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diff --git a/11483-h/11483-h.htm b/11483-h/11483-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ce7037d --- /dev/null +++ b/11483-h/11483-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,16461 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> +<html> +<head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF LEWIS +CARROLL (REV. C. L. DODGSON) by S. DODGSON COLLINGWOOD.</title> + <style type="text/css"> + <!-- + * { font-family: Times;} + P { text-indent: 1em; + margin-top: .75em; + font-size: 14pt; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; } + H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { text-align: center; } + blockquote { font-size: 13pt; text-align: justify; + margin-left: 2%; margin-right: 2%;} + span,div {font-size: 13pt;} + pre,TT { font-family: Courier;} + HR { width: 65%; } + BODY{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%;} + // --> + </style> + <style type="text/css"> + span.c14 {"margin-left:} + p.c13 {font-style: italic} + span.c12 {margin-left: 6em;} + span.c11 {margin-left: 3em;} + div.c10 {font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-align: center} + span.c9 {margin-left: 2.25em;} + span.c8 {margin-left: 2.5em;} + span.c7 {margin-left: 3.5em;} + span.c6 {margin-left: 2em;} + span.c5 {margin-left: 5em;} + span.c4 {margin-left: 4em;} + div.c3 {text-align: left} + div.c2 {font-weight: bold; text-align: center} + div.c1 {font-weight: bold; text-align: center} + </style> + + </head> + + <body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life and Letters of Lewis Carroll +by Stuart Dodgson Collingwood + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Life and Letters of Lewis Carroll + +Author: Stuart Dodgson Collingwood + +Release Date: March 6, 2004 [EBook #11483] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE OF LEWIS CARROLL *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, David Gundry and PG Distributed +Proofreaders + + + + + + +</pre> + + + <h2> + THE<br> + <br> + LIFE AND LETTERS<br> + <br> + OF<br> + <br> + LEWIS CARROLL<br> + <br> + (REV. C. L. DODGSON) + </h2><br> + <br> + <hr> + <br> + <br> + <h2> + BY<br> + <br> + STUART DODGSON COLLINGWOOD<br> + <br> + B.A. CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD + </h2><br> + <br> + <hr> + <br> + <br> + <h4> + Illustrated + </h4> + <h4> + PUBLISHED BY THE CENTURY CO.<br> + <br> + NEW YORK, MDCCCXCIX + </h4><br> + <br> + <hr> + <br> + <br> + <div class="c1" align="Center"> + <b>TO THE<br> + <br> + CHILD FRIENDS<br> + <br> + OF<br> + <br> + LEWIS CARROLL<br> + <br> + AND TO ALL WHO LOVE HIS WRITINGS<br> + <br> + THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED</b> + </div><br> + <br> + <hr> + <br> + <br> + <table cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" align="Center" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td valign="Top" align="Center"><a name="466"></a> + <img src="Images/466.png" alt="Frontispiece"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="Top" align="Center"> + <div class="c2"> + <b>Lewis Carroll.</b><br> + <i>Frontispiece</i>. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table><br> + <br> + <hr> + <br> + <br> + <h2> + CONTENTS + </h2><br> + <br> + <h4> + <a name="PREFACE"></a> <a href="#PREFACE_T">PREFACE</a> + </h4><br> + <br> + <h4> + <a name="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS"></a> <a href="#LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS_T">LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</a> + </h4><br> + <br> + <h4> + <a name="CHAPTER_I"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_I_T">CHAPTER + I</a><br> + (1832—1850) + </h4> + <blockquote> + Lewis Carroll's forebears—The Bishop of Elphin—Murder of + Captain Dodgson—Daresbury—Living in + "Wonderland"—Croft—Boyish amusements—His first school-Latin + verses—A good report—He goes to Rugby—<i>The Rectory + Umbrella</i>—"A Lay of Sorrow " + </blockquote> + <h4> + <a name="CHAPTER_II"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_II_T">CHAPTER + II</a><br> + (1850—1860) + </h4> + <blockquote> + Matriculation at Christ Church—Death of Mrs. Dodgson—The + Great Exhibition—University and College Honours—A wonderful + year—A theatrical treat—<i>Misch-Masch</i>—<i>The + Train</i>—<i>College Rhymes</i>—His <i>nom de + plume</i>—"Dotheboys Hall"—Alfred + Tennyson—Ordination—Sermons—A visit to Farringford—"Where + does the day begin?"—The Queen visits Oxford + </blockquote> + <h4> + <a name="CHAPTER_III"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_III_T">CHAPTER + III</a><br> + (1861—1867) + </h4> + <blockquote> + Jowett—Index to "In Memoriam"—The Tennysons—The beginning + of "Alice"—Tenniel—Artistic friends—"Alice's Adventures in + Wonderland"—"Bruno's Revenge"—Tour with Dr. + Liddon—Cologne—Berlin architecture—The "Majesty of + Justice"—Peterhof—Moscow—A Russian wedding—Nijni—The + Troitska Monastery—"Hieroglyphic" writing—Giessen + </blockquote> + <h4> + <a name="CHAPTER_IV_"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_IV_T">CHAPTER + IV</a><br> + (1868—1876) + </h4> + <blockquote> + Death of Archdeacon Dodgson—Lewis Carroll's rooms at Christ + Church—"Phantasmagoria"—Translations of "Alice"—"Through + the Looking-Glass"—"Jabberwocky" in Latin—C.S. + Calverley—"Notes by an Oxford + Chiel"—Hatfield—Vivisection—"The Hunting of the Snark" + </blockquote> + <h4> + <a name="CHAPTER_V"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_V_T">CHAPTER + V</a><br> + (1877—1883) + </h4> + <blockquote> + Dramatic tastes—Miss Ellen Terry—"Natural Science at + Oxford"—Mr. Dodgson as an artist—Miss E.G. Thomson—The + drawing of children—A curious dream—"The Deserted + Parks"—"Syzygies"—Circus children—Row-loving + undergraduates—A letter to <i>The Observer</i>—Resignation + of the Lectureship—He is elected Curator of the Common + Room—Dream-music. + </blockquote> + <h4> + <a name="CHAPTER_VI"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_VI_T">CHAPTER + VI</a><br> + (1883—1887) + </h4> + <blockquote> + "The Profits of Authorship"—"Rhyme? and Reason?"—The Common + Room Cat—Visit to Jersey—Purity of elections—Parliamentary + Representation—Various literary projects—Letters to Miss E. + Rix—Being happy—"A Tangled Tale"—Religious arguments—The + "Alice" Operetta—"Alice's Adventures Underground"—"The Game + of Logic"—Mr. Harry Furniss. + </blockquote> + <h4> + <a name="CHAPTER_VII"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_VII_T">CHAPTER + VII</a><br> + (1888—1891) + </h4> + <blockquote> + A systematic life—"Memoria Technica"—Mr. Dodgson's + shyness—"A Lesson in Latin"—The "Wonderland" + Stamp-Case—"Wise Words about Letter-Writing"—Princess + Alice—"Sylvie and Bruno"—"The night cometh"—"The Nursery + 'Alice'"—Coventry Patmore—Telepathy—Resignation of Dr. + Liddell—A letter about Logic. + </blockquote> + <h4> + <a name="CHAPTER_VIII"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_VIII_T">CHAPTER VIII</a><br> + (1892—1896) + </h4> + <blockquote> + Mr. Dodgson resigns the Curatorship—Bazaars—He lectures to + children—A mechanical "Humpty Dumpty"—A logical + controversy—Albert Chevalier—"Sylvie and Bruno + Concluded"—"Pillow Problems"—Mr. Dodgson's + generosity—College services—Religious difficulties—A + village sermon—Plans for the future—Reverence—"Symbolic + Logic" + </blockquote> + <h4> + <a name="CHAPTER_IX"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_IX_T">CHAPTER + IX</a><br> + (1897—1898) + </h4> + <blockquote> + Logic-lectures—Irreverent anecdotes—Tolerance of his + religious views—A mathematical discovery—"The Little + Minister"—Sir George Baden-Powell—Last illness—"Thy will be + done"—"Wonderland" at last!—Letters from friends—"Three + Sunsets"—"Of such is the kingdom of Heaven" + </blockquote> + <h4> + <a name="CHAPTER_X"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_X_T">CHAPTER + X</a><br> + CHILD FRIENDS + </h4> + <blockquote> + Mr. Dodgson's fondness for children—Miss Isabel + Standen—Puzzles—"Me and Myself"—A double acrostic—"Father + William"—Of drinking healths—Kisses by post—Tired in the + face—The unripe plum—Eccentricities—"Sylvie and Bruno"— Mr. + Dodgson is going on <i>well</i>" + </blockquote> + <h4> + <a name="CHAPTER_XI"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_XI_T">CHAPTER + XI</a><br> + THE SAME—<i>continued</i>. + </h4> + <blockquote> + Books for children—"The Lost Plum-Cake"—"An Unexpected + Guest"—Miss Isa Bowman—Interviews—"Matilda Jane"—Miss Edith + Rix—Miss Kathleen Eschwege + </blockquote><br> + <br> + <h4> + <a name="BIBLIOGRAPHY"></a> <a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY_T">BIBLIOGRAPHY</a> + </h4><br> + <br> + <h4> + <a name="INDEX"></a> <a href="#INDEX_T">INDEX</a> + </h4> + <br><br> + <h4> + <a name="FOOTNOTES"></a> <a href="#FOOTNOTES._T">FOOTNOTES</a> + </h4> + <br> + <br> + <hr> + <br> + <br> + <h2> + <a name="PREFACE_T"></a> <a href="#PREFACE">PREFACE</a> + </h2> + <p> + It is with no undue confidence that I have accepted the + invitation of the brothers and sisters of Lewis Carroll to + write this Memoir. I am well aware that the path of the + biographer is beset with pitfalls, and that, for him, + <i>suppressio veri</i> is almost necessarily <i>suggestio + falsi</i>—the least omission may distort the whole picture. + </p> + <p> + To write the life of Lewis Carroll as it should be written + would tax the powers of a man of far greater experience and + insight than I have any pretension to possess, and even he + would probably fail to represent adequately such a complex + personality. At least I have done my best to justify their + choice, and if in any way I have wronged my uncle's memory, + unintentionally, I trust that my readers will pardon me. + </p> + <p> + My task has been a delightful one. Intimately as I thought + I knew Mr. Dodgson during his life, I seem since his death + to have become still better acquainted with him. If this + Memoir helps others of his admirers to a fuller knowledge + of a man whom to know was to love, I shall not have written + in vain. + </p> + <p> + I take this opportunity of thanking those who have so + kindly assisted me in my work, and first I must mention my + old schoolmaster, the Rev. Watson Hagger, M.A., to whom my + readers are indebted for the portions of this book dealing + with Mr. Dodgson's mathematical works. I am greatly + indebted to Mr. Dodgson's relatives, and to all those kind + friends of his and others who have aided me, in so many + ways, in my difficult task. In particular, I may mention + the names of H.R.H. the Duchess of Albany; Miss Dora Abdy; + Mrs. Egerton Allen; Rev. F. H. Atkinson; Sir G. + Baden-Powell, M.P.; Mr. A. Ball; Rev. T. Vere Bayne; Mrs. + Bennie; Miss Blakemore; the Misses Bowman; Mrs. Boyes; Mrs. + Bremer; Mrs. Brine; Miss Mary Brown; Mrs. Calverley; Miss + Gertrude Chataway; Mrs. Chester; Mr. J. C. Cropper; Mr. + Robert Davies; Miss Decima Dodgson; the Misses Dymes; Mrs. + Eschwege; Mrs. Fuller; Mr. Harry Furniss; Rev. C. A. + Goodhart; Mrs. Hargreaves; Miss Rose Harrison; Mr. Henry + Holiday; Rev. H. Hopley; Miss Florence Jackson; Rev. A. + Kingston; Mrs. Kitchin; Mrs. Freiligrath Kroeker; Mr. F. + Madan; Mrs. Maitland; Miss M. E. Manners; Miss Adelaide + Paine; Mrs. Porter; Miss Edith Rix; Rev. C. J. Robinson, + D.D.; Mr. S. Rogers; Mrs. Round; Miss Isabel Standen; Mr. + L. Sergeant; Miss Gaynor Simpson; Mrs. Southwall; Sir John + Tenniel; Miss E. Gertrude Thomson; Mrs. Woodhouse; and Mrs. + Wyper. + </p> + <p> + For their help in the work of compiling the Bibliographical + chapter and some other parts of the book, my thanks are due + to Mr. E. Baxter, Oxford; the Controller of the University + Press, Oxford; Mr. A. J. Lawrence, Rugby; Messrs. Macmillan + and Co., London; Mr. James Parker, Oxford; and Messrs. + Ward, Lock and Co., London. + </p> + <p> + In the extracts which I have given from Mr. Dodgson's + Journal and Correspondence it will be noticed that Italics + have been somewhat freely employed to represent the words + which he underlined. The use of Italics was so marked a + feature of his literary style, as any one who has read his + books must have observed, that without their aid the + rhetorical effect, which he always strove to produce, would + have been seriously marred. + </p> + <p> + S. DODGSON COLLINGWOOD<br> + <br> + GUILDFORD, <i>September</i>, 1898. + </p><br> + <br> + <hr> + <br> + <br> + <h2> + <a name="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS_T"></a> <a href="#LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS">LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</a> + </h2><br> + <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="15" summary="Illustrations"> + <tbody><tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"><a href="#466"> + <img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + LEWIS CARROLL — Frontispiece<br> + <i>From a photograph</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"><a name="T465"></a><a href="#465"> + <img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + ARCHDEACON DODGSON AS A YOUNG MAN<br> + <i>From a miniature, painted about</i> 1826. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"><a name="T467"></a><a href="#467"> + <img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" valign="Top" align="left"> + DARESBURY PARSONAGE, LEWIS CARROLL'S BIRTHPLACE<br> + <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T027"></a><a href="#027"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"> + </a> + + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + LEWIS CARROLL, AGED 8<br> + <i>From a silhouette</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T468"></a><a href="#468"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"> + </a> + + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + MRS. DODGSON, LEWIS CARROLL'S MOTHER<br> + <i>From a silhouette</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T469"></a><a href="#469"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"> + </a> + + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + CROFT RECTORY; ARCHDEACON DODGSON AND FAMILY IN + FOREGROUND<br> + <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1856. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T470"></a><a href="#470"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"> + </a> + + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + TOY STATION IN GARDEN AT CROFT<br> + <i>From a photograph</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T471"></a><a href="#471"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"> + </a> + + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + ARCHBISHOP TAIT<br> + <i>From a photograph by Elliott and Fry</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T048"></a><a href="#048"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"> + </a> + + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + "THE ONLY SISTER WHO <i>WOULD</i> WRITE TO HER + BROTHER"<br> + <i>From a drawing by Lewis Carroll</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T049"></a><a href="#049"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"> + </a> + + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + "THE AGE OF INNOCENCE".<br> + <i>From a drawing by Lewis Carroll</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T050"></a><a href="#050"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"> + </a> + + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + "THE SCANTY MEAL"<br> + <i>From a drawing by Lewis Carroll</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T052"></a><a href="#052"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + "THE FIRST EARRING"<br> + <i>From a drawing by Lewis Carroll</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T053"></a><a href="#053"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + ILLUSTRATIONS TO "LAYS OF SORROW," NO. 2<br> + <i>From drawings by Lewis Carroll</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T472"></a><a href="#472"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + EXTERIOR OF CHRIST CHURCH<br> + <i>From a photograph</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T473"></a><a href="#473"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + GRAVE OF ARCHDEACON AND MRS. DODGSON IN CROFT + CHURCHYARD<br> + <i>From a photograph</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T474"></a><a href="#474"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + LEWIS CARROLL, AGED 23<br> + <i>From a photograph</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T475"></a><a href="#475"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + ARCHDEACON DODGSON<br> + <i>From a photograph</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T476"></a><a href="#476"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + ARCHBISHOP LONGLEY<br> + <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T079"></a><a href="#079"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + "ALAS! WHAT BOOTS—"<br> + <i>From a drawing by Lewis Carroll</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T477"></a><a href="#477"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + ALFRED TENNYSON<br> + <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1857. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T478"></a><a href="#478"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + THE BISHOP OF LINCOLN<br> + <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1875. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T479"></a><a href="#479"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + BISHOP WILBERFORCE<br> + <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1860. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T480"></a><a href="#480"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + ALICE LIDDELL AS "THE BEGGAR-CHILD"<br> + <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1858. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T098"></a><a href="#098"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + SKETCH FROM ST. LEONARD'S CONCERT-ROOM<br> + <i>From a drawing by Lewis Carroll</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T481"></a><a href="#481"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + GEORGE MACDONALD AND HIS DAUGHTER LILY<br> + <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1863. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T482"></a><a href="#482"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + MRS. ROSSETTI AND HER CHILDREN, DANTE GABRIEL, + CHRISTINA, AND WILLIAM<br> + <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1863. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T483"></a><a href="#483"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + LORINA, ALICE, AND EDITH LIDDELL<br> + <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T484"></a><a href="#484"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + GEORGE MACDONALD<br> + <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1870. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T485"></a><a href="#485"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + J. SANT, R.A.<br> + <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1866. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T486"></a><a href="#486"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + HOLMAN HUNT<br> + <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1860. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T487"></a><a href="#487"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + SIR JOHN MILLAIS<br> + <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1865. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T488"></a><a href="#488"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + CHARLOTTE M. YONGE<br> + <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1866. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T489"></a><a href="#489"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + CANON LIDDON<br> + <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1867. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T140"></a><a href="#140"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + "INSTANCE OF HIEROGLYPHIC WRITING OF THE DATE 1867"<br> + <i>From a sketch by Lewis Carroll</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T490"></a><a href="#490"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + SIR JOHN TENNIEL<br> + <i>From a photograph by Bassano</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T491"></a><a href="#491"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + LEWIS CARROLL'S STUDY AT CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD<br> + <i>From a photograph</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T492"></a><a href="#492"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + PROFESSOR FARADAY<br> + <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1860. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T493"></a><a href="#493"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + JUSTICE DENMAN<br> + <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1873. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T494"></a><a href="#494"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + LORD SALISBURY AND HIS TWO SONS<br> + <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1870. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T163"></a><a href="#163"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + FACSIMILE OF A LETTER FROM SIR JOHN TENNIEL TO + LEWIS<br> + CARROLL, DATED JUNE 1, 1870 + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T495"></a><a href="#495"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + JOHN RUSKIN<br> + <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1875. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T496"></a><a href="#496"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + HENRY HOLIDAY IN HIS STUDIO<br> + <i>From a photograph</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T497"></a><a href="#497"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + LEWIS CARROLL<br> + <i>From a photograph</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T498"></a><a href="#498"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + ELLEN TERRY<br> + <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T500"></a><a href="#500"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + TOM TAYLOR<br> + <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1863. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T523"></a><a href="#523"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + KATE TERRY<br> + <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1865. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T501"></a><a href="#501"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + MISS E. GERTRUDE THOMSON<br> + <i>From a photograph</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T502"></a><a href="#502"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + DR. LIDDELL<br> + <i>From a photograph by Hill & Saunders</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T503"></a><a href="#503"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + "RESPONSIONS"<br> + <i>From a photograph by A.T. Shrimpton</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T238"></a><a href="#238"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + DREAMLAND.<br> + <i>Song.<br> + Words by LEWIS CARROLL.<br> + Music by C.E. HUTCHINSON</i>.<br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T504"></a><a href="#504"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + H. FURNISS<br> + <i>From a photograph</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T505"></a><a href="#505"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + "BALBUS AND THE DRAGON"<br> + <i>From a crayon drawing by the Rev. H.C. Gaye</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T506"></a><a href="#506"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + MEDLEY OF TENNIEL'S ILLUSTRATIONS IN "ALICE"<br> + <i>From an etching by Miss Whitehead</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T278"></a><a href="#278"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + FACSIMILE OF A LETTER FROM H. FURNISS TO LEWIS + CARROLL,<br> + DATED AUGUST 23, 1886. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T508"></a><a href="#508"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + SYLVIE AND BRUNO<br> + <i>From a drawing by Henry Holiday</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T295"></a><a href="#295"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + FACSIMILE OF PROGRAMME OF "ALICE IN WONDERLAND" + PRODUCED<br> + AT THE ROYAL GLOBE THEATRE, DECEMBER 26, 1888. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T509"></a><a href="#509"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + "THE MAD TEA PARTY"<br> + <i>From a photograph by Elliott and Fry</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T510"></a><a href="#510"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + THE LATE DUKE OF ALBANY<br> + <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1875. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T511"></a><a href="#511"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + THE DEAN OF CHRIST CHURCH<br> + <i>From a photograph by Hill & Saunders</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T512"></a><a href="#512"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + THE MECHANICAL "HUMPTY DUMPTY"<br> + <i>From a photograph</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T513"></a><a href="#513"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + LEWIS CARROLL<br> + <i>From a photograph</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T514"></a><a href="#514"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + THE CHESTNUTS, GUILDFORD<br> + <i>From a photograph</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T515"></a><a href="#515"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + LEWIS CARROLL'S GRAVE<br> + <i>From a photograph</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T516"></a><a href="#516"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + LORINA AND ALICE LIDDELL<br> + <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T517"></a><a href="#517"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + ALICE LIDDELL<br> + <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T518"></a><a href="#518"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + XIE KITCHIN<br> + <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T519"></a><a href="#519"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + XIE KITCHIN AS A CHINAMAN<br> + <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T520"></a><a href="#520"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + ALICE AND THE DORMOUSE<br> + <i>From a photograph by Elliott and Fry</i>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T430"></a><a href="#430"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + FACSIMILE OF A "LOOKING-GLASS" LETTER FROM LEWIS + CARROLL TO MISS EDITH BALL + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T521"></a><a href="#521"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + ARTHUR HUGHES AND HIS DAUGHTER AGNES<br> + <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1863. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"> + <a name="T441"></a><a href="#441"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + </td> + <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top"> + "WHAT I LOOK LIKE WHEN I'M LECTURING"<br> + <i>From a drawing by Lewis Carroll</i>. + </td> + </tr> + </tbody></table><br> + <br> + <hr> + <br> + <br> + <h2> + <a name="CHAPTER_I_T"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER + I</a> + </h2> + <h4> + (1832—1850.) + </h4> + <blockquote> + Lewis Carroll's forebears—The Bishop of Elphin—Murder of + Captain Dodgson—Daresbury—Living in + "Wonderland"—Croft—Boyish amusements—His first school-Latin + verses—A good report—He goes to Rugby—<i>The Rectory + Umbrella</i>—"A Lay of Sorrow." + </blockquote> + <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" border="0" align="Center" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td valign="Top"><a name="465"></a> + <img src="Images/465.png" alt="465.png" width="241" height="330"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="Center" valign="Top"><a href="#T465"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a> + <div class="c2"> + ARCHDEACON DODGSON<br> + AS A YOUNG MAN + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + The Dodgsons appear to have been for a long time connected + with the north of England, and until quite recently a + branch of the family resided at Stubb Hall, near Barnard + Castle. + </p> + <p> + In the early part of the last century a certain Rev. + Christopher Dodgson held a living in Yorkshire. His son, + Charles, also took Holy Orders, and was for some time tutor + to a son of the then Duke of Northumberland. In 1762 his + patron presented him to the living of Elsdon, in + Northumberland, by no means a desirable cure, as Mr. + Dodgson discovered. The following extracts from his letters + to various members of the Percy family are interesting as + giving some idea of the life of a rural clergyman a hundred + years ago: + </p> + <blockquote> + I am obliged to you for promising to write to me, but don't + give yourself the trouble of writing to this place, for + 'tis almost impossible to receive 'em, without sending a + messenger 16 miles to fetch 'em.<br> + <br> + 'Tis impossible to describe the oddity of my situation at + present, which, however, is not void of some pleasant + circumstances.<br> + <br> + A clogmaker combs out my wig upon my curate's head, by way + of a block, and his wife powders it with a + dredging-box.<br> + <br> + The vestibule of the castle (used as a temporary parsonage) + is a low stable; above it the kitchen, in which are two + little beds joining to each other. The curate and his wife + lay in one, and Margery the maid in the other. I lay in the + parlour between two beds to keep me from being frozen to + death, for as we keep open house the winds enter from every + quarter, and are apt to sweep into bed to me.<br> + <br> + Elsdon was once a market town as some say, and a city + according to others; but as the annals of the parish were + lost several centuries ago, it is impossible to determine + what age it was either the one or the other.<br> + <br> + There are not the least traces of the former grandeur to be + found, whence some antiquaries are apt to believe that it + lost both its trade and charter at the Deluge.<br> + <br> + ... There is a very good understanding between the parties + [he is speaking of the Churchmen and Presbyterians who + lived in the parish], for they not only intermarry with one + another, but frequently do penance together in a white + sheet, with a white wand, barefoot, and in the coldest + season of the year. I have not finished the description for + fear of bringing on a fit of the ague. Indeed, the ideas of + sensation are sufficient to starve a man to death, without + having recourse to those of reflection.<br> + <br> + If I was not assured by the best authority on earth that + the world is to be destroyed by fire, I should conclude + that the day of destruction is at hand, but brought on by + means of an agent very opposite to that of heat.<br> + <br> + I have lost the use of everything but my reason, though my + head is entrenched in three night-caps, and my throat, + which is very bad, is fortified by a pair of stockings + twisted in the form of a cravat.