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diff --git a/old/11530.txt b/old/11530.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..608f1a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/11530.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1924 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and +Instruction, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction + Vol. 19, Issue 529, January 14, 1832 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: March 9, 2004 [EBook #11530] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE, NO. 529 *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Allen Siddle, David King, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team + + + + + +THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION. + +VOL. XIX. NO. 529.] SATURDAY, JANUARY 14, 1832. [PRICE 2_d_. + + + + +FISHMONGER'S HALL + + +[Illustration: FISHMONGERS' HALL.] + +[Illustration: ARMS OF THE COMPANY.] + +These Cuts may be welcome illustrations of the olden magnificence of the +City of London. The first represents the river or back front of the Hall +of the Fishmongers' Company: the second cut, the arms of the Company, is +added by way of an illustrative pendent. These insignia are placed over +the entrance to the Hall in Lower Thames-street; they are sculptured in +bold relief, and are not meanly executed. The Hall, or the greater part of +it, has been taken down to make room for the New London Bridge approaches; +the frame-work of the door, and the arms still remain--_stat portus umbra_. + +The Hall merits further notice; not so much for its architectural +pretensions as for its being the commencement of a plan which it could be +wished had been completed. The reader may probably remember that after the +Great Fire of London, the King (Charles II.) desired WREN, in addition to +his designs for St. Paul's, to make an accurate survey and drawing of the +whole area and confines of the waste metropolis; and "day, succeeding day, +amidst ashes and ruins, did this indefatigable man labour to fulfil his +task." He prepared his plans for rebuilding the city, and laid them before +the King. That part of Sir Christopher's plan which relates to the present +subjects, was as follows: "By the water-side, from the bridge to the +Temple, he had planned a long and broad wharf or quay, where he designed +to have arranged all the halls that belong to the several companies of the +city, with proper warehouses for merchants between, to vary the edifices, +and make it at once one of the most beautiful ranges of structure in the +world."[1] King Charles, however, as Mr. Cunningham observes, "was never +obstinate in any thing for his country's good," and the idea was dropped: +but Wren erected the above Hall as a specimen of his intention of +ornamenting the banks of the Thames. The original hall was destroyed by +the Great Fire. + +The ancient importance of the Fishmongers' Company may be thus explained:-- + +During the days of papacy in England, fish was an article not of optional, +but compulsive consumption, and this rendered the business of a fishmonger +one of the principal trades of London. Fish Street Hill, and the immediate +vicinity, was the great mart for this branch of traffic, from its close +connexion with the river, and here lived many illustrious citizens, +particularly Sir William Walworth, and Sir Stephen Fisher. + +Strong prejudices were however entertained against the fishmongers, and to +so great an extent was it carried, that in the fourteenth century, they +prayed the king, by Nicholas Exton, one of their body, that he would take +the company under his protection, "lest they might receive corporeal hurt." +The parliament itself appears to have imbibed the general distrust, for in +1382 they enacted, "that no fishmonger should be mayor of the city." This +was repealed, however, the following year. + +The fishmongers consisted of two companies, the salt fishmongers, +incorporated in 1433, and the stock fishmongers in 1509. The two companies +were united by Henry VIII. in 1536. Before the junction, they are said by +Stow, who calls them "jolly citizens," to have had six halls, two in +Thames Street, two in Fish Street, and two in Old Fish Street, and six +lord-mayors were elected from their body in twenty-four years. But being +charged with forestalling, contrary to the laws and constitutions of the +city, they were fined five hundred marks by Edward I. in 1290. In 1384, +these, as well as others concerned in furnishing the city with provisions, +were put under the immediate direction of the mayor and aldermen, by an +act of parliament still in force.[2] + +The Hall, on the west side of the ward of Bridge Within, was of brick and +stone, and may be said to have had two fronts. The fore entrance was from +Thames Street by a handsome passage, leading into a large square court, +encompassed by the Great Hall, the Court Room, and other grand apartments, +with galleries. The back, or river front, had a double flight of stone +steps, by which was an ascent to the first apartments. The door was +ornamented with Ionic columns supporting an open pediment, in which was a +shield, with the arms of the company. The building was finished with +handsomely rusticated stone, and had a noble effect. + +The Hall was of capacious proportions, and extended nearly the whole +length of the building. The ceiling, as well as that of the adjoining +Court Room, exhibited some fine specimens of old plaster-work. We +witnessed the dismantling of the premises previous to their being taken +down. It was indeed a sorry breaking up. The long tables which had so +often, to use a hackneyed phrase, "groaned" beneath the weight of civic +fare--the cosy high-backed stuffed chairs which had held many a portly +citizen--nay, the very soup-kettles and venison dishes--all were to be +submitted to the noisy ordeal of the auction hammer. + +We remember in the upper end of the hall, and just behind the chair, there +stood in a niche, a full-sized statue, carved in wood by Edward Pierce, +statuary, of Sir William Walworth, a member of this company, and +lord-mayor during the rebellion of Wat Tyler. The knight grasped a real +dagger, said to be the identical weapon with which he stabbed the rebel; +though a publican of Islington pretended to be possessed of this dagger, +and in 1731, lent it to be publicly exhibited in Smithfield, in a show +called "Wat Tyler," during Bartholomew Fair. Below the niche was this +inscription: + + "Brave Walworth, knight, lord-mayor, yt slew + Rebellious Tyler in his alarms; + The king, therefore, did give in lieu + The dagger to the cytye's arms. + In the 4th year of Richard II. Anno Domini 1381." + +A common, but erroneous belief is perpetuated in this inscription, for the +dagger was in the city arms long before the time of Sir William Walworth, +and was intended to represent the sword of St. Paul, the patron saint of +the corporation. + +The funeral pall of Sir W. Walworth curiously embroidered with gold, is +preserved amongst the relics, as well as a plan of the splendid show at +his installation, 1380. + +The Fishmongers' Company is fourth upon the list of the city corporations, +under the name and style of "the Wardens and Commonalty of the mystery of +Fishmongers of the city of London." It is a livery company, and very rich, +governed by a prime and five other wardens, and a court of assistants. + +The company supports a free Grammar School at Holt Market, in Norfolk, +founded by Sir John Gresham; Jesus Hospital, at Bray, in Berkshire, +founded by William Goddard, Esq. for forty poor persons; St. Peter's +Hospital, near Newington, Surrey, founded by the company; twelve +alms-houses at Harrietsham, in Kent, founded by Mr. Mark Quested; a +fellowship in Sidney-Sussex College, Cambridge founded by Mr. Leonard +Smith; a scholarship in the same college, founded by William Bennet, Esq. +Mr. Smith, executor. + +The _Arms_ of the Company are in a shield supported by a merman and +mermaid, the latter with a mirror in her hand. The Keys refer to St. Peter, +the Patron Saint of the Company. + + +[1] Quoted by Cunningham in his "Life of Wren," from a contemporary + authority. + +[2] Wards of London. + + * * * * * + + +HOLY SEPULCHRE, HECKINGTON CHURCH. + +(_To the Editor_.) + + +From the description of the Holy Sepulchre in Heckington Church, given in +your last volume, stating that it stood there in the summer of 1789, such +of your readers as have no means of knowing to the contrary, may infer +that it is not now in existence.