initial commit of ebook 11543HEADmain

10 files changed, 5782 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/old/11543-8.txt b/old/11543-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..99b1265
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/11543-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1900 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction
+       Vol. 19, Issue 545, May 5, 1832
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 11, 2004 [EBook #11543]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David King, and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+Vol. 19, No. 545]   SATURDAY, MAY 5, 1832   [Price 2d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS, REGENTS'S PARK.
+
+
+[Illustration: Emu Enclosure]
+
+[Illustration: Pelican Enclosure]
+
+[Illustration: Aviary for Small Birds]
+
+Our strolls to this scene of intellectual amusement, (or "the gardens
+with a long name," as Lord Mulgrave's new heroine naively calls them,)
+are neither few nor far between. The acquaintance is of some standing,
+since _The Mirror_ was the first journal that contained any pictorial
+representation of these Gardens, or any connected notice of the
+animals.[1] At that time the Society had not published their "List," and
+our twopenny guide was common in the hands of visiters. We do not ask
+for the thanks of the Council in contributing to their annual receipts,
+now usually amounting to £10,000.: we were studying the interest of our
+readers, which uniformly brings its own reward. The first of the present
+illustrations is the _Emu Enclosure_, in the old Garden. Several broods
+of _Emus_ have been reared by the Society at their Farm at Kingston
+Hill; and some of the year's birds are usually exhibited here. Next is
+the _Pelican Enclosure_, containing a house of mimic rock-work, and a
+capacious tank of water, the favourite element of the Pelican. One pair
+in mature plumage, and a second pair, supposed to be the young of the
+same species, are exhibited. The third Cut is the _Aviary for small and
+middle-sized birds_, at the north-eastern corner of the Garden. Here are
+kept various British Birds, as the different species of Crows and Song
+Birds. The bamboo ornaments of the building are not, therefore, of the
+appropriate character that we so much admire elsewhere in the Gardens.
+
+    [1] The _Literary Gazette_ first published the Ground Plan of
+    the Zoological Gardens, from a lithograph circulated among the
+    members, towards the close of the year 1827. In seeking to do
+    ourselves justice, we must not forget others. Our first
+    Engraving, a _Bird's Eye View of the Gardens_ from an original
+    sketch, appeared in No. 330, of _The Mirror_, September 6, 1828.
+
+[Illustration: "Happy Jerry"]
+
+The individual with this felicitous _soubriquet_, was a specimen of the
+great Mandrill Baboon, in its adult state, the _Papio Maimon_ of
+Geoffrey, and the _Cynocephalus Maimon_ of Desmarest. It is a native of
+the Gold Coast and Guinea, in Africa, where whole droves of them often
+plunder the orchards and vineyards. Their colours are greyish brown,
+inclining to olive above; the cheeks are blue and furrowed, and the chin
+has a sharp-pointed orange beard; the nose grows red, especially towards
+the end, where it becomes of a bright scarlet. Such are, however, only
+the colours of the adult animal; the young differs materially, on which
+account it has been considered by naturalists as a distinct species.
+
+Jerry is now a member of death's "antic court," but his necrology may be
+interesting to the reader. Mr. Cross describes him as "from on board a
+slave vessel that had been captured off the Gold Coast, in the year
+1815," when he was supposed to be three years old. He was landed at
+Bristol, and was there purchased by the proprietor of a travelling
+menagerie, who kept him for some years, and taught him the various
+accomplishments he after excelled in, as sitting in a chair, smoking,
+drinking grog, &c.; probably he required but little tuition in the
+latter; since we find a fondness for fermented liquors numbered among
+his habits by the biographers of his species. In 1828, Jerry was
+purchased by Mr. Cross, and exhibited at the King's Mews, when he
+appeared in full vigour, and attracted a large number of daily visitors.
+He was fed daily from the table of his owner, and almost made a parlour
+guest; taking tea, toast, bread and butter, soup, boiled and roast
+meats, vegetables, pastry, &c., with as much _gout_ as any member of a
+club in his vicinity. In 1829, his eccentricities reached the royal ear
+at Windsor, and George the Fourth, (whose partiality to _exotics_,
+animate or inanimate, was well known,) sent an "express command" that
+Jerry should attend at the Castle. The invitations of royalty are always
+undeclinable, and Jerry obeyed accordingly. The King was much amused
+with his visiter, and, says our informant, "his Majesty was delighted at
+seeing him eat the state dinner, consisting of venison, &c., which had
+been prepared for him."[2] Thus, Jerry was not in the parlous state
+described by Touchstone: he was not damned, like the poor shepherd: _he_
+had been to court. He had also learnt good and gallant manners. He
+recognised many of his frequent visiters, and if any female among them
+was laid hold of, in his presence, he would bristle with rage, strike
+the bars of his cage with tremendous force, and violently gnash his
+teeth at the ungallant offender.
+
+    [2] This reminds us of the attachment of the late Duke of
+    Norfolk to his dogs. They were admitted to the apartment in
+    which his Grace dined; and he often selected the fine cuts from
+    joints at table, and threw the pieces to the curs upon the
+    polished oak floors of Aruudel Castle.
+
+In the autumn of 1831, Jerry's health began to decline, and he was
+accordingly removed from Charing Cross to the suburban salubrity of the
+Surrey Zoological Gardens. All was of no avail: though, as a biographer
+would say of a nobler animal, every remedy was tried to restore him to
+health. Life's fitful fever was well nigh over with him, and in the
+month of December last--he died. His body was opened and examined, when
+it appeared that his death was through old age; and, although he had
+been a free liver, and, as Mr. Cross facetely observes, "was not a
+member of a Temperance Society," his internal organization did not seem
+to have suffered in the way usually consequent upon hard drinking.
+Perhaps a few ascetic advocates of cant and care-wearing abstinence will
+think that we ought to conceal this exceptionable fact, lest Jerry's
+example should be more frequently followed. Justice demands otherwise;
+and as the biographers of old tell us that Alexander the Great died of
+hard-drinking, so ought we to record that Happy Jerry's life was not
+shortened by the imperial propensity: in this case, the monkey has beat
+the man: proverbially, the man beats the monkey. Jerry had, however, his
+share of ailment: he had been a martyr to that love-pain, the
+tooth-ache; several of his large molar teeth being entirely decayed.
+This circumstance accounted for the gloomy appearance he would sometimes
+put on, and his covering his head with his hands, and laying it in his
+chair. Poor fellow! we could have sympathized with him from our very
+hearts--we mean teeth. Jerry's remains have been carefully embalmed, (we
+hope in his favourite spirit,) and are now at the Surrey Gardens; where
+the arrival of a living congener is daily expected. Meanwhile, will
+nobody write the _hic jacet_ of the deceased? or no publisher engage for
+his reminiscences? Mr. Cross would probably supply the skeleton--of the
+memoir--not of his poor dead Jerry. What tales could he have told of the
+slave-stricken people of the Gold Coast, what horrors of the slave-ship
+whence he was taken, what a fine graphic picture of his voyage, and his
+travels in England, _à la Prince Puckler Muskau_, not forgetting his
+visit to Windsor Castle.
+
+Baboons may be rendered docile in confinement; though they almost always
+retain the disposition to revenge an injury. At the Cape, they are often
+caught when young, and brought up with milk; perhaps Jerry was so
+nurtured; and Kolben tells us, that they will become as watchful over
+their master's property as the most valuable house-dog is in Europe.
+Many of the Hottentots believe they can speak, but that they avoid doing
+so lest they should be enslaved, and compelled to work! What a libel
+upon human nature is conveyed in this trait of savage credulity. The
+bitterest reproofs of man's wickedness are not only to be found in the
+varnished lessons of civilization. Here is a touching piece of
+simplicity upon which James Montgomery might found a whole poem.
+
+Baboons, in their native countries, are sometimes hunted with dogs, but
+their chase is often fatal to the assailants. Mr. Burchell tells us that
+several of his dogs were wounded by the bites of baboons, and two or
+three dogs were thus bitten asunder. A species of baboon common in
+Ceylon, often attains the height of man. It is very fearless; and Bishop
+Heber relates that an acquaintance of his having on one occasion shot a
+young baboon, the mother came boldly up and wrested the gun out of his
+hand without doing him any injury.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+By way of pendent, we add the present state of THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY,
+from the report just completed.
+
+Gross amount of the income of last year             £17,633[3]
+Being an increase over the preceding year of          1,857
+Receipts of four months of the past year              3,330
+Receipts of corresponding months of the present year  3,755
+_Receipts of the Society since its formation_
+  In 1827                                           £ 4,079
+     1828                                            11,515
+     1829                                            13,991
+     1830                                            15,806
+     1831                                            17,662[3]
+                                                     -------
+Total since its formation                           £63,053
+
+_Visiters to the Gardens_.
+
+In 1830--224,745 paying    9,773£
+   1831--258,936          11,425£
+
+_Visiters to the Museum_.
+
+In 1831--11,636 paying       333£
+Number of Fellows          2,074
+
+    [3] These items, which are not quite correct, are from the
+    _Morning Chronicle_ report.
+
+The Society have obtained a grant of nine acres and a half of land, in
+the Regent's Park, contiguous to their gardens; and they intend to
+devote 1,000_l_. annually to the improvement of the Museum.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE CURFEW BELL.
+
+(_To the Editor_.)
+
+
+Observing in your No. 543, some remarks relating to the ancient custom
+of ringing the Curfew Bell, and that _Reginald_, your correspondent, had
+withheld the name of the village where he heard the Curfew rang, I am
+led to suppose that it may not be uninteresting to your readers to be
+informed, that at Saint Helen's Church, Abingdon, this custom is still
+continued; the bell is rung at eight o'clock every night, and four
+o'clock every morning, during the winter months; why it is rung in the
+morning I do not know; perhaps some of your readers can inform me. There
+are eight bells in Saint Helen's tower, but the fifth or sixth is
+generally used as the Curfew, to distinguish it from the death-bell, for
+which purpose the tenor is used, and is rung at the same time at night
+if a death has happened in the course of the day, and for that night
+supersedes the necessity of ringing the Curfew. The Curfew Bell is rung,
+and not tolled, as _Reginald_ states: therefore, what he heard, I
+suppose to have been the death bell.       M.D.
+
+(_From another Correspondent_.)
+
+The custom of tolling the Curfew is still retained in the town of
+Sandwich, to which place your correspondent, _Reginald_, no doubt
+alludes, as the sea-shore is distant about two miles; hence is
+distinctly visible the red glare of the Lighthouse on Ramsgate Pier, as
+also the North Foreland.        G.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+COIN OF EDWARD III.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+A beautiful gold coin, a noble of the reign of Edward III., was
+discovered, some time since, by the workmen employed in excavating the
+river Witham, in the city of Lincoln. The coin is in excellent
+preservation. The impress represents the half-length figure of Edward in
+a ship, holding a sword in the right hand, and in the left a sceptre and
+shield, with the inscription "EDWARDUS DEI GRA. REX ANGL., DYS. HYB. ET
+AGT." On the shield are the arms of England and France quarterly. On the
+reverse, a cross fleury with lionaux, inscribed, "JESVS AUTEM TRANSIENS
+PER MEDIUM ILLORUM IBAT." These coins are very scarce, and remarkable as
+being the first impressed with the figure of a ship; this is said to
+have been done to commemorate the victory obtained by Edward over the
+French fleet off Sluys, on Midsummer-day, 1340, and which is supposed to
+have suggested to Edward the idea of claiming superiority over every
+other maritime power--a dominion which his successors have now
+maintained for nearly five hundred years.       W.G.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PENDERELL JEWEL.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+An ancient medal, or coin, ornamented with jewels, was purchased, a few
+years since, of one of the descendants of Penderell, to whom it was
+presented by Charles II., as a valuable token of his gratitude for
+certain protection afforded by him to that prince, when endeavouring to
+effect his escape in disguise from England, in the year 1648. It
+consists of a gold coin of Ferdinand II., dated 1638, surrounded by a
+row of sixteen brilliants enchased in silver, enriched with blue enamel,
+and bearing the motto, "_Usque ad aris fidelis_." The reverse is also
+enameled, and the jewel is intended to be worn as an ornament to the
+person.       W.G.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PECUNIARY COMPENSATION FOR PERSONAL INJURIES.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+The present laws which enable a person to obtain pecuniary compensation
+for personal injuries, appear to be founded on very ancient precedent.
+Mr. Sharon Turner, in his History of the Anglo-Saxons, gives a statement
+of the sums at which our ancestors valued the various parts of their
+earthly tenements. He says "Homer is celebrated for discriminating the
+wounds of his heroes with anatomical precision. The Saxon legislators
+were not less anxious to distinguish between the different wounds to
+which the body is liable, and which from their laws, we infer that they
+frequently suffered. In their most ancient laws these were the
+punishments:
+
+"The loss of an eye or of a leg, appears to have been considered as the
+most aggravated injury that could arise from an assault, and was
+therefore punished by the highest fine, or fifty shillings.
+
+"To be made lame, was the next most considerable offence, and the
+compensation for it was thirty shillings.
+
+"For a wound which caused deafness, twenty-five shillings.
+
+"To lame the shoulder, divide the chine bone, cut off the thumb, pierce
+the diaphragm, or to tear off the hair and fracture the skull, was each
+punished by a fine of twenty shillings.
+
+"For cutting off the little finger, eleven shillings.
+
+"For cutting off the great toe, or for tearing off the hair entirely,
+ten shillings.
+
+"For piercing the nose, nine shillings.
+
+"For cutting off the fore finger, eight shillings.
+
+"For cutting off the gold-finger, for every wound in the thigh, for
+wounding the ear, for piercing both cheeks, for cutting either nostril,
+for each of the front teeth, for breaking the jaw bone, for breaking an
+arm, six shillings.
+
+"For seizing the hair so as to hurt the bone, for the loss of either of
+the eye teeth, or the middle finger, four shillings.
+
+"For pulling the hair so that the bone become visible, for piercing the
+ear or one cheek, for cutting off the thumb nail, for the first double
+tooth, for wounding the nose with the fist, for wounding the elbow, for
+breaking a rib, or for wounding the vertebrae, three shillings.
+
+"For every nail (probably of the fingers) and for every tooth beyond the
+first double tooth, one shilling.
+
+"For seizing the hair, fifty scoettas.
+
+"For the nail of the great toe, thirty scoettas.
+
+"For every other nail, ten scoettas."
+
+W.A.R.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE COSMOPOLITE.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE POETRY OF ANCIENT DAYS.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+  Little Jack Horner, sat in a corner,
+    Eating a Christmas pie,
+  He pulled out a plum with his finger and thumb,
+    And said what a good boy am I.
+
+Of all the poems that delight our infancy, there is no one perhaps which
+makes a more lasting impression on the memory and the imagination, than
+the preceding. The name of its author is lost in the shades of remote
+antiquity; and even the century when it first made its appearance, has
+eluded the vigilance of antiquarian research. Before entering upon its
+poetical merits, we must observe a striking peculiarity in the diction:
+there is not a single word in it, but that is of Anglo-Saxon origin, so
+that it may be considered as an admirable specimen of pure English, and
+as calculated to inspire the infant mind with a distaste for the
+numerous exotic terms, which, in the present age, disfigure our
+language. It has been well remarked in the review of that ancient poem,
+Jack and Jill, that the reader's interest in the hero and heroine is not
+divided with subordinate characters. But the poem of Jack Horner
+possesses this excellence in a more eminent degree; in the former the
+interest, is divided between two, in the latter it is concentrated in
+one; and, notwithstanding the ingenuity of the reviewer, it must be
+confessed that so little is indicated by the poet, as to the character
+of Jack and Jill, that we feel no more interest in their fate, tragical
+as it is, than if they were designated by the letters X and Y of
+algebraical notoriety; or by the names of those personages, who figure
+in legal fictions, John Doe and Richard Roe.
+
+Not so with Jack Horner: the very incident recorded in the first line
+lets us into his character; he is evidently a lover of solitude and of
+solitary contemplation. He is not, however, a gloomy ascetic; he takes
+into his corner a Christmas pie, and, while he leisurely gratifies his
+palate, his mind feasts on the higher luxury of an approving conscience.
+It has been said that the man who loves solitude must be either an angel
+or a demon. Horner had more of the former in his composition; he retired
+from the busy haunts of his playmates not to meditate mischief, but to
+feast upon the pie, which had probably been given him as a reward for
+his good conduct, and indulge in the delightful thoughts to which the
+consciousness of deserving it gave rise. But here it may be objected,
+why instead of eating his pie in a corner, did he not share it with his
+companions? The remark is pertinent, but the circumstance only evinces
+the admirable management of the poet; to represent his hero without a
+defect would be to outrage nature, and to render imitation hopeless.
+Horner, it must be admitted, with all his excellence, was too fond of
+good eating; it is in vain to deny it; his deliberately pulling out a
+plum with his finger and thumb, shows the epicure, not excited by the
+voracity of hunger, but evidently aiming to protract his enjoyment. The
+exclamation which follows savours of vanity; but when his youth is
+recollected, this will be deemed a venial error, and it must also be
+considered that his few faults were probably compensated by a
+constellation of excellencies. This poem has been imitated, (I will not
+say successfully, for its beautiful simplicity is in fact inimitable,)
+by one of the greatest statesmen and classical scholars of the present
+century, Mr. Canning; and it is melancholy to reflect that, while a
+monument is erecting to the memory of the latter and his name lives in
+the mouths of men, all traces of that original poet, whose inspirations
+he sought to imitate, are entirely lost. The lines of Mr. Canning are to
+be found in his "Loves of the Triangles:"
+
+  Thus youthful Homer rolled the roguish eye.
+  Culled the dark plum from out the Christmas pie,
+  And cried in self applause, how good a boy am I.
+
+P.Q.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+ANECDOTE GALLERY.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+GEORGE THE FIRST.
+
+
+Previously to the King's arrival in this country, a proclamation had
+been issued, offering, in case the Pretender should land in any part of
+the British isles, the sum of 100,000_l_. for his apprehension. At the
+first masquerade which the King attended in this country, an unknown
+lady, in a domino, invited him to drink a glass of wine at one of the
+side-tables; he readily assented, and the lady filling a bumper, said,
+"Here, mask, the Pretender's health."--Then filling another glass, she
+presented it to the King, who received it with a smile, saying, "I
+drink, with all my heart, to the health of every unfortunate prince."
+
+The person of the King, says Walpole, is as perfect in my memory as if I
+saw him but yesterday: it was that of an elderly man, rather pale, and
+exactly like his pictures and coins; not tall, of an aspect rather good
+than august, with a dark tie wig, a plain coat, waistcoat and breeches,
+of snuff-coloured cloth, with stockings of the same colour, and a blue
+riband over all.
+
+He often dined, after shooting, at Sir Robert Walpole's house on
+Richmond Hill; where he indulged his partiality for punch to such an
+extent, that the Duchess of Kendal enjoined the Germans who usually
+accompanied him, to restrain him from drinking too much: but they went
+about their task with so little address, that the King took offence, and
+silenced them by the coarsest epithets in their mother tongue.
+
+He appears to have entertained a very low opinion of the political
+integrity of his courtiers, and the honesty of his household. He laughed
+at the complaints made by Sir Robert Walpole against the Hanoverians,
+for selling places; and would not believe that the custom was not
+sanctioned by his English advisers and attendants. Soon after his first
+arrival in this country, a favourite cook, whom he had brought from
+Hanover grew melancholy, and wanted to return home. The King having
+inquired why he wanted to quit his household, the fellow replied, "I
+have long served your Majesty honestly, not suffering any thing to be
+embezzled in your kitchen; but here, the dishes no sooner come from your
+table, than one steals a fowl, another a pig, a third a joint of meat, a
+fourth a pie, and so on, till the whole is gone; and I cannot bear to
+see your Majesty so injured!" The King, laughing heartily, said, "My
+revenues here enable me to bear these things; and, to reconcile you to
+your place, do you steal like the rest, and mind you take enough." The
+cook followed this advice, and soon became a very expert thief.
+
+Toland says, in a pamphlet published about the year 1705, I need give no
+more particular proof of the King's frugality in laying out the public
+money, than that all the expenses of his court, as to eating, drinking,
+fire, candles, and the like, are duly paid every Saturday night; the
+officers of his army receive their pay every month, and all the civil
+list are cleared every half year. He was greatly annoyed by the want of
+confidence in his economy, displayed by his British subjects; lamenting
+to his private friends that he had left his electorate to become a
+begging King; and adding, that he thought it very hard to be constantly
+opposed in his application for supplies, which it was his intention to
+employ for the benefit of the nation.
+
+The account of the death of George the First was first brought to
+Walpole, in a dispatch from Townshend, who had accompanied that monarch
+to the continent. The minister instantly repaired to the palace at
+Richmond. The new King had then retired to take his usual afternoon nap.
+On being informed that his father was dead, he could scarcely be brought
+to put faith in the intelligence, until told that the minister was
+waiting in the ante-chamber with Lord Townshend's despatch. At length,
+he received Walpole, who, kneeling, kissed his hand, and inquired whom
+he would please to appoint to draw up the address to the Privy Council.
+"Sir Spencer Compton," replied the King, an answer which signified Sir
+Robert's dismissal.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+DEATH OF QUEEN CAROLINE.
+
+
+When very near her end, she inquired of one of the physicians in
+attendance, "How long can this last?" "Your Majesty will soon be eased
+of your pains," was the reply. "The sooner the better," said the Queen:
+and she then most fervently engaged in extempore prayer. Shortly
+afterwards, she twice desired that cold water might be thrown over her,
+to support her strength, while her family put up a final petition in her
+behalf. "Pray aloud," said she, "that I may hear you." She then faintly
+joined them in repeating the Lord's prayer; and, at its conclusion,
+calmly laid down, waved her hand, and expired.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+GEORGE THE SECOND.
+
+
+At one period, while the Duke of Newcastle was in power, in the reign of
+George II. many serious complaints were made relative to the settlement
+of public accounts. The King, at length, became acquainted with the
+alleged grievances, and warmly remonstrated with the Duke on his
+carelessness and inattention; protested that he was determined, at once
+for his own satisfaction and that of his aggrieved people, to look into
+the papers himself. "Is your Majesty in earnest?" asked the Duke. The
+King replied in the affirmative, and the Duke promised to send him the
+accounts. At an early hour on the following morning, the King was
+disturbed by an extraordinary noise in the courtyard of his palace, and,
+looking out of the window, he perceived a cart or a wagon laden with
+books and papers, which, on inquiry he found had been sent by the Duke
+of Newcastle. Shortly afterwards the minister himself appeared, and the
+King asked him what he meant by sending a wagon-load of stationery to
+the palace. "These are the documents relative to the public accounts,"
+replied his grace, "which your Majesty insisted on examining; and there
+is no other mode of forwarding them except by carts or wagons. I expect
+a second load will arrive in a few minutes." "Then, my Lord Duke,"
+replied the King, "you may make a bonfire of them for me. I would rather
+be a galley-slave than go through the rubbish; so away with it, and
+countermand the cart which you say is coming; but pray let me hear no
+more complaints on this subject."
+
+On another occasion, he sent, in a fury, for the duke's brother, Mr.
+Pelham, and inquired, in a coarse and angry manner, why the civil list
+had not been paid. Pelham replied that he had been compelled to use the
+money for some public and more important purpose. The King, however,
+would not admit of this excuse; and swore, if the arrears were not
+instantly paid, he would get another minister. "I am determined," said
+he, "not to be the only master in my dominions who does not pay his
+servants' wages." One day, it appears that he was actually without a
+shilling in his pocket; for it is related that a half idiot labourer
+while the King was inspecting the progress of some repairs at
+Kensington, having asked his Majesty for something to drink, the King,
+although offended, was yet ashamed to refuse the fellow, and put his
+hand into the usual receptacle of his cash; but, to his surprise and
+confusion, found it empty. "I have no money," said he, angrily. "Nor I
+either," quoth the labourer; "and for my part, I can't think what has
+become of it all."
+
+Few men were more deeply impressed with the value of money, although he
+occasionally startled those about him, by being unexpectedly liberal, as
+in the cases of his donation to the university of Cambridge, and his
+submitting to the extortion of the Dutch innkeeper. One evening while
+passing by a closet in which wood was kept for the use of the
+bed-chamber, he dropped some guineas, one of which having rolled under
+the door, he said to the page in waiting, "We must get out this guinea:
+let us remove the fuel." In a short time, with the attendant's aid, he
+found the guinea, which, however, he gave to his fellow-labourer, as a
+reward for the exertions of the latter, in helping him to take the wood
+out of the closet, observing, "I do not like any thing to be lost, but I
+wish every man to receive the value of his work."
+
+Of the hastiness of George the Second's temper, several examples have
+been given: but it was never, perhaps, more ludicrously displayed than
+in his first interview with Dr. Ward. The King having been afflicted for
+some time with a violent pain in his thumb, for which his regular
+medical attendants could afford him no relief, he sought the assistance
+of Ward, whose famous pills and drops were then in great estimation. The
+doctor, being aware of the King's complaint, went to the palace, at the
+time commanded, with, it is said, a specific concealed in the hollow of
+his hand. On being admitted to his Majesty's presence, he, of course,
+proceeded to examine the royal thumb; which he suddenly wrenched with
+such violence, that the King called him a cursed rascal, and
+condescended to kick his shins. He soon found, however, that the doctor,
+had as it were, magically relieved his thumb from pain: and so grateful
+did he feel to Ward, whom he now termed his Esculapius, that he
+prevailed on him to accept a handsome carriage and horses, and shortly
+afterwards, presented his nephew, who subsequently became a general,
+with an ensigncy in the guards.--_From the Georgian Era_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+NOTES OF A READER.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE HUNCHBACK.
+
+_A Play, by James Sheridan Knowles_.
+
+
+It would be rather _mal-apropos_ to write the Beauties of the Hunchback,
+but such a term is elliptically applicable to the following passages
+from Mr. Knowles's clever and original play:--
+
+
+INSIGNIFICANT ENEMIES.
+
+  Is't fit you waste your choler on a burr?
+  The nothings of the town; whose sport it is
+  To break their villain jests on worthy men,
+  The graver still the fitter! Fie, for shame!
+  Regard what such would say? So would not I,
+  No more than heed a cur.
+
+
+HONOURABLE SUCCESS.
+
+  What merit to be dropp'd on fortune's hill?
