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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Squash Tennis, by Richard C. Squires
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Squash Tennis
+
+Author: Richard C. Squires
+
+Release Date: March 12, 2004 [EBook #11550]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SQUASH TENNIS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Dennis McCarthy
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+SQUASH TENNIS
+
+
+by Richard C. Squires (1931-2003)
+
+$1.00
+
+[March 1968]
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+Who Can Play?
+Strategy
+Fundamental Strokes
+Shot-Making
+History of Squash Tennis
+Court Specifications and Equipment
+Official Playing Rules
+[National Champions]
+
+
+
+ABOUT THE AUTHOR
+
+
+Dick Squires is certainly qualified to produce this manual on "Instant
+Squash Tennis."
+
+Added to an articulateness which equips him to put his experience and
+knowledge into words, his background in racquet games is broad,
+longstanding and at a level sufficiently upper echelon to have garnered
+national championships in three separate bat and ball sports.
+
+Starting early, in Bronxville, N.Y., he was a member of the National
+Junior Davis Cup Tennis team at 17.  Emerging from The Hill School in
+1949 and fitted with the National Junior Tennis Doubles crown, he went
+through Williams College with the class of 1953.
+
+In 1954, he was 50 percent of the title winning team in the National
+Squash Racquets men's Doubles Championships, and was ranked seventh
+nationally in singles.  Twice a finalist in the National Intercollegiate
+Squash Racquets Championship, he was elected President of the National
+Intercollegiate Association in 1952.
+
+Less active in formal competition for some years, he latterly became
+interested in a newly burgeoning racquet sport, and attained the pinnacle
+in the 1966 National Platform Paddle Tennis Doubles Championships.
+
+Meanwhile, he had become fascinated with the venerable game of Squash
+Tennis.  Attacking it with his usual enthusiasm and natural aptitudes, in
+two years he mastered this relatively difficult game sufficiently to be
+runner-up in the Nationals Singles (1966).  Concurrently, he devoted the
+aforementioned enthusiasm to heading a program to revitalize the game;
+with significant results.  Finally, also in 1967, he was elected
+President of the 57 year old National Squash Tennis Association.
+
+
+A word about the various illustrations showing the squash tennis court
+and various shots:  The solid * is you and your position and the O is
+your opponent's.  The direction of flight of the ball is indicated by
+arrows and the "x" indicates when and where the ball bounces on the
+floor.  "F" indicates forehand, "B" backhand, and the "S" is the service.
+In all descriptions it is assumed the player is right-handed.
+
+(Illustrated by Richard Kaiser)
+
+[Transcriber's Note:  See the HTML version of this e-book for
+illustrations.  Figure captions have been transferred to the text in
+brackets.]
+
+
+
+WHO CAN PLAY?
+
+
+Anyone who enjoys playing Tennis, Squash Racquets, Platform Tennis, or
+any racquet game and has good reflexes will love Squash Tennis.
+
+Where it lacks the endurance and subtlety that Squash Racquets calls
+for, it offers the exhilaration inherent in powerfully hit strokes,
+split-second racquet work, and graceful, seemingly unhurried footwork.
+The ball "comes to you" more often, but the challenge is to figure out
+the wider angles and exactly where the lightning fast green ball will
+eventually end up after rebounding off of as many as five walls.
+
+The game of Squash Tennis has something to offer players of all ages.
+The demands for fast reflexes, agile racquet work and speed of foot are
+intriguing challenges for the youngsters.  On the other hand, placement,
+guile, patience, and the faster ball that actually provides more time for
+retrieval make Squash Tennis the ideal sport for the "older" athlete who
+wants to preserve that straight waistline all of his life.  The average
+age of the ranking players today is around 43!
+
+In addition, the promising, young (10 to 13 year old) Lawn Tennis
+"comer," who cannot play Tennis during the winter months and still does
+not have the strength or coordination to hit the Squash Racquets ball
+hard and often enough to heat it up and realize some prolonged,
+interesting rallies, is an excellent prospect for Squash Tennis.
+
+The ball is not affected by temperature change and requires no "warming
+up."  The youngster will improve his racquet work, hone his reflexes
+(especially on volleys and half volleys), and keep his legs in shape
+during the off winter months.  Also, the racquet and ball are akin to
+Lawn Tennis equipment.
+
+Finally, everyone and/or any club that presently possesses Squash courts
+can introduce the additional indoor bat and ball game of Squash Tennis.
+All that is required is a 4 feet 6 inches backwall "out" line in addition
+to the 6 feet 6 inches Squash Racquets line and, ideally, the extension
+of the service dividing line up to the tell tale (see fig. 1 [Note
+extension of service line to front wall.]).
+
+Because the ball is not affected by temperature, many people play Squash
+Tennis all year round, and not only in the cold, winter months.  This
+game could, therefore, be played widely in the South.
+
+So, we invite all racquets men, young and old alike, to accept the
+challenges of the fastest indoor racquet and ball game in the world.  As
+a matter of fact, because of the speed of the ball and, consequently, the
+less running involved, Squash Tennis would be an excellent game for the
+more active distaffers.
+
+If you are looking for a sport that you can "master" in one or two
+seasons then don't take up Squash Tennis.  But if you are looking for an
+intriguing and invigorating game which you can play practically all your
+life, we strongly urge you to try Squash Tennis.  You, your waistline,
+legs, lungs and reflexes will never regret it.
+
+
+
+STRATEGY
+
+
+The strategy in Squash Tennis is basically the same as Squash Racquets;
+i.e., to control the so-called "T" or the intersection of the service
+court lines, by keeping your opponent up front, off to the sides, or
+behind you, the majority of the time (see fig. 2 [Desired court
+position.]).
