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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction
+       Vol. 19, Issue 547, May 19, 1832
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 14, 2004 [EBook #11569]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David King, and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. 19. No. 547.]    SATURDAY, MAY 19, 1832    [PRICE 2d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+WILTON CASTLE.
+
+
+[Illustration: Wilton Castle.]
+
+Here is one of the ivy-mantled relics that lend even a charm to romantic
+nature on the banks of the Wye. Its shattered tower and crumbling wall,
+combine with her wild luxuriance, to form a scene of great picturesque
+beauty, though, as Gilpin observes, "the scene wants accompaniments to
+give it grandeur."
+
+These ruins stand opposite to Ross, on the western bank of the Wye. The
+Castle was for several centuries the baronial residence of the Greys of
+the south, who derived from it their first title, and who became owners
+in the time of Edward the First. It may therefore be presumed to have
+been one of the strongholds, in the great struggles for feudal
+superiority with Wales, which were commenced by Edward, whose "active
+and splendid reign may be considered as an attempt to subject the whole
+island of Great Britain to his sway."[1] Or, in earlier times, being
+situated on the ancient barrier between England and Wales, it may have
+been a station of some importance, from its contiguity to Hereford,
+which city was destroyed by the Welsh, but rebuilt and fortified by
+Harold, who also strengthened the castle. The whole district is of
+antiquarian interest, since, at the period of the Roman invasion,
+Herefordshire was inhabited by the Silures, who also occupied the
+adjacent counties of Radnor, Monmouth, and Glamorgan, together with that
+part of Gloucestershire which lies westward of the Severn. The Silures,
+in conjunction with the Ordovices, or inhabitants of North Wales,
+retarded, for a considerable period, the progress of the Roman victors,
+whose grand object seems to have been the conquest of these nations, who
+had chosen the gallant Caractacus as their chieftain, and resolutely
+exhausted every effort in defence of the independence of their country.
+
+    [1] Mackintosh's Hist. England, vol. i, p. 247.
+
+The present demolished state of the Castle is referred to the Royalist
+Governors of Hereford, by whose orders it was burnt to the bare walls
+during the reign of Charles I. in the absence of its then possessor, Sir
+J. Brydges.
+
+The scenery of the WYE, at this point is thus described by tourists:
+"From Hereford to Ross, its features occasionally assume greater
+boldness; though more frequently their aspect is placid; but at the
+latter town wholly emerging from its state of repose," it resumes the
+brightness and rapidity of its primitive character, as it forms the
+admired curve which the churchyard of Ross commands. The celebrated
+spire of Ross church, peeping over a noble row of elms, here fronts the
+ruined Castle of Wilton, beneath the arches of whose bridge, the Wye
+flows through a charming succession of meadows, encircling at last the
+lofty and well-wooded hill, crowned with the majestic fragments of
+Gooderich Castle, and opposed by the waving eminences of the forest of
+Dean. The mighty pile, or peninsula, of Symonds' Rock succeeds, round
+which the river flows in a circuit of seven miles, though the opposite
+points of the isthmus are only one mile asunder. Shortly afterwards, the
+Wye quits the county, and enters Monmouthshire at the New Wear.
+
+The Rev. Mr. Gilpin, in his charming little volume on Picturesque
+Beauty,[2] has a few appropriate observations: after passing Wilton--
+
+    [2] Observations on the River Wye, &c. By William Gilpin,
+    M.A.--Fifth Edition.
+
+"We met with nothing for some time during our voyage but grand, woody
+banks, one rising behind another; appearing and vanishing by turns, as
+we doubled the several capes. But though no particular objects
+characterized these different scenes, yet they afforded great variety of
+pleasing views, both as we wound round the several promontories, which
+discovered new beauties as each scene opened, and when we kept the same
+scene a longer time in view, stretching along some lengthened reach,
+where the river is formed into an irregular vista by hills shooting out
+beyond each other and going off in perspective."
+
+We ought not to forget to mention Ross, and its association with one of
+the noblest works of GOD--honest John Kyrle, celebrated as the Man of
+Ross. Pope, during his visits at Holm-Lacey, in the vicinity, obtained
+sufficient knowledge of his beneficence, to render due homage to his
+worth in one of the brightest pages of the records of human character.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+"MOTHER CAREY'S CHICKENS"--EGGS.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+In a paper on the _Superstitions of the Sea_, a few years ago,[3] I
+slightly alluded to the nautical belief that the appearance of the
+Stormy Petrel, and other marine birds at sea, was often considered to be
+the forerunner of peril and disaster; and as your excellent
+correspondent, _M.L.B._, in a recent number, expresses a wish to know
+the origin of the _soubriquet_ of _Mother Carey's Chickens_, which the
+former birds have obtained, I now give it with all the brevity which is
+consistent with so important a narration. It appears that a certain
+outward-bound Indiaman, called the _Tiger_, (but in what year I am
+unable to state,) had encountered one continued series of storms, during
+her whole passage; till on nearing the Cape of Good Hope, she was almost
+reduced to a wreck. Here, however, the winds and waves seemed bent on
+her destruction; in the midst of the storm, flocks of strange looking
+birds were seen hovering and wheeling in the air around the devoted
+ship, and one of the passengers, a woman called "Mother Carey," was
+observed by the glare of the lightning to laugh and smile when she
+looked at these foul-weather visitants; on which she was not only set
+down as a witch, but it was also thought that they were her familiars,
+whom she had invoked from the _Red Sea_; and "all hands" were seriously
+considering on the propriety of getting rid of the old beldam, (as is
+usual in such cases,) by setting her afloat, when she saved them the
+trouble, and at that moment jumped overboard, surrounded by flames; on
+which the birds vanished, the storm cleared away, and the tempest-tossed
+_Tiger_ went peacefully on her course! Ever since the occurrence of this
+"astounding yarn," the birds have been called "Mother Carey's Chickens,"
+and are considered by our sailors to be the most unlucky of all the
+feathered visitants at sea.
+
+    [3] See Mirror, No. 205, vol. xi.
+
+To turn by a not unnatural transition from _birds_ to _eggs_, permit me
+to inform your Scottish correspondent, _S.S._ (see No. 536,) where he
+asserts that the plan of rubbing eggs with grease in order to preserve
+them, "is not so much as known in our own boasted land of stale eggs and
+bundlewood;" that the said _discovery_ has long been known and practised
+in many parts of old England; and that the repeated experience of
+several friends warrants me in giving a decided negative to his
+assertion that eggs so prepared "_will keep any length of time perfectly
+fresh_." If kept for a considerable period, though they do not become
+absolutely bad, yet they turn _very stale_. I happen to know something
+of Scotland, and was never before aware that the raw clime of our
+northern neighbours was so celebrated for its poultry. _M.L.B._ is
+certainly misinformed in speaking of the trade in _Scotch_ eggs to
+_America_. The importation of eggs from the continent into England is
+very extensive: the duty in 1827 amounted at the rate of 10_d_. per 120,
+to 23,062_l_. 19_s_. 1_d_.; since which period there has, we believe,
+been an increase. The importation of eggs from Ireland is also very
+large. If _S.S._ resides in London, he may have occasion to sneer at
+"our boasted land of stale eggs;" but he should rather sneer at the
+preserved French eggs, with which the London dealers are principally
+supplied.
+
+VYVYAN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE CURFEW BELL.
+
+(To the Editor.)
+
+
+In addition to the remarks made by _Reginald_, in No. 543, and by
+_M.D._, and _G.C._, in No. 545 of _The Mirror_, let me add that the
+Curfew is rung every night at eight, in my native town, (Winchester,)
+and the bell, a large one, weighing 12 cwt., is appropriated for the
+purpose, (not belonging to a church) but affixed in the tower of the
+Guildhall, and used only for this occasion, or on an alarm of fire.
+
+In that city the Curfew was first established under the command of the
+Conqueror, and the practice has continued to the present day. I have
+been assured by many old residents, that it formerly was the custom to
+ring the bell every morning at four o'clock, but the practice being
+found annoying to persons living near, the Corporation ordered it to be
+discontinued.
