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diff --git a/11550-h/11550-h.htm b/11550-h/11550-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d1e5120 --- /dev/null +++ b/11550-h/11550-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1425 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content= +"text/html; charset=us-ascii" /> +<title>Squash Tennis by Richard C. Squires</title> +</head> +<body bgcolor="white"> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Squash Tennis, by Richard C. Squires + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Squash Tennis + +Author: Richard C. Squires + +Release Date: March 12, 2004 [EBook #11550] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SQUASH TENNIS *** + + + + +Produced by Dennis McCarthy + + + + + +</pre> + +<hr /> +<center> +<h1>SQUASH TENNIS</h1> +<h2>by Richard C. Squires</h2> +<h3>$1.00</h3> +<h4>[March 1968]</h4></center> +<hr width="50%" /> +<h3>CONTENTS</h3> +<ul> +<li><a href="#play">Who Can Play?</a></li> +<li><a href="#strategy">Strategy</a></li> +<li><a href="#strokes">Fundamental Strokes</a></li> +<li><a href="#shot">Shot-Making</a></li> +<li><a href="#history">History of Squash Tennis</a></li> +<li><a href="#court">Court Specifications and Equipment</a></li> +<li><a href="#rules">Official Playing Rules</a></li> +<li>[<a href="#champs">National Champions</a>]</li> +</ul> +<center><img src="author.gif" width="158" height="222" alt= +"Dick Squires" /> +<h2>ABOUT THE AUTHOR</h2> +</center> +Dick Squires is certainly qualified to produce this manual on +"Instant Squash Tennis." +<p>Added to an articulateness which equips him to put his +experience and knowledge into words, his background in racquet +games is broad, longstanding and at a level sufficiently upper +echelon to have garnered national championships in three separate +bat and ball sports.</p> +<p>Starting early, in Bronxville, N.Y., he was a member of the +National Junior Davis Cup Tennis team at 17.  Emerging from The +Hill School in 1949 and fitted with the National Junior Tennis +Doubles crown, he went through Williams College with the class of +1953.</p> +<p>In 1954, he was 50 percent of the title winning team in the National +Squash Racquets men's Doubles Championships, and was ranked seventh +nationally in singles.  Twice a finalist in the National +Intercollegiate Squash Racquets Championship, he was elected +President of the National Intercollegiate Association in 1952.</p> +<p>Less active in formal competition for some years, he latterly +became interested in a newly burgeoning racquet sport, and attained +the pinnacle in the 1966 National Platform Paddle Tennis Doubles +Championships.</p> +<p>Meanwhile, he had become fascinated with the venerable game of +Squash Tennis.  Attacking it with his usual enthusiasm and natural +aptitudes, in two years he mastered this relatively difficult game +sufficiently to be runner-up in the Nationals Singles (1966).  +Concurrently, he devoted the aforementioned enthusiasm to heading a +program to revitalize the game; with significant results.  +Finally, also in 1967, he was elected President of the 57 year old +National Squash Tennis Association.</p> +<p><i>A word about the various illustrations showing the squash +tennis court and various shots:  The solid <img src="dot-fill.gif" +width="17" height="17" alt="Filled Dot" /> is you and your position +and the <img src="dot-open.gif" width="17" height="17" alt= +"Open Dot" /> is your opponent's.  The direction of flight of the +ball is indicated by arrows and the "x" indicates when and where +the ball bounces on the floor.  "F" indicates forehand, "B" +backhand, and the "S" is the service.  In all descriptions it is +assumed the player is right-handed.</i></p> +<p><i>(Illustrated by Richard Kaiser)</i></p> +<center><a name="play" id="play"></a> +<h2>WHO CAN PLAY?</h2> +</center> +Anyone who <i>enjoys</i> playing Tennis, Squash Racquets, Platform +Tennis, or <i>any</i> racquet game and has <i>good reflexes</i> +will <i>love</i> Squash Tennis. +<p>Where it lacks the endurance and subtlety that Squash Racquets +calls for, it offers the exhilaration inherent in powerfully hit +strokes, split-second racquet work, and graceful, seemingly +unhurried footwork.  The ball "comes to you" more often, but the +challenge is to figure out the wider angles and exactly where the +lightning fast green ball will eventually end up after rebounding +off of as many as five walls.</p> +<p>The game of Squash Tennis has something to offer players of +<i>all</i> ages.  The demands for fast reflexes, agile racquet +work and speed of foot are intriguing challenges for the +youngsters.  On the other hand, placement, guile, patience, and +the faster ball that actually provides more time for retrieval make +Squash Tennis the ideal sport for the "older" athlete who wants to +preserve that straight waistline all of his life.  The average age +of the ranking players today is around 43!</p> +<p>In addition, the promising, young (10 to 13 year old) Lawn +Tennis "comer," who cannot play Tennis during the winter months and +still does not have the strength or coordination to hit the Squash +Racquets ball hard and often enough to heat it up and realize some +prolonged, interesting rallies, is an excellent prospect for Squash +Tennis.</p> +<p>The ball is not affected by temperature change and requires no +"warming up."  The youngster will improve his racquet work, hone +his reflexes (especially on volleys and half volleys), and keep his +legs in shape during the off winter months.  Also, the racquet and +ball are akin to Lawn Tennis equipment.</p> +<p>Finally, everyone and/or any club that presently possesses +Squash courts can introduce the additional indoor bat and ball game +of Squash Tennis.  All that is required is a 4 feet 6 inches backwall "out" +line in addition to the 6 feet 6 inches Squash Racquets line and, ideally, the +extension of the service dividing line up to the tell tale (see +fig. 1).</p> +<p>Because the ball is not affected by temperature, many people +play Squash Tennis all year round, and not only in the cold, winter +months.  This game could, therefore, be played widely in the +South.</p> +<p>So, we invite <i>all</i> racquets men, young and old alike, to +accept the challenges of the fastest indoor racquet and ball game +in the world.  As a matter of fact, because of the speed of the +ball and, consequently, the less running involved, Squash Tennis +would be an excellent game for the more active distaffers.</p> +<p>If you are looking for a sport that you can "master" in one or +two seasons then don't take up Squash Tennis.  But if you are +looking for an intriguing and invigorating game which you can play +practically all your life, we strongly urge you to try Squash +Tennis.  