who voted + the address which led to the fatal ordonnances of July. When the + revolution broke out, he at once avowed himself the advocate of the + popular cause, and opened his house as the place of meeting of the + deputies, who assembled to protest against the illegality of the + proceedings of the Crown. Firmly, however, attached to the principles of + constitutional opposition, and shrinking, therefore, from the probable + effects of a revolution, he was one of the last to abandon the hope that + his infatuated sovereign would open his eyes to the gulf on the brink of + which he was standing, and by a timely revocation of the ordonnances, + prevent the necessity of the extreme measure of an appeal to arms, and a + consequent change of dynasty. When these became inevitable, M. Perier + attached himself firmly to the work of consolidating the new throne of + Louis Philippe, and reassembling those elements of order and stability + which the convulsion of July had scattered, but not annihilated. On the + dissolution of the ministry of M. Lafitte, M. Casimir Perier was called to + the head of the government, and immediately <span class="pagenum"><a + name="page117" id="page117"></a>[pg 117]</span> entered into the system of + conservative policy, which he continued until the close of his career. The + last time he took any important part in the debates of the Chamber of + Deputies was on the 20th of March, when he made an ingenious defence of + the conduct of government with respect to the events of Grenoble. His last + appearance in the Chamber was on the 29th of March, when he merely brought + in several private bills. On the 3rd of April he was attacked by the + cholera, and, although the indefatigable care bestowed on him by his + medical attendants had more than once apparently eradicated the disease, + his frame, enfeebled by a long standing internal complaint, as well as by + his intense and incessant application, was unable to resist the violence + of the disease, and, after several relapses, he at length sunk under his + sufferings, on the morning of the 16th of May, 1832. + </p> + <p> + As an orator M. Perier was energetic and impassioned: the natural warmth + of his temper, added to the irritability produced by illness, frequently + imparted a <i>brusque</i> acerbity to his style, which injured both the + oratorical and moral effect of his eloquence; but his reasoning was + forcible, and his manner commanding and effective. "It is not our + province," says the editor of the Journal, whence these particulars have + been chiefly obtained, "to examine the merits or demerits of his political + system: recorders of, not actors in, the great political struggle in which + France is engaged, we have too often had occasion to quote the + enthusiastic eulogiums and unmeasured invectives heaped upon him by + different parties, to render it necessary to repeat here, that he + possessed the strongest proofs against the reproach of mediocrity ever + being applicable to him." + </p> + <p> + W.G.C. + </p> + <hr class="full" /> + <h2> + New Books. + </h2> + <hr class="short" /> + <h3> + CHARACTERISTICS OF WOMEN. + </h3> + <blockquote> + <p> + [The elegantly embellished volumes by Mrs. Jamieson, with the above + attractive title, present the prettiest code of ladye-philosophy we have + ever witnessed on paper. They aim at illustrating the characters of + Intellect, Passion, and Imagination, the Affections, and what are purely + Historical Characters, in the females of Shakspeare's Plays. Such is the + design: of its beautiful execution we can give the reader but a faint + idea by extracting from Passion and Imagination, part of the <i>Character + of Juliet</i>:—] + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + It is not without emotion, that I attempt to touch on the character of + Juliet. Such beautiful things have already been said of her—only to + be exceeded in beauty by the subject that inspired them!—it is + impossible to say any thing better; but it is possible to say something + more. Such in fact is the simplicity, the truth, and the loveliness of + Juliet's character, that we are not at first aware of its complexity, its + depth, and its variety. There is in it an intensity of passion, a + singleness of purpose, an entireness, a completeness of effect, which we + feel as a whole; and to attempt to analyze the impression thus conveyed at + once to soul and sense, is as if while hanging-over a half-blown rose, and + revelling in its intoxicating perfume, we should pull it asunder, leaflet + by leaflet, the better to display its bloom and fragrance. Yet how + otherwise should we disclose the wonders of its formation, or do justice + to the skill of the divine hand that hath thus fashioned it in its beauty? + </p> + <p> + All Shakspeare's women, being essentially women, either love, or have + loved, or are capable of loving; but Juliet is love itself. The passion is + her state of being, and out of it she has no existence. It is the soul + within her soul; the pulse within her heart; the life-blood along her + veins, "blending with every atom of her frame." The love that is so chaste + and dignified in Portia—so airy-delicate, and fearless in Miranda—so + sweetly confiding in Perdita—so playfully fond in Rosalind—so + constant in Imogem—so devoted in Desdemona—so fervent in Helen—so + tender in Viola,—is each and all of these in Juliet. All these + remind us of her; but she reminds us of nothing but her own sweet self: or + if she does, it is of the Grismunda, or the Lisetta, or the Fiamminetta of + Boccaccio, to whom she is allied, not in the character or circumstances, + but in the truly Italian spirit, the glowing, national complexion of the + portrait.<a id="footnotetag6" name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a> + </p> + <p> + There was an Italian painter who said that the secret of all effect in + colour consisted in white upon black, and black upon white. How perfectly + did Shakspeare understand this secret of effect! and how beautifully he + has exemplified it in Juliet! + </p> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + So shews a snowy dove trooping with crows, + </p> + <p> + As yonder lady o'er her follows shews! + </p> + </div> + </div> + <p> + Thus she and her lover are in contrast with all around them. They are all + love, surrounded with all hate; all harmony, surrounded with all discord; + all pure nature, in the midst of polished and artificial life. Juliet, + like Portia, is the foster-child of opulence and splendour: she dwells in + a fair <span class="pagenum"><a name="page118" id="page118"></a>[pg 118]</span> + city—she has been nurtured in a palace—she clasps her robe + with jewels—she braids her hair with rainbow-tinted pearls; but in + herself she has no more connexion with the trappings around her, than the + lovely exotic transplanted from some Eden-like climate, has with the + carved and gilded conservatory which has reared and sheltered its + luxuriant beauty. + </p> + <p> + But in this vivid impression of contrast, there is nothing abrupt or + harsh. A tissue of beautiful poetry weaves together the principal figures + and the subordinate personages. The consistent truth of the costume, and + the exquisite gradations of relief with which the most opposite hues are + approximated, blend all into harmony. Romeo and Juliet are not poetical + beings placed on a prosaic background; nor are they, like Thekla and Max + in the Wallenstein, two angels of light amid the darkest and harshest, the + most debased and revolting aspects of humanity; but every circumstance, + and every personage, and every shade of character in each, tends to the + developement of the sentiment which is the subject of the drama. The + poetry, too, the richest that can possibly be conceived, is interfused + through all the characters; the splendid imagery lavished upon all with + the careless prodigality of genius, and all is lighted up into such a + sunny brilliance of effect, as though Shakspeare had really transported + himself into Italy, and had drunk to intoxication of her genial + atmosphere. How truly it has been said, that "although Romeo and Juliet + are in love, they are not love-sick!" What a false idea would any thing of + the mere whining amoroso, give us of Romeo, such as he is really in + Shakspeare—the noble, gallant, ardent, brave, and witty! And Juliet—with + even less truth could the phrase or idea apply to her! The picture in + "Twelfth Night" of the wan girl dying of love, "who pined in thought, and + with a green and yellow melancholy," would never surely occur to us, when + thinking on the enamoured and impassioned Juliet, in whose bosom love + keeps a fiery vigil, kindling tenderness into enthusiasm, enthusiasm into + passion, passion into heroism! No, the whole sentiment of the play is of a + far different cast. It is flushed with the genial spirit of the south; it + tastes of youth, and of the essence of youth; of life, and of the very sap + of life. We have indeed the struggle of love against evil destinies and a + thorny world; the pain, the grief, the anguish, the terror, the despair:—the + aching adieu; the pang unutterable of parted affection; and rapture, + truth, and tenderness trampled into an early grave: but still an Elysian + grace lingers round the whole, and the blue sky of Italy bends over all! + </p> + <p> + Lord Byron's Haidée is a copy of Juliet in the Oriental costume, + but the development is epic, not dramatic. + </p> + <p> + I remember no dramatic character, conveying the same impression of + singleness of purpose, and devotion of heart and soul, except the Thekla + of Schiller's Wallenstein: she is the German Juliet; far unequal, indeed, + but conceived, nevertheless, in a kindred spirit. I know not if critics + have ever compared them, or whether Schiller is supposed to have had the + English, or rather the Italian, Juliet in his fancy when he portrayed + Thekla; but there are some striking points of coincidence, while the + national distinction in the character of the passion leaves to Thekla a + strong cast of originality. + </p> + <p> + With regard to the termination of the play, which has been a subject of + much critical argument, it is well-known that Shakspeare, following the + old English versions, has departed from the original story of Da Porta;<a + id="footnotetag7" name="footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a> + and I am inclined to believe that Da Porta, in making Juliet waken from + her trance while Romeo yet lives, and in his terrible final scene between + the lovers, has departed from the old tradition, and as a romance, has + certainly improved it: but that which is effective in a narrative is not + always calculated for the drama; and I cannot but agree with Schlegel, + that Shakspeare has done well and wisely in adhering to the old story.