+
+To such of your readers who, like myself, are fond of a solitary ramble
+along the sea shore by moonlight, I would say, go to Southampton or the
+Isle of Wight; take an evening walk from Itchen through the fields to
+Netley, thence to the Abbey and Fort ruins, under woods that for a
+considerable distance skirt the coast; or on the opposite side, through
+the Forest of Oaks, from Eling to Dibden, and onwards over the meadows
+to Hythe: there they may, in either, find ample food for reflection,
+connected with the Curfew Bell.
+
+Seated on a fragment of the towers of Netley Abbey, whose pinnacles were
+so often hailed by seamen as well known landmarks, but whose Curfew has
+for centuries been quiet, the spectator may see before him the crumbling
+remains of a fort, erected hundreds of years ago. On the left is an
+expanse of water as far as the eye can reach, and in his front the
+celebrated New Forest,--
+
+  Majestic woods of ever vigorous green,
+  Stage above stage, high waving o'er the bills;
+  Or to the far horizon wide diffus'd,
+  A boundless deep immensity of shade--
+
+the scene of William's tyranny and atrocity, the spot where his children
+met their untimely end, and where may be seen the _tumuli_ erected over
+the remains of the Britons who fell in defence of their country.
+
+In the deep recesses of a wood in the south-east prospect, the eye may
+faintly distinguish the mouldering remains of the Abbey of Beaulieu,
+famed in days of yore for its Sanctuary, the name of which is now only
+recorded in history. Even the site of the tower is unknown, whose Curfew
+has long ceased to warn the seamen, or draw the deep curse from the
+forester.
+
+There they may
+
+  "On a plat of rising ground,
+  Hear the far off Curfew sound,
+  Over the wide watered shore,
+  Swinging slow with sullen roar."
+
+The Curfew is rung at Southampton, Downton, Ringwood, and many other
+towns in the west, every night at eight.
+
+P.Q.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE SELECTOR; AND LITERARY NOTICES OF _NEW WORKS_.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SPANISH SCENERY.
+
+
+The following is from the delightful pencil of Washington Irving: it
+will be seen to bear all the polish of his best style:--
+
+"Many are apt to picture Spain to their imaginations as a soft southern
+region, decked out with all the luxuriant charms of voluptuous Italy. On
+the contrary, though there are exceptions in some of the maritime
+provinces, yet, for the greater part, it is a stern, melancholy country,
+with rugged mountains, and long sweeping plains, destitute of trees, and
+indescribably silent and lonesome, partaking of the savage and solitary
+character of Africa. What adds to this silence and loneliness, is the
+absence of singing-birds, a natural consequence of the want of groves
+and hedges. The vulture and the eagle are seen wheeling about the
+mountain-cliffs, and soaring over the plains, and groups of shy bustards
+stalk about the heaths; but the myriads of smaller birds, which animate
+the whole face of other countries are met with in but few provinces in
+Spain, and in those chiefly among the orchards and gardens which
+surround the habitations of man.
+
+"In the interior provinces the traveller occasionally traverses great
+tracts cultivated with grain as far as the eye can reach, waving at
+times with verdure, at other times naked and sunburnt, but he looks
+round in vain for the hand that has tilled the soil. At length, he
+perceives some village on a steep hill, or rugged crag, with mouldering
+battlements and ruined watch tower; a stronghold, in old times, against
+civil war, or Moorish inroad; for the custom among the peasantry of
+congregating together for mutual protection, is still kept up in most
+parts of Spain, in consequence of the maraudings of roving freebooters.
+
+"But though a great part of Spain is deficient in the garniture of
+groves and forests, and the softer charms of ornamental cultivation, yet
+its scenery has something of a high and lofty character to compensate
+the want. It partakes something of the attributes of its people; and I
+think that I better understand the proud, hardy, frugal, and abstemious
+Spaniard, his manly defiance of hardships, and contempt of effeminate
+indulgences, since I have seen the country he inhabits.
+
+"There is something, too, in the sternly simple features of the Spanish
+landscape, that impresses on the soul a feeling of sublimity. The
+immense plains of the Castiles and of La Mancha, extending as far as the
+eye can reach, derive an interest from their very nakedness and
+immensity, and have something of the solemn grandeur of the ocean. In
+ranging over these boundless wastes, the eye catches sight here and
+there of a straggling herd of cattle attended by a lonely herdsman,
+motionless as a statue, with his long, slender pike tapering up like a
+lance into the air; or, beholds a long train of mules slowly moving
+along the waste like a train of camels in the desert; or, a single
+herdsman, armed with blunderbuss and stiletto, and prowling over the
+plain. Thus the country, the habits, the very looks of the people, have
+something of the Arabian character. The general insecurity of the
+country is evinced in the universal use of weapons. The herdsman in the
+field, the shepherd in the plain, has his musket and his knife. The
+wealthy villager rarely ventures to the market-town without his trabuco,
+and, perhaps, a servant on foot with a blunderbuss on his shoulder; and
+the most petty journey is undertaken with the preparation of a warlike
+enterprise.
+
+"The dangers of the road produce also a mode of travelling, resembling,
+on a diminutive scale, the caravans of the east. The arrieros, or
+carriers, congregate in convoys, and set off in large and well-armed
+trains on appointed days; while additional travellers swell their
+number, and contribute to their strength. In this primitive way is the
+commerce of the country carried on. The muleteer is the general medium
+of traffic, and the legitimate traverser of the land, crossing the
+peninsula from the Pyrenees and the Asturias to the Alpuxarras, the
+Serrania de Ronda, and even to the gates of Gibraltar. He lives frugally
+and hardily: his alforjas of coarse cloth hold his scanty stock of
+provisions; a leathern bottle, hanging at his saddle-bow, contains wine
+or water, for a supply across barren mountains and thirsty plains. A
+mule-cloth spread upon the ground, is his bed at night, and his
+pack-saddle is his pillow. His low, but clean-limbed and sinewy form
+betokens strength; his complexion is dark and sunburnt; his eye
+resolute, but quiet in its expression, except when kindled by sudden
+emotion; his demeanour is frank, manly, and courteous, and he never
+passes you without a grave salutation: 'Dios guarde a usted!' 'Va usted
+con Dios, Caballero!' 'God guard you! God be with you, Cavalier!'
+
+"As these men have often their whole fortune at stake upon the burthen
+of their mule, they have their weapons at hand, slung to their saddles,
+and ready to be snatched out for desperate defence. But their united
+numbers render them secure against petty bands of marauders, and the
+solitary bandolero, armed to the teeth, and mounted on his Andalusian
+steed, hovers about them, like a pirate about a merchant convoy, without
+daring to make an assault.
+
+"The Spanish muleteer has an inexhaustible stock of songs and ballads,
+with which to beguile his incessant wayfaring. The airs are rude and
+simple, consisting of but few inflexions. These he chants forth with a
+loud voice, and long, drawling cadence, seated sideways on his mule, who
+seems to listen with infinite gravity, and to keep time, with his paces,
+to the tune. The couplets thus chanted, are often old traditional
+romances about the Moors, or some legend of a saint, or some love-ditty;
+or what is still more frequent, some ballad about a bold contrabandista,
+or hardy bandolero, for the smuggler and the robber are poetical heroes
+among the common people of Spain. Often the song of the muleteer is
+composed at the instant, and relates to some local scenes or some
+incident of the journey. This talent of singing and improvising is
+frequent in Spain, and is said to have been inherited from the Moors.
+There is something wildly pleasing in listening to these ditties among
+the rude and lonely scenes that they illustrate; accompanied, as they
+are, by the occasional jingle of the mule-bell.
+
+"It has a most picturesque effect also to meet a train of muleteers in
+some mountain-pass. First you hear the bells of the leading mules,
+breaking with their simple melody the stillness of the airy height; or,
+perhaps, the voice of the muleteer admonishing some tardy or wandering
+animal, or chanting, at the full stretch of his lungs, some traditionary
+ballad. At length you see the mules slowly winding along the cragged
+defile, sometimes descending precipitous cliffs, so as to present
+themselves in full relief against the sky, sometimes toiling up the deep
+arid chasms below you. As they approach, you descry their gay
+decorations of worsted tufts, tassels, and saddle-cloths, while, as they
+pass by, the ever-ready trabuco slung behind the packs and saddles,
+gives a hint of the insecurity of the road.
