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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction., by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction.
+       Volume 19, No. 535, Saturday, February 25, 1832.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 11, 2004 [EBook #11539]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Bill Walker and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. XIX, NO. 535.] SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 1832. [PRICE 2d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS, REGENT'S PARK.
+
+
+[Illustration: THE POLAR BEAR.]
+
+[Illustration: THE TUNNEL.]
+
+[Illustration: MONKEY CAGE.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+GARDENS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
+
+
+REGENT'S PARK.
+
+
+A visit to these Gardens is one of the most delightful of the rational
+recreations of the metropolis. The walk out is pleasant enough: though
+there is little rural beauty on the road, the creations of art assume
+a more agreeable appearance than in the city itself; and, with
+cottages, park-like grounds, and flourishing wood, the eye may enjoy a
+few picturesque groupings.
+
+The _Garden_ of the Society is one of the prettiest in the vicinity of
+the metropolis; the _Menagerie_ is certainly the most important ever
+collected in this country. It is a charming sight to behold myriads of
+tiny flowers fringing our very paths, and little groves of shrubs and
+young trees around us; yet it is a gratification of the highest order,
+to witness the animals of almost every country on the earth assembled
+within a few acres; and it is indeed a sublime study to observe how
+beautifully the links in the great chain of nature are wrought, and
+how admirably are the habits and structure of some of these animals
+adapted to the wants of man, while all are subservient to some great
+purpose in the scale of creation. How clearly are these truths taught
+by the science of Zoology; and how attractively are they illustrated
+in the Menagerie of the Zoological Gardens. Consider but for a moment
+that the cat which crouches by our fireside is of the same tribe with
+"the lordly lion," whose roar is terrific as an earthquake, and the
+tiger who often stays but to suck the blood of his victims: that the
+faithful dog, "who knows us personally, watches for us, and warns us
+of danger," is but a descendant from the wolf, who prowls through the
+wintry waste with almost untameable ferocity. Yet how do we arrive at
+the knowledge of these interesting facts--but by zoological study.
+
+Two of the Cuts in the annexed page will furnish our country friends
+with the improved plan of keeping the animals in large open cages. The
+first represents that of the _Polar Bear_, of strong iron-work, with a
+dormitory adjoining. The enclosed area is flagged with stone, and
+in the centre is a tank, or pool, of water, in which the bear makes
+occasional plungings. The present occupant is but small in comparison
+with the usual size of the species. "Its favourite postures," observes
+Mr. Bennett, "are lying flat at its whole length; sitting upon its
+haunches with its fore legs perfectly upright, and its head in a
+dependent position; or standing upon all fours with its fore-paws
+widely extended and its head and neck swinging alternately from
+side to side, or upwards and downwards in one continued and equable
+libration."[1]
+
+    [1] The Gardens and Menagerie of the Zoological Society
+        delineated. Vol. I.
+
+The second Cut represents the tunnelled communication between the two
+Gardens, beneath the carriage-road of the Park. Above, the archway is
+a pediment, supported by two neat columns, and a terraced walk, with
+balustrades. The whole is handsomely executed in cement or imitative
+stone. The decorative vases are by Austin, of the New Road. A lion's
+head, in bold relief, forms an appropriate key-stone embellishment to
+the arch. The sloping banks are formed of mimic rock-work profusely
+intermingled with plants and flowers.
+
+The third Cut is the Monkey House, of substantial iron-work, with
+dormitories and winter apartments in the rear. In fine sunny weather
+the monkeys may be here seen disporting their recreant limbs to the
+delight of crowds of visiters. Their species are too numerous but for
+a catalogue. Among them are the Negro and Sooty Monkeys,--the Mone
+Monkey: "the name of _Monkey_ is supposed to be derived from
+the African appellation of this species, _Mone_ corrupted into
+_Monachus_." Bonneted, pig-tailed, and Capuchin Monkeys; the last
+named from their dark crowns, like the capuch or hood of a Capuchin
+friar; and black and white-fronted Spider Monkeys, named from their
+great resemblance to large spiders.
+
+By the way, there is an abundance of still life in the Gardens at this
+ungenial season. We find the Elephant, the Antelopes, and the Zebra,
+in their winter quarters, and their mightinesses, the large cats, as
+the lions, tiger, and leopards, accommodated with a snug fire. The
+tropical birds, as the parrots, maccaws, &c., have been removed from
+the extremity of the north garden to warmer quarters; and the hyaenas,
+leopards, and a host of smaller carnivorous quadrupeds have taken
+their places. The upper end is occupied by four roomy dens, with a
+lordly black-maned lion and a lioness, from Northern Africa; above
+them are a fine lioness and a leopard from Ceylon: these we take to
+have been among the recent arrivals from the Tower Menagerie.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FRAGMENTS ON HUMAN LIFE.
+
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+  "Call not earth a barren spot,
+   Pass it not ungrateful by,
+   'Tis to man a lovely lot."
+
+There is no subject on which such a variety of opinions exist, as on
+the question "Whether man is happy;" and that it is not easy to be
+settled, is certain. Many persons have been so far contented with
+their lot as to wish to have their life over again, and yet as many
+have expressed themselves to the contrary.
+
+Dr. Johnson, who always spoke of human life in the most desponding
+terms, and considered earth a vale of tears,
+
+  "Yet hope, not life from pain or sorrow free,
+  Or think the doom of man reversed for thee--"
+
+declared that he would not live over again a single week of his life,
+had it been allowed him.[2] Such was his opinion on the past; but so
+great is the cheering influence with which Hope irradiates the mind,
+that in looking forward to the future, he always talked with pleasure
+on the prospect of a long life.
+
+    [2] Chamfort observes, that the writers on physics, natural
+        history, physiology, and chemistry, have been generally men of a
+        mild, even, and happy temperament, while the writers on politics,
+        legislation, and even morals, commonly exhibited a melancholy and
+        fretful spirit. It is to be expected that an inspection of the
+        beauty and order of nature should affect the mind with peculiar
+        pleasure.--_Gaieties and Gravities_.
+
+When he was in Scotland, Boswell told him that after his death, he
+intended to erect a memorial to him. Johnson, to whom the very
+mention of death was unpleasant, replied, "Sir, I hope to see your
+grand-children." On his death-bed he observed to the surgeon who was
+attending him, "_I want life_, you are afraid of giving me pain."
+
+It has been supposed that this question had been settled by the
+authority of Scripture. "Man is born to trouble," says Job, "as
+the sparks fly upward." In turning over a few pages more, we find
+ourselves in doubt again. "_The latter end of Job was more blessed
+than his beginning_; for he had 14,000 sheep, and 6,000 camels, and
+1,000 yoke of oxen, and 1,000 she-asses. He had also seven sons and
+three daughters. So Job died being old and full of days."
+
+It may not be unpleasant to place before the reader the opinions of
+several celebrated men, on Life, that he may choose his side, and
+either like the bee or the spider, extract the poison or gather the
+honey. We will begin with Sterne, one who well knew the human heart.
+
+    "What is the life of man? is it not to shift from side to side!
+    from sorrow to sorrow!"
+
+    "When I consider how oft we eat the bread of affliction, when one
+    runs over the catalogue of all the cross reckonings and sorrowful
+    items with which the heart of man is overcharged, 'tis wonderful
+    by what hidden resources the mind is enabled to stand it out, and
+    bear itself up, as it does, against the impositions laid upon our
+    nature."--_T. Shandy_.
+
+    "A man has but a bad bargain of it at the best."--_Chesterfield_.
+
+    "No scene of human life but teems with mortal woe."--_Sir Walter
+    Scott_.
+
+In opposition to these sentiments, Franklin, in writing on the death
+of a friend, gives us his opinion, "_It is a party of pleasure_, some
+take their seats first."
+
+And Lord Byron, describing Sunrise, in the second canto of _Lara_,
+says
+
+  "But mighty nature bounds as from her birth,
+  The sun is in the heavens, and life on earth;
+  Flowers in the valley, splendour in the beam.
+  Health on the gale, and freshness in the stream.
+  Immortal Man! Behold her glories shine,
+  And cry exultingly, 'They are thine'
+  Gaze on, while yet thy gladdened eyes may see,
+  A morrow comes when they are not for thee."
+
+In the same spirit Cowper begins his poem on Hope:
+
+  "See Nature gay as when she first began,
+  With smiles alluring her admirer, man,
+  She spreads the morning over eastern hills.
+  Earth glitters with the drops the night distils.
+  The sun obedient at her call appears
+  To fling his glories o'er the robe she wears,
+       ...                to proclaim
+  His happiness, her dear, her only aim."
+
+"The Thracians," says Cicero, "wept when a child was born, and feasted
+and made merry when a man went out of the world, and with reason. Show
+me the man who knows what life is, and dreads death, and I'll show
+thee a prisoner who dreads his liberty."
+
+Of the misery of human life, Gray speaks in similar terms:
+
+  "To all their sufferings all are men,
+  Condemn'd alike to groan,
+  The feeling for another's pain,
+  The unfeeling for his own."
+
+Audi alteram partem:
+
+    "It's a happy world after all."--_Paley_.
+
+And Gray himself:
+
+  "For who to dumb forgetfulness a prey,
+    This careful, anxious being e'er resigned,
+  E'er left the precincts of the _cheerful day_
+    Nor cast one longing, lingering look behind."
+
+And another popular author:
+
+    "A world of pleasure is continually streaming in on every side. It
+    only depends on man to be a demi-god, and to convert this world
+    into Elysium."--_Gaieties and Gravities_.
+
+It is doubtless wise to incline to the latter sentiment.
+
+Of the instability of human happiness and glory, a fine picture is
+drawn by Appian, who represents Scipio weeping over the destruction of
+Carthage. "When he saw this famous city, which had flourished seven
+hundred years, and might have been compared to the greatest empires,
+on account of the extent of its dominions, both by sea and land,
+its mighty armies, its fleets, elephants and riches; and that the
+Carthaginians were even superior to other nations, by their courage
+and greatness of soul, as, notwithstanding their being deprived of
+arms and ships, they had sustained for three whole years, all the
+hardships and calamities of a long siege; seeing, I say, this city
+entirely ruined, historians relate that he could not refuse his tears
+to the unhappy fate of Carthage. He reflected that cities, nations,
+and empires are liable to revolutions, no less than particular men;
+that the like sad fate had befallen Troy, once so powerful; and in
+later times, the Assyrians, Medes, and Persians, whose dominions were
+once of so great an extent; and lastly, the Macedonians, whose empire
+had been so glorious throughout the world." Full of these mournful
+ideas, he repeated the following verse of Homer:
+
+  "The day shall come, that great avenging day,
+  Which Troy's proud glories in the dust shall lay,
+  When Priam's powers, and Priam's self shall fall,
+  And one prodigious ruin swallow all--"
+
+thereby denouncing the future destiny of Rome, as he himself confessed
+to Polybius, who desired Scipio to explain himself on that occasion.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE SKETCH-BOOK
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A COASTING SCRAP.
+
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+It was a bright summer afternoon: the estuary of Poole Harbour lay
+extended before me; its broad expanse studded with inlands of sand and
+furze bushes, of which Brownsea is the most considerable. A slight
+ripple marked the deeper channels which were of a blue colour, and the
+shallow mud banks being but barely covered by the tide, appeared like
+sheets of molten silver. The blue hills of Purbeck bounded the distant
+heath-lands to the westward, and the harbour extended itself inland
+towards the town of Wareham, becoming more and more intricate in its
+navigation, although it receives the contributions of two rivers, the
+Piddle and the Froome, arising probably from the soil carried down by
+the streams, and the faint action of the tide at a distance of eight
+or ten miles from the mouth of the harbour. The Wareham clay boats
+added life to the scene. Some were wending their way through the
+intricate channels close hauled upon a wind; others were going right
+away with a flowing sheet. On the eastern side was the bold sweep of
+the shore, extending to the mouth of the harbour, and terminating in a
+narrow point of bright sand hills, separating the quiet waters of the
+harbour from the boisterous turmoilings of the English Channel.
+
+Sauntering along the Quay of Poole, indulging in a kind of reverie,
+thinking, or in fact, thinking of nothing at all, (a kind of waking
+dream, when hundreds of ideas, recollections, and feelings float with
+wonderful rapidity through the brain,) my attention was attracted by
+a stout, hardy-faced pilot, with water boots on his legs, and a red,
+woollen night-cap on his head, who was driving a very earnest bargain
+for a "small, but elegant assortment," of dabs and flounders. "Dree
+and zixpence if you like," said he. "I could a bought vour times as
+much vor one and zixpence coast-ways, if I'd a mind, and I'll give
+thee no more, and not a word of a lie." His oratory conquered the
+coyness of the fishy damsel; and he invited the lady to take a glass
+of "zomat avore he topped his boom for Swanwidge."
+
+Having before me the certainty of a dull, monotonous afternoon, and
+cheerless evening, without any visible means of amusement, I instantly
+closed a bargain with Dick Hart (for such was the pilot's name) to
+give me a cast to Swanwidge. In a short time I found myself on board
+a trim, little pilot boat, gliding along the waters as the sun was
+sliding his downward course, and shedding a mellow radiance over the
+distant scenery towards Lytchett. The white steeple of Poole church
+was lighted by the rays, while the town presented a neat and
+picturesque appearance with the masts of the shipping cutting against
+the blue sky.
+
+Dick Hart formed no small feature in the scene as he stood at the helm
+with his red cap and black, curly hair, smoking a short, clay pipe,
+which like his own face, had become rather brown in service. He looked
+around him with an air of independence and unconcern, as the "monarch
+of all he surveyed," casting his eye up now and then at the trim of
+his canvass, but more frequently keeping it on me. Dick began to open
+his budget of chat, and I found him as full of fun as his mainsail was
+full of nettles.
+
+A voice from the forecastle called out to Dick, who was so intent on
+his story that the helm slipped from his hand, and the ship flew up
+in the wind, "Mind, skipper, or you will run down Old Betty." I was
+astonished at the insinuation against my noble captain that he was
+likely to behave rude to a lady, but my suspicions were soon removed,
+when I saw Old Betty was a buoy, floating on the waters, adorned with
+a furze bush. Old Betty danced merrily on the rippling wave with her
+furze bush by way of a feather, with shreds of dried sea weed hanging
+to it forming ribbons to complete the head dress of the lady buoy.
+The nearer we approached, the more rapid did Betty dance, and when
+we passed close alongside of her, she curtsied up and down as if to
+welcome our visit. Dick narrated why a buoy placed at the head of a
+mud bank obtained the name of a _lady fair_, and I briefly noted it
+down.
+
+Many years ago a single lady resided at Poole, of plain manners,
+unaffected simplicity, affable, yet retiring, and--
+
+    "Passing rich with forty pounds a-year."
+
+The gentry courted her, but she still adhered to her secluded habits.
+Year after year rolled on, and though some may have admired her,
+she was never led to the altar, and consequently her condition was
+_unaltered_. Kind and friendly neighbours kept a vigilant eye upon her
+proceedings, but her character was unimpeachable; and they all agreed
+that she was a very suspicious person, because they could not slander
+her. She lived a blameless single lady.
+
+Her attentions were directed to an orphan boy. He was her constant
+companion, and the object of her tenderest solicitude. As he grew up
+he excelled the youth of his own age in manly exercises; could thrash
+all of his own size, when insulted, but never played the tyrant, or
+the bully. He could make the longest innings at cricket, and as for
+swimming in all its various branches, none could compare with William.
+It was finally arranged by a merchant to send William a voyage to
+Newfoundland, and the news soon spread round the town that William
+(for he was a general favourite) was to _see_ the world by taking to
+the _sea_.
+
+The time arrived when the ship was to be warped out from the Quay, and
+to sail for her destination. The crew and the passengers were all on
+board, and William was, by his absence, rather trespassing on the
+indulgence of the captain; but who could be angry with the boy whom
+every body loved?
+
+The town gossips, and many a fair maiden, were on the Quay to see
+young William embark. The tide had already turned, and the captain
+was about to give the word "to cast off and let all go;" to send the
+vessel, as it were, adrift, loose and unfettered upon the waters, to
+struggle as a thing of life with the billows of the Atlantic, but
+animated and controled by the energies of men. Just at this moment
+William appeared at the end of the Quay, walking slowly to the scene
+of embarkation with his kind and benevolent benefactress leaning, and
+leaning heavily, for her heart was heavy, upon the arm of her dutiful
+and beloved William. As they approached, the crowd made way with
+profound respect, not the cringing respect paid to superior wealth,
+but with that respect which worth of character and innate virtue can
+and will command, though poverty may smite and desolate.
+
+They walked unconscious of the notice they attracted. Their hearts
+were too full to heed the sympathies of others. The youth kept his
+eye fixed upon the loosening topsails of his ship; his benefactress
+grasped his arm almost convulsively, and looked, or rather stared,
+upon the ground. She dreaded the last, the hurried "fare well," the
+last look, the last word from her William, and she tottered as she
+approached the side of the ship. They stood locked hand in hand at the
+edge of the Quay; not a word was uttered by either; but they gazed
+at each other with a fondness which showed that their souls were in
+communion.
+
+"Now, William, jump on board--cast off there forward," exclaimed the
+captain; "swing her head round--heave away my boys--come, William,
+come my boy."
+
+The youth awoke as from a startled sleep. He imprinted a kiss, the
+last kiss, upon the cold cheeks of his benefactress, and dashing away
+with the sleeve of his jacket a tear, of which he felt ashamed, in a
+moment he was on the quarter deck of his commander. He durst not look
+again upon the Quay; but had he looked he would have seen many a
+weeping maiden who had never told her love, and he would have seen his
+affectionate benefactress borne away in a fainting fit. All this he
+saw not, for he braced his courage up before his future messmates, and
+he looked forward to his duties, considering the past as but a dream.
+
+Months elapsed and tidings were frequently received of William. He had
+distinguished himself by his activity and docility. His townsmen
+heard with pleasure of his good conduct, and looked forward with
+satisfaction to welcome his return; when at length a pilot boat
+brought intelligence that the ship was lying at anchor at the mouth of
+the harbour, waiting the next tide with loss of foremast in a heavy
+gale the preceding night off the Bill of Portland. His benefactress,
+impatient of delay, immediately hired a boat, and preceded to the ship
+before the tide had turned; but she no sooner reached the deck than
+she was informed by the captain that William was aloft when the
+foremast went by the board on the preceding night, and that he fell
+into the raging waves without the possibility of relief being afforded
+him.
+
+"God's will be done," murmured the unhappy woman as she clasped her
+hands, and taking her station at the gangway, she continued gazing on
+the water as it rippled by, in a state of unconsciousness to every
+passing object. In the meantime the vessel was under weigh, and was
+coming once more in sight of Brownsea, when a plunge was heard--"she's
+overboard," exclaimed a sailor--"cut away some spars--lower the
+boats--over with the hen coops--down with the helm, and back the
+topsails"--roared out many voices; but she had sunk to rise no more!
+Her corpse was found a few days after when the tide receded, lying on
+a mud bank, close to the buoy which has ever since been known by every
+sailor and every pilot of Poole under the name of Old Betty. But to
+complete the sad narrative, it appeared that William, as he excelled
+in swimming, succeeded in gaining the shore of Portland, and arrived
+in time at Poole to attend the remains of his benefactress to the
+grave in character of chief mourner.
+
+On opening her papers it was discovered that in losing his
+benefactress he had lost his mother! That she had been privately
+married to a widower of considerable fortune, who had one son by
+his first wife, and that on his demise the estate would devolve
+on William, provided his half brother had no children. A few days
+afterwards the death of Henry ----, Esq. of ---- Hall, Worcestershire,
+was formally announced in the daily Journals, and the unexpected
+claims of William being acknowledged, he succeeded to a very fine
+property and estate, and died as much respected in a good old age as
+he was beloved in his buoyant childhood, when the gossips and the
+maidens of Poole agreed that the orphan boy promised to be a "nice
+young man."--"And not word of a lie in it," said Dick Hart, as he
+finished his story, his pipe, and his grog.
+
+We were now steering across Studland Bay. Banks of dark clouds were
+gathering majestically on the eastern horizon, and the sun was
+rapidly sinking in a flood of golden light. Behind us was the Isle
+of Brownsea, with its dark fir plantations and lofty, cold-looking,
+awkward castle. On the left was the line of low sand hills, stretching
+away towards Christchurch, and seeming to join the Needles' Rocks,
+situated at the western extremity of the Isle of Wight, the high chalk
+cliffs of which reflected the sun's last rays, giving a rich and
+placid feeling to the cold and distant grey. On the right, and closer
+to us, was the brown and purple heath-land of Studland Bay. Here
+barren, there patches of verdure, and the thin smoke threading its
+way from a cluster of trees, denoted where the village hamlet lay
+embosomed from the storms of the southwest gales, close at the foot
+and under the shelter of a lofty chalk range which abuts abruptly on
+the sea, and before which stands a high, detached pyramidical rock,
+rising out of the waters like a sheeted spectre, and known to mariners
+under the suspicious name of _Old Harry_.
+
+This coast was once notorious for smuggling, but those days of
+nautical chivalry have ceased, if Dick Hart was to be credited, who
+shook his head very mournfully as he alluded to "the _Block-head_
+service."
+
+JAMES SILVESTER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SCENE FROM A FRENCH DRAMA.
+
+
+No. XVII. of the _Foreign Quarterly Review_, contains a paper of
+much interest to the playgoer as well as to the lover of dramatic
+literature--on two French dramas of great celebrity--_La Maréchale
+d'Ancre_, by de Vigny; and _Marion Delorme_, by Victor Hugo. We quote
+a scene from the former. Concini, the principal character, is a
+favourite of Louis XIII.; the Maréchale, his wife, has a first love,
+Borgia, a Corsican, who, disappointed in his early suit by the
+stratagems of Concini, has married the beautiful but uncultivated
+Isabella Monti. On the conflicting feelings of this strange personage,
+his hatred to the husband, and his relenting towards the wife; and the
+licentious plans of Concini for the seduction of Isabella, whom he
+has seen without knowing her to be the wife of his deadly enemy, the
+interest of the piece is made to turn. The jealous Isabella is at last
+persuaded that the Maréchale has robbed her of the attachment of her
+husband, and appears as a witness against her on the pretended charge
+of witchcraft and sorcery.
+
+While the Maréchal, even in the dungeon of the Bastile, is awing
+her oppressors into silence, bands of murderers are seeking Concini
+through the streets of Paris. As he issues from the house of the
+Jew which contains Isabella, he hears through the obscurity of the
+tempestuous night the cries of the populace, but he thinks they are
+but the indications of some passing tumult. He rests for a moment
+against a pillar on the pavement, but recoils again, as from a
+serpent, for he perceives it is the stone on which Ravaillac had
+planted his foot when he assassinated Henry, and in that murder it is
+darkly insinuated he had a share. Through the darkness of the Rue de
+la Ferronnerie, Michael Borgia is seen advancing, conducting the two
+children of his rival. He has promised to the Maréchale to save them
+from the dangers of the night, and has brought them in safety to his
+own threshold. But his promise of safety extended not to Concini. The
+wild ferocity of the following scene has many parallels in the actual
+duels of the time, as delineated in Froissart and Brantome.
+
+_Borgia (with the children.)_--Poor children! come in; you will be
+safer here than in the houses to which they have pursued us.
+
+_The Boy_.--Ah! there is a man standing up.
+
+_Borgia (turning the lantern which the child holds towards
+Concini.)_--Concini!
+
+_Concini_.--Borgia! (_Each raises his dagger, and seizes with the left
+arm the right of his enemy. They remain motionless, and gazing at each
+other. The children escape into the street and disappear_.)
+
+_Concini_.--Let go my arm, and I will liberate yours.
+
+_Borgia_.--What shall be my security?
+
+_Concini_.--Those children whom you have with you.
+
+_Borgia_.--I am labouring to save them. Your palace is on fire--your
+wife is arrested--your fortune is wrecked--base, senseless adventurer!
+
+_Concini_.--Have done--let go--let us fight!
+
+_Borgia_ (_pushing him from him_.)--Back, then, and draw your sword.
+
+_Concini_ (_draws_.)--Begin.
+
+_Borgia_.--Remove those children--they would be in our way.
+
+_Concini_.--They are gone.
+
+_Borgia_.--Take these letters, assassin! I had promised to restore
+them to you. (_He hands to Concini a black portfolio_.)
+
+_Concini_.--I would have taken them from your body.
+
+_Borgia_.--I have performed my promise--and now, ravisher! look to
+yourself.
+
+_Concini_.--Base seducer, defend _thyself_.
+
+_Borgia_.--The night is dark, but I shall feel you by my hate: Plant
+your foot against the wall, that you may not retreat.
+
+_Concini_.--Would I could chain yours to the pavement, that I might be
+sure of my mark!
+
+_Borgia_.--Agree that the first who is wounded shall inform the other.
+
+_Concini_.--Yes, for we should not see the blood. I swear it by the
+thirst I feel for yours.--But not that the affair should end there.
+
+_Borgia_.--No, only to begin again with more spirit.
+
+_Concini_--To continue till we can lift the sword no longer.
+
+_Borgia_.--Till the death of one or other of us.
+
+_Concini_--I see you not. Are you in front of me?
+
+_Borgia_.--Yes, wretch! Parry that thrust. Has it sped?
+
+_Concini_.--No; take that in return.
+
+_Borgia_.--I am untouched.
+
+_Concini_.--What, still? Oh! would I could but see thy hateful visage.