+  The honour is to mount it.
+  *   *   *   Knowledge, industry,
+  Frugality, and honesty;--the sinews
+  The surest help the climber to the top,
+  And keep him there.
+
+
+WISE PRECEPT.
+
+                           Better owe
+  A yard of land to labour, than to chance
+  Be debtor for a rood!
+
+
+THE TOWN.
+
+  Nine times in ten the town's a hollow thing,
+  Where what things are is naught to what they show;
+  Where merit's name laughs merit's self to scorn!
+  Where friendship and esteem that ought to be
+  The tenants of men's hearts, lodge in their looks
+  And tongues alone. Where little virtue, with
+  A costly keeper, passes for a heap;
+  A heap for none, that has a homely one!
+  Where fashion makes the law--your umpire which
+  You bow to, whether it has brains or not.
+  Where Folly taketh off his cap and bells,
+  To clap on Wisdom, which must bear the jest!
+  Where, to pass current you must seem the thing,
+  The passive thing, that others think, and not
+  Your simple, honest, independent self!
+
+
+LOVE.
+
+  Say but a moment, still I say I love you.
+  Love's not a flower that grows on the dull earth;
+  Springs by the calendar; must wait for sun--
+  For rain;--matures by parts,--must take its time
+  To stem, to leaf, to bud, to blow. It owns
+  A richer soil, and boasts a quicker seed!
+  You look for it, and see it not; and lo!
+  E'en while you look, the peerless flower is up,
+  Consumate in the birth!
+
+  In joining contrasts lieth love's delight.
+  Complexion, stature, nature, mateth it,
+  Not with their kinds, but with their opposites.
+  Hence hands of snow in palms of russet lie;
+  The form of Hercules affects the sylph's
+  And breasts that case the lion's fear-proof heart,
+  Find their lov'd lodge in arms where tremors dwell!
+  Haply for this, on Afric's swarthy neck,
+  Hath Europe's priceless pearl been seen to hang,
+  That makes the orient poor! So with degrees,
+  Rank passes by the circlet-graced brow
+  Upon the forehead bare of notelessness,
+  To print the nuptial kiss!
+
+
+COUNTRY LIFE.
+
+  The life I'd lead!
+  But fools would fly from it; for O! 'tis sweet!
+  It finds the heart out, be there one to find;
+  And corners in't where store of pleasures lodge,
+  We never dream'd were there! It is to dwell
+  'Mid smiles that are not neighbours to deceit;
+  Music whose melody is of the heart
+  And gifts that are not made for interest,--
+  Abundantly bestow'd, by nature's cheek,
+  And voice, and hand! It is to live on life,
+  And husband it! It is to constant scan
+  The handiwork of heaven! It is to con
+  Its mercy, bounty, wisdom, power! It is
+  To nearer see our God!
+
+
+JEALOUSY.
+
+  A dreadful question is it, when we love,
+  To ask if love's return'd! I did believe
+  Fair Julia's heart was mine--I doubt it now.
+  But once last night she danced with me, her hand
+  To this gallant and that engaged, as soon
+  As asked for! Maid that loved would scarce do this!
+  Nor visit we together as we used,
+  When first she came to town.  She loves me less
+  Than once she did--or loves me not at all.
+  Misfortune liketh company: it seldom
+  Visits its friends alone.
+
+
+A MAIDEN HEART.
+
+  A young woman's heart,
+  Is not a stone to carve a posey on!
+  Which knows not what is writ on't--which you may buy,
+  Exchange or sell,--keep or give away,
+  It is a richer--yet a poorer thing!
+  Priceless to him that owns and prizes it;
+  Worthless when own'd, not priz'd; which makes the man
+  That covets it, obtains it, and discards it,--
+  A fool, if not a villain.
+
+
+A CURATE'S SON.
+
+  Better be a yeoman's son!
+  Was it the rector's son, he might be known,
+  Because the rector is a rising man,
+  And may become a bishop.  He goes light.
+  The curate ever hath a loaded back.
+  He may be called yeoman of the church
+  That sweating does his work, and drudges on
+  While lives the hopeful rector at his ease.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CHARACTER OF GEORGE THE FOURTH.
+
+
+In the third and concluding volume of the _Life and Reign of George
+IV_., (a portion of Dr. Lardner's _Cabinet Library_,) we find the
+following summary of the earthly career of the late King--shaded with
+some admixture of severity, but, altogether, to be commended for the
+manliness and unflinching spirit in which it is written. Our
+contemporary biography sadly lacks vigorous and plain-speaking summaries
+of character.
+
+"In the events and achievements which give interest and lustre to his
+regency and reign, George IV. had personally no share. He was but
+contemporary with them. To the progress of science, of literature, of
+legislation, he was a stranger. The jealous limitations of the regal
+power,--the independence, enterprise, and social advancement of the
+nation, would account and afford excuse for this: but were he absolute
+as Louis XIV.,--obeyed and imitated with the same implicit
+servility,--the higher purposes of intellectual being were beyond his
+range. With the fine arts his relations were more close and personal.
+The progress of architecture was sudden and astonishing, during the
+epoch which will bear his name. London, before his accession to the
+executive power, was a rich, populous, elegantly built capital, but
+without a due proportion of prominent structures characterized by
+architectural grandeur, beauty, or curiosity. In a few years magnificent
+lines and masses of building were begun and completed; but they were
+mainly the growth of wealth, vanity, speculation, and peace. Where his
+influence was directly felt it proved unfortunate. He lavished millions
+in creating vicious models, and fantastic styles of architecture, and
+brought into fashion artists without capacity or taste. There was not in
+his kingdom a more discerning judge of painting; but he had no
+imagination for the higher class of art. He preferred the exquisite and
+humorous realities of the Dutch painters to the poetic or historic
+schools of Italy; and, though a studious collector, he gave no great
+impulse to native talent. In music he had both taste and skill: he
+encouraged an art which formed one of his enjoyments; and if his
+patronage has brought forth no composer of the first order, the cause
+may exist in some circumstances of national inaptitude.
+
+"It is necessary to go back some centuries for an English king to whom
+he bears the nearest likeness in _ensemble_ of character. The parallel
+at first sight may be thought injurious, but the likeness will upon
+consideration be found striking and complete. George IV. had in his
+youth the eclat of personal endowment, education, and accomplishment,--
+of success in the fashionable exercises and graces of his age,--and of
+that reckless prodigality which obtains popular homage and applause in a
+prince. Henry VIII. in his youth was one of the most brilliant
+personages of Europe. A fine person,--the accomplishments of his time in
+literature and the arts,--the display of gorgeous prodigality,--raised
+him to a sort of chivalrous rivalry with Francis I. In mental culture he
+excelled George IV., who owes much of his reputation for capacity and
+acquirement to an imposing manner, and the eagerness to applaud a
+prince: stripped of this charm, his ideas and language appeared worse
+than common when he put them on paper. Both had the same dominant
+ambition to be distinguished and imitated, as the arbiters of fashion in
+dress for the costliness, splendour, or novelty of their toilet. Henry
+VIII. and George IV. surrounded themselves with the men most
+distinguished for wit and talent, with a remarkable coincidence of
+motive, as ministering to their vanity or pleasures; but as soon as they
+became troublesome or useless, both cast them off with the same careless
+indifference. Henry VIII., it is true, sacrificed to his own caprices,
+or to court intrigue, the lives of those whom he had chosen for his
+social familiarity;--whilst George IV. merely turned off his so called
+friends, and thought of them no more. But such is the difference between
+barbarism and tyranny on the one side, and civilization and freedom on
+the other: that which was death in the former, is but court disgrace in
+the latter. George IV. was not cruel--he had even a certain
+susceptibility; the spectacle of human suffering revolted him: but
+suffering to affect him must have been present to his sense. Was Henry
+VIII. gratuitously cruel? That does not appear. He took no pleasure for
+itself in shedding blood, and avoided being a witness of it. Had he been
+obliged to look on whilst Anne Boleyn and Sir Thomas More were bleeding,
+he probably would have spared them. He sacrificed them to his impulses
+from mere selfish indifference. With their wives and mistresses Henry
+VIII. and George IV. were governed by the same self-indulgent
+despotism--the same animal disgusts. Henry VIII. had six wives, and sent
+one to the scaffold as the prelude to his marriage with another. George
+IV. had only one wife, but she suffered the persecutions of six; and if
+she escaped decapitation or divorce, it was from no failure of
+inclination or instruments. Henry VIII. was the tyrant of his people,
+and George IV. was not: yet is there even here a similitude. Both
+surrendered their understandings to their ministers, upon the condition
+of subserviency to their personal desires. What George would have been
+in the age of Henry it might be ungracious to suppose; but it may be
+asserted that Henry, had he been reserved for the close of the
+eighteenth century, would have a very different place in opinion and
+history as a king and as a man,--such are the beneficent, humanizing
+influences of knowledge, civilization, the spirit of religious
+tolerance, and laws mutually guarding and guarded by public liberty!"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+AN ECLIPSE AT BOOSSA.
+
+(_From Landers' Travels, vol. ii._)
+
+
+"About ten o'clock at night, when we were sleeping on our mats, we were
+suddenly awoke by a great cry of distress from innumerable voices,
+attended by a horrid clashing and clattering noise, which the hour of
+the night tended to make more terrific. Before we had time to recover
+from our surprise, old Pascoe rushed breathless into our hut, and
+informed us with a trembling voice that 'the sun was dragging the moon
+across the heavens.' Wondering what could be the meaning of so strange
+and ridiculous a story, we ran out of the hut half dressed, and we
+discovered that the moon was totally eclipsed. A number of people were
+gathered together in our yard, in dreadful apprehension that the world
+was at an end, and that this was but the 'beginning of sorrows.' We
+learnt from them that the Mahomedan priests residing in the city, having
+personified the sun and moon, had told the king and the people that the
+eclipse was occasioned through the obstinacy and disobedience of the
+latter luminary. They said that for a long time previously the moon had
+been displeased with the path she had been compelled to take through the
+heavens, because it was filled with thorns and briers, and obstructed
+with a thousand other difficulties; and therefore that, having watched
+for a favourable opportunity, she had this evening deserted her usual
+track, and entered into that of the sun. She had not, however, travelled
+far up the sky, on the forbidden road, before the circumstance was
+discovered by the sun, who immediately hastened to her in his anger, and
+punished her dereliction by clothing her in darkness, forcing her back
+to her own territories, and forbidding her to shed her light upon the
+earth. This story, whimsical as it may seem, was received with implicit
+confidence in its truth by the king and queen and most of the people of
+Boossà; and the cause of the noises which we had heard, and which were
+still continuing with renewed vehemence, was explained to us by the fact
+that they were all 'assembled together in the hope of being able to
+frighten away the sun to his proper sphere, and leave the moon to
+enlighten the world as at other times.' This is much after the manner of
+many savage nations.
+
+"While our informant was yet speaking to us, a messenger arrived at our
+yard from the king, to tell us the above tale, and with an invitation to
+come to see him immediately. Therefore, slipping on the remainder of our
+clothes, we followed the man to the residence of his sovereign, from
+outside of which the cries proceeded, and here we found the king and his
+timid partner sitting on the ground. Their usual good spirits and
+cheerful behaviour had forsaken them entirely; both appeared overwhelmed
+with apprehension, and trembled at every joint. Like all their subjects,
+in the hurry of fear and the suddenness of the alarm, they had come out
+of their dwellings half dressed, the head and legs, and the upper part
+of their persons, being entirely exposed. We soon succeeded in quelling
+their fears, or at least in diminishing, their apprehension. The king
+then observed, that neither himself nor the oldest of his subjects
+recollected seeing but one eclipse of the moon besides the one he was
+gazing at; that it had occurred exactly when the Falátahs began to be
+formidable in the country, and that it had forewarned them of all the
+wars, disasters, and calamities, which subsequently took place.
+
+"We had seated ourselves opposite to the king and queen, and within two
+or three feet of them, where we could readily observe the moon and the
+people without inconvenience, and carry on the conversation at the same
+time. If the royal couple shuddered, with terror on beholding the
+darkened moon, we were scarcely less affected by the savage gestures of
+those within a few yards of us and by their repeated cries, so wild, so
+loud, and so piercing, that an indescribable sensation of horror stole
+over us, and rendered us almost as nervous as those whom we had come to
+comfort. The earlier part of the evening had been mild, serene, and
+remarkably pleasant; the moon had arisen with uncommon lustre, and being
+at the full, her appearance was extremely delightful. It was the
+conclusion of the holidays, and many of the people were enjoying the
+delicious coolness of a serene night, and resting from the laborious
+exertions of the day; but when the moon became gradually obscured, fear
+overcame every one. As the eclipse increased, they became more
+terrified. All ran in great distress to inform their sovereign of the
+circumstance, for there was not a single cloud to cause so deep a
+shadow, and they could not comprehend the nature or meaning of an
+eclipse. The king was as easily frightened as his people, being equally
+simple and ignorant; he would not therefore suffer them to depart.
+Numbers sometimes beget courage and confidence, he thought; so he
+commanded them to remain near his person, and to do all in their power
+to restore the lost glory of the moon.
+
+"In front of the king's house, and almost close to it, are a few
+magnificent cotton-trees, round which the soil had been freed from
+grass, &c., for the celebration of the games. On this spot were the
+terrified people assembled, with every instrument capable of making a
+noise which could be procured in the whole town. They had formed
+themselves into a large treble circle, and continued running round with
+amazing velocity, crying, shouting, and groaning with all their might.
+They tossed and flung their heads about, twisted their bodies into all
+manner of contortions, jumped into the air, stamped with their feet on
+the ground, and flourished their hands above their heads. No scene in
+the romance of Robinson Crusoe was so wild and savage as this; and a
+large wood fire, with a few men spitted and roasting before it, was
+alone wanting to render it complete! Little boys and girls were outside
+the ring, running to and fro, clashing empty calabashes against each
+other, and crying bitterly; groups of men were blowing on trumpets,
+which produced a harsh and discordant sound; some were employed in
+beating old drums; others again were blowing on bullock's horns; and in
+the short intervals between the rapid succession of all these fiend-like
+noises, was heard one more dismal than the rest, proceeding from an iron
+tube, accompanied by the clinking of chains. Indeed, everything that
+_could_ increase the uproar was put in requisition on this memorable
+occasion; nor did it cease till midnight, when the eclipse had passed
+away. Never have we witnessed so extraordinary a scene as this. The
+diminished light, when the eclipse was complete, was just sufficient to
+enable us to distinguish the various groups of people, and contributed
+in no small degree to render the scene still more imposing. If an
+European, a stranger to Africa, were to be placed on a sudden in the
+midst of the terror-struck people, he would imagine himself to be among
+a legion of demons, holding a revel over a fallen spirit; so peculiarly
+unearthly wild, and horrifying was the appearance of the dancing group,
+and the clamour which they made. It was perhaps fortunate for us that we
+had an almanac with us, which foretold the eclipse; for although we
+neglected to inform the king of this circumstance, we were yet enabled
+to tell him and his people the exact time of its disappearance. This
+succeeded in some measure in suppressing their fears, for they would
+believe anything we might tell them; and perhaps, also, it has procured
+for us a lasting reputation 'and a name.' 'Oh,' said the king, 'there
+will be sorrow and crying this night from Wowow to Yàoorie. The people
+will have no one to comfort or condole with them; they will fancy this
+eclipse to be the harbinger of something very dreadful; and they will be
+in distress and trouble till the moon shall have regained her
+brightness.' It was nearly one o'clock when we left the king and queen,
+to return to our hut; everything was then calm and silent, and we lay
+down to rest in peace."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY
+
+
+POTTERY.
+
+
+Appended to the volume of the _Transactions of the Society of Arts_,
+just published, are selections from a series of Illustrations on Pottery
+and Porcelain, which were read before the Society by their ingenious
+secretary, Mr. Arthur Aikin. We quote a few.
+
+_Raphael China._
+
+"Raffaello himself is said in his youth to have painted, or at least to
+have given designs for painting, in enamel on glazed earthenware. Such
+works are commonly known by the name of Raphael china, two interesting
+specimens of which, from the collection of R.H. Solly, Esq., are now
+before you. From some casual flaws in the back of these plates, it may
+be seen that the body of them is red earthenware in one, and grayish
+brown in the other, and of rather a coarse quality. Mr. Windus also has
+sent a plate, doubtless of Italian manufacture, bearing the date of
+1533, thirteen years after the death of Raffaello. He has also sent a
+singular specimen of a somewhat similar ware, but with the figures in
+high relief, and far inferior to the former as a work of art.
+
+"Mr. Brockedon informs me that, in his journey among the alps last year,
+he saw some beautiful specimens of Raphael china, in the possession of
+the hostess of an inn at the village of Rauris, in Carinthia. They
+consisted of three dishes; the subjects painted on them are, Pan and
+Apollo, Jupiter and Semele, and on the largest, Apollo surrounded by
+wreaths of nymphs and satyrs, and on the rim are entwined Cupids: this
+latter dish is about twenty inches in diameter, and bears an
+inscription, in Italian, purporting that it was made at Rome, in 1542,
+in the manufactory of Guido di Merlingho Vassaro, a native of Urbino.
+The date is twenty-two years after the death of Raphael; but, as the
+manufacturer was a fellow-townsman of that celebrated artist, the
+inscription, taken in connexion with the anecdote of Vasari already
+mentioned, is interesting, as throwing light on the association of the
+name of Raffaello with this species of ware."
+
+_Delft or Dutch._
+
+"It is probably from Italy that Holland received this art. The
+Venetians, the Genoese, and the Florentines, had very extensive
+commercial dealings with the merchants of Antwerp and of other towns in
+the Low Countries; it is therefore extremely likely that the potters of
+Holland, to whom is due the first fabrication of clay tobacco-pipes of
+excellent quality, derived their knowledge of glazed ware from this
+source. The town of Delft was the centre of these potteries, in which
+were fabricated the tiles known in England by the name of Dutch; and the
+delft were employed for table services, and for other domestic purposes.
+Considered merely with regard to its material, the Dutch potters seem to
+have improved on their Italian original, being probably instigated by a
+comparison with the blue and white patterns of Nankin, which was now
+largely imported by the Dutch from China and Japan, and which is a
+coarse, yellowish, porcelain body, covered by an opaque white glaze. In
+the ornamental part, however, the Dutch fell immeasurably short of the
+potters of Florence; blue seems to have been the only colour employed by
+them; and their favourite patterns appear to have been either copies of
+the Chinese, or European and Scripture subjects treated in a truly
+Chinese manner and taste.
+
+"It is about two hundred years ago since some Dutch potters came and
+established themselves in Lambeth, and by degrees a little colony was
+fixed in that village, possessed of about twenty manufactories, in which
+was made the glazed pottery and tiles consumed in London and in various
+other parts of the kingdom. Here they continued in a flourishing state,
+giving employment to many hands in the various departments of their art,
+till about fifty or sixty years ago; when the potters of Staffordshire,
+by their commercial activity, and by the great improvements introduced
+by them in the quality of their ware, in a short time so completely beat
+out of the market the Lambeth delft manufacturers, that this ware is now
+made only by a single house, and forms the smallest part even of their
+business.
+
+"The articles of delft ware, for which there still continues to be an
+effective demand, are plain white tiles for dairies and for lining
+baths, pomatum pots, and a few jugs, and other similar articles of a
+pale blue colour."
+
+(_To be continued._)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NON-PROPOSALS, OR DOUBTS RESOLVED.
+
+
+  I wonder when 'twill be our turn
+    A wedding here to keep!
+  Sure Thomson's "_flame_" might quicker burn,
+    His "_love_" seems gone to sleep!
+  I wonder why he hums and haws
+    With 'kerchief at his nose:
+  And then makes one expecting pause,----
+    Yet still he don't propose.
+
+  I wonder whether Bell or Bess,
+    It is he most admires,
+  Even Mistress Match'em cannot guess--
+    It really patience tires.
+  He hung, last night, o'er Bella's chair,
+    And things seem'd at a close--
+  To-day 'twas Bess was all his care,
+    But yet he don't propose.
+
+  He's gone to concert, play, and ball,
+    So often with them now,
+  That it must seem to one and all
+    As binding as a vow.
+  He certainly _does_ mean to take
+    One of the girls, and close
+  The life he leads--the flirting rake--
+    But yet he don't propose.
+
+  I often wonder what he thinks
+    We ask him here to do--
+  Coolly he Cockburn's claret drinks,
+    And wins from me at Loo.
+  For twenty months he's dangled on,
+    The foremost of their beaux,
+  While half-a-dozen else have gone,--
+    And still he don't propose.
+
+  No matter--'tis a comfort, though,
+    To know he will take _one_,
+  And even tho' Bess and Bella go,
+    He still may fix on Fan.
+  I'll have him in the family,
+    That's sure--But, why, you look--
+  "Oh, madam, Mr. Thomson's just
+    Got married to his cook----"
+
+_Tait's Edinburgh Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE WAVERLEY NOVELS.
+
+
+Perhaps no writer has ever enjoyed in his lifetime so extensive a
+popularity as the Author of Waverley. His reputation may be truly said
+to be not only British, but European--and even this is too limited a
+term. He has had the advantage of writing in a language used in
+different hemispheres by highly civilized communities, and widely
+diffused over the surface of the globe; and he has written at a period
+when communication was facilitated by peace; while to the wonder of his
+own countrymen, he has to an unexampled degree established an ascendency
+over the tastes of foreign nations. His works have been sought by
+foreigners with an avidity equalling, nay, almost exceeding, that with
+which they have been received among us. The conflicting literary tastes
+of France and Germany, which twenty years ago seemed diametrically
+opposed, and hopelessly irreconcilable, have at length united in
+admiration of him. In France he has effected a revolution in taste, and
+given victory to the "Romantic School." He has had not only readers, but
+imitators. Among Frenchmen, the author of "Cinq Mars" may be cited as a
+tolerably successful one. Italy, in which what _we_ call "Novels" were
+previously unknown, has been roused from its torpor, and has found a
+worthy imitator of British talent in the author of the "Promessi Sposi."
+Of the Waverley Novels, six editions have been published in Paris. Many
+of them have been translated into French, German, Italian, and other
+languages. To be read both on the banks of the Ganges and the Ohio; and
+to be found, as is mentioned by Dr. Walsh, where perhaps no other
+English book had ever come--on the very verge of civilization, on the
+borders of Turkey--this is indeed a wide reign and a proud distinction;
+but prouder still to be not only read, but to have subjugated, as it
+were, and moulded the literary tastes of the civilized world. Voltaire
+is the writer who, in his lifetime, has approached nearest to this
+extent of popularity. Sovereigns courted and corresponded with him; his
+own countrymen were enthusiastic in his praise; and so general was a
+knowledge of the French language, that a large majority of the
+well-educated throughout Europe, were familiar with his writings. But
+much of this popularity was the popularity of partisanship. He served a
+cause, and for such service, and not alone as the meed of genius, were
+honours lavished upon him. The people of France, by whom he was almost
+deified in his latter years, regarded him less as the literary marvel of
+their land, than as the man once persecuted by despotism, and the ablest
+assailant of those institutions which they were endeavouring to
+undermine. But Voltaire, with all his popularity, has left impressed on
+literature scarcely any distinguishable traces of his power. He
+exhibited no marked originality of style--he founded no school--and as
+for his imitators, where are they? To justify the admiration he excited,
+one must consider not merely how well, but how much and how variously he
+has written. With the exception of Voltaire, and perhaps of Lord Byron,
+there is scarcely a writer whose popularity, while he lived, passed
+beyond the precincts of his own country. This, until latterly, was
+scarcely possible. Till near the middle of the eighteenth century, what
+had been long called the "Republic of Letters" existed only in name. It
+is not truly applicable but to the present period, when the transmission
+of knowledge is rapid and easy, and no work of unquestionable genius can
+excite much interest in any country, without the vibration being quickly
+felt to the uttermost limits of the civilized world. How little this was
+previously the case is evident from the fact, that numerous and
+important as were the political relations of England with the continent,
+and successfully as we had attended to the cultivation of letters, yet
+it is scarcely more than a hundred years since we were first known on
+the continent to have what might deserve to be called "a Literature."
+Shakspeare, Dryden, and Pope, successively enjoyed in their own country
+the highest popularity as writers. Of these, it may reasonably be
+doubted whether the name of the first had been ever heard out of it. We
+can find no evidence which shows that the second had a wider fame. Pope
+was indeed better known; for literature had been made conspicuous
+through honours paid to it by the statesmen of Queen Anne; and Pope was
+the friend of a peer politically eminent, and was thought, in
+conjunction with him, to have written a poem, of which, if the poetry
+was disregarded, the opinions were not unacceptable to the
+"philosophers" of the continent.
+
+One of the points of view in which the Author of Waverley is first
+presented to us is, as a delineator of human character. When we regard
+him in this light, we are struck at once by the fertility of his
+invention, and the force, novelty, and fidelity of his pictures. He
+brings to our minds, not abstract beings, but breathing, acting,
+speaking individuals. Then what variety! What originality! What numbers!
+What a gallery has he set before us! No writer but Shakspeare ever
+equalled him in this respect. Others may have equalled, perhaps
+surpassed him, in the elaborate finishing of some single portrait
+(witness the immortal Knight and Squire of Cervantes, Fielding's Adams,
+and Goldsmith's Vicar); or may have displayed, with greater skill, the
+morbid anatomy of human feeling--and our slighter foibles and finer
+sensibilities have been more exquisitely touched by female hands--but
+none save Shakspeare has ever contributed so largely, so valuably, to
+our collection of characters;--of pictures so surprisingly original,
+yet, once seen, admitted immediately to be conformable to Nature. Nay,
+even his anomalous beings are felt to be generally reconcilable with our
+code of probabilities; and, as has been said of the supernatural
+creations of Shakspeare, we are impressed with the belief, that if such
+beings did exist, they would be as he has represented them.--_Edinburgh
+Review._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MEN COMPARED WITH BEES.
+
+(_From a continuation of "the Indicator," by Leigh Hunt._)
+
+
+It has been thought, that of all animated creation, the bees present the
+greatest moral likeness to man; not only because they labour and lay up
+stores, and live in communities, but because they have a form of
+government and a monarchy. Virgil immortalized them after a human
+fashion. A writer in the time of Elizabeth, probably out of compliment
+to the Virgin Queen, rendered them _dramatis personae_, and gave them a
+whole play to themselves. Above all, they have been held up to us, not
+only as a likeness, but as "a great moral lesson;" and this, not merely
+with regard to the duties of occupation, but the form of their polity. A
+monarchical government, it is said, is natural to man, because it is an
+instinct of nature: the very bees have it.