[1] I am led to trouble you with a few +lines on the subject, as this specimen still in the best preservation, +deserves us full an account as your limits will admit. The sepulchre +nearly, and the stalls also mentioned by you, which have been cleaned +completely, remain now in the same state as the artist originally left +them. An architect, Mr. T. Rickman, who visited the neighbourhood a short +time ago, gives the following account, which was printed in a work[2] on +the topography of the neighbourhood, soon after his visit: he says, "The +sepulchre, of which there are not many specimens now remaining, consists +of a series of richly ornamented niches, the largest of which represents +the tomb, having angels standing beside it; the side niches have the +Maries and other appropriate figures, and in the lower niches are the +Roman soldiers reposing; these niches have rich canopies, and are +separated by buttresses and rich finials, having all the spaces covered by +very rich foliage." He further observes, that "the stalls exhibit a +specimen of pure decorated work, as rich as the finest sculpture of +foliage and small figures can render it, and hardly surpassed by any in +the kingdom, and the sepulchre is of the same excellent character. The +various small ornaments about these stalls and niches form one of the best +possible studies for enrichments of this date: and it is almost peculiar +to this church, that there is nothing about it, except what is quite +modern, that is not of the same style of architecture." + +As the above gentleman's description of the present state of the church at +Heckington will give a clearer idea of many others in the county of +Lincoln, we perhaps cannot do better than close this account with it. +"This beautiful church, of pure decorated character, is one of the most +perfect models in the kingdom, having, with one exception, (that of the +groined or interior ceiling which is wanting, and appears never to have +been prepared for,) every feature of a fine church, of one uniform style, +without any admixture of _later_ or _earlier_ work. Its mutilations are +comparatively small, consisting only in the destruction of the tracey of +the north transept window, and some featherings in other windows, and the +building and wall to enclose a vestry. The plan of the church is a west +tower and spire, nave and aisles, spacious transepts, and a large chancel, +with a vestry attached to the north side. The nave has a well proportioned +clesestory. There is a south porch, a rich font, the tomb of an +ecclesiastic, and the assemblage of niches before described. In the +chancel and some of the church walls are very good brackets. The vestry +has a crypt below it. Fully to describe this church would require a much +larger space than can be allotted to it, but it may be well to remark, +that every part of the design and execution is of the very best character, +equal to any in the kingdom." + +That this church was built on or near to the site of the one given by +Gilbert de Guant, the style of architecture being of much later date, +fully demonstrates; and it is more than probable that on its rebuilding, +the patent of Edward III. was obtained. Certain it is that no specimen of +an earlier style now remains; but tradition says that the foundation of +the church was laid in the year 1101, and the building completed in A.D. +1104, at a cost only of L433. 9_s_. 7_d_. This statement, if worthy of +credit, must be referred to an earlier and less costly edifice than the +present. + +J.H.S. + + +[1] We omitted to state that our interesting particulars of the Heckington + Sepulchre were from _Vetusta Monumenta_, a splendid folio work + published by the Antiquarian Society. + +[2] Sketches of New and Old Sleaford, County of Lincoln, and of several + places in the Neighbourhood, p. 224. 8vo Baldwin and Co. + + * * * * * + + +TRAVELING NOTES IN SOUTH WALES. + +(_To the Editor_.) + +Guernsey, Dec. 17, 1831. + + +Your ingenious and talented correspondent, _Vyvyan_, in writing on the +shrimp, (the _Mirror_, p. 361, vol. xviii.) remarks that "The sea roamer +may often have observed numbers of little air-holes in the sand, which +expand as the sun advances. If he stirs it with his foot, he will cause a +brood of young shrimps, who will instantly hop and jump about the beach in +the most lively manner," &c.: these "jumpers" as they are facetiously +called, are not shrimps, but sea-fleas, and they possess the elasticity +for which their namesakes are so remarkable. They are as different as +possible from young shrimps; and if "old shrimps" _could_ "tell tales," I +doubt not but that on inquiring of them, they would tell their "companions +at breakfast table" the same thing. Your correspondent further adds, that +"strange stories are told of the _old_ shrimp," and I think, on +investigation, he will find that he has told a very "strange story" of +_young_ shrimps. In a future communication I will give you a correct +account or history of the shrimp, (if it be acceptable,) from the time +when it is first spawned until it arrives at perfection. + +H.W. + +(_To the Editor_.) + +_Vyvyan_ has not in his _Notes_ named any county but South Wales, +generally, where he says, "Any person who can enclose a portion of land +around his cottage or otherwise, in one night, becomes owner thereof in +fee." These persons in Wales are called Encroachers, and are liable to +have ejectments served upon them by the Lord of the Manor, (which is often +the case) to recover possession. The majority of the Encroachers pay a +nominal yearly rent to the Lord of the Manor for allowing them to occupy +the land. If they possess these encroachments for sixty years without any +interruption, or paying rent, then they become possessed of the same. It +is usual to present the Encroachments at a Court Leet held for the manor, +and upon perambulating the manor, which is generally done every three or +four years, these encroachments are thrown out again to the waste or +common. + +J.P. + +*** We readily insert these corrections of Vyvyan's "Notes," especially as +we believe our readers to take considerable interest in their accuracy. + + * * * * * + + + +THE SKETCH-BOOK. + + +MY FIRE. + +(_For the Mirror_.) + + +On new year's morning, soon after daybreak, I entered my study, which is a +little room some eight feet square, and from a wayward fancy of my own, +closely resembles the cell of an alchymist. Its walls are hung with black +drapery, on which appear the mystical signs of the planetary bodies, +Hebrew, Persian, and various cabalistic characters, the dark enigmas of +the work of transmutation, and the invocations or prayers for success +employed by the alchymist. Here and there pieces of their quaint and +uncouth shaped apparatus, the aludel, the alembic, and the alkaner, the +pelican, the crucible, and the water-bath, occupy their respective +stations. The clumsy, heavy, oaken table in the centre is covered with +copies of scarce and valuable alchymical tracts, in company with the +_caput mortum_ and the hour-glass. A few antiques, consisting of +half-a-dozen cloth-yard arrows, the stout yew bow of the green clad yeoman, +the ponderous mace and helmet of the valiant knight, and other relics of +the days of chivalry, complete the decorations of this my sanctum. + +In consequence of its dark and gloomy aspect, and the feeling of awe with +which the family and servants regard its mystical contents, I have its +undisturbed enjoyment; nobody feels a wish to enter it even in the day +time, and I verily believe they would not do so at the witching hour of +night, lest the mystical signs should take summary vengeance on their +unhallowed intrusion. + +The neighbours imagine me to be an adept in the "black art," an astrologer, +or a fortune-teller, but I have no pretentions whatever to any such titles; +this report has got abroad in consequence of a maid-servant having once +had the temerity to peep through the key-hole, and observed on the wall +opposite her "line of sight," some triangular characters. She had been in +the habit of poring over a dream book, and the art of casting nativities; +the Prophetic Almanac was her oracle, and its terrific title-page she +informed her fellow servant "had just those queer triangle things as was +hung on the walls of young master's study." She was "sure that he could +tell her fortune." This important intelligence, delivered with due +confidence to her fellow servant, of course spread like wildfire among the +other occupants of the "lower regions," and from them amongst the +handmaidens of sundry other dwellings. Thus has my astrological character +been established. + +As all domestics are excluded my sanctum, of course I am obliged to "do +for myself," and this I prefer to being "done for," or having my room "set +to rights," according to their notions of neatness; my feelings on this +point are exactly those of Scott's _Antiquary_; I therefore "do for +myself," and consequently, it follows I must light my own fire. Than on +the morning I have mentioned, the "grand agent" of the chemist was never +more required. The air bit shrewdly, and it was "bitter cold" upon +entering the sanctum, although I had not quitted it many hours, having +watched the "old year out and the new year in," and then taken a short +nap; yet Jack Frost had been active during my absence, and cooled down the +air of the sanctum some degrees below the freezing