+
+"The ancient kingdom of Granada, into which we are about to penetrate,
+is one of the most mountainous regions of Spain. Vast sierras, or chains
+of mountains, destitute of shrub or tree, and mottled with variegated
+marbles and granites, elevate their sun-burnt summits against a
+deep-blue sky; yet in their rugged bosoms lie engulfed the most verdant
+and fertile valley, where the desert and the garden strain for mastery,
+and the very rock is, as it were, compelled to yield the fig, the
+orange, and the citron, and to blossom with the myrtle and the rose.
+
+"In the wild passes of these mountains the sight of walled towns and
+villages, built like eagles' nests among the cliffs, and surrounded by
+Moorish battlements, or of ruined watch-towers perched on lofty peaks,
+carries the mind back to the chivalric days of Christian and Moslem
+warfare, and to the romantic struggle for the conquest of Granada. In
+traversing these lofty sierras the traveller is often obliged to alight
+and lead his horse up and down the steep and jagged ascents and
+descents, resembling the broken steps of a staircase. Sometimes the road
+winds along dizzy precipices, without parapet to guard him from the
+gulfs below, and then will plunge down steep, and dark, and dangerous
+declivities. Sometimes it straggles through rugged barrancos, or
+ravines, worn by winter torrents, the obscure path of the
+contrabandista; while, ever and anon, the ominous cross, the monument of
+robbery and murder, erected on a mound of stones at some lonely part of
+the road, admonishes the traveller that he is among the haunts of
+banditti, perhaps at that very moment under the eye of some lurking
+bandolero. Sometimes, in winding through the narrow valleys, he is
+startled by a hoarse bellowing, and beholds above him on some green fold
+of the mountain side a herd of fierce Andalusian bulls, destined for the
+combat of the arena. There is something awful in the contemplation of
+these terrific animals, clothed with tremendous strength, and ranging
+their native pastures in untamed wildness, strangers almost to the face
+of man: they know no one but the solitary herdsman who attends upon
+them, and even he at times dares not venture to approach them. The low
+bellowing of these bulls, and their menacing aspect as they look down
+from their rocky height, give additional wildness to the savage scenery
+around."
+
+(From _The Alhambra_, or _New Sketch Book_, to which we propose to
+return in a _Supplement_ in a fortnight.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+ANECDOTE GALLERY.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE UNLUCKY PRESENT: A TALE.
+
+
+A Lanarkshire minister (who died within the present century) was one of
+those unhappy persons, who, to use the words of a well known Scottish
+adage, "can never see green cheese but their een reels." He was
+_extremely covetous_ and that not only of nice articles of food, but of
+many other things which do not generally excite the cupidity of the
+human heart. The following story is in corroboration of this
+assertion:--Being on a visit one day at the house of one of his
+parishioners, a poor lonely widow, living in a moorland part of the
+parish, he became fascinated by the charms of a little cast-iron pot,
+which happened at the time to be lying on the hearth, full of potatoes
+for the poor woman's dinner, and that of her children. He had never in
+his life seen such a nice little pot--it was a perfect conceit of a
+thing--it was a gem--no pot on earth could match it in symmetry--it was
+an object altogether perfectly lovely. "Dear sake! minister," said the
+widow, quite overpowered by the reverend man's commendations of her pot;
+"if ye like the pot sae weel as a' that, I beg ye'll let me send it to
+the manse. It's a kind o' orra (_superfluous_) pot wi' us; for we've a
+bigger ane, that we use for ordinar, and that's mair convenient every
+way for us. Sae ye'll just tak a present o't. I'll send it ower the morn
+wi' Jamie, when he gangs to the schule." "Oh!" said the minister, "I can
+by no means permit you to be at so much trouble. Since you are so good
+as to give me the pot, I'll just carry it home with me in my hand. I'm
+so much taken with it, indeed, that I would really prefer carrying it
+myself." After much altercation between the minister and the widow, on
+this delicate point of politeness, it was agreed that he should carry
+home the pot himself.
+
+Off then he trudged, bearing this curious little culinary article,
+alternately in his hand and under his arm, as seemed most convenient to
+him. Unfortunately the day was warm, the way long, and the minister fat;
+so that he became heartily tired of his burden before he got half-way
+home. Under these distressing circumstances, it struck him, that, if,
+instead of carrying the pot awkwardly at one side of his person, he were
+to carry it on his head, the burden would be greatly lightened; the
+principles of natural philosophy, which he had learned at college,
+informing him, that when a load presses directly and immediately upon
+any object, it is far less onerous than when it hangs at the remote end
+of a lever. Accordingly, doffing his hat, which he resolved to carry
+home in his band, and having applied his handkerchief to his brow, he
+clapped the pot, in inverted fashion, upon his head, where, as the
+reader may suppose, it figured much like Mambrino's helmet upon the
+crazed capital of Don Quixote, only a great deal more magnificent in
+shape and dimensions. There was, at first, much relief and much comfort
+in this new mode of carrying the pot; but mark the result. The
+unfortunate minister having taken a by-path, to escape observation,
+found himself, when still a good way from home, under the necessity of
+leaping over a ditch, which intercepted him, in passing from one field
+to another. He jumped; but surely no jump was ever taken so completely
+_in_, or, at least _into_, the dark as this. The concussion given to his
+person in descending caused the helmet to become a hood; the pot slipped
+down over his face, and resting with the rim upon his neck, stuck fast
+there; enclosing his whole head as completely as ever that of a new born
+child was enclosed by the filmy bag, with which nature, as an indication
+of future good fortune, sometimes invests the noddles of her favourite
+offspring. What was worst of all, the nose, which had permitted the pot
+to slip down over it, withstood every desperate attempt, on the part of
+its proprietor, to make it slip back again; the contracted part, or
+neck, of the _patera_, being of such a peculiar formation as to cling
+fast to the base of the nose, although it had found no difficulty in
+gliding along its hypothenuse. Was ever minister in a worse plight? Was
+there ever _contretemps_ so unlucky? Did ever any man--did ever any
+minister, so effectually hoodwink himself, or so thoroughly shut his
+eyes, to the plain light of nature? What was to be done? The place was
+lonely; the way difficult and dangerous; human relief was remote, almost
+beyond reach. It was impossible even to cry for help; or, if a cry could
+be uttered, it might reach, in deafening reverberation, the ear of the
+utterer, but it would not travel twelve inches farther in any direction.
+To add to the distresses of the case, the unhappy sufferer soon found
+great difficulty in breathing. What with the heat occasioned by the
+beating of the sun on the metal, and what with the frequent return of
+the same heated air to his lungs, he was in the utmost danger of
+suffocation. Every thing considered, it seemed likely that, if he did
+not chance to be relieved by some accidental wayfarer, there would soon
+be _death in the pot_.
+
+The instinctive love of life, however, is omni-prevalent; and even very
+stupid people have been found, when put to the push by strong and
+imminent peril, to exhibit a degree of presence of mind, and exert a
+degree of energy, far above what might have been expected from them, or
+what they were ever known to exhibit, or exert, under ordinary
+circumstances. So it was with the pot-ensconced minister. Pressed by the
+urgency of his distresses, he fortunately recollected that there was a
+smith's shop at the distance of about a mile across the fields, where,
+if he could reach it before the period of suffocation, he might possibly
+find relief. Deprived of his eyesight, he acted only as a man of
+feeling, and went on as cautiously as he could, with his hat in his
+hand. Half crawling, half sliding, over ridge and furrow, ditch and
+hedge, somewhat like Satan floundering over chaos, the unhappy minister
+travelled with all possible speed, as nearly as he could guess, in the
+direction of the place of refuge. I leave it to the reader to conceive
+the surprise, the mirth, the infinite amusement of the smith, and all
+the hangers-on of the _smiddy_, when, at length, torn and worn, faint
+and exhausted, blind and breathless, the unfortunate man arrived at the
+place, and let them know (rather by signs than by words) the
+circumstances of his case. In the words of an old Scottish song,
+
+  "Out cam the gudeman, and high he shouted;
+  Out cam the gudewife, and low she louted;
+  And a' the town neighbours were gathered about it:
+        And there was he, I trow."