+
+It may be worth while to inquire a moment into the value of this
+argument; not as affecting the right and title of our Sovereign Lord
+King William the Fourth (whom, with the greatest sincerity, we hope God
+will preserve!), but for its own sake, as well as for certain little
+collateral deductions. And, in the first place, we cannot but remark how
+unfairly the animal creation are treated, with reference to the purposes
+of moral example. We degrade or exalt them, as it suits the lesson we
+desire to inculcate. If we rebuke a drunkard or a sensualist, we think
+we can say nothing severer to him than to recommend him not to make "a
+beast of himself;" which is very unfair towards the beasts, who are no
+drunkards, and behave themselves as nature intended. A horse has no
+habit of drinking; he does not get a red face with it. The stag does not
+go reeling home to his wives. On the other hand, we are desired to be as
+faithful as a dog, as bold as a lion, as tender as a dove; as if the
+qualities denoted by these epithets were not to be found among
+ourselves. But above all, the bee is the argument. Is not the honey-bee,
+we are asked, a wise animal?--We grant it.--"Doth he not improve each
+passing hour?"--He is pretty busy, it must be owned--as much occupied at
+eleven, twelve, and one o'clock, as if his life depended on it:--Does he
+not lay up stores?--He does.--Is he not social? Does he not live in
+communities?--There can be no doubt of it.--Well, then, he has a
+monarchical government; and does not that clearly show that a monarchy
+is the instinct of nature? Does it prove, by an unerring rule, that the
+only form of government in request among the obeyers of instinct, is the
+only one naturally fitted for man?
+
+In answering the spirit of this question, we shall not stop to inquire
+how far it is right as to the letter, or how many different forms of
+polity are to be found among other animals, such as the crows, the
+beavers, the monkeys; neither shall we examine how far instinct is
+superior to reason, nor why the example of man himself is to go for
+nothing. We will take for granted, that the bee is the wisest animal of
+all, and that it is a judicious thing to consider his manners and
+customs, with reference to their adoption by his inferiors, who keep him
+in hives. This naturally leads us to inquire, whether we could not frame
+all our systems of life after the same fashion. We are busy, like the
+bee; we are gregarious, like him; we make provision against a rainy day;
+we are fond of flowers and the country; we occasionally sting, like him;
+and we make a great noise about what we do. Now, if we resemble the bee
+in so many points, and his political instinct is so admirable, let us
+reflect what we ought to become in other respects, in order to attain to
+the full benefit of his example.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+But we have not yet got half through the wonders, which are to modify
+human conduct by the example of this wise, industrious, and
+monarch-loving people. Marvellous changes must be effected, before we
+have any general pretension to resemble them, always excepting in the
+aristocratic particular. For instance, the aristocrats of the hive,
+however unmasculine in their ordinary mode of life, are the only males.
+The working-classes, like the sovereign, are all females! How are we to
+manage this? We must convert, by one sudden meta-morphosis, the whole
+body of our agricultural and manufacturing population into women! Mrs.
+Cobbett must displace her husband, and tell us all about Indian corn.
+There must be not a man in Nottingham, except the Duke of Newcastle; and
+he trembling lest the Queen should send for him. The tailors, bakers,
+carpenters, gardeners, must all be Mrs. Tailors and Mrs. Bakers. The
+very name of John Smith must go out. The Directory must be Amazonian.
+This commonalty of women must also be, at one and the same time, the
+operatives, the soldiers, the virgins, and the legislators of the
+country! They must make all we want, fight all our enemies, and even get
+up a Queen for us when necessary; for the sovereigns of the hive are
+often of singular origin, being manufactured! literally "made to order,"
+and that too by dint of their eating! They are fed and stuffed into
+royalty! The receipt is, to take any ordinary female bee in its infancy,
+put it into a royal cradle or cell, and feed it with a certain kind of
+jelly; upon which its shape alters into that of sovereignty, and her
+Majesty issues forth, royal by the grace of stomach. This is no fable,
+as the reader may see on consulting any good history of bees. In
+general, several Queen-bees are made at a time, in case of accidents;
+but each, on emerging from her apartment, seeks to destroy the other,
+and one only remains living in one hive. The others depart at the head
+of colonies, like Dido.
+
+To sum up then the conditions of human society were it to be re-modelled
+after the example of the bee, let us conclude with drawing a picture of
+the state of our beloved country, so modified. Imprimis, all our working
+people would be females, wearing swords, never marrying, and
+occasionally making queens. They would grapple with their work in a
+prodigious manner, and make a great noise. Secondly, our aristocracy
+would be all males, never working, never marrying, (except when sent
+for,) always eating or sleeping, and annually having their throats cut.
+The bee-massacre takes place in July; when accordingly all our nobility
+and gentry would be out of town, with a vengeance! The women would draw
+their swords, and hunt and stab them all about the West end, till
+Brompton and Bayswater would be choked with slain.
+
+Thirdly, her Majesty the Queen would either succeed to a quiet throne,
+or, if manufactured, would have to eat a prodigious quantity of jelly in
+her infancy; and so alter growing into proper sovereign condition, would
+issue forth, and begin her reign either with killing her royal sisters,
+or leading forth a colony to America or New South Wales. She would then
+take to husband some noble lord for the space of one calendar hour, and
+dismissing him to his dullness, proceed to lie in of 12,000 little royal
+highnesses in the course of the eight following weeks, with others too
+numerous to mention; all which princely generation with little
+exception, would forthwith give up their title, and divide themselves
+into lords or working-women as it happened; and so the story would go
+round to the end of the chapter, bustling, working, and massacring:--and
+here ends the sage example of the Monarchy of the Bees.
+
+We must observe nevertheless, before we conclude, that however ill and
+tragical the example of the bees may look for human imitation, we are
+not to suppose that the fact is anything like so melancholy to
+themselves. Perhaps it is no evil at all, or only so for the moment. The
+drones, it is true, seem to have no fancy for being massacred; but we
+have no reason to suppose, that they, or any of the rest concerned in
+this extraordinary instinct, are aware of the matter beforehand; and the
+same is to be said of the combats between the Queen-bees; they appear to
+be the result of an irresistible impulse, brought about, by the sudden
+pressure of a necessity. Bees appear to be very happy, during far the
+greater portion of their existence. A modern writer, of whom it is to be
+lamented that a certain want of refinement stopped short his
+perceptions, and degraded his philosophy from the finally expedient into
+what was fugitively so, has a passage on this point, as agreeable as
+what he is speaking of. "A bee among the flowers in spring," says Dr.
+Paley, "is one of the cheerfullest objects that can be looked upon. Its
+life appears to be all enjoyment, _so busy and so pleased_."--_Abridged
+from the New Monthly Magazine_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Toast of a Scotch Peer_.--Lord K--, dining at Provost S--'s, and being
+the only peer present, one of the company gave a toast, "The Duke of
+Buccleugh." So the peerage went round till it came to Lord K--, who said
+he would give them a peer, which, although not toasted, was of more use
+than the whole. His lordship gave "The Pier of Leith."--_Chambers's
+Edin. Jour._
+
+Caroline, Queen of George II. amused herself by reading Butler's
+_Analogy of Religion to Human Nature_; a book which Hoadley, Bishop of
+Winchester, said always gave him the head-ache, if he only looked into
+it.
+
+After George II. had ceased to visit the theatres, Macklin's farce of
+_Love A-la-mode_ having been acted with much applause, he sent for the
+manuscript, and had it read over to him by a sedate old Hanoverian
+gentleman, who being but little acquainted with English, spent eleven
+weeks in puzzling out the author's meaning!
+
+_Ships_.--During the early part of the last century, as has been
+remarked, almost all the towns of England were on the water (in the
+navy.) Of the few persons who have been so highly esteemed as to have
+their names given to men of war, are Dr. Franklin and Joan of Arc, who
+were thus honoured by the French. In the English navy, the ships the
+Royal George have been singularly unfortunate. The Great Harry also was
+burnt in the reign of Queen Mary.
+
+_Personal Ornament_.--The city of Kano, the great emporium of the
+kingdom of Houssa, in Africa, is celebrated for the art of dyeing cotton
+cloth, which is afterwards beaten with wooden mallets until it acquires
+a japan gloss. The women dye their hair with indigo, and also their
+hands, feet, legs, and eyebrows. Their legs and arms thus painted, look
+as if covered with dark blue gloves and boots. Both men and women colour
+their teeth a blood-red, which is esteemed a great ornament. T. GILL.
+
+_A "Manager."_--Colley Cibber gives the following spirited description
+of a famous theatrical manager in his day; "That he was as sly a tyrant
+as ever was at the head of a theatre, for he gave the actors more
+liberty, and fewer day's pay than any of his predecessors; he would
+laugh with them over a bottle, and trick them in their bargains; he kept
+them poor, that they might not be able to rebel; and sometimes merry,
+that they might not think of it"
+
+_Newton's Weather Wisdom_.--Sir Isaac Newton was once riding over
+Salisbury Plain, when a boy, keeping sheep, called to him--"Sir, you had
+better make haste on, or you will get a wet jacket." Newton looking
+round and observing neither clouds nor speck on the horizon, jogged on,
+taking very little notice of the rustic's information. He had made but a
+few miles, when a storm suddenly arising, wetted him to the skin.
+Surprised at the circumstance, and determined, if possible, to ascertain
+how an ignorant boy had attained a precision and knowledge in the
+weather, of which the wisest philosophers would be proud, he rode back,
+wet as he was. "My lad," said Newton, "I'll give thee a guinea if thou
+wilt tell me how thou canst foretell the weather so truly." "Will ye,
+sir? I will then," said the boy, scratching his head, and holding out
+his hand for the guinea. "Now, sir," having received the money, and
+pointing to his sheep, "when you see that black ram turn his tail
+towards the wind, 'tis a sure sign of rain within an hour." "What,"
+exclaimed the philosopher, "must I, in order to foretell the weather,
+stay here, and watch which way that black ram turns his tail?" "Yes,
+sir," replied the boy. Off rode Newton, quite satisfied with his
+discovery, but not much inclined to avail himself of it, or to recommend
+it to others.      W.G.C.
+
+_Primitive Lamp_.--The inhabitants of the Landes, in the south of
+France, being cut off from the rest of the world, have it not in their
+power, except when once or twice a year they travel to the nearest towns
+with their wool, to purchase candles; and as they have no notion how
+these can be made, they substitute in their place a lamp fed with the
+turpentine extracted from the fir-trees. The whole process is simple and
+primitive. To obtain the turpentine, they cut a hole in the tree, and
+fasten a dish in it to catch the sap as it oozes through, and as soon as
+the dish is filled, they put a wick of cotton into the midst of the
+liquor, and burn it as we do a lamp.     W.G.C.
+
+_Turning the Back_.--In this and all countries of Europe, to turn the
+back upon persons of rank or in authority, is considered highly
+improper; a striking instance of which may be seen in the mode in which
+messengers from the Lords retreat along the floor of the House of
+Commons. In the interior of Africa it is quite otherwise. There the
+court assemble round the sovereign invariably with their backs to him.
+T. GILL.
+
+A gentleman having frequently reproved his servant, an Irish girl, for
+boiling eggs too hard, requested her in future, to boil them only three
+minutes by the clock. "Sure, sir," replied the girl, "how shall I do
+that, for your honour knows the clock is always a quarter of an hour too
+fast."     W.G.C.
+
+_Unhappy Fate of Camoens_.--Camoens the celebrated Portuguese poet, was
+shipwrecked at the mouth of the river Meco, on the coast of Camboja, and
+lost his whole property; but through the assistance of his black
+servant, he saved his life and his poems, which he bore through the
+waves in one hand,[4] whilst he swam ashore with the other: his black
+servant begged in the streets of Lisbon for the support of his master,
+who died in 1579. It is said that his death was accelerated by the
+anguish with which he foresaw the ruin impending over his country. In
+one of his letters (says his biographer) he uses these remarkable
+expressions: "I am ending the course of my life; the world will witness
+how I have loved my country. I have returned not only to die in her
+bosom, but to die with her." He was buried as obscurely as he had closed
+his life, in St. Anne's Church, and the following epitaph was inscribed
+over his grave:--
+
+      "Here lies Lewis de Camoens,
+    Prince of the Poets of his time.
+  He lived poor and miserable, and died
+      such, Anno Domini, 1579."
+
+P.T.W.
+
+_The Philosopher's Stone_.--Sir Kenelm Digby was relating to King James
+that he had seen the true Philosopher's Stone, in the possession of a
+hermit in Italy; and when the king was very curious to understand what
+sort of a stone it was, and Sir Kenelm being much puzzled in describing
+it, Sir Francis Bacon, who was present, interposed, and said, "Perhaps
+it was a _whetstone_."
+
+N.B. There is an old _proverbial_ expression, in which an excitement to
+a lie was called a _whetstone_.     P.T.W.
+
+    [4] Precious Salvage.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand. (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by ERNAEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic;
+G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen and
+Booksellers._
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE ***
+
+***** This file should be named 11543-8.txt or 11543-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/5/4/11543/
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David King, and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's
+eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII,
+compressed (zipped), HTML and others.
+
+Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks replace the old file and take over
+the old filename and etext number.  The replaced older file is renamed.
+VERSIONS based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving
+new filenames and etext numbers.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+EBooks posted prior to November 2003, with eBook numbers BELOW #10000,
+are filed in directories based on their release date.  If you want to
+download any of these eBooks directly, rather than using the regular
+search system you may utilize the following addresses and just
+download by the etext year. For example:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/etext06
+
+    (Or /etext 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99,
+     98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90)
+
+EBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are
+filed in a different way.  The year of a release date is no longer part
+of the directory path.  The path is based on the etext number (which is
+identical to the filename).  The path to the file is made up of single
+digits corresponding to all but the last digit in the filename.  For
+example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/1/0/2/3/10234
+
+or filename 24689 would be found at:
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/6/8/24689
+
+An alternative method of locating eBooks:
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/GUTINDEX.ALL
+
+
diff --git a/old/11543-8.zip b/old/11543-8.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..47a1677
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/11543-8.zip
diff --git a/old/11543-h.zip b/old/11543-h.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72562b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/11543-h.zip
diff --git a/old/11543-h/11543-h.htm b/old/11543-h/11543-h.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eeae1da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/11543-h/11543-h.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,1982 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+<head>
+<meta name="generator" content=
+"HTML Tidy for Solaris (vers 1st October 2003), see www.w3.org" />
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
+"text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
+<title>The Mirror of Literature, Issue 545.</title>
+
+<style type="text/css">
+/*<![CDATA[*/
+
+  <!--
+  body                 {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;}
+  p                    {text-align: justify;}
+  blockquote           {text-align: justify;}
+  h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6    {text-align: center;}
+  pre                  {font-size: 0.7em;}
+
+  hr                   {text-align: center; width: 50%;}
+  html>body hr         {margin-right: 25%; margin-left: 25%; width: 50%;}
+  hr.full              {width: 100%;}
+  html>body hr.full    {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;}
+  hr.short             {text-align: center; width: 20%;}
+  html>body hr.short   {margin-right: 40%; margin-left: 40%; width: 20%;}
+
+  .note, .footnote
+  {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;}
+
+  span.pagenum
+  {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt;}
+
+  .poem
+  {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;}
+  .poem .stanza        {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;}
+  .poem p              {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+  .poem p.i2           {margin-left: 1em;}
+  .poem p.i4           {margin-left: 2em;}
+  .poem p.i6           {margin-left: 3em;}
+  .poem p.i8           {margin-left: 4em;}
+  .poem p.i10          {margin-left: 5em;}
+
+  .figure
+  {padding: 1em; margin: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em; margin: auto;}
+  .figure img
+                       {border: none;}
+  .figure p
+
+  .side { float:right;
+          font-size: 75%;
+          width: 25%;
+          padding-left:10px;
+          border-left: dashed thin;
+          margin-left: 10px;
+          text-align: left;
+          text-indent: 0;
+          font-weight: bold;
+          font-style: italic;}
+  -->
+/*]]>*/
+</style>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction
+       Vol. 19, Issue 545, May 5, 1832
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 11, 2004 [EBook #11543]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David King, and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page273" name="page273"></a>[pg
+273]</span>
+<h1>THE MIRROR<br />
+OF<br />
+LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1>
+<hr class="full" />
+<table width="100%" summary="Volume, Number, and Date">
+<tr>
+<td align="left"><b>Vol. 19. No. 545.</b></td>
+<td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, MAY 5, 1832</b></td>
+<td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS, REGENTS'S PARK.</h2>
+<div class="figure" style="width:60%;"><a href=
+"images/545-1.png"><img width="100%" src="images/545-1.png" alt=
+"" /></a> Emu Enclosure</div>
+<div class="figure" style="width:60%;"><a href=
+"images/545-2.png"><img width="100%" src="images/545-2.png" alt=
+"" /></a> Pelican Enclosure</div>
+<div class="figure" style="width:60%;"><a href=
+"images/545-3.png"><img width="100%" src="images/545-3.png" alt=
+"" /></a> Aviary for Small Birds</div>
+<p>Our strolls to this scene of intellectual amusement, (or "the
+gardens with a long name," as Lord Mulgrave's new heroine naively
+calls them,) are neither few nor far between. The acquaintance is
+of some standing, since <i>The Mirror</i> was the first journal
+that contained any pictorial representation of these Gardens, or
+any connected notice of the animals.<a id="footnotetag1" name=
+"footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a> At that
+time the Society had not published their "List," and our twopenny
+guide was common in the hands of visiters. We do not ask for the
+thanks of the Council in contributing to their annual receipts, now
+usually amounting to &pound;10,000.: we were studying the interest
+of our readers, which uniformly brings its own reward. The first of
+the present illustrations is the <i>Emu Enclosure</i>, in the old
+Garden. Several broods of <i>Emus</i> have been reared by the
+Society at their Farm at Kingston Hill; and some of the year's
+birds are usually exhibited here. Next is the <i>Pelican
+Enclosure</i>, containing a house of mimic rock-work, and a
+capacious tank of water, the favourite element of the Pelican. One
+pair in mature plumage, and a second pair, supposed to be the young
+of the same species, are exhibited. The third Cut is the <i>Aviary
+for small and middle-sized birds</i>, at the north-eastern corner
+of the Garden. Here are kept various British Birds, as the
+different species of Crows and Song Birds. The bamboo ornaments of
+the building are not, therefore, of the appropriate character that
+we so much admire elsewhere in the Gardens.</p>
+<div class="figure" style="width:60%;"><a href=
+"images/545-4.png"><img width="100%" src="images/545-4.png" alt=
+"" /></a> "Happy Jerry"</div>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page274" name="page274"></a>[pg
+274]</span>
+<p>The individual with this felicitous <i>soubriquet</i>, was a
+specimen of the great Mandrill Baboon, in its adult state, the
+<i>Papio Maimon</i> of Geoffrey, and the <i>Cynocephalus Maimon</i>
+of Desmarest. It is a native of the Gold Coast and Guinea, in
+Africa, where whole droves of them often plunder the orchards and
+vineyards. Their colours are greyish brown, inclining to olive
+above; the cheeks are blue and furrowed, and the chin has a
+sharp-pointed orange beard; the nose grows red, especially towards
+the end, where it becomes of a bright scarlet. Such are, however,
+only the colours of the adult animal; the young differs materially,
+on which account it has been considered by naturalists as a
+distinct species.</p>
+<p>Jerry is now a member of death's "antic court," but his
+necrology may be interesting to the reader. Mr. Cross describes him
+as "from on board a slave vessel that had been captured off the
+Gold Coast, in the year 1815," when he was supposed to be three
+years old. He was landed at Bristol, and was there purchased by the
+proprietor of a travelling menagerie, who kept him for some years,
+and taught him the various accomplishments he after excelled in, as
+sitting in a chair, smoking, drinking grog, &amp;c.; probably he
+required but little tuition in the latter; since we find a fondness
+for fermented liquors numbered among his habits by the biographers
+of his species. In 1828, Jerry was purchased by Mr. Cross, and
+exhibited at the King's Mews, when he appeared in full vigour, and
+attracted a large number of daily visitors. He was fed daily from
+the table of his owner, and almost made a parlour guest; taking
+tea, toast, bread and butter, soup, boiled and roast meats,
+vegetables, pastry, &amp;c., with as much <i>gout</i> as any member
+of a club in his vicinity. In 1829, his eccentricities reached the
+royal ear at Windsor, and George the Fourth, (whose partiality to
+<i>exotics</i>, animate or inanimate, was well known,) sent an
+"express command" that Jerry should attend at the Castle. The
+invitations of royalty are always undeclinable, and Jerry obeyed
+accordingly. The King was much amused with his visiter, and, says
+our informant, "his Majesty was delighted at seeing him eat the
+state dinner, consisting of venison, &amp;c., which had been
+prepared for him."<a id="footnotetag2" name=
+"footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> Thus,
+Jerry was not in the parlous state described by Touchstone: he was
+not damned, like the poor shepherd: <i>he</i> had been to court. He
+had also learnt good and gallant manners. He recognised many of his
+frequent visiters, and if any female among them was laid hold of,
+in his presence, he would bristle with rage, strike the bars of his
+cage with tremendous force, and violently gnash his teeth at the
+ungallant offender.</p>
+<p>In the autumn of 1831, Jerry's health began to decline, and he
+was accordingly removed from Charing Cross to the suburban
+salubrity of the Surrey Zoological Gardens. All was of no avail:
+though, as a biographer would say of a nobler animal, every remedy
+was tried to restore him to health. Life's fitful fever was well
+nigh over with him, and in the month of December last&mdash;he
+died. His body was opened and examined, when it appeared that his
+death was through old age; and, although he had been a free liver,
+and, as Mr. Cross facetely observes, "was not a member of a
+Temperance Society," his internal organization did not seem to have
+suffered in the way usually consequent upon hard drinking. Perhaps
+a few ascetic advocates of cant and care-wearing abstinence will
+think that we ought to conceal this exceptionable fact, lest
+Jerry's example should be more frequently followed. Justice demands
+otherwise; and as the biographers of old tell us that Alexander the
+Great died of hard-drinking, so ought we to record that Happy
+Jerry's life was not shortened by the imperial propensity: in this
+case, the monkey has beat the man: proverbially, the man beats the
+monkey. Jerry had, however, his share of ailment: he had been a
+martyr to that love-pain, the tooth-ache; several of his large
+molar teeth being entirely decayed. This circumstance accounted for
+the gloomy appearance he would sometimes put on, and his covering
+his head with his hands, and laying it in his chair. Poor fellow!
+we could have sympathized with him from our very hearts&mdash;we
+mean teeth. Jerry's remains have been carefully embalmed, (we hope
+in his favourite spirit,) and are now at the Surrey Gardens; where
+the arrival of a living congener is daily expected. Meanwhile, will
+nobody write the <i>hic jacet</i> of the deceased? or no publisher
+engage for his reminiscences? Mr. Cross would probably supply the
+skeleton&mdash;of the memoir&mdash;not of his poor dead Jerry. What
+tales could he have told of the slave-stricken people of the Gold
+Coast, what horrors of the slave-ship whence <span class=
+"pagenum"><a id="page275" name="page275"></a>[pg 275]</span> he was
+taken, what a fine graphic picture of his voyage, and his travels
+in England, <i>&agrave; la Prince Puckler Muskau</i>, not
+forgetting his visit to Windsor Castle.</p>
+<p>Baboons may be rendered docile in confinement; though they
+almost always retain the disposition to revenge an injury. At the
+Cape, they are often caught when young, and brought up with milk;
+perhaps Jerry was so nurtured; and Kolben tells us, that they will
+become as watchful over their master's property as the most
+valuable house-dog is in Europe. Many of the Hottentots believe
+they can speak, but that they avoid doing so lest they should be
+enslaved, and compelled to work! What a libel upon human nature is
+conveyed in this trait of savage credulity. The bitterest reproofs
+of man's wickedness are not only to be found in the varnished
+lessons of civilization. Here is a touching piece of simplicity
+upon which James Montgomery might found a whole poem.</p>
+<p>Baboons, in their native countries, are sometimes hunted with
+dogs, but their chase is often fatal to the assailants. Mr.
+Burchell tells us that several of his dogs were wounded by the
+bites of baboons, and two or three dogs were thus bitten asunder. A
+species of baboon common in Ceylon, often attains the height of
+man. It is very fearless; and Bishop Heber relates that an
+acquaintance of his having on one occasion shot a young baboon, the
+mother came boldly up and wrested the gun out of his hand without
+doing him any injury.</p>
+<hr />
+<p>By way of pendent, we add the present state of THE ZOOLOGICAL
+SOCIETY, from the report just completed.</p>
+<pre>
+Gross amount of the income of last year             &pound;17,633<a id="footnotetag3"
+   name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a>
+Being an increase over the preceding year of          1,857
+Receipts of four months of the past year              3,330
+Receipts of corresponding months of the present year  3,755
+<i>Receipts of the Society since its formation</i>
+  In 1827                                           &pound; 4,079
+     1828                                            11,515
+     1829                                            13,991
+     1830                                            15,806
+     1831                                            17,662<a href=
+"#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a>
+                                                     &mdash;&mdash;&mdash;-
+Total since its formation                           &pound;63,053
+
+<i>Visiters to the Gardens</i>.
+
+In 1830&mdash;224,745 paying    9,773&pound;
+   1831&mdash;258,936          11,425&pound;
+
+<i>Visiters to the Museum</i>.