point, at the same time +coating the window panes with his beautiful crystalline figures. The dark +walls did look most awful, seen through the dun yellow light of the fog, +which met my view upon drawing aside the cabalistically hung curtains. I +cast a look at the Rumford grate; its black cold bars "grinned most +horrible and ghastly." A sympathy was instantly established between them +and my nasal organ, for I found a drop of pure crystal pendant from its +extremity. Here, thought I, is an admirable question for "_The Plain Why +and Because_." _Why_ does a drop of water hang from the nose on a frosty +morning? Because the natural heat of the body sends up vapour into the +head, and that being exposed most to cold, the vapour condenses, and a +drop of water runs from the nostril, as it would do from the head of a +still. Upon looking at anything very cold, sympathy excites the same +action. This "Why and Because" was succeeded by another--Why does my +fire-grate grin so coldly? Because you will not be "done for," else Eliza +could have raised a flame there for you an hour ago. The truth of this +reply was so forcible that I resolved to "do for myself" without delay, +and evolve the "grand agent." I went to the door, expecting to see my +usual supply of fuel; none was to be found. What means this? said I, and +was about to make my wants known, but changed my intent as quickly, and +being a little excited by such neglect, determined not to be dependent +upon the domestics, but make a fire of my own. Now then for the materials. +Paper, as all persons know, who have "lit their own fires," is the +foundation; it was also mine: sundry letters in reply to sundry +unsuccessful applications written on "thick double laid post," as the +advertisements say, I seized upon, and thrust their crumpled forms between +the sooty bars of the grate with some wood, the model of a mechanical +invention of my own, which had been rejected by a Society, and why, I knew +not; I severed limb from limb, and disposed their fragments across and +athwart on the letters previously mutilated. How to obtain my coal posed +me for a moment; but I recollected that in a geological cabinet under my +window, I was the possessor of a mass of pure Staffordshire, weighing some +twenty pounds. The doors of the cabinet flew open, and out it came; I had +a strong affection for this lump of coal, having extracted it myself from +the mines, and carried it many a weary mile on my return home. I felt loth +to commit it to the flames; but this was necessity, "stern necessity:" +one or two blows of the mineralogical hammer destroyed my scruples, and +produced the proper cleavages in the mass of coal. I laid the precious +stratum, _super stratum_ upon the two former, and other deposits of +_papyrus_ and _lignum_; such was my "coal formation." The magic touch of +a Promethean elicited my "grand agent" to the thick laid post; it consumed +rather sluggishly, but the dry pine wood of the broken model caught the +flame and entered into fair combustion, cracking and sparkling, and now +and then sending out a hiss of pyroligenous vapour; hissing yourself +thought I. The fiery example was soon followed by the coal at first slowly +sending up wreaths of dirty, green, yellow smoke, but as the fire waxed +warmer these disappeared, and vivid hissing jets of ignited gas shot forth +in abundance. The hissing annoyed me; why, I could not divine; but as the +heat increased I cooled from the state of excitement produced by the testy +destruction of my papers, model, and specimen. I sat down at the fire; had +I not better, said I, have made my wants known to the servant, than have +acted as I have done? No, I hate asking for what, as a duty should have +been ready to my hands. I endeavoured to persuade myself that I did not +regret the deed I had done, but could not succeed; something whispered me +that I should suffer for it. I felt myself an "uncomfortable gentleman." +I began to trace my fire from its origin up to its present state of +perfection; the letters were of no consequence--none--the model I made +myself and can make another--certainly--the coal I paid dearly for by +fatigue, but I can get another lump, and send it home by coach, yes; then +why am I so uncomfortable. I looked at the glowing fire which was getting +insufferably hot, and gave it a passionate poke, exclaiming, I wish I +could stop your draught. Draught! draft, I repeated, what has become of my +draft that I received yesterday for my last paper? I began to recollect +myself where I had laid it, and quickly came to the awful conclusion that +I had placed it carefully between the folds of one of the sacrificed +letters. + +Misery and destruction, said I, that draft has caused my rapid fire! it is +gone and forever! Fool that I was; why did I not "blow up" the servants +for paper, wood, and coals, and be "done for properly" instead of thus +"doing for myself." Ye alchymistical spirits, said I, invoking the dark +drapery, aid me to extract my gold from yonder ashes! but they were deaf +to my calls, and the old _caput mortum_ seemed to grin in mockery. I could +bear it no longer, and rushing from the sanctum, met the servant girl on +the stairs. "A draft! a draft!" repeated I; she thought me mad; I was mad +with vexation. "Sir," said she, "you will catch cold if there is a draught +such a day as this." A cold day as this, you wretch, Eliza, why did you +not bring my coals to the door this morning, then I could have had my fire +without a draft; I want a ten guinea draft, not a foggy, frosty draught. +The girl stood amazed, but replied, "Please, sir, I didn't bring the coals +this morning because you said never to do so on a Sunday, sir." "Sunday," +I exclaimed, "is this Sunday?" "Lord bless me, sir, yes, and new year's +day too, sir; happy new year, sir," said the provoking little wench, who +was now joined by another. I could stand it no longer, but slunk back into +the sanctum, "like a burnt child that dreaded the fire," hearing them +exclaim, "I thought how it would be, them odd things in his room has quite +turned his brain, poor young gentleman, he did not even know it was Sunday, +and new year's day neither." + +I really did not know it was Sunday, for my calculaters were destroyed by +the circumstance of our having kept Christmas Day on the Monday. I was +aware that it was new year's day, and had intended to begin 1832 with good +works, instead of which I commenced it with destroying my property, thus +literally "doing for myself," and unlike most other people who invariably +suffer from a draught, I am suffering from the loss of one. + +PYRAMIS. + + * * * * * + + + +MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF ALL NATIONS. + + +ADVENT. + +(_For the Mirror_.) + + +In the North Riding of Yorkshire, the young folks retain a very ancient +custom during Advent. They make a wax figure representing the infant Jesus, +and place it in a small wooden case, with evergreens, which hide all but +the figure. A napkin is thrown over the box; and the puppet is thus +carried about, and exhibited from door to door, by a boy, the others +chanting some supplicatory lines. The same custom prevails in Wales. + +In Italy, a wax figure representing the Virgin, inclosed in a beautifully +carved wooden case, is placed on the back of an ass, and exhibited through +the country during Advent. Every traveller on seeing it prostrates himself +immediately, and crosses himself, and considers himself in duty bound to +bestow his charity on the proprietor. Others carry emblematical figures +through the different towns, or sit by the road side, and uncover the +effigy to every passer-by. + +W.H.H. + + * * * * * + + +CURIOUS MANORIAL RIGHT. + +(_For the Mirror_.) + + +At Ripley Castle, in Yorkshire, the seat of Sir William Ingilby, there is +in the great staircase an elegant Venetian window, in the divisions of +which, on stain-glass, are a series of escutcheons, displaying the +principal quarterings and intermarriages of the Ingilby family since their +settling at Ripley, during a course of 430 years. + +In one of the chambers of the tower is the following sentence, carved on +the frieze of the wainscot:--"In the yeire of owre Ld. MDLV. was this +howse buyldyd, by Sir Wyllyam Ingilby, Knight, Philip and Marie reigning +that time." + +John Pallisser, of Bristhwaite, formerly held his lands of the manor of +Ripley, by the payment of a red rose at Midsummer, and by carrying the +boar's head to the lord's table all the twelve days of Christmas. + +W.G.C. + + * * * * * + + + +NOTES OF A READER. + + +EUGENE ARAM. + + +We intend to quote a few scenes and snatches from Mr. Bulwer's +extraordinary novel of this name. At present, however, we can only +introduce the ill-fated hero. + +(Two young ladies, daughters of the lord of the Manor, approach Aram's +house:--) + +"Madeline would even now fain have detained her sister's hand from the +bell that hung without the porch half embedded in ivy; but Ellinor, out of +patience--as she well might be--with her sister's unseasonable prudence, +refused any longer delay. So singularly still and solitary was the plain +around the house, that the sound of the bell breaking the silence had in +it something startling, and appeared, in its sudden and shrill voice, a +profanation to the deep tranquillity of the spot. They did not wait +long--a step was heard within--the door was slowly unbarred, and the +Student himself stood before them." + +"He was a man who might, perhaps, have numbered some five and thirty years; +but at a hasty glance, he would have seemed considerably younger. He was +above the ordinary stature; though a gentle, and not ungraceful bend in +the neck rather than the shoulders, somewhat curtailed his proper +advantages of height. His frame was thin and slender, but well knit and +fair proportioned. Nature had originally cast his form in an athletic +mould, but sedentary habits and the wear of mind seemed somewhat to have +impaired her gifts. His cheek was pale and delicate; yet it was rather the +delicacy of thought than of weak health. His hair, which was long, and of +a rich and deep brown, was worn back from his face and temples, and left a +broad high majestic forehead utterly unrelieved and bare; and on the brow +there was not a single wrinkle--it was as smooth as it might have been +some fifteen years ago. There was a singular calmness, and, so to speak, +profundity of thought, eloquent upon its clear expanse, which suggested +the idea of one who had passed his life rather in contemplation than +emotion. It was a face that a physiognomist would have loved to look upon, +so much did it speak both of the refinement and the dignity of intellect." + +"Such was the person--if pictures convey a faithful resemblance--of a man, +certainly the most eminent in his day for various and profound learning, +and a genius wholly self-taught, yet never contented to repose upon the +wonderful stores it had laboriously accumulated." + +(Aram thus describes his own character:--) + +"Ah!" said Aram, gently shaking his head, "it is a hard life we bookmen +lead. Not for us is the bright face of noon-day or the smile of woman, the +gay unbending of the heart, the neighing steed and the shrill trump; the +pride, pomp, and circumstance of life. Our enjoyments are few and calm; +our labour constant; but that is it not, Sir?--that is it not? the body +avenges its own neglect. We grow old before our time; we wither up; the +sap of our youth shrinks from our veins; there is no bound in our step. We +look about us with dimmed eyes, and our breath grows short and thick, and +pains, and coughs, and shooting aches come upon us at night; it is a +bitter life--a bitter life--joyless life. I would I had never commenced it. +And yet the harsh world scowls upon us: our nerves are broken, and they +wonder we are querulous; our blood curdles, and they ask why we are not +gay; our brain grows dizzy and indistinct (as with me just now), and, +shrugging their shoulders, they whisper their neighbours that we are mad. +I wish I had worked at the plough, and known sleep, and loved +mirth--and--and not been what I am." + +"As the Student tittered the last sentence, he bowed down his head, and a +few tears stole silently down his cheek. Walter was greatly affected--it +took him by surprise: nothing in Aram's ordinary demeanour betrayed any +facility to emotion; and he conveyed to all the idea of a man, if not +proud, at least cold." + + * * * * * + + +OLD JESTS. + + +Persons who gloat over dust and black-letter need scarcely be told that +the best of "modern" jests are almost literally from the antique: in short, +that what we employ to "set the table on a roar" were employed by the wise +men of old to enliven _their_ cups, deep and strong;--that to jest was a +part of the Platonic philosophy, and that the excellent fancies, the +flashes of merriment, of our forefathers, are nightly, nay hourly, +re-echoed for our amusement. Yet such is the whole art of pleasing: what +has pleased will, with certain modifications, continue to please again and +again, until the end of time. + +But we may displease; and, as Hamlet says, "We must speak by the card." +The _Athenaeum_ a fortnight since drew forth a batch of these jests with +antique humour richly dight, and here they are. The reader will recognise +many old acquaintances, but he need not touch his hat, lest, his politeness +weary him. These old stories are but "pick'd to be new vann'd." + +_Hierocles' Facetiae_. + +1. An irritable man went to visit a sick friend, and asked him concerning +his health. The patient was so ill that he could not reply; whereupon the +other in a rage said, "I hope that I may soon fall sick, and then I will +not answer you when you visit me." + +2. A speculative gentleman, wishing to teach his horse to do without food, +starved him to death. "I had a great loss," said he; "for, just as he +learned to live without eating, he died." + +3. A curious inquirer, desirous to know how he looked when asleep, sat +with closed eyes before a mirror. + +4. A young man told his friend that he dreamed that he had struck his foot +against a sharp nail. "Why then do you sleep without your shoes?" was the +reply. + +5. A robustious countryman, meeting a physician, ran to hide behind a wall; +being asked the cause, he replied, "It is so long since I have been sick, +that I am ashamed to look a physician in the face." + +6. A gentleman had a cask of Aminean wine, from which his servant stole a +large quantity. When the master perceived the deficiency, he diligently +inspected the top of the cask but could find no traces of an opening. +"Look if there be not a hole in the bottom," said a bystander. "Blockhead," +he replied, "do you not see that the deficiency is at the top, and not +at the bottom?" + +7. A young man meeting an acquaintance, said, "I heard that you were dead." +--"But," says the other, "you see me alive."--"I do not know how that may +be," replied he: "you are a notorious liar, but my informant was a person +of credit." + +8. A man, hearing that a raven would live two hundred years, bought one to +try. + +9. During a storm, the passengers on board a vessel that appeared in +danger seized different implements to aid them in swimming, and one of the +number selected for this purpose the anchor. + +10. One of twin-brothers died: a fellow meeting the survivor asked, "Which +is it, you or your brother, that's dead?" + +11. A man whose son was dead, seeing a crowd assembled to witness the +funeral, said, "I am ashamed to bring my little child into such a numerous +assembly." + +12. The son of a fond father, when going to war, promised to bring home +the head of one of the enemy. His parent replied, "I should be glad to see +you come home without a head, provided you come safe." + +13. A man wrote to his friend in Greece begging him to purchase books. +From negligence or avarice, he neglected to execute the commission; but +fearing that his correspondent might be offended, he exclaimed when next +they met, "My dear friend, I never got the letter that you wrote me about +the books." + +14. A wittol, a barber, and a bald-headed man travelled together. Losing +their way, they were forced to sleep in the open air; and, to avert danger, +it was agreed to keep watch by turns. The lot first fell on the barber, +who, for amusement, shaved the fool's head while he slept; he then woke +him, and the fool, raising his hand to scratch his head, exclaimed, "Here's +a pretty mistake; rascal! you have waked the bald-headed man instead of +me." + +15. A citizen, seeing some sparrows in a tree, went beneath and shook it, +folding out his hat to catch them as they fell. + +16. A foolish fellow, having a house to sell, took a brick from the wall +to exhibit as a sample. + +17. A man meeting his friend, said, "I spoke to you last night in a dream." +"Pardon me," replied the other, "I did not hear you." + +18. A man that had nearly been drowned while bathing, declared that he +would not again go into the water until he had learned to swim. + +(To understand the next, we must premise that a horse with his first teeth +was called by the Greeks "a first thrower.") + +19. A man selling a horse was asked if it was a first thrower. "By Jove," +said he, "he's a second thrower, for he threw both me and my father." + +20. A fellow had to cross a river, and entered the boat on horseback; +being asked the cause, he replied, "I must ride, because I am in a hurry." + +21. A student in want of money sold his books, and wrote home, "Father, +rejoice; for I now derive my support from literature." + +We thank the wits of the _Athenaeum_ for these piquancies: they are in the +right true Attic vein, and are therefore characteristic of that clever +Journal. + + * * * * * + + +KNOWLEDGE FOR THE PEOPLE. + +(_From_ Part xiii.--_Botany._) + + +_Why have vegetables the function of transpiration?