+
+The merriment of the company, however, soon gave way to considerations
+of humanity. Ludicrous as was the minister, with such an object where
+his head should have been, and with the feet of the pot pointing
+upwards, like the horns of the great Enemy, it was, nevertheless,
+necessary that he should be speedily restored to his ordinary condition,
+if it were for no other reason than that he might continue to live. He
+was accordingly, at his own request led into the smithy, multitudes
+flocking around to tender him their kindest offices, or to witness the
+process of release; and, having laid down his head upon the anvil, the
+smith lost no time in seizing and poising his goodly forehammer. "Will I
+come sair on, minister?" exclaimed the considerate man of iron, in at
+the brink of the pot. "As sair as ye like," was the minister's answer;
+"better a chap i' the chafts than die for want of breath." Thus
+permitted, the man let fall a blow, which fortunately broke the pot in
+pieces, without hurting the head which it enclosed, as the cook-maid
+breaks the shell of the lobster, without bruising the delicate food
+within. A few minutes of the clear air, and a glass from the gudewife's
+bottle, restored the unfortunate man of prayer; but, assuredly, the
+incident is one which will long live in the memory of the parishioners
+of C----.--_Chambers' Edinburgh Journal._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE NATURALIST.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LOUDON'S MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.
+
+
+Sundry and manifold are our obligations to this delightful Journal. From
+the Number (26) for the present month we glean the following:
+
+_The Gurnard and Sprat._
+
+Mr. J. Couch, in an interesting paper on the fishes of Cornwall, has the
+following notes:
+
+"Ray observes that the word gurnard, which may be regarded as the
+English term, is derived _a grunnitu_, from grunting like a hog. In
+this, however, I venture to think this eminent naturalist mistaken.
+Pengurn is the ancient Cornu-British name for these fishes, and
+signifies hard head; and its English translation is now sometimes given
+to the grey gurnard. From the Cornish word _gurn_ (hard), I therefore
+derive the name, as descriptive of the head of these species. This is a
+common fish at all seasons; but in December and January it sometimes
+abounds to such a degree, that, as they are not much esteemed, I have
+known them sold at thirty for a penny. It keeps near the bottom
+commonly, at no great distance from land; but sometimes multitudes will
+mount together to the surface; and move along with the first dorsal fin
+above the water: they will even quit their native element, and spring to
+the distance of a yard; thus imitating the flying gurnard, though not to
+the same extent. In summer they are found basking in the sun, perhaps
+asleep, as they will at times display no signs of animation, until an
+attempt is made to seize them.
+
+"In reference to some observations by Mr. Yarrell, in the _Zoological
+Journal_, relative to the distinction between the sprat and the young of
+the pilchard and herring, I can state that Cornish fishermen term the
+young of both the latter fishes sprats; but, how far this should go in
+determining the judgment of a naturalist will appear, when I add that I
+have never seen above one specimen of the genuine sprat in Cornwall, and
+that was brought me by a fisherman, to be informed what fish it was. In
+taking fish out of his net by night, he felt it to be neither a pilchard
+nor a herring, and supposed it something rare."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+STRUCTURE OF BIRDS.
+
+
+Birds may be said to constitute an isolated class of beings. They are
+distinguished by certain characters from all other animals: their
+classification does not pass into any other, and cannot, therefore, be
+consistently introduced into the supposed chain or gradation of natural
+bodies.
+
+The skeleton or bony frame of birds is in general lighter than in
+quadrupeds. They have the largest bones of all animals, in proportion to
+their weight; and their bones are more hollow than those of animals that
+do not fly: air-vessels also enable them to blow out the hollow parts of
+their bodies, when they wish to make their descent slower, rise more
+swiftly, or float in the air. The spine is immovable, but the neck has a
+greater number of bones, (never less than nine, and varying from that to
+twenty-four,) and consequently of joints, and more varied motion, than
+in quadrupeds. The breast-bone is very large, with a prominent keel down
+the middle, and is formed for the attachment of very strong muscles: the
+bones of the wings are analagous to those of the fore-legs in
+quadrupeds, but the termination is in three joints or fingers only, of
+which the exterior is very short. This will be better understood by the
+annexed:
+
+[Illustration: Skeleton of a Turkey.]
+
+The muscles that move the wings downwards, in many instances, are a
+sixth part of the weight of the whole body; whereas those of a man are
+not in proportion one hundredth part so large. The centre of gravity of
+their bodies is always below the insertion of their wings to prevent
+them falling on their backs, but near that point on which the body is,
+during flight, as it were, suspended. The positions assumed by the head
+and feet are frequently calculated to accomplish these ends, and give to
+the wings every assistance in continuing the progressive motion. The
+tail also is of great use, in regulating the rise and fall of birds and
+even their lateral movements. What are commonly called the legs are
+analogous to the hind legs in quadrupeds, and they terminate, in
+general, in four toes, three of which are usually directed forwards, and
+one backwards; but in some birds there are only two toes, in others
+three.
+
+Birds exceed quadrupeds in the quantity of their respiration, for they
+have not only a double circulation, and an aerial respiration, but they
+respire also through other cavities beside the lungs, the air
+penetrating through the whole body, and bathing the branches of the
+aorta, or great artery of the body, as well as those of the pulmonary
+artery.
+
+Birds are usually classed according to the forms of their bills and
+feet, from those parts being connected with their mode of life, food,
+&c. and influencing their total habit very materially.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE RHINOCEROS BIRD.
+
+
+This curious bird is of the order _Picae_, or Pies, and of the genus
+_Buceros_, consisting of birds of rather large size, and distinguished
+by the disproportionate forms of their beaks, which are often still
+further remarkable for some kind of large prominence on the upper
+mandible. The most conspicuous species is the _Buceros Rhinoceros_ of
+Linnaeus, commonly called the Rhinoceros Bird.
+
+[Illustration: The Rhinoceros Bird.]
+
+Its general size is that of a Turkey, but with a much more slenderly
+proportioned body. Its colour is black, with the tail white, crossed by
+a black bar: the beak is of enormous size, of a lengthened, slightly
+curved, and pointed shape, and on the upper mandible, towards the base,
+is an extremely large process, equal in thickness to the bill itself,
+and turning upwards and backwards in the form of a thick, sharp-pointed
+horn, somewhat resembling the horn of the rhinoceros. The use of this
+strange proboscis is by some supposed to be that of enabling the bird
+more easily to tear out the entrails of its prey; but others affirm that
+it is not of a predaceous nature, feeding only on vegetable substances.
+This bird is principally found in the East Indian Islands. A remarkably
+fine specimen was preserved in the Leverian Museum.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE SKETCH-BOOK.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+RECOLLECTIONS OF A WANDERER.
+
+_A scene on the coast of Cornwall._
+
+
+A short time before my departure from the hamlet of Landwithiel,[4] I
+was awoke early one morning by the roaring of the wind in the huge old
+chimney of my room--the whole tenement, indeed, occasionally shook as a
+violent gust swept down the valley, tossing the branches of the stout
+old tree before the door to and fro in a way that threatened at last to
+level them with the dust. The very briny scent of the atmosphere
+convinced me there was some sea running in the bay; and it was the more
+unexpected as we had had no tokens of a storm for several days previous.
+From the peninsular situation of this county, surrounded on almost every
+side with the restless ocean and exposed to the wide sweep of the
+Atlantic, it may be supposed that storms are of frequent occurrence. As
+on the present occasion, they often come with little or no warning; and
+the effects of a hurricane in the distant main, far outstripping the
+wind, sometimes rolls with tremendous fury towards our western shores,
+on which the sea is encroaching in every part.
+
+    [4] See "Recollections of a Wanderer," _Mirror_, Nos. 430-475.