+
+The fundamental stratagem can only be carried out by your learning a wide
+assortment of Squash Tennis shots and perfecting your repertoire with
+practice and experience against many different types of opponents under
+competitive situations.
+
+You will have to fight and play hard for this position.  Always head for
+the "T" immediately after hitting the ball, but taking care not to
+interfere with your opponent's stroke.
+
+All of your shots should be hit with a purpose, which is to keep your
+opponent off balance, away from the "T," and of course, eventually to
+defeat him.  Change of pace, therefore, is of utmost importance.  Break
+up your opponent's rhythm, never allow him to get grooved, frequently do
+the unexpected, so that he loses confidence in his anticipation and,
+subsequently, goes on the defensive.
+
+At all times be offensive.  The game of Squash Tennis has known many
+so-called "great getters," but they invariably have succumbed to
+"purposeful power" and the aggressively angled shots of players with the
+burning desire to win, "the killer instinct" that spurs the great players
+to go all out for every point.
+
+Play each point like an individual match.  Don't let up or intentionally
+"throw" a game.  Squash Tennis, as with all racquet games, is a sport of
+momentum.  Many a tide has changed, many a match won when seemingly it
+has been hopelessly lost.  Go after every point as though you were down
+Match Point and had to win it.  "Coasting" shatters your concentration,
+and lost concentration can well mean a lost match.  Play to win as
+quickly as you can.
+
+Finally, assume your opponent will retrieve even your best shots.  Don't
+underestimate his ability or overestimate your shot-making prowess.
+Remember the speed of the ball actually gives your opponent more time to
+get to it.  Always be ready for anything until the ball is actually ruled
+dead and the rally has ended.
+
+
+
+FUNDAMENTAL STROKES
+
+
+The Squash Tennis stroke is more closely allied to the Squash Racquets
+swing than to the Tennis swing.
+
+Ground Strokes:  The wrist and grip should be kept loose at all times.
+The grip will automatically be tightened at the moment of contact with
+the ball.
+
+The forehand and backhand ground strokes should be hit with a short, snap
+of the wrist--as though you were cracking a whip.  There is no time and
+no reason to employ a long, high follow-through.
+
+The head of the racquet at the moment of impact with the ball should be
+slightly "open" and you should feel the gut "biting" the side of the
+ball.  This slight side-spin cut, with the racquet head tilting back and
+hit like a short, chip shot, will tend to keep the ball low and
+inexorably "grabbing" for the floor.  The spin will produce many "nicks,"
+which are shots that hit a side wall and floor practically simultaneously
+and die.  (See fig. 3 [Racquet open when contacting ball.] for position
+of racquet at the moment of contact with ball.)
+
+The follow-through is low and abbreviated.  The racquet head should go
+straight out or up the court rather than be wrapped around your body.
+The best way to "groove your strokes" and to keep the ball low is to
+consciously aim your racquet head on your follow-through at the very, top
+of the "telltale."
+
+As in all racquet sports, the racquet should do the work.  The ball
+willingly goes where the racquet head directs it.  Do not flail or
+attempt to push your shots.  Hit them crisply with the snap of your
+cocked wrist, and at all times attempt to regiment your swing.
+
+Ideally your body should be out of the way, which means whenever possible
+on your ground strokes you should turn sideways.  Your weight should
+shift toward the direction in which you are hitting at the moment of
+impact, and you should have your feet planted firmly.  Because of the
+high velocity of the ball, however, you frequently will not have the
+time to turn sideways and will be required to stroke in awkward and
+off-balance positions.  Your aim, however, is always to be in the correct
+position of play before the ball gets there, thus allowing time for
+adjustment and proper stroking.  Move to your position with short, quick
+steps rather than long, tiring strides.  Consciously maintain your weight
+on your toes, with the knees slightly bent.  This will help you to move
+in any direction necessary as quickly as possible.
+
+In following the ball around the corners, do not stand still and pivot.
+Go after it, again with a series of short steps with your racquet head up
+and cocked, and your body in proper position so that you are ready to
+make a quick and meaningful stroke.
+
+Volleying or cutting off the ball before it hits the floor is similar to
+the tennis stroke.  It calls for lightning-like reflexes and the ability
+to move the racquet head practically in any given direction in a fraction
+of a second.
+
+The volley is a short "jab," with the racquet head traveling forward no
+more than, say, 24 inches.  Once again, your aim should be in the
+direction of where you want the ball to go, and low.
+
+The main purpose of the volley is to keep your opponent constantly on the
+run, moving him about, and preferably up and back, by cutting off the
+flight of the ball.  Most players can run all day sideways, but will
+eventually tire if you make them run up and back.  Like body punches in
+boxing, forcing your opponent up to the front wall with deftly placed
+volleys will eventually take its toll.
+
+Miscellaneous:  Generally all Squash Tennis strokes should be hit as low
+as possible--within a few inches of the front "telltale."  This will take
+time and practice, but pays high dividends.  A low ball invites the
+aforementioned nicks and keeps your opponent hurrying and scurrying.  The
+chances are better that, when hit with the proper amount of pace, a low
+ball will die before it gets to the back wall.
+
+When a ball is hugging the side wall, don't attempt to "pick" it off.  It
+is far easier, and your percentage of success is far greater, to "scrape"
+the ball off with a very loose wrist.  Your other alternative is to hit
+the ball right into the wall and hope it will angle off and travel to the
+front wall (see fig. 4 [To retrieve wall hugger, hit ball right into
+wall.]).
+
+Service:  The proper position prior to serving is with the feet as close
+to the "T" as possible.  This location will help you to put your service
+in the desired place, which is parallel to the side wall.  In other
+words, you reduce the angle.  In addition, the "center" of the court is
+the ideal position from which to cover your opponent's return (see fig. 5
+[Forehand and backhand service positions.]).