<a + id="footnotetag8" name="footnotetag8"></a><a href="#footnote8"><sup>8</sup></a> + Can we doubt for a moment that Shakspeare, who has given us the + catastrophe of Othello, and the tempest scene in Lear, might also have + adopted these additional circumstances of horror in the fate of the + lovers, and have so treated them as to harrow up our very souls—had + it been his object to do so? But apparently it was <i>not</i>. The tale is + one, + </p> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + Such, as once heard, in gentle heart destroys + </p> + <p> + All pain but pity. + </p> + </div> + </div> + <p> + It is in truth a tale of love and sorrow, not <span class="pagenum"><a + name="page119" id="page119"></a>[pg 119]</span> of anguish and terror. We + behold the catastrophe afar off with scarcely a wish to avert it. Romeo + and Juliet <i>must</i> die: their destiny is fulfilled: they have quaffed + off the cup of life, with all its infinite of joys and agonies, in one + intoxicating draught. What have they to do more upon this earth? Young, + innocent, loving, and beloved, they descend together into the tomb: but + Shakspeare has made that tomb a shrine of martyred and sainted affection + consecrated for the worship of all hearts,—not a dark charnel vault, + haunted by spectres of pain, rage, and desperation. + </p> + <p> + The poem, which opened with the enmity of the two families, closes with + their reconciliation over the breathless remains of their children; and no + violent, frightful, or discordant feeling, is suffered to mingle with that + soft impression of melancholy left within the heart, and which Schlegel + compares to one long, endless sigh. + </p> + <p> + "A youthful passion," says Goëthe, (alluding to one of his own early + attachments), "which is conceived and cherished without any certain + object, may be compared to a shell thrown from a mortar by night: it rises + calmly in a brilliant track, and seems to mix, and even to dwell for a + moment, with the stars of heaven; but at length it falls—it bursts—consuming + and destroying all around even as itself expires." + </p> + <hr class="short" /> + <h3> + PALACE OF CHARLEMAGNE, AT AIX-LA-CHAPELLE. + </h3> + <p> + At Aix-la-Chapelle, situated nearly in the centre of his vast dominions, + and in a salubrious climate, Charlemagne had fixed upon a spot for + building a palace, in the neighbourhood of some natural warm baths,—a + Roman luxury, in which the Frankish monarch particularly delighted. All + that the great conception of Charlemagne could devise, and the art of the + age could execute, was done, to render this structure, and the church + attached to it, worthy of their magnificent founder. But no account can be + given;<a id="footnotetag9" name="footnotetag9"></a><a href="#footnote9"><sup>9</sup></a> + for nothing has come down to the present age which can justify any thing + like detailed description. Nevertheless, a number of circumstances in + regard to this building are occasionally mentioned in the historians of + the time, that convey an idea of vastness and splendour, which probably + might have been lost had minute examination been possible. Immense halls<a + id="footnotetag10" name="footnotetag10"></a><a href="#footnote10"><sup>10</sup></a>—magnificent + galleries—a college—a library—baths, where a hundred + persons could swim at large—a theatre and a cathedral—a + profuse display of the finest marble—gates and doors of wrought + brass—columns from Rome, and pavements from Ravenna,—such, we + know, to have been some of the many things which that great palace + displayed. + </p> + <p> + Workmen were gathered together from every part of Europe; and, though but + small reliance can be placed upon the anecdotes related by the Monk of St. + Gall, it is evident, from every account, that the building must have been + the most magnificent architectural effort which Europe had beheld since + the days of the splendour of ancient Rome. + </p> + <p> + Besides the palace itself, we find, that an immense number of buildings + were constructed around it, for the accommodation of every one in any way + connected with the court, and adjoining, were particular halls, open at + all times, and in which all classes and conditions might find a refuge + from the cold of night, or from the wintry storm.<a id="footnotetag11" + name="footnotetag11"></a><a href="#footnote11"><sup>11</sup></a> + </p> + <p> + Within the walls, was that famous domestic college, on the maintenance, + extension, and direction of which Charlemagne, amidst all the multiplicity + of his occupations, found means to bestow so much of his time and + attention. But every trace of his actions tends to prove, that his first + and greatest, object—to which even conquest was secondary, if not + subservient—was to civilize his dominions, and to raise mankind in + general from that state of dark ignorance into which barbarian invasion + had cast the world. + </p> + <p> + During the first ten or fifteen years after its establishment, the college + of the palace had probably followed the court during its frequent + migrations, notwithstanding the number of members, and the difficulty of + transporting the library, which soon became considerable. Many + circumstances, however, seem to show, that after the construction of the + great palace at Aix-la-Chapelle, it became fixed in that place. The + library, we know, was there concentrated; and several of the books thus + collected, such as the Codex Carolinus, &c. have come down through a + long line of emperors to the present day. Indeed, a great part of the most + valuable literature of former ages, was preserved alone by the efforts of + the French monarch for the revival of science; and the link of connexion + between ancient and modern civilization, owes its existence, as much to + the endeavours of Charlemagne, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page120" + id="page120"></a>[pg 120]</span> as even to the papal preservation of + antique Rome. + </p> + <hr class="short" /> + <h3> + WRITING IN FRANCE. + </h3> + <p> + In the reign of Charlemagne, in the year 796, the mode of writing + underwent a change. The rude characters employed under the Merovingian + race were disused, and the small Roman letters were introduced. As the + spirit of improvement proceeded, new alterations were sought; and some + years afterwards, to write in the large Roman capitals, became the mode of + the day, the initial letter of each paragraph being always highly + ornamented, and sometimes painted, many specimens of which have come down + to the present time. Though at an advanced<a id="footnotetag12" + name="footnotetag12"></a><a href="#footnote12"><sup>12</sup></a> period of + life when this method of writing first began to prevail, Charlemagne + endeavoured to learn it, and even caused models of the letters to be laid + by his pillow, that during the waking moments of the night, he might + practise the art which he sought to acquire. + </p> + <p> + Nor did the monarch remain satisfied with leading the way himself on the + path of knowledge which he desired the whole nation to follow; nor content + himself with bestowing on his children a careful and judicious education, + both mental and corporeal; but by constantly proposing in writing + questions for solution, addressed to the various prelates and teachers of + his realm, he forced them to exercise their talents and cultivate their + minds, under the severe penalty of shame and ridicule. On the other hand, + literary merit was never without its reward, for though, as far as we can + discover, Charlemagne, wise in his generosity, seldom if ever gave more + than one profitable charge at once to one man, yet those who distinguished + themselves by talent and exertion, were sure to meet with honour, + distinction, and competence.