<br> + <br> + As washing is very cheap, I wear <i>two</i> shirts at a + time, and, for want of a wardrobe, I hang my great coat + upon my own back, and generally keep on my boots in + imitation of my namesake of Sweden. Indeed, since the snow + became two feet deep (as I wanted a 'chaappin of Yale' from + the public-house), I made an offer of them to Margery the + maid, but her legs are too thick to make use of them, and I + am told that the greater part of my parishioners are not + less substantial, and notwithstanding this they are + remarkable for agility. + </blockquote> + <p> + In course of time this Mr. Dodgson became Bishop of Ossory + and Ferns, and he was subsequently translated to the see of + Elphin. He was warmly congratulated on this change in his + fortunes by George III., who said that he ought indeed to + be thankful to have got away from a palace where the + stabling was so bad. + </p> + <p> + The Bishop had four children, the eldest of whom, Elizabeth + Anne, married Charles Lutwidge, of Holmrook, in Cumberland. + Two of the others died almost before they had attained + manhood. Charles, the eldest son, entered the army, and + rose to the rank of captain in the 4th Dragoon Guards. He + met with a sad fate while serving his king and country in + Ireland. One of the Irish rebels who were supposed to have + been concerned in the murder of Lord Kilwarden offered to + give himself up to justice if Captain Dodgson would come + alone and at night to take him. Though he fully realised + the risk, the brave captain decided to trust himself to the + honour of this outlaw, as he felt that no chance should be + missed of effecting so important a capture. Having first + written a letter of farewell to his wife, he set out on the + night of December 16, 1803, accompanied by a few troopers, + for the meeting-place—an old hut that stood a mile or so + from Phillipstown, in King's County. In accordance with the + terms of the agreement, he left his men a few hundred yards + from the hut to await his return, and advanced alone + through the night. A cowardly shot from one of the windows + of the cottage ended his noble life, and alarmed the + troopers, who, coming up in haste, were confronted with the + dead body of their leader. The story is told that on the + same night his wife heard two shots fired, and made inquiry + about it, but could find out nothing. Shortly afterwards + the news came that her husband had been killed just at that + time. + </p> + <p> + Captain Dodgson left two sons behind him—Hassard, who, + after a brilliant career as a special pleader, became a + Master of the Court of Common Pleas, and Charles, the + father of the subject of this Memoir. + </p> + <p> + Charles, who was the elder of the two, was born in the year + 1800, at Hamilton, in Lanarkshire. He adopted the clerical + profession, in which he rose to high honours. He was a + distinguished scholar, and took a double first at Christ + Church, Oxford. Although in after life mathematics were his + favourite pursuit, yet the fact that he translated + Tertullian for the "Library of the Fathers" is sufficient + evidence that he made good use of his classical education. + In the controversy about Baptismal Regeneration he took a + prominent part, siding on the question with the + Tractarians, though his views on some other points of + Church doctrine were less advanced than those of the + leaders of the Oxford movement. He was a man of deep piety + and of a somewhat reserved and grave disposition, which, + however, was tempered by the most generous charity, so that + he was universally loved by the poor. In moments of + relaxation his wit and humour were the delight of his + clerical friends, for he had the rare power of telling + anecdotes effectively. His reverence for sacred things was + so great that he was never known to relate a story which + included a jest upon words from the Bible. + </p> + <p> + In 1830 he married his cousin, Frances Jane Lutwidge, by + whom he had eleven children, all of whom, except Lewis + Carroll, survive. His wife, in the words of one who had the + best possible opportunities for observing her character, + was "one of the sweetest and gentlest women that ever + lived, whom to know was to love. The earnestness of her + simple faith and love shone forth in all she did and said; + she seemed to live always in the conscious presence of God. + It has been said by her children that they never in all + their lives remember to have heard an impatient or harsh + word from her lips." It is easy to trace in Lewis Carroll's + character the influence of that most gentle of mothers; + though dead she still speaks to us in some of the most + beautiful and touching passages of his works. Not so long + ago I had a conversation with an old friend of his; one of + the first things she said to me was, "Tell me about his + mother." I complied with her request as well as I was able, + and, when I had finished my account of Mrs. Dodgson's + beautiful character, she said, "Ah, I knew it must have + been so; I felt sure he must have had a good mother." + </p> + <p> + On January 27, 1832, Charles Lutwidge Dodgson was born at + Daresbury, of which parish his father was then incumbent. + The village of Daresbury is about seven miles from + Warrington; its name is supposed to be derived from a word + meaning oak, and certainly oaks are very plentiful in the + neighbourhood. A canal passes through an outlying part of + the parish. The bargemen who frequented this canal were a + special object of Mr. Dodgson's pastoral care. Once, when + walking with Lord Francis Egerton, who was a large + landowner in the district, he spoke of his desire to + provide some sort of religious privileges for them. "If I + only had £100," he said, "I would turn one of those + barges into a chapel," and, at his companion's request, he + described exactly how he would have the chapel constructed + and furnished. A few weeks later he received a letter from + Lord Francis to tell him that his wish was fulfilled, and + that the chapel was ready. In this strange church, which is + believed to have been the first of its kind, Mr. Dodgson + conducted service and preached every Sunday evening! + </p> + <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" align="Center" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td valign="Top"><a name="467"></a> + <img src="Images/467.png" alt="467.png" width="516" height="332"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="Top"><div align="center"><a href="#T467"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c2" align="Center"> + DARESBURY PARSONAGE + </div> + <div align="Center"> + </div> +</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + The parsonage is situated a mile and a half from the + village, on the glebe-farm, having been erected by a former + incumbent, who, it was said, cared more for the glebe than + the parish. Here it was that Charles spent the first eleven + years of his life—years of complete seclusion from the + world, for even the passing of a cart was a matter of great + interest to the children. + </p> + <table cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" align="Right" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td valign="Top"> + <div class="c3"> + <a name="027"></a> +<img src="Images/027.png" alt="Lewis Carroll, aged 8" width="171" height="350"> + </div> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="Top"><div align="center"><a href="#T027"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c2" align="Center"> + Lewis Carroll, aged 8 + </div> + <div align="Center"> + </div> +</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + In this quiet home the boy invented the strangest + diversions for himself; he made pets of the most odd and + unlikely animals, and numbered certain snails and toads + among his intimate friends. He tried also to encourage + civilised warfare among earthworms, by supplying them with + small pieces of pipe, with which they might fight if so + disposed. His notions of charity at this early age were + somewhat rudimentary; he used to peel rushes with the idea + that the pith would afterwards "be given to the poor," + though what possible use they could put it to he never + attempted to explain. Indeed he seems at this time to have + actually lived in that charming "Wonderland" which he + afterwards described so vividly; but for all that he was a + thorough boy, and loved to climb the trees and to scramble + about in the old marl-pits. + </p> + <p> + One of the few breaks in this very uneventful life was a + holiday spent with the other members of his family in + Beaumaris. The journey took three days each way, for + railroads were then almost unknown; and whatever advantages + coaching may have had over travelling in trains, speed was + certainly not one of them. + </p> + <p> + Mr. Dodgson from the first used to take an active part in + his son's education, and the following anecdote will show + that he had at least a pupil who was anxious to learn. One + day, when Charles was a very small boy, he came up to his + father and showed him a book of logarithms, with the + request, "Please explain." Mr. Dodgson told him that he was + much too young to understand anything about such a + difficult subject. The child listened to what his father + said, and appeared to think it irrelevant, for he still + insisted, "<i>But</i>, please, explain!" + </p> + <table cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" align="Right" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td valign="Top"> + <a name="468"></a> +<img src="Images/468.png" alt="Mrs. Dodgson" width="150" height="336"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="Top"><div align="center"><a href="#T468"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c2" align="Center"> + Mrs Dodgson. + </div> + <div align="Center"> + </div> +</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + On one occasion Mr. and Mrs. Dodgson went to Hull, to pay a + visit to the latter's father, who had been seriously ill. + From Hull Mrs. Dodgson wrote to Charles, and he set much + store by this letter, which was probably one of the first + he had received. He was afraid that some of his little + sisters would mess it, or tear it up, so he wrote upon the + back, "No one is to touch this note, for it belongs to C. + L. D."; but, this warning appearing insufficient, he added, + "Covered with slimy pitch, so that they will wet their + fingers." The precious letter ran as follows:— + </p> + <blockquote> + My dearest Charlie, I have used you rather ill in not + having written to you sooner, but I know you will forgive + me, as your Grandpapa has liked to have me with him so + much, and I could not write and talk to him comfortably. + All your notes have delighted me, my precious children, and + show me that you have not quite forgotten me. I am always + thinking of you, and longing to have you all round me again + more than words can tell. God grant that we may find you + all well and happy on Friday evening. I am happy to say + your dearest Papa is quite well—his cough is rather + <i>tickling</i>, but is of no consequence. It delights me, + my darling Charlie, to hear that you are getting on so well + with your Latin, and that you make so few mistakes in your + Exercises. You will be happy to hear that your dearest + Grandpapa is going on nicely—indeed I hope he will soon be + quite well again. He talks a great deal and most kindly + about you all. I hope my sweetest Will says "Mama" + sometimes, and that precious Tish has not forgotten. Give + them and all my other treasures, including yourself, + 1,000,000,000 kisses from me, with my most affectionate + love. I am sending you a shabby note, but I cannot help it. + Give my kindest love to Aunt Dar, and believe me, my own + dearest Charlie, to be your sincerely affectionate<br> + <br> + MAMA. + </blockquote> + <p> + Among the few visitors who disturbed the repose of + Daresbury Parsonage was Mr. Durnford, afterwards Bishop of + Chichester, with whom Mr. Dodgson had formed a close + friendship. Another was Mr. Bayne, at that time head-master + of Warrington Grammar School, who used occasionally to + assist in the services at Daresbury. His son, Vere, was + Charles's playfellow; he is now a student of Christ Church, + and the friendship between him and Lewis Carroll lasted + without interruption till the death of the latter. + </p> + <p> + The memory of his birthplace did not soon fade from + Charles's mind; long afterwards he retained pleasant + recollections of its rustic beauty. For instance, his poem + of "The Three Sunsets," which first appeared in 1860 in + <i>All the Year Round,</i> begins with the following + stanzas, which have been slightly altered in later + editions:— + </p> + <blockquote> + I watch the drowsy night expire,<br> + And Fancy paints at my desire<br> + Her magic pictures in the fire.<br> + <br> + An island farm, 'mid seas of corn,<br> + Swayed by the wandering breath of morn,<br> + The happy spot where I was born. + </blockquote> + <p> + Though nearly all Mr. Dodgson's parishioners at Daresbury + have passed away, yet there are still some few left who + speak with loving reverence of him whose lips, now long + silenced, used to speak so kindly to them; whose hands, + long folded in sleep, were once so ready to alleviate their + wants and sorrows. + </p> + <p> + In 1843 Sir Robert Peel presented him to the Crown living + of Croft, a Yorkshire village about three miles south of + Darlington. This preferment made a great change in the life + of the family; it opened for them many more social + opportunities, and put an end to that life of seclusion + which, however beneficial it may be for a short time, is + apt, if continued too long, to have a cramping and + narrowing influence. + </p> + <p> + The river Tees is at Croft the dividing line between + Yorkshire and Durham, and on the middle of the bridge which + there crosses it is a stone which shows where the one + county ends and the other begins. "Certain lands are held + in this place," says Lewis in his "Topographical + Dictionary," "by the owner presenting on the bridge, at the + coming of every new Bishop of Durham, an old sword, + pronouncing a legendary address, and delivering the sword + to the Bishop, who returns it immediately." The Tees is + subject to extraordinary floods, and though Croft Church + stands many feet above the ordinary level of the river, and + is separated from it by the churchyard and a field, yet on + one occasion the church itself was flooded, as was attested + by water-marks on the old woodwork several feet from the + floor, still to be seen when Mr. Dodgson was incumbent. + </p> + <p> + This church, which is dedicated to St. Peter, is a quaint + old building with a Norman porch, the rest of it being of + more modern construction. It contains a raised pew, which + is approached by a winding flight of stairs, and is covered + in, so that it resembles nothing so much as a four-post + bedstead. This pew used to belong to the Milbanke family, + with which Lord Byron was connected. Mr. Dodgson found the + chancel-roof in so bad a state of repair that he was + obliged to take it down, and replace it by an entirely new + one. The only village school that existed when he came to + the place was a sort of barn, which stood in a corner of + the churchyard. During his incumbency a fine school-house + was erected. Several members of his family used regularly + to help in teaching the children, and excellent reports + were obtained. + </p> + <p> + The Rectory is close to the church, and stands in the + middle of a beautiful garden. The former incumbent had been + an enthusiastic horticulturist, and the walls of the + kitchen garden were covered with luxuriant fruit-trees, + while the greenhouses were well stocked with rare and + beautiful exotics. Among these was a specimen of that + fantastic cactus, the night-blowing Cereus, whose flowers, + after an existence of but a few hours, fade with the waning + sun. On the day when this occurred large numbers of people + used to obtain Mr. Dodgson's leave to see the curiosity. + </p> + <div class="c1"> + <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" align="Center" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td valign="Top"> + <b><a name="469"></a> +<img src="Images/469.png" alt="CROFT RECTORY" width="572" height="400"><br></b> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="Top"><div align="center"><a href="#T469"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c2" align="Center"> + CROFT RECTORY + </div> + <div align="Center"> + </div> +</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <div align="Center"> + </div> +</div> + <p> + Near the Rectory is a fine hotel, built when Croft was an + important posting-station for the coaches between London + and Edinburgh, but in Mr. Dodgson's time chiefly used by + gentlemen who stayed there during the hunting season. The + village is renowned for its baths and medicinal waters. The + parish of Croft includes the outlying hamlets of Halnaby, + Dalton, and Stapleton, so that the Rector's position is by + no means a sinecure. Within the village is Croft Hall, the + old seat of the Chaytors; but during Mr. Dodgson's + incumbency the then Sir William Chaytor built and lived at + Clervaux Castle, calling it by an old family name. + </p> + <p> + Shortly after accepting the living of Croft, Mr. Dodgson + was appointed examining chaplain to the Bishop of Ripon; + subsequently he was made Archdeacon of Richmond and one of + the Canons of Ripon Cathedral. + </p> + <p> + Charles was at this time very fond of inventing games for + the amusement of his brothers and sisters; he constructed a + rude train out of a wheelbarrow, a barrel and a small + truck, which used to convey passengers from one "station" + in the Rectory garden to another. At each of these stations + there was a refreshment-room, and the passengers had to + purchase tickets from him before they could enjoy their + ride. The boy was also a clever conjuror, and, arrayed in a + brown wig and a long white robe, used to cause no little + wonder to his audience by his sleight-of-hand. With the + assistance of various members of the family and the village + carpenter, he made a troupe of marionettes and a small + theatre for them to act in. He wrote all the plays himself + the most popular being "The Tragedy of King John"—and he + was very clever at manipulating the innumerable strings by + which the movements of his puppets were regulated. One + winter, when the snow lay thick upon the lawn, he traced + upon it a maze of such hopeless intricacy as almost to put + its famous rival at Hampton Court in the shade. + </p> + <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" align="Center" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td valign="Top"> + <a name="470"></a> +<img src="Images/470.png" alt="TOY STATION IN GARDEN AT CROFT." width="514" height="360"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="Top"><div align="center"><a href="#T470"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c2" align="Center"> + TOY STATION IN GARDEN AT CROFT. + </div> + <div align="Center"> + </div> +</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + When he was twelve years old his father sent him to school + at Richmond, under Mr. Tate, a worthy son of that + well-known Dr. Tate who had made Richmond School so famous. + </p> + <p> + I am able to give his earliest impressions of school-life + in his own words, for one of his first letters home has + been fortunately preserved. It is dated August 5th, and is + addressed to his two eldest sisters. A boy who has + <i>ten</i> brothers and sisters can scarcely be expected to + write separate letters to each of them. + </p> + <blockquote> + My dear Fanny and Memy,—I hope you are all getting on well, + as also the sweet twins, the boys I think that I like the + best, are Harry Austin, and all the Tates of which there + are 7 besides a little girl who came down to dinner the + first day, but not since, and I also like Edmund Tremlet, + and William and Edward Swire, Tremlet is a sharp little + fellow about 7 years old, the youngest in the school, I + also like Kemp and Mawley. The rest of the boys that I know + are Bertram, Harry and Dick Wilson, and two Robinsons, I + will tell you all about them when I return. The boys have + played two tricks upon me which were these—they first + proposed to play at "King of the Cobblers" and asked if I + would be king, to which I agreed. Then they made me sit + down and sat (on the ground) in a circle round me, and told + me to say "Go to work" which I said, and they immediately + began kicking me and knocking me on all sides. The next + game they proposed was "Peter, the red lion," and they made + a mark on a tombstone (for we were playing in the + churchyard) and one of the boys walked with his eyes shut, + holding out his finger, trying to touch the mark; then a + little boy came forward to lead the rest and led a good + many very near the mark; at last it was my turn; they told + me to shut my eyes well, and the next minute I had my + finger in the mouth of one of the boys, who had stood (I + believe) before the tombstone with his mouth open. For 2 + nights I slept alone, and for the rest of the time with Ned + Swire. The boys play me no tricks now. The only fault (tell + Mama) that there has been was coming in one day to dinner + just after grace. On Sunday we went to church in the + morning, and sat in a large pew with Mr. Fielding, the + church we went to is close by Mr. Tate's house, we did not + go in the afternoon but Mr. Tate read a discourse to the + boys on the 5th commandment. We went to church again in the + evening. Papa wished me to tell him all the texts I had + heard preached upon, please to tell him that I could not + hear it in the morning nor hardly one sentence of the + sermon, but the one in the evening was I Cor. i. 23. I + believe it was a farewell sermon, but I am not sure. Mrs. + Tate has looked through my clothes and left in the trunk a + great many that will not be wanted. I have had 3 + misfortunes in my clothes etc. 1st, I cannot find my + tooth-brush, so that I have not brushed my teeth for 3 or 4 + days, 2nd, I cannot find my blotting paper, and 3rd, I have + no shoe-horn. The chief games are, football, wrestling, + leap frog, and fighting. Excuse bad writing.<br> + <br> + Yr affec' brother Charles. + </blockquote> + <blockquote> + <i>To</i> SKEFF [<i>a younger brother, aged six</i>].<br> + <br> + My dear Skeff,—Roar not lest thou be abolished. Yours, + etc.,——. + </blockquote> + <p> + The discomforts which he, as a "new boy," had to put up + with from his school-mates affected him as they do not, + unfortunately, affect most boys, for in later school days + he was famous as a champion of the weak and small, while + every bully had good reason to fear him. Though it is hard + for those who have only known him as the gentle and + retiring don to believe it, it is nevertheless true that + long after he left school his name was remembered as that + of a boy who knew well how to use his fists in defence of a + righteous cause. + </p> + <p> + As was the custom at that time, Charles began to compose + Latin verses at a very early age, his first copy being + dated November 25, 1844. The subject was evening, and this + is how he treated it:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Phoebus aqua splendet descendens, æquora tingens<br> + Splendore aurato. Pervenit umbra solo.<br> + Mortales lectos quærunt, et membra relaxant<br> + Fessa labore dies; cuncta per orbe silet.<br> + Imperium placidum nunc sumit Phoebe corusca.<br> + Antris procedunt sanguine ore feræ. + </blockquote> + <p> + These lines the boy solemnly copied into his Diary, + apparently in the most blissful ignorance of the numerous + mistakes they contained. + </p> + <p> + The next year he wrote a story which appeared in the school + magazine. It was called "The Unknown One," so it was + probably of the sensational type in which small boys + usually revel. + </p> + <p> + Though Richmond School, as it was in 1844, may not compare + favourably in every respect with a modern preparatory + school, where supervision has been so far "reduced to the + absurd" that the unfortunate masters hardly get a minute to + themselves from sunrise till long after sunset, yet no + better or wiser men than those of the school of Mr. Tate + are now to be found. Nor, I venture to think, are the + results of the modern system more successful than those of + the old one. Charles loved his "kind old schoolmaster," as + he affectionately calls him, and surely to gain the love of + the boys is the main battle in school-management. + </p> + <p> + The impression he made upon his instructors may be gathered + from the following extracts from Mr. Tate's first report + upon him: + </p> + <blockquote> + Sufficient opportunities having been allowed me to draw + from actual observation an estimate of your son's character + and abilities, I do not hesitate to express my opinion that + he possesses, along with other and excellent natural + endowments, a very uncommon share of genius. Gentle and + cheerful in his intercourse with others, playful and ready + in conversation, he is capable of acquirements and + knowledge far beyond his years, while his reason is so + clear and so jealous of error, that he will not rest + satisfied without a most exact solution of whatever appears + to him obscure. He has passed an excellent examination just + now in mathematics, exhibiting at times an illustration of + that love of precise argument, which seems to him + natural.<br> + <br> + I must not omit to set off against these great advantages + one or two faults, of which the removal as soon as possible + is desirable, tho' I am prepared to find it a work of time. + As you are well aware, our young friend, while jealous of + error, as I said above, where important faith or principles + are concerned, is exceedingly lenient towards lesser + frailties—and, whether in reading aloud or metrical + composition, frequently sets at nought the notions of + Virgil or Ovid as to syllabic quantity. He is moreover + marvellously ingenious in replacing the ordinary inflexions + of nouns and verbs, as detailed in our grammars, by more + exact analogies, or convenient forms of his own devising. + This source of fault will in due time exhaust itself, + though flowing freely at present.... You may fairly + anticipate for him a bright career. Allow me, before I + close, one suggestion which assumes for itself the wisdom + of experience and the sincerity of the best intention. You + must not entrust your son with a full knowledge of his + superiority over other boys. Let him discover this as he + proceeds. The love of excellence is far beyond the love of + excelling; and if he should once be bewitched into a mere + ambition to surpass others I need not urge that the very + quality of his knowledge would be materially injured, and + that his character would receive a stain of a more serious + description still.... + </blockquote> + <p> + And again, when Charles was leaving Richmond, he wrote: + </p> + <blockquote> + "Be assured that I shall always feel a peculiar interest in + the gentle, intelligent, and well-conducted boy who is now + leaving us." + <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="10" align="Right" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td valign="Top"> + <a name="471"></a> +<img src="Images/471.png" alt="ARCHBISHOP TAIT." width="200" height="400" align="Right"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="Top"><div align="center"><a href="#T471"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c1" align="Center"> + <b>ARCHBISHOP TAIT</b>. + </div> + <div align="Center"> + </div> +</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <div align="Center"> + </div> +</blockquote> + <p> + Although his father had been a Westminster boy, Charles + was, for some reason or other, sent to Rugby. The great + Arnold, who had, one might almost say, created Rugby + School, and who certainly had done more for it than all his + predecessors put together, had gone to his rest, and for + four years the reins of government had been in the firm + hands of Dr. Tait, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury. He + was Headmaster during the whole of the time Charles was at + Rugby, except the last year, during which Dr. Goulburn held + that office. Charles went up in February, 1846, and he must + have found his new life a great change from his quiet + experiences at Richmond. Football was in full swing, and + one can imagine that to a new boy "Big-side" was not an + unalloyed delight. Whether he distinguished himself as a + "dropper," or ever beat the record time in the "Crick" run, + I do not know. Probably not; his abilities did not lie much + in the field of athletics. But he got on capitally with his + work, and seldom returned home without one or more prizes. + Moreover, he conducted himself so well that he never had to + enter that dreaded chamber, well known to <i>some</i> + Rugbeians, which is approached by a staircase that winds up + a little turret, and wherein are enacted scenes better + imagined than described. + </p> + <p> + A schoolboy's letter home is not, usually, remarkable for + the intelligence displayed in it; as a rule it merely leads + up with more or less ingenuity to the inevitable request + for money contained in the postscript. Some of Charles's + letters were of a different sort, as the following example + shows: + </p> + <blockquote> + Yesterday evening I was walking out with a friend of mine + who attends as mathematical pupil Mr. Smythies the second + mathematical master; we went up to Mr. Smythies' house, as + he wanted to speak to him, and he asked us to stop and have + a glass of wine and some figs. He seems as devoted to his + duty as Mr. Mayor, and asked me with a smile of delight, + "Well Dodgson I suppose you're getting well on with your + mathematics?" He is very clever at them, though not equal + to Mr. Mayor, as indeed few men are, Papa excepted.... I + have read the first number of Dickens' new tale, "Davy + Copperfield." It purports to be his life, and begins with + his birth and childhood; it seems a poor plot, but some of + the characters and scenes are good. One of the persons that + amused me was a Mrs. Gummidge, a wretched melancholy + person, who is always crying, happen what will, and + whenever the fire smokes, or other trifling accident + occurs, makes the remark with great bitterness, and many + tears, that she is a "lone lorn creetur, and everything + goes contrairy with her." I have not yet been able to get + the second volume Macaulay's "England" to read. I have seen + it however and one passage struck me when seven bishops had + signed the invitation to the pretender, and King James sent + for Bishop Compton (who was one of the seven) and asked him + "whether he or any of his ecclesiastical brethren had + anything to do with it?" He replied, after a moment's + thought "I am fully persuaded your majesty, that there is + not one of my brethren who is not as innocent in the matter + as myself." This was certainly no actual lie, but + certainly, as Macaulay says, it was very little different + from one. + </blockquote> + <p> + The Mr. Mayor who is mentioned in this letter formed a very + high opinion of his pupil's ability, for in 1848 he wrote + to Archdeacon Dodgson: "I have not had a more promising boy + at his age since I came to Rugby." + </p> + <p> + Dr. Tait speaks no less warmly:— + </p> + <blockquote> + My dear Sir,—I must not allow your son to leave school + without expressing to you the very high opinion I entertain + of him. I fully coincide in Mr. Cotton's estimate both of + his abilities and upright conduct. His mathematical + knowledge is great for his age, and I doubt not he will do + himself credit in classics. As I believe I mentioned to you + before, his examination for the Divinity prize was one of + the most creditable exhibitions I have ever seen.<br> + <br> + During the whole time of his being in my house, his conduct + has been excellent.<br> + <br> + Believe me to be, My dear Sir,<br> + <br> + Yours very faithfully,<br> + <br> + A.C. TAIT. + </blockquote> + <p> + Public school life then was not what it is now; the + atrocious system then in vogue of setting hundreds of lines + for the most trifling offences made every day a weariness + and a hopeless waste of time, while the bad discipline + which was maintained in the dormitories made even the + nights intolerable—especially for the small boys, whose + beds in winter were denuded of blankets that the bigger + ones might not feel cold. + </p> + <p> + Charles kept no diary during his time at Rugby; but, + looking back upon it, he writes in 1855:— + </p> + <blockquote> + During my stay I made I suppose some progress in learning + of various kinds, but none of it was done <i>con amore</i>, + and I spent an incalculable time in writing out + impositions—this last I consider one of the chief faults of + Rugby School. I made some friends there, the most intimate + being Henry Leigh Bennett (as college acquaintances we find + fewer common sympathies, and are consequently less + intimate)—but I cannot say that I look back upon my life at + a Public School with any sensations of pleasure, or that + any earthly considerations would induce me to go through my + three years again. + </blockquote> + <p> + When, some years afterwards, he visited Radley School, he + was much struck by the cubicle system which prevails in the + dormitories there, and wrote in his Diary, "I can say that + if I had been thus secure from annoyance at night, the + hardships of the daily life would have been comparative + trifles to bear." + </p> + <p> + The picture on page 32 was, I believe, drawn by Charles + while he was at Rugby in illustration of a letter received + from one of his sisters. Halnaby, as I have said before, + was an outlying district of Croft parish. + </p> + <p> + During his holidays he used to amuse himself by editing + local magazines. Indeed, they might be called <i>very + local</i> magazines, as their circulation was confined to + the inmates of Croft Rectory. The first of these, <i>Useful + and Instructive Poetry</i>, was written about 1845. It came + to an untimely end after a six months' run, and was + followed at varying intervals by several other periodicals, + equally short-lived. + </p> + <p> + In 1849 or 1850, <i>The Rectory Umbrella</i> began to + appear. As the editor was by this time seventeen or + eighteen years old, it was naturally of a more ambitious + character than any of its precursors. It contained a serial + story of the most thrilling interest, entitled, "The + Walking-Stick of Destiny," some meritorious poetry, a few + humorous essays, and several caricatures of pictures in the + Vernon Gallery. Three reproductions of these pictures + follow, with extracts from the <i>Umbrella</i> descriptive + of them. + </p> + <p> + <a name="048"></a> +<img src="Images/048.png" alt="048.png" width="540" height="340" vspace="10"> + </p> + <div align="center"><a href="#T048"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <p> + [Illustration: The only sister who <i>would</i> write to + her brother, though the table had just "folded down"! The + other sisters are depicted "sternly resolved to set off to + Halnaby & the Castle," tho' it is yet "early, early + morning"—Rembrondt.] + </p><br> + <blockquote> + <b>THE VERNON GALLERY.