+
+Since the ball must land short of the service line, it is obviously not
+possible to overpower your opponent for a service ace--as contrasted to
+the services in Squash Racquets or Lawn Tennis.
+
+The most effective service, therefore, is hit as high as possible on the
+front wall to a "spot" that will place the ball after bouncing (and your
+opponent must wait for your service to bounce on the floor--he cannot
+volley it) as high and also as close to the side wall as possible.  Your
+opponent will have a difficult time hitting the ball well because of its
+height and its closeness to the side wall.  A great deal of practice and
+experimentation will be required before you discover exactly where that
+"spot" is, and with what degree of effort you should hit the ball.
+
+The service is hit with a slight cut, which will usually make the ball
+grab the wall and hug closer.  A semi-overhand, side-spin service is best
+employed from the right court, and a sliced underhand shot is used from
+the left side (see fig. 6 [Forehand and backhand lob services.]).
+
+For an occasional "surprise" or change of pace, you can vary the service
+by hitting the ball somewhat harder right at your opponent.  This can be
+done either as a straight shot right down the middle (fig. 7 [Service
+straight down the middle.]) or at a sharp angle that breaks off the side
+wall and lands right at his feet (fig. 8 [In and out service angling into
+opponent.]).
+
+In addition, reversed cuts can also throw your opponent off, since you
+can make the ball bounce off the floor in the opposite direction than
+expected.
+
+Finally, the service is practically the only stroke in the game of Squash
+Tennis which permits you the luxury of time prior to hitting.  You
+should, therefore, take advantage of this time to get settled, anchor
+your feet comfortably, pause, even take a deep breath, and concentrate on
+how you are going to hit the ball toward your "spot" in order to make as
+good a service as possible.  Don't aimlessly just put the ball in play.
+A careless server loses many points by allowing his opponent to make an
+offensive return.  A deliberate, concentrating, purposeful player, on the
+other hand, will actually win many important points with well placed
+serves.
+
+
+
+SHOT-MAKING
+
+
+Most uninitiates, especially Squash Racquets players who are adroit at
+and/or addicted to that game, believe Squash Tennis offers nothing but
+prolonged "slam bang" rallies and a boring "sameness."  Because of the
+tremendous liveliness of the ball and the apparent absence of deftly
+placed straight "drops" that die in a corner, these potential players
+scorn and speak disparagingly of the wonderful game of Squash Tennis
+which, like all racquet games, has its own shots and ways of putting the
+ball away.
+
+It is very true that overwhelming power is a key to hitting winning
+shots, but this is also true of Lawn Tennis.  Employing the so-called
+"Big Game of Tennis" is an absolute must if a circuit player today is
+going to be a winner.  No longer do you see any classic baseline duels
+where the premium is on guile and steadiness.  The Big Service, the
+powerful rapier-like follow-up volley or overhead smash are the standard
+weapons that pay off in today's Tennis game.
+
+Squash Tennis, although played in a regular Squash court, is indeed
+"different" from Squash Racquets.  It possesses its own distinctive
+variety of shots, subtleties and ways of defeating your opponent.
+
+One of the most difficult and frustrating tasks we in the National Squash
+Tennis Association have in our attempts to expose the game to potential
+players is to somehow get a prospect out on the court more than once.
+Squash Tennis is a game calling for such speed of racquet and
+comprehensive understanding of much longer or wider angles (than Squash
+Racquets) that no one can really feel "comfortable" until he has been out
+on the court playing at least a half dozen times.  It is a rare player,
+indeed, who does not quickly become discouraged the first few times and
+decides the game just isn't for him after all.  And what a pity it is!
+For he is missing out on playing a sport that offers him many years of
+wonderful, exhilarating exercise, good camaraderie, and a beautiful,
+matchless rhythm displayed in harmonious coordination of racquet and
+graceful footwork.
+
+The following are some of the fundamental shots you should attempt to
+include in your repertoire:
+
+Rails:  Your "bread and butter" shots, similar to Squash Racquets, are
+the "rails" or shots hit straight up and down, parallel to the side wall.
+These rails keep your opponents "scrambling" and allow you to hold that
+important "T" position.
+
+The rail shot is hit more effectually when you are fairly close, within
+three feet, of the side wall.  The closer your position to the side wall,
+the easier it is to hit a shot that stays right next to the wall during
+the entire flight of the shot (see fig. 9 [Straight up and down backhand
+and forehand rail shots.]).
+
+Many winners are made off of these rail shots in the following manner:
+
+1.  Frequently the ball hits straight into a rear corner and dies; or
+2.  It pops unexpectedly out of the corner and right into your opponent;
+3.  When hit with the proper pace, and low, the ball will die before it
+comes off the back wall;
+4.  When hit with sheer power and relatively high, your opponent will be
+unable to catch up with it;
+5.  If the ball is hit in such a manner as to make it cling to the side
+wall all the way back, your opponent will err in attempting to pick it
+off the side wall.
+
+Crosscourts:  To be mixed in with your straight up and down strokes are
+the crosscourt forehand and backhand shots.  Here again, these are
+employed to keep the ball out of the middle and keep your opponent
+defensive and on the move.  They can be hit either straight toward the
+opposite back wall corner (see fig. 10 [Cross court to opponent's
+backhand.]) frequently for a winner, or more sharply cross court, so that
+the ball either breaks into or behind your opponent's position (see fig.
+11 [Cross court that breaks into or behind opponent.]).
+
+Three-wall Fadeaway:  This shot can only be executed when you are a few
+feet in front of the service line and off to one side of the court or the
+other, nearer to the side wall than the center.  Otherwise it is
+practically impossible to obtain the necessary angle to pull of the
+three-wall fadeaway successfully.