+
+In 1831&mdash;11,636 paying       333&pound;
+Number of Fellows          2,074
+</pre>
+<p>The Society have obtained a grant of nine acres and a half of
+land, in the Regent's Park, contiguous to their gardens; and they
+intend to devote 1,000<i>l</i>. annually to the improvement of the
+Museum.</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>THE CURFEW BELL.</h3>
+<h4>(<i>To the Editor</i>.)</h4>
+<p>Observing in your No. 543, some remarks relating to the ancient
+custom of ringing the Curfew Bell, and that <i>Reginald</i>, your
+correspondent, had withheld the name of the village where he heard
+the Curfew rang, I am led to suppose that it may not be
+uninteresting to your readers to be informed, that at Saint Helen's
+Church, Abingdon, this custom is still continued; the bell is rung
+at eight o'clock every night, and four o'clock every morning,
+during the winter months; why it is rung in the morning I do not
+know; perhaps some of your readers can inform me. There are eight
+bells in Saint Helen's tower, but the fifth or sixth is generally
+used as the Curfew, to distinguish it from the death-bell, for
+which purpose the tenor is used, and is rung at the same time at
+night if a death has happened in the course of the day, and for
+that night supersedes the necessity of ringing the Curfew. The
+Curfew Bell is rung, and not tolled, as <i>Reginald</i> states:
+therefore, what he heard, I suppose to have been the death bell.
+M.D.</p>
+<h4>(<i>From another Correspondent</i>.)</h4>
+<p>The custom of tolling the Curfew is still retained in the town
+of Sandwich, to which place your correspondent, <i>Reginald</i>, no
+doubt alludes, as the sea-shore is distant about two miles; hence
+is distinctly visible the red glare of the Lighthouse on Ramsgate
+Pier, as also the North Foreland. G.C.</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>COIN OF EDWARD III.</h3>
+<h4>(<i>For the Mirror</i>.)</h4>
+<p>A beautiful gold coin, a noble of the reign of Edward III., was
+discovered, some time since, by the workmen employed in excavating
+the river Witham, in the city of Lincoln. The coin is in excellent
+preservation. The impress <span class="pagenum"><a id="page276"
+name="page276"></a>[pg 276]</span> represents the half-length
+figure of Edward in a ship, holding a sword in the right hand, and
+in the left a sceptre and shield, with the inscription "EDWARDUS
+DEI GRA. REX ANGL., DYS. HYB. ET AGT." On the shield are the arms
+of England and France quarterly. On the reverse, a cross fleury
+with lionaux, inscribed, "JESVS AUTEM TRANSIENS PER MEDIUM ILLORUM
+IBAT." These coins are very scarce, and remarkable as being the
+first impressed with the figure of a ship; this is said to have
+been done to commemorate the victory obtained by Edward over the
+French fleet off Sluys, on Midsummer-day, 1340, and which is
+supposed to have suggested to Edward the idea of claiming
+superiority over every other maritime power&mdash;a dominion which
+his successors have now maintained for nearly five hundred years.
+W.G.C.</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>PENDERELL JEWEL.</h3>
+<h4>(<i>For the Mirror</i>.)</h4>
+<p>An ancient medal, or coin, ornamented with jewels, was
+purchased, a few years since, of one of the descendants of
+Penderell, to whom it was presented by Charles II., as a valuable
+token of his gratitude for certain protection afforded by him to
+that prince, when endeavouring to effect his escape in disguise
+from England, in the year 1648. It consists of a gold coin of
+Ferdinand II., dated 1638, surrounded by a row of sixteen
+brilliants enchased in silver, enriched with blue enamel, and
+bearing the motto, "<i>Usque ad aris fidelis</i>." The reverse is
+also enameled, and the jewel is intended to be worn as an ornament
+to the person. W.G.C.</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>PECUNIARY COMPENSATION FOR PERSONAL INJURIES.</h3>
+<h4>(<i>For the Mirror</i>.)</h4>
+<p>The present laws which enable a person to obtain pecuniary
+compensation for personal injuries, appear to be founded on very
+ancient precedent. Mr. Sharon Turner, in his History of the
+Anglo-Saxons, gives a statement of the sums at which our ancestors
+valued the various parts of their earthly tenements. He says "Homer
+is celebrated for discriminating the wounds of his heroes with
+anatomical precision. The Saxon legislators were not less anxious
+to distinguish between the different wounds to which the body is
+liable, and which from their laws, we infer that they frequently
+suffered. In their most ancient laws these were the
+punishments:</p>
+<p>"The loss of an eye or of a leg, appears to have been considered
+as the most aggravated injury that could arise from an assault, and
+was therefore punished by the highest fine, or fifty shillings.</p>
+<p>"To be made lame, was the next most considerable offence, and
+the compensation for it was thirty shillings.</p>
+<p>"For a wound which caused deafness, twenty-five shillings.</p>
+<p>"To lame the shoulder, divide the chine bone, cut off the thumb,
+pierce the diaphragm, or to tear off the hair and fracture the
+skull, was each punished by a fine of twenty shillings.</p>
+<p>"For cutting off the little finger, eleven shillings.</p>
+<p>"For cutting off the great toe, or for tearing off the hair
+entirely, ten shillings.</p>
+<p>"For piercing the nose, nine shillings.</p>
+<p>"For cutting off the fore finger, eight shillings.</p>
+<p>"For cutting off the gold-finger, for every wound in the thigh,
+for wounding the ear, for piercing both cheeks, for cutting either
+nostril, for each of the front teeth, for breaking the jaw bone,
+for breaking an arm, six shillings.</p>
+<p>"For seizing the hair so as to hurt the bone, for the loss of
+either of the eye teeth, or the middle finger, four shillings.</p>
+<p>"For pulling the hair so that the bone become visible, for
+piercing the ear or one cheek, for cutting off the thumb nail, for
+the first double tooth, for wounding the nose with the fist, for
+wounding the elbow, for breaking a rib, or for wounding the
+vertebrae, three shillings.</p>
+<p>"For every nail (probably of the fingers) and for every tooth
+beyond the first double tooth, one shilling.</p>
+<p>"For seizing the hair, fifty scoettas.</p>
+<p>"For the nail of the great toe, thirty scoettas.</p>
+<p>"For every other nail, ten scoettas."</p>
+<p>W.A.R.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>THE COSMOPOLITE.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>THE POETRY OF ANCIENT DAYS.</h3>
+<h4>(<i>For the Mirror</i>.)</h4>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Little Jack Horner, sat in a corner,</p>
+<p class="i2">Eating a Christmas pie,</p>
+<p>He pulled out a plum with his finger and thumb,</p>
+<p class="i2">And said what a good boy am I.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>Of all the poems that delight our infancy, there is no one
+perhaps which makes a more lasting impression on the memory and the
+imagination, than the preceding. The name of its author is lost in
+the shades of remote antiquity; <span class="pagenum"><a id=
+"page277" name="page277"></a>[pg 277]</span> and even the century
+when it first made its appearance, has eluded the vigilance of
+antiquarian research. Before entering upon its poetical merits, we
+must observe a striking peculiarity in the diction: there is not a
+single word in it, but that is of Anglo-Saxon origin, so that it
+may be considered as an admirable specimen of pure English, and as
+calculated to inspire the infant mind with a distaste for the
+numerous exotic terms, which, in the present age, disfigure our
+language. It has been well remarked in the review of that ancient
+poem, Jack and Jill, that the reader's interest in the hero and
+heroine is not divided with subordinate characters. But the poem of
+Jack Horner possesses this excellence in a more eminent degree; in
+the former the interest, is divided between two, in the latter it
+is concentrated in one; and, notwithstanding the ingenuity of the
+reviewer, it must be confessed that so little is indicated by the
+poet, as to the character of Jack and Jill, that we feel no more
+interest in their fate, tragical as it is, than if they were
+designated by the letters X and Y of algebraical notoriety; or by
+the names of those personages, who figure in legal fictions, John
+Doe and Richard Roe.</p>
+<p>Not so with Jack Horner: the very incident recorded in the first
+line lets us into his character; he is evidently a lover of
+solitude and of solitary contemplation. He is not, however, a
+gloomy ascetic; he takes into his corner a Christmas pie, and,
+while he leisurely gratifies his palate, his mind feasts on the
+higher luxury of an approving conscience. It has been said that the
+man who loves solitude must be either an angel or a demon. Horner
+had more of the former in his composition; he retired from the busy
+haunts of his playmates not to meditate mischief, but to feast upon
+the pie, which had probably been given him as a reward for his good
+conduct, and indulge in the delightful thoughts to which the
+consciousness of deserving it gave rise. But here it may be
+objected, why instead of eating his pie in a corner, did he not
+share it with his companions? The remark is pertinent, but the
+circumstance only evinces the admirable management of the poet; to
+represent his hero without a defect would be to outrage nature, and
+to render imitation hopeless. Horner, it must be admitted, with all
+his excellence, was too fond of good eating; it is in vain to deny
+it; his deliberately pulling out a plum with his finger and thumb,
+shows the epicure, not excited by the voracity of hunger, but
+evidently aiming to protract his enjoyment. The exclamation which
+follows savours of vanity; but when his youth is recollected, this
+will be deemed a venial error, and it must also be considered that
+his few faults were probably compensated by a constellation of
+excellencies. This poem has been imitated, (I will not say
+successfully, for its beautiful simplicity is in fact inimitable,)
+by one of the greatest statesmen and classical scholars of the
+present century, Mr. Canning; and it is melancholy to reflect that,
+while a monument is erecting to the memory of the latter and his
+name lives in the mouths of men, all traces of that original poet,
+whose inspirations he sought to imitate, are entirely lost. The
+lines of Mr. Canning are to be found in his "Loves of the
+Triangles:"</p>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Thus youthful Homer rolled the roguish eye.</p>
+<p>Culled the dark plum from out the Christmas pie,</p>
+<p>And cried in self applause, how good a boy am I.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>P.Q.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>ANECDOTE GALLERY.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>GEORGE THE FIRST.</h3>
+<p>Previously to the King's arrival in this country, a proclamation
+had been issued, offering, in case the Pretender should land in any
+part of the British isles, the sum of 100,000<i>l</i>. for his
+apprehension. At the first masquerade which the King attended in
+this country, an unknown lady, in a domino, invited him to drink a
+glass of wine at one of the side-tables; he readily assented, and
+the lady filling a bumper, said, "Here, mask, the Pretender's
+health."&mdash;Then filling another glass, she presented it to the
+King, who received it with a smile, saying, "I drink, with all my
+heart, to the health of every unfortunate prince."</p>
+<p>The person of the King, says Walpole, is as perfect in my memory
+as if I saw him but yesterday: it was that of an elderly man,
+rather pale, and exactly like his pictures and coins; not tall, of
+an aspect rather good than august, with a dark tie wig, a plain
+coat, waistcoat and breeches, of snuff-coloured cloth, with
+stockings of the same colour, and a blue riband over all.</p>
+<p>He often dined, after shooting, at Sir Robert Walpole's house on
+Richmond Hill; where he indulged his partiality for punch to such
+an extent, that the Duchess of Kendal enjoined the Germans who
+usually accompanied him, to restrain him from drinking too much:
+but they went about their task with so little address, that the
+King took offence, and silenced them by the coarsest epithets in
+their mother tongue.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page278" name="page278"></a>[pg
+278]</span>
+<p>He appears to have entertained a very low opinion of the
+political integrity of his courtiers, and the honesty of his
+household. He laughed at the complaints made by Sir Robert Walpole
+against the Hanoverians, for selling places; and would not believe
+that the custom was not sanctioned by his English advisers and
+attendants. Soon after his first arrival in this country, a
+favourite cook, whom he had brought from Hanover grew melancholy,
+and wanted to return home. The King having inquired why he wanted
+to quit his household, the fellow replied, "I have long served your
+Majesty honestly, not suffering any thing to be embezzled in your
+kitchen; but here, the dishes no sooner come from your table, than
+one steals a fowl, another a pig, a third a joint of meat, a fourth
+a pie, and so on, till the whole is gone; and I cannot bear to see
+your Majesty so injured!" The King, laughing heartily, said, "My
+revenues here enable me to bear these things; and, to reconcile you
+to your place, do you steal like the rest, and mind you take
+enough." The cook followed this advice, and soon became a very
+expert thief.</p>
+<p>Toland says, in a pamphlet published about the year 1705, I need
+give no more particular proof of the King's frugality in laying out
+the public money, than that all the expenses of his court, as to
+eating, drinking, fire, candles, and the like, are duly paid every
+Saturday night; the officers of his army receive their pay every
+month, and all the civil list are cleared every half year. He was
+greatly annoyed by the want of confidence in his economy, displayed
+by his British subjects; lamenting to his private friends that he
+had left his electorate to become a begging King; and adding, that
+he thought it very hard to be constantly opposed in his application
+for supplies, which it was his intention to employ for the benefit
+of the nation.</p>
+<p>The account of the death of George the First was first brought
+to Walpole, in a dispatch from Townshend, who had accompanied that
+monarch to the continent. The minister instantly repaired to the
+palace at Richmond. The new King had then retired to take his usual
+afternoon nap. On being informed that his father was dead, he could
+scarcely be brought to put faith in the intelligence, until told
+that the minister was waiting in the ante-chamber with Lord
+Townshend's despatch. At length, he received Walpole, who,
+kneeling, kissed his hand, and inquired whom he would please to
+appoint to draw up the address to the Privy Council. "Sir Spencer
+Compton," replied the King, an answer which signified Sir Robert's
+dismissal.</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>DEATH OF QUEEN CAROLINE.</h3>
+<p>When very near her end, she inquired of one of the physicians in
+attendance, "How long can this last?" "Your Majesty will soon be
+eased of your pains," was the reply. "The sooner the better," said
+the Queen: and she then most fervently engaged in extempore prayer.
+Shortly afterwards, she twice desired that cold water might be
+thrown over her, to support her strength, while her family put up a
+final petition in her behalf. "Pray aloud," said she, "that I may
+hear you." She then faintly joined them in repeating the Lord's
+prayer; and, at its conclusion, calmly laid down, waved her hand,
+and expired.</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>GEORGE THE SECOND.</h3>
+<p>At one period, while the Duke of Newcastle was in power, in the
+reign of George II. many serious complaints were made relative to
+the settlement of public accounts. The King, at length, became
+acquainted with the alleged grievances, and warmly remonstrated
+with the Duke on his carelessness and inattention; protested that
+he was determined, at once for his own satisfaction and that of his
+aggrieved people, to look into the papers himself. "Is your Majesty
+in earnest?" asked the Duke. The King replied in the affirmative,
+and the Duke promised to send him the accounts. At an early hour on
+the following morning, the King was disturbed by an extraordinary
+noise in the courtyard of his palace, and, looking out of the
+window, he perceived a cart or a wagon laden with books and papers,
+which, on inquiry he found had been sent by the Duke of Newcastle.
+Shortly afterwards the minister himself appeared, and the King
+asked him what he meant by sending a wagon-load of stationery to
+the palace. "These are the documents relative to the public
+accounts," replied his grace, "which your Majesty insisted on
+examining; and there is no other mode of forwarding them except by
+carts or wagons. I expect a second load will arrive in a few
+minutes." "Then, my Lord Duke," replied the King, "you may make a
+bonfire of them for me. I would rather be a galley-slave than go
+through the rubbish; so away with it, and countermand the cart
+which you say is coming; but pray let me hear no more complaints on
+this subject."</p>
+<p>On another occasion, he sent, in a fury, for the duke's brother,
+Mr. Pelham, and inquired, in a coarse and angry <span class=
+"pagenum"><a id="page279" name="page279"></a>[pg 279]</span>
+manner, why the civil list had not been paid. Pelham replied that
+he had been compelled to use the money for some public and more
+important purpose. The King, however, would not admit of this
+excuse; and swore, if the arrears were not instantly paid, he would
+get another minister. "I am determined," said he, "not to be the
+only master in my dominions who does not pay his servants' wages."
+One day, it appears that he was actually without a shilling in his
+pocket; for it is related that a half idiot labourer while the King
+was inspecting the progress of some repairs at Kensington, having
+asked his Majesty for something to drink, the King, although
+offended, was yet ashamed to refuse the fellow, and put his hand
+into the usual receptacle of his cash; but, to his surprise and
+confusion, found it empty. "I have no money," said he, angrily.
+"Nor I either," quoth the labourer; "and for my part, I can't think
+what has become of it all."</p>
+<p>Few men were more deeply impressed with the value of money,
+although he occasionally startled those about him, by being
+unexpectedly liberal, as in the cases of his donation to the
+university of Cambridge, and his submitting to the extortion of the
+Dutch innkeeper. One evening while passing by a closet in which
+wood was kept for the use of the bed-chamber, he dropped some
+guineas, one of which having rolled under the door, he said to the
+page in waiting, "We must get out this guinea: let us remove the
+fuel." In a short time, with the attendant's aid, he found the
+guinea, which, however, he gave to his fellow-labourer, as a reward
+for the exertions of the latter, in helping him to take the wood
+out of the closet, observing, "I do not like any thing to be lost,
+but I wish every man to receive the value of his work."</p>
+<p>Of the hastiness of George the Second's temper, several examples
+have been given: but it was never, perhaps, more ludicrously
+displayed than in his first interview with Dr. Ward. The King
+having been afflicted for some time with a violent pain in his
+thumb, for which his regular medical attendants could afford him no
+relief, he sought the assistance of Ward, whose famous pills and
+drops were then in great estimation. The doctor, being aware of the
+King's complaint, went to the palace, at the time commanded, with,
+it is said, a specific concealed in the hollow of his hand. On
+being admitted to his Majesty's presence, he, of course, proceeded
+to examine the royal thumb; which he suddenly wrenched with such
+violence, that the King called him a cursed rascal, and
+condescended to kick his shins. He soon found, however, that the
+doctor, had as it were, magically relieved his thumb from pain: and
+so grateful did he feel to Ward, whom he now termed his Esculapius,
+that he prevailed on him to accept a handsome carriage and horses,
+and shortly afterwards, presented his nephew, who subsequently
+became a general, with an ensigncy in the guards.&mdash;<i>From the
+Georgian Era</i>.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>NOTES OF A READER.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>THE HUNCHBACK.</h3>
+<h4><i>A Play, by James Sheridan Knowles</i>.</h4>
+<p>It would be rather <i>mal-apropos</i> to write the Beauties of
+the Hunchback, but such a term is elliptically applicable to the
+following passages from Mr. Knowles's clever and original
+play:&mdash;</p>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>INSIGNIFICANT ENEMIES.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Is't fit you waste your choler on a burr?</p>
+<p>The nothings of the town; whose sport it is</p>
+<p>To break their villain jests on worthy men,</p>
+<p>The graver still the fitter! Fie, for shame!</p>
+<p>Regard what such would say? So would not I,</p>
+<p>No more than heed a cur.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza"></div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>HONOURABLE SUCCESS.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>What merit to be dropp'd on fortune's hill?</p>
+<p>The honour is to mount it.</p>
+<p>* * * Knowledge, industry,</p>
+<p>Frugality, and honesty;&mdash;the sinews</p>
+<p>The surest help the climber to the top,</p>
+<p>And keep him there.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza"></div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>WISE PRECEPT.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="i10">Better owe</p>
+<p>A yard of land to labour, than to chance</p>
+<p>Be debtor for a rood!</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza"></div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>THE TOWN.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Nine times in ten the town's a hollow thing,</p>
+<p>Where what things are is naught to what they show;</p>
+<p>Where merit's name laughs merit's self to scorn!</p>
+<p>Where friendship and esteem that ought to be</p>
+<p>The tenants of men's hearts, lodge in their looks</p>
+<p>And tongues alone. Where little virtue, with</p>
+<p>A costly keeper, passes for a heap;</p>
+<p>A heap for none, that has a homely one!</p>
+<p>Where fashion makes the law&mdash;your umpire which</p>
+<p>You bow to, whether it has brains or not.</p>
+<p>Where Folly taketh off his cap and bells,</p>
+<p>To clap on Wisdom, which must bear the jest!</p>
+<p>Where, to pass current you must seem the thing,</p>
+<p>The passive thing, that others think, and not</p>
+<p>Your simple, honest, independent self!</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza"></div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>LOVE.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Say but a moment, still I say I love you.</p>
+<p>Love's not a flower that grows on the dull earth;</p>
+<p>Springs by the calendar; must wait for sun&mdash;</p>
+<p>For rain;&mdash;matures by parts,&mdash;must take its time</p>
+<p>To stem, to leaf, to bud, to blow. It owns</p>
+<p>A richer soil, and boasts a quicker seed!</p>
+<p>You look for it, and see it not; and lo!</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page280" name="page280"></a>[pg
+280]</span>
+<p>E'en while you look, the peerless flower is up,</p>
+<p>Consumate in the birth!</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>In joining contrasts lieth love's delight.</p>
+<p>Complexion, stature, nature, mateth it,</p>
+<p>Not with their kinds, but with their opposites.</p>
+<p>Hence hands of snow in palms of russet lie;</p>
+<p>The form of Hercules affects the sylph's</p>
+<p>And breasts that case the lion's fear-proof heart,</p>
+<p>Find their lov'd lodge in arms where tremors dwell!</p>
+<p>Haply for this, on Afric's swarthy neck,</p>
+<p>Hath Europe's priceless pearl been seen to hang,</p>
+<p>That makes the orient poor! So with degrees,</p>
+<p>Rank passes by the circlet-graced brow</p>
+<p>Upon the forehead bare of notelessness,</p>
+<p>To print the nuptial kiss!</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza"></div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>COUNTRY LIFE.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>The life I'd lead!</p>
+<p>But fools would fly from it; for O! 'tis sweet!</p>
+<p>It finds the heart out, be there one to find;</p>
+<p>And corners in't where store of pleasures lodge,</p>
+<p>We never dream'd were there! It is to dwell</p>
+<p>'Mid smiles that are not neighbours to deceit;</p>
+<p>Music whose melody is of the heart</p>
+<p>And gifts that are not made for interest,&mdash;</p>
+<p>Abundantly bestow'd, by nature's cheek,</p>
+<p>And voice, and hand! It is to live on life,</p>
+<p>And husband it! It is to constant scan</p>
+<p>The handiwork of heaven! It is to con</p>
+<p>Its mercy, bounty, wisdom, power! It is</p>
+<p>To nearer see our God!</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza"></div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>JEALOUSY.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>A dreadful question is it, when we love,</p>
+<p>To ask if love's return'd! I did believe</p>
+<p>Fair Julia's heart was mine&mdash;I doubt it now.</p>
+<p>But once last night she danced with me, her hand</p>
+<p>To this gallant and that engaged, as soon</p>
+<p>As asked for! Maid that loved would scarce do this!</p>
+<p>Nor visit we together as we used,</p>
+<p>When first she came to town. She loves me less</p>
+<p>Than once she did&mdash;or loves me not at all.</p>
+<p>Misfortune liketh company: it seldom</p>
+<p>Visits its friends alone.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza"></div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>A MAIDEN HEART.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>A young woman's heart,</p>
+<p>Is not a stone to carve a posey on!</p>
+<p>Which knows not what is writ on't&mdash;which you may buy,</p>
+<p>Exchange or sell,&mdash;keep or give away,</p>
+<p>It is a richer&mdash;yet a poorer thing!</p>
+<p>Priceless to him that owns and prizes it;</p>
+<p>Worthless when own'd, not priz'd; which makes the man</p>
+<p>That covets it, obtains it, and discards it,&mdash;</p>
+<p>A fool, if not a villain.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza"></div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>A CURATE'S SON.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>Better be a yeoman's son!</p>
+<p>Was it the rector's son, he might be known,</p>
+<p>Because the rector is a rising man,</p>
+<p>And may become a bishop. He goes light.</p>
+<p>The curate ever hath a loaded back.</p>
+<p>He may be called yeoman of the church</p>
+<p>That sweating does his work, and drudges on</p>
+<p>While lives the hopeful rector at his ease.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<hr />
+<h3>CHARACTER OF GEORGE THE FOURTH.</h3>
+<p>In the third and concluding volume of the <i>Life and Reign of
+George IV</i>., (a portion of Dr. Lardner's <i>Cabinet
+Library</i>,) we find the following summary of the earthly career
+of the late King&mdash;shaded with some admixture of severity, but,
+altogether, to be commended for the manliness and unflinching
+spirit in which it is written. Our contemporary biography sadly
+lacks vigorous and plain-speaking summaries of character.</p>
+<p>"In the events and achievements which give interest and lustre
+to his regency and reign, George IV. had personally no share. He
+was but contemporary with them. To the progress of science, of
+literature, of legislation, he was a stranger. The jealous
+limitations of the regal power,&mdash;the independence, enterprise,
+and social advancement of the nation, would account and afford
+excuse for this: but were he absolute as Louis XIV.,&mdash;obeyed
+and imitated with the same implicit servility,&mdash;the higher
+purposes of intellectual being were beyond his range. With the fine
+arts his relations were more close and personal. The progress of
+architecture was sudden and astonishing, during the epoch which
+will bear his name. London, before his accession to the executive
+power, was a rich, populous, elegantly built capital, but without a
+due proportion of prominent structures characterized by
+architectural grandeur, beauty, or curiosity. In a few years
+magnificent lines and masses of building were begun and completed;
+but they were mainly the growth of wealth, vanity, speculation, and
+peace. Where his influence was directly felt it proved unfortunate.
+He lavished millions in creating vicious models, and fantastic
+styles of architecture, and brought into fashion artists without
+capacity or taste. There was not in his kingdom a more discerning
+judge of painting; but he had no imagination for the higher class
+of art. He preferred the exquisite and humorous realities of the
+Dutch painters to the poetic or historic schools of Italy; and,
+though a studious collector, he gave no great impulse to native
+talent. In music he had both taste and skill: he encouraged an art
+which formed one of his enjoyments; and if his patronage has
+brought forth no composer of the first order, the cause may exist
+in some circumstances of national inaptitude.</p>
+<p>"It is necessary to go back some centuries for an English king
+to whom he bears the nearest likeness in <i>ensemble</i> of
+character. The parallel at first sight may be thought injurious,
+but the likeness will upon consideration be found striking and
+complete. George IV. had in his youth the eclat of personal
+endowment, education, and accomplishment,&mdash;of success in the
+fashionable exercises and graces of his age,&mdash;and of that
+reckless prodigality which obtains popular homage and applause in a
+prince. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page281" name=
+"page281"></a>[pg 281]</span> Henry VIII. in his youth was one of
+the most brilliant personages of Europe. A fine person,&mdash;the
+accomplishments of his time in literature and the arts,&mdash;the
+display of gorgeous prodigality,&mdash;raised him to a sort of
+chivalrous rivalry with Francis I. In mental culture he excelled
+George IV., who owes much of his reputation for capacity and
+acquirement to an imposing manner, and the eagerness to applaud a
+prince: stripped of this charm, his ideas and language appeared
+worse than common when he put them on paper. Both had the same
+dominant ambition to be distinguished and imitated, as the arbiters
+of fashion in dress for the costliness, splendour, or novelty of
+their toilet. Henry VIII. and George IV. surrounded themselves with
+the men most distinguished for wit and talent, with a remarkable
+coincidence of motive, as ministering to their vanity or pleasures;
+but as soon as they became troublesome or useless, both cast them
+off with the same careless indifference. Henry VIII., it is true,
+sacrificed to his own caprices, or to court intrigue, the lives of
+those whom he had chosen for his social familiarity;&mdash;whilst
+George IV. merely turned off his so called friends, and thought of
+them no more. But such is the difference between barbarism and
+tyranny on the one side, and civilization and freedom on the other:
+that which was death in the former, is but court disgrace in the
+latter. George IV. was not cruel&mdash;he had even a certain
+susceptibility; the spectacle of human suffering revolted him: but
+suffering to affect him must have been present to his sense. Was
+Henry VIII. gratuitously cruel? That does not appear. He took no
+pleasure for itself in shedding blood, and avoided being a witness
+of it. Had he been obliged to look on whilst Anne Boleyn and Sir
+Thomas More were bleeding, he probably would have spared them. He
+sacrificed them to his impulses from mere selfish indifference.