</b><br> + <br> + <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" align="Center" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td valign="Top"> + <a name="The_Age_of_Innocence_049"></a> + <a name="049"></a> +<img src="Images/049.png" alt="The Age of Innocence"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="Top"> + <div class="c2" align="Center"> + "<i>The Age of Innocence.</i>" + </div> + <div align="center"><a href="#T049"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> +</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table><br> + As our readers will have seen by the preceding page, we + have commenced engraving the above series of pictures. "The + Age of Innocence," by Sir J. Reynolds, representing a young + Hippopotamus seated under a shady tree, presents to the + contemplative mind a charming union of youth and + innocence.<br> + <br> + EDITOR.<br> + <br> + <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" align="Center" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td valign="Top"> + <a name="050"></a> +<img src="Images/050.png" alt=""The Scanty Meal."" width="600" height="413"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="Top"><div align="center"><a href="#T050"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c2" align="Center"> + "<i>The Scanty Meal</i>." + </div> + <div align="Center"> + </div> +</td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table><br> + We have been unusually<a name="FNanchor001"></a><a href="#Footnote_001"><sup>[001]</sup></a> successful in our + second engraving from the Vernon Gallery. The picture is + intended, as our readers will perceive, to illustrate the + evils of homoeopathy.<a name="FNanchor002"></a><a href="#Footnote_002"><sup>[002]</sup></a> This idea is well + carried out through the whole picture. The thin old lady at + the head of the table is in the painter's best style; we + almost fancy we can trace in the eye of the other lady a + lurking suspicion that her glasses are not really in fault, + and that the old gentleman has helped her to <i>nothing</i> + instead of a nonillionth.<a name="FNanchor003"></a><a href="#Footnote_003"><sup>[003]</sup></a> Her companion has + evidently got an empty glass in his hand; the two children + in front are admirably managed, and there is a sly smile on + the footman's face, as if he thoroughly enjoyed either the + bad news he is bringing or the wrath of his mistress. The + carpet is executed with that elaborate care for which Mr. + Herring is so famed, and the picture on the whole is one of + his best.<br> + <br> + <div class="c1" align="Center"> + <a name="052"></a> +<img src="Images/052.png" alt="The First Ear-ring" width="458" height="391" vspace="10"> + </div> + <div align="center"><a href="#T052"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c1" align="Center"> + [Illustration: SIR D. WILKIE PAINTER THE FIRST EARRING. + W. GREATBACH ENGRAVER. <i>from the picture in the Vernon + Gallery</i>] + </div> + <div class="c3"> + <br> + <br> + "<i>The First Ear-ring</i>" + </div><br> + The scene from which this excellent picture is painted is + taken from a passage in the autobiography<a name="FNanchor004"></a><a href="#Footnote_004"><sup>[004]</sup></a> of the celebrated Sir + William Smith<a name="FNanchor005"></a><a href="#Footnote_005"><sup>[005]</sup></a> of his life when a + schoolboy: we transcribe the passage: "One day Bill + Tomkins<a name="FNanchor006"></a><a href="#Footnote_006"><sup>[006]</sup></a> and I were left alone + in the house, the old doctor being out; after playing a + number of pranks Bill laid me a bet of sixpence that I + wouldn't pour a bottle of ink over the doctor's cat. <i>I + did it</i>, but at that moment old Muggles came home, and + caught me by the ear as I attempted to run away. My + sensations at the moment I shall never forget; <i>on that + occasion I received my first ear-ring</i>.<a name="FNanchor007"></a><a href="#Footnote_007"><sup>[007]</sup></a> The only remark Bill + made to me, as he paid me the money afterwards was, 'I say, + didn't you just howl jolly!'" The engraving is an excellent + copy of the picture. + </blockquote><br> + <p> + The best thing in the <i>Rectory Umbrella</i> was a parody + on Lord Macaulay's style in the "Lays of Ancient Rome"; + Charles had a special aptitude for parody, as is evidenced + by several of the best-known verses in his later books. + </p> + <blockquote> + LAYS OF SORROW.<br> + <br> + No. 2.<br> +<table width="260" summary="Imageholder" align="Left"> +<tr> +<td><a name="053"></a><img src="Images/053a.png" alt="053.png" width="239" height="300" vspace="10" align="Left" hspace="10"> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><div align="center"><a href="#T053"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + <br> + Fair stands the ancient<a name="FNanchor008"></a><a href="#Footnote_008"><sup>[008]</sup></a> Rectory,<br> + The Rectory of Croft,<br> + The sun shines bright upon it,<br> + The breezes whisper soft.<br> + From all the house and garden<br> + Its inhabitants come forth,<br> + And muster in the road without,<br> + And pace in twos and threes about,<br> + The children of the North.<br> + <br> + Some are waiting in the garden,<br> + Some are waiting at the door,<br> + And some are following behind,<br> + And some have gone before.<br> + But wherefore all this mustering?<br> +<img src="Images/053b.png" alt="053b.png" width="240" height="606" hspace="10" vspace="10" align="Right"><br><br> + Wherefore this vast array?<br> + A gallant feat of horsemanship<br> + Will be performed to-day.<br> + <br> + To eastward and to westward,<br> + The crowd divides amain,<br> + Two youths are leading on the steed,<br> + Both tugging at the rein;<br> + And sorely do they labour,<br> + For the steed<a name="FNanchor009"></a><a href="#Footnote_009"><sup>[009]</sup></a> is very strong,<br> + And backward moves its stubborn feet,<br> + And backward ever doth retreat,<br> + And drags its guides along.<br> + <br> + And now the knight hath mounted,<br> + Before the admiring band,<br> + Hath got the stirrups on his feet.<br> + The bridle in his hand.<br> + Yet, oh! beware, sir horseman!<br> + And tempt thy fate no more,<br> + For such a steed as thou hast got,<br> + Was never rid before!<br> + <img src="Images/054a.png" alt="054a.png" width="300" height="272" hspace="10" vspace="10" align="Left"><br> + <br> + <br> + <br> + <br> + <br> + <br> + <br> + <br> + <br> + The rabbits<a name="FNanchor010"></a><a href="#Footnote_010"><sup>[010]</sup></a> bow before thee.<br> + And cower in the straw;<br> + The chickens<a name="FNanchor011"></a><a href="#Footnote_011"><sup>[011]</sup></a> are submissive,<br> + And own thy will for law;<br> + Bullfinches and canary<br> + Thy bidding do obey;<br> + And e'en the tortoise in its shell<br> + Doth never say thee nay.<br> + <img src="Images/054b.png" alt="054b.png" width="169" height="200" hspace="10" vspace="10" align="Right"><br> + But thy steed will hear no master,<br> + Thy steed will bear no stick,<br> + And woe to those that beat her,<br> + And woe to those that kick!<a name="FNanchor012"></a><a href="#Footnote_012"><sup>[012]</sup></a><br> + For though her rider smite her,<br> + As hard as he can hit,<br> + And strive to turn her from the yard,<br> + She stands in silence, pulling hard<br> + Against the pulling bit.<br> + <img src="Images/055a.png" alt="055a.png" width="147" height="200" hspace="10" vspace="10" align="Left"><br> + And now the road to Dalton<br> + Hath felt their coming tread,<br> + The crowd are speeding on before,<br> + And all have gone ahead.<br> + Yet often look they backward,<br> + And cheer him on, and bawl,<br> + For slower still, and still more slow,<br> + That horseman and that charger go,<br> + And scarce advance at all.<br> + <br> + <br> + <br> + And now two roads to choose from<br> + Are in that rider's sight:<br> + In front the road to Dalton,<br> + <img src="Images/055b.png" alt="055b.png" width="69" height="200" border="1" align="Left" hspace="10" vspace="10"><br> + And New Croft upon the right.<br> + "I can't get by!" he bellows,<br> + "I really am not able!<br> + Though I pull my shoulder out of joint,<br> + I cannot get him past this point,<br> + For it leads unto his stable!"<br> + <br> + Then out spake Ulfrid Longbow,<a name="FNanchor013"></a><a href="#Footnote_013"><sup>[013]</sup></a><br> + A valiant youth was he,<br> + "Lo! I will stand on thy right hand<br> + And guard the pass for thee!"<br> + <img src="Images/055c.png" alt="055c.png" width="181" height="200" hspace="10" vspace="10" align="Right"><br> + And out spake fair Flureeza,<a name="FNanchor014"></a><a href="#Footnote_014"><sup>[014]</sup></a><br> + His sister eke was she,<br> + "I will abide on thy other side,<br> + And turn thy steed for thee!"<br> + <div class="c1"> + <img src="Images/056a.png" alt="056a.png" width="300" height="264" hspace="10" vspace="10"> + </div>And now commenced a struggle<br> + Between that steed and rider,<br> + For all the strength that he hath left<br> + <img src="Images/056b.png" alt="056b.png" width="269" height="200" align="Left"><br> + Doth not suffice to guide her.<br> + Though Ulfrid and his sister<br> + <div class="c1"></div>Have kindly stopped the way,<br> + And all the crowd have cried aloud,<br> + "We can't wait here all day!"<br> + <br> + Round turned he as not deigning<br> + Their words to understand,<br> + But he slipped the stirrups from his feet<br> + <img src="Images/057a.png" alt="057a.png" width="184" height="300" hspace="10" vspace="10" align="Right"><br> + The bridle from his hand,<br> + And grasped the mane full lightly,<br> + And vaulted from his seat,<br> + And gained the road in triumph,<a name="FNanchor015"></a><a href="#Footnote_015"><sup>[015]</sup></a><br> + And stood upon his feet.<br> + All firmly till that moment<br> + Had Ulfrid Longbow stood,<br> + And faced the foe right valiantly,<br> + As every warrior should.<br> + But when safe on terra firma<br> + His brother he did spy,<br> + "What <i>did</i> you do that for?" he cried,<br> + Then unconcerned he stepped aside<br> + And let it canter by.<br> + <img src="Images/057b.png" alt="057b.png" width="151" height="300" hspace="10" vspace="10" align="Left"><br> + <br> + They gave him bread and butter,<a name="FNanchor016"></a><a href="#Footnote_016"><sup>[016]</sup></a><br> + <img src="Images/058a.png" alt="058a.png" width="127" height="200" hspace="10" vspace="10" align="Right"><br> + That was of public right,<br> + As much as four strong rabbits,<br> + Could munch from morn to night,<br> + For he'd done a deed of daring,<br> + And faced that savage steed,<br> + And therefore cups of coffee sweet,<br> + And everything that was a treat,<br> + Were but his right and meed.<br> + <br> + <br> + <br> + And often in the evenings,<br> + When the fire is blazing bright,<br> + When books bestrew the table<br> + And moths obscure the light,<img src="Images/058b.png" alt="058b.png" width="139" height="173" hspace="10" vspace="10"><br> + When crying children go to bed,<br> + A struggling, kicking load;<br> + <img src="Images/058c.png" alt="058c.png" width="116" height="211" hspace="10" vspace="10"><br> + We'll talk of Ulfrid Longbow's deed,<br> + How, in his brother's utmost need,<br> + Back to his aid he flew with speed,<br> + And how he faced the fiery steed,<br> + And kept the New Croft Road. + </blockquote><br> + <br> + <br> + <hr> + <br> + <br> + <h2> + <a name="CHAPTER_II_T"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER + II</a> + </h2> + <h4> + (1850—1860.) + </h4> + <blockquote> + Matriculation at Christ Church—Death of Mrs. Dodgson—The + Great Exhibition—University and College Honours—A wonderful + year—A theatrical treat—<i>Misch-Masch—The Train—College + Rhymes</i>—His <i>nom de plume</i>—"Dotheboys Hall"—Alfred + Tennyson—Ordination—Sermons—A visit to Farringford—"Where + does the day begin?"—The Queen visits Oxford. + </blockquote> + <p> + We have traced in the boyhood of Lewis Carroll the + beginnings of those characteristic traits which afterwards, + more fully developed, gave him so distinguished a position + among his contemporaries. We now come to a period of his + life which is in some respects necessarily less + interesting. We all have to pass through that painful era + of self-consciousness which prefaces manhood, that time + when we feel so deeply, and are so utterly unable to + express to others, or even to define clearly to ourselves, + what it is we do feel. The natural freedom of childhood is + dead within us; the conventional freedom of riper years is + struggling to birth, and its efforts are sometimes + ludicrous to an unsympathetic observer. In Lewis Carroll's + mental attitude during this critical period there was + always a calm dignity which saved him from these + absurdities, an undercurrent of consciousness that what + seemed so great to him was really very little. + </p> + <p> + On May 23, 1850, he matriculated at Christ Church, the + venerable college which had numbered his father's among + other illustrious names. A letter from Dr. Jelf, one of the + canons of Christ Church, to Archdeacon Dodgson, written + when the former heard that his old friend's son was coming + up to "the House," contains the following words: "I am sure + I express the common feeling of all who remember you at + Christ Church when I say that we shall rejoice to see a son + of yours worthy to tread in your footsteps." + </p> + <div class="c1"><a name="472"></a> + <img src="Images/472.png" alt="472.png" hspace="10" vspace="10"></div> <div align="center"><a href="#T472"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a><br><b>EXTERIOR OF CHRIST CHURCH</b></div> + + <p> + Lewis Carroll came into residence on January 24, 1851. From + that day to the hour of his death—a period of forty-seven + years—he belonged to "the House," never leaving it for any + length of time, becoming almost a part of it. I, for one, + can hardly imagine it without him. + </p> + <p> + Though technically "in residence," he had not rooms of his + own in College during his first term. The "House" was very + full; and had it not been for one of the tutors, the Rev. + J. Lew, kindly lending him one of his own rooms, he would + have had to take lodgings in the town. The first set of + rooms he occupied was in Peckwater Quadrangle, which is + annually the scene of a great bonfire on Guy Fawkes' Day, + and, generally speaking, is not the best place for a + reading man to live in. + </p> + <p> + In those days the undergraduates dining in hall were + divided into "messes." Each mess consisted of about half a + dozen men, who had a table to themselves. Dinner was served + at five, and very indifferently served, too; the dishes and + plates were of pewter, and the joint was passed round, each + man cutting off what he wanted for himself. In Mr. + Dodgson's mess were Philip Pusey, the late Rev. G. C. + Woodhouse, and, among others, one who still lives in "Alice + in Wonderland" as the "Hatter." + </p> + <p> + Only a few days after term began, Mrs. Dodgson died + suddenly at Croft. The shock was a terrible one to the + whole family, and especially to her devoted husband. I have + come across a delightful and most characteristic letter + from Dr. Pusey—a letter full of the kindest and truest + sympathy with the Archdeacon in his bereavement. The part + of it which bears upon Mrs. Dodgson's death I give in + full:— + </p> + <blockquote> + My dear Friend, I hear and see so little and so few + persons, that I had not heard of your sorrow until your + to-day's letter; and now I but guess what it was: only your + language is that of the very deepest. I have often thought, + since I had to think of this, how, in all adversity, what + God takes away He may give us back with increase. One + cannot think that any holy earthly love will cease, when we + shall "be like the Angels of God in Heaven." Love here must + shadow our love there, deeper because spiritual, without + any alloy from our sinful nature, and in the fulness of the + love of God. But as we grow here by God's grace will be our + capacity for endless love. So, then, if by our very + sufferings we are purified, and our hearts enlarged, we + shall, in that endless bliss, love more those whom we loved + here, than if we had never had that sorrow, never been + parted.... + </blockquote> + <div class="c1" align="Center"><a name="473"></a> + <img src="Images/473.png" alt="473.png"></div> + <div align="center"><a href="#T473"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c2" align="center"> + <b>GRAVE OF ARCHDEACON AND MRS. DODGSON<br> + IN CROFT CHURCHYARD.</b></div> + + + <p> + Lewis Carroll was summoned home to attend the funeral—a sad + interlude amidst the novel experiences of a first term at + College. The Oxford of 1851 was in many ways quite unlike + the Oxford of 1898. The position of the undergraduates was + much more similar to that of schoolboys than is now the + case; they were subject to the same penalties—corporal + punishment, even, had only just gone out of vogue!—and were + expected to work, and to work hard. + </p> + <p> + Early rising then was strictly enforced, as the following + extract from one of his letters will show:— + </p> + <blockquote> + I am not so anxious as usual to begin my personal history, + as the first thing I have to record is a very sad incident, + namely, my missing morning chapel; before, however, you + condemn me, you must hear how accidental it was. For some + days now I have been in the habit of, I will not say + getting up, but of being called at a quarter past six, and + generally managing to be down soon after seven. In the + present instance I had been up the night before till about + half-past twelve, and consequently when I was called I fell + asleep again, and was thunderstruck to find on waking that + it was ten minutes past eight. I have had no imposition, + nor heard anything about it. It is rather vexatious to have + happened so soon, as I had intended never to be late. + </blockquote> + <div class="c1" align="Center"><a name="474"></a> + <img src="Images/474.png" alt="474.png"></div> + <div align="center"><a href="#T474"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c2" align="Center"> + LEWIS CARROLL, AGED 23.</div> + + + <p> + It was therefore obviously his custom to have his breakfast + <i>before</i> going to chapel. I wonder how many + undergraduates of the present generation follow the same + hardy rule! But then no "impositions" threaten the modern + + sluggard, even if he neglects chapel altogether. + </p> + <p> + During the Long Vacation he visited the Great Exhibition, + and wrote his sister Elizabeth a long account of what he + had seen:— + </p> + <blockquote> + I think the first impression produced on you when you get + inside is one of bewilderment. It looks like a sort of + fairyland. As far as you can look in any direction, you see + nothing but pillars hung about with shawls, carpets, + &c., with long avenues of statues, fountains, canopies, + etc., etc., etc. The first thing to be seen on entering is + the Crystal Fountain, a most elegant one about thirty feet + high at a rough guess, composed entirely of glass and + pouring down jets of water from basin to basin; this is in + the middle of the centre nave, and from it you can look + down to either end, and up both transepts. The centre of + the nave mostly consists of a long line of colossal + statues, some most magnificent. The one considered the + finest, I believe, is the Amazon and Tiger. She is sitting + on horseback, and a tiger has fastened on the neck of the + horse in front. You have to go to one side to see her face, + and the other to see the horse's. The horse's face is + really wonderful, expressing terror and pain so exactly, + that you almost expect to hear it scream.... There are some + very ingenious pieces of mechanism. A tree (in the French + Compartment) with birds chirping and hopping from branch to + branch exactly like life. The bird jumps across, turns + round on the other branch, so as to face back again, + settles its head and neck, and then in a few moments jumps + back again. A bird standing at the foot of the tree trying + to eat a beetle is rather a failure; it never succeeds in + getting its head more than a quarter of an inch down, and + that in uncomfortable little jerks, as if it was choking. I + have to go to the Royal Academy, so must stop: as the + subject is quite inexhaustible, there is no hope of ever + coming to a regular finish. + </blockquote> + <p> + On November 1st he won a Boulter scholarship, and at the + end of the following year obtained First Class Honours in + Mathematics and a Second in Classical Moderations. On + Christmas Eve he was made a Student on Dr. Pusey's + nomination, for at that time the Dean and Canons nominated + to Studentships by turn. The only conditions on which these + old Studentships were held were that the Student should + remain unmarried, and should proceed to Holy Orders. No + statute precisely defined what work was expected of them, + that question being largely left to their own discretion. + </p> + <p> + The eight Students at the bottom of the list that is to + say, the eight who had been nominated last—had to mark, by + pricking on weekly papers called "the Bills," the + attendance at morning and evening chapel. They were allowed + to arrange this duty among themselves, and, if it was + neglected, they were all punished. This long—defunct custom + explains an entry in Lewis Carroll's Diary for October 15, + 1853, "Found I had got the prickbills two hundred lines + apiece, by not pricking in in the morning," which, I must + confess, mystified me exceedingly at first. Another + reference to College impositions occurs further on in his + Diary, at a time when he was a Lecturer: "Spoke to the Dean + about F—, who has brought an imposition which his tutor + declares is not his own writing, after being expressly told + to write it himself." + </p> + <p> + The following is an extract from his father's letter of + congratulation, on his being nominated for the + Studentship:— + </p> + <blockquote> + My dearest Charles,—The feelings of thankfulness and + delight with which I have read your letter just received, I + must leave to <i>your conception</i>; for they are, I + assure you, beyond <i>my expression</i>; and your + affectionate heart will derive no small addition of joy + from thinking of the joy which you have occasioned to me, + and to all the circle of your home. I say "<i>you</i> have + occasioned," because, grateful as I am to my old friend Dr. + Pusey for what he has done, I cannot desire stronger + evidence than his own words of the fact that you have + <i>won</i>, and well won, this honour for <i>yourself</i>, + and that it is bestowed as a matter of <i>justice</i> to + <i>you</i>, and not of <i>kindness</i> to <i>me</i>. You + will be interested in reading extracts from his two letters + to me—the first written three years ago in answer to one + from me, in which I distinctly told him that I neither + asked nor expected that he should serve me in this matter, + unless my son should fairly reach the standard of merit by + which these appointments were regulated. In reply he says— + "I thank you for the way in which you put the application + to me. I have now, for nearly twenty years, not given a + Studentship to any friend of my own, unless there was no + very eligible person in the College. I have passed by or + declined the sons of those to whom I was personally + indebted for kindness. I can only say that I shall have + <i>very great</i> pleasure, if circumstances permit me to + nominate your son." In his letter received this morning he + says— + <blockquote> + "I have great pleasure in telling you that I have been + enabled to recommend your son for a Studentship this + Christmas. It must be so much more satisfactory to you + that he should be nominated thus, in consequence of the + recommendation of the College. One of the Censors brought + me to-day five names; but in their minds it was plain + that they thought your son on the whole the most eligible + for the College. It has been very satisfactory to hear of + your son's uniform steady and good conduct." + </blockquote>The last clause is a parallel to your own + report, and I am glad that you should have had so soon an + evidence so substantial of the truth of what I have so + often inculcated, that it is the "steady, painstaking, + likely-to-do-good" man, who in the long run wins the race + against those who now and then give a brilliant flash and, + as Shakespeare says, "straight are cold again." + </blockquote> + <div class="c1" align="Center"><a name="475"></a> + <img src="Images/475.png" alt="475.png"></div> + <div align="center"><a href="#T475"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c2" align="center"> + ARCHDEACON DODGSON.</div> + + + <p> + In 1853 Archdeacon Dodgson was collated and installed as + one of the Canons of Ripon Cathedral. This appointment + necessitated a residence of three months in every year at + Ripon, where Dr. Erskine was then Dean. A certain Miss + Anderson, who used to stay at the Deanery, had very + remarkable "clairvoyant" powers; she was able—it was + averred—by merely holding in her hand a folded paper + containing some words written by a person unknown to her, + to describe his or her character. In this way, at what + precise date is uncertain, she dictated the following + description of Lewis Carroll: "Very clever head; a great + deal of number; a great deal of imitation; he would make a + good actor; diffident; rather shy in general society; comes + out in the home circle; rather obstinate; very clever; a + great deal of concentration; very affectionate; a great + deal of wit and humour; not much eventuality (or memory of + events); fond of deep reading; imaginative, fond, of + reading poetry; <i>may</i> compose." Those who knew him + well will agree that this was, at any rate, a remarkable + coincidence. + </p> + <table align="Right" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="476"></a> + <img src="Images/476.png" alt="476.png" align="Right"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T476"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c2" align="center"> + ARCHBISHOP LONGLEY. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + Longley, afterwards Primate, was then Bishop of Ripon. His + charming character endeared him to the Archdeacon and his + family, as to every one else who saw much of him. He was + one of the few men whose faces can truly be called + <i>beautiful</i>; it was a veil through which a soul, all + gentleness and truth, shone brightly. + </p> + <p> + In the early part of 1854 Mr. Dodgson was reading hard for + "Greats." For the last three weeks before the examination + he worked thirteen hours a day, spending the whole night + before the <i>viva voce</i> over his books. But philosophy + and history were not very congenial subjects to him, and + when the list was published his name was only in the third + class. + </p> + <p> + He spent the Long Vacation at Whitby, reading Mathematics + with Professor Price. His work bore good fruit, for in + October he obtained First Class Honours in the Final + Mathematical School. "I am getting quite tired of being + congratulated on various subjects," he writes; "there seems + to be no end of it. If I had shot the Dean I could hardly + have had more said about it." + </p> + <p> + In another letter dated December 13th, he says: + </p> + <blockquote> + Enclosed you will find a list which I expect you to rejoice + over considerably; it will take me more than a day to + believe it, I expect—I feel at present very like a child + with a new toy, but I daresay I shall be tired of it soon, + and wish to be Pope of Rome next.... I have just been to + Mr. Price to see how I did in the papers, and the result + will I hope be gratifying to you. The following were the + sums total for each in the First Class, as nearly as I can + remember:— + <pre> <tt> +Dodgson ... ... ... 279<br> +Bosanquet ... ... ... 261<br> +Cookson ... ... ... 254<br> +Fowler ... ... ... 225<br> +Ranken ... ... ... 213</tt> <br></pre>He also said he never remembered so good a set of men in. +All this is very satisfactory. I must also add (this is a very +boastful letter) that I ought to get the senior scholarship next +term.... One thing more I will add, to crown all, and that is, I +find I am the next First Class Mathematical Student to Faussett +(with the exception of Kitchin who has given up Mathematics), so +that I stand next (as Bosanquet is going to leave) for the +Lectureship. + </blockquote> + <p> + On December 18th he took the degree of Bachelor of Arts, + and on October 15, 1855, he was made a "Master of the + House," in honour of the appointment of the new Dean (Dr. + Liddell) who succeeded Dean Gaisford. To be made Master of + the House means that a man has all the privileges of a + Master of Arts within the walls of Christ Church. But he + must be of a certain number of terms' standing, and be + admitted in due form by the Vice-Chancellor, before he is a + Master of Arts of the University. In this wider sense Mr. + Dodgson did not take his Master's degree until 1857. + </p> + <p> + This is anticipating events, and there is much to tell of + the year 1855, which was a very eventful one for him. On + February 15th he was made Sub-Librarian. "This will add + £35 to my income," he writes, "not much towards + independence." For he was most anxious to have a sufficient + income to make him his own master, that he might enter on + the literary and artistic career of which he was already + dreaming. On May 14th he wrote in his Diary: "The Dean and + Canons have been pleased to give me one of the Bostock + scholarships, said to be worth £20 a year—this very + nearly raises my income this year to independence. + Courage!" + </p> + <p> + His college work, during 1855, was chiefly taking private + pupils, but he had, in addition, about three and a half + hours a day of lecturing during the last term of the year. + He did not, however, work as one of the regular staff of + lecturers until the next year. From that date his work + rapidly increased, and he soon had to devote regularly as + much as seven hours a day to delivering lectures, to say + nothing of the time required for preparing them. + </p> + <p> + The following extract from his Journal, June 22, 1855, will + serve to show his early love for the drama. The scene is + laid at the Princess' Theatre, then at the height of its + glory:— + </p> + <blockquote> + The evening began with a capital farce, "Away with + Melancholy," and then came the great play, "Henry VIII.," + the greatest theatrical treat I ever had or ever expect to + have. I had no idea that anything so superb as the scenery + and dresses was ever to be seen on the stage. Kean was + magnificent as Cardinal Wolsey, Mrs. Kean a worthy + successor to Mrs. Siddons as Queen Catherine, and all the + accessories without exception were good—but oh, that + exquisite vision of Queen Catherine's! I almost held my + breath to watch: the illusion is perfect, and I felt as if + in a dream all the time it lasted. It was like a delicious + reverie, or the most beautiful poetry. This is the true end + and object of acting—to raise the mind above itself, and + out of its petty cares. Never shall I forget that wonderful + evening, that exquisite vision—sunbeams broke in through + the roof, and gradually revealed two angel forms, floating + in front of the carved work on the ceiling: the column of + sunbeams shone down upon the sleeping queen, and gradually + down it floated, a troop of angelic forms, transparent, and + carrying palm branches in their hands: they waved these + over the sleeping queen, with oh! such a sad and solemn + grace. So could I fancy (if the thought be not profane) + would real angels seem to our mortal vision, though + doubtless our conception is poor and mean to the reality. + She in an ecstasy raises her arms towards them, and to + sweet slow music, they vanish as marvellously as they came. + Then the profound silence of the audience burst at once + into a rapture of applause; but even that scarcely marred + the effect of the beautiful sad waking words of the Queen, + "Spirits of peace, where are ye?" I never enjoyed anything + so much in my life before; and never felt so inclined to + shed tears at anything fictitious, save perhaps at that + poetical gem of Dickens, the death of little Paul. + </blockquote> + <p> + On August 21st he received a long letter from his father, + full of excellent advice on the importance to a young man + of saving money:— + </p> + <blockquote> + I will just sketch for you [writes the Archdeacon] a + supposed case, applicable to your own circumstances, of a + young man of twenty-three, making up his mind to work for + ten years, and living to do it, on an Income enabling him + to save £150 a year—supposing him to appropriate it + thus:— + <pre> <tt><br> + £ s. d.