You, your waistline, legs, lungs and reflexes will never +regret it.</p> +<center><a name="strategy" id="strategy"></a> +<h2>STRATEGY</h2> +</center> +<p>The strategy in Squash Tennis is basically the same as Squash +Racquets; i.e., to control the so-called "T" or the intersection of +the service court lines, by keeping your opponent up front, off to +the sides, or behind you, the majority of the time (see fig. +2).</p> +<center><img src="fig01-02.gif" width="462" height="358" alt= +"Fig. 1 Note extension of service line to front wall. +Fig. 2 Desired court position." /> +</center> +<p>The fundamental stratagem can only be carried out by your +learning a wide assortment of Squash Tennis shots and perfecting +your repertoire with practice and experience against many different +types of opponents under competitive situations.</p> +<p>You will have to fight and play hard for this position.  Always +head for the "T" <i>immediately</i> after hitting the ball, but +taking care not to interfere with your opponent's stroke.</p> +<p>All of your shots should be hit with a <i>purpose,</i> which is +to keep your opponent off balance, away from the "T," and of +course, eventually to defeat him.  <i>Change of pace,</i> +therefore, is of utmost importance.  Break up your opponent's +rhythm, never allow him to get grooved, frequently do the +unexpected, so that he loses confidence in his anticipation and, +subsequently, goes on the defensive.</p> +<p>At all times be offensive.  The game of Squash Tennis has known +many so-called "great getters," but they invariably have succumbed +to "purposeful power" and the aggressively angled shots of players +with the burning desire to win, "the killer instinct" that spurs +the great players to go all out for every point.</p> +<p>Play each point like an individual <i>match.</i>  Don't let up +or intentionally "throw" a game.  Squash Tennis, as with +<i>all</i> racquet games, is a sport of momentum.  Many a tide has +changed, many a match won when seemingly it has been hopelessly +lost.  Go after every point as though you were down Match Point +and had to win it.  "Coasting" shatters your concentration, and +lost concentration can well mean a lost match.  Play to win as +quickly as you can.</p> +<p>Finally, assume your opponent will retrieve even your best +shots.  Don't underestimate his ability or overestimate your +shot-making prowess.  Remember the speed of the ball actually +gives your opponent <i>more time</i> to get to it.  Always be +ready for anything until the ball is actually ruled dead and the +rally has ended.</p> +<center><a name="strokes" id="strokes"></a> +<h2>FUNDAMENTAL STROKES</h2> +</center> +The Squash Tennis stroke is more closely allied to the Squash +Racquets swing than to the Tennis swing. +<p><b>Ground Strokes:</b>  The wrist and grip should be kept +<i>loose</i> at all times.  The grip will automatically be +tightened at the moment of contact with the ball.</p> +<p>The forehand and backhand ground strokes should be hit with a +short, snap of the wrist—as though you were cracking a whip.  +There is no time and no reason to employ a long, high +follow-through.</p> +<p>The head of the racquet at the moment of impact with the ball +should be slightly "open" and you should feel the gut "biting" the +<i>side</i> of the ball.  This slight side-spin cut, with the +racquet head tilting back and hit like a short, chip shot, will +tend to keep the ball low and inexorably "grabbing" for the +floor.  The spin will produce many "nicks," which are shots that +hit a side wall and floor practically simultaneously and die.  +(See fig. 3 for position of racquet at the moment of contact with +ball.)</p> +<p>The follow-through is low and abbreviated.  The racquet head +should go straight out or up the court rather than be wrapped +around your body.  The best way to "groove your strokes" +<i>and</i> to keep the ball low is to consciously aim your racquet +head on your follow-through at the very, top of the "telltale."</p> +<p>As in <i>all</i> racquet sports, the racquet should do the +work.  The ball willingly goes where the racquet head directs +it.  Do not flail or attempt to push your shots.  Hit them +crisply with the snap of your cocked wrist, and at all times +attempt to regiment your swing.</p> +<p>Ideally your body should be out of the way, which means whenever +possible on your ground strokes you should turn <i>sideways.</i>  +Your weight should shift toward the direction in which you are +hitting at the moment of impact, and you should have your feet +planted firmly.  Because of the high velocity of the ball, +however, you frequently will not have the time to turn sideways and +will be required to stroke in awkward and off-balance positions.  +Your aim, however, is always to be in the correct position of play +<i>before</i> the ball gets there, thus allowing time for +adjustment and proper stroking.  Move to your position with short, +quick steps rather than long, tiring strides.  Consciously +maintain your weight on your toes, with the knees slightly bent.  +This will help you to move in any direction necessary as quickly as +possible.</p> +<p>In following the ball around the corners, do not stand still and +pivot.  Go after it, again with a series of short steps with your +racquet head up and cocked, and your body in proper position so +that you are ready to make a quick and meaningful stroke.</p> +<p><b>Volleying</b> or cutting off the ball before it hits the +floor is <i>similar</i> to the tennis stroke.  It calls for +lightning-like reflexes and the ability to move the racquet head +practically in any given direction in a fraction of a second.</p> +<p>The volley is a short "jab," with the racquet head traveling +forward no more than, say, 24 inches.  Once again, your aim should +be in the direction of where you want the ball to go, and low.</p> +<p>The main purpose of the volley is to keep your opponent +constantly on the run, moving him about, and preferably up and +back, by cutting off the flight of the ball.  Most players can run +all day sideways, but will eventually tire if you make them <i>run +up and back.</i>  Like body punches in boxing, forcing your +opponent up to the front wall with deftly placed volleys will +eventually take its toll.</p> +<p><b>Miscellaneous:</b>  Generally all Squash Tennis strokes +should be hit as low as possible—within a few inches of the front +"telltale."  This will take time and practice, but pays high +dividends.  A low ball invites the aforementioned nicks and keeps +your opponent hurrying and scurrying.  The chances are better +that, when hit with the proper amount of pace, a low ball will die +before it gets to the back wall.</p> +<p>When a ball is hugging the side wall, don't attempt to "pick" it +off.  