+
+The ball is hit as sharply as possible into the opposite corner, at a
+position approximately midway between the floor and the ceiling, striking
+the front wall first and then the side wall.  This particular stroke is
+hit higher than most of the other Squash Tennis shots since the ball has
+so far to travel.  It will shoot off the side wall at great velocity and
+traverse cross court, bounce, and hit the other side wall deep--ideally
+within two feet of the back wall.  Then, instead of coming off at the
+same angle as it hits, the ball rebounds practically parallel to the back
+wall (see fig. 12 [3-wall fadeaway.]).  A well hit three-way fadeaway,
+which can be made either off the backhand or the forehand, is practically
+irretrievable since your opponent, even when he comes to realize how the
+ball is going to skid out straight at him, will still have great
+difficulty in getting his racquet head behind the ball (and in front of
+the back wall) to make a return.
+
+Double Boast:  This shot, while not as effective as in Squash Racquets,
+can, nonetheless, result in many winning points or, if not producing a
+winner, it will force your opponent to the front of the court in order to
+make his retrieval.  The double boast is hit almost straight into the
+side wall and fairly low (three to four feet above the floor) and can be
+hit either off the forehand or backhand side.  The ball rebounds off the
+side wall, goes cross court and hits the opposite side wall just inches
+away from the front wall.  It bounces out and practically parallel to the
+front, barely touching or "kissing" the front wall for a winner, or at
+least a very difficult "get" for your opponent (see figs. 13 [Forehand
+boast.] & 14 [Forehand boast.]).  The only prerequisite for hitting this
+shot properly is that you should be fairly far back in the court and
+close to one of the side walls prior to the execution of your shot.
+
+Four-Wall Boast:  This particular shot is much more difficult to master
+than the double boast or three-wall fadeaway but, at the same time, far
+more effective and unexpected.  It has to be hit with a good deal of
+power and quite high in order to carry to the front wall.  Your chances
+of success are, therefore, far greater if attempted off the forehand
+side.
+
+The ball travels off your racquet high into the backhand or left wall,
+rebounds sharply to the opposite or forehand wall heading toward the
+front of the court.  There should still be enough momentum and height
+remaining to permit the ball to again go cross court to the left wall
+where it hits within a few inches of the front wall and drops straight
+down barely, touching or "kissing" the front wall (see fig. 15 [Fourwall
+boast.]).  The four-wall boast is presently only hit by a handful of the
+better Squash Tennis players and should be a shot you attempt only after
+becoming skillful in the other more standard winning shots.
+
+Straight Up and Down and Cross Court Drops:  These soft or "touch" shots
+are employed primarily to move your opponent up and back, although an
+occasional winner will result when a low ball, hit with the right amount
+of pace and spin, dies before your opponent can get to it.  Too few
+Squash Tennis players today, including many of the ranking competitors,
+employ this change of pace shot.  Of all the shots, this one must be hit
+with a short, low follow-through in order to work successfully.  Your
+primary goal to accomplish these shots is to make certain you hit the
+front wall first and, ideally, not allow the ball to angle into the side
+walls (see figs. 16 [Straight backhand drop shot.] & 17 [Cross court
+forehand drop shot.]).
+
+Corner Shots:  Again, unlike Squash Racquets, the Squash Tennis corner
+shots rarely result in an outright winner.  The ball is just too lively.
+These shots are worth employing occasionally, however, to keep your
+opponent cross-legged, off balance, and on the run.
+
+The most effective corner shots are hit with fairly good pace.  Your aim
+should be low and into the side wall to a point much closer to the front
+wall than the spot a Squash Racquets player employs.  The reason for
+hitting a corner shot in this "in and out" manner is to keep the livelier
+ball out of the center of the court (see figs. 18 [How not to hit corner
+shot.] & 19 [How to hit corner shot.]).
+
+Miscellaneous:  Generally it is best when hitting any Squash Tennis shot
+to "hold" your shot as long as you can, thus reducing the chances that
+your opponent can anticipate where you are going to put the ball and
+start moving to position even prior to your actually hitting.
+
+Whenever possible, shield the ball with your body so that your opponent
+cannot see the direction you have hit until the very last possible
+instant.  There is nothing in the Playing Rules against blocking your
+opponent's view, as long as you do not interfere with his swing or with
+his getting into the proper position.
+
+Remember that the key to your shot making is mixing up your strokes and
+keeping the ball angled away from the middle of the court.  A ball that
+ends up in the center will probably result in your losing the point or,
+at best, having to leave the "T" and go on the defensive.  The exception,
+of course, is the widely employed "gut ball" that you hit into the front
+wall with great speed and at such a height that it rebounds right into
+your opponent's body (see fig. 20 [Ball aimed to rebound off front wall
+and into opponent.]).
+
+Employ the side walls as much as possible to keep the ball ricocheting
+and rocketing about the court so your opponent becomes frustrated and
+almost dizzy from following the flight of your angled shots.
+
+Turning:  A word on "turning" or "coming around" is in order.  Unlike
+Squash Racquets where turning is quite rarely necessary, in Squash Tennis
+it is both required and desirable to come around as frequently as
+possible.  The Squash Tennis ball is so lively and the angles so wide
+that trying to back up usually results in the ball chasing you and at
+best, a defensive, awkward shot will be all you can hit.  Turning,
+however, and moving constantly after or toward the ball will "open up the
+court" as well as place you in a solid, firm position to stroke the ball
+freely and comfortably.  (See figures 21 [Don't back up and take ball on
+backhand.] and 22 [Usually best to turn and take ball on forehand.]