<br> +<br> +Invested at 4 per cent. ... ... 100 0 0<br> +<br> +Life Insurance of £1,500 ... 29 15 0<br> +Books, besides those bought in<br> +ordinary course ... ... ... 20 5 0<br> + _____________<br> + £150 0 0 +</tt> <br></pre>Suppose him at the end of the ten years to get a Living +enabling him to settle, what will be the result of his savings:— +1. A nest egg of £1,220 ready money, for furnishing and +other expenses. 2. A sum of £1,500 secured at his death on +payment of a <i>very much</i> smaller annual Premium than if he +had then begun to insure it. 3. A useful Library, worth more than +£200, besides the books bought out of his current Income +during the period.... + </blockquote> + <p> + The picture on the opposite page is one of Mr. Dodgson's + illustrations in <i>Misch-Masch,</i> a periodical of the + nature of <i>The Rectory Umbrella</i>, except that it + contained printed stories and poems by the editor, cut out + of the various newspapers to which he had contributed them. + Of the comic papers of that day <i>Punch,</i> of course, + held the foremost place, but it was not without rivals; + there was a certain paper called <i>Diogenes</i>, then very + near its end, which imitated <i>Punch's</i> style, and in + 1853 the proprietor of <i>The Illustrated News</i>, at that + time one of the most opulent publishers in London, started + <i>The Comic Times.</i> A capable editor was found in + Edmund Yates; "Phiz" and other well-known artists and + writers joined the staff, and 100,000 copies of the first + number were printed. + </p> + <div class="c1" align="Center"><a name="079"></a> + <img src="Images/079.png" alt="079.png" width="550" height="359" hspace="10" vspace="10"> + </div> + <div align="center"><a href="#T079"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c2" align="Center"> + <b>STUDIES FROM ENGLISH POETS II<br> + "Alas! What Boots"<br> + Milton's Lucidas.</b> + </div><br> + <p> + Among the contributors was Frank Smedley, author of "Frank + Fairleigh." Though a confirmed invalid, and condemned to + spend most of his days on a sofa, Mr. Smedley managed to + write several fine novels, full of the joy of life, and + free from the least taint of discontent or morbid feeling. + He was one of those men—one meets them here and there—whose + minds rise high above their bodily infirmities; at moments + of depression, which come to them as frequently, if not + more frequently, than to other men, they no doubt feel + their weakness, and think themselves despised, little + knowing that we, the stronger ones in body, feel nothing + but admiration as we watch the splendid victory of the soul + over its earthly companion which their lives display. + </p> + <p> + It was through Frank Smedley that Mr. Dodgson became one of + the contributors to <i>The Comic Times</i>. Several of his + poems appeared in it, and Mr. Yates wrote to him in the + kindest manner, expressing warm approval of them. When + <i>The Comic Times</i> changed hands in 1856, and was + reduced to half its size, the whole staff left it and + started a new venture, <i>The Train</i>. They were joined + by Sala, whose stories in <i>Household Words</i> were at + that time usually ascribed by the uninitiated to Charles + Dickens. Mr. Dodgson's contributions to <i>The Train</i> + included the following: "Solitude" (March, 1856); "Novelty + and Romancement" (October, 1856); "The Three Voices" + (November, 1856); "The Sailor's Wife" (May, 1857); and + last, but by no means least, "Hiawatha's Photographing" + (December, 1857). All of these, except "Novelty and + Romancement," have since been republished in "Rhyme? and + Reason?" and "Three Sunsets." + </p> + <p> + The last entry in Mr. Dodgson's Diary for this year reads + as follows:— + </p> + <blockquote> + I am sitting alone in my bedroom this last night of the old + year, waiting for midnight. It has been the most eventful + year of my life: I began it a poor bachelor student, with + no definite plans or expectations; I end it a master and + tutor in Ch. Ch., with an income of more than £300 a + year, and the course of mathematical tuition marked out by + God's providence for at least some years to come. Great + mercies, great failings, time lost, talents misapplied—such + has been the past year. + </blockquote> + <p> + His Diary is full of such modest depreciations of himself + and his work, interspersed with earnest prayers (too sacred + and private to be reproduced here) that God would forgive + him the past, and help him to perform His holy will in the + future. And all the time that he was thus speaking of + himself as a sinner, and a man who was utterly falling + short of his aim, he was living a life full of good deeds + and innumerable charities, a life of incessant labour and + unremitting fulfilment of duty. So, I suppose, it is always + with those who have a really high ideal; the harder they + try to approach it the more it seems to recede from them, + or rather, perhaps, it is impossible to be both "the + subject and spectator" of goodness. As Coventry Patmore + wrote:— + </p> + <blockquote> + <br> + Become whatever good you see;<br> + Nor sigh if, forthwith, fades from view<br> + The grace of which you may not be<br> + The Subject and spectator too. + </blockquote> + <p> + The reading of "Alton Locke" turned his mind towards social + subjects. "If the book were but a little more definite," he + writes, "it might stir up many fellow-workers in the same + good field of social improvement. Oh that God, in His good + providence, may make me hereafter such a worker! But alas, + what are the means? Each one has his own <i>nostrum</i> to + propound, and in the Babel of voices nothing is done. I + would thankfully spend and be spent so long as I were sure + of really effecting something by the sacrifice, and not + merely lying down under the wheels of some irresistible + Juggernaut." + </p> + <p> + He was for some time the editor of <i>College Rhymes</i>, a + Christ Church paper, in which his poem, "A Sea Dirge" + (afterwards republished in "Phantasmagoria," and again in + "Rhyme? and Reason?"), first appeared. The following verses + were among his contributions to the same magazine:— + </p> + <blockquote> + <br> + I painted her a gushing thing,<br> + With years perhaps a score<br> + I little thought to find they were<br> + At least a dozen more;<br> + My fancy gave her eyes of blue,<br> + A curly auburn head:<br> + I came to find the blue a green,<br> + The auburn turned to red.<br> + <br> + She boxed my ears this morning,<br> + They tingled very much;<br> + I own that I could wish her<br> + A somewhat lighter touch;<br> + And if you were to ask me how<br> + Her charms might be improved,<br> + I would not have them <i>added to</i>,<br> + But just a few <i>removed</i>!<br> + <br> + She has the bear's ethereal grace,<br> + The bland hyena's laugh,<br> + The footstep of the elephant,<br> + The neck of the giraffe;<br> + I love her still, believe me,<br> + Though my heart its passion hides;<br> + "She is all my fancy painted her,"<br> + But oh! <i>how much besides</i>! + </blockquote> + <p> + It was when writing for <i>The Train</i> that he first felt + the need of a pseudonym. He suggested "Dares" (the first + syllable of his birthplace) to Edmund Yates, but, as this + did not meet with his editor's approval, he wrote again, + giving a choice of four names, (1) Edgar Cuthwellis, (2) + Edgar U. C. Westhall, (3) Louis Carroll, and (4) Lewis + Carroll. The first two were formed from the letters of his + two Christian names, Charles Lutwidge; the others are + merely variant forms of those names—Lewis = Ludovicus = + Lutwidge; Carroll = Carolus = Charles. Mr. Yates chose the + last, and thenceforward it became Mr. Dodgson's ordinary + <i>nom de plume</i> . The first occasion on which he used + it was, I believe, when he wrote "The Path of Roses," a + poem which appeared in <i>The Train</i> in May, 1856. + </p> + <p> + On June 16th he again visited the Princess's Theatre. This + time the play was "A Winter's Tale," and he "especially + admired the acting of the little Mamillius, Ellen Terry, a + beautiful little creature, who played with remarkable ease + and spirit." + </p> + <p> + During the Long Vacation he spent a few weeks in the + English Lake District. In spite of the rain, of which he + had his full share, he managed to see a good deal of the + best scenery, and made the ascent of Gable in the face of + an icy gale, which laid him up with neuralgia for some + days. He and his companions returned to Croft by way of + Barnard Castle, as he narrates in his Diary:— + </p> + <blockquote> + We set out by coach for Barnard Castle at about seven, and + passed over about forty miles of the dreariest hill-country + I ever saw; the climax of wretchedness was reached in + Bowes, where yet stands the original of "Dotheboys Hall"; + it has long ceased to be used as a school, and is falling + into ruin, in which the whole place seems to be following + its example—the roofs are falling in, and the windows + broken or barricaded—the whole town looks plague-stricken. + The courtyard of the inn we stopped at was grown over with + weeds, and a mouthing idiot lolled against the corner of + the house, like the evil genius of the spot. Next to a + prison or a lunatic asylum, preserve me from living at + Bowes! + </blockquote> + <p> + Although he was anything but a sportsman, he was interested + in the subject of betting, from a mathematical standpoint + solely, and in 1857 he sent a letter to <i>Bell's Life</i>, + explaining a method by which a betting man might ensure + winning over any race. The system was either to back + <i>every</i> horse, or to lay against <i>every</i> horse, + according to the way the odds added up. He showed his + scheme to a sporting friend, who remarked, "An excellent + system, and you're bound to win—<i>if only you can get + people to take your bets</i>." + </p> + <p> + In the same year he made the acquaintance of Tennyson, + whose writings he had long intensely admired. He thus + describes the poet's appearance:— + </p> + <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="477"></a> + <img src="Images/477.png" alt="477.png" align="Right"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <div align="center"><a href="#T477"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c1"> + <b>ALFRED TENNYSON.</b><br> + <i>(From a photograph by Lewis Carroll)</i>. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <blockquote> + A strange shaggy-looking man; his hair, moustache, and + beard looked wild and neglected; these very much hid the + character of the face. He was dressed in a loosely fitting + morning coat, common grey flannel waistcoat and trousers, + and a carelessly tied black silk neckerchief. His hair is + black; I think the eyes too; they are keen and + restless—nose aquiline—forehead high and broad—both face + and head are fine and manly. His manner was kind and + friendly from the first; there is a dry lurking humour in + his style of talking. I took the opportunity [he goes on to + say] of asking the meaning of two passages in his poems, + which have always puzzled me: one in "Maud"— + <blockquote> + <br> + Strange that I hear two men<br> + Somewhere talking of me;<br> + Well, if it prove a girl, my boy<br> + Will have plenty; so let it be. + </blockquote>He said it referred to Maud, and to the two + fathers arranging a match between himself and her. + </blockquote> + <blockquote> + The other was of the poet— + <blockquote> + <br> + Dowered with the hate of hate, the scorn of scorn,<br> + The love of love. + </blockquote>He said that he was quite willing it should + bear any meaning the words would fairly bear; to the best + of his recollection his meaning when he wrote it was "the + hate of the quality hate, &c.," but he thought the + meaning of "the quintessence of hatred" finer. He said + there had never been a poem so misunderstood by the + "ninnies of critics" as "Maud." + </blockquote> + <p> + During an evening spent at Tent Lodge Tennyson remarked, on + the similarity of the monkey's skull to the human, that a + young monkey's skull is quite human in shape, and gradually + alters—the analogy being borne out by the human skull being + at first more like the statues of the gods, and gradually + degenerating into human; and then, turning to Mrs. + Tennyson, "There, that's the second original remark I've + made this evening!" Mr. Dodgson saw a great deal of the + Tennysons after this, and photographed the poet himself and + various members of his family. + </p> + <p> + In October he made the acquaintance of John Ruskin, who in + after years was always willing to assist him with his + valuable advice on any point of artistic criticism. Mr. + Dodgson was singularly fortunate in his friends; whenever + he was in difficulties on any technical matters, whether of + religion, law, medicine, art, or whatever it might be, he + always had some one especially distinguished in that branch + of study whose aid he could seek as a friend. In + particular, the names of Canon King (now Bishop of + Lincoln), and Sir James Paget occur to me; to the latter + Mr. Dodgson addressed many letters on questions of medicine + and surgery—some of them intricate enough, but never too + intricate to weary the unfailing patience of the great + surgeon. + </p> + <p> + A note in Mr. Dodgson's Journal, May 9, 1857, describes his + introduction to Thackeray:— + </p> + <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="478"></a> + <img src="Images/478.png" alt="478.png" align="Right"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T478"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>THE BISHOP OF LINCOLN.</b><br> + <i>(From a photograph by Lewis Carroll)</i>. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <blockquote> + I breakfasted this morning with Fowler of Lincoln to meet + Thackeray (the author), who delivered his lecture on George + III. in Oxford last night. I was much pleased with what I + saw of him; his manner is simple and unaffected; he shows + no anxiety to shine in conversation, though full of fun and + anecdote when drawn out. He seemed delighted with the + reception he had met with last night: the undergraduates + seem to have behaved with most unusual moderation. + </blockquote> + <p> + The next few years of his life passed quietly, and without + any unusual events to break the monotony of college + routine. He spent his mornings in the lecture-rooms, his + afternoons in the country or on the river—he was very fond + of boating—and his evenings in his room, reading and + preparing for the next day's work. But in spite of all this + outward calm of life, his mind was very much exercised on + the subject of taking Holy Orders. Not only was this step + necessary if he wished to retain his Studentship, but also + he felt that it would give him much more influence among + the undergraduates, and thus increase his power of doing + good. On the other hand, he was not prepared to live the + life of almost puritanical strictness which was then + considered essential for a clergyman, and he saw that the + impediment of speech from which he suffered would greatly + interfere with the proper performance of his clerical + duties. + </p> + <table align="Left" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="479"></a> + <img src="Images/479.png" alt="479.png" align="Right"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T479"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>BISHOP WILBERFORCE.</b><br> + <i>(From a photograph by Lewis Carroll)</i>. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + The Bishop of Oxford, Dr. Wilberforce, had expressed the + opinion that the "resolution to attend theatres or operas + was an absolute disqualification for Holy Orders," which + discouraged him very much, until it transpired that this + statement was only meant to refer to the parochial clergy. + He discussed the matter with Dr. Pusey, and with Dr. + Liddon. The latter said that "he thought a deacon might + lawfully, if he found himself unfit for the work, abstain + from direct ministerial duty." And so, with many qualms + about his own unworthiness, he at last decided to prepare + definitely for ordination. + </p> + <p> + On December 22, 1861, he was ordained deacon by the Bishop + of Oxford. He never proceeded to priest's orders, partly, I + think, because he felt that if he were to do so it would be + his duty to undertake regular parochial work, and partly on + account of his stammering. He used, however, to preach not + unfrequently, and his sermons were always delightful to + listen to, his extreme earnestness being evident in every + word. + </p> + <p> + "He knew exactly what he wished to say" (I am quoting from + an article in <i>The Guardian</i>), "and completely forgot + his audience in his anxiety to explain his point clearly. + He thought of the subject only, and the words came of + themselves. Looking straight in front of him he saw, as it + were, his argument mapped out in the form of a diagram, and + he set to work to prove it point by point, under its + separate heads, and then summed up the whole." + </p> + <p> + One sermon which he preached in the University Church, on + Eternal Punishment, is not likely to be soon forgotten by + those who heard it. I, unfortunately, was not of that + number, but I can well imagine how his clear-cut features + would light up as he dwelt lovingly upon the mercy of that + Being whose charity far exceeds "the measure of man's + mind." It is hardly necessary to say that he himself did + not believe in eternal punishment, or any other scholastic + doctrine that contravenes the love of God. + </p> + <p> + He disliked being complimented on his sermons, but he liked + to be told of any good effects that his words had had upon + any member of the congregation. "Thank you for telling me + that fact about my sermon," he wrote to one of his sisters, + who told him of some such good fruit that one of his + addresses had borne. "I have once or twice had such + information volunteered; and it is a <i>great</i> + comfort—and a kind of thing that is <i>really</i> good for + one to know. It is <i>not</i> good to be told (and I never + wish to be told), 'Your sermon was so <i>beautiful</i>.' We + shall not be concerned to know, in the Great Day, whether + we have preached beautiful sermons, but whether they were + preached with the one object of serving God." + </p> + <p> + He was always ready and willing to preach at the special + service for College servants, which used to be held at + Christ Church every Sunday evening; but best of all he + loved to preach to children. Some of his last sermons were + delivered at Christ Church, Eastbourne (the church he + regularly attended during the Long Vacation), to a + congregation of children. On those occasions he told them + an allegory—<i>Victor and Arnion,</i> which he intended to + publish in course of time—putting all his heart into the + work, and speaking with such deep feeling that at times he + was almost unable to control his emotion as he told them of + the love and compassion of the Good Shepherd. + </p> + <p> + I have dwelt at some length on this side of his life, for + it is, I am sure, almost ignored in the popular estimate of + him. He was essentially a religious man in the best sense + of the term, and without any of that morbid sentimentality + which is too often associated with the word; and while his + religion consecrated his talents, and raised him to a + height which without it he could never have reached, the + example of such a man as he was, so brilliant, so witty, so + successful, and yet so full of faith, consecrates the very + conception of religion, and makes it yet more beautiful. + </p> + <p> + On April 13, 1859, he paid another visit to Tennyson, this + time at Farringford. + </p> + <blockquote> + After dinner we retired for about an hour to the + smoking-room, where I saw the proof-sheets of the "King's + Idylls," but he would not let me read them. He walked + through the garden with me when I left, and made me remark + an effect produced on the thin white clouds by the moon + shining through, which I had not noticed—a ring of golden + light at some distance off the moon, with an interval of + white between—this, he says, he has alluded to in one of + his early poems ("Margaret," vol. i.), "the tender amber." + I asked his opinion of Sydney Dobell—he agrees with me in + liking "Grass from the Battlefield," and thinks him a + writer of genius and imagination, but extravagant. + </blockquote> + <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="480"></a> + <img src="Images/480.png" alt="480.png" align="Right"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T480"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>ALICE LIDDELL AS BEGGAR-CHILD.</b><br> + <i>(From a photograph by Lewis Carroll)</i>. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + On another occasion he showed the poet a photograph which + he had taken of Miss Alice Liddell as a beggar-child, and + which Tennyson said was the most beautiful photograph he + had ever seen. + </p> + <blockquote> + Tennyson told us he had often dreamed long passages of + poetry, and believed them to be good at the time, though he + could never remember them after waking, except four lines + which he dreamed at ten years old:— + <blockquote> + <br> + May a cock sparrow<br> + Write to a barrow?<br> + I hope you'll excuse<br> + My infantile muse; + </blockquote>—which, as an unpublished fragment of the Poet + Laureate, may be thought interesting, but not affording + much promise of his after powers. He also told us he once + dreamed an enormously long poem about fairies, which began + with very long lines that gradually got shorter, and ended + with fifty or sixty lines of two syllables each! + </blockquote> + <p> + On October 17, 1859, the Prince of Wales came into + residence at Christ Church. The Dean met him at the + station, and all the dons assembled in Tom Quadrangle to + welcome him. Mr. Dodgson, as usual, had an eye to a + photograph, in which hope, however, he was doomed to + disappointment. His Royal Highness was tired of having his + picture taken. + </p> + <p> + During his early college life he used often to spend a few + days at Hastings, with his mother's sisters, the Misses + Lutwidge. In a letter written from their house to his + sister Mary, and dated April 11, 1860, he gives an account + of a lecture he had just heard:— + </p> + <blockquote> + I am just returned from a series of dissolving views on the + Arctic regions, and, while the information there received + is still fresh in my mind, I will try to give you some of + it. In the first place, you may not know that one of the + objects of the Arctic expeditions was to discover "the + intensity of the magnetic needle." He [the lecturer] did + not tell us, however, whether they had succeeded in + discovering it, or whether that rather obscure question is + still doubtful. One of the explorers, Baffin, + "<i>though</i> he did not suffer all the hardships the + others did, <i>yet</i> he came to an untimely end (of + course one would think in the Arctic regions), <i>for + instance</i> (what follows being, I suppose, one of the + untimely ends he came to), being engaged in a war of the + Portuguese against the Prussians, while measuring the + ground in front of a fortification, a cannon-ball came + against him, with the force with which cannon-balls in that + day <i>did</i> come, and killed him dead on the spot." How + many instances of this kind would you demand to prove that + he did come to an untimely end? One of the ships was laid + up three years in the ice, during which time, he told us, + "Summer came and went frequently." This, I think, was the + most remarkable phenomenon he mentioned in the whole + lecture, and gave <i>me</i> quite a new idea of those + regions. + </blockquote> + <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="098"></a> + <img src="Images/098.png" alt="098.png" align="Right"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T098"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <blockquote> + On Tuesday I went to a concert at St. Leonard's. On the + front seat sat a youth about twelve years of age, of whom + the enclosed is a tolerably accurate sketch. He really was, + I think, the ugliest boy I ever saw. I wish I could get an + opportunity of photographing him. + </blockquote> + <p> + The following note occurs in his Journal for May 6th:— + </p> + <blockquote> + A Christ Church man, named Wilmot, who is just returned + from the West Indies, dined in Hall. He told us some + curious things about the insects in South America—one that + he had himself seen was a spider charming a cockroach with + flashes of light; they were both on the wall, the spider + about a yard the highest, and the light was like a + glow-worm, only that it came by flashes and did not shine + continuously; the cockroach gradually crawled up to it, and + allowed itself to be taken and killed. + </blockquote> + <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="481"></a> + <img src="Images/481.png" alt="481.png" align="Right"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T481"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>GEORGE MACDONALD<br> + AND HIS DAUGHTER LILY.</b><br> + <i>(From a photograph<br> + by Lewis Carroll)</i>. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + A few months afterwards, when in town and visiting Mr. + Munroe's studio, he found there two of the children of Mr. + George Macdonald, whose acquaintance he had already made: + "They were a girl and boy, about seven and six years old—I + claimed their acquaintance, and began at once proving to + the boy, Greville, that he had better take the opportunity + of having his head changed for a marble one. The effect was + that in about two minutes they had entirely forgotten that + I was a total stranger, and were earnestly arguing the + question as if we were old acquaintances." Mr. Dodgson + urged that a marble head would not have to be brushed and + combed. At this the boy turned to his sister with an air of + great relief, saying, "Do you hear <i>that</i>, Mary? It + needn't be combed!" And the narrator adds, "I have no doubt + combing, with his great head of long hair, like Hallam + Tennyson's, was <i>the</i> misery of his life. His final + argument was that a marble head couldn't speak, and as I + couldn't convince either that he would be all the better + for that, I gave in." + </p> + <p> + In November he gave a lecture at a meeting of the Ashmolean + Society on "Where does the Day begin?" The problem, which + was one he was very fond of propounding, may be thus + stated: If a man could travel round the world so fast that + the sun would be always directly above his head, and if he + were to start travelling at midday on Tuesday, then in + twenty-four hours he would return to his original point of + departure, and would find that the day was now called + Wednesday—at what point of his journey would the day change + its name? The difficulty of answering this apparently + simple question has cast a gloom over many a pleasant + party. + </p> + <p> + On December 12th he wrote in his Diary:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Visit of the Queen to Oxford, to the great surprise of + everybody, as it had been kept a secret up to the time. She + arrived in Christ Church about twelve, and came into Hall + with the Dean, where the Collections were still going on, + about a dozen men being in Hall. The party consisted of the + Queen, Prince Albert, Princess Alice and her intended + husband, the Prince of Hesse-Darmstadt, the Prince of + Wales, Prince Alfred, and suite. They remained a minute or + two looking at the pictures, and the Sub-Dean was + presented: they then visited the Cathedral and Library. + Evening entertainment at the Deanery, <i>tableaux + vivants</i> . I went a little after half-past eight, and + found a great party assembled—the Prince had not yet come. + He arrived before nine, and I found an opportunity of + reminding General Bruce of his promise to introduce me to + the Prince, which he did at the next break in the + conversation H.R.H. was holding with Mrs. Fellowes. He + shook hands very graciously, and I began with a sort of + apology for having been so importunate about the + photograph. He said something of the weather being against + it, and I asked if the Americans had victimised him much as + a sitter; he said they had, but he did not think they had + succeeded well, and I told him of the new American process + of taking twelve thousand photographs in an hour. Edith + Liddell coming by at the moment, I remarked on the + beautiful <i>tableau</i> which the children might make: he + assented, and also said, in answer to my question, that he + had seen and admired my photographs of them. I then said + that I hoped, as I had missed the photograph, he would at + least give me his autograph in my album, which he promised + to do. Thinking I had better bring the talk to an end, I + concluded by saying that, if he would like copies of any of + my photographs, I should feel honoured by his accepting + them; he thanked me for this, and I then drew back, as he + did not seem inclined to pursue the conversation. + </blockquote> + <p> + A few days afterwards the Prince gave him his autograph, + and also chose a dozen or so of his photograph (sic). + </p><br> + <br> + <hr> + <br> + <br> + <table align="Center" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="482"></a> + <img src="Images/482.png" alt="482.png" align="Right"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T482"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>MRS. ROSSETTI AND HER CHILDREN<br> + DANTE GABRIEL, CHRISTINA, AND WILLIAM.</b><br> + <i>(From a photograph by Lewis Carroll)</i>. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table><br> + <br> + <hr> + <br> + <br> + <h2> + <a name="CHAPTER_III_T"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER + III</a> + </h2><br> + <h4> + (1861—1867) + </h4> + <blockquote> + Jowett—Index to "In Memoriam"—The Tennysons—The beginning + of "Alice"—Tenniel—Artistic friends—"Alice's Adventures in + Wonderland"—"Bruno's Revenge"—Tour with Dr. + Liddon—Cologne—Berlin architecture—The "Majesty of + Justice"—Peterhof—Moscow—A Russian wedding—Nijni—The + Troitska Monastery—"Hieroglyphic" writing—Giessen. + </blockquote> + <p> + It is my aim in this Memoir to let Mr. Dodgson tell his own + story as much as possible. In order to effect this object I + have drawn largely upon his Diary and correspondence. Very + few men have left behind them such copious information + about their lives as he has; unfortunately it is not + equally copious throughout, and this fact must be my + apology for the somewhat haphazard and disconnected way in + which parts of this book are written. That it is the best + which, under the circumstances, I have been able to do + needs, I hope, no saying, but the circumstances have at + times been too strong for me. + </p> + <p> + Though in later years Mr. Dodgson almost gave up the habit + of dining out, at this time of his life he used to do it + pretty frequently, and several of the notes in his Diary + refer to after-dinner and Common Room stories. The two + following extracts will show the sort of facts he + recorded:— + </p> + <blockquote> + <i>January 2, 1861.</i>—Mr. Grey (Canon) came to dine and + stay the night. He told me a curious old custom of millers, + that they place the sails of the mill as a Saint Andrew's + Cross when work is entirely suspended, thus x, but in an + upright cross, thus +, if they are just going to resume + work. He also mentioned that he was at school with Dr. + Tennyson (father of the poet), and was a great favourite of + his. He remembers that Tennyson used to do his + school-translations in rhyme.<br> + <br> + <i>May 9th.</i>—Met in Common Room Rev. C.F. Knight, and + the Hon'ble. F.J. Parker, both of Boston, U.S. The former + gave an amusing account of having seen Oliver Wendell + Holmes in a fishmonger's, lecturing <i>extempore</i> on the + head of a freshly killed turtle, whose eyes and jaws still + showed muscular action: the lecture of course being all + "cram," but accepted as sober earnest by the mob outside. + </blockquote> + <p> + Old Oxford men will remember the controversies that raged + from about 1860 onwards over the opinions of the late Dr. + Jowett. In my time the name "Jowett" only represented the + brilliant translator of Plato, and the deservedly loved + master of Balliol, whose sermons in the little College + Chapel were often attended by other than Balliol men, and + whose reputation for learning was expressed in the + well-known verse of "The Masque of Balliol":— + </p><span class="c4">First come I, my name is + Jowett.