It is far easier, and your percentage of success is far +greater, to "scrape" the ball off with a <i>very loose</i> wrist.  +Your other alternative is to hit the ball right <i>into</i> the +wall and hope it will angle off and travel to the front wall (see +fig. 4).</p> +<center><img src="fig03-04.gif" width="462" height="364" alt= +"Fig. 3 Racquet open when contacting ball. +Fig. 4 To retrieve wall hugger, hit ball right into wall." /> +</center> +<p><b>Service:</b>  The proper position prior to serving is with +the feet as close to the "T" as possible.  This location will help +you to put your service in the desired place, which is parallel to +the side wall.  In other words, you reduce the angle.  In +addition, the "center" of the court is the ideal position from +which to cover your opponent's return (see fig. 5).</p> +<p>Since the ball must land <i>short</i> of the service line, it is +obviously not possible to overpower your opponent for a service +ace—as contrasted to the services in Squash Racquets or Lawn +Tennis.</p> +<p>The most effective service, therefore, is hit as high as +possible on the front wall to a "spot" that will place the ball +after bouncing (and your opponent must wait for your service to +bounce on the floor—he cannot volley it) as high and also as +close to the side wall as possible.  Your opponent will have a +difficult time hitting the ball well because of its height and its +closeness to the side wall.  A great deal of practice and +experimentation will be required before you discover exactly where +that "spot" is, and with what degree of effort you should hit the +ball.</p> +<p>The service is hit with a slight cut, which will usually make +the ball grab the wall and hug closer.  A semi-overhand, side-spin +service is best employed from the right court, and a sliced +underhand shot is used from the left side (see fig. 6).</p> +<center><img src="fig05-06.gif" width="459" height="363" alt= +"Fig. 5 Forehand and backhand service positions. +Fig. 6 Forehand and backhand lob services." /> +</center> +<p>For an occasional "surprise" or change of pace, you can vary the +service by hitting the ball somewhat harder right <i>at</i> your +opponent.  This can be done either as a straight shot right down +the middle (fig. 7) or at a sharp angle that breaks off the side +wall and lands right at his feet (fig. 8).</p> +<center><img src="fig07-08.gif" width="461" height="354" alt= +"Fig. 7 Service straight down the middle. +Fig. 8 In and out service angling into opponent." /> +</center> +<p>In addition, reversed cuts can also throw your opponent off, +since you can make the ball bounce off the floor in the opposite +direction than expected.</p> +<p>Finally, the service is practically the <i>only</i> stroke in +the game of Squash Tennis which permits you the luxury of time +prior to hitting.  You should, therefore, take advantage of this +time to get settled, anchor your feet comfortably, pause, even take +a deep breath, and <i>concentrate</i> on how you are going to hit +the ball toward your "spot" in order to make as good a service as +possible.  Don't aimlessly just put the ball in play.  A careless +server <i>loses</i> many points by allowing his opponent to make an +offensive return.  A deliberate, concentrating, purposeful player, +on the other hand, will actually win many important points with +well placed serves.</p> +<center><a name="shot" id="shot"></a> +<h2>SHOT-MAKING</h2> +</center> +Most uninitiates, especially Squash Racquets players who are adroit +at and/or addicted to that game, believe Squash Tennis offers +nothing but prolonged "slam bang" rallies and a boring +"sameness."  Because of the tremendous liveliness of the ball and +the apparent absence of deftly placed straight "drops" that die in +a corner, these potential players scorn and speak disparagingly of +the wonderful game of Squash Tennis which, like all racquet games, +has its <i>own shots</i> and ways of putting the ball away. +<p>It is very true that overwhelming power is a key to hitting +winning shots, but this is also true of Lawn Tennis.  Employing +the so-called "Big Game of Tennis" is an absolute must if a circuit +player today is going to be a winner.  No longer do you see any +classic baseline duels where the premium is on guile and +steadiness.  The Big Service, the powerful rapier-like follow-up +volley or overhead smash are the standard weapons that pay off in +today's Tennis game.</p> +<p>Squash Tennis, although played in a regular Squash court, is +indeed "different" from Squash Racquets.  It possesses its own +distinctive variety of shots, subtleties and ways of defeating your +opponent.</p> +<p>One of the most difficult and frustrating tasks we in the +National Squash Tennis Association have in our attempts to expose +the game to potential players is to somehow get a prospect out on +the court more than once.  Squash Tennis is a game calling for +such speed of racquet and comprehensive understanding of much +<i>longer or wider</i> angles (than Squash Racquets) that no one +can really feel "comfortable" until he has been out on the court +playing at least a <i>half dozen times.</i>  It is a rare player, +indeed, who does not quickly become discouraged the first few times +and decides the game just isn't for him after all.  And what a +pity it is!  For he is missing out on playing a sport that offers +him <i>many years</i> of wonderful, exhilarating exercise, good +camaraderie, and a beautiful, matchless rhythm displayed in +harmonious coordination of racquet and graceful footwork.</p> +<p>The following are some of the fundamental shots you should +attempt to include in your repertoire:</p> +<p><b>Rails:</b>  Your "bread and butter" shots, similar to Squash +Racquets, are the "rails" or shots hit straight up and down, +parallel to the side wall.  These rails keep your opponents +"scrambling" and allow you to hold that important "T" position.</p> +<p>The rail shot is hit more effectually when you are fairly close, +within three feet, of the side wall.  The closer your position to +the side wall, the easier it is to hit a shot that stays right next +to the wall during the entire flight of the shot (see fig. 9).</p> +<center><img src="fig09-10.gif" width="464" height="359" alt= +"Fig. 9 Straight up and down backhand and forehand rail shots. +Fig. 10 Cross court to opponent's backhand." /> +</center> +<p>Many winners are made off of these rail shots in the following +manner:</p> +<ol> +<li>Frequently the ball hits straight into a rear corner and dies; +or</li> +<li>It pops unexpectedly out of the corner and right into your +opponent;</li> +<li>When hit with the proper pace, and low, the ball will die +before it comes off the back wall;</li> +<li>When hit with sheer power and relatively high, your opponent +will be unable to catch up with it;</li> +<li>If the ball is hit in such a manner as to make it cling to the +side wall all the way back, your opponent will err in attempting to +pick it off the side wall.