+
+Landwithiel was a wild little place. It was essentially a "fishing
+village." The people ploughed the deep, not the land; and the constant
+exposure--blow high, blow low--on the restless sea, endued its
+inhabitants, and the Cornish fishermen generally, with a fearlessness of
+danger and boldness of character almost unequalled in these islands. The
+lives and pursuits of the two great classes in this county--the maritime
+and mining population--are widely opposite to each other. The one class
+pass their existence on the stormy waters of the deep, whilst the other
+labour far below the surface of the earth; each being continually
+exposed to numberless perils and dangers.
+
+When I descended below I found my host already astir; so after attending
+well to the inward man, I lost no time in starting towards the harbour.
+As I formerly described, this comes abruptly in sight round a sharp
+angle, at some elevation from the beach. On the upper part of the
+descent the road was flanked on each side with a row of cottages, the
+street being so steep that steps were formed in many parts to aid the
+progress of the passenger. This gave an air of singularity and wildness
+to the place, which was aided by the boldness of the surrounding
+scenery. The street bore all the marks of the occupation of the
+inhabitants--nets hanging to dry--strings of fish--an old oar--or a
+"fisher's wife" broiling fish for her husband's breakfast--met the eye
+on either side.
+
+On clearing the street, I observed a larger throng on the old pier than
+was wont to gather there on ordinary occasions. There was obviously some
+unusual subject of interest agitated amongst them; so I turned from my
+course and joined the group.
+
+A gale is an important event in a fishing town. Independent of the
+interest naturally felt for the various craft belonging to the place
+which may happen to be afloat, there may be wrecks or other marine
+casualties to excite the interest or cupidity of the observer.
+
+There was a tremendous tumbling sea rolling into the little bay, when I
+drew towards the pier. At the further end was a group of persons in
+earnest conversation, whom I distinguished as the knowing ones and
+long-heads of the place; while their younger companions were engaged in
+parties walking briskly to and fro on the pier. A tier of boats had been
+carefully drawn up high and dry beyond the wreck left by the last spring
+tide. Four or five, however, were afloat, and lurching heavily alongside
+the pier, whither the tide had not long reached; the wind rattling
+amongst the masts, shrouds, and half-bent sails of some craft which had
+just run in for shelter from the impending storm. My recent adventure
+had made me pretty well acquainted with most of the persons around: and
+I learned that a _ground swell_ had been observed along shore the
+preceding night. This phenomenon is generally occasioned by a storm in
+the Atlantic, with a westerly wind; and it affords to the old fishermen
+an almost certain indication of approaching foul weather.
+
+"A stiff bit of a gale, this same, Master Charles," said an old tar,
+giving an energetic jerk to his trousers, "Ay, ay, old boy," he replied,
+"this wind is not blowing for nothing, you may take my word for it; but
+if the Jane and the Susan hove in sight I'd not mind a bit for all that;
+we've not a stick afloat but her."
+
+"What! is Sam Clovelly[5] out this morning, Helston?" I anxiously
+inquired of the pilot, who was a manly, excellent sort of fellow. He had
+grown grey with service, and there was something in the steady eye and
+calm decision of his look that marked him out as no common character.
+
+    [5] See _Mirror_, No. 475. "Dawlish's Hole."
+
+"Yes, sir, we have no tidings of him yet, and the sky looking as black,
+yonder, as the face of a negro; but we'll hope that he's run out of
+harm's way before now."
+
+As the morning waxed apace, the interest in the fate of the Jane and
+Susan became more evident amongst the by-standers. Every stick that came
+in sight cut out conversation; but many an eye was cast anxiously to
+windward in vain for poor Sam Clovelly and his brother Arthur, who had
+been out since the preceding night. Presently the two little orphan
+sisters of the missing men came upon the pier, and Helstone, the pilot,
+and some of the others anxiously endeavoured to cheer and console them.
+
+"I'll be bound they've run for ---- port long ago, darlings, so don't
+cry now, Jane; the old craft's stood many a stronger breeze than this;
+now, wipe your eyes, there. Poor things," he said, turning to me, as the
+children went farther on the pier, "their two brothers are the only
+friends they have got in the world, and if they are gone who is to take
+care of them? Their father, old Sam Clovelly, was lost--I recollect the
+time well--somewhere off Milford; leaving his wife, with two stiff tidy
+bits of lads, and likely to increase the family; well, sir, she took to
+her bed, with the shock, and never rose from it more, after giving birth
+to these two little girls, leaving poor Sam and Arthur to struggle on
+like a cutter in a heavy sea. But God Almighty never deserts the
+innocent, sir--you've seen that, I dare say? Sam's been a steady lad,
+and has prospered, and he and Arthur have never forgotten their mother's
+dying words, and have been very kind to their sisters; but, come what
+will, the orphans shall never want a friend as long as Charley Helston
+has a home or a bit of bread to offer them."
+
+We now again reverted to the state of the day. As the gale swept on,
+numberless craft were running along the coast towards ---- port, for
+shelter. A crack Fowey-man now making a board till she "eat out" of the
+wind a North-countryman right ahead--now with her helm-a-lea, and now
+careering along with a heavy following sea on either quarter--kept our
+attention on the alert. Presently a steamer came in sight bearing up
+across the bay towards ---- Head. The white rush of steam from her
+safety-valves was well made out by the blackness of the windward
+horizon; and contrasted with the dense puffs of smoke from her funnel,
+which were instantly dispersed or carried in heavy patches to leeward.
+The glory of modern discoveries is unpopular with our coasting-seamen,
+and the mate of a coaster, who was watching her movements, observed that
+"we should not have a lad fit to hand a sail or man a yard soon with
+their cursed machinery."
+
+As she passed on her course "cleaving blast and breaker right ahead,"
+with her weather-wheel often spinning in the air, and as the sky
+darkened and the waves roared louder, I thought with deep interest on
+what might even now be the fate of those, without whose friendly aid I
+should have been lying on a rocky pillow and seaweed for my shroud, near
+Dawlish's Hole. The weather now became entitled to the formidable name
+of a storm, but some time had yet to elapse before darkness added its
+horrors to the scene of desolation.
+
+Heavy masses of breakers were continually striking the pier-head with
+fearful crashes; now bursting over, amid seas of spray, with resistless
+impetuosity, drenching every one under its lee; now recoiling for a
+brief moment, as if to gather strength, leaving a smooth, hollow waste
+of oily sea--like the treacherous pauses of human passion,--and then
+returning with wilder haste and tenfold added fury to the onset.
+
+The morning was waning away. I left the pier, and bent my course away
+from Landwithiel.
+
+The path I pursued led along the summit of the cliffs; oftentimes
+winding so close round the edge of a projecting acclivity, that it
+required a clear head and a steady foot, for one false step would have
+been instant destruction. The coast below me was justly entitled to take
+its place amongst the finest rock-scenery in the island; and exhibited
+in its grandest form, the peculiarly wild and picturesque nature of the
+coast of Cornwall. After working my way against a head-wind for three or
+four miles, I took shelter in Dawlish's Watch Tower, an old half-ruined
+building, which commanded an almost boundless look-out. Nearly right
+opposite to this station lay the Wolf-stone, an insular, and almost
+inaccessible rock, which rose in deep water about three-quarters of a
+mile from land. Whilst scanning with my glass the windward horizon, I
+accidentally rested on this islet, and I had not looked long before my
+gaze was rivetted to it. Two individuals I fancied were standing near a
+pole which was erected on the highest point. These lone and unusual
+tenants of the sea-birds' home were obviously, from their motions, much
+agitated. A heavy driving shower, for a few minutes, wrapped it in mist.
+When this cleared off, the black and dreary front of the Wolf-stone
+became dimly visible through the tumultuous assemblage of gigantic
+breakers, that were every instant grappling with the steep which defied
+them. Another minute's observation and I was running at my utmost speed
+back to Landwithiel. The captives could be no other than Sam and Arthur
+Clovelly.
+
+My arrival caused universal stir and interest in Landwithiel. The
+Dasher, the best sea-boat in the harbour was instantly manned, with
+directions to pull to Carn Cove, almost opposite the rock, whither the
+rest of the men rapidly proceeded along the heights. Helston and myself
+also went thither to consult in the first instance, as to the best plan
+for relief; for no boat could live, in such a day as this, within some
+distance of the rock.