—<i>James</i>. + </p> + <hr class="full" /> + <h2> + Retrospective Gleanings. + </h2> + <hr class="short" /> + <h3> + THE MONEY OF BETRAYAL, OR "PRICE OF BLOOD." + </h3> + <div class="figcenter" style="width:100%;"> + <a href="images/563-4.png"><img width="100%" src="images/563-4.png" alt="" /></a> + </div> + <p> + The following very curious notice respecting the money (coin and value) + for which Judas Iscariot betrayed our Redeemer, (and afterwards, with it, + purchased "the Potter's Field, to bury strangers in,") is extracted from + <i>The Sovereign Order of Saint John of Jerusalem</i>, by ANDREW FAVINE, + 1620, and will no doubt prove acceptable to the reader:— + </p> + <p> + "In this citty of Rhodes they did beate and stamp money of silver, in + bignesse somewhat neare to an half teston of France, but yet much thicker, + and the figures thereon more embossed than ours are. These pieces of + silver are like to the halfe sickle of the Jews, or the diobrachma of the + Romaines, but they be more worth. There is a tradition, that the thirtie + pence, for which the Saviour of the world was sold and delivered to the + Jews, by the traitor, Judas, were of this kinde. And in very deede, in the + Church of the Holy Crosse of Jerusalem, at Rome, is to be seene one of + those thirtie pence, which is wholly like to that in the Church of the + Temple, in the citty of Paris. It is enchased in a shrine, and is to be + seene but thorow a christall glasse, and on the side which may be noated, + appeareth nothing but a head. + </p> + <p> + "The learned Gulielmus Budeus, the honour <span class="pagenum"><a + name="page121" id="page121"></a>[pg 121]</span> of our Citty of Paris, and + of all France, in the remarkable tract which he wrote, <i>De Asse</i>, + affirmeth that he had scene the pennie of silver, in the Temple at Paris, + and that on it was represented a head, as in truth there is. But, + concerning the other side, neither the learned Cardinall Baronius, nor + Budeus, doe speake anything else; then of the weight of those silver + pence, which the Evangelists tearme Argenteos. One of those silver pence + of Rhodes I have, and both the sides thereof, in this manner I shew to you + (<i>vide Engraving</i>). + </p> + <p> + "I have confronted and compared it with the sight of that pennie at Rome, + and the other in the Temple at Paris, and they are all three alike, both + in the visage and in the circumference. Mine is in weight two groates, a + halfe pennie less of silver, which commeth to twelve sols and one liard. + On the other (<i>one?</i>) side, it hath the visage of the sunne, like to + the fashion of a young man's face, without a beard, with long locks of + hayre, as here it is figured, and as poets have feigned. On the other side + is a blowne rose, higher and greater than ours are;<a id="footnotetag13" + name="footnotetag13"></a><a href="#footnote13"><sup>13</sup></a> which + commeth somewhat neare in resemblance to the rose which we tearme of + Jericho, and which are brought from the Holy Land. Upon this pennie the + rose hath, on eache side, a button, (bud) the one whereof beginneth to + blome, but not the other. Above the rose, on the ring of the piece, is + formed in capitall Greeke letters, [Greek: RODION], (Rhodian,) which + signifieth, and would say (if it could) <i>a rose</i>. At the foote + whereof is this sillable, EY. (Favine then mentions the arms of Rhodes, + which, as well as we are able to translate the old French, left + untranslated, appears to be Field <i>d'Argent</i>, a rose <i>proper</i>, + with buds; <i>gules</i>, stalk, <i>de synople</i>.) So," he continues, + "that thirtie pence of this money amounteth not but altogether to the + summe of eighteen poundes seaven shillings and sixe-pence of our money, + and seemeth a very small summe for buying a piece of ground, or land, + which the Evangelists call Ackeldemach, (Alcedaema), 'The Potter's Field,' + so neere to Jerusalem peopled with more than a million of men, solde for + an offence, and with condition that it should never be redeemed, in regard + it was destined for the Burial-place of Pilgrims, which came to Jerusalem + at the solemn Feasts there held; and every one well knoweth, that (amongst + the Jews) inheritances were sold, more or less, according as the + conditions were made, either neere, or further off, from the yeare of + jubilee, which they feasted from fifty yeares, to fifty yeares; a feast, + so solemnly observed among them, that the sellers did then re-enter into + their sold inheritances, which they possessed again freely, and without + any charge, or paying any arrerages, according as it was ordained by their + law, in the five-and-twentieth chapter of Leviticus. But it may be, this + Potter's Field was (in parte) bought with those thirtie pence, and the + other parte might be the almes and giftes of the proprietaries or owners, + both in the Temple of Jerusalem and publickly, for so good a subject as + the buriall of pilgrims, and poore strangers. For ever, and beside the + offerings and Tribute-money, which the Jews offered and paid to the + treasurers in the Temple, for maintaining the Tribe of Levi, (the + deserving ministers thereof) who, at the distribution and division of the + Land of Promise to the Jewish people, had not any lot or partage (but were + assigned to the Jews devotion,) inheritances might be legacied to them, + which falling into mortmaine, could not be redeemed by any custome of + kindred, whatsoever jubilee might be alledged, or selling, or alienating, + as it is written in the seaven-and-twentieth of Leviticus. And such an + inheritance was called <i>Ager Anathematis</i>—a field wholly + dedicated and consecrated to God; and which from thenceforward, might fall + no more into any secular, or prophane hand." + </p> + <p> + After this erudite disquisition, which endeavours to account for the <i>smallness</i> + of the sum for which our blessed Lord was betrayed, and for which Alcedama + was purchased, how would honest Andrew Favine stare, could he learn that + modern commentators have, <i>without comment</i>, assigned something less + than <i>one-fifth</i> of 18<i>l</i>. 7<i>s</i>. 6<i>d</i>. as the "price + of innocent blood." We transcribe in proof, the annotation on Mat. 26 c. + 15 v. from D'Oyly and Mant's Bible:—"'<i>Thirty pieces of silver</i>.' + Thirty shekels, about 3<i>l</i>. 10<i>s</i>. 8<i>d</i>. of our money. It + appears from Exod. 21 c. 32 v., that this was the price to be paid for a + slave or servant, when killed by a beast. So vilely was HE esteemed, who + shed his precious blood for man; and so true it is, that <i>Christ</i> + took upon him the form of a servant." Now, the Jewish <i>shekel</i> being + valued at 2<i>s</i>. 4-1/4<i>d</i>. and the coin of the <i>next</i> + superior denomination, (the <i>maneh</i>) being set down in our Bible + money-tables, at 7<i>l</i>. 1<i>s</i>. 5<i>d</i>. it is clear that <i>several</i> + of <i>intermediate value</i> must have existed, for exchange, which might + reconcile this difference. M.L.B. + </p> + <hr class="full" /> + <h2> + The Public Journals. + </h2> + <hr class="short" /> + <h3> + PORTDOWN FAIR. + </h3> + <blockquote> + <p> + [A series of characteristic sketches of Life in the Navy, has appeared + in the successive numbers of the <i>Metropolitan</i>, from the pen of + Captain Marryatt, author of the <i>King's Own</i>, and other popular + novels, with a high stamp of originality. The sketches before us <span + class="pagenum"><a name="page122" id="page122"></a>[pg 122]</span> are + entitled Peter Simple, and detail the early adventures of a Middy with + much of that delightful ease we are wont to admire in the writings of + Smollett, Fielding, and the <i>character</i> novelists of the latter + half of the past century. The style of Captain Marryatt is fresh, + vigorous, and racy—"native and to the manner born,"—abounding + in lively anecdote, but never straying into caricature—with just + enough of the romance of life to keep the incidents afloat from + commonplace, and probability above-board. This and the following are + specimen sketches.] + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + We all had leave from the first lieutenant to go to Portdown fair, but he + would only allow the oldsters to sleep on shore. We anticipated so much + pleasure from our excursion, that some of us were up, and went away in the + boat sent for fresh beef. This was very foolish. There were no carriages + to take us to the fair, nor indeed any fair so early in the morning: the + shops were all shut, and the Blue Posts, where we always rendezvoused was + hardly open. We waited there in the coffee-room, until we were driven out + by the maid sweeping away the dirt, and were forced to walk about until + she had finished, and lighted the fire, when we ordered our breakfast; but + how much better would it have been to have taken our breakfast comfortably + on board, and then to have come on shore, especially as we had no money to + spare. Next to being too late, being too soon is the worst plan in the + world. However, we had our breakfast, and paid the bill; then we sallied + forth, and went up George Street, where we found all sorts of vehicles + ready to take us to the fair. We got into one which they called a dilly. I + asked the man who drove us why it was so called, and he replied because he + only charged a shilling. O'Brien, who had joined us after breakfasting on + board, said that this answer reminded him of one given to him by a man who + attended the hackney-coach stands in London. "Pray," said he, "why are you + called Watermen?" "Watermen," replied the man, "vy, sir, 'cause ve opens + the hackney-coach doors." At last, with plenty of whipping, and plenty of + swearing, and a great deal of laughing, the old horse, whose back curved + upwards like a bow, from the difficulty of dragging so many, arrived at + the bottom of Portdown hill, where we got out, and walked up to the fair. + It really was a most beautiful sight. The bright blue sky, and the + coloured flags flapping about in all directions, the grass so green, and + the white tents and booths, the sun shining so bright, and the shining + gilt gingerbread, the variety of toys and variety of noise, the quantity + of people and the quantity of sweetmeats; little boys so happy, and shop + people so polite, the music at the booths, and the bustle and eagerness of + the people outside, made my heart quite jump. There was Richardson, with a + clown and harlequin, and such beautiful women, dressed in clothes all over + gold spangles, dancing reels and waltzes, and looking so happy! There was + Flint and Gyngell, with fellows tumbling over head and heels, playing such + tricks—eating fire, and drawing yards of tape out of their mouths. + Then there was the Royal Circus, all the horses standing in a line, with + men and women standing on their backs, waving flags, while the trumpeters + blew their trumpets. And the largest giant in the world, and Mr. Paap, the + smallest dwarf in the world, and a female dwarf, who was smaller still, + and Miss Biffin, who did every thing without legs or arms. There was also + the learned pig, and the Herefordshire ox, and a hundred other sights + which I cannot now remember. We walked about for an hour or two, seeing + the outside of every thing: we determined to go and see the inside. First + we went into Richardson's, where we saw a bloody tragedy, with a ghost and + thunder, and afterwards a pantomime, full of tricks, and tumbling over one + another. Then we saw one or two other things, I forget which, but this I + know, that generally speaking, the outside was better than the inside. + After this, feeling very hungry, we agreed to go into a booth and have + something to eat. The tables were ranged all around, and in the centre + there was a boarded platform for dancing. The ladies were there already + dressed for partners; and the music was so lively, that I felt very much + inclined to dance, but we had agreed to go and see the wild beasts fed at + Mr. Polito's menagerie, and as it was now almost eight o'clock, we paid + our bill and set off. It was a very curious sight, and better worth seeing + than any thing in the fair; I never had an idea that there were so many + strange animals in existence. They were all secured in iron cages, and a + large chandelier, with twenty lights, hung in the centre of the booth, and + lighted them up, while the keeper went round and stirred them up with his + long pole; at the same time he gave us their histories, which were very + interesting. I recollect a few of them. There was the tapir, a great pig + with a long nose, a variety of the hiptostomass, which the keeper said was + an amphibious animal, as couldn't live on land, and <i>dies</i> in the + water—however, it seemed to live very well in a cage. Then there was + the kangaroo with its young ones peeping out of it—a most + astonishing animal. The keeper said that it brought forth two young ones + at a birth, and then took them into its stomach again, until they arrived + at years of discretion. Then there was the pelican of the wilderness, (I + shall not forget him,) with a large bag under his throat, which the man + put on his head as a night-cap; this bird feeds its young with its own + blood—when fish are scarce. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page123" + id="page123"></a>[pg 123]</span> And there was the laughing hyaena, who + cries in the wood like a human being in distress, and devours those who + come to his assistance—a sad instance of the depravity of human + nature, as the keeper observed. There was a beautiful creature, the royal + Bengal tiger, only three years old, what growed ten inches every year, and + never arrived at its full growth. The one we saw measured, as the keeper + told us, sixteen feet from the snout to the tail, and seventeen feet from + the tail to the snout; but there must have been some mistake there. There + was a young elephant and three lions, and several other animals, which I + forget now, so I shall go on to describe the tragical scene which + occurred. The keeper had poked up all the animals, and had commenced + feeding them. The great lion was growling and snarling over the shin bone + of an ox, cracking it like a nut, when by some mismanagement, one end of + the pole upon which the chandelier was suspended fell down, striking the + door of the cage in which the lioness was at supper, and bursting it open. + It was all done in a second; the chandelier fell, the cage opened, and the + lioness sprung out. I remember to this moment seeing the body of the + lioness in the air, and then all as dark as pitch. What a change! not a + moment before all of us staring with delight and curiosity, and then to be + left in darkness, horror and dismay! There was such screaming and + shrieking, such crying, and fighting, and pushing, and fainting, nobody + knew where to go, or how to find their way out. The people crowded first + on one side, and then on the other, as their fears instigated them. I was + very soon jammed up with my back against the bars of one of the cages, and + feeling some beast lay hold of me behind, made a desperate effort, and + succeeded in climbing up to the cage above, not however without losing the + seat of my trousers, which the laughing hyaena would not let go. I hardly + knew where I was when I climbed up; but I knew the birds were mostly + stationed above. However, that I might not have the front of my trousers + torn as well as the behind, as soon as I gained my footing I turned round, + with my back to the bars of the cage; but I had not been there a minute, + before I was attacked by something which digged into me like a pickaxe, + and as the hyaena had torn my clothes, I had no defence against it. To + turn round would have been worse still; so after having received above a + dozen stabs, I contrived by degrees to shift my position, until I was + opposite to another cage, but not until the pelican, for it was that + brute, had drawn as much blood from me as would have fed his young for a + week. I was surmising what danger I should next encounter, when to my joy + I discovered that I had gained the open door from which the lioness had + escaped. I crawled in, and pulled the door too after me, thinking myself + very fortunate; and there I sat very quietly in a corner during the + remainder of the noise and confusion. I had not been there but a few + minutes, when the beef-eaters, as they were called, who played the music + outside, came in with torches and loaded muskets. The sight which + presented itself was truly shocking; twenty or thirty men, women, and + children, lay on the ground, and I thought at first the lioness had killed + them all, but they were only in fits, or had been trampled down by the + crowd. No one was seriously hurt. As for the lioness, she was not to be + found; and as soon as it was ascertained that she had escaped, there was + as much terror and scampering away outside, as there had been in the + menagerie. It appeared afterwards, that the animal had been as much + frightened as we had been, and had secreted himself under one of the + wagons. It was sometime before she could be found. At last O'Brien who was + a very brave fellow, went a-head of the beef-eaters, and saw her eyes + glaring. They borrowed a net or two from the carts which had brought + calves to the fair, and threw them over her. When she was fairly + entangled, they dragged her by the tail into the menagerie. All this while + I had remained very quietly in the den, but when I perceived that its + lawful owner had come back again to retake possession, I thought it was + time to come out; so I called to my messmates, who with O'Brien were + assisting the beef-eaters. They had not discovered me, and laughed very + much when they saw where I was. One of the midshipmen shot the bolt of the + door, so that I could not jump out, and then stirred me up with a long + pole. At last I contrived to unbolt it again, and got out, when they + laughed still more, at the seat of my trousers being torn off. It was not + exactly a laughing matter to me, although I had to congratulate myself + upon a very lucky escape: and so did my messmates think, when I narrated + my adventures. The pelican was the worst part of the business. O'Brien + lent me a dark silk handkerchief, which I tied round my waist, and let + drop behind, so that my misfortunes might not attract any notice, and then + we quitted the menagerie; but I was so stiff that I could scarcely walk. + </p> + <h3> + SCOTCH "BLUID." + </h3> + <p> + We had a new messmate of the name of M'Foy. I was on the quarter-deck when + he came on board and presented a letter to the captain, inquiring first if + his name was "Captain Sauvage." He was a florid young man nearly six feet + high, with sandy hair, yet very good-looking. As his career in the service + was very short, I will tell at once what I did not find out till some time + afterwards. The captain had agreed to receive him to <span class="pagenum"><a + name="page124" id="page124"></a>[pg 124]</span> oblige a brother officer, + who had retired from the service, and lived in the Highlands of Scotland. + The first notice which the captain had of the arrival of Mr. M'Foy, was + from a letter written to him by the young man's uncle. This amused him so + much, that he gave it to the first lieutenant to read. It ran as follows;— + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + Glasgow, April 25th, 1—. + </p> + <p> + "Sir, + </p> + <p> + "Our much esteemed and mutual friend, Captain M'Alpine, having + communicated by letter, dated the 14th inst., your kind intentions + relative to my nephew Sholto M'Foy, (for which you will be pleased to + accept my best thanks,) I write to acquaint you that he is now on his + way to join your ship the Diomede, and will arrive, God willing, + twenty-six hours after the receipt of this letter. + </p> + <p> + "As I have been given to understand by those who have some acquaintance + with the service of the King, that his equipment as an officer will be + somewhat expensive, I have considered it but fair to ease your mind as + to any responsibility on that score, and have therefore enclosed the + half of a Bank of England note for ten pounds sterling, No. 3742, the + other half of which will be duly forwarded in a frank promised to me the + day after tomorrow. I beg you will make the necessary purchases, and + apply the balance, should there be any, to his mess account, or any + other expenses which you may consider warrantable or justifiable. + </p> + <p> + "It is at the same time proper to inform you, that Sholto had ten + shillings in his pocket at the time of his leaving Glasgow; the + satisfactory expenditure of which I have no doubt you will inquire into, + as it is a large sum to be placed at the discretion of a youth only + fourteen years and five months old. I mention his age, as Sholto is so + tall that you might be deceived by his appearance, and be induced to + trust to his prudence in affairs of this serious nature. Should he at + any time require further assistance beyond his pay, which I am told is + extremely handsome to all king's officers, I beg you to consider that + any draft of yours, at ten days' sight, to the amount of five pounds + sterling English, will be duly honoured by the firm of Monteith, + M'Killop, and Company, of Glasgow. Sir, with many thanks for your + kindness and consideration, + </p> + </blockquote> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i10"> + "I remain your most obedient, + </p> + <br /> + <p class="i10"> + "WALTER MONTEITH." + </p> + </div> + </div> + <p> + The letter brought on board by M'Foy was to prove his identity. While the + captain read it, M'Foy stared about him like a wild stag. The captain + welcomed him to the ship, asked him one or two questions, introduced him + to the first lieutenant, and then went on shore. The first lieutenant had + asked me to dine in the gun-room; and when the captain pulled on shore, he + also invited Mr. M'Foy, when the following conversation took place. + </p> + <p> + "Well, Mr. M'Foy, you have had a long journey; I presume it is the first + that you have ever made." + </p> + <p> + "Indeed is it, Sir," replied M'Foy; "and sorely I've been pestered. Had I + minded all they whispered in my lug as I came along, I had need been made + of money—sax-pence here, sax-pence there, sax-pence every where. + Sich extortion I ne'er dreamt of." + </p> + <p> + "How did you come from Glasgow?" + </p> + <p> + "By the wheel-boat, or steam-boat, as they ca'd it, to Lunnon: where they + charged me sax-pence for taking my baggage on shore—wee boxy nae + bigger than yon cocked-up hat. I would fain carry it mysel', but they + wadna let me." + </p> + <p> + "Well, where did you go to when you arrived in London?" + </p> + <p> + "I went to a place ca'd Chichester Rents, to the house of Storm and + Mainwaring, Warehousemen, and they must have anither sax-pence for showing + me the way. There I waited half-an-hour in the counting-house, till they + took me to a place ca'd Bull and Mouth, and put me into a coach, paying my + whole fare; nevertheless they must din me for money the whole of the way + down. There was first the guard, and then the coachman, and another guard, + and another coachman; but I wudna listen to them, and so they growled and + abused me." + </p> + <p> + "And when did you arrive?" + </p> + <p> + "I came here last night; and I only had a bed and a breakfast at the twa + Blue Pillars' house, for which they extortioned me three shillings and + sax-pence, as I sit here. And then there was the chambermaid hussy and + waiter loon axed me to remember them, and wanted more siller; but I told + them, as I told the guard and coachman, that I had none for them." + </p> + <p> + "How much of your ten shillings have you left?" inquired the first + lieutenant, smiling. + </p> + <p> + "Hoot! sir lieutenant, how came you for to ken that? Eh! it's my uncle + Monteith at Glasgow. Why, as I sit here, I've but three shillings and a + penny of it lift. But there's a smell here that's no canny; so I just go + up again into the fresh air." + </p> + <p> + When Mr. M'Foy quitted the gun-room, they all laughed very much. After he + had been a short time on deck, he went down into the midshipmen's berth; + but he made himself very unpleasant, quarrelling and wrangling with every + body. It did not, however, last very long; for he would not obey any + orders that were given to him. On the third day, he quitted the ship + without asking the permission of the first lieutenant; when he returned on + board the following day, the first lieutenant put him under an arrest, and + in charge of the sentry at the cabin door. During the afternoon I was + under the half-deck, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="page125" + id="page125"></a>[pg 125]</span> perceived that he was sharpening a long + clasp knife upon the after truck of the gun. I went up to him, and asked + him why he was doing so, and he replied, as his eyes flashed fire, that it + was to revenge the insult offered to the bluid of M'Foy. His look told me + that he was in earnest. "But what do you mean?" inquired I. "I mean," said + he, drawing the edge and feeling the point of his weapon, "to put into the + wheam of that man with the gold podge on his shoulder, who has dared to + place me here." + </p> + <p> + I was very much alarmed, and thought it my duty to state his murderous + intentions, or worse might happen; so I walked up on deck and told the + first lieutenant what M'Foy was intending to do, and how his life was in + danger. Mr. Falcon laughed, and shortly afterwards went down on the + main-deck. M'Foy's eyes glistened, and he walked forward to where the + first lieutenant was standing; but the sentry, who had been cautioned by + me, kept him back with his bayonet. The first lieutenant turned round, and + perceiving what was going on, desired the sentry to see if Mr. M'Foy had a + knife in his hand; and he had it sure enough, open, and held behind his + back. He was disarmed, and the first lieutenant, perceiving that the lad + meant mischief, reported his conduct to the captain, on his arrival on + board. The captain sent for M'Foy, who was very obstinate, and when taxed + with his intention would not deny it, or even say that he would not again + attempt it; so he was sent on shore immediately, and returned to his + friends in the Highlands. We never saw any more of him; but I heard that + he obtained a commission in the army, and three months after he had joined + his regiment, was killed in a duel, resenting some fancied affront offered + to the bluid of M'Foy.—<i>Metropolitan</i> + </p> + <hr class="full" /> + <h2> + Notes of a Reader + </h2> + <hr class="short" /> + <h3> + A CHANCELLOR'S START IN LIFE. + </h3> + <h4> + (<i>From the Double Trial</i>.) + </h4> + <p> + Thurlow had travelled the —— Circuit for some years with + little notice, and with no opportunity to put forth his abilities; when + the housekeeper of a Duke of N—— was prosecuted for stealing a + great deal of linen, with which she had been intrusted. An attorney of + little note and practice conducted the woman's case. He knew full well + that he could expect no hearty co-operation in employing any of the + leading counsel: it was a poor case, and a low case; and it could not be + supposed that they, "the foremost men of all the bar," would set + themselves, "<i>tooth and nail</i>," against the Duke, who in himself, his + agents, and his friends, made the greatest part of every high legal and + political assemblage in the country. The attorney looked round, therefore, + for some young barrister who had nothing to lose, and might have something + to win; and he fixed upon Thurlow. Thurlow read over his brief with the + highest glee, and had an interview with the prisoner. As he entered the + court, he jogged another briefless one like himself, and said, in his + favourite slang language—"Neck or nothing, my boy, to-day! I'll soar + or tumble!" The opening speech of the eminent counsel for the Duke, and + the evidence, completely convicted the woman. The articles stolen were + brought into court. When Thurlow rose to cross-examine the leading + witness, before he asked a question, he merely, bending his black brows + upon the man, turned round, and desired to look at the things that were + said to be stolen. They were before him all the time, and were then + presented to him; and, without a word, he carelessly tossed them again + upon the table before him. He now closely questioned the witness, as to + points of honour and honesty; then, in a minute or two, again asked to see + the things. He was informed that he had already had them handed to him, + and that they were now before him. "I mean," said he, with well-assumed + ignorance, "the things that this unhappy woman is accused of having + stolen." The witness, with great sufficiency and knowledge, as if to prove + his own correctness, pointed them out upon the table before him. "And what + else?" said he. He was answered that they were the whole. "And you, Mr. + Witness," said he, with a sneer, "are the man of great trust, of + accredited honour and honesty; and, full of your own consequence, and in + high feather, you come here to follow up a prosecution against a + fellow-servant, and a confidential one (you tell me), whom you have + indicted as a felon, for taking these rags," exhibiting some cloth that + happened to be torn; "and this is the sum and substance of her offence! + And all these witnesses," pointing to a group, who had pushed themselves + forward, "have been brought into this honourable court, to affix the + ownership of the high and mighty noble Duke and Duchess to these cast-off, + worn-out clothes! And here comes this fine gentleman to swear to the + robber of that," holding up the garment, "which he himself would not + accept as a gift! Shame, say I; and I am certain every one of your hearts, + Gentlemen of the Jury, reechoes my indignant feeling! Shame, say I, on + everyone of the party," pausing to give one of his looks to each + individual, "that is concerned in such a business! Why, it is more like a + conspiracy against this poor destitute woman, against whom I lament to see + my very honourable and learned brethren," pointing to the other counsel, + "here arrayed—it is more like a conspiracy (not that my learned + friends have lot, or part, or feeling in the business)—more like a + conspiracy against <span class="pagenum"><a name="page126" id="page126"></a>[pg + 126]</span> this woman, than any, the least act of felony on her part. + These clothes! I pray you look at them, Gentlemen of the Jury—these + clothes!! Can you conceive, Gentlemen, that if you were a Duke and Duchess + of N——, you would have even offered to give a housekeeper, a + woman of credit and respectability—a fellow-servant of this fine + gentleman before you—such worn-out rags as these? Would you have + thought it worthy of consideration, if such a servant had thought proper + to appropriate to her own use a cart-load of this trumpery? If the poor + woman did remove out of sight such trash as this, all I say is, that she + seems to have had more respect for the credit and honour of that noble + house than any of the people whose ridiculous pretensions to honesty have + persecuted her and exhibited themselves here. <i>Gentlemen and Ladies</i>, + witnesses! I have done with you; you may all leave the court!" + </p> + <p> + They were all glad to take him at the first word, and in a few minutes not + one of them was to be seen. "I have heard," he continued, "of the pride of + a noble house, and of its poverty, being nearly allied; but here we have + all the poverty and none of the pride!" Some one unluckily said that the + things were not all in that torn state. "What," said he, with the utmost + contempt, looking to the party, "is there any one that wishes to exhibit + his devoted baseness? Let him not whisper here behind my back, but come + forward and get into the box." He paused, and had no further interruption. + "To you, Gentlemen of the Jury, I appeal. I ask you if you have seen + enough of the rags of this noble family?" and he pulled out the worst + piece of the linen, and held it at arm's length during the greater part of + a taunting speech of the same kind: then, throwing it contemptuously from + him—"Away, away, I say, with these rags of the noble family of N——!" + (and some one gathered up all together, and took them out of court)—"and + God grant that they may never rise up in judgment against them! Poor, + weak, foolish woman! she took them as her perquisite. Perquisite indeed! + her folly was her fault; for you have seen that they were not worth the + taking. + </p> + <p> + "Gentlemen of the Jury, I cannot believe that you will lend yourselves to + such a grovelling prosecution—<i>persecution</i>, as this. I pause + not to investigate where the evil spirit arose, in principles or agents, + against this injured and calumniated female. If the great ones of our + earth will disgrace themselves—if they will listen to the + suggestions of envy, hatred, and malice, and all uncharitableness, I trust + that you, more humble members of the community, will not be partakers of + these evil passions. Where the prosecutor has sustained no personal fear + and no personal loss, it is impossible that any offence can have been + committed. You are not twelve despots sitting upon a case of high treason + against the game-laws, and are to have your consciences racked, to bring + in a verdict of trespass, where no damage can be proved; you are not + required to strain right against justice and honesty. What is the offence? + How is our Lord the King or his subjects aggrieved? Those rags!—I + know not what the splendid household of the Duke may require for matches + and tinder; for this is all the value that can be attached to them. Shall + we call for them back again, lest the Duke and the Duchess should lose + their recovered treasure? I am not disposed to dispute their right; for + even if they were the perquisite of the housekeeper, I am convinced that + she would not get a farthing emolument for those tattered remnants of + nobility. Of one thing I am well assured, that there is not a sufficiency + of sound linen in the whole to make lint enough to cover the wound that + the reputation of the noble Duke and Duchess has sustained in this + disgraceful prosecution. Gentlemen, I will trouble you no further—I + confidently expect your verdict." And the woman was acquitted: and from + that day the powers of Thurlow, in voice, sarcasm, gesture, and all the + superior intonations of browbeating, which raised him to the most + dangerous pinnacle of legal greatness, became known, and rapidly advanced + him to fame,<a id="footnotetag14" name="footnotetag14"></a><a + href="#footnote14"><sup>14</sup></a> and the grandchildren of his father + to be enrolled among the established peers of our realm. + </p> + <hr class="full" /> + <h2> + Spirit of Discovery. + </h2> + <h3> + ON THE POTATO. + </h3> + <h4> + <i>By T.A. Knight, Esq., F.R.S., Pres. Hort. Soc.</i> + </h4> + <p> + Mr. Knight is convinced by the evidence of experiments, "that the potato + plant, under proper management, is capable of causing to be brought to + market a much greater weight of vegetable food, from any given extent of + ground, than any other plant which we possess." There is no crop, he says, + "so certain as that of potatoes; and it has the advantage of being + generally most abundant, when the crops of wheat are defective; that is, + in wet seasons." The following observations are extremely interesting:— + </p> + <p> + "I think I shall be able to adduce some strong facts in support of my + opinion, that by a greatly extended culture of the potato for the purpose + of supplying the markets with vegetable food, a more abundant and more + wholesome supply of food for the use of the <span class="pagenum"><a + name="page127" id="page127"></a>[pg 127]</span> labouring classes of + society may be obtained, than wheat can ever afford, and, I believe, of a + more palatable kind to the greater number of persons. I can just recollect + the time when the potato was unknown to the peasantry of Herefordshire, + whose gardens were then almost exclusively occupied by different varieties + of the cabbage. Their food at that period consisted of bread and cheese + with the produce of their gardens; and tea was unknown to them. About + sixty-six years ago, before the potato was introduced into their gardens, + agues had been so exceedingly prevalent, that the periods in which they, + or their families, had been afflicted with that disorder, were the eras to + which I usually heard them refer in speaking of past events; and I + recollect being cautioned by them frequently not to stand exposed to the + sun in May, lest I should get an ague. The potato was then cultivated in + small quantities in the gardens of gentlemen, but it was not thought to + afford wholesome nutriment, and was supposed by many to possess + deleterious qualities. The prejudice of all parties, however, disappeared + so rapidly, that within ten years the potato had almost wholly driven the + cabbage from the gardens of the cottagers. Within the same period, ague, + the previously prevalent disease of the country, disappeared; and no other + species of disease became prevalent. I adduce this fact, as evidence only, + that the introduction of the potato was not injurious to the health of the + peasantry at that period; but whether its production was, or was not, + instrumental in causing the disappearance of ague, I will not venture to + give an opinion. I am, however, confident, that neither draining the soil + (for that was not done,) nor any change in the general habits of the + peasantry, had taken place, to which their improved health could be + attributed. Bread is well known to constitute the chief food of the French + peasantry. They are a very temperate race of men; and they possess the + advantages of a very fine and dry climate. Yet the duration of life + amongst them is very short, scarcely exceeding two thirds of the average + duration of life in England; and in some districts much less. Dr. Hawkins, + in his <i>Medical Statistics</i>, states, upon the authority of M. + Villerme that, in the department of Indre, 'one fourth of the children + born die within the first year, and half between fifteen and twenty; and + that three fourths are dead within the space of fifty years. Having + inquired of a very eminent French physiologist, M. Dutrochet, who is + resident in the department of Indre, the cause of this extraordinary + mortality, he stated it to he their food, which consisted chiefly of + bread; and of which he calculated every adult peasant to eat two pounds a + day. And he added, without having received any leading question from me, + of in any degree knowing my opinion upon the subject, that if the + peasantry of his country would substitute (which they could do) a small + quantity of animal food, with potatoes, instead of so much bread, they + would live much longer, and with much better health. I am inclined to pay + much deference to M. Dutrochet's opinion; for he combines the advantages + of a regular medical education with great acuteness of mind, and I believe + him to be as well acquainted with the general laws of organic life as any + person living: and I think his opinion deserves some support, from the + well known fact, that the duration of human life has been much greater in + England during the last sixty years, than in the preceding period of the + same duration. Bread made of wheat, when taken in large quantities, has + probably, more than any other article of food in use in this country, the + effect of overloading the alimentary canal: and the general practice of + the French physician points out the prevalence of diseases thence arising + amongst their patients. I do not, however, think, or mean to say, that + potatoes alone are proper food for any human being: but I feel confident, + that four ounces of meat, with as large quantity of good potatoes as would + wholly take away the sensation of hunger, would afford, during twenty-four + hours, more efficient nutriment than could be derived from bread in any + quantity, and might be obtained at much less expense."—<i>Trans. + Hort. Soc. quoted in Gardeners' Mag.</i> + </p> + <hr class="full" /> + <h2> + THE GATHERER. + </h2> + <hr class="short" /> + <h3> + CLOCK-MAKING IN THE NINTH CENTURY. + </h3> + <p> + The Caliph Haroun al Raschid is stated to have maintained an unbroken + friendship with his contemporary Charlemagne, throughout their mutual + reign. A variety of magnificent presents attested the esteem of the caliph + for his Christian friend. Among them were several objects, which tend to + show the advance which art had made, at this time in the East. The first + of these was a clock of gilded bronze, round which the course of the + twelve hours was displayed; while, at the end of each hour, the number of + brazen balls which were requisite to mark the division of time, were + thrown out from above, and falling consecutively on a cymbal below, struck + the hour required. In like manner a number of horsemen issued forth from + windows placed around the dial; while a number of other clock-work + miracles attested the height which the mechanical arts had reached at the + court of Haroun. + </p> + <p> + The carriage of such objects, as the above presents sent from Bagdad to + France, was, of course, attended with no small inconvenience; and the + neglected state of the science of navigation, rendered the journeys of the + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page128" id="page128"></a>[pg 128]</span> + ambassadors long and dangerous. Between three and four years were + generally consumed in a mission from one capital to another; and, indeed, + it happened more than once, that even after arriving within the dominions + of the Frankish monarchs, the envoys had still to seek him over a tract + nearly as extensive as that which they had before crossed. + </p> + <p> + <i>Parliamentary Debates</i>.—Originally these debates were given in + the <i>Gentleman's Magazine</i>, under the fiction of "Debates in the + Senate of Liliput," and the speakers were disguised under feigned names. + Guthrie, for a time, composed these speeches from such hints as he could + bring away in his memory. Dr. Johnson first assisted in this department, + and then entirely filled it, and the public was highly gratified with the + eloquence displayed in these compositions. P.T.W. + </p> + <p> + <i>Steam Carriages</i>.—By the formation of rail-roads, a loss has + occurred in the revenue from stage coaches, to the amount of 8,384<i>l</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Electro-Magnetism</i>.—The largest electro-magnet is that + constructed by the American philosophers. It is of a horse-shoe form, and + weighs about 60 lbs.; around it are 26 coils of wire, the united lengths + of which are 800 feet. When excited by about five feet of galvanic + surface, it is said to have supported nearly two tons. We here see that + the exciting cause of magnetism is the action of the galvanic battery; and + a variety of other interesting experiments in electro-magnetics, tend to + the conclusion that the magnetic and electric fluids are nearly allied.—<i>Imperial + Magazine.</i> + </p> + <p> + <i>Salary of the Chancellor, 700 years since</i>.—The salary of the + Chancellor, as fixed by Henry I., amounted to five shillings per diem, and + a livery of provisions. + </p> + <p> + <i>Dibdin</i>.—On the tombstone of Dibdin, the celebrated song + composer, in St. Martin's, by Pancras New Church, is the first verse of + his <i>Tom Bowling</i>: + </p> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + "His form was of the manliest beauty, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + His heart was kind and soft, + </p> + <p> + Faithful on earth he did his duty, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + But now he's gone aloft." + </p> + </div> + </div> + <p> + <i>Studious Printer</i>.—Morel was an eminent French printer, who + sacrificed every thing to study. On being informed that his wife was + dying, he refused to quit his pen till he had finished what he was about, + and by that time news was brought him that she was dead; to which he + coolly replied, "I am sorry for it—she was a good woman." He died in + 1638, at the age of 78. P.T.W. + </p> + <p> + <i>A Painter's Retort, or Dangerous Re-touch</i>.—Antonio More, the + celebrated painter, was highly favoured by Philip of Spain, whose + familiarity with him placed his life in danger; for More ventured to + return a slap on the shoulder which the king in a playful moment gave him, + by rubbing some carmine on his majesty's hand. This behaviour was accepted + by the monarch as a jest, but it was hinted to More that the holy tribunal + might regard it as sacrilege, and he fled, to save himself, into Flanders, + where he was employed by the Duke of Alva. P.T.W. + </p> + <p> + <i>Steam Power</i>.—Mr. Alexander Gordon states, that in various + departments of the revenue, the saving of expenditure by the substitution + of inanimate for animate power, would, in the Post Office alone, amount to + upwards of half a million; whilst, from the cheapness of food which the + substitution would produce, the navy and army estimates would be most + essentially reduced. + </p> + <p> + Steam may now be said to maintain the power which can engrave a seal, and + crush a mass of obdurate metal like wax before it; draw out, without + breaking, a thread as fine as gossamer, and lift a ship of war like a + bauble in the air; to embroider muslin, forge anchors, cut steel into + ribands, and impel itself against the opposition of the very tempest. + </p> + <p> + Charlemagne was buried on the day of his death in the great church which + he had constructed at Aix-la-Chapelle. The Monk of Angouleme declares that + he was inhumed in his imperial robes, and that the pilgrim's wallet which + he wore on his journeys to Rome was also consigned with his body to the + tomb. + </p> + <p> + <i>Indian Hail Storms</i>.—Captain Skinner says, during one in which + a heavy shower of hail fell, the thermometer sunk nine degrees in fewer + minutes—from 75 to 66; it rose again as rapidly. Although it was + more than four o'clock in the afternoon when the hail fell, it was still + on the ground the following morning; a proof of the coldness of the night + air. + </p> + <p> + <i>Waterloo Child</i>.—A private of the 27th regiment, who was + severely wounded at the battle of Waterloo, was carried off the field by + his wife, then far advanced in pregnancy; she also was wounded by a shell, + and with her husband, remained a considerable time in one of the hospitals + at Antwerp, in a hopeless state. The man lost both his arms, his wife was + extremely lame, and here gave birth to a daughter, to whom it is said the + late Duke of York stood sponsor; her names being Frederica M'Mullen + Waterloo. A.H.K.—T. + </p> + <p> + <i>The Royal Academy</i>.—The receipts for admission to the + Exhibition of this year were £300. short of what they were last + year. The sale of pictures at the Gallery of the Society of British + Artists has been greater than in any preceding season. + </p> + <hr class="full" /> + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <p> + <a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b> <a + href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a> + </p> + <p> + Dugdale says, "Robert Fitz-Ranulph, Lord of Alfreton, Norton, and + Marnham, was one of the four knights who martyred the blessed Thomas + à Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury; and afterwards founded the + Monastery of Beauchief, by way of expiating his crime; in the reign of + Henry the Second." Bishop Tanner writes, "Beauchief, an Abbey of + Promonstatentian, or White Canons, founded A.D. 1183, by Robert + Fitz-Ranulph, Lord of Alfreton, one of the executioners of Thomas + à Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, to whom canonized, this + monastery was dedicated." These authorities are quoted by Mr. Rhodes. + Sir James Mackintosh names the four "knights of distinguished rank," + (apparently upon the authority of Hoveden,) to have been "William de + Tracy, Hugh de Moreville, Richard Britto, and Reginald Fitz-Urse." We do + not attempt to reconcile the conflicting chroniclers; but we should add, + from the subsequent page, by Sir James, "the conspirators, despairing of + pardon, found a distant refuge in the Castle of Knaresborough, in the + town of Hugh de Moreville, and were, after some time, enjoined by the + Pope to do penance for their crime, by a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, + where <i>they died</i>, and were interred before the gate of the + Temple." Sir James describes the murder of Becket with minuteness: "the + assassins fell on him with many strokes; and though the second brought + him to the ground, they did not cease till <i>his brains were scattered + over the pavement</i>."—We know the Cathedral guide at Canterbury + shows you the stone in the place of that on which Becket fell, and + states the original stone to be preserved in St. Peter's, at Rome; but + the story is to us rather apocryphal. At St. Alban's they show you the + <i>dust</i> of the good Duke Humphrey: we once begged a pinch, which the + guide granted freely; this induced us to ask him how often he + re-supplied the dust: the man stared at our ungrateful incredulity. + </p> + </blockquote> + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <p> + <a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b> <a + href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a> + </p> + <p> + Dr. Mead, in his Narrative of the Great Plague in London, particularly + mentions its introduction into Eyam, through the medium of a box of + clothes, sent to a tailor who resided there. + </p> + </blockquote> + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <p> + <a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"></a><b>Footnote 3:</b> <a + href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a> + </p> + <p> + Table Book, 1827, p. 481. + </p> + </blockquote> + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <p> + <a id="footnote4" name="footnote4"></a><b>Footnote 4:</b> <a + href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a> + </p> + <p> + Vol. xi. p. 40. + </p> + </blockquote> + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <p> + <a id="footnote5" name="footnote5"></a><b>Footnote 5:</b> <a + href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a> + </p> + <p> + From King John, the Eyam estate descended to the Stafford family, on + whom it was bestowed in consideration of certain military services, and + on the express condition "that a lamp should be kept perpetually burning + before the altar of St. Helen, in the parish-church of Eyam." The lamp + has long since ceased to burn, and the estate has passed into other + hands: it now constitutes a part of the immense property of his Grace + the Duke of Devonshire. + </p> + </blockquote> + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <p> + <a id="footnote6" name="footnote6"></a><b>Footnote 6:</b> <a + href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a> + </p> + <p> + Lord Byron has remarked of the Italian women, (and he could speak <i>avec + connaissance de fait</i>,) that they are the only women in the world + capable of impressions at once very sudden and very durable; which, he + adds, is to be found in no other nation. Mr. Moore observes afterwards, + how completely an Italian woman, either from nature or her social + position, is led to invert the usual course of frailty among ourselves, + and weak in resisting the first impulses of passion, to reserve the + whole strength of her character for a display of constancy and + devotedness afterwards.—Both these traits of national character + are exemplified in Juliet.—<i>Moore's Life of Byron</i>, vol. ii + p. 303, 338, 4to edit. + </p> + </blockquote> + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <p> + <a id="footnote7" name="footnote7"></a><b>Footnote 7:</b> <a + href="#footnotetag7">(return)</a> + </p> + <p> + The "Giulietta" of Luigi da Porta was written about 1520. In a popular + little book published in 1565, thirty years before Shakspeare wrote his + tragedy, the name of Juliet occurs as an example of faithful love, and + is thus explained by a note in the margin. "Juliet, a noble maiden of + the citie of Verona, which loved Romeo, eldest son of the Lord + Monteschi; and being privily married together, he at last poisoned + himself for love of her: she, for sorrow of his death, slew herself with + his dagger." This note, which furnishes in brief, the whole argument of + Shakspeare's play, might possibly have made the first impression on his + fancy. + </p> + </blockquote> + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <p> + <a id="footnote8" name="footnote8"></a><b>Footnote 8:</b> <a + href="#footnotetag8">(return)</a> + </p> + <p> + There is nothing so improbable in the story of Romeo and Juliet as to + make us doubt the tradition that it is a real fact. "The Veronese," says + Lord Byron, in one of his letters from Verona, "are tenacious to a + degree of the truth of Juliet's story, insisting on the fact, giving the + date 1303, and showing a tomb. It is a plain, open, and partly decayed + sarcophagus, with withered leaves in it, in a wild and desolate + conventual garden—once a cemetery, now ruined, to the very graves! + The situation struck me as very appropriate to the legend, being + blighted as their love." He might have added, that when Verona itself, + with its amphitheatre and its Palladian structures, lies level with the + earth, the very spot on which it stood will still be consecrated by the + memory of Juliet. When in Italy, I met a gentleman, who being then "<i>dans + le genre romantique</i>," wore a fragment of Juliet's tomb set in a + ring. + </p> + </blockquote> + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <p> + <a id="footnote9" name="footnote9"></a><b>Footnote 9:</b> <a + href="#footnotetag9">(return)</a> + </p> + <p> + In all probability, the crypt of the church of Aix-la-Chapelle, as it + stands at present, is all that remains of the original edifice. + </p> + </blockquote> + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <p> + <a id="footnote10" name="footnote10"></a><b>Footnote 10:</b> <a + href="#footnotetag10">(return)</a> + </p> + <p> + The baths of Aix-la-Chapelle, constructed by the emperor for the + enjoyment of this recreation, were of immense extent; and while their + splendour and their size showed the progress of luxury, the manner in + which they were used, evinces the curious simplicity and condescension + of the monarch. "Not only his sons," says Eginhard, "but also the great + men of his court, his friends, and the soldiers of his guard, were + invited to partake of the enjoyment which the monarch had provided for + himself; so that sometimes as many as a hundred persons were known to + bathe there together." + </p> + </blockquote> + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <p> + <a id="footnote11" name="footnote11"></a><b>Footnote 11:</b> <a + href="#footnotetag11">(return)</a> + </p> + <p> + Stoves were furnished also to warm those who might take refuge in these + general chambers; and the Monk of St. Gaul asserts, that the apartments + of Charlemagne were so constructed, that he could see everything which + took place in the building round about,—an impossible folly, + imagined by the small cunning of a monk. + </p> + </blockquote> + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <p> + <a id="footnote12" name="footnote12"></a><b>Footnote 12:</b> <a + href="#footnotetag12">(return)</a> + </p> + <p> + I do not know whether it be worth while to attempt to refute the opinion + which has been founded on an erroneous passage in Eginhard, that + Charlemagne could not write. Eginhard understood, as Gibbon says, the + court and the world, and the Latin language, it is true; but, + nevertheless, we may much more rationally believe that the secretary + made use of a vague expression, than suppose that he wished to imply, in + one sentence, the manifest contradiction of Charlemagne being in the + habit of going through all the abstruse calculations of astronomy, in an + age when those calculations were most complicated, without being able to + write. The whole of Charlemagne's life renders the supposition absurd. + He studied under Alcuin, whose first rule was to teach the most correct + orthography in writing. We know that he subscribed many deeds, though + his signature was abbreviated, to render it as rapid as possible. + Eginhard himself states, that the monarch wrote the history of the + ancient kings in verse: and Lambecius, one of the highest antiquarian + authorities, declares, that the imperial library still contains a + manuscript, corrected by the hand of Charlemagne himself. + </p> + </blockquote> + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <p> + <a id="footnote13" name="footnote13"></a><b>Footnote 13:</b> <a + href="#footnotetag13">(return)</a> + </p> + <p> + Amongst other interpretations of "<i>Under the Rose</i>," why may we not + conjecture that it may have something to do with <i>bribes to silence?</i> + with <i>hush-money?</i> the <i>Rose</i>, in many countries, being not an + unusual stamp on their coins. + </p> + </blockquote> + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <p> + <a id="footnote14" name="footnote14"></a><b>Footnote 14:</b> <a + href="#footnotetag14">(return)</a> + </p> + <p> + "The foregoing anecdote was told to the writer by the late James Burton, + Esq., of Lockeridge House, a seat of the Marquess of Aylesbury's, near + Marlborough. Mr. Burton married a daughter of the celebrated actress, + Mrs. Cibber, by <i>General Sloper,</i> a man of the highest fashion of + <i>his</i> day, from whom, I believe, Mr. Burton received the account; + the particulars of which, as I have narrated, no doubt, many persons of + Mr. Burton's acquaintance still remember." + </p> + </blockquote> + <hr class="full" /> + <p> + Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset House,) + London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; G.G. BENNIS, + 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen and Booksellers. + </p> + <hr class="full" /> + <p> + ***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, + AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 20, ISSUE 563, AUGUST 25, 1832*** + </p> + <p> + ******* This file should be named 11862-h.txt or 11862-h.zip ******* + </p> + <p> + This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> <a + href="https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/8/6/11862">https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/8/6/11862</a> + </p> + <p> + Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be + renamed. + </p> + <p> + Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no one + owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and + you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission + and without paying copyright royalties. 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