</li> +</ol> +<p><b>Crosscourts:</b>  To be mixed in with your straight up and +down strokes are the crosscourt forehand and backhand shots.  Here +again, these are employed to keep the ball out of the middle and +keep your opponent defensive and on the move.  They can be hit +either straight toward the opposite <i>back wall corner</i> (see +fig. 10) frequently for a winner, or more sharply cross court, so +that the ball either breaks <i>into</i> or <i>behind</i> your +opponent's position (see fig. 11).</p> +<center><img src="fig11-12.gif" width="454" height="357" alt= +"Fig. 11 Cross court that breaks into or behind opponent. +Fig. 12 3-wall fadeaway." /> +</center> +<p><b>Three-wall Fadeaway:</b>  This shot can only be executed +when you are a few feet <i>in front</i> of the service line and off +to one side of the court or the other, nearer to the side wall than +the center.  Otherwise it is practically impossible to obtain the +necessary angle to pull of the three-wall fadeaway +successfully.</p> +<p>The ball is hit as sharply as possible into the opposite corner, +at a position approximately midway between the floor and the +ceiling, striking the front wall first and then the side wall.  +This particular stroke is hit higher than most of the other Squash +Tennis shots since the ball has so far to travel.  It will shoot +off the side wall at great velocity and traverse cross court, +bounce, and hit the other side wall deep—ideally within two feet +of the back wall.  Then, instead of coming off at the same angle +as it hits, the ball rebounds practically parallel to the back wall +(see fig. 12).  A well hit three-way fadeaway, which can be made +either off the backhand or the forehand, is practically +irretrievable since your opponent, even when he comes to realize +how the ball is going to skid out straight at him, will still have +great difficulty in getting his racquet head behind the ball (and +in front of the back wall) to make a return.</p> +<p><b>Double Boast:</b>  This shot, while not as effective as in +Squash Racquets, can, nonetheless, result in many winning points +or, if not producing a winner, it will force your opponent to the +front of the court in order to make his retrieval.  The double +boast is hit almost straight into the side wall and fairly low +(three to four feet above the floor) and can be hit either off the +forehand or backhand side.  The ball rebounds off the side wall, +goes cross court and hits the opposite side wall just inches away +from the front wall.  It bounces out and practically parallel to +the front, barely touching or "kissing" the front wall for a +winner, or at least a very difficult "get" for your opponent (see +figs. 13 & 14).  The only prerequisite for hitting this shot +properly is that you should be fairly far back in the court and +close to one of the side walls prior to the execution of your +shot.</p> +<center><img src="fig13-14.gif" width="449" height="349" alt= +"Fig. 13 Forehand boast. +Fig. 14 Backhand boast." /></center> +<p><b>Four-Wall Boast:</b>  This particular shot is much more +difficult to master than the double boast or three-wall fadeaway +but, at the same time, far more effective and unexpected.  It has +to be hit with a good deal of power and quite high in order to +carry to the front wall.  Your chances of success are, therefore, +far greater if attempted off the forehand side.</p> +<p>The ball travels off your racquet high into the backhand or left +wall, rebounds sharply to the opposite or forehand wall heading +toward the front of the court.  There should still be enough +momentum and height remaining to permit the ball to again go cross +court to the left wall where it hits within a few inches of the +front wall and drops straight down barely, touching or "kissing" +the front wall (see fig. 15).  The four-wall boast is presently +only hit by a handful of the better Squash Tennis players and +should be a shot you attempt only after becoming skillful in the +other more standard winning shots.</p> +<center><img src="fig15-16.gif" width="452" height="351" alt= +"Fig. 15 Fourwall boast. +Fig. 16 Straight backhand drop shot." /> +</center> +<p><b>Straight Up and Down and Cross Court Drops:</b>  These soft +or "touch" shots are employed primarily to move your opponent up +and back, although an occasional winner will result when a low +ball, hit with the right amount of pace and spin, dies before your +opponent can get to it.  Too few Squash Tennis players today, +including many of the ranking competitors, employ this change of +pace shot.  Of all the shots, this one must be hit with a short, +low follow-through in order to work successfully.  Your primary +goal to accomplish these shots is to make certain you hit the front +wall first and, ideally, not allow the ball to angle into the side +walls (see figs. 16 & 17).</p> +<center><img src="fig17-18.gif" width="463" height="362" alt= +"Fig. 17 Cross court forehand drop shot. +Fig. 18 How not to hit corner shot." /> +</center> +<p><b>Corner Shots:</b>  Again, unlike Squash Racquets, the Squash +Tennis corner shots rarely result in an outright winner.  The ball +is just too lively.  These shots are worth employing occasionally, +however, to keep your opponent cross-legged, off balance, and on +the run.</p> +<p>The most effective corner shots are hit with <i>fairly good +pace.</i>  Your aim should be low and into the side wall to a +point much <i>closer</i> to the front wall than the spot a Squash +Racquets player employs.  The reason for hitting a corner shot in +this "in and out" manner is to keep the livelier ball out of the +center of the court (see figs. 18 & 19).</p> +<center><img src="fig19-20.gif" width="463" height="352" alt= +"Fig. 19 How to hit corner shot. +Fig. 20 Ball aimed to rebound off front wall and into opponent." /> +</center> +<p><b>Miscellaneous:</b>  Generally it is best when hitting any +Squash Tennis shot to "hold" your shot as long as you can, thus +reducing the chances that your opponent can anticipate where you +are going to put the ball and start moving to position even prior +to your actually hitting.</p> +<p>Whenever possible, shield the ball with your body so that your +opponent cannot see the direction you have hit until the very last +possible instant.  There is nothing in the Playing Rules against +blocking your opponent's view, as long as you do not interfere with +his swing or with his getting into the proper position.</p> +<p>Remember that the key to your shot making is mixing up your +strokes and keeping the ball angled away from the middle of the +court.  