+
+The anxious group gathered on the edge of the cliff; and while a white
+flag was running up a boat's mast which we had erected on the tower, we
+cheered loudly and repeatedly to assure the distant captives that aid
+was nigh.
+
+"It is Sam--God be praised," sang out Helston, who was steadily looking
+out through his glass--and every one crowded around. "And is Arthur
+there too, Charles?"--"Yes, I see.--Death! I thought that wave would
+sweep over all. Now they wave their neckcloths--they beckon us to use
+haste. High water is drawing fast on, and what man ever lived on the
+Wolfstone in a spring flood. They wave again; sing away there, my lads,
+cheerily!" and a tumultuous shout of human voices again mingled with the
+blast.
+
+Almost every eye was now cast out for the Dasher, and she was seen
+pulling with great difficulty--for a handkerchief of canvass would have
+been madness--towards the shelter of a projecting mass of rock, in Carne
+Cove, in the comparatively smooth water behind which, Helston and myself
+were enabled with some difficulty to get aboard. It was a moment of some
+excitement. Accustomed from childhood fearlessly to brave an element
+they might truly call their own, the gallant little crew steadily seated
+themselves, and taking off their hats manfully answered the encouraging
+cheers from aloft. The men now shipped their oars, and all having been
+made snug, I seated myself in the stern-sheets, near Helston, who had
+taken the helm. There was something fine in his weather-beaten
+countenance, and grey hair streaming in the breeze, as he steadily
+scanned the dark masses of the distant Wolf-stone--he was a true seaman.
+
+The Dasher was a boat that would live in almost any weather on this
+coast, head to wind; but when she was put about, there was no little
+danger of her being pooped in a heavy following sea. Ours was now the
+former case, and as the crew put her through the contending sea, which
+at every stroke hit our bows and soaked us with spray, I anxiously
+consulted with Helston on the best means of shipping the captives on
+making the Wolf-stone. Keeping his eye fixed on the rock, which was
+grimly visible on our larboard bow, he shook his head as the portentous
+darkness of the sky again claimed our attention. "If we had been delayed
+a quarter of an hour longer they would have been food for fishes;" I
+remarked, "but it will be close run; our men are doing all that strength
+and skill can do, but it avails little when opposed to such a power as
+this."
+
+"Never fear, sir, we shall do yet--you are not so cool as I--how should
+you? when I have braved the storms of nearly sixty winters:--but the
+Wolf-stone's a spot, I will frankly confess, with which I had rather
+make acquaintance with a clearer sky and a flowing sheet, than on such a
+night as this. Just give a look-out a-head, sir," he added, as we were
+mounting a heavy sea, "and tell me how things are aloft on the rock."
+
+However formidable this dreary steep might have appeared at a distance,
+now we were drawing near to it, the wildness and sublimity of the scene
+surpassed my calculations. The fugitives, who by their gestures were
+urging us onward, had been driven for shelter to a hollow on the leeward
+side of the rock, which indeed was almost the only spot that now
+afforded an asylum from danger. The waves as they came rolling onwards
+with aggravated force from the main, ever and anon burst against the
+isle with terrific violence, now breaking into gigantic masses, then
+driven in columns of sparkling spray to a vast height in the air, and
+now closing on every side around their victims. The isle, indeed,
+appeared to be menaced with total annihilation.
+
+As we could now distinguish both the brothers, we instinctively cheered
+them on drawing towards the landward side of the rock. They were
+compelled every minute to crouch and cling to the cliff under which they
+had taken shelter, as a huge wave burst below their feet, and struck
+them in its upward violence. The Wolf-stone could no longer raise its
+head in dominion over the main. The surf ran so high immediately around
+it, that to approach at all closely would only have ended in the
+destruction of every soul. We, therefore, hailed them as we stood under
+its lee, and found that in consequence of their having remained almost
+all night on this dreary spot, drenched with wet, and chilled with cold,
+any effort to swim through the surf would probably be fatal in their
+exhausted state. What then remained to be done? We had ropes on board
+which would be of infinite service, could we only devise means to convey
+them to the rock. At this juncture, the services of my old
+Newfoundlander, Retriever, came forcibly to my mind. The poor animal had
+refused to be separated from me when we embarked, and lay at my feet in
+the boat. On his exertions therefore depended the lives of our friends.
+He soon understood the task he was to perform, and in another second was
+dashing onwards through the waves. An affecting scene now took place
+between the brothers, as to who should first avail himself of the
+approaching aid. A gigantic rush of tide, which almost swept entirely
+over the rock, told them, however, that time was precious. But Sam was
+firm. The younger brother then plunged forward and was soon drawn safely
+on board. He informed us, as Retriever again swam away with the rope,
+that he feared his brother was much more exhausted than himself. With
+breathless interest, therefore, we watched Sam tie the rope round his
+body, and enter the water. The violence of the gale, at this instant,
+compelled us to stand further off the rock; indeed, within a few minutes
+we foresaw that its presence would only be indicated by a low black mass
+indistinctly seen, amidst the boiling and restless waves of the ocean;
+an appearance, I was told, which it only presents in the most violent
+storms. Poor Sam, now seen, now lost, amid the foaming ridges of the
+sea, came gradually along till within about forty paces from the boat,
+when it was evident his strength had failed him. An arm was shot into
+the air, then his head and shoulders rose rapidly, and there was a
+sudden blank in the waters. "Pull away, my lads, for your lives," we
+shouted, "or he is gone!"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"It was a hard run thing, I reckon, sirs," said Mr. Habbakuk
+Sheepshanks, who was rather top-heavy that evening, to a numerous party
+who were assembled round his capacious hearth at the "Ship-aground,"
+"but all's well, they say, that ends well, so we'll even drink the
+health of the brothers in a glass of the free genuine Cognac." "What is
+that you say!" said the exciseman....
+
+VYVYAN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LONDON AND THE PROVINCES COMPARED.
+
+
+It is the nature of prosperous communities, and the fashion of modern
+times, to centralize too much their numbers and their powers. But the
+question of distribution and proportion is almost as important in
+politics as that of production itself. Money and manure are not the only
+things which are the better for being spread. London and the country
+would both be gainers by transplanting bodily, a hundred miles off, some
+dozens of its streets--inhabitants and all. There are whole counties
+which we should like to colonize with the surplus talent of the
+metropolis. That surplus talent comprises scores of men, waiting on
+Providence, feeding on foolish speculations, hanging on the skirts of
+some frivolous circle, doing nothing there, or worse than nothing,
+spoiling and wasting daily, who, planted out into a sphere of more
+favourable opportunities, are capable of being a blessing to a
+neighbourhood. However, it is not a case for violent measures. We do not
+propose that London should be compressed into _London proper_,--within
+the bills of mortality; or that its clubs should be called out on
+country service. Patriots, philosophers, and diners out, rusticating by
+royal proclamation, and under the _surveillance_ of the police, would
+not come with a temper very suitable to our purpose. An experiment of
+that sort was made under more likely circumstance, and failed;--as all
+experiments must, which seek to remove the symptoms, instead of trying
+to act upon the cause. It was in vain that James I. pulled down the new
+houses as fast as they were built; and that Charles I. ordered home the
+country gentlemen.
+
+Although there seems something artificial, and almost monstrous, in the
+actual size of London, the means which have led to this result are
+altogether natural. Indeed, whatever forcing has been at any time used,
+or prejudice fostered, has told the other way. Nothing has existed which
+can be called a court or courtiers for the last two hundred years; and a
+sort of feudal feeling still keeps our squires faithful to their halls.
+Two exceptions only can be set down to our institutions. The distinction
+of local courts obliges the English Bar to reside near Westminster; and
+the duration of a modern session substitutes a house for the family of a
+Member of Parliament, in the place of lodgings for himself. Under these
+circumstances, as "the wen" has not been produced, so is it not likely
+to be dispersed by any direct legislative application. To say the truth,
+the grievance, in our opinion, is not in the _absolute_, but in the
+_relative_ amount of the wealth, intelligence, and virtue, squeezed
+together on those marvellous square miles upon which the capital stands.