_ + +Because the sap, on arriving in the leaves, loses and gives out the +superabundant quantity of water which it contained. + +_Why are limpid drops often observed hanging at the points of leaves at +sunrise?_ + +Because of the vegetable transpiration condensed by the coldness of the +night. It was long thought that they were produced by dew; but Mushenbroek +first proved the above, by conclusive experiments. He intercepted all +communication between a poppy and the ambient air, by covering it with a +bell; and between it and the earth, by covering the vessel in which it +grew with a leaden plate. Next morning the drop appeared upon it as +before--_Richard._ + +One of the hydrangea tribe perspires so freely, that the leaves wither and +become crisp in a very short space of time, if the plant be not amply +supplied with water: it has 160,000 apertures on every inch square of +surface, on the under disk of the leaf. + +_Why is more or less of a gummy, resinous, or saccharine matter found in +every tree?_ + +Because it is formed by branches of those returning vessels that deposit +the new alburnum. + +_Why is it inferred that these juices must be prepared in the plant itself, +by various secretions, and changes of the fluids which it absorbs?_ + +Because we find, that in the same climate, nay, even in the same spot of +ground, rue has its bitter--sorrel its acid--and the lettuce its cooling +juices; and that the juices of the various parts of one plant, or even of +one fruit, are extremely different. Sir James Smith mentions the +peach-tree as a familiar example. "The gum of this tree is mild and +mucilaginous. The bark, leaves, and flowers, abound with a bitter +secretion, of a purgative and rather dangerous quality, than which nothing +can be more distinct from the gum. The fruit is replete, not only with +acid, mucilage, and sugar, but with its own peculiar aromatic and highly +volatile secretion, elaborated within itself, on which its fine flavour +depends."--_Introduction to Botany, 6th edit_. + +_Why are these juices readily found in the bark?_ + +Because they appear to be matured, or brought to greater perfection, in +layers of wood or bark that have no longer any principal share in the +circulation of the sap. Thus, the vessels containing them are often very +large, as the turpentine cells of the fir tribe, in all the species of +which these secretions abound. The substance from which spruce-beer is +made, is an extract of the branches of the _Abies Canadensis_, or Hemlock +Spruce; a similar preparation is obtained from the branches of _Dacrydium_, +in the South Seas. + +_Why, in the spring, is the herbage under trees generally more luxuriant +than it is beyond the spread of their branches?_ + +Because the driving mists and fogs becoming condensed on the branches, +cause a frequent drip beneath the tree not experienced in other places; +and thus keep up a perpetual irrigation and refreshment of the soil. + +_Why are certain plants useful or injurious to others that grow in their +vicinity?_ + +Because of certain fluids which the roots excrete from their slender +extremities; and in this manner the likings and antipathies of certain +plants may be accounted for. Thus, it is well known that the creeping +thistle is hurtful to oats, _erigeron acre_ to wheat, _scabiosa arvensis_ +to flax, &c. + +_Why are some resins odorous?_ + +Because they contain essential oil; some afford benzoic acid when heated, +and these have been termed balsams; such as tolu balsam and benzoin. + +Common resin is obtained by distilling the exudation of different species +of fir; oil of turpentine passes over, and the resin remains behind. + +_Why are the varieties of the cashew tribe, called varnish-trees?_ + +Because their large flowers abound in a resinous, sometimes acrid, and +highly poisonous juice, which afterwards turns black, and is used for +varnishing in India. One kind is the common cashew nut. All these +varnishes are extremely dangerous to some constitutions; the skin, if +rubbed with them, inflames, and becomes covered with pimples that are +difficult to heal; the fumes have also been known to produce painful +swelling and inflammation. + +_Why do these varnishes, at first white, afterwards turn black?_ + +Because the recent juice is an organized substance, consisting of an +immense congeries of small parts, which disperse the sun's rays in all +directions, like a thin film of unmelted tallow; while the varnish which +has been exposed to the air loses its organized structure, becomes +homogeneous, and then transmits the sun's rays, of a rich, deep, uniform, +red colour. + +The leaves of some species of Schinus are so filled with a resinous fluid, +that the least degree of unusual repletion of the tissue causes it to be +discharged; thus, some of them fill the air with fragrance after rain; and +other kinds expel their resin with such violence when immersed in water, +as to have the appearance of spontaneous motion, in consequence of the +recoil. Another kind is said to cause swellings in those who sleep under +its shade.--_Brewster's Journal._ + +_Why is the soap-tree so called?_ + +Because its bark, if pulverized, and shaken in water, soon yields a +solution, frothing, as if it contained soap. It is a native of Chili; the +trunk is straight, and of considerable height; the wood is hard, red, and +never splits; and the bark is rugged, fibrous, of ash-grey colour +externally, and white within. + +_Why is a species of myrtle called the wax-tree?_ + +Because the leaves and stem, when bruised, and boiled in water, yield wax, +which concretes on cooling. Mr. Brande observes, "the glossy varnish upon +the upper surface of many trees is of a similar nature; and though there +are shades of difference, these varieties of wax possess the essential +properties of that formed by the bee: indeed, it was formerly supposed +that bees merely collected the wax already formed by the vegetable: but +Huber's experiments show, that the insect has the power of transmuting +sugar into wax, and that this is in fact a secretion." + +The wax-palm of Humboldt has its trunk covered by a coating of wax, which +exudes from the spaces between the insertion of the leaves. It is, +according to Vaquelin, a concrete, inflammable substance, consisting of +1/3 wax, and 2/3 resin. + +_Why are some oils called vegetable butters?_ + +Because they become solid at the ordinary temperatures. Such are cocoa-nut +oil, palm oil, and nutmeg oil. + +_Why are some volatile oils obtained by expression?_ + +Because they are contained in distinct vesicles in the rind of fruits, as +in the lemon, orange, and bergamot. + +_Why is the oil of poppy-seed perfectly wholesome?_ + +Because it is in no degree narcotic; nor has it any of the properties of +the poppy itself. This oil is consumed on the Continent in considerable +quantity, and employed extensively in adulterating olive oil. Its use was +at one time prohibited in France, by decrees issued in compliance with +popular clamour; but it is now openly sold, the government and people +having grown wiser. + +_Why is the juice of the poppy called opium?_ + +Because of its derivation from the Persian _afioun_, and the Arabian +_aphium_. The botanical name of the poppy, _papaver_, is said to be +derived from its being commonly mixed with the pap, papa, given to +children in order to ease pain, and procure sleep. + +_Why does opium produce sleep?_ + +Because it contains an alkaline substance called Morphia. The same drug +contains a peculiar acid called the Meconic; and a vegetable alkali named +Narcotine, to which unpleasant stimulating properties are attributed by +Majendie. + +_Why is sugar so generally found in plants?_ + +Because it is not only the seasoning of most eatable fruits, but abounds +in various roots, as the carrot, beet, parsnip, and in many plants of the +grass, or cane kind, besides the famous sugar cane. + +Sir James Smith observes that "there is great reason to suppose sugar not +so properly an original secretion, as the result of a chemical change in +secretions already formed, either of an acid or mucilaginous nature, or +possibly a mixture of both. In ripening fruits, this change is most +striking, and takes place very speedily, seeming to be greatly promoted by +heat and light. By the action of frost, as Dr. Darwin observes, a +different change is wrought in the mucilage of the vegetable body, and it +becomes starch." + +M. Berard considers gum and lignin as the principles in unripe fruits +which chiefly tend to the formation of sugar during their ripening, and he +has given several analyses of fruits in illustration of these views. Mr. +Brande also considers the elements of water as probably concerned in the +change. + + * * * * * + + + +THE NATURALIST. + + +THE SUGAR CANE. + + +At the island of Tahiti (Otaheite) South Pacific Ocean, there are several +varieties of the sugar cane, differing, however, in their qualities. The +number of varieties are eight, and are as follow:-- + +1. Rutu--of good quality. + +2. Avae--of indifferent quality. + +3. Irimotu--a rich cane, but does not grow to a large size. + +4. Patu--a good cane, of a red colour. + +5. To-ura--a dark-striped cane, hard and good. + +6. Toute--a bad cane, of a red colour. + +7. Veu--a good cane. + +8. Vaihi--this attains a large size, and is considered of the best quality. +It is said by the natives to have been introduced from the Sandwich +Islands. + +At Manilla (Island of Luconia) the planters mention three cultivated +varieties of the sugar cane:-- + +1. Cana negra--black sugar cane. + +2. " morada--brown " + +3. " blancha--white " + +of which the black or cana negra is considered the best, from its strength +and the quantity of syrup contained in it. + +_Mr. G.B.'s MS. Journal_, 1829-30. + + * * * * * + + +THE BARN OWL; + +_and the Benefits it confers on Man. By Charles Waterton, Esq._ + + +This pretty aerial wanderer of the night often comes into my room; and +after flitting to and fro, on wing so soft and silent that he is scarcely +heard, he takes his departure from the same window at which he had entered. + +I own I have a great liking for this bird; and I have offered it +hospitality and protection on account of its persecutions, and for its +many services to me,--I say services, as you will see in the sequel. I +wish that any little thing I could write or say might cause it to stand +better with the world at large than it has hitherto done: but I have +slender hopes on this score; because old and deep-rooted prejudices are +seldom overcome; and when I look back into the annals of remote antiquity, +I see too clearly that defamation has done its worst to ruin the whole +family, in all its branches, of this poor, harmless, useful friend of mine. + +Ovid, nearly two thousand years ago, was extremely severe against the owl. +In his _Metamorphoses_ he says:-- + + "Foedaque fit volucris, venturi nuncia luctus, + Ignavus bubo, dirum mortalibus omen."[1] + +In his _Fasti_ he openly accuses it of felony:-- + + "Nocte volant, puerosque petunt nutricis egentes."[2] + +Lucan, too, has hit it hard:-- + + "Et laetae juranter aves, bubone sinistro:"[3] + +and the Englishman who continued the _Pharsalia_, says-- + + "Tristia mille locis Stylus dedit omina bubo."[4] + +Horace tells us that the old witch Canidia used part of the plumage of the +owl in her dealings with the devil:-- + + "Plumamque nocturnae strigis."[5] + +Virgil, in fine, joined in the hue and cry against this injured family:-- + + "Solaque culminibus ferali carmine bubo Saepe queri, et longas in fletum + ducere voces."[6] + +In our own times we find that the village maid cannot return home from +seeing her dying swain, without a doleful salutation from the owl:-- + + "Thus homeward as she hopeless went, + The churchyard path along, + The blast grew cold, the dark owl scream'd + Her lover's funeral song." + +Amongst the numberless verses which might be quoted against the family of +the owl, I think I only know of one little ode which expresses any pity +for it. Our nursery maid used to sing it to the tune of the Storm, "Cease +rude Boreas, blust'ring railer." I remember the first two stanzas of it:-- + + "Once I was a monarch's daughter, + And sat on a lady's knee; + But am now a nightly rover, + Banish'd to the ivy tree-- + Crying, hoo hoo, hoo hoo, hoo hoo, + Hoo hoo hoo, my feet are cold! + Pity me, for here you see me, + Persecuted, poor, and old." + +I beg the reader's pardon for this exordium. I have introduced it, in +order to show how little chance there has been, from days long passed and +gone to the present time, of studying the haunts and economy of the owl, +because its unmerited bad name has created it a host of foes, and doomed +it to destruction from all quarters. Some few, certainly, from time to +time, have been kept in cages and in aviaries. But nature rarely thrives +in captivity, and very seldom appears in her true character when she is +encumbered with chains, or is to be looked at by the passing crowd through +bars of iron. However, the scene is now going to change; and I trust that +the reader will contemplate the owl with more friendly feelings, and quite +under different circumstances. Here, no rude schoolboy ever approaches its +retreat; and those who once dreaded its diabolical doings are now fully +satisfied that it no longer meddles with their destinies, or has any thing +to do with the repose of their departed friends. Indeed, human wretches in +the shape of body-snatchers seem here in England to have usurped the +office of the owl in our churchyards; "et vendunt tumulis corpora rapta +suis."[7] + +Up to the year 1813, the barn owl had a sad time of it at Walton Hall. Its +supposed mournful notes alarmed the aged housekeeper. She knew full well +what sorrow it had brought into other houses when she was a young woman; +and there was enough of mischief in the midnight wintry blast, without +having it increased by the dismal screams of something which people knew +very little about, and which every body said was far too busy in the +churchyard at nighttime. Nay, it was a well-known fact, that if any person +were sick in the neighbourhood, it would be for ever looking in at the +window, and holding a conversation outside with somebody, they did not +know whom. The gamekeeper agreed with her in every thing she said on this +important subject; and he always stood better in her books when he had +managed to shoot a bird of this bad and mischievous family. However, in +1813, on my return from the wilds of Guiana, having suffered myself, and +learned mercy, I broke in pieces the code of penal laws which the knavery +of the gamekeeper and the lamentable ignorance of the other servants had +hitherto put in force, far too successfully, to thin the numbers of this +poor, harmless, unsuspecting tribe. On the ruin of the old gateway, +against which, tradition says, the waves of the lake have dashed for the +better part of a thousand years, I made a place with stone and mortar, +about 4 ft. square, and fixed a thick oaken stick firmly into it. Huge +masses of ivy now quite cover it. In about a month or so after it was +finished, a pair of barn owls came and took up their abode in it. I +threatened to strangle the keeper if ever, after this, he molested either +the old birds or their young ones; and I assured the housekeeper that I +would take upon myself the whole responsibility of all the sickness, woe, +and sorrow that the new tenants might bring into the Hall. She made a low +courtesy; as much as to say, "Sir, I fall into your will and pleasure:" +but I saw in her eye that she had made up her mind to have to do with +things of fearful and portentous shape, and to hear many a midnight +wailing in the surrounding woods. I do not think that up to the day of +this old lady's death, which took place in her eighty-fourth year, she +ever looked with pleasure or contentment on the barn owl, as it flew round +the large sycamore trees which grow near the old ruined gateway. + +(_To be concluded in our next_.) + + +[1] "Ill-omen'd in his form, the unlucky fowl, + Abhorr'd by men, and call'd a screeching owl."--_Garth's Trans._ + +[2] "They fly by night, and assail infants in the nurse's absence." + +[3] "Even the ill-boding owl is declared a bird of good omen." + +[4] "The Stygian owl gives sad omens in a thousand places." + +[5] "A feather of the night owl." + +[6] ----"And, on her palace top, + The lonely owl with oft repeated scream + Complains, and spins into a dismal length + Her baleful shrieks."--_Trapp's Trans._ + +[7] "And sell bodies torn from their tombs." + + * * * * * + + + +SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS. + + +BLONDEL DE NESLE. + + +"Blondel de Nesle the favourite minstrel of Richard Coeur de Lion, and an +attendant upon his person, devoted himself to discover the place of his +confinement during the crusade against Saladin, emperor of the Saracens. +He wandered in vain from castle to palace, till he learned that a strong +and almost inaccessible fortress upon the Danube was watched with peculiar +strictness, as containing some state-prisoner of distinction. The minstrel +took his harp, and approaching as near the castle as he durst, came so +nigh the walls as to hear the melancholy captive soothing his imprisonment +with music. Blondel touched his harp; the prisoner heard and was silent: +upon this the minstrel played the first part of a tune, or lay, known to +the captive; who instantly played the second part; and thus, the faithful +servant obtained the certainty that the inmate of the castle was no other +than his royal master."--_Tales of a Grandfather_, p 69. + + The Danube's wide-flowing water lave + The captive's dungeon cell, + And the voice of its hoarse and sullen wave + Breaks forth in a louder swell, + And the night-breeze sighs in a deeper gust, + For the flower of chivalry droops in dust! + + A yoke is hung over the victor's neck, + And fetters enthral the strong, + And manhood's pride like a fearful wreck, + Lies the breakers of care among; + And the gleams of hope, overshadow'd, seem + The phantoms of some distemper'd dream. + + But the heart--the heart is unconquer'd still-- + A host in its solitude! + Quenchless the spirit, though fetter'd the will, + Of that warrior unsubdued; + His soul, like an arrow from rocky ground, + Shall fiercely and proudly in air rebound. + + But the hour of darkness girds him now + With a pall of deepest night, + Anguish sits throned on his moody brow, + And the curse of thy withering blight, + Despair, thou dreariest deathliest foe! + His senses hath steep'd in a torpid woe. + + From the dazzling splendour of gloriest past + The warrior sickening turns. + To list to the sound of the wailing blast, + As the wan lamp dimly burns: + For the daring might of the lion-hearted + With Freedom's soul-thrilling notes hath parted. + + O'er his harp-string droops his palsied hand, + And the fitful strain alone + Murmurs the notes of his native land-- + Does echo repeat that moan + From the dungeon wall so grim and so drear?-- + No!--an answering minstrel lingers there. + + Up starts the listening king--a flash + Of memory's gifted lore + Bursts on his soul--a deed so rash, + What captive would e'er deplore? + Since bonds no longer unnerve the free, + And valour hath won fidelity. + + Dark child of sorrow, sweet comfort take, + In thy lone heart's widowhood, + Some charmed measure may yet awake + Arresting affliction's flood, + And thy prison'd soul unfetter'd be + By the answering spirit of sympathy! + +_Metropolitan._ + + * * * * * + + +ASMODEUS AT LARGE. + + +The design of this paper, in the _New Monthly Magazine_, is by no means +novel; but the fine, cutting satire--the pleasant, lively banter on our +vices and follies--which pervades every page of the article, is a set-off +to the political frenzy and the literary lumber of other Magazines of the +month. Each of them, it is true, has a readable paper, but one gem only +contributes to a Magazine in the proportion of one swallow to a summer. + +Here are three pages of the _New Monthly_ Devil: + +"A stranger, Sir, in the library," said my servant in opening the door. + +"Indeed! what a short, lame gentleman?" + +"No, Sir; middle-sized,--has very much the air of a lawyer or professional +man." + +I entered the room, and instead of the dwarf demon Le Sage described, I +beheld a comely man seated at the table, with a high forehead, a sharp +face, and a pair of spectacles on his nose. He was employed in reading the +new novel of "The Usurer's Daughter." + +"This cannot be the devil!" said I to myself; so I bowed, and asked the +gentleman his business. + +"Tush!" quoth my visiter; "and how did you leave the Doctor?" + +"It is you, then!" said I; "you have grown greatly since you left Don +Cleofas." + +"Wars fatten our tribe," answered the Devil; "besides shapes are optional +with me, and in England men go by appearances more than they do abroad; +one is forced to look respectable and portly; the Devil himself could not +cheat your countrymen with a shabby exterior. Doubtless you observe that +all the swindlers, whose adventures enliven your journals, are dressed 'in +the height of fashion,' and enjoy 'a mild prepossessing demeanour.' Even +the Cholera does not menace 'a gentleman of the better ranks;' and no +bodies are burked with a decent suit of clothes on their backs. Wealth in +all countries is the highest possible morality; but you carry the doctrine +to so great an excess, that you scarcely suffer the poor man to exist at +all. If he take a walk in the country, there's the Vagrant Act; and if he +has not a penny to hire a cellar in town, he's snapped up by a Burker, and +sent off to the surgeons in a sack. It must be owned that no country +affords such warnings to the spendthrift. You are one great moral against +the getting rid of one's money." + +On this, Asmodeus and myself had a long conversation; it ended in our +dining together, (for I found him a social fellow, and fond of a broil in +a quiet way,) and adjourning in excellent spirits, to the theatre. + +"Certainly," said the Devil, taking a pinch of snuff, "certainly, your +drama is wonderfully fine, it is worthy of a civilized nation; formerly +you were contented with choosing actors among human kind, but what an +improvement to go among the brute creation! think what a fine idea to have +a whole play turn upon the appearance of a broken-backed lion! And so you +are going to raise the drama by setting up a club; that's another +exquisite notion! You hire a great house in the neighbourhood of the +theatre; you call it the Garrick Club. You allow actors and patrons to mix +themselves and their negus there after the play; and this you call a +design for exalting the drama. Certainly you English are a droll set; your +expedients are admirable." + +"My good Devil, any thing that brings actors and spectators together, that +creates an _esprit de corps_ among all who cherish the drama, is not to be +sneered at in that inconsiderate manner." + +"I sneer! you mistake me; you have adduced a most convincing +argument--_esprit de corps_!--good! Your clubs certainly nourish sociality +greatly; those little tables, with one sulky man before one sulky +chop--those hurried nods between acquaintances--that, monopoly of +newspapers and easy chairs--all exhibit to perfection the cementing +faculties of a club. Then, too, it certainly does an actor inestimable +benefit to mix with lords and squires. Nothing more fits a man for his +profession, than living with people who know nothing about it. Only think +what a poor actor Kean is; you would have made him quite a different thing, +if you had tied him to a tame gentlemen in the 'Garrick Club'. He would +have played 'Richard' in a much higher vein, I doubt not." + +"Well," said I, "the stage is your affair at present, and doubtless you do +right to reject any innovation." + +"Why, yes," quoth the Devil, looking round; "we have a very good female +supply in this quarter. But pray how comes it that the English are so +candid in sin? Among all nations there is immorality enough, Heaven knows; +but you are so delightfully shameless: if a crime is committed here, you +can't let it 'waste its sweetness;' you thrust it into your papers +forthwith; you stick it up on your walls; you produce it at your theatres; +you chat about it as an agreeable subject of conversation; and then you +cry out with a blush against the open profligacy abroad! This is one of +those amiable contradictions in human nature that charms me excessively. +You fill your theatres with ladies of pleasure--you fill your newspapers +with naughty accounts--a robbery is better to you than a feast--and a good +fraud in the city will make you happy for a week; and all this while you +say: '_We_ are the people who send vice to Coventry, and teach the world +how to despise immorality.' Nay, if one man commits a murder, your +newspapers kindly instruct his associates how to murder in future, by a +far safer method. A wretch kills a boy for the surgeons, by holding his +head under water; 'Silly dog!' cries the Morning Herald, 'why did not he +clap a sponge dipped in prussic acid to the boy's mouth?'" + +Here we were interrupted by a slight noise in the next box, which a +gentleman had just entered. He was a tall man, with a handsome face and +very prepossessing manner. + +"That is an Author of considerable reputation," said my Devil, "quiet, +though a man of wit, and with a heart, though a man of the world. Talking +of the drama, he once brought out a farce, which had the good fortune to +be damned. As great expectations had been formed of it, and the author's +name had transpired; the unsuccessful writer rose the next morning with a +hissing sound in his ears, and that leaning towards misanthropy, which you +men always experience when the world has the bad taste to mistake your +merits. 'Thank Fate, however,' said the Author, 'it is damned +thoroughly--it is off the stage--I cannot be hissed again--in a few days +it will be forgotten--meanwhile I will take a walk in the Park.' Scarce +had the gentleman got into the street, before, lo! at a butcher's shop +blazed the 'very head and front of his offending.' 'Second night of its +appearance, the admired Farce of ----, by ----, Esq.' Away posts the +Author to the Manager.--'Good Heavens! Sir, my farce again! was it not +thoroughly damned last night?'--'Thoroughly damned!' quoth the Manager, +drily; 'we reproduce it, Sir--we reproduce it (with a knowing wink,) that +the world, enraged at our audacity, may come here to damn it again.' So it +is, you see! the love of money is the contempt of man: there's an aphorism +for you! Let us turn to the stage. What actresses you have!--certainly you +English are a gallant nation; you are wonderfully polite to come and see +such horrible female performers! By the by, you observed when that young +lady came on the stage, how timidly she advanced, how frightened she +seemed. 'What modesty!' cry the audience; 'we must encourage her!' they +clap, they shout, they pity the poor thing, they cheer her into spirits. +Would you believe that the hardest thing the Manager had to do with her +was to teach her that modesty. She wanted to walk on the stage like a +grenadier, and it required fifteen lessons to make her be ashamed of +herself. It is in these things that the stage mimics the world, rather +behind the scenes than before!" + +"Bless me, how Braham is improved!" cried a man with spectacles, behind me; +"he acts now better than he sings!" + +"Is it not strange," said Asmodeus, "how long the germ of a quality may +remain latent in the human mind, and how completely you mortals are the +creatures of culture? It was not till his old age that Braham took lessons +in acting; some three times a week has he of late wended his way down, to +the comedian of Chapel-street, to learn energy and counterfeit warmth; and +the best of it is, that the spectators will have it that an actor feels +all he acts; as if human nature, wicked as it is, could feel Richard the +Third every other night. I remember, Mrs. Siddons had a majestic manner of +extending her arm as she left the stage. 'What grace!' said the world, +with tears in its eyes, 'what dignity! what a wonderful way of extending +an arm! you see her whole soul is in the part!' The arm was in reality +stretched impatiently out for a pinch from the snuff-box that was always +in readiness behind the scenes." + +It is my misfortune, Reader, to be rapidly bored. I cannot sit out a +sermon, much less a play; amusement is the most tedious of human pursuits. + +"You are tired of this, surely," said I to the Devil; "let us go!" + +"Whither?" said Asmodeus. + +"Why, 'tis a starlit night, let us ride over to Paris, and sup, as you +promised, at the Rocher de Cancale." + +"_Volontiers_." + +Away--away--away--into the broad still Heavens, the stars dancing merrily +above us, and the mighty heart of the City beating beneath the dusky +garment of Night below. + +"Let us look down," said Asmodeus; "what a wilderness of houses! shall I +uncover the roofs for you, as I did for Don Cleofas; or rather, for it is +an easier method, shall I touch your eyes with my salve of penetration, +and enable you to see at once through the wall?" + +"You might as well do so; it is pleasant to feel the power, though at +present I think it superfluous; wherever I look, I can only see rogues and +fools, with a stray honest man now and then, who is probably in prison." + +Asmodeus touched my eyes with a green salve, which he took out of an +ivory box, and all at once, my sight being directed towards a certain +palace I beheld * * * * + + * * * * * + + + +THE GATHERER. + + +A clergyman preaching in the neighbourhood of Wapping, observing that most +part of his audience were in the seafaring way, very naturally embellished +his discourse with several nautical tropes and figures. Amongst other +things, he advised them "to be ever on the watch, so that on whatsoever +tack the evil one should bear down on them, he might be crippled in +action." "Ay, master," said a son of Neptune, "but let me tell you, that +will depend upon your having the weather gage of him." + + * * * * * + + A poacher escaping one morn with his pillage, + Unexpectedly met with the lord of the village; + Who seeing a hare o'er his shoulder was thrown, + Hail'd him quickly, "You fellow is that hare your own." + "My own!" he replied, "you inquisitive prig, + Gad's curse, pompous sir, do you think I've a wig?" + + * * * * * + + +ORIGIN OF THE PHRASE "TO BOOT." + + +_Bote_ or _Bota_, in our old law books, signifies recompense, repentance, +or fine paid by way of expiation, and is derived from the Saxon. Hence our +common phrase "to boot," speaking of something given by way of +compensation. P.T.W. + + * * * * * + + +OLD SONG. + + + "Syr Tankarde he is as bold a wight + As ever Old England bred; + His armoure it is of the silver bright, + And his coloure is ruby red; + And whene'er on the bully ye calle, + He is readye to give ye a falle; + But if long in the battle with him ye be, + Ye weaker are ye, and the stronger is he, + For Syr Tankarde is victor of alle." + + "A barley-corn he mounts for a speare, + His helmet with hops is hung, + He lightes the eye with a laughing leere, + With a carolle he tipps the tongue-- + And he marshals a valyant hoste + Of spices and crabbes and toaste; + And the stoutest of yeomen they well can o'erthrow, + When he leads them in beakers and jugs to the foe,-- + And Syr Tankarde his prowess may boaste." + + * * * * * + + +FRENCH--ENGLISH LOVE. + + +The following is a copy of a letter addressed some years ago to a lady of +fortune at Portsmouth, upwards of four score years of age, by a French +prisoner of war at Porchester Castle:-- + +"_Porchester_.--_Madam_--Me rite de English very leet, and me very fears +you no saave vat me speak; but me be told dat you vant one very fine man +for your hosband; upon my soul me love you very well; and thou you be very +old woman, and very cross, and ugly, and all de devil, and the English no +like you, upon my soul we have one great passion for you, and me like you +very well for all dat; and me told dat de man for you must be one very +clen man, and no love de drink. Me be all dat: indeed me be one very grand +man in France--upon my soul me be one count, me have one grand equipage in +France, and me be very good for de esprit: indeed me be one grand +beau-a-la-mode--one officier in de regiment: me be very good for de +Engleterres. Indeed you be one very good old woman upon my soul; and if +you have one inclination for one man, me be dat gentleman for you--one +grand man for you. Me will be your hosband, and take de care for yourself, +for de house, for de gardin, for de Schoff, for de drink, and for de +little childs dat shall come. Upon my soul me kill myself very soon, if +you no love me for this grand amour. Me be, madam, your great slave, votre +tres humble serviteur, PRES A. BOIRE." + +W.G.C. + + * * * * * + + +OLD LONDON BRIDGE. + + +It is well known that Peter of Colechurch, the founder of _Old_ London +Bridge, did not live to witness the completion of the structure, but died +in 1205, and was buried in a crypt within the centre pier of the bridge, +over which a chapel was erected, dedicated to St. Thomas-a-Becket. Mr. +Brayley, in his _Londiniana_, wrote about five years since that "if due +care be taken when the old bridge is pulled down, the bones and ashes of +its venerable architect may still be found;"--and, true enough, _the bones +of old Peter were found on removing the pier about a fortnight since_. + + * * * * * + + +TAME LIONS. + + +Hanno, a Carthaginian, was the first who tamed a lion. He was condemned to +death, for what his fellow-citizens considered so great a crime. They +asserted that the republic had to fear the worst consequences from a man +who had been able to subdue so much ferocity. A little more experience, +however, convinced them of the fallacy of that ridiculous judgment. The +triumvir Antony, accompanied by an actress, was publicly drawn by lions in +a chariot. + +SAD-USING. + + * * * * * + + +CITY OF LYONS. + + +Lyons is situated on a sort of peninsula, formed by the confluence of two +great rivers--the Rhone and the Laone. All the bridges, with the exception +of one of stone, are of wood; and although in general more useful than +ornamental, they are justly admired for the boldness of their construction. +They form numerous and convenient communications between the city and the +faubourgs. + +Lyons is walled round, and strongly fortified. In 1791 it contained +121,000 inhabitants; but, in consequence of the siege of 1793, and the +cruelties practised at that memorable period of French history, the +numbers were reduced to less than 80,000. In 1802, the numbers were 88,662; +and in 1827, the fixed population had increased to 97,439;--but there was +a floating population, estimated at 43,684, which, with the inmates of the +barracks and hospitals, stated at 8,600, made the total population at that +period 149,723; and by adding the population of the suburbs, reckoned at +36,000, the whole amount of the inhabitants at the period of the census, +in 1827, was 185,723; at the present time it is said to be, in round +numbers, 200,000. + +In 1828, the number of workshops in all branches of the silk trade within +the walls, amounted to 7,140; that of the silk frames or looms to 18,829; +and from 10,000 to 12,000 in the communes. + +W.G.C. + + * * * * * + +The ditty sung by the first grave-digger in _Hamlet_, beginning-- + + "In youth, when I did love, did love"-- + +was written by Lord Vaux, an ancestor of Lord Brougham. It will be found +entire in _Percy's Reliques_. + + * * * * * + +Number 527, price Twopence, +A SUPPLEMENT, +With a STEEL-PLATE PORTRAIT of His Present +Majesty, WILLIAM IV. +AT FOURTEEN YEARS OF AGE. +From a Picture by B. West, P.R.A. +Anecdotic Memoir; and Title-Page, Preface, +and Index; completing VOL. 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