A ball that ends up in the center will probably result in +your losing the point or, at best, having to leave the "T" and go +on the defensive.  The exception, of course, is the widely +employed "gut ball" that you hit into the front wall with great +speed and at such a height that it rebounds right into your +opponent's body (see fig. 20).</p> +<p>Employ the <i>side walls</i> as much as possible to keep the +ball ricocheting and rocketing about the court so your opponent +becomes frustrated and almost dizzy from following the flight of +your angled shots.</p> +<p><b>Turning:</b>  A word on "turning" or "coming around" is in +order.  Unlike Squash Racquets where turning is quite rarely +necessary, in Squash Tennis it is both required and desirable to +come around as frequently as possible.  The Squash Tennis ball is +so lively and the angles so wide that trying to back up usually +results in the ball chasing you and at best, a defensive, awkward +shot will be all you can hit.  Turning, however, and moving +constantly after or toward the ball will "open up the court" as +well as place you in a solid, firm position to stroke the ball +freely and comfortably.  (See figures 21 and 22 showing a player +backing up versus a player who is properly turning.)</p> +<center><img src="fig21-22.gif" width="468" height="358" alt= +"Fig. 21 Don't back up and take ball on backhand. +Fig. 22 Usually best to turn and take ball on forehand." /> +</center> +<p>Learning to "come around" is another one of those frustrations +you will not find easy to master at first.  The ball, being so +fast, will seem to run away from you.  Just remember two things:  +1) hustle after the ball with short, speedy steps, keeping in mind +that the angle is much greater than in Squash Racquets (see figs. +23 & 24) and  2) your racquet must be back and cocked, ready to +swing through when the ball arrives at the proper hitting position, +which is preferably out in front of you.</p> +<center><img src="fig23-24.gif" width="461" height="373" alt= +"Fig. 23 Usual Squash Racquets angle and final bounce position. +Fig. 24 Note wider, longer angle of Squash Tennis ball's final bounce position." /> +</center> +<p>Finally, another aspect of the game of Squash Tennis that a +beginner or a converted Squash Racquets player will find +"unnatural" is the necessity of immediately moving <i>forward</i> +when you see or sense your opponent going for a sharply hit +up-and-down shot, either cross court or "rail," that does not hit +any of the side walls.  The Squash Racquets black ball is so much +"deader" that the player usually has to go back first and then +forward somewhat in order to be in the proper position to hit the +ball as it rebounds off the back wall.</p> +<p>The tremendous speed of the Squash Tennis ball, however, does +not require that you go toward the back wall first.  To the +contrary, you must charge forward instantly (even when your +opponent's shot is heading toward the back wall) or else you will +never be able to catch up to it as it comes rebounding off the back +wall.  Many a shot off the back wall is played from a position +closer to the front wall than to the back.</p> +<center><a name="history" id="history"></a> +<h2>HISTORY OF SQUASH TENNIS</h2> +</center> +Squash Tennis is one of the few racquet and ball indoor sports that +can be termed honestly and strictly "American" in origin, whereas +Squash Racquets has its roots in England going as far back as the +1850s.  The game spread to America in the 1880s and the first real +organized Squash Racquets play was in 1882 at St. Paul's Prep +School, in Concord, New Hampshire. +<p>Eventually some of the boys there experimented with a Lawn +Tennis ball and liked the fast rallies and liveliness of the +action.  Consequently an exciting offspring was born, Squash +Tennis.</p> +<p>Toward the turn of the century, Stephan J. Feron, of New York +became fascinated with the possibility of the speeded up version of +Squash and has been given the credit for creating the lighter +Squash Tennis racquet and the famous (or infamous) inflated ball +with the knitted webbing surrounding the regular cover.</p> +<p>The last decade of the 1800s saw, therefore, two Squash games +being played.  Very quickly, however, Squash Tennis became more +popular and widely played than Squash Racquets because of the more +exciting pace and action of the play.  Private courts were built +on estates owned by such millionaires as William C. Whitney and J. +P. Morgan.  The famous Tuxedo Club, Tuxedo Park, New York, +installed the first formal Club court in 1898.  By 1905, the +Racquet and Tennis Club, Harvard, Princeton, and Columbia Clubs in +Manhattan had courts, as did Brooklyn's Crescent A. C. and the +Heights Casino.</p> +<p>In 1911 the National Squash Tennis Association was founded and +organized by the banker, John W. Prentiss, Harvard Club of New +York.  The following year inter-club league competition was +started in New York City—56 years ago!  The sport also gained +popularity and some limited play in other cities such as Buffalo, +Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, but the real nucleus of activity was +pretty much confined to "The Big City."</p> +<p>The halcyon days of Squash Tennis were the 1920s and 1930s.  +Such names as Fillmore Van S. Hyde, Rowland B. Haines, Thomas R. +Coward, William Rand, Jr., and R. Earl Fink dominated the amateur +ranks during the Golden Twenties.  New York Athletic Club's Harry F. +Wolf reigned alone and supreme as the amateur champion during the +ensuing decade.</p> +<p>The professionals, however, "owned" the best of the amateurs.  +Walter Kinsella, Robert L. Cahill, Tommy Iannicelli, Johnny Jacobs, +Frank Lafforgue, Rowland Dufton, were the outstanding "play for +pay" performers.  And, the unquestioned king of the Squash Tennis +courts was the legendary Frank Ward, who never lost a match in +tournament competition.</p> +<p>Because of the desire by the expert Squash Tennis players for +more and more speed and a higher pressurized ball, a novice quickly +became discouraged with his initial efforts at playing the game.  +For many crucial years, therefore, the game was not adopted by new +players and there was no broad base of tyros.  Plainly and simply +the avid duffers, which every sport must have if it is to survive +and retain its popularity, took up a less frustrating, easier to +master sport for their exercise.</p> +<p>World War II saw the demise of this lightning fast webbed ball +because of the shortage of rubber and the game all but died.  +Simultaneously Squash Racquets thrived during the War.  Organized +play and competition were established at service bases, colleges, +schools and YMCAs.  