+showing a player backing up versus a player who is properly turning.)
+
+Learning to "come around" is another one of those frustrations you will
+not find easy to master at first.  The ball, being so fast, will seem to
+run away from you.  Just remember two things:  1) hustle after the ball
+with short, speedy steps, keeping in mind that the angle is much greater
+than in Squash Racquets (see figs. 23 [Usual Squash Racquets angle and
+final bounce position.] & 24 [Note wider, longer angle of Squash Tennis
+ball's final bounce position.]) and  2) your racquet must be back and
+cocked, ready to swing through when the ball arrives at the proper
+hitting position, which is preferably out in front of you.
+
+Finally, another aspect of the game of Squash Tennis that a beginner or a
+converted Squash Racquets player will find "unnatural" is the necessity
+of immediately moving forward when you see or sense your opponent going
+for a sharply hit up-and-down shot, either cross court or "rail," that
+does not hit any of the side walls.  The Squash Racquets black ball is so
+much "deader" that the player usually has to go back first and then
+forward somewhat in order to be in the proper position to hit the ball as
+it rebounds off the back wall.
+
+The tremendous speed of the Squash Tennis ball, however, does not require
+that you go toward the back wall first.  To the contrary, you must charge
+forward instantly (even when your opponent's shot is heading toward the
+back wall) or else you will never be able to catch up to it as it comes
+rebounding off the back wall.  Many a shot off the back wall is played
+from a position closer to the front wall than to the back.
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF SQUASH TENNIS
+
+
+Squash Tennis is one of the few racquet and ball indoor sports that can
+be termed honestly and strictly "American" in origin, whereas Squash
+Racquets has its roots in England going as far back as the 1850s.  The
+game spread to America in the 1880s and the first real organized Squash
+Racquets play was in 1882 at St. Paul's Prep School, in Concord, New
+Hampshire.
+
+Eventually some of the boys there experimented with a Lawn Tennis ball
+and liked the fast rallies and liveliness of the action.  Consequently an
+exciting offspring was born, Squash Tennis.
+
+Toward the turn of the century, Stephan J. Feron, of New York became
+fascinated with the possibility of the speeded up version of Squash and
+has been given the credit for creating the lighter Squash Tennis racquet
+and the famous (or infamous) inflated ball with the knitted webbing
+surrounding the regular cover.
+
+The last decade of the 1800s saw, therefore, two Squash games being
+played.  Very quickly, however, Squash Tennis became more popular and
+widely played than Squash Racquets because of the more exciting pace and
+action of the play.  Private courts were built on estates owned by such
+millionaires as William C. Whitney and J. P. Morgan.  The famous Tuxedo
+Club, Tuxedo Park, New York, installed the first formal Club court in
+1898.  By 1905, the Racquet and Tennis Club, Harvard, Princeton, and
+Columbia Clubs in Manhattan had courts, as did Brooklyn's Crescent A. C.
+and the Heights Casino.
+
+In 1911 the National Squash Tennis Association was founded and organized
+by the banker, John W. Prentiss, Harvard Club of New York.  The following
+year inter-club league competition was started in New York City--56 years
+ago!  The sport also gained popularity and some limited play in other
+cities such as Buffalo, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, but the real
+nucleus of activity was pretty much confined to "The Big City."
+
+The halcyon days of Squash Tennis were the 1920s and 1930s.  Such names
+as Fillmore Van S. Hyde, Rowland B. Haines, Thomas R. Coward, William
+Rand, Jr., and R. Earl Fink dominated the amateur ranks during the Golden
+Twenties.  New York Athletic Club's Harry F. Wolf reigned alone and
+supreme as the amateur champion during the ensuing decade.
+
+The professionals, however, "owned" the best of the amateurs.  Walter
+Kinsella, Robert L. Cahill, Tommy Iannicelli, Johnny Jacobs, Frank
+Lafforgue, Rowland Dufton, were the outstanding "play for pay"
+performers.  And, the unquestioned king of the Squash Tennis courts was
+the legendary Frank Ward, who never lost a match in tournament
+competition.
+
+Because of the desire by the expert Squash Tennis players for more and
+more speed and a higher pressurized ball, a novice quickly became
+discouraged with his initial efforts at playing the game.  For many
+crucial years, therefore, the game was not adopted by new players and
+there was no broad base of tyros.  Plainly and simply the avid duffers,
+which every sport must have if it is to survive and retain its
+popularity, took up a less frustrating, easier to master sport for their
+exercise.
+
+World War II saw the demise of this lightning fast webbed ball because of
+the shortage of rubber and the game all but died.  Simultaneously Squash
+Racquets thrived during the War.  Organized play and competition were
+established at service bases, colleges, schools and YMCAs.  A new breed
+of young, active Americans became enamored with Squash Racquets and the
+pendulum swung away from Squash Tennis.  After all, what is a racquet
+game without an appropriate ball?  The now aging professionals saw the
+wave of interest in Squash Racquets and climbed aboard.
+
+After the war Frank Lafforgue, of the Yale Club, attempted to renew
+interest in Squash Tennis by utilizing a standard Lawn Tennis ball.
+While it was a far easier game for the novice to learn and a marvelous
+form of indoor exercise for the otherwise sedentary businessman, the "old
+timers," remembering the Golden Age of the 1920s and 1930s, became
+completely disenchanted with the slow, heavy, "make shift" orb.  They
+left their love and were contented to talk wistfully about the "good old
+days."
+
+Competition, though comparatively limited, continued.  Some of the
+outstanding players who competed right after the War in a dwindling
+number of tourneys were eight times national champion H. Robert Reeve,
+Barry Ryan, Frank Hanson, Joseph Sullivan, Howard Rose, (still very
+active in his sixties) J. Lennox Porter, and John Powers.