+(_They continue to fight desperately, but without touching each other.
+Both rest for a little_.)
+
+_Borgia_.--Have you a cuirass on, Concini?
+
+_Concini_.--I had, but I left it with your wife in her chamber.
+
+_Borgia_.--Liar! (_He rushes on him with his sword. Their blades are
+locked for a moment, and both are wounded_.)
+
+_Concini_.--I feel no sword opposed to mine. Have I wounded you?
+
+_Borgia_, (_leaning on his sword, and staunching the wound in his
+breast with, his handkerchief_.) No, let us begin again. There!
+
+_Concini_ (_binding his scarf round his thigh_.)--One moment and I am
+with you. (_He staggers against the pillar_.)
+
+_Borgia_, (_sinking on his knees_.)--Are you not wounded yourself?
+
+_Concini_.--No, no! I am resting. Advance, and you shall see.
+
+_Borgia_ (_endeavouring to rise, but unable_.)--I have struck my foot
+against a stone--wait an instant.
+
+_Concini_ (_with delight_.)--Ah! you are wounded!
+
+_Borgia_.--No, I tell you--'tis you who are so. Your voice is changed.
+
+_Concini_, (_feeling his sword_.)--My blade smells of blood.
+
+_Borgia_.--Mine is dabbled in it.
+
+_Concini_.--Come then, if you are not--come and finish me.
+
+_Borgia_, (_with triumph_.)--Finish! then you are wounded.
+
+_Concini_, (_with a voice of despair_.)--Were I not, would I not
+have already stabbed you twenty times over? But you are at least as
+severely handled.
+
+_Borgia_--It maybe so, or I should not be grovelling here.
+
+_Concini_.--Shall we now have done?
+
+_Borgia_, (_enraged_.)--Both wounded--yet both living!
+
+_Concini_.--What avails the blood I have drawn, while a drop remains.
+
+_Borgia_.--O! were I but beside thee! _Enter_ Vitry, _followed by the
+Guards walking slowly. He holds the young_ Count de la Pene _by the
+hand; the boy leads his sister_.
+
+_Vitry_, (_a pistol in his hand_.)--Well, my child, which is your
+father?
+
+_Count de la Pene_.--Oh! protect him, sir,--that is he leaning against
+the pillar.
+
+_Vitry_, (_aloud_.)--Draw tip--remain at that gate--Guards! (_The
+Guards advance with lanterns and flambeaux_.) Sir, I arrest you--your
+sword.
+
+_Concini_, (_thrusting at him_.)--Take it. (Vitry _fires his
+pistol_--Du Hallier, D'Ornano, _and_ Person _fire at the same
+time_--Concini _falls dead_.)
+
+The malice of Du Luynes, the inveterate enemy of the D'Ancres, and
+afterwards the minion of Louis, contrives that the Maréchale, in her
+way to execution, shall be conducted to this scene, where her husband
+lies dead, on the spot which had been stained with the blood of Henry,
+like Caesar at the foot of Pompey's statue; and the play concludes
+with her indignant and animated denunciation of this wretch, who
+stands calm and triumphant, while the Maréchale exacts from her son,
+over the body of Concini, an oath of vengeance against the destroyer
+of her house."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE MARTYR-STUDENT.
+
+
+  I am sick of the bird,
+    And its carol of glee;
+  It brings the voices heard
+    In boyhood back to me:
+  Our old village hall,
+    Our church upon the hill,
+  And the mossy gates--all
+    My darken'd eyes fill.
+
+  No more gladly leaping
+    With the choir I go,
+  My spirit is weeping
+    O'er her silver bow:
+  From the golden quiver
+    The arrows are gone,
+  The wind from Death's river
+    Sounds in it alone!
+
+  I sit alone and think
+    In the silent room.
+  I look up, and I shrink
+    From the glimmering gloom.
+  O, that the little one
+    Were here with her shout!--
+  O, that my sister's arm
+    My neck were roundabout!
+
+  I cannot read a book,
+    My eyes are dim and weak;
+  To every chair I look--
+    There is not one to speak!
+  Could I but sit once more
+    Upon that well-known chair,
+  By my mother, as of yore,
+    Her hand upon my hair!
+
+  My father's eyes seeking,
+    In trembling hope to trace
+  If the south wind had been breaking
+    The shadows from my face;--
+  How sweet to die away
+    Beside our mother's hearth,
+  Amid the balmy light
+    That shone upon our birth!
+
+  A wild and burning boy,
+    I climb the mountain's crest,
+  The garland of my joy
+    Did leap upon my breast;
+  A spirit walk'd before me
+    Along the stormy night,
+  The clouds melted o'er me,
+    The shadows turn'd to light.
+
+  Among my matted locks
+    The death-wind is blowing;
+  I hear, like a mighty rush of plumes,
+    The Sea of Darkness flowing!
+  Upon the summer air
+    Two wings are spreading wide;
+  A shadow, like a pyramid,
+    Is sitting by my side!
+
+  My mind was like a page
+    Of gold-wrought story,
+  Where the rapt eye might gaze
+    On the tale of glory;
+  But the rich painted words
+    Are waxing faint and old,
+  The leaves have lost their light,
+    The letters their gold!
+
+  And memory glimmers
+    On the pages I unrol,
+  Like the dim light creeping
+    Into an antique scroll.
+  When the scribe is searching
+    The writing pale and damp,
+  At midnight, and the flame
+    Is dying in the lamp.
+
+_FRASER'S MAGAZINE._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE SELECTOR; AND LITERARY NOTICES OF NEW WORKS
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE ITALIAN REPUBLICS.
+
+
+M.J.C.L. De Sismondi, has, to suit the plan of the _Cabinet
+Cyclopaedia_, endeavoured to include in one of its volumes--a summary
+of Italian history from the fall of the Roman empire to the end of
+the Middle Age--a period of about six and a half centuries. What a
+succession of stirring scenes does this volume present; what fields
+of bloody action; what revelry of carnage; what schemes of petty
+ambition; what trampling on necks, what uncrowning of heads; what
+orgies of fire, sword, famine, and slaughter; what overtoppling of
+thrones, and unseating of rulers; what pantings after freedom; what
+slavery of passion; what sunny scenes of fortune to be shaded with
+melancholy pictures of desolation and decay--are comprised in these
+few pages of the history of a comparatively small portion of the
+world for a short period--a narrow segment of the cycle of time.
+What Sismondi so ably accomplished in sixteen volumes, he has here
+comprised in one. He tells us that he could sacrifice episodes and
+details without regret. The present is not, however, an abridgment of
+his great work, "but an entirely new history, in which, with my eyes
+fixed solely on the free people of the several Italian states, I have
+studied to portray their first deliverance, their heroism, and their
+misfortunes."
+
+We quote a few sketchy extracts.
+
+
+_Last Struggle of Rome for Liberty_.
+
+"1453. Stefano Porcari, a Roman noble, willing to profit by the
+interregnum which preceded the nomination of Nicholas V., to make the
+Roman citizens demand the renewal and confirmation of their ancient
+rights and privileges, was denounced to the new pope as a dangerous
+person; and, so far from obtaining what he had hoped, he had the
+grief to see the citizens always more strictly excluded from any
+participation in public affairs. Those were entrusted only to
+prelates, who, being prepared for it neither by their studies nor
+sentiments, suffered the administration to fall into the most shameful
+disorder.
+
+"In an insurrection of the people in the Piazza Navona, arising from a
+quarrel, which began at a bull-fight, Stefano Porcari endeavoured to
+direct their attention to a more noble object, and turn this tumult to
+the advantage of liberty. The pope hastily indulged all the fancies
+of the people, with respect to their games or amusements; but firmly
+rejected all their serious demands, and exiled Porcari to Bologna. The
+latter hoped to obtain by conspiracy what he had failed to accomplish
+by insurrection. There were not less than 400 exiled Roman citizens:
+he persuaded them all to join him, and appointed them a rendezvous
+at Rome, for the 5th of January, 1453, in the house of his
+brother-in-law. Having escaped the vigilance of the legate of Bologna,
+he proceeded there himself, accompanied by 300 soldiers, whom he had
+enlisted in his service. The whole band was assembled on the night of
+the appointed 5th of January; and Stefano Porcari was haranguing them,
+to prepare them for the attack of the capitol,--in which he reckoned
+on re-establishing the senate of the Roman republic,--when, his secret
+having been betrayed, the house was surrounded with troops, the doors
+suddenly forced, and the conspirators overcome by numbers before their
+arms had been distributed. Next morning, the body of Stefano Porcari,
+with those of nine of his associates, were seen hanging from the
+battlements of the castle of St. Angelo. In spite of their ardent
+entreaties, they had been denied confession and the sacrament. Eight
+days later, the executions, after a mockery of law proceedings, were
+renewed, and continued in great numbers. The pope succeeded in causing
+those who had taken refuge in neighbouring states to be delivered up
+to him; and thus the last spark of Roman liberty was extinguished in
+blood."
+
+
+_General Mildness of Italian Warfare_.
+
+"1492. The horses and armour of the Italian men at arms were reckoned
+superior to those of the transalpine nations against which they had
+measured themselves in France, during "the war of the public weal."
+The Italian captains had made war a science, every branch of which
+they thoroughly knew. It was never suspected for a moment that the
+soldier should be wanting in courage: but the general mildness of
+manners, and the progress of civilization, had accustomed the Italians
+to make war with sentiments of honour and humanity towards the
+vanquished. Ever ready to give quarter, they did not strike a fallen
+enemy. Often, after having taken from him his horse and armour, they
+set him free; at least, they never demanded a ransom so enormous as
+to ruin him. Horsemen who went to battle clad in steel, were rarely
+killed or wounded, so long as they kept their saddles. Once unhorsed,
+they surrendered. The battle, therefore, never became murderous. The
+courage of the Italian soldiers, which had accommodated itself to this
+milder warfare, suddenly gave way before the new dangers and ferocity
+of barbarian enemies. They became terror-struck when they perceived
+that the French caused dismounted horsemen to be put to death by their
+valets, or made prisoners only to extort from them, under the name of
+ransom, all they possessed. The Italian cavalry, equal in courage, and
+superior in military science, to the French, was for some time
+unable to make head against an enemy whose ferocity disturbed their
+imaginations."
+
+
+_Battle of Marignano_.
+
+"1515.--Francis I. succeeded Louis XII. on the 1st of January; on the
+27th of June he renewed his predecessor's treaty of alliance with
+Venice; and on the 15th of August, entered the plains of Lombardy, by
+the marquisate of Saluzzo, with a powerful army. He met but little
+resistance in the provinces south of the Po, but the Swiss meanwhile
+arrived in great force to defend Maximilian Sforza, whom, since they
+had reseated him on the throne, they regarded as their vassal. Francis
+in vain endeavoured to negotiate with them; they would not listen
+to the voice of their commanders; democracy had passed from their
+_landsgemeinde_ into their armies, popular orators roused their
+passions; and on the 13th of September they impetuously left Milan
+to attack Francis I. at Marignano. Deep ditches lined with soldiers
+bordered the causeway by which they advanced; their commanders wished
+by some manoeuvre to get clear of them, or make the enemy change his
+position; but the Swiss, despising all the arts of war, expected to
+command success by mere intrepidity and bodily strength. They marched
+to the battery in full front; they repulsed the charge of the knights
+with their halberds, and threw themselves with fury into the ditches
+which barred their road. Some rushed on to the very mouths of the
+cannon, which guarded the king, and there fell. Night closed on the
+combatants; and the two armies mingled together fought on for four
+hours longer by moonlight. Complete darkness at length forced them to
+rest on their arms; but the king's trumpet continually sounded, to
+indicate to the bivouac where he was to be found; while the two famous
+horns of Uri and Unterwalden called the Swiss together. The battle was
+renewed on the 14th at daybreak: the unrelenting obstinacy was the
+same; but the French had taken advantage of the night to collect
+and fortify themselves. Marshal Trivulzio, who had been present at
+eighteen pitched battles, declared that every other seemed to him
+children's play in comparison with this "battle of giants," as he
+called it: 20,000 dead already covered the ground; of these two-thirds
+were Swiss. When the Swiss despaired of victory they retreated
+slowly,--but menacing and terrible. The French did not dare to pursue
+them."
+
+The concluding paragraph of the volume is beautifully enthusiastic: it
+may almost be regarded as prophetic in connexion with events that are
+at this moment shaking Italy to her very base:
+
+"Italy is crushed; but her heart still beats with the love of liberty,
+virtue, and glory: she is chained and covered with blood; but she
+still knows her strength and her future destiny: she is insulted by
+those for whom she has opened the way to every improvement; but she
+feels that she is formed to take the lead again: and Europe will know
+no repose till the nation which, in the dark ages, lighted the torch
+of civilization with that of liberty, shall be enabled herself to
+enjoy the light which she created."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CHILD'S ARITHMETICAL TABLES.
+
+
+The Seventh Edition, besides being well adapted for Schools, will be
+found useful in the business of life. It includes the monies, weights,
+and measures, mentioned in Scripture, the length of miles in different
+countries, astronomical signs, and other matters computed with great
+care.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE GEORGIAN ERA.
+
+
+This work is intended to comprise Memoirs of the most eminent
+characters who have flourished in Great Britain during the reigns
+of the four Georges: the present volume being only a fourth of its
+extent, and containing the Royal Family, the Pretenders and their
+adherents, churchmen, dissenters, and statesmen. The importance of the
+chosen period is prefatorily urged by the editor: "In comparison with
+the Elizabethan or the Modern Augustan, (as the reign of Anne has been
+designated) that which may be appropriately termed the Georgian Era,
+possesses a paramount claim to notice; for not only has it been
+equally fertile in conspicuous characters, and more prolific of great
+events, but its influence is actually felt by the existing community
+of Great Britain."
+
+The several memoirs, so far as a cursory glance enables us to judge,
+are edited with great care. Their uniformity of plan is very superior
+to hastily compiled biographies. Each memoir contains the life
+and labours of its subject, in the smallest space consistent with
+perspicuity; the dryness of names, dates, and plain facts being
+admirably relieved by characteristic anecdotes of the party, and a
+brief but judicious summary of character by the editor. In the latter
+consists the original value of the work. The reader need not, however,
+take this summary "for granted:" he is in possession of the main facts
+from which the editor has drawn his estimate, and he may, in like
+manner, "weigh and consider," and draw his own inference. The
+anecdotes, to borrow a phrase from Addison, are the "sweetmeats" of
+the book, but the caution with which they are admitted, adds to their
+worth. The running reader may say that much of this portion is not
+entirely new to him: granted; but it would be unwise to reject an
+anecdote for its popularity; as Addison thought of "Chevy Chase," its
+commonness is its worth. But, it should be added, that such anecdotes
+are not told in the circumlocutory style of gossip, nor nipt in the
+bud by undeveloped brevity. We have Selden's pennyworth of spirit
+without the glass of water: the quintessence of condensation, which,
+we are told, is the result of time and experience, which rejects what
+is no longer essential. Here circumspection was necessary, and it has
+been well exercised. The anecdotes are not merely amusing but useful,
+since only when placed in juxtaposition with a man's whole life, can
+such records be of service in appreciating his character.
+
+Let us turn to the volume for a few examples, and take George the
+Fourth and Sheridan, for their contemporary interest; though the
+earlier characters are equally attractive. In the former the reader
+may better compare the editor's inference with his own impression.
+
+
+_GEORGE THE FOURTH_.
+
+"Endowed by nature with remarkably handsome features, and a form so
+finely proportioned, that at one period of his life it was deemed
+almost the best model of manly beauty in existence, George the Fourth,
+during the early part of his manhood, eclipsed the whole of his gay
+associates in fashion and gallantry, as much by personal attractions,
+as pre-eminence in birth. Byron describes him as having possessed
+"fascination in his very bow;" and it is said, that a young peeress,
+on hearing of the prince's attentions to one of her fair friends,
+exclaimed, "I sincerely hope that it may not be my turn next, for to
+repel him is impossible." Towards the middle period of his life, he
+became so enormously fat, that four life-guardsmen could not, without
+difficulty, lift him on horseback; but, as he advanced in years,
+although still corpulent, his inconvenient obesity gradually
+diminished.
+
+"He scarcely ever forgot an injury, an affront, or a marked opposition
+to his personal wishes. The cordiality which had previously subsisted
+between his majesty and Prince Leopold, entirely ceased, when the
+latter volunteered a visit to Queen Caroline on her return to this
+country, in 1820: Brougham and Dentrum, for the zeal with which they
+had advocated the cause of their royal client, were, during a long
+period, deemed unworthy of those legal honours to which their high
+talents and long standing at the bar, justly entitled them: and Sir
+Robert Wilson was arbitrarily dismissed from the service, for his
+interference at her majesty's funeral. On account of his unpopular
+reception, by the mob, when he accompanied the allied sovereigns to
+Guildhall, in 1814, he never afterwards honoured the city with his
+presence; and when Rossini rudely declined the repetition of a piece
+of music, in which the king had taken a conspicuous part, at a court
+concert, his majesty turned his back on the composer, to whose works,
+from that moment, he displayed the most unequivocal dislike. But, on
+the other hand, some cases have been recorded, in which his conduct
+was unquestionably tolerant and forgiving. He allowed Canning, an
+avowed supporter of the queen, to retain office, without taking any
+part in the ministerial proceedings against her majesty; and at the
+last stage of his earthly career, sent the Duke of Sussex, with whom
+he had long been at variance, his own ribbon of the order of St.
+Patrick, with an assurance of his most sincere affection. Erskine,
+while attorney-general to the prince, had so offended his royal
+highness, by accepting a retainer from Paine, on a prosecution being
+instituted against the latter for publishing the Rights of Man, that
+his immediate resignation was required. But, sometime afterwards,
+Erskine was desired to attend at Carlton house, where the prince
+received him with great cordiality, and, after avowing his conviction
+that, 'in the instance that had separated them, his learned and
+eloquent friend had acted from the purest motives, he wished to give
+publicity to his present opinion on the subject, by appointing Mr.
+Erskine his chancellor.' On one occasion, at the opening of a session
+of parliament by George the Third in person, his royal highness, who
+was then very much in debt, having gone down to the house of lords
+in a superb military uniform with diamond epaulettes, Major Doyle
+subsequently remarked to him, that his equipage had been much noticed
+by the mob. 'One fellow,' added the major, 'prodigiously admired, what
+he termed 'the fine things which the prince had upon his shoulders.'
+'Mighty fine, indeed,' replied another; 'but, mind me, they'll soon be
+_upon our shoulders_, for all that.' 'Ah, you rogue!' exclaimed the
+prince, laughing, 'that's a hit of your own, I am convinced:--but,
+come, take some wine.'
+
+"He had some inclination for scientific pursuits, and highly respected
+those who were eminent for mechanical inventions. He contributed
+largely towards the erection of a monument to the memory of Watt. Of
+his medical information, slight as it undoubtedly was, he is said
+to have been particularly proud. Carpue had demonstrated to him the
+general anatomy of the human body, in his younger days; and for a
+number of years, the ingenious Weiss submitted to his inspection all
+the new surgical instruments, in one of which the king suggested some
+valuable improvements.
+
+"His talents were, undoubtedly, above the level of mediocrity: they
+have, however, been greatly overrated, on the supposition that several
+powerfully written documents, put forth under his name, but composed
+by some of his more highly-gifted friends, were his own productions.
+His style was, in fact, much beneath his station: it was inelegant,
+destitute of force, and even occasionally incorrect. He read his
+speeches well, but not excellently: he possessed no eloquence,
+although, as a convivial orator, he is said to have been rather
+successful.
+
+"At one time, while an associate of Sheridan, Erskine, Fox, &c., he
+affected, in conversation, to be brilliant, and so far succeeded,
+as to colloquial liveliness, that during their festive intercourse,
+according to the witty barrister's own admission, 'he fairly kept up
+at saddle-skirts' even with Curran. Notwithstanding this compliment,
+his pretensions to wit appear to have been but slender; the best
+sayings attributed to him being a set of middling puns, of which the
+following is a favourable selection:--When Langdale's distillery was
+plundered, during the riots of 1780, he asked why the proprietor had
+not defended his property. 'He did not possess the means to do so,'
+was the reply. 'Not the means of defence!' exclaimed the prince,
+'and he a brewer--a man who has been all his life at _cart_ and
+_tierce_!--Sheridan having told him that Fox had _cooed_ in vain to
+Miss Pulteney, the prince replied, 'that his friend's attempt on the
+lady's heart was a _coup maoquč_.'--He once quoted from Suetonius, the
+words, '_Jure_ caesus videtur,' to prove, jestingly, that trial
+by jury was as old as the time of the first Caesar.--A newspaper
+panegyric on Fox, apparently from the pen of Dr. Parr, having been
+presented to his royal highness, he said that it reminded him of
+Machiavel's epitaph, 'Tanto nomini nullum _Par_ eulogium.'--A cavalry
+officer, at a court ball, hammered the floor with his heels so loudly,
+that the prince observed, 'If the war between the mother country and
+her colonies had not terminated, he might have been sent to America as
+a republication of the _stamp_ act.'--While his regiment was in daily
+expectation of receiving orders for Ireland, some one told him, that
+country quarters in the sister kingdom were so filthy, that the rich
+uniforms of his corps would soon be lamentably soiled: 'Let the men
+act as dragoons, then,' said his royal highness, 'and _scour the
+country_.' When Horne Tooke, on being committed to prison for treason,
+proposed, while in jail, to give a series of dinners to his friends,
+the prince remarked, that 'as an inmate of Newgate, he would act more
+consistently by establishing a _Ketch_-club.'--Michael Kelly having
+turned wine-merchant, the prince rather facetiously said, 'that Mick
+_imported_ his music, and _composed_ his wine!'"
+
+We reluctantly break off here till next week.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE TOPOGRAPHER
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BRIGHTON AS IT WAS.
+
+(_Concluded from page 90_.)
+
+
+This immunity, however, deprived them of the privileges which the
+people of the adjacent towns enjoyed; and was probably the true
+reason, why this town did not obtain a place among those called Cinque
+ports. It lies in their neighbourhood, is more ancient, and was always
+more considerable than most included in that number.
+
+To reduce its consequence still more, the tithes were in this period
+taken from the incumbent, appropriated to the use of the Priory at
+Lewes, and have never since been restored; and a Convent of mendicant
+friars, more burthensome than ten endowed ones of monks, was founded
+and dedicated to St. Bartholomew.
+
+Struggling under these difficulties, nothing but the Reformation
+could enable the inhabitants of this place to emerge from their
+wretchedness. And accordingly we find, that, in the happier days of
+Queen Elizabeth, their affairs put on a new face. They then applied
+themselves with vigour to their old employments of fishing, and
+fitting out vessels for trade; seeking subsistence from their darling
+element the sea.
+
+Persecution prevailing at this juncture in many parts of Europe,
+numbers fled to this island as to an asylum, and many settled in this
+town, bringing with them industry, and an attachment to maritime
+affairs; or soon learning them here. The number of its inhabitants
+being thus increased, its trade became proportionably greater: so that
+in 1579, a record now subsisting says, "There are in the said town
+of Brighthelmston of fishing-boats four-score in number, and of able
+mariners four hundred in number, with ten thousand fishing-nets,
+besides many other necessaries belonging to their mystery."[3] And the
+descendants of many of these French, Dutch, and Spanish families still
+reside here.[4]
+
+    [3] It is a melancholy reflection to compare the present state
+        of the fishery with its prosperity in 1579, or in more modern
+        periods. Within the recollection of the editor, there were 60
+        boats employed in catching mackerel, and in a propitious season,
+        that species of fish has produced in Billingsgate market a sum of
+        Ł10,000, with which the town was enriched. In the autumn, 20 of
+        these boats were fitted out for the herring voyage, and one boat
+        has been known to land during the season from 20 to 30 lasts of
+        herrings, each last containing 10,000 fish, computing 132 to the
+        100.
+
+    [4] The families of Mighell and Wichelo are all that appear to
+        remain as of Spanish origin.
+
+From this record we likewise learn, that the town was fortified to the
+sea by a flint wall, and that the fort, called the Block-house, had
+been then lately erected. The east-gate of this wall, in a line with
+the Block-house was actually standing last year, and has been since
+taken down to open a more convenient entrance to a battery lately
+built.[5]
+
+    [5] The kindness of a friend has enabled me to supply this work,
+        with a view of the town taken from the sea in 1743, when the
+        wall, Block house, and East gate were partly standing.
+
+The town at present consists of six principal streets, many lanes, and
+some spaces surrounded with houses, called by the inhabitants squares.
+The great plenty of flint stones on the shore, and in the corn-fields
+near the town, enabled them to build the walls of their houses with
+that material, when in their most impoverished state; and their
+present method of ornamenting the windows and doors with the admirable
+brick which they burn for their own use, has a very pleasing effect.
+The town improves daily, as the inhabitants, encouraged by the late
+great resort of company, seem disposed to expend the whole of what
+they acquire in the erecting of new buildings, or making the old ones
+convenient. And should the increase of these, in the next seven years,
+be equal to what it has been in the last, it is probable there will
+be but few towns in England, that will excel this in commodious
+buildings.[6]
+
+    [6] The recent publications on the present state of the town, will
+        amply establish the prophecy of our historian.
+
+Here are two public rooms, the one convenient, the other not only so,
+but elegant; not excelled perhaps by any public room in England, that
+of York excepted: and the attention of the proprietor in preparing
+every thing that may answer for the conveniency and amusement of the
+company, is extremely meritorious.