+We do not grudge it the pretty country which is hid under its basement
+stories, any more than the social activity and happiness which live
+along its crowded streets. We serve ejectments upon nobody. The only
+question is, whether some would not do well to move of themselves. Among
+the hopes and objects by whose influence 1,200,000 human beings are
+collected on the same spot, a certain proportion will be found, which
+have not been at all,--and more still, which have not been very
+judiciously or magnanimously, considered. There are many in the higher
+classes of its inhabitants especially, who, we suspect, on examining
+into their principles and habits, will have some difficulty in
+satisfying themselves that they have not chosen ill for their real
+happiness; and, for all real usefulness, a great deal worse. But the
+mistaken notion which most strips the country of its natural guardians,
+is the fallacy, on the part of young and sanguine dispositions, of
+believing that the motives and sphere of individual action rise in
+proportion to the apparent magnitude of the scene. These are the
+absentees most to be regretted. In the single line of professional
+practice, and in its most successful instances, that may be the case.
+But in taking ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, and in every other of
+the varied departments of social duty, the sphere of useful action,
+however nominally extended, will be found to be strictly and
+substantially reduced.
+
+There can be as little fear that London will ever want any of the
+elements of an enlightened and well-constituted community, as that it
+will not be large enough. It is very different with the provinces. The
+capital offers so many real, and still more, so many plausible
+attractions to all that is active and refined, as well as to all that is
+idle and selfish in human nature, that a long list of supernumaries and
+expectants is sure, in every case, always to be at hand. It is the
+lottery into which the credulous are eager to put in;--it is the theatre
+on whose stage ambition and vanity are impatient to appear;--it is the
+land of Cockayne, in whose crowded mazes the selfish escape from every
+duty, and reduce their intercourse with their fellow-creatures to the
+sympathies of visiting and of shopping. It is the seat also of liberal
+society, and independent existence, among the friends and occupations of
+one's choice. Lord Falkland, the love of his age, admitted, that
+quitting London was the only thing which he was not sufficiently master
+of himself ever to manage without a struggle. In this state of things,
+it is plain that nobody can be of such consequence there but that he is
+easily spared. The death of a town wit is handsomely celebrated, if it
+furnishes five minutes' conversation for the table where he dined the
+day before. He is replaced with the same regularity and indifference as
+fresh snuff is put into a snuff-box, or fresh flowers are set out upon
+the epergne. Nobody misses him. The machine goes on without perceiving
+that the blue-bottle or the gnat has fallen from its wheel.
+
+The vastness and multiplicity and complexity of the organization by
+which the movements of the capital proceed, as it were mechanically, do
+not act merely by diminishing the general importance of individuals to
+the system. Except in the case of very happy, and universal, and flowing
+natures, or under the influence of accidental counteractions, a personal
+risk, between extreme vagueness and extreme narrowness of character, is
+incurred by the individual himself. In respect of employment, the
+division of intellectual labour is so complete, that most persons in
+such a situation are tempted to do their own piece of work, and no
+more;--to rest satisfied with manufacturing the pin's head which happens
+to have fallen to their share. Does a London life tend to quicken the
+moral pulse and expand the heart? The forms of society are thrown into
+too large a scale, and its pace is too rapid, to afford an opportunity
+for the sort of intercourse by which alone a real acquaintance with,
+understanding of, and affection for, each other can be obtained. No
+means exist of getting there at any thing further than talents in men,
+and beauty or accomplishments in women.
+
+Qualities which can be exhibited as a show are discovered and
+appreciated accordingly. But wisdom and virtue, which are to the mind
+what breath is to the body, have no part assigned or assignable to them
+on such a stage. A man may pass a life in London without an occasion
+arising by which his neighbours can learn whether he is an honest fellow
+or a rogue. The consequence is, that a good deal of such a man's moral
+nature gets imperfectly developed, and dies away. The appropriate object
+is not brought sufficiently close and home to him to stimulate and call
+forth his latent powers. Charity is perhaps better off than most. By a
+satisfactory compromise, it falls into the hands of a mendicity society.
+But there are other virtues which do not admit of being compounded for,
+and their burden transferred to a committee, for two guineas a-year. In
+these cases the moral tax is too often evaded altogether. We are well
+aware that men of pleasure are far from being the only persons who have
+turned into a maxim of life the sentence which the Duke of Buckingham
+passed upon the dog which barked after him,--"Would to God you were
+married and settled in the country!" It is evident that the word
+_provincial_ is often felt, by characters of a higher strain and object,
+to imply an imputation or admission of mediocrity. Now, greatly as
+nations differ, it is generally admitted that all capitals are pretty
+much alike. It follows therefore, that the characteristic spirit and
+principle of a nation do not appear there to most advantage. Enow worthy
+representatives of that spirit and principle are doubtless there; but
+they are there too much as though they were not. It is an atmosphere
+which no individual powers can penetrate, and where it needs more than
+an ordinary sun to make itself felt or seen. We are satisfied that, on a
+just estimate of the whole case, the provinces, as distinguished from
+the metropolis, would be found in many instances, perhaps in most, to be
+the home which a wise lover of himself, and a sincere lover of his kind,
+would do well to fix in;--not indeed as the scene of a brilliant or
+sybarite existence, but as the post of that salutary influence which
+sinks deepest; and of that usefulness and happiness which last the
+longest; as most visibly incorporated with, and represented by, our
+fellow-beings.--_Edinburgh Review._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+INFANCY.
+
+(_From the Feuilles d'Automne of Victor Hugo, translated in the Foreign
+Quarterly Review._)
+
+
+  In the dusky court,
+  Near the altar laid,
+  Sleeps the child in shadow,
+    Of his mother's bed:
+  Softly he reposes,
+  And his lids of roses.
+  Closed to earth, uncloses
+    On the heaven o'erhead.
+
+  Many a dream is with him,
+  Fresh from the fairy land,
+  Spangled o'er with diamonds
+    Seems the ocean sand;
+  Suns are gleaming there.
+  Troops of ladies fair
+  Souls of infants bear
+    In their charming hand.
+
+  O, enchanting vision,
+  Lo, a rill up-springs,
+  And, from out its bosom
+    Comes a voice that sings.
+  Lovelier there appear
+  Sire and sisters dear,
+  While his mother near,
+    Plumes her new-born wings.
+
+  But a brighter vision
+  Yet his eyes behold;
+  Roses all, and lilies,
+    Every path enfold;
+  Lakes in shadow sleeping,
+  Silver fishes leaping,
+  And the waters creeping,
+    Through the reeds of gold.
+
+  Slumber on, sweet infant.
+  Slumber peacefully;
+  Thy young soul yet knows not
+    What thy lot may be.
+  Like dead leaves that sweep
+  Down the stormy deep,
+  Thou art borne in sleep,
+    What is all to thee?
+
+  Thou canst slumber by the way;
+  Thou hast learnt to borrow
+  Naught from study, naught from care;
+    The cold hand of sorrow,
+  On thy brow unwrinkled yet,
+  Where young truth and candour sit,
+  Ne'er with rugged nail hath writ
+    That sad word, "To-morrow."
+
+  Innocent, thou sleepest--
+  See the heavenly band.
+  Who foreknow the trials
+    That for man are planned;
+  Seeing him unarmed,
+  Unfearing, un-alarmed,
+  With their tears have warmed
+    His unconscious hand.
+
+  Angels, hovering o'er him,
+  Kiss him where he lies.
+  Hark, he sees them weeping,
+    "Gabriel," he cries;
+  "Hush," the angel says,
+  On his lip be lays
+  One finger, one displays
+    His native skies.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+STATE OF SOCIETY IN NEW SOUTH WALES.
+
+
+The following exhibits but a lamentable picture of the "milk and honey"
+of this favoured land:
+
+"The morals of the colony of New South Wales are of an exceedingly
+depraved description. It is so far from being a country where men begin
+a new life and enter upon a fresh course with resolutions of amendment,
+that the testimony of all respectable men examined on the subject unites
+in asserting that the habits of the freed men, even of those who have
+acquired property and have families, are of the most dissipated
+character. Of the emancipists, to whom grants of land have been made and
+who are often wealthy, very few, not more it is said than half a dozen,
+can be selected whose lives are not of a vicious description, who do not
+indulge in dishonest practices of one sort or another, and who have not
+risen to wealth by fostering and practising some species of villany.