+With their wives and mistresses Henry VIII. and George IV. were
+governed by the same self-indulgent despotism&mdash;the same animal
+disgusts. Henry VIII. had six wives, and sent one to the scaffold
+as the prelude to his marriage with another. George IV. had only
+one wife, but she suffered the persecutions of six; and if she
+escaped decapitation or divorce, it was from no failure of
+inclination or instruments. Henry VIII. was the tyrant of his
+people, and George IV. was not: yet is there even here a
+similitude. Both surrendered their understandings to their
+ministers, upon the condition of subserviency to their personal
+desires. What George would have been in the age of Henry it might
+be ungracious to suppose; but it may be asserted that Henry, had he
+been reserved for the close of the eighteenth century, would have a
+very different place in opinion and history as a king and as a
+man,&mdash;such are the beneficent, humanizing influences of
+knowledge, civilization, the spirit of religious tolerance, and
+laws mutually guarding and guarded by public liberty!"</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>AN ECLIPSE AT BOOSSA.</h3>
+<h4>(<i>From Landers' Travels, vol. ii.</i>)</h4>
+<p>"About ten o'clock at night, when we were sleeping on our mats,
+we were suddenly awoke by a great cry of distress from innumerable
+voices, attended by a horrid clashing and clattering noise, which
+the hour of the night tended to make more terrific. Before we had
+time to recover from our surprise, old Pascoe rushed breathless
+into our hut, and informed us with a trembling voice that 'the sun
+was dragging the moon across the heavens.' Wondering what could be
+the meaning of so strange and ridiculous a story, we ran out of the
+hut half dressed, and we discovered that the moon was totally
+eclipsed. A number of people were gathered together in our yard, in
+dreadful apprehension that the world was at an end, and that this
+was but the 'beginning of sorrows.' We learnt from them that the
+Mahomedan priests residing in the city, having personified the sun
+and moon, had told the king and the people that the eclipse was
+occasioned through the obstinacy and disobedience of the latter
+luminary. They said that for a long time previously the moon had
+been displeased with the path she had been compelled to take
+through the heavens, because it was filled with thorns and briers,
+and obstructed with a thousand other difficulties; and therefore
+that, having watched for a favourable opportunity, she had this
+evening deserted her usual track, and entered into that of the sun.
+She had not, however, travelled far up the sky, on the forbidden
+road, before the circumstance was discovered by the sun, who
+immediately hastened to her in his anger, and punished her
+dereliction by clothing her in darkness, forcing her back to her
+own territories, and forbidding her to shed her light upon the
+earth. This story, whimsical as it may seem, was received with
+implicit confidence in its truth by the king and queen <span class=
+"pagenum"><a id="page282" name="page282"></a>[pg 282]</span> and
+most of the people of Booss&agrave;; and the cause of the noises
+which we had heard, and which were still continuing with renewed
+vehemence, was explained to us by the fact that they were all
+'assembled together in the hope of being able to frighten away the
+sun to his proper sphere, and leave the moon to enlighten the world
+as at other times.' This is much after the manner of many savage
+nations.</p>
+<p>"While our informant was yet speaking to us, a messenger arrived
+at our yard from the king, to tell us the above tale, and with an
+invitation to come to see him immediately. Therefore, slipping on
+the remainder of our clothes, we followed the man to the residence
+of his sovereign, from outside of which the cries proceeded, and
+here we found the king and his timid partner sitting on the ground.
+Their usual good spirits and cheerful behaviour had forsaken them
+entirely; both appeared overwhelmed with apprehension, and trembled
+at every joint. Like all their subjects, in the hurry of fear and
+the suddenness of the alarm, they had come out of their dwellings
+half dressed, the head and legs, and the upper part of their
+persons, being entirely exposed. We soon succeeded in quelling
+their fears, or at least in diminishing, their apprehension. The
+king then observed, that neither himself nor the oldest of his
+subjects recollected seeing but one eclipse of the moon besides the
+one he was gazing at; that it had occurred exactly when the
+Fal&aacute;tahs began to be formidable in the country, and that it
+had forewarned them of all the wars, disasters, and calamities,
+which subsequently took place.</p>
+<p>"We had seated ourselves opposite to the king and queen, and
+within two or three feet of them, where we could readily observe
+the moon and the people without inconvenience, and carry on the
+conversation at the same time. If the royal couple shuddered, with
+terror on beholding the darkened moon, we were scarcely less
+affected by the savage gestures of those within a few yards of us
+and by their repeated cries, so wild, so loud, and so piercing,
+that an indescribable sensation of horror stole over us, and
+rendered us almost as nervous as those whom we had come to comfort.
+The earlier part of the evening had been mild, serene, and
+remarkably pleasant; the moon had arisen with uncommon lustre, and
+being at the full, her appearance was extremely delightful. It was
+the conclusion of the holidays, and many of the people were
+enjoying the delicious coolness of a serene night, and resting from
+the laborious exertions of the day; but when the moon became
+gradually obscured, fear overcame every one. As the eclipse
+increased, they became more terrified. All ran in great distress to
+inform their sovereign of the circumstance, for there was not a
+single cloud to cause so deep a shadow, and they could not
+comprehend the nature or meaning of an eclipse. The king was as
+easily frightened as his people, being equally simple and ignorant;
+he would not therefore suffer them to depart. Numbers sometimes
+beget courage and confidence, he thought; so he commanded them to
+remain near his person, and to do all in their power to restore the
+lost glory of the moon.</p>
+<p>"In front of the king's house, and almost close to it, are a few
+magnificent cotton-trees, round which the soil had been freed from
+grass, &amp;c., for the celebration of the games. On this spot were
+the terrified people assembled, with every instrument capable of
+making a noise which could be procured in the whole town. They had
+formed themselves into a large treble circle, and continued running
+round with amazing velocity, crying, shouting, and groaning with
+all their might. They tossed and flung their heads about, twisted
+their bodies into all manner of contortions, jumped into the air,
+stamped with their feet on the ground, and flourished their hands
+above their heads. No scene in the romance of Robinson Crusoe was
+so wild and savage as this; and a large wood fire, with a few men
+spitted and roasting before it, was alone wanting to render it
+complete! Little boys and girls were outside the ring, running to
+and fro, clashing empty calabashes against each other, and crying
+bitterly; groups of men were blowing on trumpets, which produced a
+harsh and discordant sound; some were employed in beating old
+drums; others again were blowing on bullock's horns; and in the
+short intervals between the rapid succession of all these
+fiend-like noises, was heard one more dismal than the rest,
+proceeding from an iron tube, accompanied by the clinking of
+chains. Indeed, everything that <i>could</i> increase the uproar
+was put in requisition on this memorable occasion; nor did it cease
+till midnight, when the eclipse had passed away. Never have we
+witnessed so extraordinary a scene as this. The diminished light,
+when the eclipse was complete, was just sufficient to enable us to
+distinguish the various groups of people, and contributed in no
+small degree to render the scene still more imposing. <span class=
+"pagenum"><a id="page283" name="page283"></a>[pg 283]</span> If an
+European, a stranger to Africa, were to be placed on a sudden in
+the midst of the terror-struck people, he would imagine himself to
+be among a legion of demons, holding a revel over a fallen spirit;
+so peculiarly unearthly wild, and horrifying was the appearance of
+the dancing group, and the clamour which they made. It was perhaps
+fortunate for us that we had an almanac with us, which foretold the
+eclipse; for although we neglected to inform the king of this
+circumstance, we were yet enabled to tell him and his people the
+exact time of its disappearance. This succeeded in some measure in
+suppressing their fears, for they would believe anything we might
+tell them; and perhaps, also, it has procured for us a lasting
+reputation 'and a name.' 'Oh,' said the king, 'there will be sorrow
+and crying this night from Wowow to Y&agrave;oorie. The people will
+have no one to comfort or condole with them; they will fancy this
+eclipse to be the harbinger of something very dreadful; and they
+will be in distress and trouble till the moon shall have regained
+her brightness.' It was nearly one o'clock when we left the king
+and queen, to return to our hut; everything was then calm and
+silent, and we lay down to rest in peace."</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY</h2>
+<h3>POTTERY.</h3>
+<p>Appended to the volume of the <i>Transactions of the Society of
+Arts</i>, just published, are selections from a series of
+Illustrations on Pottery and Porcelain, which were read before the
+Society by their ingenious secretary, Mr. Arthur Aikin. We quote a
+few.</p>
+<h4><i>Raphael China.</i></h4>
+<p>"Raffaello himself is said in his youth to have painted, or at
+least to have given designs for painting, in enamel on glazed
+earthenware. Such works are commonly known by the name of Raphael
+china, two interesting specimens of which, from the collection of
+R.H. Solly, Esq., are now before you. From some casual flaws in the
+back of these plates, it may be seen that the body of them is red
+earthenware in one, and grayish brown in the other, and of rather a
+coarse quality. Mr. Windus also has sent a plate, doubtless of
+Italian manufacture, bearing the date of 1533, thirteen years after
+the death of Raffaello. He has also sent a singular specimen of a
+somewhat similar ware, but with the figures in high relief, and far
+inferior to the former as a work of art.</p>
+<p>"Mr. Brockedon informs me that, in his journey among the alps
+last year, he saw some beautiful specimens of Raphael china, in the
+possession of the hostess of an inn at the village of Rauris, in
+Carinthia. They consisted of three dishes; the subjects painted on
+them are, Pan and Apollo, Jupiter and Semele, and on the largest,
+Apollo surrounded by wreaths of nymphs and satyrs, and on the rim
+are entwined Cupids: this latter dish is about twenty inches in
+diameter, and bears an inscription, in Italian, purporting that it
+was made at Rome, in 1542, in the manufactory of Guido di Merlingho
+Vassaro, a native of Urbino. The date is twenty-two years after the
+death of Raphael; but, as the manufacturer was a fellow-townsman of
+that celebrated artist, the inscription, taken in connexion with
+the anecdote of Vasari already mentioned, is interesting, as
+throwing light on the association of the name of Raffaello with
+this species of ware."</p>
+<h4><i>Delft or Dutch.</i></h4>
+<p>"It is probably from Italy that Holland received this art. The
+Venetians, the Genoese, and the Florentines, had very extensive
+commercial dealings with the merchants of Antwerp and of other
+towns in the Low Countries; it is therefore extremely likely that
+the potters of Holland, to whom is due the first fabrication of
+clay tobacco-pipes of excellent quality, derived their knowledge of
+glazed ware from this source. The town of Delft was the centre of
+these potteries, in which were fabricated the tiles known in
+England by the name of Dutch; and the delft were employed for table
+services, and for other domestic purposes. Considered merely with
+regard to its material, the Dutch potters seem to have improved on
+their Italian original, being probably instigated by a comparison
+with the blue and white patterns of Nankin, which was now largely
+imported by the Dutch from China and Japan, and which is a coarse,
+yellowish, porcelain body, covered by an opaque white glaze. In the
+ornamental part, however, the Dutch fell immeasurably short of the
+potters of Florence; blue seems to have been the only colour
+employed by them; and their favourite patterns appear to have been
+either copies of the Chinese, or European and Scripture subjects
+treated in a truly Chinese manner and taste.</p>
+<p>"It is about two hundred years ago since some Dutch potters came
+and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page284" name="page284"></a>[pg
+284]</span> established themselves in Lambeth, and by degrees a
+little colony was fixed in that village, possessed of about twenty
+manufactories, in which was made the glazed pottery and tiles
+consumed in London and in various other parts of the kingdom. Here
+they continued in a flourishing state, giving employment to many
+hands in the various departments of their art, till about fifty or
+sixty years ago; when the potters of Staffordshire, by their
+commercial activity, and by the great improvements introduced by
+them in the quality of their ware, in a short time so completely
+beat out of the market the Lambeth delft manufacturers, that this
+ware is now made only by a single house, and forms the smallest
+part even of their business.</p>
+<p>"The articles of delft ware, for which there still continues to
+be an effective demand, are plain white tiles for dairies and for
+lining baths, pomatum pots, and a few jugs, and other similar
+articles of a pale blue colour."</p>
+<p>(<i>To be continued.</i>)</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>NON-PROPOSALS, OR DOUBTS RESOLVED.</h3>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>I wonder when 'twill be our turn</p>
+<p class="i2">A wedding here to keep!</p>
+<p>Sure Thomson's "<i>flame</i>" might quicker burn,</p>
+<p class="i2">His "<i>love</i>" seems gone to sleep!</p>
+<p>I wonder why he hums and haws</p>
+<p class="i2">With 'kerchief at his nose:</p>
+<p>And then makes one expecting pause,&mdash;&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">Yet still he don't propose.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>I wonder whether Bell or Bess,</p>
+<p class="i2">It is he most admires,</p>
+<p>Even Mistress Match'em cannot guess&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">It really patience tires.</p>
+<p>He hung, last night, o'er Bella's chair,</p>
+<p class="i2">And things seem'd at a close&mdash;</p>
+<p>To-day 'twas Bess was all his care,</p>
+<p class="i2">But yet he don't propose.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>He's gone to concert, play, and ball,</p>
+<p class="i2">So often with them now,</p>
+<p>That it must seem to one and all</p>
+<p class="i2">As binding as a vow.</p>
+<p>He certainly <i>does</i> mean to take</p>
+<p class="i2">One of the girls, and close</p>
+<p>The life he leads&mdash;the flirting rake&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">But yet he don't propose.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>I often wonder what he thinks</p>
+<p class="i2">We ask him here to do&mdash;</p>
+<p>Coolly he Cockburn's claret drinks,</p>
+<p class="i2">And wins from me at Loo.</p>
+<p>For twenty months he's dangled on,</p>
+<p class="i2">The foremost of their beaux,</p>
+<p>While half-a-dozen else have gone,&mdash;</p>
+<p class="i2">And still he don't propose.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p>No matter&mdash;'tis a comfort, though,</p>
+<p class="i2">To know he will take <i>one</i>,</p>
+<p>And even tho' Bess and Bella go,</p>
+<p class="i2">He still may fix on Fan.</p>
+<p>I'll have him in the family,</p>
+<p class="i2">That's sure&mdash;But, why, you look&mdash;</p>
+<p>"Oh, madam, Mr. Thomson's just</p>
+<p class="i2">Got married to his cook&mdash;&mdash;"</p>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<p><span style="margin-left:3em"><i>Tait's Edinburgh
+Magazine.</i></span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<hr />
+<h3>THE WAVERLEY NOVELS.</h3>
+<p>Perhaps no writer has ever enjoyed in his lifetime so extensive
+a popularity as the Author of Waverley. His reputation may be truly
+said to be not only British, but European&mdash;and even this is
+too limited a term. He has had the advantage of writing in a
+language used in different hemispheres by highly civilized
+communities, and widely diffused over the surface of the globe; and
+he has written at a period when communication was facilitated by
+peace; while to the wonder of his own countrymen, he has to an
+unexampled degree established an ascendency over the tastes of
+foreign nations. His works have been sought by foreigners with an
+avidity equalling, nay, almost exceeding, that with which they have
+been received among us. The conflicting literary tastes of France
+and Germany, which twenty years ago seemed diametrically opposed,
+and hopelessly irreconcilable, have at length united in admiration
+of him. In France he has effected a revolution in taste, and given
+victory to the "Romantic School." He has had not only readers, but
+imitators. Among Frenchmen, the author of "Cinq Mars" may be cited
+as a tolerably successful one. Italy, in which what <i>we</i> call
+"Novels" were previously unknown, has been roused from its torpor,
+and has found a worthy imitator of British talent in the author of
+the "Promessi Sposi." Of the Waverley Novels, six editions have
+been published in Paris. Many of them have been translated into
+French, German, Italian, and other languages. To be read both on
+the banks of the Ganges and the Ohio; and to be found, as is
+mentioned by Dr. Walsh, where perhaps no other English book had
+ever come&mdash;on the very verge of civilization, on the borders
+of Turkey&mdash;this is indeed a wide reign and a proud
+distinction; but prouder still to be not only read, but to have
+subjugated, as it were, and moulded the literary tastes of the
+civilized world. Voltaire is the writer who, in his lifetime, has
+approached nearest to this extent of popularity. Sovereigns courted
+and corresponded with him; his own countrymen were enthusiastic in
+his praise; and so general was a knowledge of the French language,
+that a large majority of the well-educated throughout Europe, were
+familiar with his writings. But much of this popularity was the
+popularity of partisanship. He served a cause, and for such
+service, and not alone as the meed of genius, were honours lavished
+upon him. The people of France, by whom he was almost deified in
+his <span class="pagenum"><a id="page285" name="page285"></a>[pg
+285]</span> latter years, regarded him less as the literary marvel
+of their land, than as the man once persecuted by despotism, and
+the ablest assailant of those institutions which they were
+endeavouring to undermine. But Voltaire, with all his popularity,
+has left impressed on literature scarcely any distinguishable
+traces of his power. He exhibited no marked originality of
+style&mdash;he founded no school&mdash;and as for his imitators,
+where are they? To justify the admiration he excited, one must
+consider not merely how well, but how much and how variously he has
+written. With the exception of Voltaire, and perhaps of Lord Byron,
+there is scarcely a writer whose popularity, while he lived, passed
+beyond the precincts of his own country. This, until latterly, was
+scarcely possible. Till near the middle of the eighteenth century,
+what had been long called the "Republic of Letters" existed only in
+name. It is not truly applicable but to the present period, when
+the transmission of knowledge is rapid and easy, and no work of
+unquestionable genius can excite much interest in any country,
+without the vibration being quickly felt to the uttermost limits of
+the civilized world. How little this was previously the case is
+evident from the fact, that numerous and important as were the
+political relations of England with the continent, and successfully
+as we had attended to the cultivation of letters, yet it is
+scarcely more than a hundred years since we were first known on the
+continent to have what might deserve to be called "a Literature."
+Shakspeare, Dryden, and Pope, successively enjoyed in their own
+country the highest popularity as writers. Of these, it may
+reasonably be doubted whether the name of the first had been ever
+heard out of it. We can find no evidence which shows that the
+second had a wider fame. Pope was indeed better known; for
+literature had been made conspicuous through honours paid to it by
+the statesmen of Queen Anne; and Pope was the friend of a peer
+politically eminent, and was thought, in conjunction with him, to
+have written a poem, of which, if the poetry was disregarded, the
+opinions were not unacceptable to the "philosophers" of the
+continent.</p>
+<p>One of the points of view in which the Author of Waverley is
+first presented to us is, as a delineator of human character. When
+we regard him in this light, we are struck at once by the fertility
+of his invention, and the force, novelty, and fidelity of his
+pictures. He brings to our minds, not abstract beings, but
+breathing, acting, speaking individuals. Then what variety! What
+originality! What numbers! What a gallery has he set before us! No
+writer but Shakspeare ever equalled him in this respect. Others may
+have equalled, perhaps surpassed him, in the elaborate finishing of
+some single portrait (witness the immortal Knight and Squire of
+Cervantes, Fielding's Adams, and Goldsmith's Vicar); or may have
+displayed, with greater skill, the morbid anatomy of human
+feeling&mdash;and our slighter foibles and finer sensibilities have
+been more exquisitely touched by female hands&mdash;but none save
+Shakspeare has ever contributed so largely, so valuably, to our
+collection of characters;&mdash;of pictures so surprisingly
+original, yet, once seen, admitted immediately to be conformable to
+Nature. Nay, even his anomalous beings are felt to be generally
+reconcilable with our code of probabilities; and, as has been said
+of the supernatural creations of Shakspeare, we are impressed with
+the belief, that if such beings did exist, they would be as he has
+represented them.&mdash;<i>Edinburgh Review.</i></p>
+<hr />
+<h3>MEN COMPARED WITH BEES.</h3>
+<h4>(<i>From a continuation of "the Indicator," by Leigh
+Hunt.</i>)</h4>
+<p>It has been thought, that of all animated creation, the bees
+present the greatest moral likeness to man; not only because they
+labour and lay up stores, and live in communities, but because they
+have a form of government and a monarchy. Virgil immortalized them
+after a human fashion. A writer in the time of Elizabeth, probably
+out of compliment to the Virgin Queen, rendered them <i>dramatis
+personae</i>, and gave them a whole play to themselves. Above all,
+they have been held up to us, not only as a likeness, but as "a
+great moral lesson;" and this, not merely with regard to the duties
+of occupation, but the form of their polity. A monarchical
+government, it is said, is natural to man, because it is an
+instinct of nature: the very bees have it.</p>
+<p>It may be worth while to inquire a moment into the value of this
+argument; not as affecting the right and title of our Sovereign
+Lord King William the Fourth (whom, with the greatest sincerity, we
+hope God will preserve!), but for its own sake, as well as for
+certain little collateral deductions. And, in the first place, we
+cannot but remark how unfairly the animal creation are treated,
+with reference to the purposes of moral example. We degrade or
+exalt them, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page286" name=
+"page286"></a>[pg 286]</span> as it suits the lesson we desire to
+inculcate. If we rebuke a drunkard or a sensualist, we think we can
+say nothing severer to him than to recommend him not to make "a
+beast of himself;" which is very unfair towards the beasts, who are
+no drunkards, and behave themselves as nature intended. A horse has
+no habit of drinking; he does not get a red face with it. The stag
+does not go reeling home to his wives. On the other hand, we are
+desired to be as faithful as a dog, as bold as a lion, as tender as
+a dove; as if the qualities denoted by these epithets were not to
+be found among ourselves. But above all, the bee is the argument.
+Is not the honey-bee, we are asked, a wise animal?&mdash;We grant
+it.&mdash;"Doth he not improve each passing hour?"&mdash;He is
+pretty busy, it must be owned&mdash;as much occupied at eleven,
+twelve, and one o'clock, as if his life depended on it:&mdash;Does
+he not lay up stores?&mdash;He does.&mdash;Is he not social? Does
+he not live in communities?&mdash;There can be no doubt of
+it.&mdash;Well, then, he has a monarchical government; and does not
+that clearly show that a monarchy is the instinct of nature? Does
+it prove, by an unerring rule, that the only form of government in
+request among the obeyers of instinct, is the only one naturally
+fitted for man?</p>
+<p>In answering the spirit of this question, we shall not stop to
+inquire how far it is right as to the letter, or how many different
+forms of polity are to be found among other animals, such as the
+crows, the beavers, the monkeys; neither shall we examine how far
+instinct is superior to reason, nor why the example of man himself
+is to go for nothing. We will take for granted, that the bee is the
+wisest animal of all, and that it is a judicious thing to consider
+his manners and customs, with reference to their adoption by his
+inferiors, who keep him in hives. This naturally leads us to
+inquire, whether we could not frame all our systems of life after
+the same fashion. We are busy, like the bee; we are gregarious,
+like him; we make provision against a rainy day; we are fond of
+flowers and the country; we occasionally sting, like him; and we
+make a great noise about what we do. Now, if we resemble the bee in
+so many points, and his political instinct is so admirable, let us
+reflect what we ought to become in other respects, in order to
+attain to the full benefit of his example.</p>
+<hr />
+<p>But we have not yet got half through the wonders, which are to
+modify human conduct by the example of this wise, industrious, and
+monarch-loving people. Marvellous changes must be effected, before
+we have any general pretension to resemble them, always excepting
+in the aristocratic particular. For instance, the aristocrats of
+the hive, however unmasculine in their ordinary mode of life, are
+the only males. The working-classes, like the sovereign, are all
+females! How are we to manage this? We must convert, by one sudden
+meta-morphosis, the whole body of our agricultural and
+manufacturing population into women! Mrs. Cobbett must displace her
+husband, and tell us all about Indian corn. There must be not a man
+in Nottingham, except the Duke of Newcastle; and he trembling lest
+the Queen should send for him. The tailors, bakers, carpenters,
+gardeners, must all be Mrs. Tailors and Mrs. Bakers. The very name
+of John Smith must go out. The Directory must be Amazonian. This
+commonalty of women must also be, at one and the same time, the
+operatives, the soldiers, the virgins, and the legislators of the
+country! They must make all we want, fight all our enemies, and
+even get up a Queen for us when necessary; for the sovereigns of
+the hive are often of singular origin, being manufactured!
+literally "made to order," and that too by dint of their eating!
+They are fed and stuffed into royalty! The receipt is, to take any
+ordinary female bee in its infancy, put it into a royal cradle or
+cell, and feed it with a certain kind of jelly; upon which its
+shape alters into that of sovereignty, and her Majesty issues
+forth, royal by the grace of stomach. This is no fable, as the
+reader may see on consulting any good history of bees. In general,
+several Queen-bees are made at a time, in case of accidents; but
+each, on emerging from her apartment, seeks to destroy the other,
+and one only remains living in one hive. The others depart at the
+head of colonies, like Dido.</p>
+<p>To sum up then the conditions of human society were it to be
+re-modelled after the example of the bee, let us conclude with
+drawing a picture of the state of our beloved country, so modified.
+Imprimis, all our working people would be females, wearing swords,
+never marrying, and occasionally making queens. They would grapple
+with their work in a prodigious manner, and make a great noise.
+Secondly, our aristocracy would be all males, never working, never
+marrying, (except when sent for,) always eating or sleeping, and
+annually having their throats cut. The bee-massacre takes place in
+July; when accordingly <span class="pagenum"><a id="page287" name=
+"page287"></a>[pg 287]</span> all our nobility and gentry would be
+out of town, with a vengeance! The women would draw their swords,
+and hunt and stab them all about the West end, till Brompton and
+Bayswater would be choked with slain.</p>
+<p>Thirdly, her Majesty the Queen would either succeed to a quiet
+throne, or, if manufactured, would have to eat a prodigious
+quantity of jelly in her infancy; and so alter growing into proper
+sovereign condition, would issue forth, and begin her reign either
+with killing her royal sisters, or leading forth a colony to
+America or New South Wales. She would then take to husband some
+noble lord for the space of one calendar hour, and dismissing him
+to his dullness, proceed to lie in of 12,000 little royal
+highnesses in the course of the eight following weeks, with others
+too numerous to mention; all which princely generation with little
+exception, would forthwith give up their title, and divide
+themselves into lords or working-women as it happened; and so the
+story would go round to the end of the chapter, bustling, working,
+and massacring:&mdash;and here ends the sage example of the
+Monarchy of the Bees.</p>
+<p>We must observe nevertheless, before we conclude, that however
+ill and tragical the example of the bees may look for human
+imitation, we are not to suppose that the fact is anything like so
+melancholy to themselves. Perhaps it is no evil at all, or only so
+for the moment. The drones, it is true, seem to have no fancy for
+being massacred; but we have no reason to suppose, that they, or
+any of the rest concerned in this extraordinary instinct, are aware
+of the matter beforehand; and the same is to be said of the combats
+between the Queen-bees; they appear to be the result of an
+irresistible impulse, brought about, by the sudden pressure of a
+necessity. Bees appear to be very happy, during far the greater
+portion of their existence. A modern writer, of whom it is to be
+lamented that a certain want of refinement stopped short his
+perceptions, and degraded his philosophy from the finally expedient
+into what was fugitively so, has a passage on this point, as
+agreeable as what he is speaking of. "A bee among the flowers in
+spring," says Dr. Paley, "is one of the cheerfullest objects that
+can be looked upon. Its life appears to be all enjoyment, <i>so
+busy and so pleased</i>."&mdash;<i>Abridged from the New Monthly
+Magazine</i>.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>THE GATHERER.</h2>
+<hr />
+<p><i>Toast of a Scotch Peer</i>.&mdash;Lord K&mdash;, dining at
+Provost S&mdash;'s, and being the only peer present, one of the
+company gave a toast, "The Duke of Buccleugh." So the peerage went
+round till it came to Lord K&mdash;, who said he would give them a
+peer, which, although not toasted, was of more use than the whole.
+His lordship gave "The Pier of Leith."&mdash;<i>Chambers's Edin.
+Jour.</i></p>
+<p>Caroline, Queen of George II. amused herself by reading Butler's
+<i>Analogy of Religion to Human Nature</i>; a book which Hoadley,
+Bishop of Winchester, said always gave him the head-ache, if he
+only looked into it.</p>
+<p>After George II. had ceased to visit the theatres, Macklin's
+farce of <i>Love A-la-mode</i> having been acted with much
+applause, he sent for the manuscript, and had it read over to him
+by a sedate old Hanoverian gentleman, who being but little
+acquainted with English, spent eleven weeks in puzzling out the
+author's meaning!</p>
+<p><i>Ships</i>.&mdash;During the early part of the last century,
+as has been remarked, almost all the towns of England were on the
+water (in the navy.) Of the few persons who have been so highly
+esteemed as to have their names given to men of war, are Dr.
+Franklin and Joan of Arc, who were thus honoured by the French. In
+the English navy, the ships the Royal George have been singularly
+unfortunate. The Great Harry also was burnt in the reign of Queen
+Mary.</p>
+<p><i>Personal Ornament</i>.&mdash;The city of Kano, the great
+emporium of the kingdom of Houssa, in Africa, is celebrated for the
+art of dyeing cotton cloth, which is afterwards beaten with wooden
+mallets until it acquires a japan gloss. The women dye their hair
+with indigo, and also their hands, feet, legs, and eyebrows. Their
+legs and arms thus painted, look as if covered with dark blue
+gloves and boots. Both men and women colour their teeth a
+blood-red, which is esteemed a great ornament. T. GILL.</p>
+<p><i>A "Manager."</i>&mdash;Colley Cibber gives the following
+spirited description of a famous theatrical manager in his day;
+"That he was as sly a tyrant as ever was at the head of a theatre,
+for he gave the actors more liberty, and fewer day's pay than any
+of his predecessors; he would laugh with them over a bottle, and
+trick them in their bargains; he kept <span class="pagenum"><a id=
+"page288" name="page288"></a>[pg 288]</span> them poor, that they
+might not be able to rebel; and sometimes merry, that they might
+not think of it"</p>
+<p><i>Newton's Weather Wisdom</i>.&mdash;Sir Isaac Newton was once
+riding over Salisbury Plain, when a boy, keeping sheep, called to
+him&mdash;"Sir, you had better make haste on, or you will get a wet
+jacket." Newton looking round and observing neither clouds nor
+speck on the horizon, jogged on, taking very little notice of the
+rustic's information. He had made but a few miles, when a storm
+suddenly arising, wetted him to the skin. Surprised at the
+circumstance, and determined, if possible, to ascertain how an
+ignorant boy had attained a precision and knowledge in the weather,
+of which the wisest philosophers would be proud, he rode back, wet
+as he was. "My lad," said Newton, "I'll give thee a guinea if thou
+wilt tell me how thou canst foretell the weather so truly." "Will
+ye, sir? I will then," said the boy, scratching his head, and
+holding out his hand for the guinea. "Now, sir," having received
+the money, and pointing to his sheep, "when you see that black ram
+turn his tail towards the wind, 'tis a sure sign of rain within an
+hour." "What," exclaimed the philosopher, "must I, in order to
+foretell the weather, stay here, and watch which way that black ram
+turns his tail?" "Yes, sir," replied the boy. Off rode Newton,
+quite satisfied with his discovery, but not much inclined to avail
+himself of it, or to recommend it to others.<span style=
+"margin-left:3em">W.G.C.</span></p>
+<p><i>Primitive Lamp</i>.&mdash;The inhabitants of the Landes, in
+the south of France, being cut off from the rest of the world, have
+it not in their power, except when once or twice a year they travel
+to the nearest towns with their wool, to purchase candles; and as
+they have no notion how these can be made, they substitute in their
+place a lamp fed with the turpentine extracted from the fir-trees.
+The whole process is simple and primitive. To obtain the
+turpentine, they cut a hole in the tree, and fasten a dish in it to
+catch the sap as it oozes through, and as soon as the dish is
+filled, they put a wick of cotton into the midst of the liquor, and
+burn it as we do a lamp.<span style=
+"margin-left:3em">W.G.C.</span></p>
+<p><i>Turning the Back</i>.&mdash;In this and all countries of
+Europe, to turn the back upon persons of rank or in authority, is
+considered highly improper; a striking instance of which may be
+seen in the mode in which messengers from the Lords retreat along
+the floor of the House of Commons. In the interior of Africa it is
+quite otherwise. There the court assemble round the sovereign
+invariably with their backs to him.<span style="margin-left:3em">T.
+GILL.</span></p>
+<p>A gentleman having frequently reproved his servant, an Irish
+girl, for boiling eggs too hard, requested her in future, to boil
+them only three minutes by the clock. "Sure, sir," replied the
+girl, "how shall I do that, for your honour knows the clock is
+always a quarter of an hour too fast."<span style=
+"margin-left:3em">W.G.C.</span></p>
+<p><i>Unhappy Fate of Camoens</i>.&mdash;Camoens the celebrated
+Portuguese poet, was shipwrecked at the mouth of the river Meco, on
+the coast of Camboja, and lost his whole property; but through the
+assistance of his black servant, he saved his life and his poems,
+which he bore through the waves in one hand,<a id="footnotetag4"
+name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a>
+whilst he swam ashore with the other: his black servant begged in
+the streets of Lisbon for the support of his master, who died in
+1579. It is said that his death was accelerated by the anguish with
+which he foresaw the ruin impending over his country. In one of his
+letters (says his biographer) he uses these remarkable expressions:
+"I am ending the course of my life; the world will witness how I
+have loved my country. I have returned not only to die in her
+bosom, but to die with her." He was buried as obscurely as he had
+closed his life, in St. Anne's Church, and the following epitaph
+was inscribed over his grave:&mdash;</p>
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<p class="i4">"Here lies Lewis de Camoens,</p>
+<p class="i2">Prince of the Poets of his time.</p>
+<p>He lived poor and miserable, and died</p>
+<p class="i4">such, Anno Domini, 1579."</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p>P.T.W.</p>
+<p><i>The Philosopher's Stone</i>.&mdash;Sir Kenelm Digby was
+relating to King James that he had seen the true Philosopher's
+Stone, in the possession of a hermit in Italy; and when the king
+was very curious to understand what sort of a stone it was, and Sir
+Kenelm being much puzzled in describing it, Sir Francis Bacon, who
+was present, interposed, and said, "Perhaps it was a
+<i>whetstone</i>."</p>
+<p>N.B. There is an old <i>proverbial</i> expression, in which an
+excitement to a lie was called a <i>whetstone</i>.<span style=
+"margin-left:3em">P.T.W.</span></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote1" name=
+"footnote1"></a> <b>Footnote 1</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+<p>The <i>Literary Gazette</i> first published the Ground Plan of
+the Zoological Gardens, from a lithograph circulated among the
+members, towards the close of the year 1827. In seeking to do
+ourselves justice, we must not forget others. Our first Engraving,
+a <i>Bird's Eye View of the Gardens</i> from an original sketch,
+appeared in No. 330, of <i>The Mirror</i>, September 6, 1828.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote2" name=
+"footnote2"></a> <b>Footnote 2</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+<p>This reminds us of the attachment of the late Duke of Norfolk to
+his dogs. They were admitted to the apartment in which his Grace
+dined; and he often selected the fine cuts from joints at table,
+and threw the pieces to the curs upon the polished oak floors of
+Aruudel Castle.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote3" name=
+"footnote3"></a> <b>Footnote 3</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag3">(return)</a>
+<p>These items, which are not quite correct, are from the
+<i>Morning Chronicle</i> report.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote4" name=
+"footnote4"></a> <b>Footnote 4</b>:<a href=
+"#footnotetag4">(return)</a>
+<p>Precious Salvage.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p><i>Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand. (near
+Somerset House,) London; sold by ERNAEST FLEISCHER, 626, New
+Market, Leipsic; G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris;
+and by all Newsmen and Booksellers.</i></p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE ***
+
+***** This file should be named 11543-h.htm or 11543-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/5/4/11543/
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David King, and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's
+eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII,
+compressed (zipped), HTML and others.
+
+Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks replace the old file and take over
+the old filename and etext number.  The replaced older file is renamed.
+VERSIONS based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving
+new filenames and etext numbers.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+EBooks posted prior to November 2003, with eBook numbers BELOW #10000,
+are filed in directories based on their release date.  If you want to
+download any of these eBooks directly, rather than using the regular
+search system you may utilize the following addresses and just
+download by the etext year. For example:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/etext06
+
+    (Or /etext 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99,
+     98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90)
+
+EBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are
+filed in a different way.  The year of a release date is no longer part
+of the directory path.  The path is based on the etext number (which is
+identical to the filename).  The path to the file is made up of single
+digits corresponding to all but the last digit in the filename.  For
+example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/1/0/2/3/10234
+
+or filename 24689 would be found at:
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/6/8/24689
+
+An alternative method of locating eBooks:
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/GUTINDEX.ALL
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/old/11543-h/images/545-1.png b/old/11543-h/images/545-1.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5f30c4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/11543-h/images/545-1.png
diff --git a/old/11543-h/images/545-2.png b/old/11543-h/images/545-2.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c7a842c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/11543-h/images/545-2.png
diff --git a/old/11543-h/images/545-3.png b/old/11543-h/images/545-3.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad301a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/11543-h/images/545-3.png
diff --git a/old/11543-h/images/545-4.png b/old/11543-h/images/545-4.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..81d2cf3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/11543-h/images/545-4.png
diff --git a/old/11543.txt b/old/11543.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9832d1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/11543.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1900 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction
+       Vol. 19, Issue 545, May 5, 1832
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 11, 2004 [EBook #11543]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David King, and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+Vol. 19, No. 545]   SATURDAY, MAY 5, 1832   [Price 2d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS, REGENTS'S PARK.
+
+
+[Illustration: Emu Enclosure]
+
+[Illustration: Pelican Enclosure]
+
+[Illustration: Aviary for Small Birds]
+
+Our strolls to this scene of intellectual amusement, (or "the gardens
+with a long name," as Lord Mulgrave's new heroine naively calls them,)
+are neither few nor far between. The acquaintance is of some standing,
+since _The Mirror_ was the first journal that contained any pictorial
+representation of these Gardens, or any connected notice of the
+animals.[1] At that time the Society had not published their "List," and
+our twopenny guide was common in the hands of visiters. We do not ask
+for the thanks of the Council in contributing to their annual receipts,
+now usually amounting to L10,000.: we were studying the interest of our
+readers, which uniformly brings its own reward. The first of the present
+illustrations is the _Emu Enclosure_, in the old Garden. Several broods
+of _Emus_ have been reared by the Society at their Farm at Kingston
+Hill; and some of the year's birds are usually exhibited here. Next is
+the _Pelican Enclosure_, containing a house of mimic rock-work, and a
+capacious tank of water, the favourite element of the Pelican. One pair
+in mature plumage, and a second pair, supposed to be the young of the
+same species, are exhibited. The third Cut is the _Aviary for small and
+middle-sized birds_, at the north-eastern corner of the Garden. Here are
+kept various British Birds, as the different species of Crows and Song
+Birds. The bamboo ornaments of the building are not, therefore, of the
+appropriate character that we so much admire elsewhere in the Gardens.
+
+    [1] The _Literary Gazette_ first published the Ground Plan of
+    the Zoological Gardens, from a lithograph circulated among the
+    members, towards the close of the year 1827. In seeking to do
+    ourselves justice, we must not forget others. Our first
+    Engraving, a _Bird's Eye View of the Gardens_ from an original
+    sketch, appeared in No. 330, of _The Mirror_, September 6, 1828.
+
+[Illustration: "Happy Jerry"]
+
+The individual with this felicitous _soubriquet_, was a specimen of the
+great Mandrill Baboon, in its adult state, the _Papio Maimon_ of
+Geoffrey, and the _Cynocephalus Maimon_ of Desmarest. It is a native of
+the Gold Coast and Guinea, in Africa, where whole droves of them often
+plunder the orchards and vineyards. Their colours are greyish brown,
+inclining to olive above; the cheeks are blue and furrowed, and the chin
+has a sharp-pointed orange beard; the nose grows red, especially towards
+the end, where it becomes of a bright scarlet. Such are, however, only
+the colours of the adult animal; the young differs materially, on which
+account it has been considered by naturalists as a distinct species.
+
+Jerry is now a member of death's "antic court," but his necrology may be
+interesting to the reader. Mr. Cross describes him as "from on board a
+slave vessel that had been captured off the Gold Coast, in the year
+1815," when he was supposed to be three years old. He was landed at
+Bristol, and was there purchased by the proprietor of a travelling
+menagerie, who kept him for some years, and taught him the various
+accomplishments he after excelled in, as sitting in a chair, smoking,
+drinking grog, &c.; probably he required but little tuition in the
+latter; since we find a fondness for fermented liquors numbered among
+his habits by the biographers of his species. In 1828, Jerry was
+purchased by Mr. Cross, and exhibited at the King's Mews, when he
+appeared in full vigour, and attracted a large number of daily visitors.
+He was fed daily from the table of his owner, and almost made a parlour
+guest; taking tea, toast, bread and butter, soup, boiled and roast
+meats, vegetables, pastry, &c., with as much _gout_ as any member of a
+club in his vicinity. In 1829, his eccentricities reached the royal ear
+at Windsor, and George the Fourth, (whose partiality to _exotics_,
+animate or inanimate, was well known,) sent an "express command" that
+Jerry should attend at the Castle. The invitations of royalty are always
+undeclinable, and Jerry obeyed accordingly. The King was much amused
+with his visiter, and, says our informant, "his Majesty was delighted at
+seeing him eat the state dinner, consisting of venison, &c., which had
+been prepared for him."[2] Thus, Jerry was not in the parlous state
+described by Touchstone: he was not damned, like the poor shepherd: _he_
+had been to court. He had also learnt good and gallant manners. He
+recognised many of his frequent visiters, and if any female among them
+was laid hold of, in his presence, he would bristle with rage, strike
+the bars of his cage with tremendous force, and violently gnash his
+teeth at the ungallant offender.
+
+    [2] This reminds us of the attachment of the late Duke of
+    Norfolk to his dogs. They were admitted to the apartment in
+    which his Grace dined; and he often selected the fine cuts from
+    joints at table, and threw the pieces to the curs upon the
+    polished oak floors of Aruudel Castle.
+
+In the autumn of 1831, Jerry's health began to decline, and he was
+accordingly removed from Charing Cross to the suburban salubrity of the
+Surrey Zoological Gardens. All was of no avail: though, as a biographer
+would say of a nobler animal, every remedy was tried to restore him to
+health. Life's fitful fever was well nigh over with him, and in the
+month of December last--he died. His body was opened and examined, when
+it appeared that his death was through old age; and, although he had
+been a free liver, and, as Mr. Cross facetely observes, "was not a
+member of a Temperance Society," his internal organization did not seem
+to have suffered in the way usually consequent upon hard drinking.
+Perhaps a few ascetic advocates of cant and care-wearing abstinence will
+think that we ought to conceal this exceptionable fact, lest Jerry's
+example should be more frequently followed. Justice demands otherwise;
+and as the biographers of old tell us that Alexander the Great died of
+hard-drinking, so ought we to record that Happy Jerry's life was not
+shortened by the imperial propensity: in this case, the monkey has beat
+the man: proverbially, the man beats the monkey. Jerry had, however, his
+share of ailment: he had been a martyr to that love-pain, the
+tooth-ache; several of his large molar teeth being entirely decayed.
+This circumstance accounted for the gloomy appearance he would sometimes
+put on, and his covering his head with his hands, and laying it in his
+chair. Poor fellow! we could have sympathized with him from our very
+hearts--we mean teeth. Jerry's remains have been carefully embalmed, (we
+hope in his favourite spirit,) and are now at the Surrey Gardens; where
+the arrival of a living congener is daily expected. Meanwhile, will
+nobody write the _hic jacet_ of the deceased? or no publisher engage for
+his reminiscences? Mr. Cross would probably supply the skeleton--of the
+memoir--not of his poor dead Jerry. What tales could he have told of the
+slave-stricken people of the Gold Coast, what horrors of the slave-ship
+whence he was taken, what a fine graphic picture of his voyage, and his
+travels in England, _a la Prince Puckler Muskau_, not forgetting his
+visit to Windsor Castle.
+
+Baboons may be rendered docile in confinement; though they almost always
+retain the disposition to revenge an injury. At the Cape, they are often
+caught when young, and brought up with milk; perhaps Jerry was so
+nurtured; and Kolben tells us, that they will become as watchful over
+their master's property as the most valuable house-dog is in Europe.
+Many of the Hottentots believe they can speak, but that they avoid doing
+so lest they should be enslaved, and compelled to work! What a libel
+upon human nature is conveyed in this trait of savage credulity. The
+bitterest reproofs of man's wickedness are not only to be found in the
+varnished lessons of civilization. Here is a touching piece of
+simplicity upon which James Montgomery might found a whole poem.
+
+Baboons, in their native countries, are sometimes hunted with dogs, but
+their chase is often fatal to the assailants. Mr. Burchell tells us that
+several of his dogs were wounded by the bites of baboons, and two or
+three dogs were thus bitten asunder. A species of baboon common in
+Ceylon, often attains the height of man. It is very fearless; and Bishop
+Heber relates that an acquaintance of his having on one occasion shot a
+young baboon, the mother came boldly up and wrested the gun out of his
+hand without doing him any injury.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+By way of pendent, we add the present state of THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY,
+from the report just completed.
+
+Gross amount of the income of last year             L17,633[3]
+Being an increase over the preceding year of          1,857
+Receipts of four months of the past year              3,330
+Receipts of corresponding months of the present year  3,755
+_Receipts of the Society since its formation_
+  In 1827                                           L 4,079
+     1828                                            11,515
+     1829                                            13,991
+     1830                                            15,806
+     1831                                            17,662[3]
+                                                     -------
+Total since its formation                           L63,053
+
+_Visiters to the Gardens_.
+
+In 1830--224,745 paying    9,773L
+   1831--258,936          11,425L
+
+_Visiters to the Museum_.
+
+In 1831--11,636 paying       333L
+Number of Fellows          2,074
+
+    [3] These items, which are not quite correct, are from the
+    _Morning Chronicle_ report.
+
+The Society have obtained a grant of nine acres and a half of land, in
+the Regent's Park, contiguous to their gardens; and they intend to
+devote 1,000_l_. annually to the improvement of the Museum.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE CURFEW BELL.
+
+(_To the Editor_.)
+
+
+Observing in your No. 543, some remarks relating to the ancient custom
+of ringing the Curfew Bell, and that _Reginald_, your correspondent, had
+withheld the name of the village where he heard the Curfew rang, I am
+led to suppose that it may not be uninteresting to your readers to be
+informed, that at Saint Helen's Church, Abingdon, this custom is still
+continued; the bell is rung at eight o'clock every night, and four
+o'clock every morning, during the winter months; why it is rung in the
+morning I do not know; perhaps some of your readers can inform me. There
+are eight bells in Saint Helen's tower, but the fifth or sixth is
+generally used as the Curfew, to distinguish it from the death-bell, for
+which purpose the tenor is used, and is rung at the same time at night
+if a death has happened in the course of the day, and for that night
+supersedes the necessity of ringing the Curfew. The Curfew Bell is rung,
+and not tolled, as _Reginald_ states: therefore, what he heard, I
+suppose to have been the death bell.       M.D.
+
+(_From another Correspondent_.)
+
+The custom of tolling the Curfew is still retained in the town of
+Sandwich, to which place your correspondent, _Reginald_, no doubt
+alludes, as the sea-shore is distant about two miles; hence is
+distinctly visible the red glare of the Lighthouse on Ramsgate Pier, as
+also the North Foreland.        G.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+COIN OF EDWARD III.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+A beautiful gold coin, a noble of the reign of Edward III., was
+discovered, some time since, by the workmen employed in excavating the
+river Witham, in the city of Lincoln. The coin is in excellent
+preservation. The impress represents the half-length figure of Edward in
+a ship, holding a sword in the right hand, and in the left a sceptre and
+shield, with the inscription "EDWARDUS DEI GRA. REX ANGL., DYS. HYB. ET
+AGT." On the shield are the arms of England and France quarterly. On the
+reverse, a cross fleury with lionaux, inscribed, "JESVS AUTEM TRANSIENS
+PER MEDIUM ILLORUM IBAT." These coins are very scarce, and remarkable as
+being the first impressed with the figure of a ship; this is said to
+have been done to commemorate the victory obtained by Edward over the
+French fleet off Sluys, on Midsummer-day, 1340, and which is supposed to
+have suggested to Edward the idea of claiming superiority over every
+other maritime power--a dominion which his successors have now
+maintained for nearly five hundred years.       W.G.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PENDERELL JEWEL.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+An ancient medal, or coin, ornamented with jewels, was purchased, a few
+years since, of one of the descendants of Penderell, to whom it was
+presented by Charles II., as a valuable token of his gratitude for
+certain protection afforded by him to that prince, when endeavouring to
+effect his escape in disguise from England, in the year 1648. It
+consists of a gold coin of Ferdinand II., dated 1638, surrounded by a
+row of sixteen brilliants enchased in silver, enriched with blue enamel,
+and bearing the motto, "_Usque ad aris fidelis_." The reverse is also
+enameled, and the jewel is intended to be worn as an ornament to the
+person.       W.G.C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PECUNIARY COMPENSATION FOR PERSONAL INJURIES.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+The present laws which enable a person to obtain pecuniary compensation
+for personal injuries, appear to be founded on very ancient precedent.
+Mr. Sharon Turner, in his History of the Anglo-Saxons, gives a statement
+of the sums at which our ancestors valued the various parts of their
+earthly tenements. He says "Homer is celebrated for discriminating the
+wounds of his heroes with anatomical precision. The Saxon legislators
+were not less anxious to distinguish between the different wounds to
+which the body is liable, and which from their laws, we infer that they
+frequently suffered. In their most ancient laws these were the
+punishments:
+
+"The loss of an eye or of a leg, appears to have been considered as the
+most aggravated injury that could arise from an assault, and was
+therefore punished by the highest fine, or fifty shillings.
+
+"To be made lame, was the next most considerable offence, and the
+compensation for it was thirty shillings.
+
+"For a wound which caused deafness, twenty-five shillings.
+
+"To lame the shoulder, divide the chine bone, cut off the thumb, pierce
+the diaphragm, or to tear off the hair and fracture the skull, was each
+punished by a fine of twenty shillings.
+
+"For cutting off the little finger, eleven shillings.
+
+"For cutting off the great toe, or for tearing off the hair entirely,
+ten shillings.
+
+"For piercing the nose, nine shillings.
+
+"For cutting off the fore finger, eight shillings.
+
+"For cutting off the gold-finger, for every wound in the thigh, for
+wounding the ear, for piercing both cheeks, for cutting either nostril,
+for each of the front teeth, for breaking the jaw bone, for breaking an
+arm, six shillings.
+
+"For seizing the hair so as to hurt the bone, for the loss of either of
+the eye teeth, or the middle finger, four shillings.
+
+"For pulling the hair so that the bone become visible, for piercing the
+ear or one cheek, for cutting off the thumb nail, for the first double
+tooth, for wounding the nose with the fist, for wounding the elbow, for
+breaking a rib, or for wounding the vertebrae, three shillings.
+
+"For every nail (probably of the fingers) and for every tooth beyond the
+first double tooth, one shilling.
+
+"For seizing the hair, fifty scoettas.
+
+"For the nail of the great toe, thirty scoettas.
+
+"For every other nail, ten scoettas."
+
+W.A.R.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE COSMOPOLITE.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE POETRY OF ANCIENT DAYS.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+  Little Jack Horner, sat in a corner,
+    Eating a Christmas pie,
+  He pulled out a plum with his finger and thumb,
+    And said what a good boy am I.
+
+Of all the poems that delight our infancy, there is no one perhaps which
+makes a more lasting impression on the memory and the imagination, than
+the preceding. The name of its author is lost in the shades of remote
+antiquity; and even the century when it first made its appearance, has
+eluded the vigilance of antiquarian research. Before entering upon its
+poetical merits, we must observe a striking peculiarity in the diction:
+there is not a single word in it, but that is of Anglo-Saxon origin, so
+that it may be considered as an admirable specimen of pure English, and
+as calculated to inspire the infant mind with a distaste for the
+numerous exotic terms, which, in the present age, disfigure our
+language. It has been well remarked in the review of that ancient poem,
+Jack and Jill, that the reader's interest in the hero and heroine is not
+divided with subordinate characters. But the poem of Jack Horner
+possesses this excellence in a more eminent degree; in the former the
+interest, is divided between two, in the latter it is concentrated in
+one; and, notwithstanding the ingenuity of the reviewer, it must be
+confessed that so little is indicated by the poet, as to the character
+of Jack and Jill, that we feel no more interest in their fate, tragical
+as it is, than if they were designated by the letters X and Y of
+algebraical notoriety; or by the names of those personages, who figure
+in legal fictions, John Doe and Richard Roe.
+
+Not so with Jack Horner: the very incident recorded in the first line
+lets us into his character; he is evidently a lover of solitude and of
+solitary contemplation. He is not, however, a gloomy ascetic; he takes
+into his corner a Christmas pie, and, while he leisurely gratifies his
+palate, his mind feasts on the higher luxury of an approving conscience.
+It has been said that the man who loves solitude must be either an angel
+or a demon. Horner had more of the former in his composition; he retired
+from the busy haunts of his playmates not to meditate mischief, but to
+feast upon the pie, which had probably been given him as a reward for
+his good conduct, and indulge in the delightful thoughts to which the
+consciousness of deserving it gave rise. But here it may be objected,
+why instead of eating his pie in a corner, did he not share it with his
+companions? The remark is pertinent, but the circumstance only evinces
+the admirable management of the poet; to represent his hero without a
+defect would be to outrage nature, and to render imitation hopeless.
+Horner, it must be admitted, with all his excellence, was too fond of
+good eating; it is in vain to deny it; his deliberately pulling out a
+plum with his finger and thumb, shows the epicure, not excited by the
+voracity of hunger, but evidently aiming to protract his enjoyment. The
+exclamation which follows savours of vanity; but when his youth is
+recollected, this will be deemed a venial error, and it must also be
+considered that his few faults were probably compensated by a
+constellation of excellencies. This poem has been imitated, (I will not
+say successfully, for its beautiful simplicity is in fact inimitable,)
+by one of the greatest statesmen and classical scholars of the present
+century, Mr. Canning; and it is melancholy to reflect that, while a
+monument is erecting to the memory of the latter and his name lives in
+the mouths of men, all traces of that original poet, whose inspirations
+he sought to imitate, are entirely lost. The lines of Mr. Canning are to
+be found in his "Loves of the Triangles:"
+
+  Thus youthful Homer rolled the roguish eye.
+  Culled the dark plum from out the Christmas pie,
+  And cried in self applause, how good a boy am I.
+
+P.Q.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+ANECDOTE GALLERY.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+GEORGE THE FIRST.
+
+
+Previously to the King's arrival in this country, a proclamation had
+been issued, offering, in case the Pretender should land in any part of
+the British isles, the sum of 100,000_l_. for his apprehension. At the
+first masquerade which the King attended in this country, an unknown
+lady, in a domino, invited him to drink a glass of wine at one of the
+side-tables; he readily assented, and the lady filling a bumper, said,
+"Here, mask, the Pretender's health."--Then filling another glass, she
+presented it to the King, who received it with a smile, saying, "I
+drink, with all my heart, to the health of every unfortunate prince."
+
+The person of the King, says Walpole, is as perfect in my memory as if I
+saw him but yesterday: it was that of an elderly man, rather pale, and
+exactly like his pictures and coins; not tall, of an aspect rather good
+than august, with a dark tie wig, a plain coat, waistcoat and breeches,
+of snuff-coloured cloth, with stockings of the same colour, and a blue
+riband over all.
+
+He often dined, after shooting, at Sir Robert Walpole's house on
+Richmond Hill; where he indulged his partiality for punch to such an
+extent, that the Duchess of Kendal enjoined the Germans who usually
+accompanied him, to restrain him from drinking too much: but they went
+about their task with so little address, that the King took offence, and
+silenced them by the coarsest epithets in their mother tongue.
+
+He appears to have entertained a very low opinion of the political
+integrity of his courtiers, and the honesty of his household. He laughed
+at the complaints made by Sir Robert Walpole against the Hanoverians,
+for selling places; and would not believe that the custom was not
+sanctioned by his English advisers and attendants. Soon after his first
+arrival in this country, a favourite cook, whom he had brought from
+Hanover grew melancholy, and wanted to return home. The King having
+inquired why he wanted to quit his household, the fellow replied, "I
+have long served your Majesty honestly, not suffering any thing to be
+embezzled in your kitchen; but here, the dishes no sooner come from your
+table, than one steals a fowl, another a pig, a third a joint of meat, a
+fourth a pie, and so on, till the whole is gone; and I cannot bear to
+see your Majesty so injured!" The King, laughing heartily, said, "My
+revenues here enable me to bear these things; and, to reconcile you to
+your place, do you steal like the rest, and mind you take enough." The
+cook followed this advice, and soon became a very expert thief.
+
+Toland says, in a pamphlet published about the year 1705, I need give no
+more particular proof of the King's frugality in laying out the public
+money, than that all the expenses of his court, as to eating, drinking,
+fire, candles, and the like, are duly paid every Saturday night; the
+officers of his army receive their pay every month, and all the civil
+list are cleared every half year. He was greatly annoyed by the want of
+confidence in his economy, displayed by his British subjects; lamenting
+to his private friends that he had left his electorate to become a
+begging King; and adding, that he thought it very hard to be constantly
+opposed in his application for supplies, which it was his intention to
+employ for the benefit of the nation.
+
+The account of the death of George the First was first brought to
+Walpole, in a dispatch from Townshend, who had accompanied that monarch
+to the continent. The minister instantly repaired to the palace at
+Richmond. The new King had then retired to take his usual afternoon nap.
+On being informed that his father was dead, he could scarcely be brought
+to put faith in the intelligence, until told that the minister was
+waiting in the ante-chamber with Lord Townshend's despatch. At length,
+he received Walpole, who, kneeling, kissed his hand, and inquired whom
+he would please to appoint to draw up the address to the Privy Council.
+"Sir Spencer Compton," replied the King, an answer which signified Sir
+Robert's dismissal.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+DEATH OF QUEEN CAROLINE.
+
+
+When very near her end, she inquired of one of the physicians in
+attendance, "How long can this last?" "Your Majesty will soon be eased
+of your pains," was the reply. "The sooner the better," said the Queen:
+and she then most fervently engaged in extempore prayer. Shortly
+afterwards, she twice desired that cold water might be thrown over her,
+to support her strength, while her family put up a final petition in her
+behalf. "Pray aloud," said she, "that I may hear you." She then faintly
+joined them in repeating the Lord's prayer; and, at its conclusion,
+calmly laid down, waved her hand, and expired.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+GEORGE THE SECOND.
+
+
+At one period, while the Duke of Newcastle was in power, in the reign of
+George II. many serious complaints were made relative to the settlement
+of public accounts. The King, at length, became acquainted with the
+alleged grievances, and warmly remonstrated with the Duke on his
+carelessness and inattention; protested that he was determined, at once
+for his own satisfaction and that of his aggrieved people, to look into
+the papers himself. "Is your Majesty in earnest?" asked the Duke. The
+King replied in the affirmative, and the Duke promised to send him the
+accounts. At an early hour on the following morning, the King was
+disturbed by an extraordinary noise in the courtyard of his palace, and,
+looking out of the window, he perceived a cart or a wagon laden with
+books and papers, which, on inquiry he found had been sent by the Duke
+of Newcastle. Shortly afterwards the minister himself appeared, and the
+King asked him what he meant by sending a wagon-load of stationery to
+the palace. "These are the documents relative to the public accounts,"
+replied his grace, "which your Majesty insisted on examining; and there
+is no other mode of forwarding them except by carts or wagons. I expect
+a second load will arrive in a few minutes." "Then, my Lord Duke,"
+replied the King, "you may make a bonfire of them for me. I would rather
+be a galley-slave than go through the rubbish; so away with it, and
+countermand the cart which you say is coming; but pray let me hear no
+more complaints on this subject."
+
+On another occasion, he sent, in a fury, for the duke's brother, Mr.
+Pelham, and inquired, in a coarse and angry manner, why the civil list
+had not been paid. Pelham replied that he had been compelled to use the
+money for some public and more important purpose. The King, however,
+would not admit of this excuse; and swore, if the arrears were not
+instantly paid, he would get another minister. "I am determined," said
+he, "not to be the only master in my dominions who does not pay his
+servants' wages." One day, it appears that he was actually without a
+shilling in his pocket; for it is related that a half idiot labourer
+while the King was inspecting the progress of some repairs at
+Kensington, having asked his Majesty for something to drink, the King,
+although offended, was yet ashamed to refuse the fellow, and put his
+hand into the usual receptacle of his cash; but, to his surprise and
+confusion, found it empty. "I have no money," said he, angrily. "Nor I
+either," quoth the labourer; "and for my part, I can't think what has
+become of it all."
+
+Few men were more deeply impressed with the value of money, although he
+occasionally startled those about him, by being unexpectedly liberal, as
+in the cases of his donation to the university of Cambridge, and his
+submitting to the extortion of the Dutch innkeeper. One evening while
+passing by a closet in which wood was kept for the use of the
+bed-chamber, he dropped some guineas, one of which having rolled under
+the door, he said to the page in waiting, "We must get out this guinea:
+let us remove the fuel." In a short time, with the attendant's aid, he
+found the guinea, which, however, he gave to his fellow-labourer, as a
+reward for the exertions of the latter, in helping him to take the wood
+out of the closet, observing, "I do not like any thing to be lost, but I
+wish every man to receive the value of his work."
+
+Of the hastiness of George the Second's temper, several examples have
+been given: but it was never, perhaps, more ludicrously displayed than
+in his first interview with Dr. Ward. The King having been afflicted for
+some time with a violent pain in his thumb, for which his regular
+medical attendants could afford him no relief, he sought the assistance
+of Ward, whose famous pills and drops were then in great estimation. The
+doctor, being aware of the King's complaint, went to the palace, at the
+time commanded, with, it is said, a specific concealed in the hollow of
+his hand. On being admitted to his Majesty's presence, he, of course,
+proceeded to examine the royal thumb; which he suddenly wrenched with
+such violence, that the King called him a cursed rascal, and
+condescended to kick his shins. He soon found, however, that the doctor,
+had as it were, magically relieved his thumb from pain: and so grateful
+did he feel to Ward, whom he now termed his Esculapius, that he
+prevailed on him to accept a handsome carriage and horses, and shortly
+afterwards, presented his nephew, who subsequently became a general,
+with an ensigncy in the guards.--_From the Georgian Era_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+NOTES OF A READER.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE HUNCHBACK.
+
+_A Play, by James Sheridan Knowles_.
+
+
+It would be rather _mal-apropos_ to write the Beauties of the Hunchback,
+but such a term is elliptically applicable to the following passages
+from Mr. Knowles's clever and original play:--
+
+
+INSIGNIFICANT ENEMIES.
+
+  Is't fit you waste your choler on a burr?
+  The nothings of the town; whose sport it is
+  To break their villain jests on worthy men,
+  The graver still the fitter! Fie, for shame!
+  Regard what such would say? So would not I,
+  No more than heed a cur.
+
+
+HONOURABLE SUCCESS.
+
+  What merit to be dropp'd on fortune's hill?
+  The honour is to mount it.
+  *   *   *   Knowledge, industry,
+  Frugality, and honesty;--the sinews
+  The surest help the climber to the top,
+  And keep him there.
+
+
+WISE PRECEPT.
+
+                           Better owe
+  A yard of land to labour, than to chance
+  Be debtor for a rood!
+
+
+THE TOWN.
+
+  Nine times in ten the town's a hollow thing,
+  Where what things are is naught to what they show;
+  Where merit's name laughs merit's self to scorn!
+  Where friendship and esteem that ought to be
+  The tenants of men's hearts, lodge in their looks
+  And tongues alone. Where little virtue, with
+  A costly keeper, passes for a heap;
+  A heap for none, that has a homely one!
+  Where fashion makes the law--your umpire which
+  You bow to, whether it has brains or not.
+  Where Folly taketh off his cap and bells,
+  To clap on Wisdom, which must bear the jest!
+  Where, to pass current you must seem the thing,
+  The passive thing, that others think, and not
+  Your simple, honest, independent self!
+
+
+LOVE.
+
+  Say but a moment, still I say I love you.
+  Love's not a flower that grows on the dull earth;
+  Springs by the calendar; must wait for sun--
+  For rain;--matures by parts,--must take its time
+  To stem, to leaf, to bud, to blow. It owns
+  A richer soil, and boasts a quicker seed!
+  You look for it, and see it not; and lo!
+  E'en while you look, the peerless flower is up,
+  Consumate in the birth!
+
+  In joining contrasts lieth love's delight.
+  Complexion, stature, nature, mateth it,
+  Not with their kinds, but with their opposites.
+  Hence hands of snow in palms of russet lie;
+  The form of Hercules affects the sylph's
+  And breasts that case the lion's fear-proof heart,
+  Find their lov'd lodge in arms where tremors dwell!
+  Haply for this, on Afric's swarthy neck,
+  Hath Europe's priceless pearl been seen to hang,
+  That makes the orient poor! So with degrees,
+  Rank passes by the circlet-graced brow
+  Upon the forehead bare of notelessness,
+  To print the nuptial kiss!
+
+
+COUNTRY LIFE.
+
+  The life I'd lead!
+  But fools would fly from it; for O! 'tis sweet!
+  It finds the heart out, be there one to find;
+  And corners in't where store of pleasures lodge,
+  We never dream'd were there! It is to dwell
+  'Mid smiles that are not neighbours to deceit;
+  Music whose melody is of the heart
+  And gifts that are not made for interest,--
+  Abundantly bestow'd, by nature's cheek,
+  And voice, and hand! It is to live on life,
+  And husband it! It is to constant scan
+  The handiwork of heaven! It is to con
+  Its mercy, bounty, wisdom, power! It is
+  To nearer see our God!
+
+
+JEALOUSY.
+
+  A dreadful question is it, when we love,
+  To ask if love's return'd! I did believe
+  Fair Julia's heart was mine--I doubt it now.
+  But once last night she danced with me, her hand
+  To this gallant and that engaged, as soon
+  As asked for! Maid that loved would scarce do this!
+  Nor visit we together as we used,
+  When first she came to town.  She loves me less
+  Than once she did--or loves me not at all.
+  Misfortune liketh company: it seldom
+  Visits its friends alone.
+
+
+A MAIDEN HEART.
+
+  A young woman's heart,
+  Is not a stone to carve a posey on!
+  Which knows not what is writ on't--which you may buy,
+  Exchange or sell,--keep or give away,
+  It is a richer--yet a poorer thing!
+  Priceless to him that owns and prizes it;
+  Worthless when own'd, not priz'd; which makes the man
+  That covets it, obtains it, and discards it,--
+  A fool, if not a villain.
+
+
+A CURATE'S SON.
+
+  Better be a yeoman's son!
+  Was it the rector's son, he might be known,
+  Because the rector is a rising man,
+  And may become a bishop.  He goes light.
+  The curate ever hath a loaded back.
+  He may be called yeoman of the church
+  That sweating does his work, and drudges on
+  While lives the hopeful rector at his ease.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CHARACTER OF GEORGE THE FOURTH.
+
+
+In the third and concluding volume of the _Life and Reign of George
+IV_., (a portion of Dr. Lardner's _Cabinet Library_,) we find the
+following summary of the earthly career of the late King--shaded with
+some admixture of severity, but, altogether, to be commended for the
+manliness and unflinching spirit in which it is written. Our
+contemporary biography sadly lacks vigorous and plain-speaking summaries
+of character.
+
+"In the events and achievements which give interest and lustre to his
+regency and reign, George IV. had personally no share. He was but
+contemporary with them. To the progress of science, of literature, of
+legislation, he was a stranger. The jealous limitations of the regal
+power,--the independence, enterprise, and social advancement of the
+nation, would account and afford excuse for this: but were he absolute
+as Louis XIV.,--obeyed and imitated with the same implicit
+servility,--the higher purposes of intellectual being were beyond his
+range. With the fine arts his relations were more close and personal.
+The progress of architecture was sudden and astonishing, during the
+epoch which will bear his name. London, before his accession to the
+executive power, was a rich, populous, elegantly built capital, but
+without a due proportion of prominent structures characterized by
+architectural grandeur, beauty, or curiosity. In a few years magnificent
+lines and masses of building were begun and completed; but they were
+mainly the growth of wealth, vanity, speculation, and peace. Where his
+influence was directly felt it proved unfortunate. He lavished millions
+in creating vicious models, and fantastic styles of architecture, and
+brought into fashion artists without capacity or taste. There was not in
+his kingdom a more discerning judge of painting; but he had no
+imagination for the higher class of art. He preferred the exquisite and
+humorous realities of the Dutch painters to the poetic or historic
+schools of Italy; and, though a studious collector, he gave no great
+impulse to native talent. In music he had both taste and skill: he
+encouraged an art which formed one of his enjoyments; and if his
+patronage has brought forth no composer of the first order, the cause
+may exist in some circumstances of national inaptitude.
+
+"It is necessary to go back some centuries for an English king to whom
+he bears the nearest likeness in _ensemble_ of character. The parallel
+at first sight may be thought injurious, but the likeness will upon
+consideration be found striking and complete. George IV. had in his
+youth the eclat of personal endowment, education, and accomplishment,--
+of success in the fashionable exercises and graces of his age,--and of
+that reckless prodigality which obtains popular homage and applause in a
+prince. Henry VIII. in his youth was one of the most brilliant
+personages of Europe. A fine person,--the accomplishments of his time in
+literature and the arts,--the display of gorgeous prodigality,--raised
+him to a sort of chivalrous rivalry with Francis I. In mental culture he
+excelled George IV., who owes much of his reputation for capacity and
+acquirement to an imposing manner, and the eagerness to applaud a
+prince: stripped of this charm, his ideas and language appeared worse
+than common when he put them on paper. Both had the same dominant
+ambition to be distinguished and imitated, as the arbiters of fashion in
+dress for the costliness, splendour, or novelty of their toilet. Henry
+VIII. and George IV. surrounded themselves with the men most
+distinguished for wit and talent, with a remarkable coincidence of
+motive, as ministering to their vanity or pleasures; but as soon as they
+became troublesome or useless, both cast them off with the same careless
+indifference. Henry VIII., it is true, sacrificed to his own caprices,
+or to court intrigue, the lives of those whom he had chosen for his
+social familiarity;--whilst George IV. merely turned off his so called
+friends, and thought of them no more. But such is the difference between
+barbarism and tyranny on the one side, and civilization and freedom on
+the other: that which was death in the former, is but court disgrace in
+the latter. George IV. was not cruel--he had even a certain
+susceptibility; the spectacle of human suffering revolted him: but
+suffering to affect him must have been present to his sense. Was Henry
+VIII. gratuitously cruel? That does not appear. He took no pleasure for
+itself in shedding blood, and avoided being a witness of it. Had he been
+obliged to look on whilst Anne Boleyn and Sir Thomas More were bleeding,
+he probably would have spared them. He sacrificed them to his impulses
+from mere selfish indifference. With their wives and mistresses Henry
+VIII. and George IV. were governed by the same self-indulgent
+despotism--the same animal disgusts. Henry VIII. had six wives, and sent
+one to the scaffold as the prelude to his marriage with another. George
+IV. had only one wife, but she suffered the persecutions of six; and if
+she escaped decapitation or divorce, it was from no failure of
+inclination or instruments. Henry VIII. was the tyrant of his people,
+and George IV. was not: yet is there even here a similitude. Both
+surrendered their understandings to their ministers, upon the condition
+of subserviency to their personal desires. What George would have been
+in the age of Henry it might be ungracious to suppose; but it may be
+asserted that Henry, had he been reserved for the close of the
+eighteenth century, would have a very different place in opinion and
+history as a king and as a man,--such are the beneficent, humanizing
+influences of knowledge, civilization, the spirit of religious
+tolerance, and laws mutually guarding and guarded by public liberty!"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+AN ECLIPSE AT BOOSSA.
+
+(_From Landers' Travels, vol. ii._)
+
+
+"About ten o'clock at night, when we were sleeping on our mats, we were
+suddenly awoke by a great cry of distress from innumerable voices,
+attended by a horrid clashing and clattering noise, which the hour of
+the night tended to make more terrific. Before we had time to recover
+from our surprise, old Pascoe rushed breathless into our hut, and
+informed us with a trembling voice that 'the sun was dragging the moon
+across the heavens.' Wondering what could be the meaning of so strange
+and ridiculous a story, we ran out of the hut half dressed, and we
+discovered that the moon was totally eclipsed. A number of people were
+gathered together in our yard, in dreadful apprehension that the world
+was at an end, and that this was but the 'beginning of sorrows.' We
+learnt from them that the Mahomedan priests residing in the city, having
+personified the sun and moon, had told the king and the people that the
+eclipse was occasioned through the obstinacy and disobedience of the
+latter luminary. They said that for a long time previously the moon had
+been displeased with the path she had been compelled to take through the
+heavens, because it was filled with thorns and briers, and obstructed
+with a thousand other difficulties; and therefore that, having watched
+for a favourable opportunity, she had this evening deserted her usual
+track, and entered into that of the sun. She had not, however, travelled
+far up the sky, on the forbidden road, before the circumstance was
+discovered by the sun, who immediately hastened to her in his anger, and
+punished her dereliction by clothing her in darkness, forcing her back
+to her own territories, and forbidding her to shed her light upon the
+earth. This story, whimsical as it may seem, was received with implicit
+confidence in its truth by the king and queen and most of the people of
+Boossa; and the cause of the noises which we had heard, and which were
+still continuing with renewed vehemence, was explained to us by the fact
+that they were all 'assembled together in the hope of being able to
+frighten away the sun to his proper sphere, and leave the moon to
+enlighten the world as at other times.' This is much after the manner of
+many savage nations.
+
+"While our informant was yet speaking to us, a messenger arrived at our
+yard from the king, to tell us the above tale, and with an invitation to
+come to see him immediately. Therefore, slipping on the remainder of our
+clothes, we followed the man to the residence of his sovereign, from
+outside of which the cries proceeded, and here we found the king and his
+timid partner sitting on the ground. Their usual good spirits and
+cheerful behaviour had forsaken them entirely; both appeared overwhelmed
+with apprehension, and trembled at every joint. Like all their subjects,
+in the hurry of fear and the suddenness of the alarm, they had come out
+of their dwellings half dressed, the head and legs, and the upper part
+of their persons, being entirely exposed. We soon succeeded in quelling
+their fears, or at least in diminishing, their apprehension. The king
+then observed, that neither himself nor the oldest of his subjects
+recollected seeing but one eclipse of the moon besides the one he was
+gazing at; that it had occurred exactly when the Falatahs began to be
+formidable in the country, and that it had forewarned them of all the
+wars, disasters, and calamities, which subsequently took place.
+
+"We had seated ourselves opposite to the king and queen, and within two
+or three feet of them, where we could readily observe the moon and the
+people without inconvenience, and carry on the conversation at the same
+time. If the royal couple shuddered, with terror on beholding the
+darkened moon, we were scarcely less affected by the savage gestures of
+those within a few yards of us and by their repeated cries, so wild, so
+loud, and so piercing, that an indescribable sensation of horror stole
+over us, and rendered us almost as nervous as those whom we had come to
+comfort. The earlier part of the evening had been mild, serene, and
+remarkably pleasant; the moon had arisen with uncommon lustre, and being
+at the full, her appearance was extremely delightful. It was the
+conclusion of the holidays, and many of the people were enjoying the
+delicious coolness of a serene night, and resting from the laborious
+exertions of the day; but when the moon became gradually obscured, fear
+overcame every one. As the eclipse increased, they became more
+terrified. All ran in great distress to inform their sovereign of the
+circumstance, for there was not a single cloud to cause so deep a
+shadow, and they could not comprehend the nature or meaning of an
+eclipse. The king was as easily frightened as his people, being equally
+simple and ignorant; he would not therefore suffer them to depart.
+Numbers sometimes beget courage and confidence, he thought; so he
+commanded them to remain near his person, and to do all in their power
+to restore the lost glory of the moon.
+
+"In front of the king's house, and almost close to it, are a few
+magnificent cotton-trees, round which the soil had been freed from
+grass, &c., for the celebration of the games. On this spot were the
+terrified people assembled, with every instrument capable of making a
+noise which could be procured in the whole town. They had formed
+themselves into a large treble circle, and continued running round with
+amazing velocity, crying, shouting, and groaning with all their might.
+They tossed and flung their heads about, twisted their bodies into all
+manner of contortions, jumped into the air, stamped with their feet on
+the ground, and flourished their hands above their heads. No scene in
+the romance of Robinson Crusoe was so wild and savage as this; and a
+large wood fire, with a few men spitted and roasting before it, was
+alone wanting to render it complete! Little boys and girls were outside
+the ring, running to and fro, clashing empty calabashes against each
+other, and crying bitterly; groups of men were blowing on trumpets,
+which produced a harsh and discordant sound; some were employed in
+beating old drums; others again were blowing on bullock's horns; and in
+the short intervals between the rapid succession of all these fiend-like
+noises, was heard one more dismal than the rest, proceeding from an iron
+tube, accompanied by the clinking of chains. Indeed, everything that
+_could_ increase the uproar was put in requisition on this memorable
+occasion; nor did it cease till midnight, when the eclipse had passed
+away. Never have we witnessed so extraordinary a scene as this. The
+diminished light, when the eclipse was complete, was just sufficient to
+enable us to distinguish the various groups of people, and contributed
+in no small degree to render the scene still more imposing. If an
+European, a stranger to Africa, were to be placed on a sudden in the
+midst of the terror-struck people, he would imagine himself to be among
+a legion of demons, holding a revel over a fallen spirit; so peculiarly
+unearthly wild, and horrifying was the appearance of the dancing group,
+and the clamour which they made. It was perhaps fortunate for us that we
+had an almanac with us, which foretold the eclipse; for although we
+neglected to inform the king of this circumstance, we were yet enabled
+to tell him and his people the exact time of its disappearance. This
+succeeded in some measure in suppressing their fears, for they would
+believe anything we might tell them; and perhaps, also, it has procured
+for us a lasting reputation 'and a name.' 'Oh,' said the king, 'there
+will be sorrow and crying this night from Wowow to Yaoorie. The people
+will have no one to comfort or condole with them; they will fancy this
+eclipse to be the harbinger of something very dreadful; and they will be
+in distress and trouble till the moon shall have regained her
+brightness.' It was nearly one o'clock when we left the king and queen,
+to return to our hut; everything was then calm and silent, and we lay
+down to rest in peace."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY
+
+
+POTTERY.
+
+
+Appended to the volume of the _Transactions of the Society of Arts_,
+just published, are selections from a series of Illustrations on Pottery
+and Porcelain, which were read before the Society by their ingenious
+secretary, Mr. Arthur Aikin. We quote a few.
+
+_Raphael China._
+
+"Raffaello himself is said in his youth to have painted, or at least to
+have given designs for painting, in enamel on glazed earthenware. Such
+works are commonly known by the name of Raphael china, two interesting
+specimens of which, from the collection of R.H. Solly, Esq., are now
+before you. From some casual flaws in the back of these plates, it may
+be seen that the body of them is red earthenware in one, and grayish
+brown in the other, and of rather a coarse quality. Mr. Windus also has
+sent a plate, doubtless of Italian manufacture, bearing the date of
+1533, thirteen years after the death of Raffaello. He has also sent a
+singular specimen of a somewhat similar ware, but with the figures in
+high relief, and far inferior to the former as a work of art.
+
+"Mr. Brockedon informs me that, in his journey among the alps last year,
+he saw some beautiful specimens of Raphael china, in the possession of
+the hostess of an inn at the village of Rauris, in Carinthia. They
+consisted of three dishes; the subjects painted on them are, Pan and
+Apollo, Jupiter and Semele, and on the largest, Apollo surrounded by
+wreaths of nymphs and satyrs, and on the rim are entwined Cupids: this
+latter dish is about twenty inches in diameter, and bears an
+inscription, in Italian, purporting that it was made at Rome, in 1542,
+in the manufactory of Guido di Merlingho Vassaro, a native of Urbino.
+The date is twenty-two years after the death of Raphael; but, as the
+manufacturer was a fellow-townsman of that celebrated artist, the
+inscription, taken in connexion with the anecdote of Vasari already
+mentioned, is interesting, as throwing light on the association of the
+name of Raffaello with this species of ware."
+
+_Delft or Dutch._
+
+"It is probably from Italy that Holland received this art. The
+Venetians, the Genoese, and the Florentines, had very extensive
+commercial dealings with the merchants of Antwerp and of other towns in
+the Low Countries; it is therefore extremely likely that the potters of
+Holland, to whom is due the first fabrication of clay tobacco-pipes of
+excellent quality, derived their knowledge of glazed ware from this
+source. The town of Delft was the centre of these potteries, in which
+were fabricated the tiles known in England by the name of Dutch; and the
+delft were employed for table services, and for other domestic purposes.
+Considered merely with regard to its material, the Dutch potters seem to
+have improved on their Italian original, being probably instigated by a
+comparison with the blue and white patterns of Nankin, which was now
+largely imported by the Dutch from China and Japan, and which is a
+coarse, yellowish, porcelain body, covered by an opaque white glaze. In
+the ornamental part, however, the Dutch fell immeasurably short of the
+potters of Florence; blue seems to have been the only colour employed by
+them; and their favourite patterns appear to have been either copies of
+the Chinese, or European and Scripture subjects treated in a truly
+Chinese manner and taste.
+
+"It is about two hundred years ago since some Dutch potters came and
+established themselves in Lambeth, and by degrees a little colony was
+fixed in that village, possessed of about twenty manufactories, in which
+was made the glazed pottery and tiles consumed in London and in various
+other parts of the kingdom. Here they continued in a flourishing state,
+giving employment to many hands in the various departments of their art,
+till about fifty or sixty years ago; when the potters of Staffordshire,
+by their commercial activity, and by the great improvements introduced
+by them in the quality of their ware, in a short time so completely beat
+out of the market the Lambeth delft manufacturers, that this ware is now
+made only by a single house, and forms the smallest part even of their
+business.
+
+"The articles of delft ware, for which there still continues to be an
+effective demand, are plain white tiles for dairies and for lining
+baths, pomatum pots, and a few jugs, and other similar articles of a
+pale blue colour."
+
+(_To be continued._)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NON-PROPOSALS, OR DOUBTS RESOLVED.
+
+
+  I wonder when 'twill be our turn
+    A wedding here to keep!
+  Sure Thomson's "_flame_" might quicker burn,
+    His "_love_" seems gone to sleep!
+  I wonder why he hums and haws
+    With 'kerchief at his nose:
+  And then makes one expecting pause,----
+    Yet still he don't propose.
+
+  I wonder whether Bell or Bess,
+    It is he most admires,
+  Even Mistress Match'em cannot guess--
+    It really patience tires.
+  He hung, last night, o'er Bella's chair,
+    And things seem'd at a close--
+  To-day 'twas Bess was all his care,
+    But yet he don't propose.
+
+  He's gone to concert, play, and ball,
+    So often with them now,
+  That it must seem to one and all
+    As binding as a vow.
+  He certainly _does_ mean to take
+    One of the girls, and close
+  The life he leads--the flirting rake--
+    But yet he don't propose.
+
+  I often wonder what he thinks
+    We ask him here to do--
+  Coolly he Cockburn's claret drinks,
+    And wins from me at Loo.
+  For twenty months he's dangled on,
+    The foremost of their beaux,
+  While half-a-dozen else have gone,--
+    And still he don't propose.
+
+  No matter--'tis a comfort, though,
+    To know he will take _one_,
+  And even tho' Bess and Bella go,
+    He still may fix on Fan.
+  I'll have him in the family,
+    That's sure--But, why, you look--
+  "Oh, madam, Mr. Thomson's just
+    Got married to his cook----"
+
+_Tait's Edinburgh Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE WAVERLEY NOVELS.
+
+
+Perhaps no writer has ever enjoyed in his lifetime so extensive a
+popularity as the Author of Waverley. His reputation may be truly said
+to be not only British, but European--and even this is too limited a
+term. He has had the advantage of writing in a language used in
+different hemispheres by highly civilized communities, and widely
+diffused over the surface of the globe; and he has written at a period
+when communication was facilitated by peace; while to the wonder of his
+own countrymen, he has to an unexampled degree established an ascendency
+over the tastes of foreign nations. His works have been sought by
+foreigners with an avidity equalling, nay, almost exceeding, that with
+which they have been received among us. The conflicting literary tastes
+of France and Germany, which twenty years ago seemed diametrically
+opposed, and hopelessly irreconcilable, have at length united in
+admiration of him. In France he has effected a revolution in taste, and
+given victory to the "Romantic School." He has had not only readers, but
+imitators. Among Frenchmen, the author of "Cinq Mars" may be cited as a
+tolerably successful one. Italy, in which what _we_ call "Novels" were
+previously unknown, has been roused from its torpor, and has found a
+worthy imitator of British talent in the author of the "Promessi Sposi."
+Of the Waverley Novels, six editions have been published in Paris. Many
+of them have been translated into French, German, Italian, and other
+languages. To be read both on the banks of the Ganges and the Ohio; and
+to be found, as is mentioned by Dr. Walsh, where perhaps no other
+English book had ever come--on the very verge of civilization, on the
+borders of Turkey--this is indeed a wide reign and a proud distinction;
+but prouder still to be not only read, but to have subjugated, as it
+were, and moulded the literary tastes of the civilized world. Voltaire
+is the writer who, in his lifetime, has approached nearest to this
+extent of popularity. Sovereigns courted and corresponded with him; his
+own countrymen were enthusiastic in his praise; and so general was a
+knowledge of the French language, that a large majority of the
+well-educated throughout Europe, were familiar with his writings. But
+much of this popularity was the popularity of partisanship. He served a
+cause, and for such service, and not alone as the meed of genius, were
+honours lavished upon him. The people of France, by whom he was almost
+deified in his latter years, regarded him less as the literary marvel of
+their land, than as the man once persecuted by despotism, and the ablest
+assailant of those institutions which they were endeavouring to
+undermine. But Voltaire, with all his popularity, has left impressed on
+literature scarcely any distinguishable traces of his power. He
+exhibited no marked originality of style--he founded no school--and as
+for his imitators, where are they? To justify the admiration he excited,
+one must consider not merely how well, but how much and how variously he
+has written. With the exception of Voltaire, and perhaps of Lord Byron,
+there is scarcely a writer whose popularity, while he lived, passed
+beyond the precincts of his own country. This, until latterly, was
+scarcely possible. Till near the middle of the eighteenth century, what
+had been long called the "Republic of Letters" existed only in name. It
+is not truly applicable but to the present period, when the transmission
+of knowledge is rapid and easy, and no work of unquestionable genius can
+excite much interest in any country, without the vibration being quickly
+felt to the uttermost limits of the civilized world. How little this was
+previously the case is evident from the fact, that numerous and
+important as were the political relations of England with the continent,
+and successfully as we had attended to the cultivation of letters, yet
+it is scarcely more than a hundred years since we were first known on
+the continent to have what might deserve to be called "a Literature."
+Shakspeare, Dryden, and Pope, successively enjoyed in their own country
+the highest popularity as writers. Of these, it may reasonably be
+doubted whether the name of the first had been ever heard out of it. We
+can find no evidence which shows that the second had a wider fame. Pope
+was indeed better known; for literature had been made conspicuous
+through honours paid to it by the statesmen of Queen Anne; and Pope was
+the friend of a peer politically eminent, and was thought, in
+conjunction with him, to have written a poem, of which, if the poetry
+was disregarded, the opinions were not unacceptable to the
+"philosophers" of the continent.
+
+One of the points of view in which the Author of Waverley is first
+presented to us is, as a delineator of human character. When we regard
+him in this light, we are struck at once by the fertility of his
+invention, and the force, novelty, and fidelity of his pictures. He
+brings to our minds, not abstract beings, but breathing, acting,
+speaking individuals. Then what variety! What originality! What numbers!
+What a gallery has he set before us! No writer but Shakspeare ever
+equalled him in this respect. Others may have equalled, perhaps
+surpassed him, in the elaborate finishing of some single portrait
+(witness the immortal Knight and Squire of Cervantes, Fielding's Adams,
+and Goldsmith's Vicar); or may have displayed, with greater skill, the
+morbid anatomy of human feeling--and our slighter foibles and finer
+sensibilities have been more exquisitely touched by female hands--but
+none save Shakspeare has ever contributed so largely, so valuably, to
+our collection of characters;--of pictures so surprisingly original,
+yet, once seen, admitted immediately to be conformable to Nature. Nay,
+even his anomalous beings are felt to be generally reconcilable with our
+code of probabilities; and, as has been said of the supernatural
+creations of Shakspeare, we are impressed with the belief, that if such
+beings did exist, they would be as he has represented them.--_Edinburgh
+Review._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MEN COMPARED WITH BEES.
+
+(_From a continuation of "the Indicator," by Leigh Hunt._)
+
+
+It has been thought, that of all animated creation, the bees present the
+greatest moral likeness to man; not only because they labour and lay up
+stores, and live in communities, but because they have a form of
+government and a monarchy. Virgil immortalized them after a human
+fashion. A writer in the time of Elizabeth, probably out of compliment
+to the Virgin Queen, rendered them _dramatis personae_, and gave them a
+whole play to themselves. Above all, they have been held up to us, not
+only as a likeness, but as "a great moral lesson;" and this, not merely
+with regard to the duties of occupation, but the form of their polity. A
+monarchical government, it is said, is natural to man, because it is an
+instinct of nature: the very bees have it.
+
+It may be worth while to inquire a moment into the value of this
+argument; not as affecting the right and title of our Sovereign Lord
+King William the Fourth (whom, with the greatest sincerity, we hope God
+will preserve!), but for its own sake, as well as for certain little
+collateral deductions. And, in the first place, we cannot but remark how
+unfairly the animal creation are treated, with reference to the purposes
+of moral example. We degrade or exalt them, as it suits the lesson we
+desire to inculcate. If we rebuke a drunkard or a sensualist, we think
+we can say nothing severer to him than to recommend him not to make "a
+beast of himself;" which is very unfair towards the beasts, who are no
+drunkards, and behave themselves as nature intended. A horse has no
+habit of drinking; he does not get a red face with it. The stag does not
+go reeling home to his wives. On the other hand, we are desired to be as
+faithful as a dog, as bold as a lion, as tender as a dove; as if the
+qualities denoted by these epithets were not to be found among
+ourselves. But above all, the bee is the argument. Is not the honey-bee,
+we are asked, a wise animal?--We grant it.--"Doth he not improve each
+passing hour?"--He is pretty busy, it must be owned--as much occupied at
+eleven, twelve, and one o'clock, as if his life depended on it:--Does he
+not lay up stores?--He does.--Is he not social? Does he not live in
+communities?--There can be no doubt of it.--Well, then, he has a
+monarchical government; and does not that clearly show that a monarchy
+is the instinct of nature? Does it prove, by an unerring rule, that the
+only form of government in request among the obeyers of instinct, is the
+only one naturally fitted for man?
+
+In answering the spirit of this question, we shall not stop to inquire
+how far it is right as to the letter, or how many different forms of
+polity are to be found among other animals, such as the crows, the
+beavers, the monkeys; neither shall we examine how far instinct is
+superior to reason, nor why the example of man himself is to go for
+nothing. We will take for granted, that the bee is the wisest animal of
+all, and that it is a judicious thing to consider his manners and
+customs, with reference to their adoption by his inferiors, who keep him
+in hives. This naturally leads us to inquire, whether we could not frame
+all our systems of life after the same fashion. We are busy, like the
+bee; we are gregarious, like him; we make provision against a rainy day;
+we are fond of flowers and the country; we occasionally sting, like him;
+and we make a great noise about what we do. Now, if we resemble the bee
+in so many points, and his political instinct is so admirable, let us
+reflect what we ought to become in other respects, in order to attain to
+the full benefit of his example.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+But we have not yet got half through the wonders, which are to modify
+human conduct by the example of this wise, industrious, and
+monarch-loving people. Marvellous changes must be effected, before we
+have any general pretension to resemble them, always excepting in the
+aristocratic particular. For instance, the aristocrats of the hive,
+however unmasculine in their ordinary mode of life, are the only males.
+The working-classes, like the sovereign, are all females! How are we to
+manage this? We must convert, by one sudden meta-morphosis, the whole
+body of our agricultural and manufacturing population into women! Mrs.
+Cobbett must displace her husband, and tell us all about Indian corn.
+There must be not a man in Nottingham, except the Duke of Newcastle; and
+he trembling lest the Queen should send for him. The tailors, bakers,
+carpenters, gardeners, must all be Mrs. Tailors and Mrs. Bakers. The
+very name of John Smith must go out. The Directory must be Amazonian.
+This commonalty of women must also be, at one and the same time, the
+operatives, the soldiers, the virgins, and the legislators of the
+country! They must make all we want, fight all our enemies, and even get
+up a Queen for us when necessary; for the sovereigns of the hive are
+often of singular origin, being manufactured! literally "made to order,"
+and that too by dint of their eating! They are fed and stuffed into
+royalty! The receipt is, to take any ordinary female bee in its infancy,
+put it into a royal cradle or cell, and feed it with a certain kind of
+jelly; upon which its shape alters into that of sovereignty, and her
+Majesty issues forth, royal by the grace of stomach. This is no fable,
+as the reader may see on consulting any good history of bees. In
+general, several Queen-bees are made at a time, in case of accidents;
+but each, on emerging from her apartment, seeks to destroy the other,
+and one only remains living in one hive. The others depart at the head
+of colonies, like Dido.
+
+To sum up then the conditions of human society were it to be re-modelled
+after the example of the bee, let us conclude with drawing a picture of
+the state of our beloved country, so modified. Imprimis, all our working
+people would be females, wearing swords, never marrying, and
+occasionally making queens. They would grapple with their work in a
+prodigious manner, and make a great noise. Secondly, our aristocracy
+would be all males, never working, never marrying, (except when sent
+for,) always eating or sleeping, and annually having their throats cut.
+The bee-massacre takes place in July; when accordingly all our nobility
+and gentry would be out of town, with a vengeance! The women would draw
+their swords, and hunt and stab them all about the West end, till
+Brompton and Bayswater would be choked with slain.
+
+Thirdly, her Majesty the Queen would either succeed to a quiet throne,
+or, if manufactured, would have to eat a prodigious quantity of jelly in
+her infancy; and so alter growing into proper sovereign condition, would
+issue forth, and begin her reign either with killing her royal sisters,
+or leading forth a colony to America or New South Wales. She would then
+take to husband some noble lord for the space of one calendar hour, and
+dismissing him to his dullness, proceed to lie in of 12,000 little royal
+highnesses in the course of the eight following weeks, with others too
+numerous to mention; all which princely generation with little
+exception, would forthwith give up their title, and divide themselves
+into lords or working-women as it happened; and so the story would go
+round to the end of the chapter, bustling, working, and massacring:--and
+here ends the sage example of the Monarchy of the Bees.
+
+We must observe nevertheless, before we conclude, that however ill and
+tragical the example of the bees may look for human imitation, we are
+not to suppose that the fact is anything like so melancholy to
+themselves. Perhaps it is no evil at all, or only so for the moment. The
+drones, it is true, seem to have no fancy for being massacred; but we
+have no reason to suppose, that they, or any of the rest concerned in
+this extraordinary instinct, are aware of the matter beforehand; and the
+same is to be said of the combats between the Queen-bees; they appear to
+be the result of an irresistible impulse, brought about, by the sudden
+pressure of a necessity. Bees appear to be very happy, during far the
+greater portion of their existence. A modern writer, of whom it is to be
+lamented that a certain want of refinement stopped short his
+perceptions, and degraded his philosophy from the finally expedient into
+what was fugitively so, has a passage on this point, as agreeable as
+what he is speaking of. "A bee among the flowers in spring," says Dr.
+Paley, "is one of the cheerfullest objects that can be looked upon. Its
+life appears to be all enjoyment, _so busy and so pleased_."--_Abridged
+from the New Monthly Magazine_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Toast of a Scotch Peer_.--Lord K--, dining at Provost S--'s, and being
+the only peer present, one of the company gave a toast, "The Duke of
+Buccleugh." So the peerage went round till it came to Lord K--, who said
+he would give them a peer, which, although not toasted, was of more use
+than the whole. His lordship gave "The Pier of Leith."--_Chambers's
+Edin. Jour._
+
+Caroline, Queen of George II. amused herself by reading Butler's
+_Analogy of Religion to Human Nature_; a book which Hoadley, Bishop of
+Winchester, said always gave him the head-ache, if he only looked into
+it.
+
+After George II. had ceased to visit the theatres, Macklin's farce of
+_Love A-la-mode_ having been acted with much applause, he sent for the
+manuscript, and had it read over to him by a sedate old Hanoverian
+gentleman, who being but little acquainted with English, spent eleven
+weeks in puzzling out the author's meaning!
+
+_Ships_.--During the early part of the last century, as has been
+remarked, almost all the towns of England were on the water (in the
+navy.) Of the few persons who have been so highly esteemed as to have
+their names given to men of war, are Dr. Franklin and Joan of Arc, who
+were thus honoured by the French. In the English navy, the ships the
+Royal George have been singularly unfortunate. The Great Harry also was
+burnt in the reign of Queen Mary.
+
+_Personal Ornament_.--The city of Kano, the great emporium of the
+kingdom of Houssa, in Africa, is celebrated for the art of dyeing cotton
+cloth, which is afterwards beaten with wooden mallets until it acquires
+a japan gloss. The women dye their hair with indigo, and also their
+hands, feet, legs, and eyebrows. Their legs and arms thus painted, look
+as if covered with dark blue gloves and boots. Both men and women colour
+their teeth a blood-red, which is esteemed a great ornament. T. GILL.
+
+_A "Manager."_--Colley Cibber gives the following spirited description
+of a famous theatrical manager in his day; "That he was as sly a tyrant
+as ever was at the head of a theatre, for he gave the actors more
+liberty, and fewer day's pay than any of his predecessors; he would
+laugh with them over a bottle, and trick them in their bargains; he kept
+them poor, that they might not be able to rebel; and sometimes merry,
+that they might not think of it"
+
+_Newton's Weather Wisdom_.--Sir Isaac Newton was once riding over
+Salisbury Plain, when a boy, keeping sheep, called to him--"Sir, you had
+better make haste on, or you will get a wet jacket." Newton looking
+round and observing neither clouds nor speck on the horizon, jogged on,
+taking very little notice of the rustic's information. He had made but a
+few miles, when a storm suddenly arising, wetted him to the skin.
+Surprised at the circumstance, and determined, if possible, to ascertain
+how an ignorant boy had attained a precision and knowledge in the
+weather, of which the wisest philosophers would be proud, he rode back,
+wet as he was. "My lad," said Newton, "I'll give thee a guinea if thou
+wilt tell me how thou canst foretell the weather so truly." "Will ye,
+sir? I will then," said the boy, scratching his head, and holding out
+his hand for the guinea. "Now, sir," having received the money, and
+pointing to his sheep, "when you see that black ram turn his tail
+towards the wind, 'tis a sure sign of rain within an hour." "What,"
+exclaimed the philosopher, "must I, in order to foretell the weather,
+stay here, and watch which way that black ram turns his tail?" "Yes,
+sir," replied the boy. Off rode Newton, quite satisfied with his
+discovery, but not much inclined to avail himself of it, or to recommend
+it to others.      W.G.C.
+
+_Primitive Lamp_.--The inhabitants of the Landes, in the south of
+France, being cut off from the rest of the world, have it not in their
+power, except when once or twice a year they travel to the nearest towns
+with their wool, to purchase candles; and as they have no notion how
+these can be made, they substitute in their place a lamp fed with the
+turpentine extracted from the fir-trees. The whole process is simple and
+primitive. To obtain the turpentine, they cut a hole in the tree, and
+fasten a dish in it to catch the sap as it oozes through, and as soon as
+the dish is filled, they put a wick of cotton into the midst of the
+liquor, and burn it as we do a lamp.     W.G.C.
+
+_Turning the Back_.--In this and all countries of Europe, to turn the
+back upon persons of rank or in authority, is considered highly
+improper; a striking instance of which may be seen in the mode in which
+messengers from the Lords retreat along the floor of the House of
+Commons. In the interior of Africa it is quite otherwise. There the
+court assemble round the sovereign invariably with their backs to him.
+T. GILL.
+
+A gentleman having frequently reproved his servant, an Irish girl, for
+boiling eggs too hard, requested her in future, to boil them only three
+minutes by the clock. "Sure, sir," replied the girl, "how shall I do
+that, for your honour knows the clock is always a quarter of an hour too
+fast."     W.G.C.
+
+_Unhappy Fate of Camoens_.--Camoens the celebrated Portuguese poet, was
+shipwrecked at the mouth of the river Meco, on the coast of Camboja, and
+lost his whole property; but through the assistance of his black
+servant, he saved his life and his poems, which he bore through the
+waves in one hand,[4] whilst he swam ashore with the other: his black
+servant begged in the streets of Lisbon for the support of his master,
+who died in 1579. It is said that his death was accelerated by the
+anguish with which he foresaw the ruin impending over his country. In
+one of his letters (says his biographer) he uses these remarkable
+expressions: "I am ending the course of my life; the world will witness
+how I have loved my country. I have returned not only to die in her
+bosom, but to die with her." He was buried as obscurely as he had closed
+his life, in St. Anne's Church, and the following epitaph was inscribed
+over his grave:--
+
+      "Here lies Lewis de Camoens,
+    Prince of the Poets of his time.
+  He lived poor and miserable, and died
+      such, Anno Domini, 1579."
+
+P.T.W.
+
+_The Philosopher's Stone_.--Sir Kenelm Digby was relating to King James
+that he had seen the true Philosopher's Stone, in the possession of a
+hermit in Italy; and when the king was very curious to understand what
+sort of a stone it was, and Sir Kenelm being much puzzled in describing
+it, Sir Francis Bacon, who was present, interposed, and said, "Perhaps
+it was a _whetstone_."
+
+N.B. There is an old _proverbial_ expression, in which an excitement to
+a lie was called a _whetstone_.     P.T.W.
+
+    [4] Precious Salvage.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand. (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by ERNAEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic;
+G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen and
+Booksellers._
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE ***
+
+***** This file should be named 11543.txt or 11543.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/5/4/11543/
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, David King, and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's
+eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII,
+compressed (zipped), HTML and others.
+
+Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks replace the old file and take over
+the old filename and etext number.  The replaced older file is renamed.
+VERSIONS based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving
+new filenames and etext numbers.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+EBooks posted prior to November 2003, with eBook numbers BELOW #10000,
+are filed in directories based on their release date.  If you want to
+download any of these eBooks directly, rather than using the regular
+search system you may utilize the following addresses and just
+download by the etext year. For example:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/etext06
+
+    (Or /etext 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99,
+     98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90)
+
+EBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are
+filed in a different way.  The year of a release date is no longer part
+of the directory path.  The path is based on the etext number (which is
+identical to the filename).  The path to the file is made up of single
+digits corresponding to all but the last digit in the filename.  For
+example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/1/0/2/3/10234
+
+or filename 24689 would be found at:
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/6/8/24689
+
+An alternative method of locating eBooks:
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/GUTINDEX.ALL
+
+
diff --git a/old/11543.zip b/old/11543.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ee6896a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/11543.zip