+
+Norman F. Torrance, Harvard Club, Secretary of the Association in
+1919-1934 and the NSTA's President up until 1954, despite his love for
+the game and his efforts to rejuvenate it during the 1950s, was a voice
+in the wilderness.
+
+(The following was extracted from an article written by Robert H. Lehman,
+Editor of the 1966-7 edition of the NSTA Yearbook.)
+
+"The present starts its story less than two years ago.  For many years,
+well known, long known figures had tried to revive the game, revamp the
+ball, attract new players.  Still active in administration and
+competition were Willard Rice, Howard Rose, Larry Pratt, Rodney Fiske,
+Frank Wadelton, Dave Smith and others.
+
+"Suddenly after protracted doldrums dominated mostly by conversation, a
+spark was fired.  Back to his old Eastern haunts came volatile,
+enthusiastic Dick Squires, a National Junior Davis Cupper while at school
+in Bronxville, a nationally ranked Squash Racquets player 10 years ago,
+now in mid-thirties and still a 'natural.'  Exposed to our game at the
+Rye Squash Barn in early 1965, he went whole hog for his new love, roamed
+around crying, 'How long has this been going on?'  Mr. Torrance must have
+known something when, way back in 1951, he said the game would come back.
+
+"The ebullient red-head lit a fire under everyone.  He talked a
+'Rejuvenation Committee' into existence, headed it, and started the ball
+rocketing.  Fund-raising letters to Patrons, membership solicitations to
+clubs and individuals, colorful posters broadcasting the game's delights
+on squash bulletin boards all over, letters to pros outlining advantages
+and opportunities, revision and updating of Official Rules and
+Association By-Laws, publicity releases to papers and magazines--all were
+dreamed up and implemented by Squires and his now famous 'NSTA-RC,' a
+dedicated, hard working bunch.
+
+"One of the most imaginative programs, instigated during the winter of
+1965-6, was the running of exhibitions (over 22!), which dramatically
+exposed the game to the uninitiated, attracted sizable galleries and
+converts.  Dick's buddy, Bill Moncrieff, conducted running commentaries,
+stopping play to explain fine points, while such as Dick, John Powers,
+Gavin Murphy, Dave Smith, Jim Prigoff and Henry Stanton roamed the East
+to such spots as Atlantic City, Philadelphia, Washington and Rochester to
+spread the word.
+
+"Mindful of the age-old cry, 'What about the ball?' a committee was
+formed to pursue all possibilities with determination and with primary
+view to drastic reduction of breakage--a long-time bugaboo.  If the
+action could be improved, so much the better. . . .
+
+"Great strides were made, and recently Norman Forster, after carrying on
+lengthy, exploratory discussions with the loyal Spalding outfit (which
+had been keeping the game going with the best they had been able to
+produce for this specialized and heretofore limited field, developed an
+excellent ball--one that can withstand the tremendous beating a Squash
+Tennis ball takes as it rebounds about the walls."
+
+In 1966 as evidence that Squash Tennis was, indeed, on the "comeback
+trail" the august governing body of the National Squash Tennis
+Association elected five-time national champion, Jim Prigoff, as their
+new President.  They pledged their support both verbally and financially.
+The most active season in over 25 years was instigated and many new faces
+were seen chasing the fast green covered ball about the court.
+Innumerable converts came over from Squash Racquets and new life and
+vitality was breathed into the "grand old game."
+
+Momentum continues.  A "new look" was adopted in 1967 with the complete
+reorganization of the Association.  Functioning committees were formed to
+create and implement workable plans in the various important areas of
+activity as Tournament and Ranking, Exhibitions and Clinics, Promotions
+and Publicity, Finance, National Development, Membership, Referees and
+Rules, etc.  A broad base of energetic lovers of the game, with due
+respect for tradition, began to think in the present what could be done
+now to enhance the popularity of the sport, and to plan for the future.
+The day of the "one man show," the one athlete-dominated sport was over.
+Squash Tennis can and should be played and enjoyed by everyone.  And we,
+of the revitalized National Squash Tennis Association plan to do
+everything necessary to provide you, the present or potential player, the
+"hacker" or expert, with the kind of organized programs that will
+encourage you to play Squash Tennis as long as you physically can.  Keep
+in mind that the venerable Mr. Torrance won a tournament match at the age
+of 82!
+
+
+
+COURT SPECIFICATIONS AND EQUIPMENT
+
+
+Court--Basically the Squash Tennis court is identical in specifications
+to Squash Racquets; namely 18 1/2 feet wide, 32 feet long, and 16 feet
+high at the front wall:  The ceiling should be at least 18 feet 6 inches
+high in order to allow for lights.  Running along the front wall, 17
+inches in height, is the "telltale" made of sheet metal.  Hitting the
+"telltale" is tantamount to hitting a Lawn Tennis ball into the net.  The
+front wall also has the front service line, which is 6 1/2 feet above the
+floor.  On the floor, 10 feet from the backwall, is the floor service
+line extending parallel to the backwall and across the entire width of
+the court.  A line drawn from the floor service line to the backwall
+divides the back court into two equal halves.  Ideally (but not an
+absolute necessity) the service line should also extend all the way up to
+the front wall in order to divide the forecourt in two for service
+placement.  In other words, the service must land in the opponent's half
+of the court in front of the floor service line and divided by the
+extension of the center line to the front wall.  The service court in
+Squash Tennis, therefore, is actually 22 feet long, and bounded by the
+center line, floor service line, side wall and front wall (rather than
+back wall).
+
+The backwall "out" line is 4 feet 6 inches above the floor, or 2 feet
+below the present Squash Racquets' backwall out line.