+
+For divine service there is a large Church, pleasantly situated on a
+rising ground above the town; but at a distance that is inconvenient
+to the old and infirm. The Dissenters, who, of all denominations,
+amount to but forty families, have a Presbyterian, a Quaker's, and an
+Anabaptist's meeting-house.
+
+The men of this town are busied almost the whole year in a succeeding
+variety of fishing; and the women industriously dedicate part of their
+time, disengaged from domestic cares, to the providing of nets adapted
+to the various employments of their husbands.
+
+The spring season is spent in dredging for oysters, which are mostly
+bedded in the Thames and Medway, and afterwards carried to the London
+market; the mackerel fishery employs them during the months of May,
+June, and July; and the fruits of their labour are always sent to
+London; as Brighthelmston has the advantage of being its nearest
+fishing sea-coast, and as the consumption of the place, and its
+environs, is very inconsiderable. In the early part of this fishery
+they frequently take the red mullet; and near the close of it,
+abundance of lobsters and prawns. August is engaged in the
+trawl-fishery, when all sorts of flat fish are taken in a net called
+by that name. In September they fish for whiting with lines; and
+in November the herring fishery takes place, which is the most
+considerable and growing fishery of the whole. Those employed in
+this pursuit show an activity and boldness almost incredible, often
+venturing out to sea in their little boats in such weather as the
+largest ships can scarce live in. Part of their acquisition in this
+way is sent to London, but the greatest share of it is either pickled,
+or dried and made red. These are mostly sent to foreign markets,
+making this fishery a national concern.[7]
+
+    [7] There are 300 fishermen, 11 vessels, and 57 fishing boats
+        belonging to this place.
+
+In examining the ancient and modern descriptions of the Baiae in
+Campania, where the Romans of wealth and quality, during the greatness
+of that empire, retired for the sake of health and pleasure, when
+public exigencies did not require their attendance at Rome, and
+comparing them with those of Brighthelmston, I can perceive a striking
+resemblance; and I am persuaded, that every literary person who will
+impartially consider this matter on the spot, will concur with me in
+opinion, giving, in some measure, the preference to our own Baiae, as
+exempt from the inconvenient steams of hot sulphureous baths, and the
+dangerous vicinity of Mount Vesuvius. And I have no doubt but it will
+be equally frequented, when the healthful advantages of its situation
+shall be sufficiently made known.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A NIGHT ON THE NIGER.
+
+(_From the Landers' Travels; Unpublished_.)
+
+
+We made no stop whatever on the river, not even at meal-times, our
+men suffering the canoe to glide down with the stream while they were
+eating their food. At five in the afternoon they all complained of
+fatigue, and we looked around us for a landing-place, where we might
+rest awhile, but we could find none, for every village which we saw
+after that hour was unfortunately situated behind large thick morasses
+and sloughy bogs, through which, after various provoking and tedious
+trials, we found it impossible to penetrate. We were employed three
+hours in the afternoon in endeavouring to find a landing at some
+village, and though we saw them distinctly enough from the water, we
+could not find a passage through the morasses, behind which they lay.
+Therefore we were compelled to relinquish the attempt, and continue
+our course on the Niger. We passed several beautiful islands in the
+course of the day, all cultivated and inhabited, but low and flat. The
+width of the river appeared to vary considerably, sometimes it seemed
+to be two or three miles across, and at others double that width. The
+current drifted us along very rapidly, and we guessed it to be running
+at the rate of three or four miles an hour. The direction of the
+stream continued nearly east. The day had been excessively warm, and
+the sun set in beauty and grandeur, shooting forth rays tinged with
+the most heavenly hues, which extended to the zenith. Nevertheless,
+the appearance of the firmament, all glorious as it was, betokened a
+coming storm; the wind whistled through the tall rushes, and darkness
+soon covered the earth like a veil. This rendered us more anxious
+than ever to land somewhere, we cared not where, and to endeavour to
+procure shelter for the night, if not in a village, at least under
+a tree. Accordingly, rallying the drooping spirits of our men, we
+encouraged them to renew their exertions by setting them the example,
+and our canoe darted silently and swiftly down the current. We were
+enabled to steer her rightly by the vividness of the lightning, which
+flashed across the water continually, and by this means also we could
+distinguish any danger before us, and avoid the numerous small islands
+with which the river is interspersed, and which otherwise might have
+embarrassed us very seriously. But though we could perceive almost
+close to us several lamps burning in comfortable-looking huts, and
+could plainly distinguish the voices of their occupants, and though
+we exerted all our strength to get at them, we were foiled in every
+attempt, by reason of the sloughs and fens, and we were at last
+obliged to abandon them in despair. Some of these lights, after
+leading us a long way, eluded our search, and vanished from our sight
+like an _ignis fatuus_, and others danced about we knew not how. But
+what was more vexatious than all, after we had got into an inlet, and
+toiled and tugged for a full half hour against the current, which in
+this little channel was uncommonly rapid, to approach a village from
+which we thought it flowed, both village and lights seemed to sink
+into the earth, the sound of the people's voices ceased of a sudden,
+and when we fancied we were actually close to the spot, we strained
+our eyes in vain to see a single hut,--all was gloomy, dismal,
+cheerless, and solitary. It seemed the work of enchantment; every
+thing was as visionary as "sceptres grasped in sleep." We had paddled
+along the banks a distance of not less than thirty miles, every inch
+of which we had attentively examined, but not a bit of dry land could
+any where be discovered which was firm enough to bear our weight.
+Therefore, we resigned ourselves to circumstances, and all of us
+having been refreshed with a little cold rice and honey, and water
+from the stream, we permitted the canoe to drift down with the
+current, for our men were too much fatigued with the labours of the
+day to work any longer. But here a fresh evil arose which we were
+unprepared to meet. An incredible number of hippopotami arose very
+near us, and came plashing, snorting, and plunging all round the
+canoe, and placed us in imminent danger. Thinking to frighten them
+off, we fired a shot or two at them, but the noise only called up from
+the water and out of the fens, about as many more of their unwieldy
+companions, and we were more closely beset than before. Our people,
+who had never in all their lives been exposed in a canoe to such
+huge and formidable beasts, trembled with fear and apprehension, and
+absolutely wept aloud; and their terror was not a little increased by
+the dreadful peals of thunder which rattled over their heads, and by
+the awful darkness which prevailed, broken at intervals by flashes of
+lightning, whose powerful glare was truly awful. Our people told us,
+that these formidable animals frequently upset canoes in the river,
+when every one in them was sure to perish. These came so close to us,
+that we could reach them with the butt-end of a gun. When I fired
+at the first, which I must have hit, every one of them came to the
+surface of the water, and pursued us so fast over to the north bank,
+that it was with the greatest difficulty imaginable we could keep
+before them. Having fired a second time, the report of my gun was
+followed by a loud roaring noise, and we seemed to increase our
+distance from them. There were two Bornou men among our crew who were
+not so frightened as the rest, having seen some of these creatures
+before on Lake Tchad, where, they say, there are plenty of them.
+However, the terrible hippopotami did us no kind of mischief whatever;
+they were only sporting and wallowing in the river for their own
+amusement, no doubt, at first when we interrupted them; but had they
+upset our canoe, we should have paid dearly for it. We observed a bank
+on the north side of the river shortly after this, and I proposed
+halting on it for the night, for I wished much to put my foot on firm
+land again. This, however, not one of the crew would consent to,
+saying, that if the Gewo Roua, or water elephant, did not kill them,
+the crocodiles certainly would do so before the morning, and I thought
+afterwards that we might have been carried off like the Cumbrie people
+on the islands near Yaoorie, if we had tried the experiment. Our canoe
+was only large enough to hold us all when sitting, so that we had no
+chance of lying down. Had we been able to muster up thirty thousand
+cowries at Rabba, we might have purchased one which would have carried
+us all very comfortably. A canoe of this sort would have served us for
+living in entirely, we should have had no occasion to land excepting
+to obtain our provisions; and having performed our day's journey,
+might have anchored fearlessly at night. Finding we could not induce
+our people to land, we agreed to continue on all night. The eastern
+horizon became very dark, and the lightning more and more vivid;
+indeed, I never recollect having seen such strong fork lightning
+before in my life. All this denoted the approach of a storm. At eleven
+P.M. it blew somewhat stronger than a gale, and at midnight the storm
+was at its height. The wind was so strong, that it washed over the
+sides of the canoe several times, so that she was in danger of
+filling. Driven about by the wind, our frail little bark became
+unmanageable; but at length we got near a bank, which in some measure
+protected us, and we were fortunate enough to lay hold of a thorny
+tree against which we were driven, and which was growing nearly in the
+centre of the stream. Presently we fastened the canoe to its branches,
+and wrapping our cloaks round our persons, for we felt overpowered
+with fatigue, and with our legs projecting half over the sides of the
+little vessel, which, for want of room, we were compelled to do, we
+lay down to sleep. There is something, I believe, in the nature of
+a tempest which is favourable to slumber, at least so thought my
+brother; for though the thunder continued to roar, and the wind to
+blow,--though the rain beat in our faces, and our canoe lay rocking
+like a cradle, still he slept soundly. The wind kept blowing hard
+from the eastward till midnight, when it became calm. The rain then
+descended in torrents, accompanied by thunder and lightning of the
+most awful description. We lay in our canoe drenched with water, and
+our little vessel was filling so fast, that two people were obliged
+to be constantly baling out the water to keep her afloat. The
+water-elephants, as the natives term the hippopotami, frequently came
+snorting near us, but fortunately did not touch our canoe. The storm
+continued until three in the morning of the 17th, when it became
+clear, and we saw the stars sparkling like gems over our heads.
+Therefore, we again proceeded on our journey down the river, there
+being sufficient light for us to see our way, and two hours after, we
+put into a small, insignificant, fishing village, called _Dacannie_,
+where we landed very gladly. Before we arrived at this island, we had
+passed a great many native towns and villages, but in consequence of
+the early hour at which we were travelling, we considered it would be
+imprudent to stop at any of them, as none of the natives were out of
+their huts. Had we landed earlier, even near one of these towns, we
+might have alarmed the inhabitants, and been taken for a party of
+robbers; or, as they are called in the country, _jacallees_. They
+would have taken up arms against us, and we might have lost our lives;
+so that for our safety we continued down the river, although we had
+great desire to go on shore. In the course of the day and night, we
+travelled, according to _our_ estimation, a distance little short of a
+hundred miles. Our course was nearly east. The Niger in many places,
+and for a considerable way, presented a very magnificent appearance,
+and, we believe, to be nearly eight miles in width.--_Lit. Gaz._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+
+_Ancient Trade_.--Alexandria was formerly the chief commercial city
+in the world. We may judge of its wealth and prosperity by the
+circumstance, that, after the defeat of Queen Zenobia, a single
+merchant of this city, undertook to raise and pay an army out of the
+profits of his trade. Delos was the richest city in the Archipelago,
+it was a free port, where nations warring with each other, resorted
+with their goods, and traded. Strabo calls it one of the most
+frequented emporiums in the world; and Pliny tells us, that all the
+commodities of Europe and Asia were sold, purchased, or exchanged
+there. Trade was much encouraged at Athens; and if any one ridiculed
+it, he was liable to an action of slander. A fine of a thousand
+drachmas (about Ł37. 10s.) was inflicted on him who accused a merchant
+of any crime which he was unable to prove. Solon was engaged in
+merchandize; the founder of the city of Messilia was a merchant;
+Thales and Hippocrates, the mathematician, traded; Plato sold oil
+in Egypt; Maximinus the Roman emperor, traded with the Goths in the
+produce of his estate in Thracia; Vespasian farmed the privies at
+Rome; and the Emperor Pertinax, originally dealt in charcoal.
+
+P.T.W.
+
+_Unnecessary fears about the Cholera._--Nothing is more calculated to
+allay unnecessay and groundless fear, in the case of the cholera, than
+the undeniable fact of the smallness of the mortality in proportion
+to the whole population, where it has raged with most violence. In
+addition to which, if it be borne in mind, that the disease invariably
+attacks those who are most predisposed to engender any malady, it is
+not unreasonable to infer, that of those to whom it has proved mortal,
+many would have died within the same period, had cholera not attacked
+them.--_Morning Herald._
+
+King Regner died singing the pleasure of falling in battle: his
+words are, "The hours of my life are passed away, I shall die
+laughing."--_Britain's Historical Drama._
+
+              _On a very Fat Man._
+
+  All flesh is grass, so do the Scriptures say,
+  And grass, when mown, is shortly turn'd to hay.
+  When Time, to mow you down, his scythe doth take,
+  Good Man! how large a stack you then will make.
+                                           J.J.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE MIRROR.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Purchasers of the MIRROR who may wish to complete their Sets or
+Volumes, are informed that the whole of the Numbers are now in
+print, and can he procured by giving an order to any Bookseller or
+Newsvender.
+
+Complete Sets. Vol. I. to XVIII in boards, price Ł4. 18s. 6d.;
+half-bound, Ł6. 6s.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic;
+G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen
+and Booksellers._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
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+    <title>The Mirror of Literature, Issue 535.</title>
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+        FONT-SIZE: 8pt; RIGHT: 91%; LEFT: 1%; POSITION: absolute
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction., by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction.
+       Volume 19, No. 535, Saturday, February 25, 1832.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 11, 2004 [EBook #11539]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Bill Walker and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h1>THE MIRROR<br />
+    OF<br />
+    LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <table width="100%"
+           summary="Volume, Number, and Date">
+        <tbody>
+            <tr>
+                <td align="left"><b>VOL. XIX. NO. 535.]</b></td>
+
+                <td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 25,
+                1832.</b></td>
+
+                <td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td>
+            </tr>
+        </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h2>ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS, REGENT'S PARK.</h2>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="WIDTH: 100%">
+        <a href="images/535-1.png"><img alt="The Polar Bear"
+             src="images/535-1.png"
+             width="100%" /></a>
+
+        <h3>THE POLAR BEAR.</h3>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="WIDTH: 100%">
+        <a href="images/535-2.png"><img alt="The Tunnel"
+             src="images/535-2.png"
+             width="100%" /></a>
+
+        <h3>THE TUNNEL.</h3>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="figcenter"
+         style="WIDTH: 100%">
+        <a href="images/535-3.png"><img alt="Monkey Cage"
+             src="images/535-3.png"
+             width="100%" /></a>
+
+        <h3>MONKEY CAGE.</h3>
+    </div>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a id="page114"
+       name="page114"></a>[pg 114]</span>
+
+    <h2>GARDENS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.</h2>
+
+    <h3>REGENT'S PARK.</h3>
+
+    <p>A visit to these Gardens is one of the most delightful of
+    the rational recreations of the metropolis. The walk out is
+    pleasant enough: though there is little rural beauty on the
+    road, the creations of art assume a more agreeable appearance
+    than in the city itself; and, with cottages, park-like grounds,
+    and flourishing wood, the eye may enjoy a few picturesque
+    groupings.</p>
+
+    <p>The <i>Garden</i> of the Society is one of the prettiest in
+    the vicinity of the metropolis; the <i>Menagerie</i> is
+    certainly the most important ever collected in this country. It
+    is a charming sight to behold myriads of tiny flowers fringing
+    our very paths, and little groves of shrubs and young trees
+    around us; yet it is a gratification of the highest order, to
+    witness the animals of almost every country on the earth
+    assembled within a few acres; and it is indeed a sublime study
+    to observe how beautifully the links in the great chain of
+    nature are wrought, and how admirably are the habits and
+    structure of some of these animals adapted to the wants of man,
+    while all are subservient to some great purpose in the scale of
+    creation. How clearly are these truths taught by the science of
+    Zoology; and how attractively are they illustrated in the
+    Menagerie of the Zoological Gardens. Consider but for a moment
+    that the cat which crouches by our fireside is of the same
+    tribe with "the lordly lion," whose roar is terrific as an
+    earthquake, and the tiger who often stays but to suck the blood
+    of his victims: that the faithful dog, "who knows us
+    personally, watches for us, and warns us of danger," is but a
+    descendant from the wolf, who prowls through the wintry waste
+    with almost untameable ferocity. Yet how do we arrive at the
+    knowledge of these interesting facts&mdash;but by zoological
+    study.</p>
+
+    <p>Two of the Cuts in the annexed page will furnish our country
+    friends with the improved plan of keeping the animals in large
+    open cages. The first represents that of the <i>Polar Bear</i>,
+    of strong iron-work, with a dormitory adjoining. The enclosed
+    area is flagged with stone, and in the centre is a tank, or
+    pool, of water, in which the bear makes occasional plungings.
+    The present occupant is but small in comparison with the usual
+    size of the species. "Its favourite postures," observes Mr.
+    Bennett, "are lying flat at its whole length; sitting upon its
+    haunches with its fore legs perfectly upright, and its head in
+    a dependent position; or standing upon all fours with its
+    fore-paws widely extended and its head and neck swinging
+    alternately from side to side, or upwards and downwards in one
+    continued and equable libration."<a id="footnotetag1"
+       name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a></p>
+
+    <p>The second Cut represents the tunnelled communication
+    between the two Gardens, beneath the carriage-road of the Park.
+    Above, the archway is a pediment, supported by two neat
+    columns, and a terraced walk, with balustrades. The whole is
+    handsomely executed in cement or imitative stone. The
+    decorative vases are by Austin, of the New Road. A lion's head,
+    in bold relief, forms an appropriate key-stone embellishment to
+    the arch. The sloping banks are formed of mimic rock-work
+    profusely intermingled with plants and flowers.</p>
+
+    <p>The third Cut is the Monkey House, of substantial iron-work,
+    with dormitories and winter apartments in the rear. In fine
+    sunny weather the monkeys may be here seen disporting their
+    recreant limbs to the delight of crowds of visiters. Their
+    species are too numerous but for a catalogue. Among them are
+    the Negro and Sooty Monkeys,&mdash;the Mone Monkey: "the name
+    of <i>Monkey</i> is supposed to be derived from the African
+    appellation of this species, <i>Mone</i> corrupted into
+    <i>Monachus</i>." Bonneted, pig-tailed, and Capuchin Monkeys;
+    the last named from their dark crowns, like the capuch or hood
+    of a Capuchin friar; and black and white-fronted Spider
+    Monkeys, named from their great resemblance to large
+    spiders.</p>
+
+    <p>By the way, there is an abundance of still life in the
+    Gardens at this ungenial season. We find the Elephant, the
+    Antelopes, and the Zebra, in their winter quarters, and their
+    mightinesses, the large cats, as the lions, tiger, and
+    leopards, accommodated with a snug fire. The tropical birds, as
+    the parrots, maccaws, &amp;c., have been removed from the
+    extremity of the north garden to warmer quarters; and the
+    hyaenas, leopards, and a host of smaller carnivorous quadrupeds
+    have taken their places. The upper end is occupied by four
+    roomy dens, with a lordly black-maned lion and a lioness, from
+    Northern Africa; above them are a fine lioness and a leopard
+    from Ceylon: these we take to have been among the recent
+    arrivals from the Tower Menagerie.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a id="page115"
+       name="page115"></a>[pg 115]</span>
+
+    <h2>FRAGMENTS ON HUMAN LIFE.</h2>
+
+    <h4>(<i>For the Mirror.</i>)</h4>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>"Call not earth a barren spot,</p>
+
+            <p>Pass it not ungrateful by,</p>
+
+            <p>'Tis to man a lovely lot."</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>There is no subject on which such a variety of opinions
+    exist, as on the question "Whether man is happy;" and that it
+    is not easy to be settled, is certain. Many persons have been
+    so far contented with their lot as to wish to have their life
+    over again, and yet as many have expressed themselves to the
+    contrary.</p>
+
+    <p>Dr. Johnson, who always spoke of human life in the most
+    desponding terms, and considered earth a vale of tears,</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>"Yet hope, not life from pain or sorrow free,</p>
+
+            <p>Or think the doom of man reversed for
+            thee&mdash;"</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>declared that he would not live over again a single week of
+    his life, had it been allowed him.<a id="footnotetag2"
+       name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> Such was his opinion on the past; but so great
+    is the cheering influence with which Hope irradiates the mind,
+    that in looking forward to the future, he always talked with
+    pleasure on the prospect of a long life.</p>
+
+    <p>When he was in Scotland, Boswell told him that after his
+    death, he intended to erect a memorial to him. Johnson, to whom
+    the very mention of death was unpleasant, replied, "Sir, I hope
+    to see your grand-children." On his death-bed he observed to
+    the surgeon who was attending him, "<i>I want life</i>, you are
+    afraid of giving me pain."</p>
+
+    <p>It has been supposed that this question had been settled by
+    the authority of Scripture. "Man is born to trouble," says Job,
+    "as the sparks fly upward." In turning over a few pages more,
+    we find ourselves in doubt again. "<i>The latter end of Job was
+    more blessed than his beginning</i>; for he had 14,000 sheep,
+    and 6,000 camels, and 1,000 yoke of oxen, and 1,000 she-asses.