</span><br> + <span class="c4">There's no knowledge but I know + it;</span><br> + <span class="c4">I am Master of this College;</span><br> + <span class="c4">What I don't know isn't + knowledge.</span><br> + <p> + But in 1861 he was anything but universally popular, and I + am afraid that Mr. Dodgson, nothing if not a staunch + Conservative, sided with the majority against him. Thus he + wrote in his Diary:— + </p> + <blockquote> + <i>November 20th.</i>—Promulgation, in Congregation, of the + new statute to endow Jowett. The speaking took up the whole + afternoon, and the two points at issue, the endowing a + <i>Regius</i> Professorship, and the countenancing Jowett's + theological opinions, got so inextricably mixed up that I + rose to beg that they might be kept separate. Once on my + feet, I said more than I at first meant, and defied them + ever to tire out the opposition by perpetually bringing the + question on (<i>Mem</i>.: if I ever speak again I will try + to say no more than I had resolved before rising). This was + my first speech in Congregation. + </blockquote> + <p> + At the beginning of 1862 an "Index to In Memoriam," + compiled by Mr. Dodgson and his sisters, was published by + Moxon. Tennyson had given his consent, and the little book + proved to be very useful to his admirers. + </p> + <p> + On January 27th Morning Prayer was for the first time read + in English at the Christ Church College Service. On the + same day Mr. Dodgson moved over into new rooms, as the part + of the College where he had formerly lived (Chaplain's + Quadrangle) was to be pulled down. + </p> + <p> + During the Easter Vacation he paid another visit to the + Tennysons, which he describes as follows:— + </p> + <blockquote> + After luncheon I went to the Tennysons, and got Hallam and + Lionel to sign their names in my album. Also I made a + bargain with Lionel, that he was to give me some MS. of his + verses, and I was to send him some of mine. It was a very + difficult bargain to make; I almost despaired of it at + first, he put in so many conditions—first, I was to play a + game of chess with him; this, with much difficulty, was + reduced to twelve moves on each side; but this made little + difference, as I check-mated him at the sixth move. Second, + he was to be allowed to give me one blow on the head with a + mallet (this he at last consented to give up). I forget if + there were others, but it ended in my getting the verses, + for which I have written out "The Lonely Moor" for him. + </blockquote> + <p> + Mr. Dodgson took a great interest in occult phenomena, and + was for some time an enthusiastic member of the "Psychical + Society." It was his interest in ghosts that led to his + meeting with the artist Mr. Heaphy, who had painted a + picture of a ghost which he himself had seen. I quote the + following from a letter to his sister Mary:— + </p> + <blockquote> + During my last visit to town, I paid a very interesting + visit to a new artist, Mr. Heaphy. Do you remember that + curious story of a ghost lady (in <i>Household Words</i> or + <i>All the Year Round</i>), who sat to an artist for her + picture; it was called "Mr. H.'s Story," and he was the + writer.... He received me most kindly, and we had a very + interesting talk about the ghost, which certainly is one of + the most curious and inexplicable stories I ever heard. He + showed me her picture (life size), and she must have been + very lovely, if it is like her (or like it, which ever is + the correct pronoun).... Mr. Heaphy showed me a most + interesting collection of drawings he has made abroad; he + has been about, hunting up the earliest and most authentic + pictures of our Saviour, some merely outlines, some + coloured pictures. They agree wonderfully in the character + of the face, and one, he says, there is no doubt was done + before the year 150.... I feel sure from his tone that he + is doing this in a religious spirit, and not merely as an + artist. + </blockquote> + <p> + On July 4, 1862, there is a very important entry: "I made + an expedition <i>up</i> the river to Godstow with the three + Liddells; we had tea on the bank there, and did not reach + Christ Church till half-past eight." + </p> + <table align="Center" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="483"></a> + <img src="Images/483.png" alt="483.png" align="Right"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T483"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>LORINA, ALICE, AND EDITH LIDDELL.</b><br> + <i>(From a photograph by Lewis Carroll)</i>. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + On the opposite page he added, somewhat later, "On which + occasion I told them the fairy-tale of 'Alice's Adventures + Underground,' which I undertook to write out for Alice." + </p> + <p> + These words need to be supplemented by the verses with + which he prefaced the "Wonderland":— + </p><span class="c4">All in the golden afternoon</span><br> + <span class="c5">Full leisurely we glide;</span><br> + <span class="c4">For both our oars, with little + skill,</span><br> + <span class="c5">By little arms are plied,</span><br> + <span class="c4">While little hands make vain + pretence</span><br> + <span class="c5">Our wanderings to guide.</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c4">Ah, cruel Three! In such an hour,</span><br> + <span class="c5">Beneath such dreamy weather,</span><br> + <span class="c4">To beg a tale of breath too weak</span><br> + <span class="c5">To stir the tiniest feather!</span><br> + <span class="c4">Yet what can one poor voice avail</span><br> + <span class="c5">Against three tongues together?</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c4">Imperious Prima flashes forth</span><br> + <span class="c5">Her edict "to begin it"—</span><br> + <span class="c4">In gentler tones Secunda hopes</span><br> + <span class="c5">"There will be nonsense in it!"</span><br> + <span class="c4">While Tertia interrupts the tale</span><br> + <span class="c5">Not <i>more</i> than once a + minute.</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c4">Anon, to sudden silence won,</span><br> + <span class="c5">In fancy they pursue</span><br> + <span class="c4">The dream-child moving through a + land</span><br> + <span class="c5">Of wonders wild and new,</span><br> + <span class="c4">In friendly chat with bird or + beast—</span><br> + <span class="c5">And half believe it true.</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c4">And ever, as the story drained</span><br> + <span class="c5">The wells of fancy dry,</span><br> + <span class="c4">And faintly strove that weary one</span><br> + <span class="c5">To put the subject by,</span><br> + <span class="c4">"The rest next time"—"It <i>is</i> next + time!"</span><br> + <span class="c5">The happy voices cry.</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c4">Thus grew the tale of Wonderland:</span><br> + <span class="c5">Thus slowly, one by one,</span><br> + <span class="c4">Its quaint events were hammered + out—</span><br> + <span class="c5">And now the tale is done,</span><br> + <span class="c4">And home we steer, a merry crew,</span><br> + <span class="c5">Beneath the setting sun.</span><br> + <p> + "Alice" herself (Mrs. Reginald Hargreaves) has given an + account of the scene, from which what follows is quoted:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Most of Mr. Dodgson's stories were told to us on river + expeditions to Nuneham or Godstow, near Oxford. My eldest + sister, now Mrs. Skene, was "Prima," I was "Secunda," and + "Tertia" was my sister Edith. I believe the beginning of + "Alice" was told one summer afternoon when the sun was so + burning that we had landed in the meadows down the river, + deserting the boat to take refuge in the only bit of shade + to be found, which was under a new-made hayrick. Here from + all three came the old petition of "Tell us a story," and + so began the ever-delightful tale. Sometimes to tease + us—and perhaps being really tired—Mr. Dodgson would stop + suddenly and say, "And that's all till next time." "Ah, but + it is next time," would be the exclamation from all three; + and after some persuasion the story would start afresh. + Another day, perhaps, the story would begin in the boat, + and Mr. Dodgson, in the middle of telling a thrilling + adventure, would pretend to go fast asleep, to our great + dismay. + </blockquote> + <p> + "Alice's Adventures Underground" was the original name of + the story; later on it became "Alice's Hour in Elfland." It + was not until June 18, 1864, that he finally decided upon + "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland." The illustrating of the + manuscript book gave him some trouble. He had to borrow a + "Natural History" from the Deanery to learn the correct + shapes of some of the strange animals with which Alice + conversed; the Mock Turtle he must have evolved out of his + inner consciousness, for it is, I think, a species unknown + to naturalists. + </p> + <p> + He was lucky enough during the course of the year to see a + ceremony which is denied to most Oxford men. When degrees + are given, any tradesman who has been unable to get his due + from an undergraduate about to be made a Bachelor of Arts + is allowed, by custom, to pluck the Proctor's gown as he + passes, and then to make his complaint. This law is more + honoured in the breach than in the observance; but, on the + occasion of this visit of Mr. Dodgson's to Convocation, the + Proctor's gown was actually plucked—on account of an + unfortunate man who had gone through the Bankruptcy Court. + </p> + <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="484"></a> + <img src="Images/484.png" alt="484.png"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T484"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>GEORGE MACDONALD.</b><br> + <i>(From a photograph by Lewis Carroll)</i>. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + When he promised to write out "Alice" for Miss Liddell he + had no idea of publication; but his friend, Mr. George + Macdonald, to whom he had shown the story, persuaded him to + submit it to a publisher. Messrs. Macmillan agreed to + produce it, and as Mr. Dodgson had not sufficient faith in + his own artistic powers to venture to allow his + illustrations to appear, it was necessary to find some + artist who would undertake the work. By the advice of Tom + Taylor he approached Mr. Tenniel, who was fortunately well + disposed, and on April 5, 1864, the final arrangements were + made. + </p> + <p> + The following interesting account of a meeting with Mr. + Dodgson is from the pen of Mrs. Bennie, wife of the Rector + of Glenfield, near Leicester:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Some little time after the publication of "Alice's + Adventures" we went for our summer holiday to Whitby. We + were visiting friends, and my brother and sister went to + the hotel. They soon after asked us to dine with them there + at the <i>table d'hôte.</i> I had on one side of me a + gentleman whom I did not know, but as I had spent a good + deal of time travelling in foreign countries, I always, at + once, speak to any one I am placed next. I found on this + occasion I had a very agreeable neighbour, and we seemed to + be much interested in the same books, and politics also + were touched on. After dinner my sister and brother rather + took me to task for talking so much to a complete stranger. + I said. "But it was quite a treat to talk to him and to + hear him talk. Of one thing I am quite sure, he is a + genius." My brother and sister, who had not heard him + speak, again laughed at me, and said, "You are far too + easily pleased." I, however, maintained my point, and said + what great delight his conversation had given me, and how + remarkably clever it had been. Next morning nurse took out + our two little twin daughters in front of the sea. I went + out a short time afterwards, looked for them, and found + them seated with my friend of the <i>table d'hôte</i> + between them, and they were listening to him, open-mouthed, + and in the greatest state of enjoyment, with his knee + covered with minute toys. I, seeing their great delight, + motioned to him to go on; this he did for some time. A most + charming story he told them about sea-urchins and + Ammonites. When it was over, I said, "You must be the + author of 'Alice's Adventures.'" He laughed, but looked + astonished, and said, "My dear Madam, my name is Dodgson, + and 'Alice's Adventures' was written by Lewis Carroll." I + replied, "Then you must have borrowed the name, for only he + could have told a story as you have just done." After a + little sparring he admitted the fact, and I went home and + proudly told my sister and brother how my genius had turned + out a greater one than I expected. They assured me I must + be mistaken, and that, as I had suggested it to him, he had + taken advantage of the idea, and said he was what I wanted + him to be. A few days after some friends came to Whitby who + knew his aunts, and confirmed the truth of his statement, + and thus I made the acquaintance of one whose friendship + has been the source of great pleasure for nearly thirty + years. He has most generously sent us all his books, with + kind inscriptions, to "Minnie and Doe," whom he + photographed, but would not take Canon Bennie or me; he + said he never took portraits of people of more than + seventeen years of age until they were seventy. He visited + us, and we often met him at Eastbourne, and his death was + indeed a great loss after so many happy years of friendship + with one we so greatly admired and loved. + </blockquote> + <p> + He spent a part of the Long Vacation at Freshwater, taking + great interest in the children who, for him, were the chief + attraction of the seaside. + </p> + <blockquote> + Every morning four little children dressed in yellow go by + from the front down to the beach: they go by in a state of + great excitement, brandishing wooden spades, and making + strange noises; from that moment they disappear + entirely—they are never to be seen <i>on</i> the beach. The + only theory I can form is, that they all tumble into a hole + somewhere, and continue excavating therein during the day: + however that may be, I have once or twice come across them + returning at night, in exactly the same state of + excitement, and seemingly in quite as great a hurry to get + home as they were before to get out. The evening noises + they make sound to me very much like the morning noises, + but I suppose they are different to them, and contain an + account of the day's achievements. + </blockquote> + <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="485"></a> + <img src="Images/485.png" alt="485.png"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T485"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>J. SANT.</b><br> + <i>(From a photograph by Lewis Carroll)</i>. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + His enthusiasm for photography, and his keen appreciation + of the beautiful, made him prefer the society of artists to + that of any other class of people. He knew the Rossettis + intimately, and his Diary shows him to have been acquainted + with Millais, Holman Hunt, Sant, Westmacott, Val Prinsep, + Watts, and a host of others. Arthur Hughes painted a + charming picture to his order ("The Lady with the Lilacs") + which used to hang in his rooms at Christ Church. The + Andersons were great friends of his, Mrs. Anderson being + one of his favourite child-painters. Those who have visited + him at Oxford will remember a beautiful girl's head, + painted by her from a rough sketch she had once made in a + railway carriage of a child who happened to be sitting + opposite her. + </p><br> + <table align="Left" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="486"></a> + <img src="Images/486.png" alt="486.png"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T486"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>HOLMAN HUNT.</b><br> + <i>(From a photograph by Lewis Carroll)</i>. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table><br> + <br> + <p> + His own drawings were in no way remarkable. Ruskin, whose + advice he took on his artistic capabilities, told him that + he had not enough talent to make it worth his while to + devote much time to sketching, but every one who saw his + photographs admired them. Considering the difficulties of + the "wet process," and the fact that he had a conscientious + horror of "touching up" his negatives, the pictures he + produced are quite wonderful. Some of them were shown to + the Queen, who said that she admired them very much, and + that they were "such as the Prince would have appreciated + very highly, and taken much pleasure in." + </p> + <p> + On July 4, 1865, exactly three years after the memorable + row up the river, Miss Alice Liddell received the first + presentation copy of "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland": + the second was sent to Princess Beatrice. + </p><br> + <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="487"></a> + <img src="Images/487.png" alt="487.png"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T487"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>SIR JOHN MILLAIS.</b><br> + <i>(From a photograph by Lewis Carroll)</i>. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table><br> + <p> + The first edition, which consisted of two thousand copies, + was condemned by both author and illustrator, for the + pictures did not come out well. All purchasers were + accordingly asked to return their copies, and to send their + names and addresses; a new edition was prepared, and + distributed to those who had sent back their old copies, + which the author gave away to various homes and hospitals. + The substituted edition was a complete success, "a perfect + piece of artistic printing," as Mr. Dodgson called it. He + hardly dared to hope that more than two thousand copies + would be sold, and anticipated a considerable loss over the + book. His surprise was great when edition after edition was + demanded, and when he found that "Alice," far from being a + monetary failure, was bringing him in a very considerable + income every year. + </p> + <p> + A rough comparison between "Alice's Adventures Underground" + and the book in its completed form, shows how slight were + the alterations that Lewis Carroll thought it necessary to + make. + </p> + <p> + The "Wonderland" is somewhat longer, but the general plan + of the book, and the simplicity of diction, which is one of + its principal charms, are unchanged. His memory was so good + that I believe the story as he wrote it down was almost + word for word the same that he had told in the boat. The + whole idea came like an inspiration into his mind, and that + sort of inspiration does not often come more than once in a + lifetime. Nothing which he wrote afterwards had anything + like the same amount of freshness, of wit, of real genius. + The "Looking-Glass" most closely approached it in these + qualities, but then it was only the following out of the + same idea. The most ingenuous comparison of the two books I + have seen was the answer of a little girl whom Lewis + Carroll had asked if she had read them: "Oh yes, I've read + both of them, and I think," (this more slowly and + thoughtfully) "I think 'Through the Looking-Glass' is more + stupid than 'Alice's Adventures.' Don't you think so?" + </p> + <p> + The critics were loud in their praises of "Alice"; there + was hardly a dissentient voice among them, and the + reception which the public gave the book justified their + opinion. So recently as July, 1898, the <i>Pall Mall + Gazette</i> conducted an inquiry into the popularity of + children's books. "The verdict is so natural that it will + surprise no normal person. The winner is 'Alice in + Wonderland'; 'Through the Looking-Glass' is in the twenty, + but much lower down." + </p> + <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="490"></a> + <img src="Images/490.png" alt="490.png"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T490"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>SIR JOHN TENNIEL.</b><br> + <i>From a photograph by Bassano</i>. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + "Alice" has been translated into French, German, Italian, + and Dutch, while one poem, "Father William," has even been + turned into Arabic. Several plays have been based upon it; + lectures have been given, illustrated by magic-lantern + slides of Tenniel's pictures, which have also adorned + wall-papers and biscuit-boxes. Mr. Dodgson himself designed + a very ingenious "Wonderland" stamp-case; there has been an + "Alice" birthday-book; at schools, children have been + taught to read out of "Alice," while the German edition, + shortened and simplified for the purpose, has also been + used as a lesson-book. With the exception of Shakespeare's + plays, very few, if any, books are so frequently quoted in + the daily Press as the two "Alices." + </p> + <table align="Left" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="488"></a> + <img src="Images/488.png" alt="488.png"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T488"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>C. M. YONGE.</b><br> + <i>(From a photograph by Lewis Carroll)</i>. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + In 1866 Mr. Dodgson was introduced to Miss Charlotte M. + Yonge, whose novels had long delighted him. "It was a + pleasure I had long hoped for," he says, "and I was very + much pleased with her cheerful and easy manners—the sort of + person one knows in a few minutes as well as many in many + years." + </p> + <p> + In 1867 he contributed a story to <i>Aunt Judy's + Magazine</i> called "Bruno's Revenge," the charming little + idyll out of which "Sylvie and Bruno" grew. The creation of + Bruno was the only act of homage Lewis Carroll ever paid to + boy-nature, for which, as a rule, he professed an aversion + almost amounting to terror. Nevertheless, on the few + occasions on which I have seen him in the company of boys, + he seemed to be thoroughly at his ease, telling them + stories and showing them puzzles. + </p> + <p> + I give an extract from Mrs. Gatty's letter, acknowledging + the receipt of "Bruno's Revenge" for her magazine:— + </p> + <blockquote> + I need hardly tell you that the story is <i>delicious</i>. + It is beautiful and fantastic and childlike, and I cannot + sufficiently thank you. I am so <i>proud</i> for <i>Aunt + Judy</i> that you have honoured <i>her</i> by sending it + here, rather than to the <i>Cornhill</i>, or one of the + grander Magazines.<br> + <br> + To-morrow I shall send the Manuscript to London probably; + to-day I keep it to enjoy a little further, and that the + young ladies may do so too. One word more. Make this one of + a series. You may have great mathematical abilities, but so + have hundreds of others. This talent is peculiarly your + own, and as an Englishman you are almost unique in + possessing it. If you covet fame, therefore, it will be (I + think) gained by this. Some of the touches are so + exquisite, one would have thought nothing short of + intercourse with fairies could have put them into your + head. + </blockquote> + <p> + Somewhere about this time he was invited to witness a + rehearsal of a children's play at a London theatre. As he + sat in the wings, chatting to the manager, a little + four-year-old girl, one of the performers, climbed up on + his knee, and began talking to him. She was very anxious to + be allowed to play the principal part (Mrs. Mite), which + had been assigned to some other child. "I wish I might act + Mrs. Mite," she said; "I know all her part, and I'd get an + <i>encore</i> for every word." + </p> + <p> + During the year he published his book on "Determinants." To + those accustomed to regard mathematics as the driest of dry + subjects, and mathematicians as necessarily devoid of + humour, it seems scarcely credible that "An Elementary + Treatise on Determinants," and "Alice in Wonderland" were + written by the same author, and it came quite as a + revelation to the undergraduate who heard for the first + time that Mr. Dodgson of Christ Church and Lewis Carroll + were identical. + </p> + <p> + The book in question, admirable as it is in many ways, has + not commanded a large sale. The nature of the subject would + be against it, as most students whose aim is to get as good + a place as possible in the class lists cannot afford the + luxury of a separate work, and have to be content with the + few chapters devoted to "Determinants" in works on Higher + Algebra or the Theory of Equations, supplemented by + references to Mr. Dodgson's work which can be found in the + College libraries. + </p> + <p> + The general acceptance of the book would be rather + restricted by the employment of new words and symbols, + which, as the author himself felt, "are always a most + unwelcome addition to a science already burdened with an + enormous vocabulary." But the work itself is largely + original, and its arrangement and style are, perhaps, as + attractive as the nature of the subject will allow. Such a + book as this has little interest for the general reader, + yet, amongst the leisured few who are able to read + mathematics for their own sake, the treatise has found warm + admirers. + </p> + <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="489"></a> + <img src="Images/489.png" alt="489.png"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T489"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>DR. LIDDON.</b><br> + <i>(From a photograph by Lewis Carroll)</i>. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + In the Summer Vacation of 1867 he went for a tour on the + Continent, accompanied by Dr. Liddon, whom I have already + mentioned as having been one of his most intimate friends + at this time. During the whole of this tour Mr. Dodgson + kept a diary, more with the idea that it would help him + afterwards to remember what he had seen than with any + notion of publication. However, in later years it did occur + to him that others might be interested in his impressions + and experiences, though he never actually took any steps + towards putting them before the public. Perhaps he was + wise, for a traveller's diary always contains much + information that can be obtained just as well from any + guide-book. In the extracts which I reproduce here, I hope + that I have not retained anything which comes under that + category. + </p> + <blockquote> + <i>July 12th</i>.—The Sultan and I arrived in London almost + at the same time, but in different quarters—<i>my</i> point + of entry being Paddington, and <i>his</i> Charing Cross. I + must admit that the crowd was greatest at the latter place. + </blockquote> + <p> + Mr. Dodgson and Dr. Liddon met at Dover, and passed the + night at one of the hotels there:— + </p> + <blockquote> + <i>July 13th</i>.—We breakfasted, as agreed, at eight, or + at least we then sat down and nibbled bread and butter till + such time as the chops should be done, which great event + took place about half past. We tried pathetic appeals to + the wandering waiters, who told us, "They are coming, sir," + in a soothing tone, and we tried stern remonstrance, and + they then said, "They are coming, sir," in a more injured + tone; and after all such appeals they retired into their + dens, and hid themselves behind side-boards and + dish-covers, and still the chops came not. We agreed that + of all virtues a waiter can display, that of a retiring + disposition is quite the least desirable....<br> + <br> + The pen refuses to describe the sufferings of some of the + passengers during our smooth trip of ninety minutes: my own + sensations were those of extreme surprise, and a little + indignation, at there being no other sensations—it was not + for <i>that</i> I paid my money....<br> + <br> + We landed at Calais in the usual swarm of friendly natives, + offering services and advice of all kinds; to all such + remarks I returned one simple answer, <i>Non!</i> It was + probably not strictly applicable in all cases, but it + answered the purpose of getting rid of them; one by one + they left me, echoing the <i>Non</i>! in various tones, but + all expressive of disgust. + </blockquote> + <p> + At Cologne began that feast of beautiful things which his + artistic temperament fitted him so well to enjoy. Though + the churches he visited and the ceremonies he witnessed + belonged to a religious system widely different from his + own, the largeness and generosity of his mind always led + him to insist upon that substratum of true devotion—to use + a favourite word of his—which underlies all forms of + Christianity. + </p> + <blockquote> + We spent an hour in the cathedral, which I will not attempt + to describe further than by saying it was the most + beautiful of all churches I have ever seen or can imagine. + If one could imagine the spirit of devotion embodied in any + material form, it would be in such a building. + </blockquote> + <p> + In spite of all the wealth of words that has been expended + upon German art, he found something new to say on this most + fertile subject:— + </p> + <blockquote> + The amount of art lavished on the whole region of Potsdam + is marvellous; some of the tops of the palaces were like + forests of statues, and they were all over the gardens, set + on pedestals. In fact, the two principles of Berlin + architecture appear to me to be these. On the house-tops, + wherever there is a convenient place, put up the figure of + a man; he is best placed standing on one leg. Wherever + there is room on the ground, put either a circular group of + busts on pedestals, in consultation, all looking inwards—or + else the colossal figure of a man killing, about to kill, + or having killed (the present tense is preferred) a beast; + the more pricks the beast has, the better—in fact a dragon + is the correct thing, but if that is beyond the artist, he + may content himself with a lion or a pig. The beast—killing + principle has been carried out everywhere with a relentless + monotony, which makes some parts of Berlin look like a + fossil slaughter-house. + </blockquote> + <p> + He never missed an opportunity of studying the foreign + drama, which was most praiseworthy, as he knew very little + German and not a word of Russ:— + </p> + <blockquote> + At the hotel [at Danzig] was a green parrot on a stand; we + addressed it as "Pretty Poll," and it put its head on one + side and thought about it, but wouldn't commit itself to + any statement. The waiter came up to inform us of the + reason of its silence: "Er spricht nicht Englisch; er + spricht nicht Deutsch." It appeared that the unfortunate + bird could speak nothing but Mexican! Not knowing a word of + that language, we could only pity it.<br> + <br> + <i>July 23rd.</i>—We strolled about and bought a few + photographs, and at 11.39 left for Königsberg. On our + way to the station we came across the grandest instance of + the "Majesty of Justice" that I have ever witnessed. A + little boy was being taken to the magistrate, or to prison + (probably for picking a pocket). The achievement of this + feat had been entrusted to two soldiers in full uniform, + who were solemnly marching, one in front of the poor little + urchin and one behind, with bayonets fixed, of course, to + be ready to charge in case he should attempt an escape.<br> + <br> + <i>July 25th.</i>—In the evening I visited the theatre at + Königsberg, which was fairly good in every way, and + very good in the singing and some of the acting. The play + was "Anno 66," but I could only catch a few words here and + there, so have very little idea of the plot. One of the + characters was a correspondent of an English newspaper. + This singular being came on in the midst of a soldiers' + bivouac before Sadowa, dressed very nearly in white—a very + long frock-coat, and a tall hat on the back of his head, + both nearly white. He said "Morning" as a general remark, + when he first came on, but afterwards talked what I suppose + was broken German. He appeared to be regarded as a butt by + the soldiers, and ended his career by falling into a drum. + </blockquote> + <p> + From Königsberg the travellers went on to St. + Petersburg, where they stayed several days, exploring the + wonderful city and its environs:— + </p> + <blockquote> + There is a fine equestrian statue of Peter the Great near + the Admiralty. The lower part is not a pedestal, but left + shapeless and rough like a real rock. The horse is rearing, + and has a serpent coiled about its hind feet, on which, I + think, it is treading. If this had been put up in Berlin, + Peter would no doubt have been actively engaged in killing + the monster, but here he takes no notice of it; in fact, + the killing theory is not recognised. We found two colossal + figures of lions, which are so painfully mild that each of + them is rolling a great ball about like a kitten.<br> + <br> + <i>Aug. 1st</i>.—About half-past ten Mr. Merrilies called + for us, and with really remarkable kindness gave up his day + to taking us down to Peterhof, a distance of about twenty + miles, and showing us over the place. We went by steamer + down the tideless, saltless Gulf of Finland; the first + peculiarity extends through the Baltic, and the second + through a great part of it. The piece we crossed, some + fifteen miles from shore to shore, is very shallow, in many + parts only six or eight feet deep, and every winter it is + entirely frozen over with ice two feet thick, and when this + is covered with snow it forms a secure plain, which is + regularly used for travelling on, though the immense + distance, without means of food or shelter, is dangerous + for poorly clad foot passengers. Mr. Merrilies told us of a + friend of his who, in crossing last winter, passed the + bodies of eight people who had been frozen. We had a good + view, on our way, of the coast of Finland, and of + Kronstadt. When we landed at Peterhof, we found Mr. Muir's + carriage waiting for us, and with its assistance, getting + out every now and then to walk through portions where it + could not go, we went over the grounds of two imperial + palaces, including many little summer-houses, each of which + would make a very good residence in itself, as, though + small, they were fitted up and adorned in every way that + taste could suggest or wealth achieve. For varied beauty + and perfect combination of nature and art, I think the + gardens eclipse those of Sans Souci. At every corner, or + end of an avenue or path, where a piece of statuary could + be introduced with effect, there one was sure to find one, + in bronze or in white marble; many of the latter had a sort + of circular niche built behind, with a blue background to + throw the figure into relief. Here we found a series of + shelving ledges made of stone, with a sheet of water + gliding down over them; here a long path, stretching down + slopes and flights of steps, and arched over all the way + with trellises and creepers; here a huge boulder, hewn, + just as it lay, into the shape of a gigantic head and face, + with mild, sphinx-like eyes, as if some buried Titan were + struggling to free himself; here a fountain, so artfully + formed of pipes set in circles, each set shooting the water + higher than those outside, as to form a solid pyramid of + glittering spray; here a lawn, seen through a break in the + woods below us, with threads of scarlet geraniums running + over it, and looking in the distance like a huge branch of + coral; and here and there long avenues of trees, lying in + all directions, sometimes three or four together side by + side, and sometimes radiating like a star, and stretching + away into the distance till the eye was almost weary of + following them. All this will rather serve to remind me, + than to convey any idea, of what we saw. + </blockquote> + <p> + But the beauties of Peterhof were quite eclipsed by the + Oriental splendours of Moscow, which naturally made a great + impression upon a mind accustomed to the cold sublimity of + Gothic architecture at Oxford. + </p> + <blockquote> + We gave five or six hours to a stroll through this + wonderful city, a city of white houses and green roofs, of + conical towers that rise one out of another like a + foreshortened telescope; of bulging gilded domes, in which + you see, as in a looking-glass, distorted pictures of the + city; of churches which look, outside, like bunches of + variegated cactus (some branches crowned with green prickly + buds, others with blue, and others with red and white) and + which, inside, are hung all round with <i>eikons</i> and + lamps, and lined with illuminated pictures up to the very + roof; and, finally, of pavement that goes up and down like + a ploughed field, and <i>drojky</i>—drivers who insist on + being paid thirty per cent. extra to-day, "because it is + the Empress's birthday." ...<br> + <br> + <i>Aug. 5th.</i>—After dinner we went by arrangement to Mr. + Penny, and accompanied him to see a Russian wedding. It was + a most interesting ceremony. There was a large choir, from + the cathedral, who sang a long and beautiful anthem before + the service began; and the deacon (from the Church of the + Assumption) delivered several recitative portions of the + service in the most magnificent bass voice I ever heard, + rising gradually (I should say by less than half a note at + a time if that is possible), and increasing in volume of + sound as he rose in the scale, until his final note rang + through the building like a chorus of many voices. I could + not have conceived that one voice could have produced such + an effect. One part of the ceremony, the crowning the + married couple, was very nearly grotesque. Two gorgeous + golden crowns were brought in, which the officiating priest + first waved before them, and then placed on their heads—or + rather the unhappy bridegroom had to wear <i>his</i>, but + the bride, having prudently arranged her hair in a rather + complicated manner with a lace veil, could not have hers + put on, but had it held above her by a friend. The + bridegroom, in plain evening dress, crowned like a king, + holding a candle, and with a face of resigned misery, would + have been pitiable if he had not been so ludicrous. When + the people had gone, we were invited by the priests to see + the east end of the church, behind the golden gates, and + were finally dismissed with a hearty shake of the hand and + the "kiss of peace," of which even I, though in lay + costume, came in for a share. + </blockquote> + <p> + One of the objects of the tour was to see the fair at Nijni + Novgorod, and here the travellers arrived on August 6th, + after a miserable railway journey. Owing to the breaking + down of a bridge, the unfortunate passengers had been + compelled to walk a mile through drenching rain. + </p> + <blockquote> + We went to the Smernovaya (or some such name) Hotel, a + truly villainous place, though no doubt the best in the + town. The feeding was very good, and everything else very + bad. It was some consolation to find that as we sat at + dinner we furnished a subject of the liveliest interest to + six or seven waiters, all dressed in white tunics, belted + at the waist, and white trousers, who ranged themselves in + a row and gazed in a quite absorbed way at the collection + of strange animals that were feeding before them. Now and + then a twinge of conscience would seize them that they + were, after all, not fulfilling the great object of life as + waiters, and on these occasions they would all hurry to the + end of the room, and refer to a great drawer which seemed + to contain nothing but spoons and corks. When we asked for + anything, they first looked at each other in an alarmed + way; then, when they had ascertained which understood the + order best, they all followed his example, which always was + to refer to the big drawer. We spent most of the afternoon + wandering through the fair, and buying <i>eikons</i>, + &c. It was a wonderful place. Besides there being + distinct quarters for the Persians, the Chinese, and + others, we were constantly meeting strange beings with + unwholesome complexions and unheard-of costumes. The + Persians, with their gentle, intelligent faces, the long + eyes set wide apart, the black hair, and yellow-brown skin, + crowned with a black woollen fez something like a + grenadier, were about the most picturesque we met. But all + the novelties of the day were thrown into the shade by our + adventure at sunset, when we came upon the Tartar mosque + (the only one in Nijni) exactly as one of the officials + came out on the roof to utter the muezzin cry, or call to + prayers. Even if it had been in no way singular in itself, + it would have been deeply interesting from its novelty and + uniqueness, but the cry itself was quite unlike anything I + have ever heard before. The beginning of each sentence was + uttered in a rapid monotone, and towards the end it rose + gradually till it ended in a prolonged, shrill wail, which + floated overhead through the still air with an + indescribably sad and ghostlike effect; heard at night, it + would have thrilled one like the cry of the Banshee. + </blockquote> + <p> + This reminds one of the wonderful description in Mr. + Kipling's "City of Dreadful Night." It is not generally + known that Mr. Dodgson was a fervent admirer of Mr. + Kipling's works; indeed during the last few years of his + life I think he took more pleasure in his tales than in + those of any other modern author. + </p> + <p> + Dr. Liddon's fame as a preacher had reached the Russian + clergy, with the result that he and Mr. Dodgson found many + doors open to them which are usually closed to travellers + in Russia. After their visit to Nijni Novgorod they + returned to Moscow, whence, escorted by Bishop Leonide, + Suffragan Bishop of Moscow, they made an expedition to the + Troitska Monastery. + </p> + <blockquote> + <i>August 12th</i>.—A most interesting day. We breakfasted + at half-past five, and soon after seven left by railway, in + company with Bishop Leonide and Mr. Penny, for Troitska + Monastery. We found the Bishop, in spite of his limited + knowledge of English, a very conversational and + entertaining fellow-traveller. The service at the cathedral + had already begun when we reached it, and the Bishop took + us in with him, through a great crowd which thronged the + building, into a side room which opened into the chancel, + where we remained during the service, and enjoyed the + unusual privilege of seeing the clergy communicate—a + ceremony for which the doors of the chancel are always + shut, and the curtains drawn, so that the congregation + never witness it. It was a most elaborate ceremony, full of + crossings, and waving of incense before everything that was + going to be used, but also clearly full of much deep + devotion.... In the afternoon we went down to the + Archbishop's palace, and were presented to him by Bishop + Leonide. The Archbishop could only talk Russian, so that + the conversation between him and Liddon (a most interesting + one, which lasted more than an hour) was conducted in a + very original fashion—the Archbishop making a remark in + Russian, which was put into English by the Bishop; Liddon + then answered the remark in French, and the Bishop repeated + his answer in Russian to the Archbishop. So that a + conversation, entirely carried on between two people, + required the use of three languages!<br> + <br> + The Bishop had kindly got one of the theological students, + who could talk French, to conduct us about, which he did + most zealously, taking us, among other things, to see the + subterranean cells of the hermits, in which some of them + live for many years. We were shown the doors of two of the + inhabited ones; it was a strange and not quite comfortable + feeling, in a dark narrow passage where each had to carry a + candle, to be shown the low narrow door of a little cellar, + and to know that a human being was living within, with only + a small lamp to give him light, in solitude and silence day + and night. + </blockquote> + <p> + His experiences with an exorbitant <i>drojky</i>—driver at + St. Petersburg are worthy of record. They remind one of a + story which he himself used to tell as having happened to a + friend of his at Oxford. The latter had driven up in a cab + to Tom Gate, and offered the cabman the proper fare, which + was, however, refused with scorn. After a long altercation + he left the irate cabman to be brought to reason by the + porter, a one-armed giant of prodigious strength. When he + was leaving college, he stopped at the gate to ask the + porter how he had managed to dispose of the cabman. "Well, + sir," replied that doughty champion, "I could not persuade + him to go until I floored him." + </p> + <blockquote> + After a hearty breakfast I left Liddon to rest and write + letters, and went off shopping, &c., beginning with a + call on Mr. Muir at No. 61, Galerne Ulitsa. I took a + <i>drojky</i> to the house, having first bargained with the + driver for thirty <i>kopecks</i>; he wanted forty to begin + with. When we got there we had a little scene, rather a + novelty in my experience of <i>drojky</i>—driving. The + driver began by saying "<i>Sorok</i>" (forty) as I got out; + this was a warning of the coming storm, but I took no + notice of it, but quietly handed over the thirty. He + received them with scorn and indignation, and holding them + out in his open hand, delivered an eloquent discourse in + Russian, of which <i>sorok</i> was the leading idea. A + woman, who stood by with a look of amusement and curiosity, + perhaps understood him. <i>I</i> didn't, but simply held + out my hand for the thirty, returned them to the purse and + counted out twenty-five instead. In doing this I felt + something like a man pulling the string of a + shower-bath—and the effect was like it—his fury boiled over + directly, and quite eclipsed all the former row. I told him + in very bad Russian that I had offered thirty once, but + wouldn't again; but this, oddly enough, did not pacify him. + Mr. Muir's servant told him the same thing at length, and + finally Mr. Muir himself came out and gave him the + substance of it sharply and shortly—but he failed to see it + in a proper light. Some people are very hard to please. + </blockquote> + <p> + When staying at a friend's house at Kronstadt he wrote:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Liddon had surrendered his overcoat early in the day, and + when going we found it must be recovered from the + waiting-maid, who only talked Russian, and as I had left + the dictionary behind, and the little vocabulary did not + contain <i>coat</i>, we were in some difficulty. Liddon + began by exhibiting his coat, with much gesticulation, + including the taking it half-off. To our delight, she + appeared to understand at once—left the room, and returned + in a minute with—a large clothes-brush. On this Liddon + tried a further and more energetic demonstration; he took + off his coat, and laid it at her feet, pointed downwards + (to intimate that in the lower regions was the object of + his desire), smiled with an expression of the joy and + gratitude with which he would receive it, and put the coat + on again. Once more a gleam of intelligence lighted up the + plain but expressive features of the young person; she was + absent much longer this time, and when she returned, she + brought, to our dismay, a large cushion and a pillow, and + began to prepare the sofa for the nap that she now saw + clearly was the thing the dumb gentleman wanted. A happy + thought occurred to me, and I hastily drew a sketch + representing Liddon, with one coat on, receiving a second + and larger one from the hands of a benignant Russian + peasant. The language of hieroglyphics succeeded where all + other means had failed, and we returned to St. Petersburg + with the humiliating knowledge that our standard of + civilisation was now reduced to the level of ancient + Nineveh. + </blockquote> + <table align="Center" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="140"></a> + <img src="Images/140.png" alt="140.png"><br><div align="center"><a href="#T140"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + At Warsaw they made a short stay, putting up at the Hotel + d'Angleterre:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Our passage is inhabited by a tall and very friendly + grey-hound, who walks in whenever the door is opened for a + second or two, and who for some time threatened to make the + labour of the servant, who was bringing water for a bath, + of no effect, by drinking up the water as fast as it was + brought. + </blockquote> + <p> + From Warsaw they went on to Leipzig, and thence to Giessen, + where they arrived on September 4th. + </p> + <blockquote> + We moved on to Giessen, and put up at the "Rappe Hotel" for + the night, and ordered an early breakfast of an obliging + waiter who talked English. "Coffee!" he exclaimed + delightedly, catching at the word as if it were a really + original idea, "Ah, coffee—very nice—and eggs? Ham with + your eggs? Very nice—" "If we can have it broiled," I said. + "Boiled?" the waiter repeated, with an incredulous smile. + "No, not <i>boiled</i>," I explained—"<i>broiled</i>." The + waiter put aside this distinction as trivial, "Yes, yes, + ham," he repeated, reverting to his favourite idea. "Yes, + ham," I said, "but how cooked?" "Yes, yes, how cooked," the + waiter replied, with the careless air of one who assents to + a proposition more from good nature than from a real + conviction of its truth.<br> + <br> + <i>Sept. 5th</i>.—At midday we reached Ems, after a journey + eventless, but through a very interesting country-valleys + winding away in all directions among hills clothed with + trees to the very top, and white villages nestling away + wherever there was a comfortable corner to hide in. The + trees were so small, so uniform in colour, and so + continuous, that they gave to the more distant hills + something of the effect of banks covered with moss. The + really unique feature of the scenery was the way in which + the old castles seemed to grow, rather than to have been + built, on the tops of the rocky promontories that showed + their heads here and there among the trees. I have never + seen architecture that seemed so entirely in harmony with + the spirit of the place. By some subtle instinct the old + architects seem to have chosen both form and colour, the + grouping of the towers with their pointed spires, and the + two neutral tints, light grey and brown, on the walls and + roof, so as to produce buildings which look as naturally + fitted to the spot as the heath or the harebells. And, like + the flowers and the rocks, they seemed instinct with no + other meaning than rest and silence. + </blockquote> + <p> + And with these beautiful words my extracts from the Diary + may well conclude. Lewis Carroll's mind was completely at + one with Nature, and in her pleasant places of calm and + infinite repose he sought his rest—and has found it. + </p><br> + <br> + <hr> + <br> + <br> + <h2> + <a name="CHAPTER_IV_T"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_IV_">CHAPTER + IV</a> + </h2> + <h4> + (1868—1876) + </h4> + <blockquote> + Death of Archdeacon Dodgson—Lewis Carroll's rooms at Christ + Church—"Phantasmagoria"—Translations of "Alice"—"Through + the Looking-Glass"—"Jabberwocky" in Latin—C.S. + Calverley—"Notes by an Oxford + Chiel"—Hatfield—Vivisection—"The Hunting of the Snark." + </blockquote><br> + <p> + The success of "Alice in Wonderland" tempted Mr. Dodgson to + make another essay in the same field of literature. His + idea had not yet been plagiarised, as it was afterwards, + though the book had of course been parodied, a notable + instance being "Alice in Blunderland," which appeared in + <i>Punch</i>. It was very different when he came to write + "Sylvie and Bruno"; the countless imitations of the two + "Alice" books which had been foisted upon the public forced + him to strike out in a new line. Long before the + publication of his second tale, people had heard that Lewis + Carroll was writing again, and the editor of a well-known + magazine had offered him two guineas a page, which was a + high rate of pay in those days, for the story, if he would + allow it to appear in serial form. + </p> + <p> + The central idea was, as every one knows, the adventures of + a little girl who had somehow or other got through a + looking-glass. The first difficulty, however, was to get + her through, and this question exercised his ingenuity for + some time, before it was satisfactorily solved. The next + thing was to secure Tenniel's services again. At first it + seemed that he was to be disappointed in this matter; + Tenniel was so fully occupied with other work that there + seemed little hope of his being able to undertake any more. + He then applied to Sir Noel Paton, with whose + fairy-pictures he had fallen in love; but the artist was + ill, and wrote in reply, "Tenniel is <i>the</i> man." In + the end Tenniel consented to undertake the work, and once + more author and artist settled down to work together. Mr. + Dodgson was no easy man to work with; no detail was too + small for his exact criticism. "Don't give Alice so much + crinoline," he would write, or "The White Knight must not + have whiskers; he must not be made to look old"—such were + the directions he was constantly giving. + </p> + <p> + On June 21st Archdeacon Dodgson died, after an illness of + only a few days' duration. Lewis Carroll was not summoned + until too late, for the illness took a sudden turn for the + worse, and he was unable to reach his father's bedside + before the end had come. This was a terrible shock to him; + his father had been his ideal of what a Christian gentleman + should be, and it seemed to him at first as if a cloud had + settled on his life which could never be dispelled. Two + letters of his, both of them written long after the sad + event, give one some idea of the grief which his father's + death, and all that it entailed, caused him. The first was + written long afterwards, to one who had suffered a similar + bereavement. In this letter he said:— + </p> + <blockquote> + We are sufficiently old friends, I feel sure, for me to + have no fear that I shall seem intrusive in writing about + your great sorrow. The greatest blow that has ever fallen + on <i>my</i> life was the death, nearly thirty years ago, + of my own dear father; so, in offering you my sincere + sympathy, I write as a fellow-sufferer. And I rejoice to + know that we are not only fellow-sufferers, but also + fellow-believers in the blessed hope of the resurrection + from the dead, which makes such a parting holy and + beautiful, instead of being merely a blank despair. + </blockquote> + <p> + The second was written to a young friend, Miss Edith Rix, + who had sent him an illuminated text: + </p><br> + <blockquote> + My dear Edith,—I can now tell you (what I wanted to do when + you sent me that text-card, but felt I could not say it to + <i>two</i> listeners, as it were) <i>why</i> that special + card is one I like to have. That text is consecrated for me + by the memory of one of the greatest sorrows I have + known—the death of my dear father. In those solemn days, + when we used to steal, one by one, into the darkened room, + to take yet another look at the dear calm face, and to pray + for strength, the one feature in the room that I remember + was a framed text, illuminated by one of my sisters, "Then + are they glad, because they are at rest; and so he bringeth + them into the haven where they would be!" That text will + always have, for me, a sadness and a sweetness of its own. + Thank you again for sending it me. Please don't mention + this when we meet. I can't <i>talk</i> about it.<br> + <br> + Always affectionately yours,<br> + <br> + C. L. DODGSON. + </blockquote> + <p> + The object of his edition of Euclid Book V., published + during the course of the year, was to meet the requirements + of the ordinary Pass Examination, and to present the + subject in as short and simple a form as possible. Hence + the Theory of Incommensurable Magnitudes was omitted, + though, as the author himself said in the Preface, to do so + rendered the work incomplete, and, from a logical point of + view, valueless. He hinted pretty plainly his own + preference for an equivalent amount of Algebra, which would + be complete in itself. It is easy to understand this + preference in a mind so strictly logical as his. + </p> + <p> + So far as the object of the book itself is concerned, he + succeeded admirably; the propositions are clearly and + beautifully worked out, and the hints on proving + Propositions in Euclid Book V., are most useful. + </p> + <table align="Left" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="492"></a> + <img src="Images/492.png" alt="492.png"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T492"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c2" align="center"> + PROF. FARADAY.<br> + <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + In November he again moved into new rooms at Christ Church; + the suite which he occupied from this date to the end of + his life was one of the best in the College. Situated at + the north-west corner of Tom Quad, on the first floor of + the staircase from the entrance to which the Junior Common + Room is now approached, they consist of four sitting-rooms + and about an equal number of bedrooms, besides rooms for + lumber, &c. From the upper floor one can easily reach + the flat college roof. Mr. Dodgson saw at once that here + was the very place for a photographic studio, and he lost + no time in obtaining the consent of the authorities to + erect one. Here he took innumerable photographs of his + friends and their children, as indeed he had been doing for + some time under less favourable conditions. One of his + earliest pictures is an excellent likeness of Professor + Faraday. + </p> + <p> + His study was characteristic of the man; oil paintings by + A. Hughes, Mrs. Anderson, and Heaphy proclaimed his + artistic tastes; nests of pigeon-holes, each neatly + labelled, showed his love of order; shelves, filled with + the best books on every subject that interested him, were + evidence of his wide reading. His library has now been + broken up and, except for a few books retained by his + nearest relatives, scattered to the winds; such dispersions + are inevitable, but they are none the less regrettable. It + always seems to me that one of the saddest things about the + death of a literary man is the fact that the breaking-up of + his collection of books almost invariably follows; the + building up of a good library, the work of a lifetime, has + been so much labour lost, so far as future generations are + concerned. Talent, yes, and genius too, are displayed not + only in writing books but also in buying them, and it is a + pity that the ruthless hammer of the auctioneer should + render so much energy and skill fruitless. + </p> + <table align="Center" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="491"></a> + <img src="Images/491.png" alt="491.png"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T491"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c1" align="center"> + LEWIS CARROLL'S STUDY<br> + AT CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + Lewis Carroll's dining-room has been the scene of many a + pleasant little party, for he was very fond of + entertaining. In his Diary, each of the dinners and + luncheons that he gave is recorded by a small diagram, + which shows who his guests were, and their several + positions at the table. He kept a <i>menu</i> book as well, + that the same people might not have the same dishes too + frequently. He sometimes gave large parties, but his + favourite form of social relaxation was a <i>dîner + à deux</i>. + </p> + <table align="Left" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="493"></a> + <img src="Images/493.png" alt="493.png"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T493"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>JUSTICE DENMAN.</b><br> + <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + At the beginning of 1869 his "Phantasmagoria," a collection + of poems grave and gay, was published by Macmillan. Upon + the whole he was more successful in humorous poetry, but + there is an undeniable dignity and pathos in his more + serious verses. He gave a copy to Mr. Justice Denman, with + whom he afterwards came to be very well acquainted, and who + appreciated the gift highly. "I did not lay down the book," + he wrote, "until I had read them [the poems] through; and + enjoyed many a hearty laugh, and something like a cry or + two. Moreover, I hope to read them through (as the <i>old + man</i> said) 'again and again.'" + </p> + <p> + It had been Lewis Carroll's intention to have + "Phantasmagoria" illustrated, and he had asked George du + Maurier to undertake the work; but the plan fell through. + In his letter to du Maurier, Mr. Dodgson had made some + inquiries about Miss Florence Montgomery, the authoress of + "Misunderstood." In reply du Maurier said, "Miss Florence + Montgomery is a very charming and sympathetic young lady, + the daughter of the admiral of that ilk. I am, like you, a + very great admirer of "Misunderstood," and cried pints + over it. When I was doing the last picture I had to put a + long white pipe in the little boy's mouth until it was + finished, so as to get rid of the horrible pathos of the + situation while I was executing the work. In reading the + book a second time (knowing the sad end of the dear little + boy), the funny parts made me cry almost as much as the + pathetic ones." + </p> + <p> + A few days after the publication of "Phantasmagoria," Lewis + Carroll sent the first chapter of his new story to the + press. "Behind the Looking-Glass and what Alice saw there" + was his original idea for its title; it was Dr. Liddon who + suggested the name finally adopted. + </p> + <p> + During this year German and French translations of "Alice + in Wonderland" were published by Macmillan; the Italian + edition appeared in 1872. Henri Bué, who was + responsible for the French version, had no easy task to + perform. In many cases the puns proved quite + untranslatable; while the poems, being parodies on + well-known English pieces, would have been pointless on the + other side of the Channel. For instance, the lines + beginning, "How doth the little crocodile" are a parody on + "How doth the little busy bee," a song which a French child + has, of course, never heard of. In this case Bué + gave up the idea of translation altogether, and, instead, + parodied La Fontaine's "Maître Corbeau" as follows:— + </p><span class="c6">Maître Corbeau sur un arbre + perché</span><br> + <span class="c6">Faisait son nid entre des + branches;</span><br> + <span class="c6">Il avait relevé ses + manches,</span><br> + <span class="c6">Car il était très + affairé.</span><br> + <span class="c6">Maître Renard par là + passant,</span><br> + <span class="c6">Lui dit: "Descendez donc, + compère;</span><br> + <span class="c6">Venez embrasser votre + frère!"</span><br> + <span class="c6">Le Corbeau, le reconnaissant,</span><br> + <span class="c6">Lui répondit en son + ramage!—</span><br> + <span class="c7">"Fromage."</span><br> + <p> + The dialogue in which the joke occurs about "tortoise" and + "taught us" ("Wonderland," p. 142) is thus rendered:— + </p> + <blockquote> + "La maîtresse était une vieille tortue; nous + l'appelions chélonée."<br> + "Et pourquoi l'appeliez-vous chélonée, si ce + n'était pas son nom?"<br> + "Parcequ'on ne pouvait s'empêcher de s'écrier + en la voyant: Quel long nez!" dit la Fausse-Tortue d'un ton + fâché; "vous êtes vraiment bien + bornée!" + </blockquote> + <p> + At two points, however, both M. Bué and Miss Antonie + Zimmermann, who translated the tale into German, were + fairly beaten: the reason for the whiting being so called, + from its doing the boots and shoes, and for no wise fish + going anywhere without a porpoise, were given up as + untranslatable. + </p> + <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="494"></a> + <img src="Images/494.png" alt="494.png"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T494"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>LORD SALISBURY<br> + AND HIS TWO SONS.</b><br> + <i>From a photograph<br> + by Lewis Carroll</i>. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + At the beginning of 1870 Lord Salisbury came up to Oxford + to be installed as Chancellor of the University. Dr. Liddon + introduced Mr. Dodgson to him, and thus began a very + pleasant acquaintance. Of course he photographed the + Chancellor and his two sons, for he never missed an + opportunity of getting distinguished people into his + studio. + </p> + <p> + In December, seven "Puzzles from Wonderland" appeared in + Mrs. Gatty's paper, <i>Aunt Judy's Magazine</i>. They had + originally been written for the Cecil children, with whom + Lewis Carroll was already on the best terms. Meanwhile + "Through the Looking-Glass" was steadily progressing—not, + however, without many little hitches. One question which + exercised Mr. Dodgson very much was whether the picture of + the Jabberwock would do as a frontispiece, or whether it + would be too frightening for little children. On this point + he sought the advice of about thirty of his married lady + friends, whose experiences with their own children would + make them trustworthy advisers; and in the end he chose the + picture of the White Knight on horseback. In 1871 the book + appeared, and was an instantaneous success. Eight thousand + of the first edition had been taken up by the booksellers + before Mr. Dodgson had even received his own presentation + copies. The compliments he received upon the + "Looking-Glass" would have been enough to turn a lesser + man's head, but he was, I think, proof against either + praise or blame. + </p> + <blockquote> + I can say with a clear head and conscience [wrote Henry + Kingsley] that your new book is the finest thing we have + had since "Martin Chuzzlewit." ... I can only say, in + comparing the new "Alice" with the old, "this is a more + excellent song than the other." It is perfectly splendid, + but you have, doubtless, heard that from other quarters. I + lunch with Macmillan habitually, and he was in a terrible + pickle about not having printed enough copies the other + day. + </blockquote> + <p> + Jabberwocky<a name="FNanchor017"></a><a href="#Footnote_017"><sup>[017]</sup></a> was at once recognised + as the best and most original thing in the book, though one + fair correspondent of <i>The Queen</i> declared that it was + a translation from the German! The late Dean of Rochester, + Dr. Scott, writes about it to Mr. Dodgson as follows:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Are we to suppose, after all, that the Saga of Jabberwocky + is one of the universal heirlooms which the Aryan race at + its dispersion carried with it from the great cradle of the + family? You must really consult Max Müller about this. + It begins to be probable that the <i>origo + originalissima</i> may be discovered in Sanscrit, and that + we shall by and by have a <i>Iabrivokaveda</i> . The hero + will turn out to be the Sun-god in one of his + <i>Avatars</i>; and the Tumtum tree the great Ash + <i>Ygdrasil</i> of the Scandinavian mythology. + </blockquote> + <p> + In March, 1872, the late Mr. A.A. Vansittart, of Trinity + College, Cambridge, translated the poem into Latin + elegiacs. His rendering was printed, for private + circulation only, I believe, several years later, but will + probably be new to most of my readers. A careful comparison + with the original shows the wonderful fidelity of this + translation:— + </p><span class="c6">"MORS IABROCHII"</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c6">Coesper<a name="FNanchor018"></a><a href="#Footnote_018"><sup>[018]</sup></a> erat: tunc + lubriciles<a name="FNanchor019"></a><a href="#Footnote_019"><sup>[019]</sup></a> ultravia + circum</span><br> + <span class="c8">Urgebant gyros gimbiculosque + tophi;</span><br> + <span class="c6">Moestenui visae borogovides ire + meatu;</span><br> + <span class="c8">Et profugi gemitus exgrabuêre + rathae.</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c6">O fuge Iabrochium, sanguis meus!<a name="FNanchor020"></a><a href="#Footnote_020"><sup>[020]</sup></a> Ille recurvis</span><br> + <span class="c8">Unguibus, estque avidis dentibus ille + minax.</span><br> + <span class="c6">Ububae fuge cautus avis vim, gnate! Neque + unquam</span><br> + <span class="c8">Faedarpax contra te frumiosus + eat!</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c6">Vorpali gladio juvenis succingitur: + hostis</span><br> + <span class="c8">Manxumus ad medium quaeritur usque + diem:</span><br> + <span class="c6">Jamque via fesso, sed plurima mente + prementi,</span><br> + <span class="c8">Tumtumiae frondis suaserat umbra + moram.</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c6">Consilia interdum stetit egnia<a name="FNanchor021"></a><a href="#Footnote_021"><sup>[021]</sup></a> mente + revolvens:</span><br> + <span class="c8">At gravis in densa fronde susuffrus<a name="FNanchor022"></a><a href="#Footnote_022"><sup>[022]</sup></a> erat,</span><br> + <span class="c6">Spiculaque<a name="FNanchor023"></a><a href="#Footnote_023"><sup>[023]</sup></a> ex oculis jacientis + flammea, tulscam</span><br> + <span class="c8">Per silvam venit burbur?<a name="FNanchor024"></a><a href="#Footnote_024"><sup>[024]</sup></a> Iabrochii!</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c6">Vorpali, semel atque iterum collectus in + ictum,</span><br> + <span class="c8">Persnicuit gladio persnacuitque + puer:</span><br> + <span class="c6">Deinde galumphatus, spernens informe + cadaver,</span><br> + <span class="c8">Horrendum monstri rettulit ipse + caput.</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c6">Victor Iabrochii, spoliis insignis + opimis,</span><br> + <span class="c8">Rursus in amplexus, o radiose, + meos!</span><br> + <span class="c6">O frabiose dies! CALLO clamateque + CALLA!</span><br> + <span class="c9">Vix potuit laetus chorticulare + pater.</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c6">Coesper erat: tunc lubriciles ultravia + circum</span><br> + <span class="c8">Urgebant gyros gimbiculosque + tophi;</span><br> + <span class="c6">Moestenui visae borogovides ire + meatu;</span><br> + <span class="c8">Et profugi gemitus exgrabuêre + rathae.</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c6">A.A.V.</span><br> + <br> + <br> + <span class="c6">JABBERWOCKY.</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c6">'Twas brillig, and the slithy + toves</span><br> + <span class="c8">Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;</span><br> + <span class="c6">All mimsy were the borogroves,</span><br> + <span class="c8">And the mome raths outgrabe.</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c6">"Beware the Jabberwock, my son!</span><br> + <span class="c8">The jaws that bite, the claws that + scratch!</span><br> + <span class="c6">Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun</span><br> + <span class="c8">The frumious Bandersnatch!"</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c6">He took his vorpal sword in hand:</span><br> + <span class="c8">Long time the manxome foe he + sought—</span><br> + <span class="c6">So rested he by the Tumtum tree,</span><br> + <span class="c8">And stood awhile in thought.</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c6">And as in uffish thought he + stood,</span><br> + <span class="c8">The Jabberwock, with eyes of + flame,</span><br> + <span class="c6">Came whiffling through the tulgey + wood</span><br> + <span class="c8">And burbled as it came!</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c6">One, two! One, two! And through and + through</span><br> + <span class="c8">The vorpal blade went + snicker-snack!</span><br> + <span class="c6">He left it dead, and with its + head</span><br> + <span class="c8">He went galumphing back.</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c6">"And hast thou slain the + Jabberwock?</span><br> + <span class="c8">Come to my arms, my beamish boy!</span><br> + <span class="c6">O frabjous day! Callooh! Callay!"</span><br> + <span class="c8">He chortled in his joy.</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c6">'Twas brillig, and the slithy + toves</span><br> + <span class="c8">Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;</span><br> + <span class="c6">All mimsy were the borogroves,</span><br> + <span class="c8">And the mome raths outgrabe.</span><br> + <p> + The story, as originally written, contained thirteen + chapters, but the published book consisted of twelve only. + The omitted chapter introduced a wasp, in the character of + a judge or barrister, I suppose, since Mr. Tenniel wrote + that "a <i>wasp</i> in a <i>wig</i> is altogether beyond + the appliances of art." Apart from difficulties of + illustration, the "wasp" chapter was not considered to be + up to the level of the rest of the book, and this was + probably the principal reason of its being left out. + </p> + <p> + "It is a curious fact," wrote Mr. Tenniel some years later, + when replying to a request of Lewis Carroll's that he would + illustrate another of his books, "that with 'Through the + Looking-Glass' the faculty of making drawings for book + illustration departed from me, and, notwithstanding all + sorts of tempting inducements, I have done nothing in that + direction since." + </p> + <table align="Center" cellpadding="2" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="163"></a><div align="center"><a href="#T163"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <img src="Images/163.png" alt="163.png"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <img src="Images/164.png" alt="164.png"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <img src="Images/165.png" alt="165.png"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <div class="c10" align="center"> + Facsimile of a letter<br> + from Sir John Tenniel<br> + to Lewis Carroll,<br> + June 1, 1870. + </div><br> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + "Through the Looking Glass" has recently appeared in a + solemn judgment of the House of Lords. In <i>Eastman + Photographic Materials Company v. Comptroller General of + Patents, Designs, and Trademarks</i> (1898), the question + for decision was, What constitutes an invented word? A + trademark that consists of or contains an invented word or + words is capable of registration. "Solio" was the word in + issue in the case. Lord Macnaghten in his judgment said, + when alluding to the distinguishing characteristics of an + invented word: + </p> + <blockquote> + I do not think that it is necessary that it should be + wholly meaningless. To give an illustration: your lordships + may remember that in a book of striking humour and fancy, + which was in everybody's hands when it was first published, + there is a collection of strange words where "there are" + (to use the language of the author) "two meanings packed up + into one word." No one would say that those were not + invented words. Still they contain a meaning—a meaning is + wrapped up in them if you can only find it out. + </blockquote> + <p> + Before I leave the subject of the "Looking-Glass," I should + like to mention one or two circumstances in connection with + it which illustrate his reverence for sacred things. In his + original manuscript the bad-tempered flower (pp. 28—33) was + the passion-flower; the sacred origin of the name never + struck him, until it was pointed out to him by a friend, + when he at once changed it into the tiger-lily. Another + friend asked him if the final scene was based upon the + triumphal conclusion of "Pilgrim's Progress." He repudiated + the idea, saying that he would consider such trespassing on + holy ground as highly irreverent. + </p> + <p> + He seemed never to be satisfied with the amount of work he + had on hand, and in 1872 he determined to add to his other + labours by studying anatomy and physiology. Professor + Barclay Thompson supplied him with a set of bones, and, + having purchased the needful books, he set to work in good + earnest. His mind was first turned to acquiring medical + knowledge by his happening to be at hand when a man was + seized with an epileptic fit. He had prevented the poor + creature from falling, but was utterly at a loss what to do + next. To be better prepared on any future occasion, he + bought a little manual called "What to do in Emergencies." + In later years he was constantly buying medical and + surgical works, and by the end of his life he had a library + of which no doctor need have been ashamed. There were only + two special bequests in his will, one of some small + keepsakes to his landlady at Eastbourne, Mrs. Dyer, and the + other of his medical books to my brother. + </p> + <p> + Whenever a new idea presented itself to his mind he used to + make a note of it; he even invented a system by which he + could take notes in the dark, if some happy thought or + ingenious problem suggested itself to him during a + sleepless night. Like most men who systematically overtax + their brains, he was a poor sleeper. He would sometimes go + through a whole book of Euclid in bed; he was so familiar + with the bookwork that he could actually see the figures + before him in the dark, and did not confuse the letters, + which is perhaps even more remarkable. + </p> + <p> + Most of his ideas were ingenious, though many were entirely + useless from a practical point of view. For instance, he + has an entry in his Diary on November 8, 1872: "I wrote to + Calverley, suggesting an idea (which I think occurred to me + yesterday) of guessing well-known poems as acrostics, and + making a collection of them to hoax the public." + Calverley's reply to this letter was as follows:— + </p> + <blockquote> + My dear Sir,—I have been laid up (or laid down) for the + last few days by acute lumbago, or I would have written + before. It is rather absurd that I was on the point of + propounding to you this identical idea. I realised, and I + regret to add revealed to two girls, a fortnight ago, the + truth that all existing poems were in fact acrostics; and I + offered a small pecuniary reward to whichever would find + out Gray's "Elegy" within half an hour! But it never + occurred to me to utilise the discovery, as it did to you. + I see that it might be utilised, now you mention it—and I + shall instruct these two young women not to publish the + notion among their friends. + </blockquote> + <p> + This is the way Mr. Calverley treated Kirke White's poem + "To an early Primrose." "The title," writes C.S.C. "might + either be ignored or omitted. Possibly carpers might say + that a primrose was not a rose." + </p> + <pre> <tt> Mild offspring of a dark and sullen sire!<br> + Whose modest form, so delicately fine, Wild<br> + Was nursed in whistling storms Rose<br> + And cradled in the winds!<br> + <br> + Thee, when young Spring first questioned Winter's sway,<br> + And dared the sturdy blusterer to the fight, W a R<br> + Thee on this bank he threw<br> + To mark his victory.<br> + <br> + In this low vale, the promise of the year,<br> + Serene thou openest to the nipping gale,<br> + Unnoticed and alone I ncognit O<br> + Thy tender elegance.<br> + <br> + So Virtue blooms, brought forth amid the storms<br> + Of chill adversity, in some lone walk<br> + Of life she rears her head L owlines S<br> + Obscure and unobserved.<br> + <br> + While every bleaching breeze that on her blows<br> + Chastens her spotless purity of breast,<br> + And hardens her to bear D isciplin E<br> + Serene the ills of life.</tt> <br></pre><br> + <p> + In the course of their correspondence Mr. Calverley wrote a + Shakespearian sonnet, the initial letters of which form the + name of William Herbert; and a parody entitled "The New + Hat." I reproduce them both. + </p><span class="c6">When o'er the world Night spreads her + mantle dun,</span><br> + <span class="c8">In dreams, my love, I see those stars, thine + eyes,</span><br> + <span class="c6">Lighting the dark: but when the royal + sun</span><br> + <span class="c8">Looks o'er the pines and fires the orient + skies,</span><br> + <span class="c6">I bask no longer in thy beauty's + ray,</span><br> + <span class="c8">And lo! my world is bankrupt of + delight.</span><br> + <span class="c6">Murk night seemed lately fair-complexioned + day;</span><br> + <span class="c8">Hope-bringing day now seems most doleful + night.</span><br> + <span class="c6">End, weary day, that art no day to + me!</span><br> + <span class="c8">Return, fair night, to me the best of + days!</span><br> + <span class="c6">But O my rose, whom in my dreams I + see,</span><br> + <span class="c8">Enkindle with like bliss my waking + gaze!</span><br> + <span class="c6">Replete with thee, e'en hideous night grows + fair:</span><br> + <span class="c6">Then what would sweet morn be, if thou wert + there?</span><br> + <br> + <br> + <span class="c5">THE NEW HAT.</span><br> + <br> + <br> + <span class="c6">My boots had been wash'd, well wash'd, by a + shower;</span><br> + <span class="c8">But little I car'd about that:</span><br> + <span class="c6">What I felt was the havoc a single + half-hour</span><br> + <span class="c8">Had made with my beautiful Hat.</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c6">For the Boot, tho' its lustre be dimm'd, + shall assume</span><br> + <span class="c8">New comeliness after a while;</span><br> + <span class="c6">But no art may restore its original + bloom,</span><br> + <span class="c8">When once it hath fled, to the + Tile.</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c6">I clomb to my perch, and the horses (a + bay</span><br> + <span class="c8">And a brown) trotted off with a + clatter;</span><br> + <span class="c6">The driver look'd round in his humorous + way,</span><br> + <span class="c8">And said huskily, "Who is your + hatter?"</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c6">I was pleased that he'd noticed its shape + and its shine;</span><br> + <span class="c8">And, as soon as we reached the "Old + Druid,"</span><br> + <span class="c6">I begged him to drink to its welfare and + mine</span><br> + <span class="c8">In a glass of my favourite fluid.</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c6">A gratified smile sat, I own, on my + lips</span><br> + <span class="c8">When the barmaid exclaimed to the + master,</span><br> + <span class="c6">(He was standing inside with his hands on + his hips),</span><br> + <span class="c8">"Just look at that gentleman's + castor."</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c6">I laughed, when an organman paus'd in + mid-air—</span><br> + <span class="c8">('Twas an air that I happened to + know,</span><br> + <span class="c6">By a great foreign <i>maestro</i>)—expressly + to stare</span><br> + <span class="c8">At ze gent wiz <i>ze joli chapeau</i> + .</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c6">Yet how swift is the transit from laughter + to tears!</span><br> + <span class="c8">How rife with results is a day!</span><br> + <span class="c6">That Hat might, with care, have adorned me + for years;</span><br> + <span class="c8">But one show'r wash'd its beauty + away.</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c6">How I lov'd thee, my Bright One! I pluck in + remorse</span><br> + <span class="c8">My hands from my pockets and wring + 'em:</span><br> + <span class="c6">Oh, why did not I, dear, as a matter of + course,</span><br> + <span class="c8">Ere I purchas'd thee purchase a + gingham?</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c6">C.S. CALVERLEY.</span><br> + <p> + Mr. Dodgson spent the last night of the old year (1872) at + Hatfield, where he was the guest of Lord Salisbury. There + was a large party of children in the house, one of them + being Princess Alice, to whom he told as much of the story + of "Sylvie and Bruno" as he had then composed. While the + tale was in progress Lady Salisbury entered the room, + bringing in some new toy or game to amuse her little + guests, who, with the usual thoughtlessness of children, + all rushed off and left Mr. Dodgson. But the little + Princess, suddenly appearing to remember that to do so + might perhaps hurt his feelings, sat down again by his + side. He read the kind thought which prompted her action, + and was much pleased by it. + </p> + <p> + As Mr. Dodgson knew several members of the <i>Punch</i> + staff, he used to send up any little incidents or remarks + that particularly amused him to that paper. He even went so + far as to suggest subjects for cartoons, though I do not + know if his ideas were ever carried out. One of the + anecdotes he sent to <i>Punch</i> was that of a little boy, + aged four, who after having listened with much attention to + the story of Lot's wife, asked ingenuously, "Where does + salt come from that's <i>not</i> made of ladies?" This + appeared on January 3, 1874. + </p> + <p> + The following is one of several such little anecdotes + jotted down by Lewis Carroll for future use: Dr. Paget was + conducting a school examination, and in the course of his + questions he happened to ask a small child the meaning of + "Average." He was utterly bewildered by the reply, "The + thing that hens lay on," until the child explained that he + had read in a book that hens lay <i>on an average</i> so + many eggs a year. + </p> + <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="495"></a> + <img src="Images/495.png" alt="495.png"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T495"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>JOHN RUSKIN.</b><br> + <i>From a photograph<br> + by Lewis Carroll</i>. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + Among the notable people whom he photographed was John + Ruskin, and, as several friends begged him for copies, he + wrote to ask Mr. Ruskin's leave. The reply was, "Buy Number + 5 of <i>Fors Clavigera</i> for 1871, which will give you + your answer." This was not what Mr. Dodgson wanted, so he + wrote back, "Can't afford ten-pence!" Finally Mr. Ruskin + gave his consent. + </p> + <p> + About this time came the anonymous publication of "Notes by + an Oxford Chiel," a collection of papers written on various + occasions, and all of them dealing with Oxford + controversies. Taking them in order, we have first "The New + Method of Evaluation as applied to <i>pi</i>," first + published by Messrs. Parker in 1865, which had for its + subject the controversy about the Regius Professorship of + Greek. One extract will be sufficient to show the way in + which the affair was treated: "Let U = the University, G = + Greek, and P = Professor. Then G P = Greek Professor; let + this be reduced to its lowest terms and call the result J + [i.e., Jowett]." + </p> + <p> + The second paper is called "The Dynamics of a Parti-cle," + and is quite the best of the series; it is a geometrical + treatment of the contest between Mr. Gathorne Hardy and Mr. + Gladstone for the representation of the University. Here + are some of the "Definitions" with which the subject was + introduced:— + </p> + <blockquote> + <i>Plain Superficiality</i> is the character of a speech, + in which any two points being taken, the speaker is found + to lie wholly with regard to those two points.<br> + <br> + <i>Plain Anger</i> is the inclination of two voters to one + another, who meet together, but whose views are not in the + same direction.<br> + <br> + When two parties, coming together, feel a Right Anger, each + is <i>said</i> to be <i>complimentary</i> to the other, + though, strictly speaking, this is very seldom the + case.<br> + <br> + <i>A surd</i> is a radical whose meaning cannot be exactly + ascertained. + </blockquote> + <p> + As the "Notes of an Oxford Chiel" has been long out of + print, I will give a few more extracts from this paper:— + </p> + <blockquote> + <i>On Differentiation.</i><br> + <br> + The effect of Differentiation on a Particle is very + remarkable, the first differential being frequently of + greater value than the original particle, and the second of + less enlightenment.<br> + <br> + For example, let L = "Leader", S = "Saturday", and then LS = + "Leader in the Saturday" (a particle of no assignable + value). Differentiating once, we get L.S.D., a function of + great value. Similarly it will be found that, by taking the + second Differential of an enlightened Particle + (<i>i.e.,</i> raising it to the Degree D.D.), the + enlightenment becomes rapidly less. The effect is much + increased by the addition of a C: in this case the + enlightenment often vanishes altogether, and the Particle + becomes Conservative.<br> + <br> + <br> + <br> + PROPOSITIONS.<br> + <br> + PROP. I. PR.<br> + <br> + <i>To find the value of a given Examiner</i>.<br> + <br> + <i>Example</i>.—A takes in ten books in the Final + Examination and gets a 3rd class; B takes in the Examiners, + and gets a 2nd. Find the value of the Examiners in terms of + books. Find also their value in terms in which no + Examination is held.<br> + <br> + <br> + <br> + PROP. II. PR.<br> + <br> + <i>To estimate Profit and Loss</i>.<br> + <br> + <i>Example</i>.—Given a Derby Prophet, who has sent three + different winners to three different betting-men, and given + that none of the three horses are placed. Find the total + loss incurred by the three men (<i>a</i>) in money, + (<i>b</i>) in temper. Find also the Prophet. Is this latter + usually possible?<br> + <br> + <br> + <br> + PROP. IV. TH.<br> + <br> + <i>The end</i> (i.e., "<i>the product of the extremes") + justifies</i> (i.e., "<i>is equal to</i>"—<i>see Latin + "aequus") the means</i>.<br> + <br> + No example is appended to this Proposition, for obvious + reasons.<br> + <br> + <br> + <br> + PROP. V. PR.<br> + <br> + <i>To continue a given series.</i><br> + <br> + <i>Example</i>.—A and B, who are respectively addicted to + Fours and Fives, occupy the same set of rooms, which is + always at Sixes and Sevens. Find the probable amount of + reading done by A and B while the Eights are on. + </blockquote> + <p> + The third paper was entitled "Facts, Figures, and Fancies." + The best thing in it was a parody on "The Deserted + Village," from which an extract will be found in a later + chapter. There was also a letter to the Senior Censor of + Christ Church, in burlesque of a similar letter in which + the Professor of Physics met an offer of the Clarendon + Trustees by a detailed enumeration of the requirements in + his own department of Natural Science. Mr. Dodgson's letter + deals with the imaginary requirements of the Mathematical + school:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Dear Senior Censor,—In a desultory conversation on a point + connected with the dinner at our high table, you + incidentally remarked to me that lobster-sauce, "though a + necessary adjunct to turbot, was not entirely + wholesome!"<br> + <br> + It is entirely unwholesome. I never ask for it without + reluctance: I never take a second spoonful without a + feeling of apprehension on the subject of a possible + nightmare. This naturally brings me to the subject of + Mathematics, and of the accommodation provided by the + University for carrying on the calculations necessary in + that important branch of Science.<br> + <br> + As Members of Convocation are called upon (whether + personally, or, as is less exasperating, by letter) to + consider the offer of the Clarendon Trustees, as well as + every other subject of human, or inhuman, interest, capable + of consideration, it has occurred to me to suggest for your + consideration how desirable roofed buildings are for + carrying on mathematical calculations: in fact, the + variable character of the weather in Oxford renders it + highly inexpedient to attempt much occupation, of a + sedentary nature, in the open air.<br> + <br> + Again, it is often impossible for students to carry on + accurate mathematical calculations in close contiguity to + one another, owing to their mutual conversation; + consequently these processes require different rooms in + which irrepressible conversationalists, who are found to + occur in every branch of Society, might be carefully and + permanently fixed.<br> + <br> + It may be sufficient for the present to enumerate the + following requisites—others might be added as funds + permit:—<br> + <br> + A. A very large room for calculating Greatest Common + Measure. To this a small one might be attached for Least + Common Multiple: this, however, might be dispensed + with.<br> + <br> + B. A piece of open ground for keeping Roots and practising + their extraction: it would be advisable to keep Square + Roots by themselves, as their corners are apt to damage + others.<br> + <br> + C. A room for reducing Fractions to their Lowest Terms. + This should be provided with a cellar for keeping the + Lowest Terms when found, which might also be available to + the general body of Undergraduates, for the purpose of + "keeping Terms."<br> + <br> + D. A large room, which might be darkened, and fitted up + with a magic lantern, for the purpose of exhibiting + circulating Decimals in the act of circulation. This might + also contain cupboards, fitted with glass doors, for + keeping the various Scales of Notation.<br> + <br> + E. A narrow strip of ground, railed off and carefully + levelled, for investigating the properties of Asymptotes, + and testing practically whether Parallel Lines meet or not: + for this purpose it should reach, to use the expressive + language of Euclid, "ever so far."<br> + <br> + This last process of "continually producing the lines," may + require centuries or more; but such a period, though long + in the life of an individual, is as nothing in the life of + the University.<br> + <br> + As Photography is now very much employed in recording human + expressions, and might possibly be adapted to Algebraical + Expressions, a small photographic room would be desirable, + both for general use and for representing the various + phenomena of Gravity, Disturbance of Equilibrium, + Resolution, &c., which affect the features during + severe mathematical operations.<br> + <br> + May I trust that you will give your immediate attention to + this most important subject?<br> + <br> + Believe me,<br> + <br> + Sincerely yours,<br> + <br> + Mathematicus. + </blockquote> + <p> + Next came "The New Belfry of Christ Church, Oxford; a + Monograph by D.C.L." On the title-page was a neatly drawn + square—the figure of Euclid I. 46—below which was written + "East view of the New Belfry, Christ Church, as seen from + the meadow." The new belfry is fortunately a thing of the + past, and its insolent hideousness no longer defaces Christ + Church, but while it lasted it was no doubt an excellent + target for Lewis Carroll's sarcasm. His article on it is + divided into thirteen chapters. Three of them are perhaps + worth quoting:— + </p> + <blockquote> + §1. <i>On the etymological significance of the new + Belfry, Ch. Ch</i>.<br> + <br> + The word "Belfry" is derived from the French <i>bel</i>, + "beautiful, becoming, meet," and from the German + <i>frei</i>, "free unfettered, secure, safe." Thus, the + word is strictly equivalent to "meat-safe," to which the + new Belfry bears a resemblance so perfect as almost to + amount to coincidence.<br> + <br> + §4. <i>On the chief architectural merit of the new + Belfry, Ch. Ch</i>.<br> + <br> + Its chief merit is its simplicity—a simplicity so pure, so + profound, in a word, so <i>simple</i>, that no other word + will fitly describe it. The meagre outline, and baldness of + detail, of the present Chapter, are adopted in humble + imitation of this great feature.<br> + <br> + §5. <i>On the other architectural merits of the new + Belfry, Ch. Ch</i>.<br> + <br> + The Belfry has no other architectural merits. + </blockquote><br> + <br> + <p> + "The Vision of the Three T's" followed. It also was an + attack on architectural changes in Christ Church; the + general style was a parody of the "Compleat Angler." Last + of all came "The Blank Cheque, a Fable," in reference to + the building of the New Schools, for the expenses of which + it was actually proposed (in 1874), to sign a blank cheque + before any estimate had been made, or any plan laid before + the University, and even before a committee had been + elected to appoint an architect for the work. + </p><br> + <p> + At the end of 1874 Mr. Dodgson was again at Hatfield, where + he told the children the story of Prince Uggug, which was + afterwards made a part of "Sylvie and Bruno," though at + that time it seems to have been a separate tale. But + "Sylvie and Bruno," in this respect entirely unlike "Alice + in Wonderland," was the result of notes taken during many + years; for while he was thinking out the book he never + neglected any amusing scraps of childish conversation or + funny anecdotes about children which came to his notice. It + is this fact which gives such verisimilitude to the prattle + of Bruno; childish talk is a thing which a grown-up person + cannot possibly <i>invent</i>. He can only listen to the + actual things the children say, and then combine what he + has heard into a connected narrative. + </p><br> + <p> + During 1875 Mr. Dodgson wrote an article on "Some Popular + Fallacies about Vivisection," which was refused by the + <i>Pall Mall Gazette</i>, the editor saying that he had + never heard of most of them; on which Mr. Dodgson + plaintively notes in his Diary that seven out of the + thirteen fallacies dealt with in his essay had appeared in + the columns of the <i>Pall Mall Gazette</i>. Ultimately it + was accepted by the editor of <i>The Fortnightly + Review</i>. Mr. Dodgson had a peculiar horror of + vivisection. I was once walking in Oxford with him when a + certain well-known professor passed us. "I am afraid that + man vivisects," he said, in his gravest tone. Every year he + used to get a friend to recommend him a list of suitable + charities to which he should subscribe. Once the name of + some Lost Dogs' Home appeared in this list. Before Mr. + Dodgson sent his guinea he wrote to the secretary to ask + whether the manager of the Home was in the habit of sending + dogs that had to be killed to physiological laboratories + for vivisection. The answer was in the negative, so the + institution got the cheque. He did not, however, advocate + the total abolition of vivisection—what reasonable man + could?—but he would have liked to see it much more + carefully restricted by law. An earlier letter of his to + the <i>Pall Mall Gazette</i> on the same subject is + sufficiently characteristic to deserve a place here. Be it + noted that he signed it "Lewis Carroll," in order that + whatever influence or power his writings had gained him + might tell in the controversy. + </p><br> + <blockquote> + <h4> + VIVISECTION AS A SIGN OF THE TIMES. + </h4><i>To the Editor of the "Pall Mall Gazette."</i><br> + <br> + Sir,—The letter which appeared in last week's + <i>Spectator</i>, and which must have saddened the heart of + every one who read it, seems to suggest a question which + has not yet been asked or answered with sufficient + clearness, and that is, How far may vivisection be regarded + as a sign of the times, and a fair specimen of that higher + civilisation which a purely secular State education is to + give us? In that much-vaunted panacea for all human ills we + are promised not only increase of knowledge, but also a + higher moral character; any momentary doubt on this point + which we may feel is set at rest at once by quoting the + great crucial instance of Germany. The syllogism, if it + deserves the name, is usually stated thus: Germany has a + higher scientific education than England; Germany has a + lower average of crime than England; <i>ergo</i>, a + scientific education tends to improve moral conduct. Some + old-fashioned logician might perhaps whisper to himself, + "Praemissis particularibus nihil probatur," but such a + remark, now that Aldrich is out of date, would only excite + a pitying smile. May we, then, regard the practice of + vivisection as a legitimate fruit, or as an abnormal + development, of this higher moral character? Is the + anatomist, who can contemplate unmoved the agonies he is + inflicting for no higher purpose than to gratify a + scientific curiosity, or to illustrate some + well-established truth, a being higher or lower, in the + scale of humanity, than the ignorant boor whose very soul + would sicken at the horrid sight? For if ever there was an + argument in favour of purely scientific education more + cogent than another, it is surely this (a few years back it + might have been put into the mouth of any advocate of + science; now it reads like the merest mockery): "What can + teach the noble quality of mercy, of sensitiveness to all + forms of suffering, so powerfully as the knowledge of what + suffering really is? Can the man who has once realised by + minute study what the nerves are, what the brain is, and + what waves of agony the one can convey to the other, go + forth and wantonly inflict pain on any sentient being?" A + little while ago we should have confidently replied, "He + cannot do it"; in the light of modern revelations we must + sorrowfully confess "He can." And let it never be said that + this is done with serious forethought of the balance of + pain and gain; that the operator has pleaded with himself, + "Pain is indeed an evil, but so much suffering may fitly be + endured to purchase so much knowledge." When I hear of one + of these ardent searchers after truth giving, not a + helpless dumb animal, to whom he says in effect, + "<i>You</i> shall suffer that <i>I</i> may know," but his + own person to the probe and to the scalpel, I will believe + in him as recognising a principle of justice, and I will + honour him as acting up to his principles. "But the thing + cannot be!" cries some amiable reader, fresh from an + interview with that most charming of men, a London + physician. "What! Is it possible that one so gentle in + manner, so full of noble sentiments, can be hardhearted? + The very idea is an outrage to common sense!" And thus we + are duped every day of our lives. Is it possible that that + bank director, with his broad honest face, can be + meditating a fraud? That the chairman of that meeting of + shareholders, whose every tone has the ring of truth in it, + can hold in his hand a "cooked" schedule of accounts? That + my wine merchant, so outspoken, so confiding, can be + supplying me with an adulterated article? That the + schoolmaster, to whom I have entrusted my little boy, can + starve or neglect him? How well I remember his words to the + dear child when last we parted. "You are leaving your + friends," he said, "but you will have a father in me, my + dear, and a mother in Mrs. Squeers!" For all such + rose-coloured dreams of the necessary immunity from human + vices of educated men the facts in last week's + <i>Spectator</i> have a terrible significance. "Trust no + man further than you can see him," they seem to say. "Qui + vult decipi, decipiatur."<br> + <br> + Allow me to quote from a modern writer a few sentences + bearing on this subject:—<br> + <blockquote> + "We are at present, legislature and nation together, + eagerly pushing forward schemes which proceed on the + postulate that conduct is determined, not by feelings, + but by cognitions. For what else is the assumption + underlying this anxious urging-on of organisations for + teaching? What is the root-notion common to Secularists + and Denominationalists but the notion that spread of + knowledge is the one thing needful for bettering + behaviour? Having both swallowed certain statistical + fallacies, there has grown up in them the belief that + State education will check ill-doing.... This belief in + the moralising effects of intellectual culture, flatly + contradicted by facts, is absurd <i>a priori</i>.... This + faith in lesson-books and readings is one of the + superstitions of the age.... Not by precept, though heard + daily; not by example, unless it is followed; but only by + action, often caused by the related feeling, can a moral + habit be formed. And yet this truth, which mental science + clearly teaches, and which is in harmony with familiar + sayings, is a truth wholly ignored in current educational + fanaticisms." + </blockquote><br> + There need no praises of mine to commend to the + consideration of all thoughtful readers these words of + Herbert Spencer. They are to be found in "The Study of + Sociology" (pp. 36l—367).<br> + <br> + Let us, however, do justice to science. It is not so wholly + wanting as Mr. Herbert Spencer would have us believe in + principles of action—principles by which we may regulate + our conduct in life. I myself once heard an accomplished + man of science declare that his labours had taught him one + special personal lesson which, above all others, he had + laid to heart. A minute study of the nervous system, and of + the various forms of pain produced by wounds had inspired + in him one profound resolution; and that was—what think + you?—never, under any circumstances, to adventure his own + person into the field of battle! I have somewhere read in a + book—a rather antiquated book, I fear, and one much + discredited by modern lights—the words, "the whole creation + groaneth and travaileth in pain together until now." Truly + we read these words with a new meaning in the present day! + "Groan and travail" it undoubtedly does still (more than + ever, so far as the brute creation is concerned); but to + what end? Some higher and more glorious state? So one might + have said a few years back. Not so in these days. The + <i>telos teleion</i> of secular education, when divorced + from religious or moral training, is—I say it + deliberately—the purest and most unmitigated selfishness. + The world has seen and tired of the worship of Nature, of + Reason, of Humanity; for this nineteenth century has been + reserved the development of the most refined religion of + all—the worship of Self. For that, indeed, is the upshot of + it all. The enslavement of his weaker brethren—"the labour + of those who do not enjoy, for the enjoyment of those who + do not labour"—the degradation of woman—the torture of the + animal world—these are the steps of the ladder by which man + is ascending to his higher civilisation. Selfishness is the + key-note of all purely secular education; and I take + vivisection to be a glaring, a wholly unmistakable case in + point. And let it not be thought that this is an evil that + we can hope to see produce the good for which we are asked + to tolerate it, and then pass away. It is one that tends + continually to spread. And if it be tolerated or even + ignored now, the age of universal education, when the + sciences, and anatomy among them, shall be the heritage of + all, will be heralded by a cry of anguish from the brute + creation that will ring through the length and breadth of + the land! This, then, is the glorious future to which the + advocate of secular education may look forward: the dawn + that gilds the horizon of his hopes! An age when all forms + of religious thought shall be things of the past; when + chemistry and biology shall be the ABC of a State education + enforced on all; when vivisection shall be practised in + every college and school; and when the man of science, + looking forth over a world which will then own no other + sway than his, shall exult in the thought that he has made + of this fair green earth, if not a heaven for man, at least + a hell for animals.<br> + <br> + I am, sir,<br> + <br> + Your obedient servant,<br> + <br> + Lewis Carroll.<br> + <br> + <i>February 10th</i>. + </blockquote> + <p> + On March 29, 1876, "The Hunting of the Snark" was + published. Mr. Dodgson gives some interesting particulars + of its evolution. The first idea for the poem was the line + "For the Snark <i>was</i> a Boojum, you see," which came + into his mind, apparently without any cause, while he was + taking a country walk. The first complete verse which he + composed was the one which stands last in the poem:— + </p><span class="c6">In the midst of the word he was trying + to say,</span><br> + <span class="c8">In the midst of his laughter and + glee,</span><br> + <span class="c6">He had softly and suddenly vanished + away—</span><br> + <span class="c8">For the Snark <i>was</i> a Boojum, you + see.</span><br> + <table align="Left" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="496"></a> + <img src="Images/496.png" alt="496.png"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T496"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>HENRY HOLIDAY IN HIS STUDIO.</b><br> + <i>From a photograph<br> + by Lewis Carroll</i>. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + The illustrations were the work of Mr. Henry Holiday, and + they are thoroughly in keeping with the spirit of the poem. + Many people have tried to show that "The Hunting of the + Snark" was an allegory; some regarding it as being a + burlesque upon the Tichborne case, and others taking the + Snark as a personification of popularity. Lewis Carroll + always protested that the poem had no meaning at all. + </p> + <blockquote> + As to the meaning of the Snark [he wrote to a friend in + America], I'm very much afraid I didn't mean anything but + nonsense. Still, you know, words mean more than we mean to + express when we use them; so a whole book ought to mean a + great deal more than the writer means. So, whatever good + meanings are in the book, I'm glad to accept as the meaning + of the book. The best that I've seen is by a lady (she + published it in a letter to a newspaper), that the whole + book is an allegory on the search after happiness. I think + this fits in beautifully in many ways—particularly about + the bathing-machines: when the people get weary of life, + and can't find happiness in towns or in books, then they + rush off to the seaside, to see what bathing-machines will + do for them. + </blockquote> + <p> + Mr. H. Holiday, in a very interesting article on "The + Snark's Significance" (<i>Academy,</i> January 29, 1898), + quoted the inscription which Mr. Dodgson had written in a + vellum-bound, presentation-copy of the book. It is so + characteristic that I take the liberty of reproducing it + here:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Presented to Henry Holiday, most patient of artists, by + Charles L. Dodgson, most exacting, but not most ungrateful + of authors, March 29, 1876. + </blockquote> + <p> + A little girl, to whom Mr. Dodgson had given a copy of the + "Snark," managed to get the whole poem off by heart, and + insisted on reciting, it from beginning to end during a + long carriage-drive. Her friends, who, from the nature of + the case, were unable to escape, no doubt wished that she, + too, was a Boojum. + </p> + <p> + During the year, the first public dramatic representation + of "Alice in Wonderland" was given at the Polytechnic, the + entertainment taking the form of a series of + <i>tableaux</i>, interspersed with appropriate readings and + songs. Mr. Dodgson exercised a rigid censorship over all + the extraneous matter introduced into the performance, and + put his veto upon a verse in one of the songs, in which the + drowning of kittens was treated from the humorous point of + view, lest the children in the audience might learn to + think lightly of death in the case of the lower animals. + </p><br> + <br> + <hr> + <br> + <br> + <h2> + <a name="CHAPTER_V_T"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER + V</a> + </h2> + <h4> + (1877—1883) + </h4> + <blockquote> + Dramatic tastes—Miss Ellen Terry—"Natural Science at + Oxford"—Mr. Dodgson as an artist—Miss E. G. Thomson—The + drawing of children—A curious dream—"The Deserted + Parks"—"Syzygies"—Circus children—Row-loving + undergraduates—A letter to <i>The Observer</i>—Resignation + of the Lectureship—He is elected Curator of the Common + Room—Dream-music. + </blockquote> + <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="497"></a> + <img src="Images/497.png" alt="497.png"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T497"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>LEWIS CARROLL.</b><br> + <i>From a photograph</i>. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + Mr. Dodgson's love of the drama was not, as I have shown, a + taste which he acquired in later years. From early college + days he never missed anything which he considered worth + seeing at the London theatres. I believe he used to + reproach himself—unfairly, I think—with spending too much + time on such recreations. For a man who worked so hard and + so incessantly as he did; for a man to whom vacations meant + rather a variation of mental employment than absolute rest + of mind, the drama afforded just the sort of relief that + was wanted. His vivid imagination, the very earnestness and + intensity of his character enabled him to throw himself + utterly into the spirit of what he saw upon the stage, and + to forget in it all the petty worries and disappointments + of life. The old adage says that a man cannot burn the + candle at both ends; like most proverbs, it is only + partially true, for often the hardest worker is the man who + enters with most zest into his recreations, and this was + emphatically the case with Mr. Dodgson. + </p> + <p> + Walter Pater, in his book on the Renaissance, says (I quote + from rough notes only), "A counted number of pulses only is + given to us of a variegated dramatic life. How may we see + in them all that is to be seen in them by the finest + senses? How shall we pass most swiftly from point to point, + and be present always at the focus where the greatest + number of vital forces unite in their purest energy? To + burn always with this hard gem-like flame, to maintain this + ecstasy, is success in life." Here we have the truer + philosophy, here we have the secret of Lewis Carroll's + life. He never wasted time on social formalities; he + refused to fulfil any of those (so called) duties which + involve ineffable boredom, and so his mind was always fresh + and ready. He said in one of his letters that he hoped that + in the next world all knowledge would not be given to us + suddenly, but that we should gradually grow wiser, for the + <i>acquiring</i> knowledge was to him the real pleasure. + What is this but a paraphrase of another of Pater's + thoughts, "Not the fruit of experience, but experience + itself is the end." + </p> + <p> + And so, times without number, he allowed himself to be + carried away by emotion as he saw life in the mirror of the + stage; but, best of all, he loved to see the acting of + children, and he generally gave copies of his books to any + of the little performers who specially pleased him. On + January 13, 1877, he wrote in his Diary:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Went up to town for the day, and took E— with me to the + afternoon pantomime at the Adelphi, "Goody Two-Shoes," + acted entirely by children. It was a really charming + performance. Little Bertie Coote, aged ten, was clown—a + wonderfully clever little fellow; and Carrie Coote, about + eight, was Columbine, a very pretty graceful little thing. + In a few years' time she will be just <i>the</i> child to + act "Alice," if it is ever dramatised. The harlequin was a + little girl named Gilchrist, one of the most beautiful + children, in face and figure, that I have ever seen. I must + get an opportunity of photographing her. Little Bertie + Coote, singing "Hot Codlings," was curiously like the + pictures of Grimaldi. + </blockquote> + <p> + It need hardly be said that the little girl was Miss + Constance Gilchrist. Mr. Dodgson sent her a copy of "Alice + in Wonderland," with a set of verses on her name. + </p> + <p> + Many people object altogether to children appearing on the + stage; it is said to be bad for their morals as well as for + their health. A letter which Mr. Dodgson once wrote in the + <i>St. James's Gazette</i> contains a sufficient refutation + of the latter fancy:— + </p> + <blockquote> + I spent yesterday afternoon at Brighton, where for five + hours I enjoyed the society of three exceedingly happy and + healthy little girls, aged twelve, ten, and seven. I think + that any one who could have seen the vigour of life in + those three children—the intensity with which they enjoyed + everything, great or small, that came in their way—who + could have watched the younger two running races on the + Pier, or have heard the fervent exclamation of the eldest + at the end of the afternoon, "We <i>have</i> enjoyed + ourselves!" would have agreed with me that here, at least, + there was no excessive "physical strain," nor any + <i>imminent</i> danger of "fatal results"! A drama, written + by Mr. Savile Clarke, is now being played at Brighton, and + in this (it is called "Alice in Wonderland") all three + children have been engaged. They had been acting every + night this week, and <i>twice</i> on the day before I met + them, the second performance lasting till half-past ten at + night, after which they got up at seven next morning to + bathe! That such (apparently) severe work should co-exist + with blooming health and buoyant spirits seems at first + sight a paradox; but I appeal to any one who has ever + worked <i>con amore</i> at any subject whatever to support + me in the assertion that, when you really love the subject + you are working at, the "physical strain" is absolutely + <i>nil</i>; it is only when working "against the grain" + that any strain is felt, and I believe the apparent paradox + is to be explained by the fact that a taste for + <i>acting</i> is one of the strongest passions of human + nature, that stage-children show it nearly from infancy, + and that, instead of being miserable drudges who ought to + be celebrated in a new "Cry of the Children," they simply + <i>rejoice</i> in their work "even as a giant rejoiceth to + run his course." + </blockquote> + <p> + Mr. Dodgson's general views on the mission of the drama are + well shown by an extract from a circular which he sent to + many of his friends in 1882:— + </p> + <blockquote> + The stage (as every playgoer can testify) is an engine of + incalculable power for influencing society; and every + effort to purify and ennoble its aims seems to me to + deserve all the countenance that the great, and all the + material help that the wealthy, can give it; while even + those who are neither great nor wealthy may yet do their + part, and help to—<br> + <blockquote> + "Ring out the darkness of the land,<br> + Ring in the Christ that is to be." + </blockquote> + </blockquote> + <p> + I do not know if Mr. Dodgson's suggested amendment of some + lines in the "Merchant of Venice" was ever carried out, but + it further illustrates the serious view he took of this + subject. The hint occurs in a letter to Miss Ellen Terry, + which runs as follows:— + </p> + <table align="Left" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="498"></a> + <img src="Images/498.png" alt="498.png"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T498"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>ELLEN TERRY.</b><br> + <i>From a photograph<br> + by Lewis Carroll</i>. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <blockquote> + You gave me a treat on Saturday such as I have very seldom + had in my life. You must be weary by this time of hearing + your own praises, so I will only say that Portia was all I + could have imagined, and more. And Shylock is + superb—especially in the trial-scene.<br> + <br> + Now I am going to be very bold, and make a suggestion, + which I do hope you will think well enough of to lay it + before Mr. Irving. I want to see that clause omitted (in + the sentence on Shylock)— + <blockquote> + <br> + That, for this favour,<br> + He presently become a Christian; + </blockquote>It is a sentiment that is entirely horrible + and revolting to the feelings of all who believe in the + Gospel of Love. Why should our ears be shocked by such + words merely because they are Shakespeare's? In his day, + when it was held to be a Christian's duty to force his + belief on others by fire and sword—to burn man's body in + order to save his soul—the words probably conveyed no + shock. To all Christians now (except perhaps extreme + Calvinists) the idea of forcing a man to abjure his + religion, whatever that religion may be, is (as I have + said) simply horrible.<br> + <br> + I have spoken of it as a needless outrage on religious + feeling: but surely, being so, it is a great artistic + mistake. Its tendency is directly contrary to the spirit of + the scene. We have despised Shylock for his avarice, and we + rejoice to see him lose his wealth: we have abhorred him + for his bloodthirsty cruelty, and we rejoice to see him + baffled. And now, in the very fulness of our joy at the + triumph of right over wrong, we are suddenly called on to + see in him the victim of a cruelty a thousand times worse + than his own, and to honour him as a martyr. This, I am + sure, Shakespeare never meant. Two touches only of sympathy + does he allow us, that we may realise him as a man, and not + as a demon incarnate. "I will not pray with you"; "I had it + of Leah, when I was a bachelor." But I am sure he never + meant our sympathies to be roused in the supreme moment of + his downfall, and, if he were alive now, I believe he would + cut out those lines about becoming a Christian.<br> + <br> + No interpolation is needed—(I should not like to suggest + the putting in a single word that is not Shakespeare's)—I + would read the speech thus:—<br> + <blockquote> + <br> + That lately stole his daughter:<br> + Provided that he do record a gift,<br> + Here in the court, &c. + </blockquote>And I would omit Gratiano's three lines at + Shylock's exit, and let the text stand:—<br> + <blockquote> + <i>Duke</i>: "Get thee gone, but do it." (<i>Exit + Shylock</i>.) + </blockquote>The exit, in solemn silence, would be, if + possible, even grander than it now is, and would lose + nothing by the omission of Gratiano's flippant jest.... + </blockquote> + <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="500"></a> + <img src="Images/500.png" alt="500.png"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T500"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>TOM TAYLOR.</b><br> + <i>From a photograph<br> + by Lewis Carroll</i>. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + On January 16th he saw "New Men and Old Acres" at the Court + Theatre. The two authors of the pieces, Dubourg and Tom + Taylor, were great friends of his. "It was a real treat," + he writes, "being well acted in every detail. Ellen Terry + was wonderful, and I should think unsurpassable in all but + the lighter parts." Mr. Dodgson himself had a strong wish + to become a dramatic author, but, after one or two + unsuccessful attempts to get his plays produced, he wisely + gave up the idea, realising that he had not the necessary + constructive powers. The above reference to Miss Ellen + Terry's acting is only one out of a countless number; the + great actress and he were excellent friends, and she did + him many a kindness in helping on young friends of his who + had taken up the stage as a profession. + </p><br> + <br> + <table align="Left" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="523"></a> + <img src="Images/523.png" alt="523.png"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T523"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>KATE TERRY.</b><br> + <i>From a photograph<br> + by Lewis Carroll</i>. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + She and her sister, Miss Kate Terry, were among the + distinguished people whom he photographed. The first time + he saw the latter actress was, I think, in 1858, when she + was playing in "The Tempest" at the Princess's. "The gem of + the piece," he writes, "was the exquisitely graceful and + beautiful Ariel, Miss Kate Terry. Her appearance as a + sea-nymph was one of the most beautiful living pictures I + ever saw, but this, and every other one in my recollection + (except Queen Katherine's dream), were all outdone by the + concluding scene, where Ariel is left alone, hovering over + the wide ocean, watching the retreating ship. It is an + innovation on Shakespeare, but a worthy one, and the + conception of a true poet." + </p> + <p> + Mr. Dodgson was a frequent contributor to the daily Press. + As a rule his letters appeared in the <i>St. James's + Gazette</i>, for the editor, Mr. Greenwood, was a friend of + his, but the following sarcastic epistle was an exception:— + </p> + <blockquote> + NATURAL SCIENCE AT OXFORD.<br> + <br> + <i>To the Editor of the "Pall Mall Gazette."</i><br> + <br> + Sir,—There is no one of the many ingenious appliances of + mechanical science that is more appreciated or more + successfully employed than the wedge; so subtle and + imperceptible are the forces needed for the insertion of + its "thin end," so astounding the results which its "thick + end" may ultimately produce. Of the former process we shall + see a beautiful illustration in a Congregation to be holden + at Oxford on the 24th inst., when it will be proposed to + grant, to those who have taken the degrees of bachelor and + master in Natural Science only, the same voting powers as + in the case of the "M.A." degree. This means the omission + of one of the two classical languages, Latin and Greek, + from what has been hitherto understood as the curriculum of + an Oxford education. It is to this "thin end" of the wedge + that I would call the attention of our non-residents, and + of all interested in Oxford education, while the "thick + end" is still looming in the distance. But why fear a + "thick end" at all? I shall be asked. Has Natural Science + shown any such tendency, or given any reason to fear that + such a concession would lead to further demands? In answer + to that question, let me sketch, in dramatic fashion, the + history of her recent career in Oxford. In the dark ages of + our University (some five-and-twenty years ago), while we + still believed in classics and mathematics as constituting + a liberal education, Natural Science sat weeping at our + gates. "Ah, let me in!" she moaned; "why cram reluctant + youth with your unsatisfying lore? Are they not hungering + for bones; yea, panting for sulphuretted hydrogen?" We + heard and we pitied. We let her in and housed her royally; + we adorned her palace with re-agents and retorts, and made + it a very charnel-house of bones, and we cried to our + undergraduates, "The feast of Science is spread! Eat, + drink, and be happy!" But they would not. They fingered the + bones, and thought them dry. They sniffed at the hydrogen, + and turned away. Yet for all that Science ceased not to + cry, "More gold, more gold!" And her three fair daughters, + Chemistry, Biology, and Physics (for the modern horse-leech + is more prolific than in the days of Solomon), ceased not + to plead, "Give, give!" And we gave; we poured forth our + wealth like water (I beg her pardon, like H<sub>2</sub>O), + and we could not help thinking there was something weird + and uncanny in the ghoul-like facility with which she + absorbed it.<br> + <br> + The curtain rises on the second act of the drama. Science + is still weeping, but this time it is for lack of pupils, + not of teachers or machinery. "We are unfairly + handicapped!" she cries. "You have prizes and scholarships + for classics and mathematics, and you bribe your best + students to desert us. Buy us some bright, clever boys to + teach, and then see what we can do!" Once more we heard and + pitied. We had bought her bones; we bought her boys. And + now at last her halls were filled—not only with teachers + paid to teach, but also with learners paid to learn. And we + have not much to complain of in results, except that + perhaps she is a little too ready to return on our hands + all but the "honour-men"—all, in fact, who really need the + helping hand of an educator. "Here, take back your stupid + ones!" she cries. "Except as subjects for the scalpel (and + we have not yet got the Human Vivisection Act through + Parliament) we can do nothing with them!"<br> + <br> + The third act of the drama is yet under rehearsal; the + actors are still running in and out of the green-room, and + hastily shuffling on their new and ill-fitting dresses; but + its general scope is not far to seek. At no distant day our + once timid and tearful guest will be turning up her nose at + the fare provided for her. "Give me no more youths to + teach," she will say; "but pay me handsomely, and let me + think. Plato and Aristotle were all very well in their way; + Diogenes and his tub for me!" The allusion is not + inappropriate. There can be little doubt that some of the + researches conducted by that retiring philosopher in the + recesses of that humble edifice were strictly scientific, + embracing several distinct branches of entomology. I do not + mean, of course, that "research" is a new idea in Oxford. + From time immemorial we have had our own chosen band of + researchers (here called "professors"), who have advanced + the boundaries of human knowledge in many directions. True, + they are not left so wholly to themselves as some of these + modern thinkers would wish to be, but are expected to give + some few lectures, as the outcome of their "research" and + the evidence of its reality, but even that condition has + not always been enforced—for instance, in the case of the + late Professor of Greek, Dr. Gaisford, the University was + too conscious of the really valuable work he was doing in + philological research to complain that he ignored the usual + duties of the chair and delivered no lectures.<br> + <br> + And, now, what is the "thick end" of the wedge? It is that + Latin and Greek may <i>both</i> vanish from our curriculum; + that logic, philosophy, and history may follow; and that + the destinies of Oxford may some day be in the hands of + those who have had no education other than "scientific." + And why not? I shall be asked. Is it not as high a form of + education as any other? That is a matter to be settled by + facts. I can but offer my own little item of evidence, and + leave it to others to confirm or to refute. It used once to + be thought indispensable for an educated man that he should + be able to write his own language correctly, if not + elegantly; it seems doubtful how much longer this will be + taken as a criterion. Not so many years ago I had the + honour of assisting in correcting for the press some pages + of the <i>Anthropological Review</i>, or some such + periodical. I doubt not that the writers were eminent men + in their own line; that each could triumphantly prove, to + his own satisfaction, the unsoundness of what the others + had advanced; and that all would unite in declaring that + the theories of a year ago were entirely exploded by the + latest German treatise; but they were not able to set forth + these thoughts, however consoling in themselves, in + anything resembling the language of educated society. In + all my experience, I have never read, even in the "local + news" of a country paper, such slipshod, such deplorable + English.<br> + <br> + I shall be told that I am ungenerous in thus picking out a + few unfavourable cases, and that some of the greatest minds + of the day are to be found in the ranks of science. I + freely admit that such may be found, but my contention is + that <i>they</i> made the science, not the science them; + and that in any line of thought they would have been + equally distinguished. As a general principle, I do not + think that the exclusive study of any <i>one</i> subject is + really education; and my experience as a teacher has shown + me that even a considerable proficiency in Natural Science, + taken alone, is so far from proving a high degree of + cultivation and great natural ability that it is fully + compatible with general ignorance and an intellect quite + below par. Therefore it is that I seek to rouse an + interest, beyond the limits of Oxford, in preserving + classics as an essential feature of a University education. + Nor is it as a classical tutor (who might be suspected of a + bias in favour of his own subject) that I write this. On + the contrary, it is as one who has taught science here for + more than twenty years (for mathematics, though + good-humouredly scorned by the biologists on account of the + abnormal certainty of its conclusions, is still reckoned + among the sciences) that I beg to sign myself,—Your + obedient servant,<br> + <br> + Charles L. Dodgson,<br> + <br> + <i>Mathematical Lecturer of Christ Church, