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diff --git a/1176-h/1176-h.htm b/1176-h/1176-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c123c0a --- /dev/null +++ b/1176-h/1176-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1824 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + +<!DOCTYPE html + PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd" > + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en"> + <head> + <title> + On Horsemanship, by Xenophon + </title> + <style type="text/css" xml:space="preserve"> + + body { margin:5%; background:#faebd0; text-align:justify} + P { text-indent: 1em; margin-top: .25em; margin-bottom: .25em; } + H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { text-align: center; margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%; } + hr { width: 50%; text-align: center;} + .foot { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3em; font-size: 90%; } + blockquote {font-size: 97%; font-style: italic; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + .mynote {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;} + .toc { margin-left: 10%; margin-bottom: .75em;} + .toc2 { margin-left: 20%;} + div.fig { display:block; margin:0 auto; text-align:center; } + div.middle { margin-left: 20%; margin-right: 20%; text-align: justify; } + .figleft {float: left; margin-left: 0%; margin-right: 1%;} + .figright {float: right; margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 1%;} + .pagenum {display:inline; font-size: 70%; font-style:normal; + margin: 0; padding: 0; position: absolute; right: 1%; + text-align: right;} + pre { font-style: italic; font-size: 90%; margin-left: 10%;} + +</style> + </head> + <body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 1176 ***</div> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> + <h1> + ON HORSEMANSHIP + </h1> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <h2> + By Xenophon + </h2> + <p> + <br /> + </p> + <h3> + Translation by H. G. Dakyns + </h3> + <p> + <br /><br /> + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Xenophon the Athenian was born 431 B.C. He was a + pupil of Socrates. He marched with the Spartans, + and was exiled from Athens. Sparta gave him land + and property in Scillus, where he lived for many + years before having to move once more, to settle + in Corinth. He died in 354 B.C. + + On Horsemanship advises the reader on how to buy + a good horse, and how to raise it to be either a + war horse or show horse. Xenophon ends with some + words on military equipment for a cavalryman. + </pre> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <h2> + Contents + </h2> + <table summary="" style="margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto"> + <tr> + <td> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0001"> PREPARER'S NOTE </a> + </p> + <p class="toc"> + <a href="#link2H_4_0002"> ON HORSEMANSHIP </a> + </p> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + <p> + <br /> <br /> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_4_0001" id="link2H_4_0001"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <h2> + PREPARER'S NOTE + </h2> + <p> + This was typed from Dakyns' series, "The Works of Xenophon," a four-volume + set. The complete list of Xenophon's works (though there is doubt about + some of these) is: + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + Work Number of books + + The Anabasis 7 + The Hellenica 7 + The Cyropaedia 8 + The Memorabilia 4 + The Symposium 1 + The Economist 1 + On Horsemanship 1 + The Sportsman 1 + The Cavalry General 1 + The Apology 1 + On Revenues 1 + The Hiero 1 + The Agesilaus 1 + The Polity of the Athenians and the Lacedaemonians 2 + + Text in brackets "{}" is my transliteration of Greek text into + English using an Oxford English Dictionary alphabet table. The + diacritical marks have been lost. +</pre> + <p> + <a name="link2H_4_0002" id="link2H_4_0002"> + <!-- H2 anchor --> </a> + </p> + <div style="height: 4em;"> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </div> + <h2> + ON HORSEMANSHIP + </h2> + <p> + I + </p> + <p> + Claiming to have attained some proficiency in horsemanship (1) ourselves, + as the result of long experience in the field, our wish is to explain, for + the benefit of our younger friends, what we conceive to be the most + correct method of dealing with horses. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (1) Lit. "Since, through the accident of having for a long time + 'ridden' ourselves, we believe we have become proficients in + horsemanship, we wish to show to our younger friends how, as we + conceive the matter, they will proceed most correctly in dealing + with horses." {ippeuein} in the case of Xenophon = serve as a + {ippeus}, whether technically as an Athenian "knight" or more + particularly in reference to his organisation of a troop of + cavalry during "the retreat" ("Anab." III. iii. 8-20), and, as is + commonly believed, while serving under Agesilaus ("Hell." III. iv. + 14) in Asia, 396, 395 B.C. +</pre> + <p> + There is, it is true, a treatise on horsemanship written by Simon, the + same who dedicated the bronze horse near the Eleusinion in Athens (2) with + a representation of his exploits engraved in relief on the pedestal. (3) + But we shall not on that account expunge from our treatise any conclusions + in which we happen to agree with that author; on the contrary we shall + hand them on with still greater pleasure to our friends, in the belief + that we shall only gain in authority from the fact that so great an expert + in horsemanship held similar views to our own; whilst with regard to + matters omitted in his treatise, we shall endeavour to supply them. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (2) L. Dind. (in Athens). The Eleusinion. For the position of this + sanctuary of Demeter and Kore see Leake, "Top. of Athens," i. p. + 296 foll. For Simon see Sauppe, vol. v. Praef. to "de R. E." p. + 230; L. Dind. Praef. "Xen. Opusc." p. xx.; Dr. Morris H. Morgan, + "The Art of Horsemanship by Xenophon," p. 119 foll. A fragment of + the work referred to, {peri eidous kai ekloges ippon}, exists. The + MS. is in the library of Emmanual Coll. Cant. It so happens that + one of the hipparchs (?) appealed to by Demosthenes in Arist. + "Knights," 242. +</pre> + <p> + {andres ippes, paragenesthe nun o kairos, o Simon, o Panaiti, ouk elate + pros to dexion keras}; + </p> + <p> + bears the name. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (3) Lit. "and carved on the pedestal a representation of his own + performances." +</pre> + <p> + As our first topic we shall deal with the question, how a man may best + avoid being cheated in the purchase of a horse. + </p> + <p> + Take the case of a foal as yet unbroken: it is plain that our scrutiny + must begin with the body; an animal that has never yet been mounted can + but present the vaguest indications of spirit. Confining ourselves + therefore to the body, the first point to examine, we maintain, will be + the feet. Just as a house would be of little use, however beautiful its + upper stories, if the underlying foundations were not what they ought to + be, so there is little use to be extracted from a horse, and in particular + a war-horse, (4) if unsound in his feet, however excellent his other + points; since he could not turn a single one of them to good account. (5) + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (4) Or, "and that a charger, we will suppose." For the simile see + "Mem." III. i. 7. + + (5) Cf. Hor. "Sat." I. ii. 86: +</pre> + <p> + regibus hic mos est: ubi equos mercantur, opertos inspiciunt, ne, si + facies, ut saepe, decora molli fulta pede est, emptorem inducat hiantem, + quod pulchrae clunes, breve quod caput, ardua cervix. + </p> + <p> + and see Virg. "Georg." iii. 72 foll. + </p> + <p> + In testing the feet the first thing to examine will be the horny portion + of the hoof. For soundness of foot a thick horn is far better than a thin. + Again it is important to notice whether the hoofs are high both before and + behind, or flat to the ground; for a high hoof keeps the "frog," (6) as it + is called, well off the ground; whereas a low hoof treads equally with the + stoutest and softest part of the foot alike, the gait resembling that of a + bandy-legged man. (7) "You may tell a good foot clearly by the ring," says + Simon happily; (8) for the hollow hoof rings like a cymbal against the + solid earth. (9) + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (6) Lit. "the swallow." + + (7) Al. "a knock-kneed person." See Stonehenge, "The Horse" (ed. + 1892), pp. 3, 9. + + (8) Or, "and he is right." + + (9) Cf. Virg. "Georg." iii. 88; Hor. "Epod." xvi. 12. +</pre> + <p> + And now that we have begun with the feet, let us ascend from this point to + the rest of the body. The bones (10) above the hoof and below the fetlock + must not be too straight, like those of a goat; through not being properly + elastic, (11) legs of this type will jar the rider, and are more liable to + become inflamed. On the other hand, these bones must not be too low, or + else the fetlock will be abraded or lacerated when the horse is galloped + over clods and stones. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (10) i.e. "the pasterns ({mesokunia}) and the coffin should be + 'sloping.'" + + (11) Or, "being too inflexible." Lit. "giving blow for blow, overuch + like anvil to hammer." +</pre> + <p> + The bones of the shanks (12) ought to be thick, being as they are the + columns on which the body rests; thick in themselves, that is, not puffed + out with veins or flesh; or else in riding over hard ground they will + inevitably be surcharged with blood, and varicose conditions be set up, + (13) the legs becoming thick and puffy, whilst the skin recedes; and with + this loosening of the skin the back sinew (14) is very apt to start and + render the horse lame. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (12) i.e. "the metacarpals and metatarsals." + + (13) Or, "and become varicose, with the result that the shanks swell + whilst the skin recedes from the bone." + + (14) Or, "suspensory ligament"? Possibly Xenophon's anatomy is wrong, + and he mistook the back sinew for a bone like the fibula. The part + in question might intelligibly enough, if not technically, be + termed {perone}, being of the brooch-pin order. +</pre> + <p> + If the young horse in walking bends his knees flexibly, you may safely + conjecture that when he comes to be ridden he will have flexible legs, + since the quality of suppleness invariably increases with age. (15) Supple + knees are highly esteemed and with good reason, rendering as they do the + horse less liable to stumble or break down from fatigue than those of + stiffer build. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (15) Lit. "all horses bend their legs more flexibly as time advances." +</pre> + <p> + Coming to the thighs below the shoulder-blades, (16) or arms, these if + thick and muscular present a stronger and handsomer appearance, just as in + the case of a human being. Again, a comparatively broad chest is better + alike for strength and beauty, and better adapted to carry the legs well + asunder, so that they will not overlap and interfere with one another. + Again, the neck should not be set on dropping forward from the chest, like + a boar's, but, like that of a game-cock rather, it should shoot upwards to + the crest, and be slack (17) along the curvature; whilst the head should + be bony and the jawbone small. In this way the neck will be well in front + of the rider, and the eye will command what lies before the horse's feet. + A horse, moreover, of this build, however spirited, will be least capable + of overmastering the rider, (18) since it is not by arching but by + stretching out his neck and head that a horse endeavours to assert his + power. (19) + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (16) Lit. "the thighs below the shoulder-blades" are distinguished + from "the thighs below the tail." They correspond respectively to + our "arms" (i.e. forearms) and "gaskins," and anatomically + speaking = the radius (os brachii) and the tibia. + + (17) "Slack towards the flexure" (Stonehenge). + + (18) Or, "of forcing the rider's hand and bolting." + + (19) Or, "to display violence or run away." +</pre> + <p> + It is important also to observe whether the jaws are soft or hard on one + or other side, since as a rule a horse with unequal jaws (20) is liable to + become hard-mouthed on one side. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (20) Or, "whose bars are not equally sensitive." +</pre> + <p> + Again, a prominent rather than a sunken eye is suggestive of alertness, + and a horse of this type will have a wider range of vision. + </p> + <p> + And so of the nostrils: a wide-dilated nostril is at once better than a + contracted one for respiration, and gives the animal a fiercer aspect. + Note how, for instance, when one stallion is enraged against another, or + when his spirit chafes in being ridden, (21) the nostrils at once become + dilated. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (21) Or, "in the racecourse or on the exercising-ground how readily he + distends his nostrils." +</pre> + <p> + A comparatively large crest and small ears give a more typical and + horse-like appearance to the head, whilst lofty withers again allow the + rider a surer seat and a stronger adhesion between the shoulders and the + body. (22) + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (22) Or if with L. D. ({kai to somati}), transl. "adhesion to the + horse's shoulders." +</pre> + <p> + A "double spine," (23) again, is at once softer to sit on than a single, + and more pleasing to the eye. So, too, a fairly deep side somewhat rounded + towards the belly (24) will render the animal at once easier to sit and + stronger, and as a general rule better able to digest his food. (25) + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (23) Reading after Courier {rakhis ge men}. See Virg. "Georg." iii. + 87, "at duplex agitur per lumbos spina." "In a horse that is in + good case, the back is broad, and the spine does not stick up like + a ridge, but forms a kind of furrow on the back" (John Martyn); "a + full back," as we say. + + (24) Or, "in proportion to." See Courier ("Du Commandement de la + Cavalerie at de l'Equitation": deux livres de Xenophon, traduits + par un officier d'artillerie a cheval), note ad loc. p. 83. + + (25) i.e. "and keep in good condition." +</pre> + <p> + The broader and shorter the loins the more easily will the horse raise his + forequarters and bring up his hindquarters under him. Given these points, + moreover, the belly will appear as small as possible, a portion of the + body which if large is partly a disfigurement and partly tends to make the + horse less strong and capable of carrying weight. (26) + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (26) Al. "more feeble at once and ponderous in his gait." +</pre> + <p> + The quarters should be broad and fleshy in correspondence with the sides + and chest, and if they are also firm and solid throughout they will be all + the lighter for the racecourse, and will render the horse in every way + more fleet. + </p> + <p> + To come to the thighs (and buttocks): (27) if the horse have these + separated by a broad line of demarcation (28) he will be able to plant his + hind-legs under him with a good gap between; (29) and in so doing will + assume a posture (30) and a gait in action at once prouder and more firmly + balanced, and in every way appear to the best advantage. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (27) Lit. "the thighs beneath the tail." + + (28) Reading {plateia to gramme diorismenous ekhe}, sc. the perineum. + Al. Courier (after Apsyrtus), op. cit. p. 14, {plateis te kai me + diestrammenous}, "broad and not turned outwards." + + (29) Or, "he will be sure to spread well behind," etc. + + (30) {ton upobasin}, tech. of the crouching posture assumed by the + horse for mounting or "in doing the demi-passade" (so Morgan, op. + cit. p. 126). +</pre> + <p> + The human subject would seem to point to this conclusion. When a man wants + to lift anything from off the ground he essays to do so by bringing the + legs apart and not by bringing them together. + </p> + <p> + A horse ought not to have large testicles, though that is not a point to + be determined in the colt. + </p> + <p> + And now, as regards the lower parts, the hocks, (31) or shanks and + fetlocks and hoofs, we have only to repeat what has been said already + about those of the fore-legs. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (31) {ton katothen astragelon, e knemon}, lit. "the under (or hinder?) + knuckle-bones (hocks?) or shins"; i.e. anatomically speaking, the + os calcis, astragalus, tarsals, and metatarsal large and small. +</pre> + <p> + I will here note some indications by which one may forecast the probable + size of the grown animal. The colt with the longest shanks at the moment + of being foaled will grow into the biggest horse; the fact being—and + it holds of all the domestic quadrupeds (32)—that with advance of + time the legs hardly increase at all, while the rest of the body grows + uniformly up to these, until it has attained its proper symmetry. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (32) Cf. Aristot. "de Part. Anim." iv. 10; "H. A." ii. 1; Plin. "N. + H." xi. 108. +</pre> + <p> + Such is the type (33) of colt and such the tests to be applied, with every + prospect of getting a sound-footed, strong, and fleshy animal fine of form + and large of stature. If changes in some instances develop during growth, + that need not prevent us from applying our tests in confidence. It far + more often happens that an ugly-looking colt will turn out serviceable, + (34) than that a foal of the above description will turn out ugly or + defective. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (33) Lit. "by testing the shape of the colt in this way it seems to us + the purchaser will get," etc. + + (34) For the vulg. {eukhroastoi}, a doubtful word = "well coloured," + i.e. "sleek and healthy," L. & S. would read {eukhrooi} (cf. "Pol. + Lac." v. 8). L. Dind. conj. {enrostoi}, "robust"; Schneid. + {eukhrestoi}, "serviceable." +</pre> + <p> + II + </p> + <p> + The right method of breaking a colt needs no description at our hands. (1) + As a matter of state organisation, (2) cavalry duties usually devolve upon + those who are not stinted in means, and who have a considerable share in + the government; (3) and it seems far better for a young man to give heed + to his own health of body and to horsemanship, or, if he already knows how + to ride with skill, to practising manoeuvres, than that he should set up as + a trainer of horses. (4) The older man has his town property and his + friends, and the hundred-and-one concerns of state or of war, on which to + employ his time and energies rather than on horsebreaking. It is plain + then that any one holding my views (5) on the subject will put a young + horse out to be broken. But in so doing he ought to draw up articles, just + as a father does when he apprentices his son to some art or handicraft, + stating what sort of knowledge the young creature is to be sent back + possessed of. These will serve as indications (6) to the trainer what + points he must pay special heed to if he is to earn his fee. At the same + time pains should be taken on the owner's part to see that the colt is + gentle, tractable, and affectionate, (7) when delivered to the + professional trainer. That is a condition of things which for the most + part may be brought about at home and by the groom—if he knows how + to let the animal connect (8) hunger and thirst and the annoyance of flies + with solitude, whilst associating food and drink and escape from sources + of irritation with the presence of man. As the result of this treatment, + necessarily the young horse will acquire—not fondness merely, but an + absolute craving for human beings. A good deal can be done by touching, + stroking, patting those parts of the body which the creature likes to have + so handled. These are the hairiest parts, or where, if there is anything + annoying him, the horse can least of all apply relief himself. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (1) Or, "The training of the colt is a topic which, as it seems to us, + may fairly be omitted, since those appointed for cavalry service + in these states are persons who," etc. For reading see Courier, + "Notes," p. 84. + + (2) "Organisation in the several states." + + (3) Or, "As a matter of fact it is the wealthiest members of the + state, and those who have the largest stake in civic life, that + are appointed to cavalry duties." See "Hippparch," i. 9. + + (4) Cf. "Econ." iii. 10. + + (5) {ego}. Hitherto the author has used the plural {emin} with which + he started. + + (6) Reading {upodeigmata}, "finger-post signs," as it were, or "draft + in outline"; al. {upomnemata} = "memoranda." + + (7) "Gentle, and accustomed to the hand, and fond of man." + + (8) Lit. "if he knows how to provide that hunger and thirst, etc., + should be felt by the colt in solitude, whilst food and drink, + etc., come through help of man." +</pre> + <p> + The groom should have standing orders to take his charge through crowds, + and to make him familiar with all sorts of sights and noises; and if the + colt shows sign of apprehension at them, (9) he must teach him—not + by cruel, but by gentle handling—that they are not really + formidable. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (9) Or, "is disposed to shy." +</pre> + <p> + On this topic, then, of training, (10) the rules here given will, I think, + suffice for any private individual. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (10) Or, "In reference to horsebreaking, the above remarks will + perhaps be found sufficient for the practical guidance of an + amateur." +</pre> + <p> + III + </p> + <p> + To meet the case in which the object is to buy a horse already fit for + riding, we will set down certain memoranda, (1) which, if applied + intelligently, may save the purchaser from being cheated. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (1) "Which the purchaser should lay to heart, if he does not wish to + be cheated." +</pre> + <p> + First, then, let there be no mistake about the age. If the horse has lost + his mark teeth, (2) not only will the purchaser's hopes be blighted, but + he may find himself saddled for ever with a sorry bargain. (3) + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (2) Or, "the milk teeth," i.e. is more than five years old. See + Morgan, p. 126. + + (3) Lit. "a horse that has lost his milk teeth cannot be said to + gladden his owner's mind with hopes, and is not so easily disposed + of." +</pre> + <p> + Given that the fact of youth is well established, let there be no mistake + about another matter: how does he take the bit into his mouth and the + headstall (4) over his ears? There need be little ambiguity on this score, + if the purchaser will see the bit inserted and again removed, under his + eyes. Next, let it be carefully noted how the horse stands being mounted. + Many horses are extremely loath to admit the approach of anything which, + if once accepted, clearly means to them enforced exertion. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (4) {koruphaia}, part of the {khalinos} gear. +</pre> + <p> + Another point to ascertain is whether the horse, when mounted, can be + induced to leave other horses, or when being ridden past a group of horses + standing, will not bolt off to join the company. Some horses again, as the + result of bad training, will run away from the exercising-ground and make + for the stable. A hard mouth may be detected by the exercise called the + {pede} or volte, (5) and still more so by varying the direction of the + volte to right or left. Many horses will not attempt to run away except + for the concurrence of a bad mouth along with an avenue of escape home. + (6) + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (5) See Sturz, s.v.; Pollux, i. 219. Al. "the longe," but the passage + below (vii. 14) is suggestive rather of the volte. + + (6) Al. "will only attempt to bolt where the passage out towards home + combines, as it were, with a bad mouth." {e... ekphora} = "the + exit from the manege or riding school." +</pre> + <p> + Another point which it is necessary to learn is, whether when let go at + full speed the horse can be pulled up (7) sharp and is willing to wheel + round in obedience to the rein. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (7) {analambanetai}, "come to the poise" (Morgan). For + {apostrephesthai} see ix.6; tech. "caracole." +</pre> + <p> + It is also well to ascertain by experience if the horse you propose to + purchase will show equal docility in response to the whip. Every one knows + what a useless thing a servant is, or a body of troops, that will not + obey. A disobedient horse is not only useless, but may easily play the + part of an arrant traitor. + </p> + <p> + And since it is assumed that the horse to be purchased is intended for + war, we must widen our test to include everything which war itself can + bring to the proof: such as leaping ditches, scrambling over walls, + scaling up and springing off high banks. We must test his paces by + galloping him up and down steep pitches and sharp inclines and along a + slant. For each and all of these will serve as a touchstone to gauge the + endurance of his spirit and the soundness of his body. + </p> + <p> + I am far from saying, indeed, that because an animal fails to perform all + these parts to perfection, he must straightway be rejected; since many a + horse will fall short at first, not from inability, but from want of + experience. With teaching, practice, and habit, almost any horse will come + to perform all these feats beautifully, provided he be sound and free from + vice. Only you must beware of a horse that is naturally of a nervous + temperament. An over-timorous animal will not only prevent the rider from + using the vantage-ground of its back to strike an enemy, but is as likely + as not to bring him to earth himself and plunge him into the worst of + straits. + </p> + <p> + We must, also, find out of the horse shows any viciousness towards other + horses or towards human beings; also, whether he is skittish; (8) such + defects are apt to cause his owner trouble. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (8) Or, "very ticklish." +</pre> + <p> + As to any reluctance on the horse's part to being bitted or mounted, + dancing and twisting about and the rest, (9) you will get a more exact + idea on this score, if, when he has gone through his work, you will try + and repeat the precise operations which he went through before you began + your ride. Any horse that having done his work shows a readiness to + undergo it all again, affords sufficient evidence thereby of spirit and + endurance. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (9) Reading {talla dineumata}, lit. "and the rest of his twistings and + twirlings about." +</pre> + <p> + To put the matter in a nutshell: given that the horse is sound-footed, + gentle, moderately fast, willing and able to undergo toil, and above all + things (10) obedient—such an animal, we venture to predict, will + give the least trouble and the greatest security to his rider in the + circumstances of war; while, conversely, a beast who either out of + sluggishness needs much driving, or from excess of mettle much coaxing and + manoeuvering, will give his rider work enough to occupy both his hands and + a sinking of the heart when dangers thicken. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (10) Al. "thoroughly." +</pre> + <p> + IV + </p> + <p> + We will now suppose the purchaser has found a horse which he admires; (1) + the purchase is effected, and he has brought him home—how is he to + be housed? It is best that the stable should be placed in a quarter of the + establishment where the master will see the horse as often as possible. + (2) It is a good thing also to have his stall so arranged that there will + be as little risk of the horse's food being stolen from the manger, as of + the master's from his larder or store-closet. To neglect a detail of this + kind is surely to neglect oneself; since in the hour of danger, it is + certain, the owner has to consign himself, life and limb, to the safe + keeping of his horse. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (1) Lit. "To proceed: when you have bought a horse which you admire + and have brought him home." + + (2) i.e. "where he will be brought as frequently as possible under the + master's eye." Cf. "Econ." xii. 20. +</pre> + <p> + Nor is it only to avoid the risk of food being stolen that a secure + horse-box is desirable, but for the further reason that if the horse takes + to scattering his food, the action is at once detected; and any one who + observes that happening may take it as a sign and symptom either of too + much blood, (3) which calls for veterinary aid, or of over-fatigue, for + which rest is the cure, or else that an attack of indigestion (4) or some + other malady is coming on. And just as with human beings, so with the + horse, all diseases are more curable at their commencement (5) than after + they have become chronic, or been wrongly treated. (6) + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (3) "A plethoric condition of the blood." + + (4) {krithiasis}. Lit. "barley surfeit"; "une fourbure." See Aristot. + "H. A." viii. 24. 4. + + (5) i.e. "in the early acute stages." + + (6) Al. "and the mischief has spread." +</pre> + <p> + But if food and exercise with a view to strengthening the horse's body are + matters of prime consideration, no less important is it to pay attention + to the feet. A stable with a damp and smooth floor will spoil the best + hoof which nature can give. (7) To prevent the floor being damp, it should + be sloped with channels; and to avoid smoothness, paved with cobble stones + sunk side by side in the ground and similar in size to the horse's hoofs. + (8) A stable floor of this sort is calculated to strengthen the horse's + feet by the mere pressure on the part in standing. In the next place it + will be the groom's business to lead out the horse somewhere to comb and + curry him; and after his morning's feed to unhalter him from the manger, + (9) so that he may come to his evening meal with greater relish. To secure + the best type of stable-yard, and with a view to strengthening the horse's + feet, I would suggest to take and throw down loosely (10) four or five + waggon loads of pebbles, each as large as can be grasped in the hand, and + about a pound in weight; the whole to be fenced round with a skirting of + iron to prevent scattering. The mere standing on these will come to + precisely the same thing as if for a certain portion of the day the horse + were, off and on, stepping along a stony road; whilst being curried or + when fidgeted by flies he will be forced to use his hoofs just as much as + if he were walking. Nor is it the hoofs merely, but a surface so strewn + with stones will tend to harden the frog of the foot also. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (7) Lit. "A damp and smooth floor may be the ruin of a naturally good + hoof." It will be understood that the Greeks did not shoe their + horses. + + (8) See Courier, p. 54, for an interesting experiment tried by himself + at Bari. + + (9) Cf. "Hipparch," i. 16. + + (10) Or, "spread so as to form a surface." +</pre> + <p> + But if care is needed to make the hoofs hard, similar pains should be + taken to make the mouth and jaws soft; and the same means and appliances + which will render a man's flesh and skin soft, will serve to soften and + supple a horse's mouth. (11) + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (11) Or, "may be used with like effect on a horse's mouth," i.e. + bathing, friction, oil. See Pollux, i. 201. +</pre> + <p> + V + </p> + <p> + It is the duty of a horseman, as we think, to have his groom trained + thoroughly in all that concerns the treatment of the horse. In the first + place, then, the groom should know that he is never to knot the halter (1) + at the point where the headstall is attached to the horse's head. By + constantly rubbing his head against the manger, if the halter does not sit + quite loose about his ears, the horse will be constantly injuring himself; + (2) and with sores so set up, it is inevitable that he should show + peevishness, while being bitted or rubbed down. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (1) Lit. "by which the horse is tied to the manger"; "licol d'ecurie." + + (2) Al. "in nine cases out of ten he rubs his head... and ten to + one will make a sore." +</pre> + <p> + It is desirable that the groom should be ordered to carry out the dung and + litter of the horse to some one place each day. By so doing, he will + discharge the duty with least trouble to himself, (3) and at the same time + be doing the horse a kindness. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (3) Al. "get rid of the refuse in the easiest way." +</pre> + <p> + The groom should also be instructed to attach the muzzle to the horse's + mouth, both when taking him out to be groomed and to the rolling-ground. + (4) In fact he should always muzzle him whenever he takes him anywhere + without the bit. The muzzle, while it is no hindrance to respiration, + prevents biting; and when attached it serves to rob the horse of + opportunity for vice. (5) + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (4) Cf. "Econ." xi. 18; Aristoph. "Clouds," 32. + + (5) Or, "prevents the horse from carrying out vicious designs." +</pre> + <p> + Again, care should be taken to tie the horse up with the halter above his + head. A horse's natural instinct, in trying to rid himself of anything + that irritates the face, is to toss up his head, and by this upward + movement, if so tied, he only slackens the chain instead of snapping it. + In rubbing the horse down, the groom should begin with the head and mane; + as until the upper parts are clean, it is vain to cleanse the lower; then, + as regards the rest of the body, first brush up the hair, by help of all + the ordinary implements for cleansing, and then beat out the dust, + following the lie of the hair. The hair on the spine (and dorsal region) + ought not to be touched with any instrument whatever; the hand alone + should be used to rub and smooth it, and in the direction of its natural + growth, so as to preserve from injury that part of the horse's back on + which the rider sits. + </p> + <p> + The head should be drenched with water simply; for, being bony, if you try + to cleanse it with iron or wooden instruments injury may be caused. So, + too, the forelock should be merely wetted; the long hairs of which it is + composed, without hindering the animal's vision, serve to scare away from + the eyes anything that might trouble them. Providence, we must suppose, + (6) bestowed these hairs upon the horse, instead of the large ears which + are given to the ass and the mule as a protection to the eyes. (7) The + tail, again, and mane should be washed, the object being to help the hairs + to grow—those in the tail so as to allow the creature the greatest + reach possible in brushing away molesting objects, (8) and those of the + neck in order that the rider may have as free a grip as possible. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (6) Lit. "The gods, we must suppose, gave..." + + (7) Lit. "as defences or protective bulwarks." + + (8) Insects, etc. +</pre> + <p> + Mane, forelock, and tail are triple gifts bestowed by the gods upon the + horse for the sake of pride and ornament, (9) and here is the proof: a + brood mare, so long as her mane is long and flowing, will not readily + suffer herself to be covered by an ass; hence breeders of mules take care + to clip the mane of the mare with a view to covering. (10) + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (9) {aglaias eneka} (a poetic word). Cf. "Od." xv. 78; xvii. 310. + + (10) For this belief Schneid. cf Aristot. "H. A." vi. 18; Plin. viii. + 42; Aelian, "H. A." ii. 10, xi. 18, xii. 16, to which Dr. Morgan + aptly adds Soph. "Fr." 587 (Tyro), a beautiful passage, {komes de + penthos lagkhano polou diken, k.t.l.} (cf. Plut. "Mor." 754 A). +</pre> + <p> + Washing of the legs we are inclined to dispense with—no good is done + but rather harm to the hoofs by this daily washing. So, too, excessive + cleanliness of the belly is to be discouraged; the operation itself is + most annoying to the horse; and the cleaner these parts are made, the + thicker the swarm of troublesome things which collect beneath the belly. + Besides which, however elaborately you clean these parts, the horse is no + sooner led out than presently he will be just as dirty as if he had not + been cleaned. Omit these ablutions then, we say; and similarly for the + legs, rubbing and currying by hand is quite sufficient. + </p> + <p> + VI + </p> + <p> + We will now explain how the operation of grooming may be performed with + least danger to oneself and best advantage to the horse. If the groom + attempts to clean the horse with his face turned the same way as the + horse, he runs the risk of getting a knock in the face from the animal's + knee or hoof. When cleaning him he should turn his face in the opposite + direction to the horse, and planting himself well out of the way of his + leg, at an angle to his shoulder-blade, proceed to rub him down. He will + then escape all mischief, and he will be able to clean the frog by folding + back the hoof. Let him clean the hind-legs in the same way. + </p> + <p> + The man who has to do with the horse should know, with regard to this and + all other necessary operations, that he ought to approach as little as + possible from the head or the tail to perform them; for if the horse + attempt to show vice he is master of the man in front and rear. But by + approaching from the side he will get the greatest hold over the horse + with the least risk of injury to himself. + </p> + <p> + When the horse has to be led, we do not approve of leading him from in + front, for the simple reason that the person so leading him robs himself + of his power of self-protection, whilst he leaves the horse freedom to do + what he likes. On the other hand, we take a like exception to the plan of + training the horse to go forward on a long rein (1) and lead the way, and + for this reason: it gives the horse the opportunity of mischief, in + whichever direction he likes, on either flank, and the power also to turn + right about and face his driver. How can a troop of horses be kept free of + one another, if driven in this fashion from behind?—whereas a horse + accustomed to be led from the side will have least power of mischief to + horse or man, and at the same time be in the best position to be mounted + by the rider at a moment's notice, were it necessary. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (1) See a passage from Strattis, "Chrys." 2 (Pollux, x. 55), {prosage + ton polon atrema, proslabon ton agogea brakhuteron. oukh oras oti + abolos estin}. +</pre> + <p> + In order to insert the bit correctly the groom should, in the first place, + approach on the near (2) side of the horse, and then throwing the reins + over his head, let them drop loosely on the withers; raise the headstall + in his right hand, and with his left present the bit. If the horse will + take the bit, it is a simple business to adjust the strap of the + headstall; but if he refuses to open his mouth, the groom must hold the + bit against the teeth and at the same time insert the thumb (3) of his + left hand inside the horse's jaws. Most horses will open their mouths to + that operation. But if he still refuses, then the groom must press the lip + against the tush (4); very few horses will refuse the bit, when that is + done to them. (5) + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (2) Lit. "on the left-hand side." + + (3) {ton megan daktulon}, Hdt. iii. 8. + + (4) i.e. "canine tooth." + + (5) Or, "it is a very exceptional horse that will not open his mouth + under the circumstances." +</pre> + <p> + The groom can hardly be too much alive to the following points * * * if + any work is to be done: (6) in fact, so important is it that the horse + should readily take his bit, that, to put it tersely, a horse that will + not take it is good for nothing. Now, if the horse be bitted not only when + he has work to do, but also when he is being taken to his food and when he + is being led home from a ride, it would be no great marvel if he learnt to + take the bit of his own accord, when first presented to him. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (6) Reading with L. Dind. {khre de ton ippokomon kai ta oiade... + paroxunthai, ei ti dei ponein}, or if as Schneid., Sauppe, etc., + {khre de ton ippon me kata toiade, k.t.l.}, transl. "the horse + must not be irritated in such operations as these," etc.; but + {toiade} = "as follows," if correct, suggests a lacuna in either + case at this point. +</pre> + <p> + It would be good for the groom to know how to give a leg up in the Persian + fashion, (7) so that in case of illness or infirmity of age the master + himself may have a man to help him on to horseback without trouble, or, if + he so wish, be able to oblige a friend with a man to mount him. (8) + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (7) Cf. "Anab." IV. iv. 4; "Hipparch," i. 17; "Cyrop." VII. i. 38. + + (8) An {anaboleus}. Cf. Plut. "C. Gracch." 7. +</pre> + <p> + The one best precept—the golden rule—in dealing with a horse + is never to approach him angrily. Anger is so devoid of forethought that + it will often drive a man to do things which in a calmer mood he will + regret. (9) Thus, when a horse is shy of any object and refuses to + approach it, you must teach him that there is nothing to be alarmed at, + particularly if he be a plucky animal; (10) or, failing that, touch the + formidable object yourself, and then gently lead the horse up to it. The + opposite plan of forcing the frightened creature by blows only intensifies + its fear, the horse mentally associating the pain he suffers at such a + moment with the object of suspicion, which he naturally regards as its + cause. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (9) Cf. "Hell." v. iii. 7 for this maxim. + + (10) Al. "if possibly by help of another and plucky animal." +</pre> + <p> + If, when the groom brings up the horse to his master to mount, he knows + how to make him lower his back, (11) to facilitate mounting, we have no + fault to find. Still, we consider that the horseman should practise and be + able to mount, even if the horse does not so lend himself; (12) since on + another occasion another type of horse may fall to the rider's lot, (13) + nor can the same rider be always served by the same equerry. (14) + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (11) {upobibazesthai}. See above, i. 14; Pollux, i. 213; Morgan ad + loc. "Stirrups were unknown till long after the Christian era + began." + + (12) Or, "apart from these good graces on the animal's part." + + (13) As a member of the cavalry. + + (14) Reading {allo}. Al. reading {allos} with L. D., "and the same + horse will at one time humour you in one way and again in + another." Cf. viii. 13, x. 12, for {uperetein} of the horse. +</pre> + <p> + VII + </p> + <p> + The master, let us suppose, has received his horse and is ready to mount. + (1) We will now prescribe certain rules to be observed in the interests + not only of the horseman but of the animal which he bestrides. First, + then, he should take the leading rein, which hangs from the chin-strap or + nose-band, (2) conveniently in his left hand, held slack so as not to jerk + the horse's mouth, whether he means to mount by hoisting himself up, + catching hold of the mane behind the ears, or to vault on to horseback by + help of his spear. With the right hand he should grip the reins along with + a tuft of hair beside the shoulder-joint, (3) so that he may not in any + way wrench the horse's mouth with the bit while mounting. In the act of + taking the spring off the ground for mounting, (4) he should hoist his + body by help of the left hand, and with the right at full stretch assist + the upward movement (5) (a position in mounting which will present a + graceful spectacle also from behind); (6) at the same time with the leg + well bent, and taking care not to place his knee on the horse's back, he + must pass his leg clean over to the off side; and so having brought his + foot well round, plant himself firmly on his seat. (7) + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (1) Reading {otan... paradexetai... os anabesomenos}. Or, + reading {otan paradexetai ton ippea (sc. o. ippos) ws + anabesomenon}, transl. "the horse has been brought round ready for + mounting." + + (2) So Courier, "la muserolle." It might be merely a stitched leather + strap or made of a chain in part, which rattled; as + {khrusokhalinon patagon psalion} (Aristoph. "Peace," 155) implies. + "Curb" would be misleading. + + (3) "Near the withers." + + (4) Or, "as soon as he has got the springing poise preliminary to + mounting." + + (5) "Give himself simultaneously a lift." Reading {ekteinon}, or if + {enteinon}, "keeping his right arm stiff." + + (6) Or, "a style of mounting which will obviate an ungainly attitude + behind." + + (7) Lit. "lower his buttocks on to the horse's back." +</pre> + <p> + To meet the case in which the horseman may chance to be leading his horse + with the left hand and carrying his spear in the right, it would be good, + we think, for every one to practise vaulting on to his seat from the right + side also. In fact, he has nothing else to learn except to do with his + right limbs what he has previously done with the left, and vice versa. And + the reason we approve of this method of mounting is (8) that it enables + the soldier at one and the same instant to get astride of his horse and to + find himself prepared at all points, supposing he should have to enter the + lists of battle on a sudden. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (8) Lit. "One reason for the praise which we bestow on this method of + mounting is that at the very instant of gaining his seat the + soldier finds himself fully prepared to engage the enemy on a + sudden, if occasion need." +</pre> + <p> + But now, supposing the rider fairly seated, whether bareback or on a + saddle-cloth, a good seat is not that of a man seated on a chair, but + rather the pose of a man standing upright with his legs apart. In this way + he will be able to hold on to the horse more firmly by his thighs; and + this erect attitude will enable him to hurl a javelin or to strike a blow + from horseback, if occasion calls, with more vigorous effect. The leg and + foot should hang loosely from the knee; by keeping the leg stiff, the + rider is apt to have it broken in collision with some obstacle; whereas a + flexible leg (9) will yield to the impact, and at the same time not shift + the thigh from its position. The rider should also accustom the whole of + his body above the hips to be as supple as possible; for thus he will + enlarge his scope of action, and in case of a tug or shove be less liable + to be unseated. Next, when the rider is seated, he must, in the first + place, teach his horse to stand quiet, until he has drawn his skirts from + under him, if need be, (10) and got the reins an equal length and grasped + his spear in the handiest fashion; and, in the next place, he should keep + his left arm close to his side. This position will give the rider absolute + ease and freedom, (11) and his hand the firmest hold. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (9) i.e. "below the knee"; "shin and calf." + + (10) Lit. "pulled up" (and arranged the folds of his mantle). + + (11) {eustalestatos}, "the most business-like deportment." +</pre> + <p> + As to reins, we recommend those which are well balanced, without being + weak or slippery or thick, so that when necessary, the hand which holds + them can also grasp a spear. + </p> + <p> + As soon as the rider gives the signal to the horse to start, (12) he + should begin at a walking pace, which will tend to allay his excitement. + If the horse is inclined to droop his head, the reins should be held + pretty high; or somewhat low, if he is disposed to carry his head high. + This will set off the horse's bearing to the best advantage. Presently, as + he falls into a natural trot, (13) he will gradually relax his limbs + without the slightest suffering, and so come more agreeably to the gallop. + (14) Since, too, the preference is given to starting on the left foot, it + will best conduce to that lead if, while the horse is still trotting, the + signal to gallop should be given at the instant of making a step with his + right foot. (15) As he is on the point of lifting his left foot he will + start upon it, and while turning left will simultaneously make the first + bound of the gallop; (16) since, as a matter of instinct, a horse, on + being turned to the right, leads off with his right limbs, and to the left + with his left. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (12) "Forwards!" + + (13) Or, "the true trot." + + (14) {epirrabdophorein}, "a fast pace in response to a wave of the + whip." + + (15) See Berenger, i. p. 249; also the "Cavalry Drill Book," Part I. + Equitation, S. 22, "The Canter." + + (16) {tes episkeliseos}, "he will make the forward stride of the + gallop in the act of turning to the left." See Morgan ad loc. +</pre> + <p> + As an exercise, we recommend what is called the volte, (17) since it + habituates the animal to turn to either hand; while a variation in the + order of the turn is good as involving an equalisation of both sides of + the mouth, in first one, and then the other half of the exercise. (18) But + of the two we commend the oval form of the volte rather than the circular; + for the horse, being already sated with the straight course, will be all + the more ready to turn, and will be practised at once in the straight + course and in wheeling. At the curve, he should be held up, (19) because + it is neither easy nor indeed safe when the horse is at full speed to turn + sharp, especially if the ground is broken (20) or slippery. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (17) {pede}, figure of eight. + + (18) Or, "on first one and then the other half of the manege." + + (19) {upolambanein}. See "Hipparch," iii. 14; "Hunting," iii. 10; vi. + 22, of a dog. + + (20) {apokroton}, al. {epikroton}, "beaten, hard-trodden ground." +</pre> + <p> + But in collecting him, the rider should as little as possible sway the + horse obliquely with the bit, and as little as possible incline his own + body; or, he may rest assured, a trifle will suffice to stretch him and + his horse full length upon the ground. The moment the horse has his eyes + fixed on the straight course after making a turn, is the time to urge him + to full speed. In battle, obviously, these turns and wheelings are with a + view to charging or retiring; consequently, to practise quickening the + pace after wheeling is desirable. When the horse seems to have had enough + of the manege, it would be good to give him a slight pause, and then + suddenly to put him to his quickest, away from his fellows first, (21) and + now towards them; and then again to quiet him down in mid-career as short + as possible; (22) and from halt once more to turn him right-about and off + again full charge. It is easy to predict that the day will come when there + will be need of each of these manoeuvres. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (21) {mentoi}, "of course." + + (22) Or, "within the narrowest compass"; "as finely as possible." +</pre> + <p> + When the moment to dismount has come, you should never do so among other + horses, nor near a group of people, (23) nor outside the + exercising-ground; but on the precise spot which is the scene of his + compulsory exertion there let the horse find also relaxation. (24) + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (23) Or, "a knot of bystanders"; cf. Thuc. ii. 21. + + (24) Or, as we say, "be caressed, and dismissed." +</pre> + <p> + VIII + </p> + <p> + As there will, doubtless, be times when the horse will need to race + downhill and uphill and on sloping ground; times, also, when he will need + to leap across an obstacle; or, take a flying leap from off a bank; (1) + or, jump down from a height, the rider must teach and train himself and + his horse to meet all emergencies. In this way the two will have a chance + of saving each the other, and may be expected to increase their + usefulness. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (1) {ekpedan} = exsilire in altum (Sturz, and so Berenger); "to leap + over ditches, and upon high places and down from them." +</pre> + <p> + And here, if any reader should accuse us of repeating ourselves, on the + ground that we are only stating now what we said before on the same + topics, (2) we say that this is not mere repetition. In the former case, + we confined ourselves to advising the purchaser before he concluded his + bargain to test whether the horse could do those particular things; (3) + what we are now maintaining is that the owner ought to teach his own + horse, and we will explain how this teaching is to be done. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (2) Or, "treating of a topic already handled." + + (3) i.e. possessed a certain ability at the date of purchase. +</pre> + <p> + With a horse entirely ignorant of leaping, the best way is to take him by + the leading rein, which hangs loose, and to get across the trench yourself + first, and then to pull tight on the leading-rein, to induce him to leap + across. If he refuses, some one with a whip or switch should apply it + smartly. The result will be that the horse will clear at a bound, not the + distance merely, but a far larger space than requisite; and for the future + there will be no need for an actual blow, the mere sight of some one + coming up behind will suffice to make him leap. As soon as he is + accustomed to leap in this way you may mount him and put him first at + smaller and then at larger trenches. At the moment of the spring be ready + to apply the spur; and so too, when training him to leap up and leap down, + you should touch him with the spur at the critical instant. In the effort + to perform any of these actions with the whole body, the horse will + certainly perform them with more safety to himself and to his rider than + he will, if his hind-quarters lag, in taking a ditch or fence, or in + making an upward spring or downward jump. (4) + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (4) Lit. "in making these jumps, springs, and leaps across or up or + down." +</pre> + <p> + To face a steep incline, you must first teach him on soft ground, and + finally, when he is accustomed to that, he will much prefer the downward + to the upward slope for a fast pace. And as to the apprehension, which + some people entertain, that a horse may dislocate the shoulder in + galloping down an incline, it should encourage them to learn that the + Persians and Odrysians all run races down precipitous slopes; (5) and + their horses are every bit as sound as our own. (6) + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (5) Cf. "Anab." IV. viii. 28; and so the Georgians to this day + (Chardin ap. Courier, op. cit. p. 70, n. 1). + + (6) Lit. "as are those of the Hellenes." +</pre> + <p> + Nor must we omit another topic: how the rider is to accommodate himself to + these several movements. (7) Thus, when the horse breaks off into a + gallop, the rider ought to bend forward, since the horse will be less + likely to slip from under; and so to pitch his rider off. So again in + pulling him up short (8) the rider should lean back; and thus escape a + shock. In leaping a ditch or tearing up a steep incline, it is no bad plan + to let go the reins and take hold of the mane, so that the animal may not + feel the burthen of the bit in addition to that of the ground. In going + down a steep incline the rider must throw himself right back and hold in + the horse with the bit, to prevent himself being hurled headforemost down + the slope himself if not his horse. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (7) Or, "to each set of occurrences." + + (8) Al. "when the horse is being brought to a poise" (Morgan); and see + Hermann ap. Schneid., {analambanein} = retinere equum, anhalten, + pariren. i.e. "rein in" of the "Parade." +</pre> + <p> + It is a correct principle to vary these exercises, which should be gone + through sometimes in one place and sometimes in another, and should + sometimes be shorter and sometimes longer in duration. The horse will take + much more kindly to them if you do not confine him to one place and one + routine. + </p> + <p> + Since it is a matter of prime necessity that the rider should keep his + seat, while galloping full speed on every sort of ground, and at the same + time be able to use his weapons with effect on horseback, nothing could be + better, where the country suits and there are wild animals, than to + practise horsemanship in combination with the chase. But when these + resources fail, a good exercise may be supplied in the combined efforts of + two horsemen. (9) One of them will play the part of fugitive, retreating + helter-skelter over every sort of ground, with lance reversed and plying + the butt end. The other pursues, with buttons on his javelins and his + lance similarly handled. (10) Whenever he comes within javelin range he + lets fly at the retreating foeman with his blunted missiles; or whenever + within spear thrust he deals the overtaken combatant a blow. In coming to + close quarters, it is a good plan first to drag the foeman towards + oneself, and then on a sudden to thrust him off; that is a device to bring + him to the ground. (11) The correct plan for the man so dragged is to + press his horse forward: by which action the man who is being dragged is + more likely to unhorse his assailant than to be brought to the ground + himself. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (9) {ippota}. A poetic word; "cavaliers." + + (10) Or, "manipulated." + + (11) Or, "that may be spoken off as the 'purl trick'"; "it will + unhorse him if anything." +</pre> + <p> + If it ever happens that you have an enemy's camp in front, and cavalry + skirmishing is the order of the day (at one time charging the enemy right + up to the hostile battle-line, and again beating a retreat), under these + circumstances it is well to bear in mind that so long as the skirmisher is + close to his own party, (12) valour and discretion alike dictate to wheel + and charge in the vanguard might and main; but when he finds himself in + close proximity to the foe, he must keep his horse well in hand. This, in + all probability, will enable him to do the greatest mischief to the enemy, + and to receive least damage at his hands. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (12) See "Hipparch," viii. 23. +</pre> + <p> + The gods have bestowed on man, indeed, the gift of teaching man his duty + by means of speech and reasoning, but the horse, it is obvious, is not + open to instruction by speech and reasoning. If you would have a horse + learn to perform his duty, your best plan will be, whenever he does as you + wish, to show him some kindness in return, and when he is disobedient to + chastise him. This principle, though capable of being stated in a few + words, is one which holds good throughout the whole of horsemanship. As, + for instance, a horse will more readily take the bit, if each time he + accepts it some good befalls him; or, again, he will leap ditches and + spring up embankments and perform all the other feats incumbent on him, if + he be led to associate obedience to the word of command with relaxation. + (13) + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (13) Lit. "if every time he performs the word of command he is led to + expect some relaxation." +</pre> + <p> + IX + </p> + <p> + The topics hitherto considered have been: firstly, how to reduce the + chance of being cheated in the purchase of a colt or full-grown horse; + secondly, how to escape as much as possible the risk of injuring your + purchase by mishandling; and lastly, how to succeed in turning out a horse + possessed of all the qualities demanded by the cavalry soldier for the + purposes of war. + </p> + <p> + The time has come perhaps to add a few suggestions, in case the rider + should be called upon to deal with an animal either unduly spirited or + again unduly sluggish in disposition. The first point to recognise is, + that temper of spirit in a horse takes the place of passion or anger in a + man; and just as you may best escape exciting a man's ill-temper by + avoiding harshness of speech and act, so you will best avoid enraging a + spirited horse by not annoying him. Thus, from the first instant, in the + act of mounting him, you should take pains to minimise the annoyance; and + once on his back you should sit quiet for longer than the ordinary time, + and so urge him forward by the gentlest signs possible; next, beginning at + the slowest pace, gradually work him into a quicker step, but so gradually + that he will find himself at full speed without noticing it. (1) Any + sudden signal will bewilder a spirited horse, just as a man is bewildered + by any sudden sight or sound or other experience. (I say one should be + aware that any unexpected shock will produce disturbance in a horse.) (2) + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (1) Or, "so that the horse may insensibly fall into a gallop." + + (2) L. Dindorf and others bracket, as spurious. +</pre> + <p> + So if you wish to pull up a spirited horse when breaking off into a + quicker pace than requisite, you must not suddenly wrench him, but quietly + and gently bring the bit to bear upon him, coaxing him rather than + compelling him to calm down. It is the long steady course rather than the + frequent turn which tends to calm a horse. (3) A quiet pace sustained for + a long time has a caressing, (4) soothing effect, the reverse of exciting. + If any one proposes by a series of fast and oft-repeated gallops to + produce a sense of weariness in the horse, and so to tame him, his + expectation will not be justified by the result; for under such + circumstances a spirited horse will do his best to carry the day by main + force, (5) and with a show of temper, like a passionate man, may contrive + to bring on himself and his rider irreparable mischief. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (3) Or, "long stretches rather than a succession of turns and counter + turns," {apostrophai}. + + (4) Reading {katapsosi} with L. Dind. + + (5) {agein bia}, vi agere, vi uti, Sturz; al. "go his own gait by + sheer force." +</pre> + <p> + A spirited horse should be kept in check, so that he does not dash off at + full speed; and on the same principle, you should absolutely abstain from + setting him to race against another; as a general rule, your + fiery-spirited horse is only too fond of contention. (6) + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (6) Reading {skhedon gar kai phil oi thum}, or if {... oi thil kai + th.} transl. "the more eager and ambitious a horse is, the more + mettlesome he will tend to become." +</pre> + <p> + Smooth bits are better and more serviceable than rough; if a rough bit be + inserted at all, it must be made to resemble a smooth one as much as + possible by lightness of hand. + </p> + <p> + It is a good thing also for the rider to accustom himself to keep a quiet + seat, especially when mounted on a spirited horse; and also to touch him + as little as possible with anything except that part of the body necessary + to secure a firm seat. + </p> + <p> + Again, it should be known that the conventional "chirrup" (7) to quiet and + "cluck" to rouse a horse are a sort of precept of the training school; and + supposing any one from the beginning chose to associate soft soothing + actions with the "cluck" sound, and harsh rousing actions with the + "chirrup," the horse could be taught to rouse himself at the "chirrup" and + to calm himself at the "cluck" sound. On this principle, at the sound of + the trumpet or the shout of battle the rider should avoid coming up to his + charger in a state of excitement, or, indeed, bringing any disturbing + influence to bear on the animal. As far as possible, at such a crisis he + should halt and rest him; and, if circumstances permit, give him his + morning or his evening meal. But the best advice of all is not to get an + over-spirited horse for the purposes of war. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (7) Al. "whistling," and see Berenger, ii. 68. {poppusmos}, a sound + from the lips; {klogmos}, from the cheek. +</pre> + <p> + As to the sluggish type of animal, I need only suggest to do everything + the opposite to what we advise as appropriate in dealing with an animal of + high spirit. + </p> + <p> + X + </p> + <p> + But possibly you are not content with a horse serviceable for war. You + want to find in him a showy, attractive animal, with a certain grandeur + of bearing. If so, you must abstain from pulling at his mouth with the + bit, or applying the spur and whip—methods commonly adopted by + people with a view to a fine effect, though, as a matter of fact, they + thereby achieve the very opposite of what they are aiming at. That is to + say, by dragging the mouth up they render the horse blind instead of alive + to what is in front of him; and what with spurring and whipping they + distract the creature to the point of absolute bewilderment and danger. + (1) Feats indeed!—the feats of horses with a strong dislike to being + ridden—up to all sorts of ugly and ungainly tricks. On the contrary, + let the horse be taught to be ridden on a loose bridle, and to hold his + head high and arch his neck, and you will practically be making him + perform the very acts which he himself delights or rather exults in; and + the best proof of the pleasure which he takes is, that when he is let + loose with other horses, and more particularly with mares, you will see + him rear his head aloft to the full height, and arch his neck with nervous + vigour, (2) pawing the air with pliant legs (3) and waving his tail on + high. By training him to adopt the very airs and graces which he naturally + assumes when showing off to best advantage, you have got what you are + aiming at—a horse that delights in being ridden, a splendid and + showy animal, the joy of all beholders. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (1) Al. "the animals are so scared that, the chances are, they are + thrown into disorder." + + (2) {gorgoumenos}, with pride and spirit, but with a suggestion of + "fierceness and rage," as of Job's war-horse. + + (3) "Mollia crura reponit," Virg. "Georg." iii. 76; Hom. "Hymn. ad + Merc." +</pre> + <p> + How these desirable results are, in our opinion, to be produced, we will + now endeavour to explain. In the first place, then, you ought to have at + least two bits. One of these should be smooth, with discs of a good size; + the other should have heavy and flat discs (4) studded with sharp spikes, + so that when the horse seizes it and dislikes the roughness he will drop + it; then when the smooth is given him instead, he is delighted with its + smoothness, and whatever he has learnt before upon the rough, he will + perform with greater relish on the smooth. He may certainly, out of + contempt for its very smoothness, perpetually try to get a purchase on it, + and that is why we attach large discs to the smooth bit, the effect of + which is to make him open his mouth, and drop the mouthpiece. It is + possible to make the rough bit of every degree of roughness by keeping it + slack or taut. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (4) See Morgan, op. cit. p. 144 foll. +</pre> + <p> + But, whatever the type of bit may be, let it in any case be flexible. If + it be stiff, at whatever point the horse seizes it he must take it up + bodily against his jaws; just as it does not matter at what point a man + takes hold of a bar of iron, (5) he lifts it as a whole. The other + flexibly constructed type acts like a chain (only the single point at + which you hold it remains stiff, the rest hangs loose); and while + perpetually hunting for the portion which escapes him, he lets the + mouthpiece go from his bars. (6) For this reason the rings are hung in the + middle from the two axles, (7) so that while feeling for them with his + tongue and teeth he may neglect to take the bit up against his jaws. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (5) Or, "poker," as we might say; lit. "spit." + + (6) Schneid. cf. Eur. "Hippol." 1223. + + (7) See Morgan, note ad loc. Berenger (i. 261) notes: "We have a small + chain in the upset or hollow part of our bits, called a 'Player,' + with which the horse playing with his tongue, and rolling it + about, keeps his mouth moist and fresh; and, as Xenophon hints, it + may serve likewise to fix his attention and prevent him from + writhing his mouth about, or as the French call it, 'faire ses + forces.'" +</pre> + <p> + To explain what is meant by flexible and stiff as applied to a bit, we + will describe the matter. A flexible bit is one in which the axles have + their points of junction broad and smooth, (8) so as to bend easily; and + where the several parts fitting round the axles, being large of aperture + and not too closely packed, have greater flexibility; whereas, if the + several parts do not slide to and fro with ease, and play into each other, + that is what we call a stiff bit. Whatever the kind of bit may be, the + rider must carry out precisely the same rules in using it, as follows, if + he wishes to turn out a horse with the qualities described. The horse's + mouth is not to be pulled back too harshly so as to make him toss his head + aside, nor yet so gently that he will not feel the pressure. But the + instant he raises his neck in answer to the pull, give him the bit at + once; and so throughout, as we never cease repeating, at every response to + your wishes, whenever and wherever the animal performs his service well, + (9) reward and humour him. Thus, when the rider perceives that the horse + takes a pleasure in the high arching and supple play of his neck, let him + seize the instant not to impose severe exertion on him, like a taskmaster, + but rather to caress and coax him, as if anxious to give him a rest. In + this way the horse will be encouraged and fall into a rapid pace. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (8) i.e. "the ends of the axles (at the point of junction) which work + into each other are broad and smooth, so as to play freely at the + join." + + (9) "Behaves compliantly." +</pre> + <p> + That a horse takes pleasure in swift movement, may be shown conclusively. + As soon as he has got his liberty, he sets off at a trot or gallop, never + at a walking pace; so natural and instinctive a pleasure does this action + afford him, if he is not forced to perform it to excess; since it is true + of horse and man alike that nothing is pleasant if carried to excess. (10) + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (10) L. Dind. cf. Eur. "Med." 128, {ta de' uperballont oudena kairon}. +</pre> + <p> + But now suppose he has attained to the grand style when ridden—we + have accustomed him of course in his first exercise to wheel and fall into + a canter simultaneously; assuming then, he has got that lesson well by + heart, if the rider pulls him up with the bit while simultaneously giving + him one of the signals to be off, the horse, galled on the one hand by the + bit, and on the other collecting himself in obedience to the signal "off," + will throw forward his chest and raise his legs aloft with fiery spirit; + though not indeed with suppleness, for the supple play of the limbs ceases + as soon as the horse feels annoyance. But now, supposing when his fire is + thus enkindled (11) you give him the rein, the effect is instantaneous. + Under the pleasurable sense of freedom, thanks to the relaxation of the + bit, with stately bearing and legs pliantly moving he dashes forward in + his pride, in every respect imitating the airs and graces of a horse + approaching other horses. Listen to the epithets with which spectators + will describe the type of horse: the noble animal! and what willingness to + work, what paces, (12) what a spirit and what mettle; how proudly he bears + himself (13)—a joy at once, and yet a terror to behold. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (11) Cf. "Hell." V. iv. 46, "kindled into new life." + + (12) {ipposten}, "a true soldier's horse." + + (13) {sobaron}, "what a push and swagger"; {kai ama edun te kai gorgon + idein}, "a la fois doux et terrible a voir," see Victor + Cherbuliez, "Un Cheval de Phidias," p. 148. +</pre> + <p> + Thus far on this topic; these notes may serve perhaps to meet a special + need. + </p> + <p> + XI + </p> + <p> + If, however, the wish is to secure a horse adapted to parade and state + processions, a high stepper and a showy (1) animal, these are qualities + not to be found combined in every horse, but to begin with, the animal + must have high spirit and a stalwart body. Not that, as some think, a + horse with flexible legs will necessarily be able to rear his body. What + we want is a horse with supple loins, and not supple only but short and + strong (I do not mean the loins towards the tail, but by the belly the + region between the ribs and thighs). That is the horse who will be able to + plant his hind-legs well under the forearm. If while he is so planting his + hind-quarters, he is pulled up with the bit, he lowers his hind-legs on + his hocks (2) and raises the forepart of his body, so that any one in + front of him will see the whole length of his belly to the sheath. (3) At + the moment the horse does this, the rider should give him the rein, so + that he may display the noblest feats which a horse can perform of his own + free will, to the satisfaction of the spectators. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (1) {lampros}. Cf. Isae. xi. 41 ("On the estate of Hagnias"), Lys. + xix. 63 ("de Bon. Arist."). + + (2) See Berenger, ii. 68. + + (3) Lit. "testicles." +</pre> + <p> + There are, indeed, other methods of teaching these arts. (4) Some do so by + touching the horse with a switch under the hocks, others employ an + attendant to run alongside and strike the horse with a stick under the + gaskins. For ourselves, however, far the best method of instruction, (5) + as we keep repeating, is to let the horse feel that whatever he does in + obedience to the rider's wishes will be followed by some rest and + relaxation. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (4) Lit. "People, it must be admitted, claim to teach these arts in + various ways—some by... others by bidding..." + + (5) Reading {didaskalion}, al. {didaskalion}, "systems." Schneid. cf. + Herod. v. 58. +</pre> + <p> + To quote a dictum of Simon, what a horse does under compulsion he does + blindly, and his performance is no more beautiful than would be that of a + ballet-dancer taught by whip and goad. The performances of horse or man so + treated would seem to be displays of clumsy gestures rather than of grace + and beauty. What we need is that the horse should of his own accord + exhibit his finest airs and paces at set signals. (6) Supposing, when he + is in the riding-field, (7) you push him to a gallop until he is bathed in + sweat, and when he begins to prance and show his airs to fine effect, you + promptly dismount and take off the bit, you may rely upon it he will of + his own accord another time break into the same prancing action. Such are + the horses on which gods and heroes ride, as represented by the artist. + The majesty of men themselves is best discovered in the graceful handling + of such animals. (8) A horse so prancing is indeed a thing of beauty, a + wonder and a marvel; riveting the gaze of all who see him, young alike and + graybeards. They will never turn their backs, I venture to predict, or + weary of their gazing so long as he continues to display his splendid + action. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (6) Or, "by aids and signs," as we say. + + (7) Or, "exercising-ground." + + (8) Or, "and the man who knows how to manage such a creature + gracefully himself at once appears magnificent." +</pre> + <p> + If the possessor of so rare a creature should find himself by chance in + the position of a squadron leader or a general of cavalry, he must not + confine his zeal to the development of his personal splendour, but should + study all the more to make the troop or regiment a splendid spectacle. + Supposing (in accordance with the high praise bestowed upon the type of + animal) (9) the leader is mounted on a horse which with his high airs and + frequent prancing makes but the slightest movement forward—obviously + the rest of the troop must follow at a walking pace, and one may fairly + ask where is the element of splendour in the spectacle? But now suppose + that you, sir, being at the head of the procession, rouse your horse and + take the lead at a pace neither too fast nor yet too slow, but in a way to + bring out the best qualities in all the animals, their spirit, fire, grace + of mien and bearing ripe for action—I say, if you take the lead of + them in this style, the collective thud, the general neighing and the + snorting of the horses will combine to render not only you at the head, + but your whole company (10) down to the last man a thrilling spectacle. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (9) Reading as vulg. {os malista epainousi tous toioutous ippous, os}. + L. Dind. omits the words as a gloss. + + (10) Reading {oi} (for {osoi}) {sumparepomenoi}. See Hartmann, "An. + Xen. Nov." xiv. p. 343. +</pre> + <p> + One word more. Supposing a man has shown some skill in purchasing his + horses, and can rear them into strong and serviceable animals, supposing + further he can handle them in the right way, not only in the training for + war, but in exercises with a view to display, or lastly, in the stress of + actual battle, what is there to prevent such a man from making every horse + he owns of far more value in the end than when he bought it, with the + further outlook that, unless some power higher than human interpose, (11) + he will become the owner of a celebrated stable, and himself as celebrated + for his skill in horsemanship. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (11) Or, "there is nothing, humanly speaking, to prevent such a man." + For the phrase see "Mem." I. iii. 5; cf. "Cyrop." I. vi. 18; and + for the advice, "Econ." iii. 9, 10. +</pre> + <p> + XII + </p> + <p> + We will now describe the manner in which a trooper destined to run the + risks of battle upon horseback should be armed. In the first place, then, + we would insist, the corselet must be made to fit the person; since, if it + fits well, its weight will be distributed over the whole body; whereas, if + too loose, the shoulders will have all the weight to bear, while, if too + tight, the corselet is no longer a defensive arm, but a "strait jacket." + (1) Again, the neck, as being a vital part, (2) ought to have, as we + maintain, a covering, appended to the corselet and close-fitting. This + will serve as an ornament, and if made as it ought to be, will conceal the + rider's face—if so he chooses—up to the nose. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (1) Cf. "Mem." III. x. + + (2) L. Dind. cf. Hom. "Il." viii. 326: +</pre> + <p> + {... othi kleis apoergei aukhena te stethos te, malista de kairion estin.} + </p> + <p> + "Where the collar-bone fenceth off neck and breast, and where is the most + deadly spot" (W. Leaf). + </p> + <p> + As to the helmet, the best kind, in our opinion, is one of the Boeotian + pattern, (3) on the principle again, that it covers all the parts exposed + above the breastplate without hindering vision. Another point: the + corselet should be so constructed that it does not prevent its wearer + sitting down or stooping. About the abdomen and the genitals and parts + surrounding (4) flaps should be attached in texture and in thickness + sufficient to protect (5) that region. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (3) Schneider cf. Aelian, "V. H." iii. 24; Pollux, i. 149. + + (4) Schneider cf. "Anab." IV. vii. 15, and for {kai ta kuklo}, conj. + {kuklo}, "the abdomen and middle should be encircled by a skirt." + + (5) Lit. "let there be wings of such sort, size, and number as to + protect the limbs." +</pre> + <p> + Again, as an injury to the left hand may disable the horseman, we would + recommend the newly-invented piece of armour called the gauntlet, which + protects the shoulder, arm, and elbow, with the hand engaged in holding + the reins, being so constructed as to extend and contract; in addition to + which it covers the gap left by the corselet under the armpit. The case is + different with the right hand, which the horseman must needs raise to + discharge a javelin or strike a blow. Here, accordingly, any part of the + corselet which would hinder action out to be removed; in place of which + the corselet ought to have some extra flaps (6) at the joints, which as + the outstretched arm is raised unfold, and as the arm descends close tight + again. The arm itself, (7) it seems to us, will better be protected by a + piece like a greave stretched over it than bound up with the corselet. + Again, the part exposed when the right hand is raised should be covered + close to the corselet either with calfskin or with metal; or else there + will be a want of protection just at the most vital point. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (6) {prosthetai}, "moveable," "false." For {gigglumois} L. & S. cf. + Hipp. 411. 12; Aristot. "de An." iii. 10. 9 = "ball-and-socket + joints." + + (7) i.e. "forearm." +</pre> + <p> + Moreover, as any damage done to the horse will involve his rider in + extreme peril, the horse also should be clad in armour—frontlet, + breastplate, and thigh-pieces; (8) which latter may at the same time serve + as cuisses for the mounted man. Beyond all else, the horse's belly, being + the most vital and defenceless part, should be protected. It is possible + to protect it with the saddle-cloth. The saddle itself should be of such + sort and so stitched as to give the rider a firm seat, and yet not gall + the horse's back. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (8) Cf. "Cyrop." VI. iv. 1; VII. i. 2. +</pre> + <p> + As regards the limbs in general, both horse and rider may be looked upon + as fully armed. The only parts remaining are the shins and feet, which of + course protrude beyond the cuisses, but these also may be armed by the + addition of gaiters made of leather like that used for making sandals. And + thus you will have at once defensive armour for the shins and stockings + for the feet. + </p> + <p> + The above, with the blessing of heaven, will serve for armour of defence. + To come to weapons of offence, we recommend the sabre rather than the + straight sword, (9) since from the vantage-ground of the horse's position + the curved blade will descend with greater force than the ordinary weapon. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (9) The {makhaira} (or {kopis}), Persian fashion, rather than the + {xephos}. "Cyrop." I. ii. 13. +</pre> + <p> + Again, in place of the long reed spear, which is apt to be weak and + awkward to carry, we would substitute two darts of cornel-wood; (10) the + one of which the skilful horseman can let fly, and still ply the one + reserved in all directions, forwards, backwards, (11) and obliquely; add + to that, these smaller weapons are not only stronger than the spear but + far more manageable. + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (10) For these reforms, the result of the author's Asiatic experiences + perhaps, cf. "Hell." III. iv. 14; "Anab." I. viii. 3; "Cyrop." I. + ii. 9. + + (11) Reading {eis toupisthen} after Leoncl. +</pre> + <p> + As regards range of discharge in shooting we are in favour of the longest + possible, as giving more time to rally (12) and transfer the second + javelin to the right hand. And here we will state shortly the most + effective method of hurling the javelin. The horseman should throw forward + his left side, while drawing back his right; then rising bodily from the + thighs, he should let fly the missile with the point slightly upwards. The + dart so discharged will carry with the greatest force and to the farthest + distance; we may add, too, with the truest aim, if at the moment of + discharge the lance be directed steadily on the object aimed at. (13) + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (12) Al. "to turn right-about." + + (13) "If the lance is steadily eyeing the mark at the instant of + discharge." +</pre> + <p> + This treatise, consisting of notes and suggestions, lessons and exercises + suited to a private individual, must come to a conclusion; the theory and + practice of the matter suited to a cavalry commander will be found + developed in the companion treatise. (14) + </p> +<pre xml:space="preserve"> + (14) In reference to "The Cavalry General", or "Hipparch." +</pre> + <p> + <br /><br /><br /><br /> + </p> + <div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 1176 ***</div> +</body> +</html> |