+    He had also seven sons and three daughters. So Job died being
+    old and full of days."</p>
+
+    <p>It may not be unpleasant to place before the reader the
+    opinions of several celebrated men, on Life, that he may choose
+    his side, and either like the bee or the spider, extract the
+    poison or gather the honey. We will begin with Sterne, one who
+    well knew the human heart.</p>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>"What is the life of man? is it not to shift from side
+        to side! from sorrow to sorrow!"</p>
+
+        <p>"When I consider how oft we eat the bread of affliction,
+        when one runs over the catalogue of all the cross
+        reckonings and sorrowful items with which the heart of man
+        is overcharged, 'tis wonderful by what hidden resources the
+        mind is enabled to stand it out, and bear itself up, as it
+        does, against the impositions laid upon our
+        nature."&mdash;<i>T. Shandy</i>.</p>
+
+        <p>"A man has but a bad bargain of it at the
+        best."&mdash;<i>Chesterfield</i>.</p>
+
+        <p>"No scene of human life but teems with mortal
+        woe."&mdash;<i>Sir Walter Scott</i>.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <p>In opposition to these sentiments, Franklin, in writing on
+    the death of a friend, gives us his opinion, "<i>It is a party
+    of pleasure</i>, some take their seats first."</p>
+
+    <p>And Lord Byron, describing Sunrise, in the second canto of
+    <i>Lara</i>, says</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>"But mighty nature bounds as from her birth,</p>
+
+            <p>The sun is in the heavens, and life on earth;</p>
+
+            <p>Flowers in the valley, splendour in the beam.</p>
+
+            <p>Health on the gale, and freshness in the stream.</p>
+
+            <p>Immortal Man! Behold her glories shine,</p>
+
+            <p>And cry exultingly, 'They are thine'</p>
+
+            <p>Gaze on, while yet thy gladdened eyes may see,</p>
+
+            <p>A morrow comes when they are not for thee."</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>In the same spirit Cowper begins his poem on Hope:</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>"See Nature gay as when she first began,</p>
+
+            <p>With smiles alluring her admirer, man,</p>
+
+            <p>She spreads the morning over eastern hills.</p>
+
+            <p>Earth glitters with the drops the night distils.</p>
+
+            <p>The sun obedient at her call appears</p>
+
+            <p>To fling his glories o'er the robe she wears,</p>
+
+            <p class="i4">... to proclaim</p>
+
+            <p>His happiness, her dear, her only aim."</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>"The Thracians," says Cicero, "wept when a child was born,
+    and feasted and made merry when a man went out of the world,
+    and with reason. Show me the man who knows what life is, and
+    dreads death, and I'll show thee a prisoner who dreads his
+    liberty."</p>
+
+    <p>Of the misery of human life, Gray speaks in similar
+    terms:</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>"To all their sufferings all are men,</p>
+
+            <p>Condemn'd alike to groan,</p>
+
+            <p>The feeling for another's pain,</p>
+
+            <p>The unfeeling for his own."</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Audi alteram partem:</p>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>"It's a happy world after all."&mdash;<i>Paley</i>.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <p>And Gray himself:</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>"For who to dumb forgetfulness a prey,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">This careful, anxious being e'er
+            resigned,</p>
+
+            <p>E'er left the precincts of the <i>cheerful
+            day</i></p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Nor cast one longing, lingering look
+            behind."</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>And another popular author:</p>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>"A world of pleasure is continually streaming in on
+        every side. It only depends on man to be a demi-god, and to
+        convert this world into Elysium."&mdash;<i>Gaieties and
+        Gravities</i>.</p>
+    </blockquote><span class="pagenum"><a id="page116"
+       name="page116"></a>[pg 116]</span>
+
+    <p>It is doubtless wise to incline to the latter sentiment.</p>
+
+    <p>Of the instability of human happiness and glory, a fine
+    picture is drawn by Appian, who represents Scipio weeping over
+    the destruction of Carthage. "When he saw this famous city,
+    which had flourished seven hundred years, and might have been
+    compared to the greatest empires, on account of the extent of
+    its dominions, both by sea and land, its mighty armies, its
+    fleets, elephants and riches; and that the Carthaginians were
+    even superior to other nations, by their courage and greatness
+    of soul, as, notwithstanding their being deprived of arms and
+    ships, they had sustained for three whole years, all the
+    hardships and calamities of a long siege; seeing, I say, this
+    city entirely ruined, historians relate that he could not
+    refuse his tears to the unhappy fate of Carthage. He reflected
+    that cities, nations, and empires are liable to revolutions, no
+    less than particular men; that the like sad fate had befallen
+    Troy, once so powerful; and in later times, the Assyrians,
+    Medes, and Persians, whose dominions were once of so great an
+    extent; and lastly, the Macedonians, whose empire had been so
+    glorious throughout the world." Full of these mournful ideas,
+    he repeated the following verse of Homer:</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>"The day shall come, that great avenging day,</p>
+
+            <p>Which Troy's proud glories in the dust shall
+            lay,</p>
+
+            <p>When Priam's powers, and Priam's self shall
+            fall,</p>
+
+            <p>And one prodigious ruin swallow all&mdash;"</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>thereby denouncing the future destiny of Rome, as he himself
+    confessed to Polybius, who desired Scipio to explain himself on
+    that occasion.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h2>The Sketch-Book.</h2>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>A COASTING SCRAP.</h3>
+
+    <h4>(<i>For the Mirror.</i>)</h4>
+
+    <p>It was a bright summer afternoon: the estuary of Poole
+    Harbour lay extended before me; its broad expanse studded with
+    inlands of sand and furze bushes, of which Brownsea is the most
+    considerable. A slight ripple marked the deeper channels which
+    were of a blue colour, and the shallow mud banks being but
+    barely covered by the tide, appeared like sheets of molten
+    silver. The blue hills of Purbeck bounded the distant
+    heath-lands to the westward, and the harbour extended itself
+    inland towards the town of Wareham, becoming more and more
+    intricate in its navigation, although it receives the
+    contributions of two rivers, the Piddle and the Froome, arising
+    probably from the soil carried down by the streams, and the
+    faint action of the tide at a distance of eight or ten miles
+    from the mouth of the harbour. The Wareham clay boats added
+    life to the scene. Some were wending their way through the
+    intricate channels close hauled upon a wind; others were going
+    right away with a flowing sheet. On the eastern side was the
+    bold sweep of the shore, extending to the mouth of the harbour,
+    and terminating in a narrow point of bright sand hills,
+    separating the quiet waters of the harbour from the boisterous
+    turmoilings of the English Channel.</p>
+
+    <p>Sauntering along the Quay of Poole, indulging in a kind of
+    reverie, thinking, or in fact, thinking of nothing at all, (a
+    kind of waking dream, when hundreds of ideas, recollections,
+    and feelings float with wonderful rapidity through the brain,)
+    my attention was attracted by a stout, hardy-faced pilot, with
+    water boots on his legs, and a red, woollen night-cap on his
+    head, who was driving a very earnest bargain for a "small, but
+    elegant assortment," of dabs and flounders. "Dree and zixpence
+    if you like," said he. "I could a bought vour times as much vor
+    one and zixpence coast-ways, if I'd a mind, and I'll give thee
+    no more, and not a word of a lie." His oratory conquered the
+    coyness of the fishy damsel; and he invited the lady to take a
+    glass of "zomat avore he topped his boom for Swanwidge."</p>
+
+    <p>Having before me the certainty of a dull, monotonous
+    afternoon, and cheerless evening, without any visible means of
+    amusement, I instantly closed a bargain with Dick Hart (for
+    such was the pilot's name) to give me a cast to Swanwidge. In a
+    short time I found myself on board a trim, little pilot boat,
+    gliding along the waters as the sun was sliding his downward
+    course, and shedding a mellow radiance over the distant scenery
+    towards Lytchett. The white steeple of Poole church was lighted
+    by the rays, while the town presented a neat and picturesque
+    appearance with the masts of the shipping cutting against the
+    blue sky.</p>
+
+    <p>Dick Hart formed no small feature in the scene as he stood
+    at the helm with his red cap and black, curly hair, smoking a
+    short, clay pipe, which like his own face, had become rather
+    brown in service. He looked around him with an air of
+    independence and unconcern, as the "monarch of all he
+    surveyed," casting his eye up now and then at the trim of his
+    canvass, but more frequently keeping it on me. Dick began to
+    open <span class="pagenum"><a id="page117"
+       name="page117"></a>[pg 117]</span> his budget of chat, and I
+       found him as full of fun as his mainsail was full of
+       nettles.</p>
+
+    <p>A voice from the forecastle called out to Dick, who was so
+    intent on his story that the helm slipped from his hand, and
+    the ship flew up in the wind, "Mind, skipper, or you will run
+    down Old Betty." I was astonished at the insinuation against my
+    noble captain that he was likely to behave rude to a lady, but
+    my suspicions were soon removed, when I saw Old Betty was a
+    buoy, floating on the waters, adorned with a furze bush. Old
+    Betty danced merrily on the rippling wave with her furze bush
+    by way of a feather, with shreds of dried sea weed hanging to
+    it forming ribbons to complete the head dress of the lady buoy.
+    The nearer we approached, the more rapid did Betty dance, and
+    when we passed close alongside of her, she curtsied up and down
+    as if to welcome our visit. Dick narrated why a buoy placed at
+    the head of a mud bank obtained the name of a <i>lady fair</i>,
+    and I briefly noted it down.</p>
+
+    <p>Many years ago a single lady resided at Poole, of plain
+    manners, unaffected simplicity, affable, yet retiring,
+    and&mdash;</p>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>"Passing rich with forty pounds a-year."</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <p>The gentry courted her, but she still adhered to her
+    secluded habits. Year after year rolled on, and though some may
+    have admired her, she was never led to the altar, and
+    consequently her condition was <i>unaltered</i>. Kind and
+    friendly neighbours kept a vigilant eye upon her proceedings,
+    but her character was unimpeachable; and they all agreed that
+    she was a very suspicious person, because they could not
+    slander her. She lived a blameless single lady.</p>
+
+    <p>Her attentions were directed to an orphan boy. He was her
+    constant companion, and the object of her tenderest solicitude.
+    As he grew up he excelled the youth of his own age in manly
+    exercises; could thrash all of his own size, when insulted, but
+    never played the tyrant, or the bully. He could make the
+    longest innings at cricket, and as for swimming in all its
+    various branches, none could compare with William. It was
+    finally arranged by a merchant to send William a voyage to
+    Newfoundland, and the news soon spread round the town that
+    William (for he was a general favourite) was to <i>see</i> the
+    world by taking to the <i>sea</i>.</p>
+
+    <p>The time arrived when the ship was to be warped out from the
+    Quay, and to sail for her destination. The crew and the
+    passengers were all on board, and William was, by his absence,
+    rather trespassing on the indulgence of the captain; but who
+    could be angry with the boy whom every body loved?</p>
+
+    <p>The town gossips, and many a fair maiden, were on the Quay
+    to see young William embark. The tide had already turned, and
+    the captain was about to give the word "to cast off and let all
+    go;" to send the vessel, as it were, adrift, loose and
+    unfettered upon the waters, to struggle as a thing of life with
+    the billows of the Atlantic, but animated and controled by the
+    energies of men. Just at this moment William appeared at the
+    end of the Quay, walking slowly to the scene of embarkation
+    with his kind and benevolent benefactress leaning, and leaning
+    heavily, for her heart was heavy, upon the arm of her dutiful
+    and beloved William. As they approached, the crowd made way
+    with profound respect, not the cringing respect paid to
+    superior wealth, but with that respect which worth of character
+    and innate virtue can and will command, though poverty may
+    smite and desolate.</p>
+
+    <p>They walked unconscious of the notice they attracted. Their
+    hearts were too full to heed the sympathies of others. The
+    youth kept his eye fixed upon the loosening topsails of his
+    ship; his benefactress grasped his arm almost convulsively, and
+    looked, or rather stared, upon the ground. She dreaded the
+    last, the hurried "fare well," the last look, the last word
+    from her William, and she tottered as she approached the side
+    of the ship. They stood locked hand in hand at the edge of the
+    Quay; not a word was uttered by either; but they gazed at each
+    other with a fondness which showed that their souls were in
+    communion.</p>
+
+    <p>"Now, William, jump on board&mdash;cast off there forward,"
+    exclaimed the captain; "swing her head round&mdash;heave away
+    my boys&mdash;come, William, come my boy."</p>
+
+    <p>The youth awoke as from a startled sleep. He imprinted a
+    kiss, the last kiss, upon the cold cheeks of his benefactress,
+    and dashing away with the sleeve of his jacket a tear, of which
+    he felt ashamed, in a moment he was on the quarter deck of his
+    commander. He durst not look again upon the Quay; but had he
+    looked he would have seen many a weeping maiden who had never
+    told her love, and he would have seen his affectionate
+    benefactress borne away in a fainting fit. All this he saw not,
+    for he braced his courage up before his future messmates, and
+    he looked forward <span class="pagenum"><a id="page118"
+       name="page118"></a>[pg 118]</span> to his duties,
+       considering the past as but a dream.</p>
+
+    <p>Months elapsed and tidings were frequently received of
+    William. He had distinguished himself by his activity and
+    docility. His townsmen heard with pleasure of his good conduct,
+    and looked forward with satisfaction to welcome his return;
+    when at length a pilot boat brought intelligence that the ship
+    was lying at anchor at the mouth of the harbour, waiting the
+    next tide with loss of foremast in a heavy gale the preceding
+    night off the Bill of Portland. His benefactress, impatient of
+    delay, immediately hired a boat, and preceded to the ship
+    before the tide had turned; but she no sooner reached the deck
+    than she was informed by the captain that William was aloft
+    when the foremast went by the board on the preceding night, and
+    that he fell into the raging waves without the possibility of
+    relief being afforded him.</p>
+
+    <p>"God's will be done," murmured the unhappy woman as she
+    clasped her hands, and taking her station at the gangway, she
+    continued gazing on the water as it rippled by, in a state of
+    unconsciousness to every passing object. In the meantime the
+    vessel was under weigh, and was coming once more in sight of
+    Brownsea, when a plunge was heard&mdash;"she's overboard,"
+    exclaimed a sailor&mdash;"cut away some spars&mdash;lower the
+    boats&mdash;over with the hen coops&mdash;down with the helm,
+    and back the topsails"&mdash;roared out many voices; but she
+    had sunk to rise no more! Her corpse was found a few days after
+    when the tide receded, lying on a mud bank, close to the buoy
+    which has ever since been known by every sailor and every pilot
+    of Poole under the name of Old Betty. But to complete the sad
+    narrative, it appeared that William, as he excelled in
+    swimming, succeeded in gaining the shore of Portland, and
+    arrived in time at Poole to attend the remains of his
+    benefactress to the grave in character of chief mourner.</p>
+
+    <p>On opening her papers it was discovered that in losing his
+    benefactress he had lost his mother! That she had been
+    privately married to a widower of considerable fortune, who had
+    one son by his first wife, and that on his demise the estate
+    would devolve on William, provided his half brother had no
+    children. A few days afterwards the death of Henry
+    &mdash;&mdash;, Esq. of &mdash;&mdash; Hall, Worcestershire,
+    was formally announced in the daily Journals, and the
+    unexpected claims of William being acknowledged, he succeeded
+    to a very fine property and estate, and died as much respected
+    in a good old age as he was beloved in his buoyant childhood,
+    when the gossips and the maidens of Poole agreed that the
+    orphan boy promised to be a "nice young man."&mdash;"And not
+    word of a lie in it," said Dick Hart, as he finished his story,
+    his pipe, and his grog.</p>
+
+    <p>We were now steering across Studland Bay. Banks of dark
+    clouds were gathering majestically on the eastern horizon, and
+    the sun was rapidly sinking in a flood of golden light. Behind
+    us was the Isle of Brownsea, with its dark fir plantations and
+    lofty, cold-looking, awkward castle. On the left was the line
+    of low sand hills, stretching away towards Christchurch, and
+    seeming to join the Needles' Rocks, situated at the western
+    extremity of the Isle of Wight, the high chalk cliffs of which
+    reflected the sun's last rays, giving a rich and placid feeling
+    to the cold and distant grey. On the right, and closer to us,
+    was the brown and purple heath-land of Studland Bay. Here
+    barren, there patches of verdure, and the thin smoke threading
+    its way from a cluster of trees, denoted where the village
+    hamlet lay embosomed from the storms of the southwest gales,
+    close at the foot and under the shelter of a lofty chalk range
+    which abuts abruptly on the sea, and before which stands a
+    high, detached pyramidical rock, rising out of the waters like
+    a sheeted spectre, and known to mariners under the suspicious
+    name of <i>Old Harry</i>.</p>
+
+    <p>This coast was once notorious for smuggling, but those days
+    of nautical chivalry have ceased, if Dick Hart was to be
+    credited, who shook his head very mournfully as he alluded to
+    "the <i>Block-head</i> service."</p>
+
+    <h4>JAMES SILVESTER.</h4>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h2>SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.</h2>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>SCENE FROM A FRENCH DRAMA.</h3>
+
+    <p>No. XVII. of the <i>Foreign Quarterly Review</i>, contains a
+    paper of much interest to the playgoer as well as to the lover
+    of dramatic literature&mdash;on two French dramas of great
+    celebrity&mdash;<i>La Mar&eacute;chale d'Ancre</i>, by de
+    Vigny; and <i>Marion Delorme</i>, by Victor Hugo. We quote a
+    scene from the former. Concini, the principal character, is a
+    favourite of Louis XIII.; the Mar&eacute;chale, his wife, has a
+    first love, Borgia, a Corsican, who, disappointed in his early
+    suit by the stratagems of Concini, has married the beautiful
+    but uncultivated Isabella Monti. On the conflicting feelings of
+    this strange personage, his
+    <span class="pagenum"><a id="page119"
+       name="page119"></a>[pg 119]</span> hatred to the husband,
+       and his relenting towards the wife; and the licentious plans
+       of Concini for the seduction of Isabella, whom he has seen
+       without knowing her to be the wife of his deadly enemy, the
+       interest of the piece is made to turn. The jealous Isabella
+       is at last persuaded that the Mar&eacute;chale has robbed
+       her of the attachment of her husband, and appears as a
+       witness against her on the pretended charge of witchcraft
+       and sorcery.</p>
+
+    <p>While the Mar&eacute;chal, even in the dungeon of the
+    Bastile, is awing her oppressors into silence, bands of
+    murderers are seeking Concini through the streets of Paris. As
+    he issues from the house of the Jew which contains Isabella, he
+    hears through the obscurity of the tempestuous night the cries
+    of the populace, but he thinks they are but the indications of
+    some passing tumult. He rests for a moment against a pillar on
+    the pavement, but recoils again, as from a serpent, for he
+    perceives it is the stone on which Ravaillac had planted his
+    foot when he assassinated Henry, and in that murder it is
+    darkly insinuated he had a share. Through the darkness of the
+    Rue de la Ferronnerie, Michael Borgia is seen advancing,
+    conducting the two children of his rival. He has promised to
+    the Mar&eacute;chale to save them from the dangers of the
+    night, and has brought them in safety to his own threshold. But
+    his promise of safety extended not to Concini. The wild
+    ferocity of the following scene has many parallels in the
+    actual duels of the time, as delineated in Froissart and
+    Brantome.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Borgia (with the children.)</i>&mdash;Poor children! come
+    in; you will be safer here than in the houses to which they
+    have pursued us.</p>
+
+    <p><i>The Boy</i>.&mdash;Ah! there is a man standing up.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Borgia (turning the lantern which the child holds towards
+    Concini.)</i>&mdash;Concini!</p>
+
+    <p><i>Concini</i>.&mdash;Borgia! (<i>Each raises his dagger,
+    and seizes with the left arm the right of his enemy. They
+    remain motionless, and gazing at each other. The children
+    escape into the street and disappear</i>.)</p>
+
+    <p><i>Concini</i>.&mdash;Let go my arm, and I will liberate
+    yours.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Borgia</i>.&mdash;What shall be my security?</p>
+
+    <p><i>Concini</i>.&mdash;Those children whom you have with
+    you.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Borgia</i>.&mdash;I am labouring to save them. Your
+    palace is on fire&mdash;your wife is arrested&mdash;your
+    fortune is wrecked&mdash;base, senseless adventurer!</p>
+
+    <p><i>Concini</i>.&mdash;Have done&mdash;let go&mdash;let us
+    fight!</p>
+
+    <p><i>Borgia</i> (<i>pushing him from him</i>.)&mdash;Back,
+    then, and draw your sword.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Concini</i> (<i>draws</i>.)&mdash;Begin.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Borgia</i>.&mdash;Remove those children&mdash;they would
+    be in our way.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Concini</i>.&mdash;They are gone.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Borgia</i>.&mdash;Take these letters, assassin! I had
+    promised to restore them to you. (<i>He hands to Concini a
+    black portfolio</i>.)</p>
+
+    <p><i>Concini</i>.&mdash;I would have taken them from your
+    body.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Borgia</i>.&mdash;I have performed my promise&mdash;and
+    now, ravisher! look to yourself.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Concini</i>.&mdash;Base seducer, defend
+    <i>thyself</i>.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Borgia</i>.&mdash;The night is dark, but I shall feel you
+    by my hate: Plant your foot against the wall, that you may not
+    retreat.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Concini</i>.&mdash;Would I could chain yours to the
+    pavement, that I might be sure of my mark!</p>
+
+    <p><i>Borgia</i>.&mdash;Agree that the first who is wounded
+    shall inform the other.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Concini</i>.&mdash;Yes, for we should not see the blood.
+    I swear it by the thirst I feel for yours.&mdash;But not that
+    the affair should end there.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Borgia</i>.&mdash;No, only to begin again with more
+    spirit.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Concini</i>&mdash;To continue till we can lift the sword
+    no longer.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Borgia</i>.&mdash;Till the death of one or other of
+    us.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Concini</i>&mdash;I see you not. Are you in front of
+    me?</p>
+
+    <p><i>Borgia</i>.&mdash;Yes, wretch! Parry that thrust. Has it
+    sped?</p>
+
+    <p><i>Concini</i>.&mdash;No; take that in return.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Borgia</i>.&mdash;I am untouched.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Concini</i>.&mdash;What, still? Oh! would I could but see
+    thy hateful visage. (<i>They continue to fight desperately, but
+    without touching each other. Both rest for a little</i>.)</p>
+
+    <p><i>Borgia</i>.&mdash;Have you a cuirass on, Concini?</p>
+
+    <p><i>Concini</i>.&mdash;I had, but I left it with your wife in
+    her chamber.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Borgia</i>.&mdash;Liar! (<i>He rushes on him with his
+    sword. Their blades are locked for a moment, and both are
+    wounded</i>.)</p>
+
+    <p><i>Concini</i>.&mdash;I feel no sword opposed to mine. Have
+    I wounded you?</p>
+
+    <p><i>Borgia</i>, (<i>leaning on his sword, and staunching the
+    wound in his breast with, his handkerchief</i>.) No, let us
+    begin again. There!</p>
+
+    <p><i>Concini</i> (<i>binding his scarf round his
+    thigh</i>.)&mdash;One moment and I am with you. (<i>He staggers
+    against the
+    pillar</i>.)</p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page120"
+       name="page120"></a>[pg 120]</span>
+
+    <p><i>Borgia</i>, (<i>sinking on his knees</i>.)&mdash;Are you
+    not wounded yourself?</p>
+
+    <p><i>Concini</i>.&mdash;No, no! I am resting. Advance, and you
+    shall see.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Borgia</i> (<i>endeavouring to rise, but
+    unable</i>.)&mdash;I have struck my foot against a
+    stone&mdash;wait an instant.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Concini</i> (<i>with delight</i>.)&mdash;Ah! you are
+    wounded!</p>
+
+    <p><i>Borgia</i>.&mdash;No, I tell you&mdash;'tis you who are
+    so. Your voice is changed.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Concini</i>, (<i>feeling his sword</i>.)&mdash;My blade
+    smells of blood.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Borgia</i>.&mdash;Mine is dabbled in it.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Concini</i>.&mdash;Come then, if you are not *&mdash;come
+    and finish me.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Borgia</i>, (<i>with triumph</i>.)&mdash;Finish! then you
+    are wounded.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Concini</i>, (<i>with a voice of despair</i>.)&mdash;Were
+    I not, would I not have already stabbed you twenty times over?
+    But you are at least as severely handled.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Borgia</i>&mdash;It maybe so, or I should not be
+    grovelling here.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Concini</i>.&mdash;Shall we now have done?</p>
+
+    <p><i>Borgia</i>, (<i>enraged</i>.)&mdash;Both
+    wounded&mdash;yet both living!</p>
+
+    <p><i>Concini</i>.&mdash;What avails the blood I have drawn,
+    while a drop remains.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Borgia</i>.&mdash;O! were I but beside thee! <i>Enter</i>
+    Vitry, <i>followed by the Guards walking slowly. He holds the
+    young</i> Count de la Pene <i>by the hand; the boy leads his
+    sister</i>.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Vitry</i>, (<i>a pistol in his hand</i>.)&mdash;Well, my
+    child, which is your father?</p>
+
+    <p><i>Count de la Pene</i>.&mdash;Oh! protect him,
+    sir,&mdash;that is he leaning against the pillar.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Vitry</i>, (<i>aloud</i>.)&mdash;Draw tip&mdash;remain at
+    that gate&mdash;Guards! (<i>The Guards advance with lanterns
+    and flambeaux</i>.) Sir, I arrest you&mdash;your sword.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Concini</i>, (<i>thrusting at him</i>.)&mdash;Take it.
+    (Vitry <i>fires his pistol</i>&mdash;Du Hallier, D'Ornano,
+    <i>and</i> Person <i>fire at the same time</i>&mdash;Concini
+    <i>falls dead</i>.)</p>
+
+    <p>The malice of Du Luynes, the inveterate enemy of the
+    D'Ancres, and afterwards the minion of Louis, contrives that
+    the Mar&eacute;chale, in her way to execution, shall be
+    conducted to this scene, where her husband lies dead, on the
+    spot which had been stained with the blood of Henry, like
+    Caesar at the foot of Pompey's statue; and the play concludes
+    with her indignant and animated denunciation of this wretch,
+    who stands calm and triumphant, while the Mar&eacute;chale
+    exacts from her son, over the body of Concini, an oath of
+    vengeance against the destroyer of her house.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h3>THE MARTYR-STUDENT.</h3>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>I am sick of the bird,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">And its carol of glee;</p>
+
+            <p>It brings the voices heard</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">In boyhood back to me:</p>
+
+            <p>Our old village hall,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Our church upon the hill,</p>
+
+            <p>And the mossy gates&mdash;all</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">My darken'd eyes fill.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>No more gladly leaping</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">With the choir I go,</p>
+
+            <p>My spirit is weeping</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">O'er her silver bow:</p>
+
+            <p>From the golden quiver</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">The arrows are gone,</p>
+
+            <p>The wind from Death's river</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Sounds in it alone!</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>I sit alone and think</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">In the silent room.</p>
+
+            <p>I look up, and I shrink</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">From the glimmering gloom.</p>
+
+            <p>O, that the little one</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Were here with her shout!&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p>O, that my sister's arm</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">My neck were roundabout!</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>I cannot read a book,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">My eyes are dim and weak;</p>
+
+            <p>To every chair I look&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">There is not one to speak!</p>
+
+            <p>Could I but sit once more</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Upon that well-known chair,</p>
+
+            <p>By my mother, as of yore,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Her hand upon my hair!</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>My father's eyes seeking,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">In trembling hope to trace</p>
+
+            <p>If the south wind had been breaking</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">The shadows from my face;&mdash;</p>
+
+            <p>How sweet to die away</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Beside our mother's hearth,</p>
+
+            <p>Amid the balmy light</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">That shone upon our birth!</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>A wild and burning boy,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">I climb the mountain's crest,</p>
+
+            <p>The garland of my joy</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Did leap upon my breast;</p>
+
+            <p>A spirit walk'd before me</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Along the stormy night,</p>
+
+            <p>The clouds melted o'er me,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">The shadows turn'd to light.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>Among my matted locks</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">The death-wind is blowing;</p>
+
+            <p>I hear, like a mighty rush of plumes,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">The Sea of Darkness flowing!</p>
+
+            <p>Upon the summer air</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Two wings are spreading wide;</p>
+
+            <p>A shadow, like a pyramid,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Is sitting by my side!</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>My mind was like a page</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Of gold-wrought story,</p>
+
+            <p>Where the rapt eye might gaze</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">On the tale of glory;</p>
+
+            <p>But the rich painted words</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Are waxing faint and old,</p>
+
+            <p>The leaves have lost their light,</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">The letters their gold!</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>And memory glimmers</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">On the pages I unrol,</p>
+
+            <p>Like the dim light creeping</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Into an antique scroll.</p>
+
+            <p>When the scribe is searching</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">The writing pale and damp,</p>
+
+            <p>At midnight, and the flame</p>
+
+            <p class="i2">Is dying in the lamp.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <h4><i>Fraser's Magazine.</i></h4>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a id="page121"
+       name="page121"></a>[pg 121]</span>
+
+    <h2>The Selector;</h2>
+
+    <h3>AND LITERARY NOTICES OF NEW WORKS.</h3>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>THE ITALIAN REPUBLICS.</h3>
+
+    <p>M.J.C.L. De Sismondi, has, to suit the plan of the
+    <i>Cabinet Cyclopaedia</i>, endeavoured to include in one of
+    its volumes&mdash;a summary of Italian history from the fall of
+    the Roman empire to the end of the Middle Age&mdash;a period of
+    about six and a half centuries. What a succession of stirring
+    scenes does this volume present; what fields of bloody action;
+    what revelry of carnage; what schemes of petty ambition; what
+    trampling on necks, what uncrowning of heads; what orgies of
+    fire, sword, famine, and slaughter; what overtoppling of
+    thrones, and unseating of rulers; what pantings after freedom;
+    what slavery of passion; what sunny scenes of fortune to be
+    shaded with melancholy pictures of desolation and
+    decay&mdash;are comprised in these few pages of the history of
+    a comparatively small portion of the world for a short
+    period&mdash;a narrow segment of the cycle of time. What
+    Sismondi so ably accomplished in sixteen volumes, he has here
+    comprised in one. He tells us that he could sacrifice episodes
+    and details without regret. The present is not, however, an
+    abridgment of his great work, "but an entirely new history, in
+    which, with my eyes fixed solely on the free people of the
+    several Italian states, I have studied to portray their first
+    deliverance, their heroism, and their misfortunes."</p>
+
+    <p>We quote a few sketchy extracts.</p>
+
+    <h3><i>Last Struggle of Rome for Liberty</i>.</h3>
+
+    <p>"1453. Stefano Porcari, a Roman noble, willing to profit by
+    the interregnum which preceded the nomination of Nicholas V.,
+    to make the Roman citizens demand the renewal and confirmation
+    of their ancient rights and privileges, was denounced to the
+    new pope as a dangerous person; and, so far from obtaining what
+    he had hoped, he had the grief to see the citizens always more
+    strictly excluded from any participation in public affairs.