A new breed of young, active Americans became +enamored with Squash Racquets and the pendulum swung away from +Squash Tennis.  After all, what is a racquet game without an +appropriate ball?  The now aging professionals saw the wave of +interest in Squash Racquets and climbed aboard.</p> +<p>After the war Frank Lafforgue, of the Yale Club, attempted to +renew interest in Squash Tennis by utilizing a standard Lawn Tennis +ball.  While it was a far easier game for the novice to learn and +a marvelous form of indoor exercise for the otherwise sedentary +businessman, the "old timers," remembering the Golden Age of the +1920s and 1930s, became completely disenchanted with the slow, +heavy, "make shift" orb.  They left their love and were contented +to talk wistfully about the "good old days."</p> +<p>Competition, though comparatively limited, continued.  Some of +the outstanding players who competed right after the War in a +dwindling number of tourneys were eight times national champion H. +Robert Reeve, Barry Ryan, Frank Hanson, Joseph Sullivan, Howard +Rose, (still very active in his sixties) J. Lennox Porter, and John +Powers.</p> +<p>Norman F. Torrance, Harvard Club, Secretary of the Association +in 1919-1934 and the NSTA's President up until 1954, despite his +love for the game and his efforts to rejuvenate it during the +1950s, was a voice in the wilderness.</p> +<p>(The following was extracted from an article written by Robert +H. Lehman, Editor of the 1966-7 edition of the NSTA Yearbook.)</p> +<blockquote>The present starts its story less than two years +ago.  For many years, well known, long known figures had tried to +revive the game, revamp the ball, attract new players.  Still +active in administration and competition were Willard Rice, Howard +Rose, Larry Pratt, Rodney Fiske, Frank Wadelton, Dave Smith and +others. +<p>Suddenly after protracted doldrums dominated mostly by +conversation, a spark was fired.  Back to his old Eastern haunts +came volatile, enthusiastic Dick Squires, a National Junior Davis +Cupper while at school in Bronxville, a nationally ranked Squash +Racquets player 10 years ago, now in mid-thirties and still a +'natural.'  Exposed to our game at the Rye Squash Barn in early +1965, he went whole hog for his new love, roamed around crying, 'How +long has this been going on?'  Mr. Torrance must have known +something when, way back in 1951, he said the game would come +back.</p> +<p>The ebullient red-head lit a fire under everyone.  He talked a +'Rejuvenation Committee' into existence, headed it, and started the +ball rocketing.  Fund-raising letters to Patrons, membership +solicitations to clubs and individuals, colorful posters +broadcasting the game's delights on squash bulletin boards all +over, letters to pros outlining advantages and opportunities, +revision and updating of Official Rules and Association By-Laws, +publicity releases to papers and magazines—all were dreamed up +and implemented by Squires and his now famous 'NSTA-RC,' a +dedicated, hard working bunch.</p> +<p>One of the most imaginative programs, instigated during the +winter of 1965-6, was the running of exhibitions (over 22!), which +dramatically exposed the game to the uninitiated, attracted sizable +galleries and converts.  Dick's buddy, Bill Moncrieff, conducted +running commentaries, stopping play to explain fine points, while +such as Dick, John Powers, Gavin Murphy, Dave Smith, Jim Prigoff +and Henry Stanton roamed the East to such spots as Atlantic City, +Philadelphia, Washington and Rochester to spread the word.</p> +<p>Mindful of the age-old cry, 'What about the ball?' a committee +was formed to pursue all possibilities with determination and with +primary view to drastic reduction of breakage—a long-time +bugaboo.  If the action could be improved, so much the +better. . . .</p> +<p>Great strides were made, and recently Norman Forster, after +carrying on lengthy, exploratory discussions with the loyal +Spalding outfit (which had been keeping the game going with the +best they had been able to produce for this specialized and +heretofore limited field, developed an excellent ball—one that +can withstand the tremendous beating a Squash Tennis ball takes as +it rebounds about the walls.</p> +</blockquote> +In 1966 as evidence that Squash Tennis was, indeed, on the +"comeback trail" the august governing body of the National Squash +Tennis Association elected five-time national champion, Jim +Prigoff, as their new President.  They pledged their support both +verbally and financially.  The most active season in over 25 years +was instigated and many new faces were seen chasing the fast green +covered ball about the court.  Innumerable converts came over from +Squash Racquets and new life and vitality was breathed into the +"grand old game." +<p>Momentum continues.  A "new look" was adopted in 1967 with the +complete reorganization of the Association.  Functioning +committees were formed to create and implement workable plans in +the various important areas of activity as Tournament and Ranking, +Exhibitions and Clinics, Promotions and Publicity, Finance, +National Development, Membership, Referees and Rules, etc.  A +broad base of energetic lovers of the game, with due respect for +tradition, began to think in the present what could be done now to +enhance the popularity of the sport, and to plan for the future.  +The day of the "one man show," the one athlete-dominated sport was +over.  Squash Tennis can and should be played and enjoyed by +<i>everyone.</i>  And we, of the revitalized National Squash +Tennis Association plan to do everything necessary to provide +<i>you,</i> the present or potential player, the "hacker" or +expert, with the kind of organized programs that will encourage you +to play Squash Tennis as long as you physically can.  Keep in mind +that the venerable Mr. Torrance won a tournament match at the age +of 82!</p> +<center><a name="court" id="court"></a> +<h2>COURT SPECIFICATIONS AND EQUIPMENT</h2> +</center> +<b>Court</b>—Basically the Squash Tennis court is identical in +specifications to Squash Racquets; namely 18½ feet wide, 32 +feet long, and 16 feet high at the front wall:  The ceiling should +be at least 18 feet 6 inches high in order to allow for lights.  +Running along the front wall, 17 inches in height, is the +"telltale" made of sheet metal.  Hitting the "telltale" is +tantamount to hitting a Lawn Tennis ball into the net.  The front +wall also has the front service line, which is 6½ feet above +the floor.  On the floor, 10 feet from the backwall, is the floor +service line extending parallel to the backwall and across the +entire width of the court.  A line drawn from the floor service +line to the backwall divides the back court into two equal +halves.  