+
+Otherwise the rules in scoring are identical to Squash Racquets, even
+though the style of play is, as you have noted, quite different.  (For a
+schematic drawing of a Squash Tennis court, see Figure 25 [Dimensional
+drawing of a Squash Tennis court.].)
+
+Equipment--The green felt covered ball is approximately 2 3/8 inches in
+diameter, slightly smaller than a standard Lawn Tennis ball but
+containing higher pressure.  It is, therefore, lighter and faster.  These
+Squash Tennis balls are manufactured for the Association by A. G.
+Spalding & Bros.  They can be bought from any Squash Professional or
+directly from the National Squash Tennis Association for $1.25 each.
+Recent manufacturing improvements have extended the length of time you
+can play with a ball without it wearing out or breaking.
+
+The racquet has the identical size head to a regulation Lawn Tennis
+frame, but the length, including the handle, should not exceed 26 inches,
+which is 1 inch shorter and, therefore, somewhat lighter and more
+wieldable than a standard Tennis racquet.  Regular gut or nylon is used
+for the string.  A strong Squash Tennis racquet sells at a competitive
+price to a Squash Racquet bat.
+
+
+
+OFFICIAL PLAYING RULES
+
+
+1.  COURTS
+    The court dimensions, lines, telltale, material, construction, and
+lights shall be in accordance with the specifications approved by the
+Executive Committee of the National Squash Tennis Association.  Existing
+[American (hardball)] Squash Racquets courts are recognized by the
+National Squash Tennis Association, but a court boundary line across the
+back wall, 4'6" [1372mm] from the floor, is essential, and a line from
+the center of the service line forward to the front wall is highly
+desirable.
+
+2.  RACQUET AND BALL
+    The racquet or bat shall have a frame similar in shape to that of a
+lawn tennis racquet, the length including the handle not to exceed 27
+inches [686mm].  The stringing shall be of gut, nylon or other kindred
+substance, but neither the frame nor the stringing may be of metal.
+    The ball shall be in accordance with the specification approved by
+the Executive Committee of the National Squash Tennis Association.
+
+3.  GAME
+    A game shall be fifteen points; that is, the player scoring fifteen
+points will win the game, except in the event both players tie (a) at
+"thirteen all," the player who has first reached the score of thirteen
+will elect one of the following before proceeding with the game:
+1) "set five"--making the game eighteen points, 2) "set three"--making
+the game sixteen points, 3) "no set"--making the game fifteen points--or
+b) at "fourteen all," providing the score has not been "thirteen all,"
+the player who has first reached fourteen points will elect one of the
+following before proceeding with the game:  1) "set three"--making the
+game seventeen points, 2) "no set"--making the game fifteen points.
+
+4.  MATCH
+    Matches shall be the best three out of five games.
+
+5.  SERVER
+    Before a match begins, it shall be decided by a spin of a racquet by
+the players as to which player shall serve first.  Thereafter, when the
+server loses a point, his opponent becomes the server.  The winner of a
+game shall serve first at the beginning of the following game.
+
+6.  SERVICE
+    The server shall stand behind the service line with both feet on the
+floor and not touching or straddling the line, and serve the ball
+against the front wall above the front-wall service line and below the
+16-ft. [4877mm] line before it touches any other part of the court, so
+that it shall drop directly, or off the side wall, into his opponent's
+court in front of the floor service line without either touching the
+floor service line or the center line.
+    If the server does not so serve, it is a fault, and if it be the
+first fault, the server shall serve again from the same side.  If the
+server makes two consecutive faults, he loses that point.
+    The server has the option of electing the side from which he shall
+commence serving and thereafter, until he loses the service, he shall
+alternate between both sides of the court in serving.  If the server
+serves from the wrong side of court, there shall be no penalty and if
+the receiver makes no attempt to return the ball the point shall be
+replayed from the proper court.
+    When one service fault has been called and play for any reason
+whatsoever has stopped, when play is resumed the first fault does not
+stand and the server is entitled to two services.
+
+7.  RETURN OF SERVICE AND SUBSEQUENT PLAY
+    (a)  To make a valid return of service the ball must be struck after
+the first bounce and before the second bounce, and reach the front wall
+on the fly above the telltale and below the 16-ft. line; in so doing it
+may touch any wall or walls within the court before or after reaching
+the front wall, except as in (e), below.  A service fault may not be
+played.  If a fair service is not so returned, it shall count as a point
+for the server and he shall then serve from the other side of the court.
+    (b)  After a valid return of service, each player alternately
+thereafter shall strike the ball in the same manner as on the return of
+service, except that it may be volleyed.  The player failing to so
+return the ball shall lose the point.
+    (c)  A ball striking the ceiling or lights or on or above any court
+boundary line on the fly shall be ruled out of court; if a ball should
+strike the back wall on or above the 4'6" line after having bounced, it
+shall continue to be in play.  If a ball having bounced should go into
+the gallery or strike any construction which alters its course, a let
+shall be called.
+    (d)  If a ball before the second bounce hits the front wall above
+the telltale for the second time it is still in play.
+    (e)  In an effort to return the ball to the front wall by first
+hitting to the back wall, the ball may not be played to the back wall
+unless it has first struck the back wall, and must be so struck as to
+hit the back wall below the 4'6" line.
+    (f)  A player may not hit a ball twice during a stroke, but, while
+the ball is still in play, it may be struck at any number of times.
+
+8.  LET
+    A "let" is the stopping of play and the playing over of the point.
+    (a)  In all cases, a player requesting a let must make his request
+before or in the act of hitting the ball.  If a let is requested after
+the ball has been hit, it shall not be granted.