+These men procure convicts to be assigned to them, who become members of
+the families, and assist them in carrying on their various frauds. In
+Sydney the grog shops are very numerous, and grog shops are receiving
+houses. A constant trade in stolen goods is going on between Sydney and
+the remotest parts of the colony, and even between Sydney and this
+country. The convicts in remote settlements have no means generally of
+indulging in licentiousness, but they see constantly before them the
+freed labourer who has, and they burn to enjoy similar privileges: and
+should their place of occupation be too remote from a theatre of
+indulgence, they get a week of holiday at Sydney, where they arrive in
+numbers, and, for the time they stay, wallow in every species of
+debauchery. In such a state of society the public standard of morality
+must necessarily fall to a very low degree. The leaven spreads from the
+corrupted part into the whole mass. Just as the slang of London thieves
+is become the classical language of Sydney, so do necessarily a
+familiarity with crime, hatred to law, and contempt for virtue, make
+their way into the minds and hearts of those who are untainted with
+actual crime. So far from a reformation being even begun in New South
+Wales, it would seem that roguery had been carried a degree beyond even
+the perfection it has reached here. Property is very insecure in Sydney,
+and the most extraordinary robberies take place. Mr. James Walker, in
+his evidence before a committee of the House of Commons, says 'the
+colony has a curious effect upon the most practised thieves in this
+country; one of the most experienced thieves in London has _something to
+learn_ when he comes out there; probably he would be robbed the first
+night he came into his hut.' This was the answer given by an experienced
+settler to the question, whether he thought any considerable degree of
+reformation took place among the convicts residing at a distance from
+Sydney. It is nearly impossible that it should be otherwise. The master
+can only punish his servant by travelling with him some twenty or thirty
+miles to a police magistrate, by which he loses his own time, the labour
+of his servant, perhaps for months, if he is condemned to a road gang,
+and after his return has little advantage from his services.
+Unwillingness to work for a master who has been the cause of his
+punishment is a difficult feeling to counteract. The convict has the
+game in his own hands: he either does no work, wounds himself, falls
+sick, or perhaps, and it is not uncommon, spoils either the materials
+entrusted to him, or the tools which have been put into his hands.
+
+"Mr. Busby, when asked respecting the prevalence of bush-rangers, who
+are escaped convicts and others who have taken to the bush, says, in his
+Evidence (5th Aug. 1831,) that within the last twelve months, or two
+years, bush-rangers have been so numerous that it was scarcely possible
+to travel a hundred miles on the road without being stopped: there was
+scarcely a newspaper, in which there were not two or three instances of
+persons, of every rank, being stopped. It was quite an unusual thing
+formerly--but of late there has been a regular system of highway
+robbery. The laws that have been enacted to put down this horrible state
+of things, will serve for an index of the condition of the colony. They
+do away with every appearance of personal liberty. 'One act empowered
+magistrates to issue a warrant, authorizing constables to enter or break
+into any house, within their district or county, by day or night, at
+their own discretion; and to seize any person they might suspect to be
+highway robbers or burglars; or any individual in the colony, without
+any warrant or authority, may take another into custody, on the mere
+suspicion that he is a convict illegally at large: if it appear to the
+magistrate that he had a just or probable cause for suspicion, he is
+justified in doing so. The onus of proving that he is not a convict
+illegally at large, is thrown upon the suspected person, and if that is
+not established to the satisfaction of the magistrate, he is liable to
+be retained in custody, or sent to Sydney to be examined and dealt
+with.'
+
+"The number of executions in New South Wales in the year 1830 exceeded
+the whole number of executions in England and Wales, in the same year;
+which, taking the proportion of the populations of the countries, makes
+capital punishments upwards of three hundred and twenty-five times as
+frequent as in the mother country. This horrid fact is pretty well, of
+itself, an answer to all argument drawn from the idea of Reformation.
+But direct testimony is abundant. Major McArthur, the son of one of the
+wealthiest and most extensive settlers in the colony, and to whom it
+owes so much for its present progress in production and commerce,
+states, 'It is painful to know that those whose sentences have expired,
+or to whom pardons have been granted, seldom or ever incline to reform,
+even when they have acquired property. Intoxication and fraud are
+habitual to them; and hardly six persons can be named throughout the
+colony, who, being educated men, and having been transported for
+felonies, have afterwards become sober, moral, and industrious members
+of the community. Crime is of constant occurrence, and so completely
+organized, that cattle are carried off from the settlers in large
+numbers, and slaughtered for the traders in Sydney, who contract with
+the commissariat. It is not, therefore, the vicious habits alone of the
+town which are to be dreaded, but the effects that are communicated and
+felt throughout the country. The agricultural labourer is encouraged to
+plunder his master, by finding a ready sale for the property he steals,
+and whenever his occupations call him to the towns, he sees and yields
+himself to the vicious habits around him. He returns intoxicated and
+unsettled to his employer's farm, and incites his comrades to the same
+sensual indulgences, with equal disregard of the risk and the
+consequences. To these causes the present vitiated and disorganized
+state of the convicts in New South Wales is chiefly attributable; and
+the extent of the evil maybe in some degree estimated, when it is stated
+_that the expense of the police establishment amounts to more_ than
+20,000_l_. per annum for a population of 40,000 souls."
+
+_Foreign Quarterly Review._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE GATHERER
+
+
+_Premiers._--The following list of premiers, from the accession of
+George III. to 1832, with the number of peers created during their
+respective premierships, may be acceptable at the present period:--Lord
+Chatham, 9; Lord Bute, 9; George Grenville, 4; Lord Rockingham, 4; Duke
+of Grafton, none; Lord North, 27; Lord Shelburn, none; Mr. Fox, 7; Mr.
+Pitt, 90; Mr. Addington, 24; Lord Grenville, 3; Duke of Portland, 4; Mr.
+Perceval, none; Lord Liverpool, 50; Mr. Canning, 7; Lord Goderich, 6;
+Duke of Wellington, 2; and Earl Grey, 25.--W.G.C.
+
+_Peers_.--Number of peers (in the present peerage) created by each
+sovereign, from the reign of Henry III. (1264) to the accession of his
+present majesty:--Henry III., 2; Edward I., 7; Edward II., 6; Edward
+III., 1; Henry VI., 5; Henry VII, 1; Henry VIII., 6; Edward VI., 2;
+Mary, 2; Elizabeth, 8; James I., 15; Charles I., 10; Charles II., 16;
+James II., 1; William III., 7; Anne, 14; George I., 15; George II., 20;
+George III., 145; George IV., 46. W.G.C.
+
+_Theatrical Property in France_.--A dramatic author in France is
+entitled, every night that his play is performed, to a fixed sum per
+act, viz. 10 francs, for Paris; 5 francs for the large theatres in the
+country; 3 francs for the second-rate provincial theatres; and 2 francs
+for the third-rate. A bureau is established by government, to receive
+the contributions, and any manager neglecting to make a return, is
+punished by a heavy fine; the amount of which goes to the author. The
+advantages arising from this system are also enjoyed by the widow and
+children of the author. It is calculated that the author of the _Ecole
+des Viellards_, derives nightly, from the performance of that piece, in
+Paris, and the provinces, about 500 francs. Scribe, a successful
+_vaudeville_ writer, is in receipt of a handsome income; and Merle was
+able, from the contributions upon his pieces, to open the Port St.
+Martin Theatre, upon a liberal scale, and thus to lay the foundation of
+a brilliant fortune. T. GILL.
+
+_A Magdalene_.---A French bishop preaching, exclaimed, "A Magdalene is
+present, she is looking at me, I will not mention her name, but I will
+throw my book at her." He then raised his arm as if to put his threat
+into execution, when all the women in the church ducked their heads.
+"What," said he, "all Magdalenes." SWAINE.
+
+_Unwelcome Title_.--Charles Incledon, the vocalist, being asked if he
+had ever read Murray's _Sermons to Asses_, replied, "he had not, he did
+not like the book, the title was too personal."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House.) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic, G.G.
+BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen and
+Booksellers._
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE ***
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