Ideally (but not an absolute necessity) the service line +should also extend all the way up to the front wall in order to +divide the forecourt in two for service placement.  In other +words, the service must land in the opponent's half of the court +<i>in front</i> of the floor service line and divided by the +extension of the center line to the front wall. The service court +in Squash Tennis, therefore, is actually 22 feet long, and bounded +by the center line, floor service line, side wall and front wall +(rather than back wall). +<p>The backwall "out" line is 4 feet 6 inches above the floor, or 2 feet below +the present Squash Racquets' backwall out line.</p> +<p>Otherwise the rules in scoring are identical to Squash Racquets, +even though the style of play is, as you have noted, quite +different.  (For a schematic drawing of a Squash Tennis court, see +Figure 25.)</p> +<center><img src="fig25.gif" width="397" height="265" alt= +"Fig. 25 Dimensional drawing of a Squash Tennis court." /></center> +<p><b>Equipment</b>—The green felt covered ball is approximately +2 3/8 inches in diameter, slightly smaller than a standard Lawn Tennis +ball but containing higher pressure.  It is, therefore, lighter +and faster.  These Squash Tennis balls are manufactured for the +Association by A. G. Spalding & Bros.  They can be bought from +any Squash Professional or directly from the National Squash Tennis +Association for $1.25 each.  Recent manufacturing improvements +have extended the length of time you can play with a ball without +it wearing out or breaking.</p> +<p>The racquet has the identical size head to a regulation Lawn +Tennis frame, but the length, including the handle, should not +exceed 26 inches, which is 1 inch shorter and, therefore, somewhat lighter +and more wieldable than a standard Tennis racquet.  Regular gut or +nylon is used for the string.  A strong Squash Tennis racquet +sells at a competitive price to a Squash Racquet bat.</p> +<center><a name="rules" id="rules"></a> +<h2>OFFICIAL PLAYING RULES</h2> +<table> +<tr> +<td align="left"> +<pre> +1. COURTS + The court dimensions, lines, telltale, material, construction, and +lights shall be in accordance with the specifications approved by the +Executive Committee of the National Squash Tennis Association. Existing +[American (hardball)] Squash Racquets courts are recognized by the +National Squash Tennis Association, but a court boundary line across the +back wall, 4'6" [1372mm] from the floor, is essential, and a line from +the center of the service line forward to the front wall is highly +desirable. + +2. RACQUET AND BALL + The racquet or bat shall have a frame similar in shape to that of a +lawn tennis racquet, the length including the handle not to exceed 27 +inches [686mm]. The stringing shall be of gut, nylon or other kindred +substance, but neither the frame nor the stringing may be of metal. + The ball shall be in accordance with the specification approved by +the Executive Committee of the National Squash Tennis Association. + +3. GAME + A game shall be fifteen points; that is, the player scoring fifteen +points will win the game, except in the event both players tie (a) at +"thirteen all," the player who has first reached the score of thirteen +will elect one of the following before proceeding with the game: +1) "set five"--making the game eighteen points, 2) "set three"--making +the game sixteen points, 3) "no set"--making the game fifteen points--or +b) at "fourteen all," providing the score has not been "thirteen all," +the player who has first reached fourteen points will elect one of the +following before proceeding with the game: 1) "set three"--making the +game seventeen points, 2) "no set"--making the game fifteen points. + +4. MATCH + Matches shall be the best three out of five games. + +5. SERVER + Before a match begins, it shall be decided by a spin of a racquet by +the players as to which player shall serve first. Thereafter, when the +server loses a point, his opponent becomes the server. The winner of a +game shall serve first at the beginning of the following game. + +6. SERVICE + The server shall stand behind the service line with both feet on the +floor and not touching or straddling the line, and serve the ball +against the front wall above the front-wall service line and below the +16-ft. [4877mm] line before it touches any other part of the court, so +that it shall drop directly, or off the side wall, into his opponent's +court in front of the floor service line without either touching the +floor service line or the center line. + If the server does not so serve, it is a fault, and if it be the +first fault, the server shall serve again from the same side. If the +server makes two consecutive faults, he loses that point. + The server has the option of electing the side from which he shall +commence serving and thereafter, until he loses the service, he shall +alternate between both sides of the court in serving. If the server +serves from the wrong side of court, there shall be no penalty and if +the receiver makes no attempt to return the ball the point shall be +replayed from the proper court. + When one service fault has been called and play for any reason +whatsoever has stopped, when play is resumed the first fault does not +stand and the server is entitled to two services. + +7. RETURN OF SERVICE AND SUBSEQUENT PLAY + (a) To make a valid return of service the ball must be struck after +the first bounce and before the second bounce, and reach the front wall +on the fly above the telltale and below the 16-ft. line; in so doing it +may touch any wall or walls within the court before or after reaching +the front wall, except as in (e), below. A service fault may not be +played. If a fair service is not so returned, it shall count as a point +for the server and he shall then serve from the other side of the court. + (b) After a valid return of service, each player alternately +thereafter shall strike the ball in the same manner as on the return of +service, except that it may be volleyed. The player failing to so +return the ball shall lose the point. + (c) A ball striking the ceiling or lights or on or above any court +boundary line on the fly shall be ruled out of court; if a ball should +strike the back wall on or above the 4'6" line after having bounced, it +shall continue to be in play. If a ball having bounced should go into +the gallery or strike any construction which alters its course, a let +shall be called. + (d) If a ball before the second bounce hits the front wall above +the telltale for the second time it is still in play. + (e) In an effort to return the ball to the front wall by first +hitting to the back wall, the ball may not be played to the back wall +unless it has first struck the back wall, and must be so struck as to +hit the back wall below