+    (b)  If a player endeavoring to make his play in proper turn is
+interfered with so as to prevent him from making such play as he would
+without such interference, or if the striker refrains from striking at
+the ball because of fear of hitting his opponent, there shall be a let
+whether the ball has been hit by him or not.
+    (c)  A player shall not be entitled to a let because his opponent
+prevents him from seeing the ball, provided his stroke is not interfered
+with.
+    (d)  If the ball breaks in the course of a point, there shall be a
+let.  If a player thinks the ball has broken while play is in progress,
+he must nevertheless complete the point and then request a let.  The
+referee shall grant the let only if the ball proves in fact to be
+broken.
+    (e)  If in the course of a point either player should be interfered
+with by elements outside their control, there shall be a let.
+    (f)  It shall be the duty of the referee to call a let if, in his
+opinion, the play warrants it.  If a match be played without a referee,
+the question of a let shall be left to the sportsmanship of the players.
+    (g)  A player hit by a ball still in play loses the point, except
+that if he be hit by a ball played by his opponent before the ball
+strikes the front wall above the telltale, then it is a let.  If
+however, a player is hit by a ball off his opponent's racquet that is
+clearly not going to reach the front wall above the telltale, a let will
+not be allowed and the point shall be given to the player who was hit by
+the ball.  However, a player hit by a ball still in play will not lose
+the point if because of interference a let is called.
+
+9.  PLAYER INTERFERENCE
+    Each player must stay out of his opponent's way after he has struck
+the ball and (a) give his opponent a fair opportunity to get to and/or
+strike at the ball and (b) allow his opponent to play the ball from any
+part of the court to any part of the front wall or to either side wall.
+
+10. LET POINT
+    (a)  A "let point" may be called by the referee if after adequate
+warning there is no attempt or evidence of intent on the part of a
+player to avoid unnecessary interference or unnecessary crowding during
+his opponent's playing of a point.  Even though the player is not
+actually striking at it, the referee may call a let point.  The player
+interfered with wins the point.
+    (b)  If in the opinion of a player he is entitled to a let point, he
+should at once appeal to the referee whose decision shall be final,
+except when judges are present, as described in Rule 11(b).
+    (c)  A let point decision can only be made when a referee is
+officiating.
+
+11. REFEREE AND JUDGES
+    (a)  If available a referee shall control the game in any scheduled
+match.  His decision is final, except when there are judges present as
+described in Rule 11(b).
+    (b)  Two judges may be appointed by the referee or tournament
+committee to act on any appeal by a player to the referee's decision.
+When such judges are on hand, a player may appeal any decision of the
+referee directly to the judges.  Only if both judges disagree with the
+referee will the referee's decision be reversed.  The judges shall not
+make any ruling unless a player makes an appeal.  The decision of the
+judges shall be announced promptly by the referee.
+    (c)  All referees must be familiar with these playing rules when
+officiating in sanctioned matches.
+
+12. GENERAL
+    (a)  At any time between points, at the discretion of the referee a
+new ball may be put in play at the request of either player.
+    (b)  Play shall be continuous.  Between the third and fourth games
+there may be, at either player's request, a rest period not to exceed
+five minutes.  Between any other games there may be, at either player's
+request, a rest period not to exceed one minute.
+    (c)  If play is suspended by the referee due to an injury to one of
+the players, such player must resume play within one hour or otherwise
+default the match.
+    (d)  The referee shall be the sole judge of any intentional delay,
+and after giving due warning he may disqualify the offender.
+    (e)  If play is suspended by the referee for some problem beyond the
+control of both players, play shall be resumed immediately after such
+problem has been eliminated.  If cause of the delay cannot be corrected
+within one hour, the tournament committee and/or the referee will
+determine when play will be resumed.  Play shall commence from the point
+and game score existing at the time the match was halted.
+
+                                                            January 1968
+
+
+
+NATIONAL CHAMPIONS
+
+
+Transcriber's Note:  For reference purposes, the reader may appreciate
+this list of Squash Tennis National Champions.  The championship
+tournament may not have been held every year in the early 1990s.  And
+although (as of early 2004) the most recent tournament was held around
+1995, the National Squash Tennis Association considered Gary Squires to
+be the reigning champion when it reported to the New York Times through
+2000 for the paper's annual comprehensive list of national sports
+champions.  Gary Squires happens to be the son of the author of this
+booklet.
+
+
+1911-1912  Alfred Stillman
+1913       George Whitney
+1914       Alfred Stillman
+1915-1917  Eric S. Winston
+1918       Fillmore Van S. Hyde
+1919       John W. Appel, Jr.
+1920       Auguste J. Cordier
+1921       Fillmore Van S. Hyde
+1922       Thomas R. Coward
+1923       R. Earl Fink
+1924       Fillmore Van S. Hyde
+1925       William Rand, Jr.
+1926       Fillmore Van S. Hyde
+1927-1929  Rowland B. Haines
+1930-1940  Harry F. Wolf
+1941       T. A. E. Harris
+1942-1945  (no tournaments held)
+1946       Frank R. Hanson
+1947       Frederick B. Ryan, Jr.
+1948-1950  H. Robert Reeve
+1951       J. T. P. Sullivan
+1952       H. Robert Reeve
+1953       Howard J. Rose
+1954-1956  H. Robert Reeve
+1957-1959  J. Lennox Porter
+1960-1962  James Prigoff
+1963       John Powers
+1964       James Prigoff
+1965       (no tournament held)
+1966-1968  James Prigoff
+1969-1980  Pedro A. Bacallao
+1981       David Stafford
+1982-1983  Gary Squires
+1984       Loren Lieberman
+1985       Gary Squires
+1986       Pedro A. Bacallao
+1987-2000  Gary Squires
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Squash Tennis, by Richard C. Squires
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