+    Those were entrusted only to prelates, who, being prepared for
+    it neither by their studies nor sentiments, suffered the
+    administration to fall into the most shameful disorder.</p>
+
+    <p>"In an insurrection of the people in the Piazza Navona,
+    arising from a quarrel, which began at a bull-fight, Stefano
+    Porcari endeavoured to direct their attention to a more noble
+    object, and turn this tumult to the advantage of liberty. The
+    pope hastily indulged all the fancies of the people, with
+    respect to their games or amusements; but firmly rejected all
+    their serious demands, and exiled Porcari to Bologna. The
+    latter hoped to obtain by conspiracy what he had failed to
+    accomplish by insurrection. There were not less than 400 exiled
+    Roman citizens: he persuaded them all to join him, and
+    appointed them a rendezvous at Rome, for the 5th of January,
+    1453, in the house of his brother-in-law. Having escaped the
+    vigilance of the legate of Bologna, he proceeded there himself,
+    accompanied by 300 soldiers, whom he had enlisted in his
+    service. The whole band was assembled on the night of the
+    appointed 5th of January; and Stefano Porcari was haranguing
+    them, to prepare them for the attack of the capitol,&mdash;in
+    which he reckoned on re-establishing the senate of the Roman
+    republic,&mdash;when, his secret having been betrayed, the
+    house was surrounded with troops, the doors suddenly forced,
+    and the conspirators overcome by numbers before their arms had
+    been distributed. Next morning, the body of Stefano Porcari,
+    with those of nine of his associates, were seen hanging from
+    the battlements of the castle of St. Angelo. In spite of their
+    ardent entreaties, they had been denied confession and the
+    sacrament. Eight days later, the executions, after a mockery of
+    law proceedings, were renewed, and continued in great numbers.
+    The pope succeeded in causing those who had taken refuge in
+    neighbouring states to be delivered up to him; and thus the
+    last spark of Roman liberty was extinguished in blood."</p>
+
+    <h3><i>General Mildness of Italian Warfare</i>.</h3>
+
+    <p>"1492. The horses and armour of the Italian men at arms were
+    reckoned superior to those of the transalpine nations against
+    which they had measured themselves in France, during "the war
+    of the public weal." The Italian captains had made war a
+    science, every branch of which they thoroughly knew. It was
+    never suspected for a moment that the soldier should be wanting
+    in courage: but the general mildness of manners, and the
+    progress of civilization, had accustomed the Italians to make
+    war with sentiments of honour and humanity towards the
+    vanquished. Ever ready to give quarter, they did not strike a
+    fallen enemy. Often, after having taken from him his horse and
+    armour, they set him free; at least, they never demanded a
+    ransom so enormous as to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page122"
+       name="page122"></a>[pg 122]</span> ruin him. Horsemen who
+       went to battle clad in steel, were rarely killed or wounded,
+       so long as they kept their saddles. Once unhorsed, they
+       surrendered. The battle, therefore, never became murderous.
+       The courage of the Italian soldiers, which had accommodated
+       itself to this milder warfare, suddenly gave way before the
+       new dangers and ferocity of barbarian enemies. They became
+       terror-struck when they perceived that the French caused
+       dismounted horsemen to be put to death by their valets, or
+       made prisoners only to extort from them, under the name of
+       ransom, all they possessed. The Italian cavalry, equal in
+       courage, and superior in military science, to the French,
+       was for some time unable to make head against an enemy whose
+       ferocity disturbed their imaginations."</p>
+
+    <h3><i>Battle of Marignano</i>.</h3>
+
+    <p>"1515.&mdash;Francis I. succeeded Louis XII. on the 1st of
+    January; on the 27th of June he renewed his predecessor's
+    treaty of alliance with Venice; and on the 15th of August,
+    entered the plains of Lombardy, by the marquisate of Saluzzo,
+    with a powerful army. He met but little resistance in the
+    provinces south of the Po, but the Swiss meanwhile arrived in
+    great force to defend Maximilian Sforza, whom, since they had
+    reseated him on the throne, they regarded as their vassal.
+    Francis in vain endeavoured to negotiate with them; they would
+    not listen to the voice of their commanders; democracy had
+    passed from their <i>landsgemeinde</i> into their armies,
+    popular orators roused their passions; and on the 13th of
+    September they impetuously left Milan to attack Francis I. at
+    Marignano. Deep ditches lined with soldiers bordered the
+    causeway by which they advanced; their commanders wished by
+    some manoeuvre to get clear of them, or make the enemy change
+    his position; but the Swiss, despising all the arts of war,
+    expected to command success by mere intrepidity and bodily
+    strength. They marched to the battery in full front; they
+    repulsed the charge of the knights with their halberds, and
+    threw themselves with fury into the ditches which barred their
+    road. Some rushed on to the very mouths of the cannon, which
+    guarded the king, and there fell. Night closed on the
+    combatants; and the two armies mingled together fought on for
+    four hours longer by moonlight. Complete darkness at length
+    forced them to rest on their arms; but the king's trumpet
+    continually sounded, to indicate to the bivouac where he was to
+    be found; while the two famous horns of Uri and Unterwalden
+    called the Swiss together. The battle was renewed on the 14th
+    at daybreak: the unrelenting obstinacy was the same; but the
+    French had taken advantage of the night to collect and fortify
+    themselves. Marshal Trivulzio, who had been present at eighteen
+    pitched battles, declared that every other seemed to him
+    children's play in comparison with this "battle of giants," as
+    he called it: 20,000 dead already covered the ground; of these
+    two-thirds were Swiss. When the Swiss despaired of victory they
+    retreated slowly,&mdash;but menacing and terrible. The French
+    did not dare to pursue them."</p>
+
+    <p>The concluding paragraph of the volume is beautifully
+    enthusiastic: it may almost be regarded as prophetic in
+    connexion with events that are at this moment shaking Italy to
+    her very base:</p>
+
+    <p>"Italy is crushed; but her heart still beats with the love
+    of liberty, virtue, and glory: she is chained and covered with
+    blood; but she still knows her strength and her future destiny:
+    she is insulted by those for whom she has opened the way to
+    every improvement; but she feels that she is formed to take the
+    lead again: and Europe will know no repose till the nation
+    which, in the dark ages, lighted the torch of civilization with
+    that of liberty, shall be enabled herself to enjoy the light
+    which she created."</p>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>CHILD'S ARITHMETICAL TABLES.</h3>
+
+    <p>The Seventh Edition, besides being well adapted for Schools,
+    will be found useful in the business of life. It includes the
+    monies, weights, and measures, mentioned in Scripture, the
+    length of miles in different countries, astronomical signs, and
+    other matters computed with great care.</p>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>THE GEORGIAN ERA.</h3>
+
+    <p>This work is intended to comprise Memoirs of the most
+    eminent characters who have flourished in Great Britain during
+    the reigns of the four Georges: the present volume being only a
+    fourth of its extent, and containing the Royal Family, the
+    Pretenders and their adherents, churchmen, dissenters, and
+    statesmen. The importance of the chosen period is prefatorily
+    urged by the editor: "In comparison with the Elizabethan or the
+    Modern Augustan, (as the reign of Anne has been designated,
+    that which may be appropriately termed the Georgian Era,
+    possesses a paramount <span class="pagenum"><a id="page123"
+       name="page123"></a>[pg 123]</span> claim to notice; for not
+       only has it been equally fertile in conspicuous characters,
+       and more prolific of great events, but its influence is
+       actually felt by the existing community of Great
+       Britain."</p>
+
+    <p>The several memoirs, so far as a cursory glance enables us
+    to judge, are edited with great care. Their uniformity of plan
+    is very superior to hastily compiled biographies. Each memoir
+    contains the life and labours of its subject, in the smallest
+    space consistent with perspicuity; the dryness of names, dates,
+    and plain facts being admirably relieved by characteristic
+    anecdotes of the party, and a brief but judicious summary of
+    character by the editor. In the latter consists the original
+    value of the work. The reader need not, however, take this
+    summary "for granted:" he is in possession of the main facts
+    from which the editor has drawn his estimate, and he may, in
+    like manner, "weigh and consider," and draw his own inference.
+    The anecdotes, to borrow a phrase from Addison, are the
+    "sweetmeats" of the book, but the caution with which they are
+    admitted, adds to their worth. The running reader may say that
+    much of this portion is not entirely new to him: granted; but
+    it would be unwise to reject an anecdote for its popularity; as
+    Addison thought of "Chevy Chase," its commonness is its worth.
+    But, it should be added, that such anecdotes are not told in
+    the circumlocutory style of gossip, nor nipt in the bud by
+    undeveloped brevity. We have Selden's pennyworth of spirit
+    without the glass of water: the quintessence of condensation,
+    which, we are told, is the result of time and experience, which
+    rejects what is no longer essential. Here circumspection was
+    necessary, and it has been well exercised. The anecdotes are
+    not merely amusing but useful, since only when placed in
+    juxtaposition with a man's whole life, can such records be of
+    service in appreciating his character.</p>
+
+    <p>Let us turn to the volume for a few examples, and take
+    George the Fourth and Sheridan, for their contemporary
+    interest; though the earlier characters are equally attractive.
+    In the former the reader may better compare the editor's
+    inference with his own impression.</p>
+
+    <h3><i>George the Fourth</i>.</h3>
+
+    <p>"Endowed by nature with remarkably handsome features, and a
+    form so finely proportioned, that at one period of his life it
+    was deemed almost the best model of manly beauty in existence,
+    George the Fourth, during the early part of his manhood,
+    eclipsed the whole of his gay associates in fashion and
+    gallantry, as much by personal attractions, as pre-eminence in
+    birth. Byron describes him as having possessed "fascination in
+    his very bow;" and it is said, that a young peeress, on hearing
+    of the prince's attentions to one of her fair friends,
+    exclaimed, "I sincerely hope that it may not be my turn next,
+    for to repel him is impossible." Towards the middle period of
+    his life, he became so enormously fat, that four life-guardsmen
+    could not, without difficulty, lift him on horseback; but, as
+    he advanced in years, although still corpulent, his
+    inconvenient obesity gradually diminished.</p>
+
+    <p>"He scarcely ever forgot an injury, an affront, or a marked
+    opposition to his personal wishes. The cordiality which had
+    previously subsisted between his majesty and Prince Leopold,
+    entirely ceased, when the latter volunteered a visit to Queen
+    Caroline on her return to this country, in 1820: Brougham and
+    Dentrum, for the zeal with which they had advocated the cause
+    of their royal client, were, during a long period, deemed
+    unworthy of those legal honours to which their high talents and
+    long standing at the bar, justly entitled them: and Sir Robert
+    Wilson was arbitrarily dismissed from the service, for his
+    interference at her majesty's funeral. On account of his
+    unpopular reception, by the mob, when he accompanied the allied
+    sovereigns to Guildhall, in 1814, he never afterwards honoured
+    the city with his presence; and when Rossini rudely declined
+    the repetition of a piece of music, in which the king had taken
+    a conspicuous part, at a court concert, his majesty turned his
+    back on the composer, to whose works, from that moment, he
+    displayed the most unequivocal dislike. But, on the other hand,
+    some cases have been recorded, in which his conduct was
+    unquestionably tolerant and forgiving. He allowed Canning, an
+    avowed supporter of the queen, to retain office, without taking
+    any part in the ministerial proceedings against her majesty;
+    and at the last stage of his earthly career, sent the Duke of
+    Sussex, with whom he had long been at variance, his own ribbon
+    of the order of St. Patrick, with an assurance of his most
+    sincere affection. Erskine, while attorney-general to the
+    prince, had so offended his royal highness, by accepting a
+    retainer from Paine, on a prosecution being instituted against
+    the latter for publishing the Rights of Man, that his immediate
+    resignation was required. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page124"
+       name="page124"></a>[pg 124]</span> But, sometime afterwards,
+       Erskine was desired to attend at Carlton house, where the
+       prince received him with great cordiality, and, after
+       avowing his conviction that, 'in the instance that had
+       separated them, his learned and eloquent friend had acted
+       from the purest motives, he wished to give publicity to his
+       present opinion on the subject, by appointing Mr. Erskine
+       his chancellor.' On one occasion, at the opening of a
+       session of parliament by George the Third in person, his
+       royal highness, who was then very much in debt, having gone
+       down to the house of lords in a superb military uniform with
+       diamond epaulettes, Major Doyle subsequently remarked to
+       him, that his equipage had been much noticed by the mob.
+       'One fellow,' added the major, 'prodigiously admired, what
+       he termed 'the fine things which the prince had upon his
+       shoulders.' 'Mighty fine, indeed,' replied another; 'but,
+       mind me, they'll soon be <i>upon our shoulders</i>, for all
+       that.' 'Ah, you rogue!' exclaimed the prince, laughing,
+       'that's a hit of your own, I am convinced:&mdash;but, come,
+       take some wine.'</p>
+
+    <p>"He had some inclination for scientific pursuits, and highly
+    respected those who were eminent for mechanical inventions. He
+    contributed largely towards the erection of a monument to the
+    memory of Watt. Of his medical information, slight as it
+    undoubtedly was, he is said to have been particularly proud.
+    Carpue had demonstrated to him the general anatomy of the human
+    body, in his younger days; and for a number of years, the
+    ingenious Weiss submitted to his inspection all the new
+    surgical instruments, in one of which the king suggested some
+    valuable improvements.</p>
+
+    <p>"His talents were, undoubtedly, above the level of
+    mediocrity: they have, however, been greatly overrated, on the
+    supposition that several powerfully written documents, put
+    forth under his name, but composed by some of his more
+    highly-gifted friends, were his own productions. His style was,
+    in fact, much beneath his station: it was inelegant, destitute
+    of force, and even occasionally incorrect. He read his speeches
+    well, but not excellently: he possessed no eloquence, although,
+    as a convivial orator, he is said to have been rather
+    successful.</p>
+
+    <p>"At one time, while an associate of Sheridan, Erskine, Fox,
+    &amp;c., he affected, in conversation, to be brilliant, and so
+    far succeeded, as to colloquial liveliness, that during their
+    festive intercourse, according to the witty barrister's own
+    admission, 'he fairly kept up at saddle-skirts' even with
+    Curran. Notwithstanding this compliment, his pretensions to wit
+    appear to have been but slender; the best sayings attributed to
+    him being a set of middling puns, of which the following is a
+    favourable selection:&mdash;When Langdale's distillery was
+    plundered, during the riots of 1780, he asked why the
+    proprietor had not defended his property. 'He did not possess
+    the means to do so,' was the reply. 'Not the means of defence!'
+    exclaimed the prince, 'and he a brewer&mdash;a man who has been
+    all his life at <i>cart</i> and <i>tierce</i>!&mdash;Sheridan
+    having told him that Fox had <i>cooed</i> in vain to Miss
+    Pulteney, the prince replied, 'that his friend's attempt on the
+    lady's heart was a <i>coup maoqu&egrave;</i>.'&mdash;He once
+    quoted from Suetonius, the words, '<i>Jure</i> caesus videtur,'
+    to prove, jestingly, that trial by jury was as old as the time
+    of the first Caesar.&mdash;A newspaper panegyric on Fox,
+    apparently from the pen of Dr. Parr, having been presented to
+    his royal highness, he said that it reminded him of Machiavel's
+    epitaph, 'Tanto nomini nullum <i>Par</i> eulogium.'&mdash;A
+    cavalry officer, at a court ball, hammered the floor with his
+    heels so loudly, that the prince observed, 'If the war between
+    the mother country and her colonies had not terminated, he
+    might have been sent to America as a republication of the
+    <i>stamp</i> act.'&mdash;While his regiment was in daily
+    expectation of receiving orders for Ireland, some one told him,
+    that country quarters in the sister kingdom were so filthy,
+    that the rich uniforms of his corps would soon be lamentably
+    soiled: 'Let the men act as dragoons, then,' said his royal
+    highness, 'and <i>scour the country</i>.' When Horne Tooke, on
+    being committed to prison for treason, proposed, while in jail,
+    to give a series of dinners to his friends, the prince
+    remarked, that 'as an inmate of Newgate, he would act more
+    consistently by establishing a
+    <i>Ketch</i>-club.'&mdash;Michael Kelly having turned
+    wine-merchant, the prince rather facetiously said, 'that Mick
+    <i>imported</i> his music, and <i>composed</i> his wine!'"</p>
+
+    <p>We reluctantly break off here till next week.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h2>The Topographer</h2>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>BRIGHTON AS IT WAS.</h3>
+
+    <h4><i>(Concluded from page 90.)</i></h4>
+
+    <p>This immunity, however, deprived them of the privileges
+    which the people of the adjacent towns enjoyed; and was
+    <span class="pagenum"><a id="page125"
+       name="page125"></a>[pg 125]</span> probably the true reason,
+       why this town did not obtain a place among those called
+       Cinque ports. It lies in their neighbourhood, is more
+       ancient, and was always more considerable than most included
+       in that number.</p>
+
+    <p>To reduce its consequence still more, the tithes were in
+    this period taken from the incumbent, appropriated to the use
+    of the Priory at Lewes, and have never since been restored; and
+    a Convent of mendicant friars, more burthensome than ten
+    endowed ones of monks, was founded and dedicated to St.
+    Bartholomew.</p>
+
+    <p>Struggling under these difficulties, nothing but the
+    Reformation could enable the inhabitants of this place to
+    emerge from their wretchedness. And accordingly we find, that,
+    in the happier days of Queen Elizabeth, their affairs put on a
+    new face. They then applied themselves with vigour to their old
+    employments of fishing, and fitting out vessels for trade;
+    seeking subsistence from their darling element the sea.</p>
+
+    <p>Persecution prevailing at this juncture in many parts of
+    Europe, numbers fled to this island as to an asylum, and many
+    settled in this town, bringing with them industry, and an
+    attachment to maritime affairs; or soon learning them here. The
+    number of its inhabitants being thus increased, its trade
+    became proportionably greater: so that in 1579, a record now
+    subsisting says, "There are in the said town of Brighthelmston
+    of fishing-boats four-score in number, and of able mariners
+    four hundred in number, with ten thousand fishing-nets, besides
+    many other necessaries belonging to their
+    mystery."<a id="footnotetag3"
+       name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a> And the descendants of many of these French,
+    Dutch, and Spanish families still reside
+    here.<a id="footnotetag4"
+       name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a></p>
+
+    <p>From this record we likewise learn, that the town was
+    fortified to the sea by a flint wall, and that the fort, called
+    the Block-house, had been then lately erected. The east-gate of
+    this wall, in a line with the Block-house was actually standing
+    last year, and has been since taken down to open a more
+    convenient entrance to a battery lately
+    built.<a id="footnotetag5"
+       name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a></p>
+
+    <p>The town at present consists of six principal streets, many
+    lanes, and some spaces surrounded with houses, called by the
+    inhabitants squares. The great plenty of flint stones on the
+    shore, and in the corn-fields near the town, enabled them to
+    build the walls of their houses with that material, when in
+    their most impoverished state; and their present method of
+    ornamenting the windows and doors with the admirable brick
+    which they burn for their own use, has a very pleasing effect.
+    The town improves daily, as the inhabitants, encouraged by the
+    late great resort of company, seem disposed to expend the whole
+    of what they acquire in the erecting of new buildings, or
+    making the old ones convenient. And should the increase of
+    these, in the next seven years, be equal to what it has been in
+    the last, it is probable there will be but few towns in
+    England, that will excel this in commodious
+    buildings.<a id="footnotetag6"
+       name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a></p>
+
+    <p>Here are two public rooms, the one convenient, the other not
+    only so, but elegant; not excelled perhaps by any public room
+    in England, that of York excepted: and the attention of the
+    proprietor in preparing every thing that may answer for the
+    conveniency and amusement of the company, is extremely
+    meritorious.</p>
+
+    <p>For divine service there is a large Church, pleasantly
+    situated on a rising ground above the town; but at a distance
+    that is inconvenient to the old and infirm. The Dissenters,
+    who, of all denominations, amount to but forty families, have a
+    Presbyterian, a Quaker's, and an Anabaptist's
+    meeting-house.</p>
+
+    <p>The men of this town are busied almost the whole year in a
+    succeeding variety of fishing; and the women industriously
+    dedicate part of their time, disengaged from domestic cares, to
+    the providing of nets adapted to the various employments of
+    their husbands.</p>
+
+    <p>The spring season is spent in dredging for oysters, which
+    are mostly bedded in the Thames and Medway, and afterwards
+    carried to the London market; the mackerel fishery employs them
+    during the months of May, June, and July; and the fruits of
+    their labour are always sent to London; as Brighthelmston has
+    the advantage of being its
+    <span class="pagenum"><a id="page126"
+       name="page126"></a>[pg 126]</span> nearest fishing
+       sea-coast, and as the consumption of the place, and its
+       environs, is very inconsiderable. In the early part of this
+       fishery they frequently take the red mullet; and near the
+       close of it, abundance of lobsters and prawns. August is
+       engaged in the trawl-fishery, when all sorts of flat fish
+       are taken in a net called by that name. In September they
+       fish for whiting with lines; and in November the herring
+       fishery takes place, which is the most considerable and
+       growing fishery of the whole. Those employed in this pursuit
+       show an activity and boldness almost incredible, often
+       venturing out to sea in their little boats in such weather
+       as the largest ships can scarce live in. Part of their
+       acquisition in this way is sent to London, but the greatest
+       share of it is either pickled, or dried and made red. These
+       are mostly sent to foreign markets, making this fishery a
+       national concern.<a id="footnotetag7"
+       name="footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a></p>
+
+    <p>In examining the ancient and modern descriptions of the
+    Baiae in Campania, where the Romans of wealth and quality,
+    during the greatness of that empire, retired for the sake of
+    health and pleasure, when public exigencies did not require
+    their attendance at Rome, and comparing them with those of
+    Brighthelmston, I can perceive a striking resemblance; and I am
+    persuaded, that every literary person who will impartially
+    consider this matter on the spot, will concur with me in
+    opinion, giving, in some measure, the preference to our own
+    Baiae, as exempt from the inconvenient steams of hot
+    sulphureous baths, and the dangerous vicinity of Mount
+    Vesuvius. And I have no doubt but it will be equally
+    frequented, when the healthful advantages of its situation
+    shall be sufficiently made known.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h2>Spirit of Discovery</h2>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>A NIGHT ON THE NIGER.</h3>
+
+    <h4><i>(From the Landers' Travels; unpublished.)</i></h4>
+
+    <p>We made no stop whatever on the river, not even at
+    meal-times, our men suffering the canoe to glide down with the
+    stream while they were eating their food. At five in the
+    afternoon they all complained of fatigue, and we looked around
+    us for a landing-place, where we might rest awhile, but we
+    could find none, for every village which we saw after that hour
+    was unfortunately situated behind large thick morasses and
+    sloughy bogs, through which, after various provoking and
+    tedious trials, we found it impossible to penetrate. We were
+    employed three hours in the afternoon in endeavouring to find a
+    landing at some village, and though we saw them distinctly
+    enough from the water, we could not find a passage through the
+    morasses, behind which they lay. Therefore we were compelled to
+    relinquish the attempt, and continue our course on the Niger.
+    We passed several beautiful islands in the course of the day,
+    all cultivated and inhabited, but low and flat. The width of
+    the river appeared to vary considerably, sometimes it seemed to
+    be two or three miles across, and at others double that width.
+    The current drifted us along very rapidly, and we guessed it to
+    be running at the rate of three or four miles an hour. The
+    direction of the stream continued nearly east. The day had been
+    excessively warm, and the sun set in beauty and grandeur,
+    shooting forth rays tinged with the most heavenly hues, which
+    extended to the zenith. Nevertheless, the appearance of the
+    firmament, all glorious as it was, betokened a coming storm;
+    the wind whistled through the tall rushes, and darkness soon
+    covered the earth like a veil. This rendered us more anxious
+    than ever to land somewhere, we cared not where, and to
+    endeavour to procure shelter for the night, if not in a
+    village, at least under a tree. Accordingly, rallying the
+    drooping spirits of our men, we encouraged them to renew their
+    exertions by setting them the example, and our canoe darted
+    silently and swiftly down the current. We were enabled to steer
+    her rightly by the vividness of the lightning, which flashed
+    across the water continually, and by this means also we could
+    distinguish any danger before us, and avoid the numerous small
+    islands with which the river is interspersed, and which
+    otherwise might have embarrassed us very seriously. But though
+    we could perceive almost close to us several lamps burning in
+    comfortable-looking huts, and could plainly distinguish the
+    voices of their occupants, and though we exerted all our
+    strength to get at them, we were foiled in every attempt, by
+    reason of the sloughs and fens, and we were at last obliged to
+    abandon them in despair. Some of these lights, after leading us
+    a long way, eluded our search, and vanished from our sight like
+    an <i>ignis fatuus</i>, and others danced about we knew not
+    how. But what was more vexatious than all, after we had got
+    into an inlet, and toiled and tugged for a full half hour
+    against the current, which in this little
+    <span class="pagenum"><a id="page127"
+       name="page127"></a>[pg 127]</span> channel was uncommonly
+       rapid, to approach a village from which we thought it
+       flowed, both village and lights seemed to sink into the
+       earth, the sound of the people's voices ceased of a sudden,
+       and when we fancied we were actually close to the spot, we
+       strained our eyes in vain to see a single hut,&mdash;all was
+       gloomy, dismal, cheerless, and solitary. It seemed the work
+       of enchantment; every thing was as visionary as "sceptres
+       grasped in sleep." We had paddled along the banks a distance
+       of not less than thirty miles, every inch of which we had
+       attentively examined, but not a bit of dry land could any
+       where be discovered which was firm enough to bear our
+       weight. Therefore, we resigned ourselves to circumstances,
+       and all of us having been refreshed with a little cold rice
+       and honey, and water from the stream, we permitted the canoe
+       to drift down with the current, for our men were too much
+       fatigued with the labours of the day to work any longer. But
+       here a fresh evil arose which we were unprepared to meet. An
+       incredible number of hippopotami arose very near us, and
+       came plashing, snorting, and plunging all round the canoe,
+       and placed us in imminent danger. Thinking to frighten them
+       off, we fired a shot or two at them, but the noise only
+       called up from the water and out of the fens, about as many
+       more of their unwieldy companions, and we were more closely
+       beset than before. Our people, who had never in all their
+       lives been exposed in a canoe to such huge and formidable
+       beasts, trembled with fear and apprehension, and absolutely
+       wept aloud; and their terror was not a little increased by
+       the dreadful peals of thunder which rattled over their
+       heads, and by the awful darkness which prevailed, broken at
+       intervals by flashes of lightning, whose powerful glare was
+       truly awful. Our people told us, that these formidable
+       animals frequently upset canoes in the river, when every one
+       in them was sure to perish. These came so close to us, that
+       we could reach them with the butt-end of a gun. When I fired
+       at the first, which I must have hit, every one of them came
+       to the surface of the water, and pursued us so fast over to
+       the north bank, that it was with the greatest difficulty
+       imaginable we could keep before them. Having fired a second
+       time, the report of my gun was followed by a loud roaring
+       noise, and we seemed to increase our distance from them.
+       There were two Bornou men among our crew who were not so
+       frightened as the rest, having seen some of these creatures
+       before on Lake Tchad, where, they say, there are plenty of
+       them. However, the terrible hippopotami did us no kind of
+       mischief whatever; they were only sporting and wallowing in
+       the river for their own amusement, no doubt, at first when
+       we interrupted them; but had they upset our canoe, we should
+       have paid dearly for it. We observed a bank on the north
+       side of the river shortly after this, and I proposed halting
+       on it for the night, for I wished much to put my foot on
+       firm land again. This, however, not one of the crew would
+       consent to, saying, that if the Gewo Roua, or water
+       elephant, did not kill them, the crocodiles certainly would
+       do so before the morning, and I thought afterwards that we
+       might have been carried off like the Cumbrie people on the
+       islands near Yaoorie, if we had tried the experiment. Our
+       canoe was only large enough to hold us all when sitting, so
+       that we had no chance of lying down. Had we been able to
+       muster up thirty thousand cowries at Rabba, we might have
+       purchased one which would have carried us all very
+       comfortably. A canoe of this sort would have served us for
+       living in entirely, we should have had no occasion to land
+       excepting to obtain our provisions; and having performed our
+       day's journey, might have anchored fearlessly at night.
+       Finding we could not induce our people to land, we agreed to
+       continue on all night. The eastern horizon became very dark,
+       and the lightning more and more vivid; indeed, I never
+       recollect having seen such strong fork lightning before in
+       my life. All this denoted the approach of a storm. At eleven
+       P.M. it blew somewhat stronger than a gale, and at midnight
+       the storm was at its height. The wind was so strong, that it
+       washed over the sides of the canoe several times, so that
+       she was in danger of filling. Driven about by the wind, our
+       frail little bark became unmanageable; but at length we got
+       near a bank, which in some measure protected us, and we were
+       fortunate enough to lay hold of a thorny tree against which
+       we were driven, and which was growing nearly in the centre
+       of the stream. Presently we fastened the canoe to its
+       branches, and wrapping our cloaks round our persons, for we
+       felt overpowered with fatigue, and with our legs projecting
+       half over the sides of the little vessel, which, for want of
+       room, we were compelled to do, we lay down to sleep. There
+       is something, I believe, in the nature of a tempest which is
+       favourable to slumber, at least so thought my brother; for
+       though the thunder continued to roar, and the wind to
+       blow,&mdash;though <span class="pagenum"><a id="page128"
+       name="page128"></a>[pg 128]</span> the rain beat in our
+       faces, and our canoe lay rocking like a cradle, still he
+       slept soundly. The wind kept blowing hard from the eastward
+       till midnight, when it became calm. The rain then descended
+       in torrents, accompanied by thunder and lightning of the
+       most awful description. We lay in our canoe drenched with
+       water, and our little vessel was filling so fast, that two
+       people were obliged to be constantly baling out the water to
+       keep her afloat. The water-elephants, as the natives term
+       the hippopotami, frequently came snorting near us, but
+       fortunately did not touch our canoe. The storm continued
+       until three in the morning of the 17th, when it became
+       clear, and we saw the stars sparkling like gems over our
+       heads. Therefore, we again proceeded on our journey down the
+       river, there being sufficient light for us to see our way,
+       and two hours after, we put into a small, insignificant,
+       fishing village, called <i>Dacannie</i>, where we landed
+       very gladly. Before we arrived at this island, we had passed
+       a great many native towns and villages, but in consequence
+       of the early hour at which we were travelling, we considered
+       it would be imprudent to stop at any of them, as none of the
+       natives were out of their huts. Had we landed earlier, even
+       near one of these towns, we might have alarmed the
+       inhabitants, and been taken for a party of robbers; or, as
+       they are called in the country, <i>jacallees</i>. They would
+       have taken up arms against us, and we might have lost our
+       lives; so that for our safety we continued down the river,
+       although we had great desire to go on shore. In the course
+       of the day and night, we travelled, according to <i>our</i>
+       estimation, a distance little short of a hundred miles. Our
+       course was nearly east. The Niger in many places, and for a
+       considerable way, presented a very magnificent appearance,
+       and, we believe, to be nearly eight miles in
+       width.&mdash;<i>Lit. Gaz.</i></p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h2>The Gatherer.</h2>
+
+    <p><i>Ancient Trade</i>.&mdash;Alexandria was formerly the
+    chief commercial city in the world. We may judge of its wealth
+    and prosperity by the circumstance, that, after the defeat of
+    Queen Zenobia, a single merchant of this city, undertook to
+    raise and pay an army out of the profits of his trade. Delos
+    was the richest city in the Archipelago, it was a free port,
+    where nations warring with each other, resorted with their
+    goods, and traded. Strabo calls it one of the most frequented
+    emporiums in the world; and Pliny tells us, that all the
+    commodities of Europe and Asia were sold, purchased, or
+    exchanged there. Trade was much encouraged at Athens; and if
+    any one ridiculed it, he was liable to an action of slander. A
+    fine of a thousand drachmas (about &pound;37. 10s.) was
+    inflicted on him who accused a merchant of any crime which he
+    was unable to prove. Solon was engaged in merchandize; the
+    founder of the city of Messilia was a merchant; Thales and
+    Hippocrates, the mathematician, traded; Plato sold oil in
+    Egypt; Maximinus the Roman emperor, traded with the Goths in
+    the produce of his estate in Thracia; Vespasian farmed the
+    privies at Rome; and the Emperor Pertinax, originally dealt in
+    charcoal.</p>
+
+    <p>P.T.W.</p>
+
+    <p><i>Unnecessary fears about the Cholera.</i>&mdash;Nothing is
+    more calculated to allay unnecessay and groundless fear, in the
+    case of the cholera, than the undeniable fact of the smallness
+    of the mortality in proportion to the whole population, where
+    it has raged with most violence. In addition to which, if it be
+    borne in mind, that the disease invariably attacks those who
+    are most predisposed to engender any malady, it is not
+    unreasonable to infer, that of those to whom it has proved
+    mortal, many would have died within the same period, had
+    cholera not attacked them.&mdash;<i>Morning Herald.</i></p>
+
+    <p>King Regner died singing the pleasure of falling in battle:
+    his words are, "The hours of my life are passed away, I shall
+    die laughing."&mdash;<i>Britain's Historical Drama.</i></p>
+
+    <h4><i>On a very Fat Man.</i></h4>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>All flesh is grass, so do the Scriptures say,</p>
+
+            <p>And grass, when mown, is shortly turn'd to hay.</p>
+
+            <p>When Time, to mow you down, his scythe doth
+            take,</p>
+
+            <p>Good Man! how large a stack you then will make.</p>
+
+            <p class="i10">J.J.</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h3>THE MIRROR.</h3>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <p>Purchasers of the MIRROR who may wish to complete their Sets
+    or Volumes, are informed that the whole of the Numbers are now
+    in print, and can he procured by giving an order to any
+    Bookseller or Newsvender.</p>
+
+    <p>Complete Sets. Vol. I. to XVIII in boards, price &pound;4.
+    18s. 6d.; half-bound, &pound;6. 6s.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote1"
+           name="footnote1"></a>
+<b>Footnote 1</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag1">
+        (return)</a>
+<p> The Gardens and Menagerie of the
+        Zoological Society delineated. Vol. I.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote2"
+           name="footnote2"></a>
+<b>Footnote 2</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag2">
+        (return)</a>
+<p> Chamfort observes, that the writers on
+        physics, natural history, physiology, and chemistry, have
+        been generally men of a mild, even, and happy temperament,
+        while the writers on politics, legislation, and even
+        morals, commonly exhibited a melancholy and fretful spirit.
+        It is to be expected that an inspection of the beauty and
+        order of nature should affect the mind with peculiar
+        pleasure.&mdash;<i>Gaieties and Gravities</i>.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote3"
+           name="footnote3"></a>
+<b>Footnote 3</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag3">
+        (return)</a>
+<p> It is a melancholy reflection to compare
+        the present state of the fishery with its prosperity in
+        1579, or in more modern periods. Within the recollection of
+        the editor, there were 60 boats employed in catching
+        mackerel, and in a propitious season, that species of fish
+        has produced in Billingsgate market a sum of &pound;10,000,
+        with which the town was enriched. In the autumn, 20 of
+        these boats were fitted out for the herring voyage, and one
+        boat has been known to land during the season from 20 to 30
+        lasts of herrings, each last containing 10,000 fish,
+        computing 132 to the 100.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote4"
+           name="footnote4"></a>
+<b>Footnote 4</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag4">
+        (return)</a>
+<p> The families of Mighell and Wichelo are
+        all that appear to remain as of Spanish origin.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote5"
+           name="footnote5"></a>
+<b>Footnote 5</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a>
+<p> The kindness of a friend has enabled me to
+        supply this work, with a view of the town taken from the
+        sea in 1743, when the wall, Block house, and East gate were
+        partly standing.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote6"
+           name="footnote6"></a>
+<b>Footnote 6</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a>
+<p> The recent publications on the present
+        state of the town, will amply establish the prophecy of our
+        historian.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+<a id="footnote7" name="footnote7"></a>
+<b>Footnote 7</b>:
+<a href="#footnotetag7">(return)</a>
+
+<p> There are 300 fishermen, 11 vessels, and 57 fishing boats belonging
+to this place.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+
+    <p><i>Printed and published by J LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near
+    Somerset House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New
+    Market, Leipsic; G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin,
+    Paris; and by all Newsmen and Booksellers.</i></p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction., by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE ***
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+</body>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction., by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction.
+       Volume 19, No. 535, Saturday, February 25, 1832.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 11, 2004 [EBook #11539]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Bill Walker and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. XIX, NO. 535.] SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 1832. [PRICE 2d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS, REGENT'S PARK.
+
+
+[Illustration: THE POLAR BEAR.]
+
+[Illustration: THE TUNNEL.]
+
+[Illustration: MONKEY CAGE.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+GARDENS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
+
+
+REGENT'S PARK.
+
+
+A visit to these Gardens is one of the most delightful of the rational
+recreations of the metropolis. The walk out is pleasant enough: though
+there is little rural beauty on the road, the creations of art assume
+a more agreeable appearance than in the city itself; and, with
+cottages, park-like grounds, and flourishing wood, the eye may enjoy a
+few picturesque groupings.
+
+The _Garden_ of the Society is one of the prettiest in the vicinity of
+the metropolis; the _Menagerie_ is certainly the most important ever
+collected in this country. It is a charming sight to behold myriads of
+tiny flowers fringing our very paths, and little groves of shrubs and
+young trees around us; yet it is a gratification of the highest order,
+to witness the animals of almost every country on the earth assembled
+within a few acres; and it is indeed a sublime study to observe how
+beautifully the links in the great chain of nature are wrought, and
+how admirably are the habits and structure of some of these animals
+adapted to the wants of man, while all are subservient to some great
+purpose in the scale of creation. How clearly are these truths taught
+by the science of Zoology; and how attractively are they illustrated
+in the Menagerie of the Zoological Gardens. Consider but for a moment
+that the cat which crouches by our fireside is of the same tribe with
+"the lordly lion," whose roar is terrific as an earthquake, and the
+tiger who often stays but to suck the blood of his victims: that the
+faithful dog, "who knows us personally, watches for us, and warns us
+of danger," is but a descendant from the wolf, who prowls through the
+wintry waste with almost untameable ferocity. Yet how do we arrive at
+the knowledge of these interesting facts--but by zoological study.
+
+Two of the Cuts in the annexed page will furnish our country friends
+with the improved plan of keeping the animals in large open cages. The
+first represents that of the _Polar Bear_, of strong iron-work, with a
+dormitory adjoining. The enclosed area is flagged with stone, and
+in the centre is a tank, or pool, of water, in which the bear makes
+occasional plungings. The present occupant is but small in comparison
+with the usual size of the species. "Its favourite postures," observes
+Mr. Bennett, "are lying flat at its whole length; sitting upon its
+haunches with its fore legs perfectly upright, and its head in a
+dependent position; or standing upon all fours with its fore-paws
+widely extended and its head and neck swinging alternately from
+side to side, or upwards and downwards in one continued and equable
+libration."[1]
+
+    [1] The Gardens and Menagerie of the Zoological Society
+        delineated. Vol. I.
+
+The second Cut represents the tunnelled communication between the two
+Gardens, beneath the carriage-road of the Park. Above, the archway is
+a pediment, supported by two neat columns, and a terraced walk, with
+balustrades. The whole is handsomely executed in cement or imitative
+stone. The decorative vases are by Austin, of the New Road. A lion's
+head, in bold relief, forms an appropriate key-stone embellishment to
+the arch. The sloping banks are formed of mimic rock-work profusely
+intermingled with plants and flowers.
+
+The third Cut is the Monkey House, of substantial iron-work, with
+dormitories and winter apartments in the rear. In fine sunny weather
+the monkeys may be here seen disporting their recreant limbs to the
+delight of crowds of visiters. Their species are too numerous but for
+a catalogue. Among them are the Negro and Sooty Monkeys,--the Mone
+Monkey: "the name of _Monkey_ is supposed to be derived from
+the African appellation of this species, _Mone_ corrupted into
+_Monachus_." Bonneted, pig-tailed, and Capuchin Monkeys; the last
+named from their dark crowns, like the capuch or hood of a Capuchin
+friar; and black and white-fronted Spider Monkeys, named from their
+great resemblance to large spiders.
+
+By the way, there is an abundance of still life in the Gardens at this
+ungenial season. We find the Elephant, the Antelopes, and the Zebra,
+in their winter quarters, and their mightinesses, the large cats, as
+the lions, tiger, and leopards, accommodated with a snug fire. The
+tropical birds, as the parrots, maccaws, &c., have been removed from
+the extremity of the north garden to warmer quarters; and the hyaenas,
+leopards, and a host of smaller carnivorous quadrupeds have taken
+their places. The upper end is occupied by four roomy dens, with a
+lordly black-maned lion and a lioness, from Northern Africa; above
+them are a fine lioness and a leopard from Ceylon: these we take to
+have been among the recent arrivals from the Tower Menagerie.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FRAGMENTS ON HUMAN LIFE.
+
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+  "Call not earth a barren spot,
+   Pass it not ungrateful by,
+   'Tis to man a lovely lot."
+
+There is no subject on which such a variety of opinions exist, as on
+the question "Whether man is happy;" and that it is not easy to be
+settled, is certain. Many persons have been so far contented with
+their lot as to wish to have their life over again, and yet as many
+have expressed themselves to the contrary.
+
+Dr. Johnson, who always spoke of human life in the most desponding
+terms, and considered earth a vale of tears,
+
+  "Yet hope, not life from pain or sorrow free,
+  Or think the doom of man reversed for thee--"
+
+declared that he would not live over again a single week of his life,
+had it been allowed him.[2] Such was his opinion on the past; but so
+great is the cheering influence with which Hope irradiates the mind,
+that in looking forward to the future, he always talked with pleasure
+on the prospect of a long life.
+
+    [2] Chamfort observes, that the writers on physics, natural
+        history, physiology, and chemistry, have been generally men of a
+        mild, even, and happy temperament, while the writers on politics,
+        legislation, and even morals, commonly exhibited a melancholy and
+        fretful spirit. It is to be expected that an inspection of the
+        beauty and order of nature should affect the mind with peculiar
+        pleasure.--_Gaieties and Gravities_.
+
+When he was in Scotland, Boswell told him that after his death, he
+intended to erect a memorial to him. Johnson, to whom the very
+mention of death was unpleasant, replied, "Sir, I hope to see your
+grand-children." On his death-bed he observed to the surgeon who was
+attending him, "_I want life_, you are afraid of giving me pain."
+
+It has been supposed that this question had been settled by the
+authority of Scripture. "Man is born to trouble," says Job, "as
+the sparks fly upward." In turning over a few pages more, we find
+ourselves in doubt again. "_The latter end of Job was more blessed
+than his beginning_; for he had 14,000 sheep, and 6,000 camels, and
+1,000 yoke of oxen, and 1,000 she-asses. He had also seven sons and
+three daughters. So Job died being old and full of days."
+
+It may not be unpleasant to place before the reader the opinions of
+several celebrated men, on Life, that he may choose his side, and
+either like the bee or the spider, extract the poison or gather the
+honey. We will begin with Sterne, one who well knew the human heart.
+
+    "What is the life of man? is it not to shift from side to side!
+    from sorrow to sorrow!"
+
+    "When I consider how oft we eat the bread of affliction, when one
+    runs over the catalogue of all the cross reckonings and sorrowful
+    items with which the heart of man is overcharged, 'tis wonderful
+    by what hidden resources the mind is enabled to stand it out, and
+    bear itself up, as it does, against the impositions laid upon our
+    nature."--_T. Shandy_.
+
+    "A man has but a bad bargain of it at the best."--_Chesterfield_.
+
+    "No scene of human life but teems with mortal woe."--_Sir Walter
+    Scott_.
+
+In opposition to these sentiments, Franklin, in writing on the death
+of a friend, gives us his opinion, "_It is a party of pleasure_, some
+take their seats first."
+
+And Lord Byron, describing Sunrise, in the second canto of _Lara_,
+says
+
+  "But mighty nature bounds as from her birth,
+  The sun is in the heavens, and life on earth;
+  Flowers in the valley, splendour in the beam.
+  Health on the gale, and freshness in the stream.
+  Immortal Man! Behold her glories shine,
+  And cry exultingly, 'They are thine'
+  Gaze on, while yet thy gladdened eyes may see,
+  A morrow comes when they are not for thee."
+
+In the same spirit Cowper begins his poem on Hope:
+
+  "See Nature gay as when she first began,
+  With smiles alluring her admirer, man,
+  She spreads the morning over eastern hills.
+  Earth glitters with the drops the night distils.
+  The sun obedient at her call appears
+  To fling his glories o'er the robe she wears,
+       ...                to proclaim
+  His happiness, her dear, her only aim."
+
+"The Thracians," says Cicero, "wept when a child was born, and feasted
+and made merry when a man went out of the world, and with reason. Show
+me the man who knows what life is, and dreads death, and I'll show
+thee a prisoner who dreads his liberty."
+
+Of the misery of human life, Gray speaks in similar terms:
+
+  "To all their sufferings all are men,
+  Condemn'd alike to groan,
+  The feeling for another's pain,
+  The unfeeling for his own."
+
+Audi alteram partem:
+
+    "It's a happy world after all."--_Paley_.
+
+And Gray himself:
+
+  "For who to dumb forgetfulness a prey,
+    This careful, anxious being e'er resigned,
+  E'er left the precincts of the _cheerful day_
+    Nor cast one longing, lingering look behind."
+
+And another popular author:
+
+    "A world of pleasure is continually streaming in on every side. It
+    only depends on man to be a demi-god, and to convert this world
+    into Elysium."--_Gaieties and Gravities_.
+
+It is doubtless wise to incline to the latter sentiment.
+
+Of the instability of human happiness and glory, a fine picture is
+drawn by Appian, who represents Scipio weeping over the destruction of
+Carthage. "When he saw this famous city, which had flourished seven
+hundred years, and might have been compared to the greatest empires,
+on account of the extent of its dominions, both by sea and land,
+its mighty armies, its fleets, elephants and riches; and that the
+Carthaginians were even superior to other nations, by their courage
+and greatness of soul, as, notwithstanding their being deprived of
+arms and ships, they had sustained for three whole years, all the
+hardships and calamities of a long siege; seeing, I say, this city
+entirely ruined, historians relate that he could not refuse his tears
+to the unhappy fate of Carthage. He reflected that cities, nations,
+and empires are liable to revolutions, no less than particular men;
+that the like sad fate had befallen Troy, once so powerful; and in
+later times, the Assyrians, Medes, and Persians, whose dominions were
+once of so great an extent; and lastly, the Macedonians, whose empire
+had been so glorious throughout the world." Full of these mournful
+ideas, he repeated the following verse of Homer:
+
+  "The day shall come, that great avenging day,
+  Which Troy's proud glories in the dust shall lay,
+  When Priam's powers, and Priam's self shall fall,
+  And one prodigious ruin swallow all--"
+
+thereby denouncing the future destiny of Rome, as he himself confessed
+to Polybius, who desired Scipio to explain himself on that occasion.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE SKETCH-BOOK
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A COASTING SCRAP.
+
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+It was a bright summer afternoon: the estuary of Poole Harbour lay
+extended before me; its broad expanse studded with inlands of sand and
+furze bushes, of which Brownsea is the most considerable. A slight
+ripple marked the deeper channels which were of a blue colour, and the
+shallow mud banks being but barely covered by the tide, appeared like
+sheets of molten silver. The blue hills of Purbeck bounded the distant
+heath-lands to the westward, and the harbour extended itself inland
+towards the town of Wareham, becoming more and more intricate in its
+navigation, although it receives the contributions of two rivers, the
+Piddle and the Froome, arising probably from the soil carried down by
+the streams, and the faint action of the tide at a distance of eight
+or ten miles from the mouth of the harbour. The Wareham clay boats
+added life to the scene. Some were wending their way through the
+intricate channels close hauled upon a wind; others were going right
+away with a flowing sheet. On the eastern side was the bold sweep of
+the shore, extending to the mouth of the harbour, and terminating in a
+narrow point of bright sand hills, separating the quiet waters of the
+harbour from the boisterous turmoilings of the English Channel.
+
+Sauntering along the Quay of Poole, indulging in a kind of reverie,
+thinking, or in fact, thinking of nothing at all, (a kind of waking
+dream, when hundreds of ideas, recollections, and feelings float with
+wonderful rapidity through the brain,) my attention was attracted by
+a stout, hardy-faced pilot, with water boots on his legs, and a red,
+woollen night-cap on his head, who was driving a very earnest bargain
+for a "small, but elegant assortment," of dabs and flounders. "Dree
+and zixpence if you like," said he. "I could a bought vour times as
+much vor one and zixpence coast-ways, if I'd a mind, and I'll give
+thee no more, and not a word of a lie." His oratory conquered the
+coyness of the fishy damsel; and he invited the lady to take a glass
+of "zomat avore he topped his boom for Swanwidge."
+
+Having before me the certainty of a dull, monotonous afternoon, and
+cheerless evening, without any visible means of amusement, I instantly
+closed a bargain with Dick Hart (for such was the pilot's name) to
+give me a cast to Swanwidge. In a short time I found myself on board
+a trim, little pilot boat, gliding along the waters as the sun was
+sliding his downward course, and shedding a mellow radiance over the
+distant scenery towards Lytchett. The white steeple of Poole church
+was lighted by the rays, while the town presented a neat and
+picturesque appearance with the masts of the shipping cutting against
+the blue sky.
+
+Dick Hart formed no small feature in the scene as he stood at the helm
+with his red cap and black, curly hair, smoking a short, clay pipe,
+which like his own face, had become rather brown in service. He looked
+around him with an air of independence and unconcern, as the "monarch
+of all he surveyed," casting his eye up now and then at the trim of
+his canvass, but more frequently keeping it on me. Dick began to open
+his budget of chat, and I found him as full of fun as his mainsail was
+full of nettles.
+
+A voice from the forecastle called out to Dick, who was so intent on
+his story that the helm slipped from his hand, and the ship flew up
+in the wind, "Mind, skipper, or you will run down Old Betty." I was
+astonished at the insinuation against my noble captain that he was
+likely to behave rude to a lady, but my suspicions were soon removed,
+when I saw Old Betty was a buoy, floating on the waters, adorned with
+a furze bush. Old Betty danced merrily on the rippling wave with her
+furze bush by way of a feather, with shreds of dried sea weed hanging
+to it forming ribbons to complete the head dress of the lady buoy.
+The nearer we approached, the more rapid did Betty dance, and when
+we passed close alongside of her, she curtsied up and down as if to
+welcome our visit. Dick narrated why a buoy placed at the head of a
+mud bank obtained the name of a _lady fair_, and I briefly noted it
+down.
+
+Many years ago a single lady resided at Poole, of plain manners,
+unaffected simplicity, affable, yet retiring, and--
+
+    "Passing rich with forty pounds a-year."
+
+The gentry courted her, but she still adhered to her secluded habits.
+Year after year rolled on, and though some may have admired her,
+she was never led to the altar, and consequently her condition was
+_unaltered_. Kind and friendly neighbours kept a vigilant eye upon her
+proceedings, but her character was unimpeachable; and they all agreed
+that she was a very suspicious person, because they could not slander
+her. She lived a blameless single lady.
+
+Her attentions were directed to an orphan boy. He was her constant
+companion, and the object of her tenderest solicitude. As he grew up
+he excelled the youth of his own age in manly exercises; could thrash
+all of his own size, when insulted, but never played the tyrant, or
+the bully. He could make the longest innings at cricket, and as for
+swimming in all its various branches, none could compare with William.
+It was finally arranged by a merchant to send William a voyage to
+Newfoundland, and the news soon spread round the town that William
+(for he was a general favourite) was to _see_ the world by taking to
+the _sea_.
+
+The time arrived when the ship was to be warped out from the Quay, and
+to sail for her destination. The crew and the passengers were all on
+board, and William was, by his absence, rather trespassing on the
+indulgence of the captain; but who could be angry with the boy whom
+every body loved?
+
+The town gossips, and many a fair maiden, were on the Quay to see
+young William embark. The tide had already turned, and the captain
+was about to give the word "to cast off and let all go;" to send the
+vessel, as it were, adrift, loose and unfettered upon the waters, to
+struggle as a thing of life with the billows of the Atlantic, but
+animated and controled by the energies of men. Just at this moment
+William appeared at the end of the Quay, walking slowly to the scene
+of embarkation with his kind and benevolent benefactress leaning, and
+leaning heavily, for her heart was heavy, upon the arm of her dutiful
+and beloved William. As they approached, the crowd made way with
+profound respect, not the cringing respect paid to superior wealth,
+but with that respect which worth of character and innate virtue can
+and will command, though poverty may smite and desolate.
+
+They walked unconscious of the notice they attracted. Their hearts
+were too full to heed the sympathies of others. The youth kept his
+eye fixed upon the loosening topsails of his ship; his benefactress
+grasped his arm almost convulsively, and looked, or rather stared,
+upon the ground. She dreaded the last, the hurried "fare well," the
+last look, the last word from her William, and she tottered as she
+approached the side of the ship. They stood locked hand in hand at the
+edge of the Quay; not a word was uttered by either; but they gazed
+at each other with a fondness which showed that their souls were in
+communion.
+
+"Now, William, jump on board--cast off there forward," exclaimed the
+captain; "swing her head round--heave away my boys--come, William,
+come my boy."
+
+The youth awoke as from a startled sleep. He imprinted a kiss, the
+last kiss, upon the cold cheeks of his benefactress, and dashing away
+with the sleeve of his jacket a tear, of which he felt ashamed, in a
+moment he was on the quarter deck of his commander. He durst not look
+again upon the Quay; but had he looked he would have seen many a
+weeping maiden who had never told her love, and he would have seen his
+affectionate benefactress borne away in a fainting fit. All this he
+saw not, for he braced his courage up before his future messmates, and
+he looked forward to his duties, considering the past as but a dream.
+
+Months elapsed and tidings were frequently received of William. He had
+distinguished himself by his activity and docility. His townsmen
+heard with pleasure of his good conduct, and looked forward with
+satisfaction to welcome his return; when at length a pilot boat
+brought intelligence that the ship was lying at anchor at the mouth of
+the harbour, waiting the next tide with loss of foremast in a heavy
+gale the preceding night off the Bill of Portland. His benefactress,
+impatient of delay, immediately hired a boat, and preceded to the ship
+before the tide had turned; but she no sooner reached the deck than
+she was informed by the captain that William was aloft when the
+foremast went by the board on the preceding night, and that he fell
+into the raging waves without the possibility of relief being afforded
+him.
+
+"God's will be done," murmured the unhappy woman as she clasped her
+hands, and taking her station at the gangway, she continued gazing on
+the water as it rippled by, in a state of unconsciousness to every
+passing object. In the meantime the vessel was under weigh, and was
+coming once more in sight of Brownsea, when a plunge was heard--"she's
+overboard," exclaimed a sailor--"cut away some spars--lower the
+boats--over with the hen coops--down with the helm, and back the
+topsails"--roared out many voices; but she had sunk to rise no more!
+Her corpse was found a few days after when the tide receded, lying on
+a mud bank, close to the buoy which has ever since been known by every
+sailor and every pilot of Poole under the name of Old Betty. But to
+complete the sad narrative, it appeared that William, as he excelled
+in swimming, succeeded in gaining the shore of Portland, and arrived
+in time at Poole to attend the remains of his benefactress to the
+grave in character of chief mourner.
+
+On opening her papers it was discovered that in losing his
+benefactress he had lost his mother! That she had been privately
+married to a widower of considerable fortune, who had one son by
+his first wife, and that on his demise the estate would devolve
+on William, provided his half brother had no children. A few days
+afterwards the death of Henry ----, Esq. of ---- Hall, Worcestershire,
+was formally announced in the daily Journals, and the unexpected
+claims of William being acknowledged, he succeeded to a very fine
+property and estate, and died as much respected in a good old age as
+he was beloved in his buoyant childhood, when the gossips and the
+maidens of Poole agreed that the orphan boy promised to be a "nice
+young man."--"And not word of a lie in it," said Dick Hart, as he
+finished his story, his pipe, and his grog.
+
+We were now steering across Studland Bay. Banks of dark clouds were
+gathering majestically on the eastern horizon, and the sun was
+rapidly sinking in a flood of golden light. Behind us was the Isle
+of Brownsea, with its dark fir plantations and lofty, cold-looking,
+awkward castle. On the left was the line of low sand hills, stretching
+away towards Christchurch, and seeming to join the Needles' Rocks,
+situated at the western extremity of the Isle of Wight, the high chalk
+cliffs of which reflected the sun's last rays, giving a rich and
+placid feeling to the cold and distant grey. On the right, and closer
+to us, was the brown and purple heath-land of Studland Bay. Here
+barren, there patches of verdure, and the thin smoke threading its
+way from a cluster of trees, denoted where the village hamlet lay
+embosomed from the storms of the southwest gales, close at the foot
+and under the shelter of a lofty chalk range which abuts abruptly on
+the sea, and before which stands a high, detached pyramidical rock,
+rising out of the waters like a sheeted spectre, and known to mariners
+under the suspicious name of _Old Harry_.
+
+This coast was once notorious for smuggling, but those days of
+nautical chivalry have ceased, if Dick Hart was to be credited, who
+shook his head very mournfully as he alluded to "the _Block-head_
+service."
+
+JAMES SILVESTER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SCENE FROM A FRENCH DRAMA.
+
+
+No. XVII. of the _Foreign Quarterly Review_, contains a paper of
+much interest to the playgoer as well as to the lover of dramatic
+literature--on two French dramas of great celebrity--_La Marechale
+d'Ancre_, by de Vigny; and _Marion Delorme_, by Victor Hugo. We quote
+a scene from the former. Concini, the principal character, is a
+favourite of Louis XIII.; the Marechale, his wife, has a first love,
+Borgia, a Corsican, who, disappointed in his early suit by the
+stratagems of Concini, has married the beautiful but uncultivated
+Isabella Monti. On the conflicting feelings of this strange personage,
+his hatred to the husband, and his relenting towards the wife; and the
+licentious plans of Concini for the seduction of Isabella, whom he
+has seen without knowing her to be the wife of his deadly enemy, the
+interest of the piece is made to turn. The jealous Isabella is at last
+persuaded that the Marechale has robbed her of the attachment of her
+husband, and appears as a witness against her on the pretended charge
+of witchcraft and sorcery.
+
+While the Marechal, even in the dungeon of the Bastile, is awing
+her oppressors into silence, bands of murderers are seeking Concini
+through the streets of Paris. As he issues from the house of the
+Jew which contains Isabella, he hears through the obscurity of the
+tempestuous night the cries of the populace, but he thinks they are
+but the indications of some passing tumult. He rests for a moment
+against a pillar on the pavement, but recoils again, as from a
+serpent, for he perceives it is the stone on which Ravaillac had
+planted his foot when he assassinated Henry, and in that murder it is
+darkly insinuated he had a share. Through the darkness of the Rue de
+la Ferronnerie, Michael Borgia is seen advancing, conducting the two
+children of his rival. He has promised to the Marechale to save them
+from the dangers of the night, and has brought them in safety to his
+own threshold. But his promise of safety extended not to Concini. The
+wild ferocity of the following scene has many parallels in the actual
+duels of the time, as delineated in Froissart and Brantome.
+
+_Borgia (with the children.)_--Poor children! come in; you will be
+safer here than in the houses to which they have pursued us.
+
+_The Boy_.--Ah! there is a man standing up.
+
+_Borgia (turning the lantern which the child holds towards
+Concini.)_--Concini!
+
+_Concini_.--Borgia! (_Each raises his dagger, and seizes with the left
+arm the right of his enemy. They remain motionless, and gazing at each
+other. The children escape into the street and disappear_.)
+
+_Concini_.--Let go my arm, and I will liberate yours.
+
+_Borgia_.--What shall be my security?
+
+_Concini_.--Those children whom you have with you.
+
+_Borgia_.--I am labouring to save them. Your palace is on fire--your
+wife is arrested--your fortune is wrecked--base, senseless adventurer!
+
+_Concini_.--Have done--let go--let us fight!
+
+_Borgia_ (_pushing him from him_.)--Back, then, and draw your sword.
+
+_Concini_ (_draws_.)--Begin.
+
+_Borgia_.--Remove those children--they would be in our way.
+
+_Concini_.--They are gone.
+
+_Borgia_.--Take these letters, assassin! I had promised to restore
+them to you. (_He hands to Concini a black portfolio_.)
+
+_Concini_.--I would have taken them from your body.
+
+_Borgia_.--I have performed my promise--and now, ravisher! look to
+yourself.
+
+_Concini_.--Base seducer, defend _thyself_.
+
+_Borgia_.--The night is dark, but I shall feel you by my hate: Plant
+your foot against the wall, that you may not retreat.
+
+_Concini_.--Would I could chain yours to the pavement, that I might be
+sure of my mark!
+
+_Borgia_.--Agree that the first who is wounded shall inform the other.
+
+_Concini_.--Yes, for we should not see the blood. I swear it by the
+thirst I feel for yours.--But not that the affair should end there.
+
+_Borgia_.--No, only to begin again with more spirit.
+
+_Concini_--To continue till we can lift the sword no longer.
+
+_Borgia_.--Till the death of one or other of us.
+
+_Concini_--I see you not. Are you in front of me?
+
+_Borgia_.--Yes, wretch! Parry that thrust. Has it sped?
+
+_Concini_.--No; take that in return.
+
+_Borgia_.--I am untouched.
+
+_Concini_.--What, still? Oh! would I could but see thy hateful visage.
+(_They continue to fight desperately, but without touching each other.
+Both rest for a little_.)
+
+_Borgia_.--Have you a cuirass on, Concini?
+
+_Concini_.--I had, but I left it with your wife in her chamber.
+
+_Borgia_.--Liar! (_He rushes on him with his sword. Their blades are
+locked for a moment, and both are wounded_.)
+
+_Concini_.--I feel no sword opposed to mine. Have I wounded you?
+
+_Borgia_, (_leaning on his sword, and staunching the wound in his
+breast with, his handkerchief_.) No, let us begin again. There!
+
+_Concini_ (_binding his scarf round his thigh_.)--One moment and I am
+with you. (_He staggers against the pillar_.)
+
+_Borgia_, (_sinking on his knees_.)--Are you not wounded yourself?
+
+_Concini_.--No, no! I am resting. Advance, and you shall see.
+
+_Borgia_ (_endeavouring to rise, but unable_.)--I have struck my foot
+against a stone--wait an instant.
+
+_Concini_ (_with delight_.)--Ah! you are wounded!
+
+_Borgia_.--No, I tell you--'tis you who are so. Your voice is changed.
+
+_Concini_, (_feeling his sword_.)--My blade smells of blood.
+
+_Borgia_.--Mine is dabbled in it.
+
+_Concini_.--Come then, if you are not--come and finish me.
+
+_Borgia_, (_with triumph_.)--Finish! then you are wounded.
+
+_Concini_, (_with a voice of despair_.)--Were I not, would I not
+have already stabbed you twenty times over? But you are at least as
+severely handled.
+
+_Borgia_--It maybe so, or I should not be grovelling here.
+
+_Concini_.--Shall we now have done?
+
+_Borgia_, (_enraged_.)--Both wounded--yet both living!
+
+_Concini_.--What avails the blood I have drawn, while a drop remains.
+
+_Borgia_.--O! were I but beside thee! _Enter_ Vitry, _followed by the
+Guards walking slowly. He holds the young_ Count de la Pene _by the
+hand; the boy leads his sister_.
+
+_Vitry_, (_a pistol in his hand_.)--Well, my child, which is your
+father?
+
+_Count de la Pene_.--Oh! protect him, sir,--that is he leaning against
+the pillar.
+
+_Vitry_, (_aloud_.)--Draw tip--remain at that gate--Guards! (_The
+Guards advance with lanterns and flambeaux_.) Sir, I arrest you--your
+sword.
+
+_Concini_, (_thrusting at him_.)--Take it. (Vitry _fires his
+pistol_--Du Hallier, D'Ornano, _and_ Person _fire at the same
+time_--Concini _falls dead_.)
+
+The malice of Du Luynes, the inveterate enemy of the D'Ancres, and
+afterwards the minion of Louis, contrives that the Marechale, in her
+way to execution, shall be conducted to this scene, where her husband
+lies dead, on the spot which had been stained with the blood of Henry,
+like Caesar at the foot of Pompey's statue; and the play concludes
+with her indignant and animated denunciation of this wretch, who
+stands calm and triumphant, while the Marechale exacts from her son,
+over the body of Concini, an oath of vengeance against the destroyer
+of her house."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE MARTYR-STUDENT.
+
+
+  I am sick of the bird,
+    And its carol of glee;
+  It brings the voices heard
+    In boyhood back to me:
+  Our old village hall,
+    Our church upon the hill,
+  And the mossy gates--all
+    My darken'd eyes fill.
+
+  No more gladly leaping
+    With the choir I go,
+  My spirit is weeping
+    O'er her silver bow:
+  From the golden quiver
+    The arrows are gone,
+  The wind from Death's river
+    Sounds in it alone!
+
+  I sit alone and think
+    In the silent room.
+  I look up, and I shrink
+    From the glimmering gloom.
+  O, that the little one
+    Were here with her shout!--
+  O, that my sister's arm
+    My neck were roundabout!
+
+  I cannot read a book,
+    My eyes are dim and weak;
+  To every chair I look--
+    There is not one to speak!
+  Could I but sit once more
+    Upon that well-known chair,
+  By my mother, as of yore,
+    Her hand upon my hair!
+
+  My father's eyes seeking,
+    In trembling hope to trace
+  If the south wind had been breaking
+    The shadows from my face;--
+  How sweet to die away
+    Beside our mother's hearth,
+  Amid the balmy light
+    That shone upon our birth!
+
+  A wild and burning boy,
+    I climb the mountain's crest,
+  The garland of my joy
+    Did leap upon my breast;
+  A spirit walk'd before me
+    Along the stormy night,
+  The clouds melted o'er me,
+    The shadows turn'd to light.
+
+  Among my matted locks
+    The death-wind is blowing;
+  I hear, like a mighty rush of plumes,
+    The Sea of Darkness flowing!
+  Upon the summer air
+    Two wings are spreading wide;
+  A shadow, like a pyramid,
+    Is sitting by my side!
+
+  My mind was like a page
+    Of gold-wrought story,
+  Where the rapt eye might gaze
+    On the tale of glory;
+  But the rich painted words
+    Are waxing faint and old,
+  The leaves have lost their light,
+    The letters their gold!
+
+  And memory glimmers
+    On the pages I unrol,
+  Like the dim light creeping
+    Into an antique scroll.
+  When the scribe is searching
+    The writing pale and damp,
+  At midnight, and the flame
+    Is dying in the lamp.
+
+_FRASER'S MAGAZINE._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE SELECTOR; AND LITERARY NOTICES OF NEW WORKS
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE ITALIAN REPUBLICS.
+
+
+M.J.C.L. De Sismondi, has, to suit the plan of the _Cabinet
+Cyclopaedia_, endeavoured to include in one of its volumes--a summary
+of Italian history from the fall of the Roman empire to the end of
+the Middle Age--a period of about six and a half centuries. What a
+succession of stirring scenes does this volume present; what fields
+of bloody action; what revelry of carnage; what schemes of petty
+ambition; what trampling on necks, what uncrowning of heads; what
+orgies of fire, sword, famine, and slaughter; what overtoppling of
+thrones, and unseating of rulers; what pantings after freedom; what
+slavery of passion; what sunny scenes of fortune to be shaded with
+melancholy pictures of desolation and decay--are comprised in these
+few pages of the history of a comparatively small portion of the
+world for a short period--a narrow segment of the cycle of time.
+What Sismondi so ably accomplished in sixteen volumes, he has here
+comprised in one. He tells us that he could sacrifice episodes and
+details without regret. The present is not, however, an abridgment of
+his great work, "but an entirely new history, in which, with my eyes
+fixed solely on the free people of the several Italian states, I have
+studied to portray their first deliverance, their heroism, and their
+misfortunes."
+
+We quote a few sketchy extracts.
+
+
+_Last Struggle of Rome for Liberty_.
+
+"1453. Stefano Porcari, a Roman noble, willing to profit by the
+interregnum which preceded the nomination of Nicholas V., to make the
+Roman citizens demand the renewal and confirmation of their ancient
+rights and privileges, was denounced to the new pope as a dangerous
+person; and, so far from obtaining what he had hoped, he had the
+grief to see the citizens always more strictly excluded from any
+participation in public affairs. Those were entrusted only to
+prelates, who, being prepared for it neither by their studies nor
+sentiments, suffered the administration to fall into the most shameful
+disorder.
+
+"In an insurrection of the people in the Piazza Navona, arising from a
+quarrel, which began at a bull-fight, Stefano Porcari endeavoured to
+direct their attention to a more noble object, and turn this tumult to
+the advantage of liberty. The pope hastily indulged all the fancies
+of the people, with respect to their games or amusements; but firmly
+rejected all their serious demands, and exiled Porcari to Bologna. The
+latter hoped to obtain by conspiracy what he had failed to accomplish
+by insurrection. There were not less than 400 exiled Roman citizens:
+he persuaded them all to join him, and appointed them a rendezvous
+at Rome, for the 5th of January, 1453, in the house of his
+brother-in-law. Having escaped the vigilance of the legate of Bologna,
+he proceeded there himself, accompanied by 300 soldiers, whom he had
+enlisted in his service. The whole band was assembled on the night of
+the appointed 5th of January; and Stefano Porcari was haranguing them,
+to prepare them for the attack of the capitol,--in which he reckoned
+on re-establishing the senate of the Roman republic,--when, his secret
+having been betrayed, the house was surrounded with troops, the doors
+suddenly forced, and the conspirators overcome by numbers before their
+arms had been distributed. Next morning, the body of Stefano Porcari,
+with those of nine of his associates, were seen hanging from the
+battlements of the castle of St. Angelo. In spite of their ardent
+entreaties, they had been denied confession and the sacrament. Eight
+days later, the executions, after a mockery of law proceedings, were
+renewed, and continued in great numbers. The pope succeeded in causing
+those who had taken refuge in neighbouring states to be delivered up
+to him; and thus the last spark of Roman liberty was extinguished in
+blood."
+
+
+_General Mildness of Italian Warfare_.
+
+"1492. The horses and armour of the Italian men at arms were reckoned
+superior to those of the transalpine nations against which they had
+measured themselves in France, during "the war of the public weal."
+The Italian captains had made war a science, every branch of which
+they thoroughly knew. It was never suspected for a moment that the
+soldier should be wanting in courage: but the general mildness of
+manners, and the progress of civilization, had accustomed the Italians
+to make war with sentiments of honour and humanity towards the
+vanquished. Ever ready to give quarter, they did not strike a fallen
+enemy. Often, after having taken from him his horse and armour, they
+set him free; at least, they never demanded a ransom so enormous as
+to ruin him. Horsemen who went to battle clad in steel, were rarely
+killed or wounded, so long as they kept their saddles. Once unhorsed,
+they surrendered. The battle, therefore, never became murderous. The
+courage of the Italian soldiers, which had accommodated itself to this
+milder warfare, suddenly gave way before the new dangers and ferocity
+of barbarian enemies. They became terror-struck when they perceived
+that the French caused dismounted horsemen to be put to death by their
+valets, or made prisoners only to extort from them, under the name of
+ransom, all they possessed. The Italian cavalry, equal in courage, and
+superior in military science, to the French, was for some time
+unable to make head against an enemy whose ferocity disturbed their
+imaginations."
+
+
+_Battle of Marignano_.
+
+"1515.--Francis I. succeeded Louis XII. on the 1st of January; on the
+27th of June he renewed his predecessor's treaty of alliance with
+Venice; and on the 15th of August, entered the plains of Lombardy, by
+the marquisate of Saluzzo, with a powerful army. He met but little
+resistance in the provinces south of the Po, but the Swiss meanwhile
+arrived in great force to defend Maximilian Sforza, whom, since they
+had reseated him on the throne, they regarded as their vassal. Francis
+in vain endeavoured to negotiate with them; they would not listen
+to the voice of their commanders; democracy had passed from their
+_landsgemeinde_ into their armies, popular orators roused their
+passions; and on the 13th of September they impetuously left Milan
+to attack Francis I. at Marignano. Deep ditches lined with soldiers
+bordered the causeway by which they advanced; their commanders wished
+by some manoeuvre to get clear of them, or make the enemy change his
+position; but the Swiss, despising all the arts of war, expected to
+command success by mere intrepidity and bodily strength. They marched
+to the battery in full front; they repulsed the charge of the knights
+with their halberds, and threw themselves with fury into the ditches
+which barred their road. Some rushed on to the very mouths of the
+cannon, which guarded the king, and there fell. Night closed on the
+combatants; and the two armies mingled together fought on for four
+hours longer by moonlight. Complete darkness at length forced them to
+rest on their arms; but the king's trumpet continually sounded, to
+indicate to the bivouac where he was to be found; while the two famous
+horns of Uri and Unterwalden called the Swiss together. The battle was
+renewed on the 14th at daybreak: the unrelenting obstinacy was the
+same; but the French had taken advantage of the night to collect
+and fortify themselves. Marshal Trivulzio, who had been present at
+eighteen pitched battles, declared that every other seemed to him
+children's play in comparison with this "battle of giants," as he
+called it: 20,000 dead already covered the ground; of these two-thirds
+were Swiss. When the Swiss despaired of victory they retreated
+slowly,--but menacing and terrible. The French did not dare to pursue
+them."
+
+The concluding paragraph of the volume is beautifully enthusiastic: it
+may almost be regarded as prophetic in connexion with events that are
+at this moment shaking Italy to her very base:
+
+"Italy is crushed; but her heart still beats with the love of liberty,
+virtue, and glory: she is chained and covered with blood; but she
+still knows her strength and her future destiny: she is insulted by
+those for whom she has opened the way to every improvement; but she
+feels that she is formed to take the lead again: and Europe will know
+no repose till the nation which, in the dark ages, lighted the torch
+of civilization with that of liberty, shall be enabled herself to
+enjoy the light which she created."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CHILD'S ARITHMETICAL TABLES.
+
+
+The Seventh Edition, besides being well adapted for Schools, will be
+found useful in the business of life. It includes the monies, weights,
+and measures, mentioned in Scripture, the length of miles in different
+countries, astronomical signs, and other matters computed with great
+care.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE GEORGIAN ERA.
+
+
+This work is intended to comprise Memoirs of the most eminent
+characters who have flourished in Great Britain during the reigns
+of the four Georges: the present volume being only a fourth of its
+extent, and containing the Royal Family, the Pretenders and their
+adherents, churchmen, dissenters, and statesmen. The importance of the
+chosen period is prefatorily urged by the editor: "In comparison with
+the Elizabethan or the Modern Augustan, (as the reign of Anne has been
+designated) that which may be appropriately termed the Georgian Era,
+possesses a paramount claim to notice; for not only has it been
+equally fertile in conspicuous characters, and more prolific of great
+events, but its influence is actually felt by the existing community
+of Great Britain."
+
+The several memoirs, so far as a cursory glance enables us to judge,
+are edited with great care. Their uniformity of plan is very superior
+to hastily compiled biographies. Each memoir contains the life
+and labours of its subject, in the smallest space consistent with
+perspicuity; the dryness of names, dates, and plain facts being
+admirably relieved by characteristic anecdotes of the party, and a
+brief but judicious summary of character by the editor. In the latter
+consists the original value of the work. The reader need not, however,
+take this summary "for granted:" he is in possession of the main facts
+from which the editor has drawn his estimate, and he may, in like
+manner, "weigh and consider," and draw his own inference. The
+anecdotes, to borrow a phrase from Addison, are the "sweetmeats" of
+the book, but the caution with which they are admitted, adds to their
+worth. The running reader may say that much of this portion is not
+entirely new to him: granted; but it would be unwise to reject an
+anecdote for its popularity; as Addison thought of "Chevy Chase," its
+commonness is its worth. But, it should be added, that such anecdotes
+are not told in the circumlocutory style of gossip, nor nipt in the
+bud by undeveloped brevity. We have Selden's pennyworth of spirit
+without the glass of water: the quintessence of condensation, which,
+we are told, is the result of time and experience, which rejects what
+is no longer essential. Here circumspection was necessary, and it has
+been well exercised. The anecdotes are not merely amusing but useful,
+since only when placed in juxtaposition with a man's whole life, can
+such records be of service in appreciating his character.
+
+Let us turn to the volume for a few examples, and take George the
+Fourth and Sheridan, for their contemporary interest; though the
+earlier characters are equally attractive. In the former the reader
+may better compare the editor's inference with his own impression.
+
+
+_GEORGE THE FOURTH_.
+
+"Endowed by nature with remarkably handsome features, and a form so
+finely proportioned, that at one period of his life it was deemed
+almost the best model of manly beauty in existence, George the Fourth,
+during the early part of his manhood, eclipsed the whole of his gay
+associates in fashion and gallantry, as much by personal attractions,
+as pre-eminence in birth. Byron describes him as having possessed
+"fascination in his very bow;" and it is said, that a young peeress,
+on hearing of the prince's attentions to one of her fair friends,
+exclaimed, "I sincerely hope that it may not be my turn next, for to
+repel him is impossible." Towards the middle period of his life, he
+became so enormously fat, that four life-guardsmen could not, without
+difficulty, lift him on horseback; but, as he advanced in years,
+although still corpulent, his inconvenient obesity gradually
+diminished.
+
+"He scarcely ever forgot an injury, an affront, or a marked opposition
+to his personal wishes. The cordiality which had previously subsisted
+between his majesty and Prince Leopold, entirely ceased, when the
+latter volunteered a visit to Queen Caroline on her return to this
+country, in 1820: Brougham and Dentrum, for the zeal with which they
+had advocated the cause of their royal client, were, during a long
+period, deemed unworthy of those legal honours to which their high
+talents and long standing at the bar, justly entitled them: and Sir
+Robert Wilson was arbitrarily dismissed from the service, for his
+interference at her majesty's funeral. On account of his unpopular
+reception, by the mob, when he accompanied the allied sovereigns to
+Guildhall, in 1814, he never afterwards honoured the city with his
+presence; and when Rossini rudely declined the repetition of a piece
+of music, in which the king had taken a conspicuous part, at a court
+concert, his majesty turned his back on the composer, to whose works,
+from that moment, he displayed the most unequivocal dislike. But, on
+the other hand, some cases have been recorded, in which his conduct
+was unquestionably tolerant and forgiving. He allowed Canning, an
+avowed supporter of the queen, to retain office, without taking any
+part in the ministerial proceedings against her majesty; and at the
+last stage of his earthly career, sent the Duke of Sussex, with whom
+he had long been at variance, his own ribbon of the order of St.
+Patrick, with an assurance of his most sincere affection. Erskine,
+while attorney-general to the prince, had so offended his royal
+highness, by accepting a retainer from Paine, on a prosecution being
+instituted against the latter for publishing the Rights of Man, that
+his immediate resignation was required. But, sometime afterwards,
+Erskine was desired to attend at Carlton house, where the prince
+received him with great cordiality, and, after avowing his conviction
+that, 'in the instance that had separated them, his learned and
+eloquent friend had acted from the purest motives, he wished to give
+publicity to his present opinion on the subject, by appointing Mr.
+Erskine his chancellor.' On one occasion, at the opening of a session
+of parliament by George the Third in person, his royal highness, who
+was then very much in debt, having gone down to the house of lords
+in a superb military uniform with diamond epaulettes, Major Doyle
+subsequently remarked to him, that his equipage had been much noticed
+by the mob. 'One fellow,' added the major, 'prodigiously admired, what
+he termed 'the fine things which the prince had upon his shoulders.'
+'Mighty fine, indeed,' replied another; 'but, mind me, they'll soon be
+_upon our shoulders_, for all that.' 'Ah, you rogue!' exclaimed the
+prince, laughing, 'that's a hit of your own, I am convinced:--but,
+come, take some wine.'
+
+"He had some inclination for scientific pursuits, and highly respected
+those who were eminent for mechanical inventions. He contributed
+largely towards the erection of a monument to the memory of Watt. Of
+his medical information, slight as it undoubtedly was, he is said
+to have been particularly proud. Carpue had demonstrated to him the
+general anatomy of the human body, in his younger days; and for a
+number of years, the ingenious Weiss submitted to his inspection all
+the new surgical instruments, in one of which the king suggested some
+valuable improvements.
+
+"His talents were, undoubtedly, above the level of mediocrity: they
+have, however, been greatly overrated, on the supposition that several
+powerfully written documents, put forth under his name, but composed
+by some of his more highly-gifted friends, were his own productions.
+His style was, in fact, much beneath his station: it was inelegant,
+destitute of force, and even occasionally incorrect. He read his
+speeches well, but not excellently: he possessed no eloquence,
+although, as a convivial orator, he is said to have been rather
+successful.
+
+"At one time, while an associate of Sheridan, Erskine, Fox, &c., he
+affected, in conversation, to be brilliant, and so far succeeded,
+as to colloquial liveliness, that during their festive intercourse,
+according to the witty barrister's own admission, 'he fairly kept up
+at saddle-skirts' even with Curran. Notwithstanding this compliment,
+his pretensions to wit appear to have been but slender; the best
+sayings attributed to him being a set of middling puns, of which the
+following is a favourable selection:--When Langdale's distillery was
+plundered, during the riots of 1780, he asked why the proprietor had
+not defended his property. 'He did not possess the means to do so,'
+was the reply. 'Not the means of defence!' exclaimed the prince,
+'and he a brewer--a man who has been all his life at _cart_ and
+_tierce_!--Sheridan having told him that Fox had _cooed_ in vain to
+Miss Pulteney, the prince replied, 'that his friend's attempt on the
+lady's heart was a _coup maoque_.'--He once quoted from Suetonius, the
+words, '_Jure_ caesus videtur,' to prove, jestingly, that trial
+by jury was as old as the time of the first Caesar.--A newspaper
+panegyric on Fox, apparently from the pen of Dr. Parr, having been
+presented to his royal highness, he said that it reminded him of
+Machiavel's epitaph, 'Tanto nomini nullum _Par_ eulogium.'--A cavalry
+officer, at a court ball, hammered the floor with his heels so loudly,
+that the prince observed, 'If the war between the mother country and
+her colonies had not terminated, he might have been sent to America as
+a republication of the _stamp_ act.'--While his regiment was in daily
+expectation of receiving orders for Ireland, some one told him, that
+country quarters in the sister kingdom were so filthy, that the rich
+uniforms of his corps would soon be lamentably soiled: 'Let the men
+act as dragoons, then,' said his royal highness, 'and _scour the
+country_.' When Horne Tooke, on being committed to prison for treason,
+proposed, while in jail, to give a series of dinners to his friends,
+the prince remarked, that 'as an inmate of Newgate, he would act more
+consistently by establishing a _Ketch_-club.'--Michael Kelly having
+turned wine-merchant, the prince rather facetiously said, 'that Mick
+_imported_ his music, and _composed_ his wine!'"
+
+We reluctantly break off here till next week.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE TOPOGRAPHER
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BRIGHTON AS IT WAS.
+
+(_Concluded from page 90_.)
+
+
+This immunity, however, deprived them of the privileges which the
+people of the adjacent towns enjoyed; and was probably the true
+reason, why this town did not obtain a place among those called Cinque
+ports. It lies in their neighbourhood, is more ancient, and was always
+more considerable than most included in that number.
+
+To reduce its consequence still more, the tithes were in this period
+taken from the incumbent, appropriated to the use of the Priory at
+Lewes, and have never since been restored; and a Convent of mendicant
+friars, more burthensome than ten endowed ones of monks, was founded
+and dedicated to St. Bartholomew.
+
+Struggling under these difficulties, nothing but the Reformation
+could enable the inhabitants of this place to emerge from their
+wretchedness. And accordingly we find, that, in the happier days of
+Queen Elizabeth, their affairs put on a new face. They then applied
+themselves with vigour to their old employments of fishing, and
+fitting out vessels for trade; seeking subsistence from their darling
+element the sea.
+
+Persecution prevailing at this juncture in many parts of Europe,
+numbers fled to this island as to an asylum, and many settled in this
+town, bringing with them industry, and an attachment to maritime
+affairs; or soon learning them here. The number of its inhabitants
+being thus increased, its trade became proportionably greater: so that
+in 1579, a record now subsisting says, "There are in the said town
+of Brighthelmston of fishing-boats four-score in number, and of able
+mariners four hundred in number, with ten thousand fishing-nets,
+besides many other necessaries belonging to their mystery."[3] And the
+descendants of many of these French, Dutch, and Spanish families still
+reside here.[4]
+
+    [3] It is a melancholy reflection to compare the present state
+        of the fishery with its prosperity in 1579, or in more modern
+        periods. Within the recollection of the editor, there were 60
+        boats employed in catching mackerel, and in a propitious season,
+        that species of fish has produced in Billingsgate market a sum of
+        L10,000, with which the town was enriched. In the autumn, 20 of
+        these boats were fitted out for the herring voyage, and one boat
+        has been known to land during the season from 20 to 30 lasts of
+        herrings, each last containing 10,000 fish, computing 132 to the
+        100.
+
+    [4] The families of Mighell and Wichelo are all that appear to
+        remain as of Spanish origin.
+
+From this record we likewise learn, that the town was fortified to the
+sea by a flint wall, and that the fort, called the Block-house, had
+been then lately erected. The east-gate of this wall, in a line with
+the Block-house was actually standing last year, and has been since
+taken down to open a more convenient entrance to a battery lately
+built.[5]
+
+    [5] The kindness of a friend has enabled me to supply this work,
+        with a view of the town taken from the sea in 1743, when the
+        wall, Block house, and East gate were partly standing.
+
+The town at present consists of six principal streets, many lanes, and
+some spaces surrounded with houses, called by the inhabitants squares.
+The great plenty of flint stones on the shore, and in the corn-fields
+near the town, enabled them to build the walls of their houses with
+that material, when in their most impoverished state; and their
+present method of ornamenting the windows and doors with the admirable
+brick which they burn for their own use, has a very pleasing effect.
+The town improves daily, as the inhabitants, encouraged by the late
+great resort of company, seem disposed to expend the whole of what
+they acquire in the erecting of new buildings, or making the old ones
+convenient. And should the increase of these, in the next seven years,
+be equal to what it has been in the last, it is probable there will
+be but few towns in England, that will excel this in commodious
+buildings.[6]
+
+    [6] The recent publications on the present state of the town, will
+        amply establish the prophecy of our historian.
+
+Here are two public rooms, the one convenient, the other not only so,
+but elegant; not excelled perhaps by any public room in England, that
+of York excepted: and the attention of the proprietor in preparing
+every thing that may answer for the conveniency and amusement of the
+company, is extremely meritorious.
+
+For divine service there is a large Church, pleasantly situated on a
+rising ground above the town; but at a distance that is inconvenient
+to the old and infirm. The Dissenters, who, of all denominations,
+amount to but forty families, have a Presbyterian, a Quaker's, and an
+Anabaptist's meeting-house.
+
+The men of this town are busied almost the whole year in a succeeding
+variety of fishing; and the women industriously dedicate part of their
+time, disengaged from domestic cares, to the providing of nets adapted
+to the various employments of their husbands.
+
+The spring season is spent in dredging for oysters, which are mostly
+bedded in the Thames and Medway, and afterwards carried to the London
+market; the mackerel fishery employs them during the months of May,
+June, and July; and the fruits of their labour are always sent to
+London; as Brighthelmston has the advantage of being its nearest
+fishing sea-coast, and as the consumption of the place, and its
+environs, is very inconsiderable. In the early part of this fishery
+they frequently take the red mullet; and near the close of it,
+abundance of lobsters and prawns. August is engaged in the
+trawl-fishery, when all sorts of flat fish are taken in a net called
+by that name. In September they fish for whiting with lines; and
+in November the herring fishery takes place, which is the most
+considerable and growing fishery of the whole. Those employed in
+this pursuit show an activity and boldness almost incredible, often
+venturing out to sea in their little boats in such weather as the
+largest ships can scarce live in. Part of their acquisition in this
+way is sent to London, but the greatest share of it is either pickled,
+or dried and made red. These are mostly sent to foreign markets,
+making this fishery a national concern.[7]
+
+    [7] There are 300 fishermen, 11 vessels, and 57 fishing boats
+        belonging to this place.
+
+In examining the ancient and modern descriptions of the Baiae in
+Campania, where the Romans of wealth and quality, during the greatness
+of that empire, retired for the sake of health and pleasure, when
+public exigencies did not require their attendance at Rome, and
+comparing them with those of Brighthelmston, I can perceive a striking
+resemblance; and I am persuaded, that every literary person who will
+impartially consider this matter on the spot, will concur with me in
+opinion, giving, in some measure, the preference to our own Baiae, as
+exempt from the inconvenient steams of hot sulphureous baths, and the
+dangerous vicinity of Mount Vesuvius. And I have no doubt but it will
+be equally frequented, when the healthful advantages of its situation
+shall be sufficiently made known.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A NIGHT ON THE NIGER.
+
+(_From the Landers' Travels; Unpublished_.)
+
+
+We made no stop whatever on the river, not even at meal-times, our
+men suffering the canoe to glide down with the stream while they were
+eating their food. At five in the afternoon they all complained of
+fatigue, and we looked around us for a landing-place, where we might
+rest awhile, but we could find none, for every village which we saw
+after that hour was unfortunately situated behind large thick morasses
+and sloughy bogs, through which, after various provoking and tedious
+trials, we found it impossible to penetrate. We were employed three
+hours in the afternoon in endeavouring to find a landing at some
+village, and though we saw them distinctly enough from the water, we
+could not find a passage through the morasses, behind which they lay.
+Therefore we were compelled to relinquish the attempt, and continue
+our course on the Niger. We passed several beautiful islands in the
+course of the day, all cultivated and inhabited, but low and flat. The
+width of the river appeared to vary considerably, sometimes it seemed
+to be two or three miles across, and at others double that width. The
+current drifted us along very rapidly, and we guessed it to be running
+at the rate of three or four miles an hour. The direction of the
+stream continued nearly east. The day had been excessively warm, and
+the sun set in beauty and grandeur, shooting forth rays tinged with
+the most heavenly hues, which extended to the zenith. Nevertheless,
+the appearance of the firmament, all glorious as it was, betokened a
+coming storm; the wind whistled through the tall rushes, and darkness
+soon covered the earth like a veil. This rendered us more anxious
+than ever to land somewhere, we cared not where, and to endeavour to
+procure shelter for the night, if not in a village, at least under
+a tree. Accordingly, rallying the drooping spirits of our men, we
+encouraged them to renew their exertions by setting them the example,
+and our canoe darted silently and swiftly down the current. We were
+enabled to steer her rightly by the vividness of the lightning, which
+flashed across the water continually, and by this means also we could
+distinguish any danger before us, and avoid the numerous small islands
+with which the river is interspersed, and which otherwise might have
+embarrassed us very seriously. But though we could perceive almost
+close to us several lamps burning in comfortable-looking huts, and
+could plainly distinguish the voices of their occupants, and though
+we exerted all our strength to get at them, we were foiled in every
+attempt, by reason of the sloughs and fens, and we were at last
+obliged to abandon them in despair. Some of these lights, after
+leading us a long way, eluded our search, and vanished from our sight
+like an _ignis fatuus_, and others danced about we knew not how. But
+what was more vexatious than all, after we had got into an inlet, and
+toiled and tugged for a full half hour against the current, which in
+this little channel was uncommonly rapid, to approach a village from
+which we thought it flowed, both village and lights seemed to sink
+into the earth, the sound of the people's voices ceased of a sudden,
+and when we fancied we were actually close to the spot, we strained
+our eyes in vain to see a single hut,--all was gloomy, dismal,
+cheerless, and solitary. It seemed the work of enchantment; every
+thing was as visionary as "sceptres grasped in sleep." We had paddled
+along the banks a distance of not less than thirty miles, every inch
+of which we had attentively examined, but not a bit of dry land could
+any where be discovered which was firm enough to bear our weight.
+Therefore, we resigned ourselves to circumstances, and all of us
+having been refreshed with a little cold rice and honey, and water
+from the stream, we permitted the canoe to drift down with the
+current, for our men were too much fatigued with the labours of the
+day to work any longer. But here a fresh evil arose which we were
+unprepared to meet. An incredible number of hippopotami arose very
+near us, and came plashing, snorting, and plunging all round the
+canoe, and placed us in imminent danger. Thinking to frighten them
+off, we fired a shot or two at them, but the noise only called up from
+the water and out of the fens, about as many more of their unwieldy
+companions, and we were more closely beset than before. Our people,
+who had never in all their lives been exposed in a canoe to such
+huge and formidable beasts, trembled with fear and apprehension, and
+absolutely wept aloud; and their terror was not a little increased by
+the dreadful peals of thunder which rattled over their heads, and by
+the awful darkness which prevailed, broken at intervals by flashes of
+lightning, whose powerful glare was truly awful. Our people told us,
+that these formidable animals frequently upset canoes in the river,
+when every one in them was sure to perish. These came so close to us,
+that we could reach them with the butt-end of a gun. When I fired
+at the first, which I must have hit, every one of them came to the
+surface of the water, and pursued us so fast over to the north bank,
+that it was with the greatest difficulty imaginable we could keep
+before them. Having fired a second time, the report of my gun was
+followed by a loud roaring noise, and we seemed to increase our
+distance from them. There were two Bornou men among our crew who were
+not so frightened as the rest, having seen some of these creatures
+before on Lake Tchad, where, they say, there are plenty of them.
+However, the terrible hippopotami did us no kind of mischief whatever;
+they were only sporting and wallowing in the river for their own
+amusement, no doubt, at first when we interrupted them; but had they
+upset our canoe, we should have paid dearly for it. We observed a bank
+on the north side of the river shortly after this, and I proposed
+halting on it for the night, for I wished much to put my foot on firm
+land again. This, however, not one of the crew would consent to,
+saying, that if the Gewo Roua, or water elephant, did not kill them,
+the crocodiles certainly would do so before the morning, and I thought
+afterwards that we might have been carried off like the Cumbrie people
+on the islands near Yaoorie, if we had tried the experiment. Our canoe
+was only large enough to hold us all when sitting, so that we had no
+chance of lying down. Had we been able to muster up thirty thousand
+cowries at Rabba, we might have purchased one which would have carried
+us all very comfortably. A canoe of this sort would have served us for
+living in entirely, we should have had no occasion to land excepting
+to obtain our provisions; and having performed our day's journey,
+might have anchored fearlessly at night. Finding we could not induce
+our people to land, we agreed to continue on all night. The eastern
+horizon became very dark, and the lightning more and more vivid;
+indeed, I never recollect having seen such strong fork lightning
+before in my life. All this denoted the approach of a storm. At eleven
+P.M. it blew somewhat stronger than a gale, and at midnight the storm
+was at its height. The wind was so strong, that it washed over the
+sides of the canoe several times, so that she was in danger of
+filling. Driven about by the wind, our frail little bark became
+unmanageable; but at length we got near a bank, which in some measure
+protected us, and we were fortunate enough to lay hold of a thorny
+tree against which we were driven, and which was growing nearly in the
+centre of the stream. Presently we fastened the canoe to its branches,
+and wrapping our cloaks round our persons, for we felt overpowered
+with fatigue, and with our legs projecting half over the sides of the
+little vessel, which, for want of room, we were compelled to do, we
+lay down to sleep. There is something, I believe, in the nature of
+a tempest which is favourable to slumber, at least so thought my
+brother; for though the thunder continued to roar, and the wind to
+blow,--though the rain beat in our faces, and our canoe lay rocking
+like a cradle, still he slept soundly. The wind kept blowing hard
+from the eastward till midnight, when it became calm. The rain then
+descended in torrents, accompanied by thunder and lightning of the
+most awful description. We lay in our canoe drenched with water, and
+our little vessel was filling so fast, that two people were obliged
+to be constantly baling out the water to keep her afloat. The
+water-elephants, as the natives term the hippopotami, frequently came
+snorting near us, but fortunately did not touch our canoe. The storm
+continued until three in the morning of the 17th, when it became
+clear, and we saw the stars sparkling like gems over our heads.
+Therefore, we again proceeded on our journey down the river, there
+being sufficient light for us to see our way, and two hours after, we
+put into a small, insignificant, fishing village, called _Dacannie_,
+where we landed very gladly. Before we arrived at this island, we had
+passed a great many native towns and villages, but in consequence of
+the early hour at which we were travelling, we considered it would be
+imprudent to stop at any of them, as none of the natives were out of
+their huts. Had we landed earlier, even near one of these towns, we
+might have alarmed the inhabitants, and been taken for a party of
+robbers; or, as they are called in the country, _jacallees_. They
+would have taken up arms against us, and we might have lost our lives;
+so that for our safety we continued down the river, although we had
+great desire to go on shore. In the course of the day and night, we
+travelled, according to _our_ estimation, a distance little short of a
+hundred miles. Our course was nearly east. The Niger in many places,
+and for a considerable way, presented a very magnificent appearance,
+and, we believe, to be nearly eight miles in width.--_Lit. Gaz._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+
+_Ancient Trade_.--Alexandria was formerly the chief commercial city
+in the world. We may judge of its wealth and prosperity by the
+circumstance, that, after the defeat of Queen Zenobia, a single
+merchant of this city, undertook to raise and pay an army out of the
+profits of his trade. Delos was the richest city in the Archipelago,
+it was a free port, where nations warring with each other, resorted
+with their goods, and traded. Strabo calls it one of the most
+frequented emporiums in the world; and Pliny tells us, that all the
+commodities of Europe and Asia were sold, purchased, or exchanged
+there. Trade was much encouraged at Athens; and if any one ridiculed
+it, he was liable to an action of slander. A fine of a thousand
+drachmas (about L37. 10s.) was inflicted on him who accused a merchant
+of any crime which he was unable to prove. Solon was engaged in
+merchandize; the founder of the city of Messilia was a merchant;
+Thales and Hippocrates, the mathematician, traded; Plato sold oil
+in Egypt; Maximinus the Roman emperor, traded with the Goths in the
+produce of his estate in Thracia; Vespasian farmed the privies at
+Rome; and the Emperor Pertinax, originally dealt in charcoal.
+
+P.T.W.
+
+_Unnecessary fears about the Cholera._--Nothing is more calculated to
+allay unnecessay and groundless fear, in the case of the cholera, than
+the undeniable fact of the smallness of the mortality in proportion
+to the whole population, where it has raged with most violence. In
+addition to which, if it be borne in mind, that the disease invariably
+attacks those who are most predisposed to engender any malady, it is
+not unreasonable to infer, that of those to whom it has proved mortal,
+many would have died within the same period, had cholera not attacked
+them.--_Morning Herald._
+
+King Regner died singing the pleasure of falling in battle: his
+words are, "The hours of my life are passed away, I shall die
+laughing."--_Britain's Historical Drama._
+
+              _On a very Fat Man._
+
+  All flesh is grass, so do the Scriptures say,
+  And grass, when mown, is shortly turn'd to hay.
+  When Time, to mow you down, his scythe doth take,
+  Good Man! how large a stack you then will make.
+                                           J.J.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE MIRROR.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Purchasers of the MIRROR who may wish to complete their Sets or
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+print, and can he procured by giving an order to any Bookseller or
+Newsvender.
+
+Complete Sets. Vol. I. to XVIII in boards, price L4. 18s. 6d.;
+half-bound, L6. 6s.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic;
+G.G. BENNIS, 55, Rue Neuve, St. Augustin, Paris; and by all Newsmen
+and Booksellers._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
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