the 4'6" line. + (f) A player may not hit a ball twice during a stroke, but, while +the ball is still in play, it may be struck at any number of times. + +8. LET + A "let" is the stopping of play and the playing over of the point. + (a) In all cases, a player requesting a let must make his request +before or in the act of hitting the ball. If a let is requested after +the ball has been hit, it shall not be granted. + (b) If a player endeavoring to make his play in proper turn is +interfered with so as to prevent him from making such play as he would +without such interference, or if the striker refrains from striking at +the ball because of fear of hitting his opponent, there shall be a let +whether the ball has been hit by him or not. + (c) A player shall not be entitled to a let because his opponent +prevents him from seeing the ball, provided his stroke is not interfered +with. + (d) If the ball breaks in the course of a point, there shall be a +let. If a player thinks the ball has broken while play is in progress, +he must nevertheless complete the point and then request a let. The +referee shall grant the let only if the ball proves in fact to be +broken. + (e) If in the course of a point either player should be interfered +with by elements outside their control, there shall be a let. + (f) It shall be the duty of the referee to call a let if, in his +opinion, the play warrants it. If a match be played without a referee, +the question of a let shall be left to the sportsmanship of the players. + (g) A player hit by a ball still in play loses the point, except +that if he be hit by a ball played by his opponent before the ball +strikes the front wall above the telltale, then it is a let. If +however, a player is hit by a ball off his opponent's racquet that is +clearly not going to reach the front wall above the telltale, a let will +not be allowed and the point shall be given to the player who was hit by +the ball. However, a player hit by a ball still in play will not lose +the point if because of interference a let is called. + +9. PLAYER INTERFERENCE + Each player must stay out of his opponent's way after he has struck +the ball and (a) give his opponent a fair opportunity to get to and/or +strike at the ball and (b) allow his opponent to play the ball from any +part of the court to any part of the front wall or to either side wall. + +10. LET POINT + (a) A "let point" may be called by the referee if after adequate +warning there is no attempt or evidence of intent on the part of a +player to avoid unnecessary interference or unnecessary crowding during +his opponent's playing of a point. Even though the player is not +actually striking at it, the referee may call a let point. The player +interfered with wins the point. + (b) If in the opinion of a player he is entitled to a let point, he +should at once appeal to the referee whose decision shall be final, +except when judges are present, as described in Rule 11(b). + (c) A let point decision can only be made when a referee is +officiating. + +11. REFEREE AND JUDGES + (a) If available a referee shall control the game in any scheduled +match. His decision is final, except when there are judges present as +described in Rule 11(b). + (b) Two judges may be appointed by the referee or tournament +committee to act on any appeal by a player to the referee's decision. +When such judges are on hand, a player may appeal any decision of the +referee directly to the judges. Only if both judges disagree with the +referee will the referee's decision be reversed. The judges shall not +make any ruling unless a player makes an appeal. The decision of the +judges shall be announced promptly by the referee. + (c) All referees must be familiar with these playing rules when +officiating in sanctioned matches. + +12. GENERAL + (a) At any time between points, at the discretion of the referee a +new ball may be put in play at the request of either player. + (b) Play shall be continuous. Between the third and fourth games +there may be, at either player's request, a rest period not to exceed +five minutes. Between any other games there may be, at either player's +request, a rest period not to exceed one minute. + (c) If play is suspended by the referee due to an injury to one of +the players, such player must resume play within one hour or otherwise +default the match. + (d) The referee shall be the sole judge of any intentional delay, +and after giving due warning he may disqualify the offender. + (e) If play is suspended by the referee for some problem beyond the +control of both players, play shall be resumed immediately after such +problem has been eliminated. If cause of the delay cannot be corrected +within one hour, the tournament committee and/or the referee will +determine when play will be resumed. Play shall commence from the point +and game score existing at the time the match was halted. + + January 1968 +</pre></td> +</tr> +</table><br /> +<a name="champs" id="champs"></a> +<hr width="50%" /> +<h2>NATIONAL CHAMPIONS</h2> +</center> +<p><i>Transcriber's Note:  For reference purposes, the reader may +appreciate this list of Squash Tennis National Champions.  The +championship tournament may not have been held every year in the early +1990s.  And although (as of early 2004) the most recent tournament +was held around 1995, the National Squash Tennis Association considered +Gary Squires to be the reigning champion when it reported to the New +York Times through 2000 for the paper's annual comprehensive list of +national sports champions.  Gary Squires happens to be the son +of the author of this booklet.</i></p> +<center><table> +<tr> +<td align="left"> +<pre> +1911-1912 Alfred Stillman +1913 George Whitney +1914 Alfred Stillman +1915-1917 Eric S. Winston +1918 Fillmore Van S. Hyde +1919 John W. Appel, Jr. +1920 Auguste J. Cordier +1921 Fillmore Van S. Hyde +1922 Thomas R. Coward +1923 R. Earl Fink +1924 Fillmore Van S. Hyde +1925 William Rand, Jr. +1926 Fillmore Van S. Hyde +1927-1929 Rowland B. Haines +1930-1940 Harry F. Wolf +1941 T. A. E. Harris +1942-1945 (no tournaments held) +1946 Frank R. Hanson +1947 Frederick B. Ryan, Jr. +1948-1950 H. Robert Reeve +1951 J. T. P. Sullivan +1952 H. Robert Reeve +1953 Howard J. Rose +1954-1956 H. Robert Reeve +1957-1959 J. Lennox Porter +1960-1962 James Prigoff +1963 John Powers +1964 James Prigoff +1965 (no tournament held) +1966-1968 James Prigoff +1969-1980 Pedro A. Bacallao +1981 David Stafford +1982-1983 Gary Squires +1984 Loren Lieberman +1985 Gary Squires +1986 Pedro A. Bacallao +1987-2000 Gary Squires +</pre></td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> +<hr /> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Squash Tennis, by Richard C. 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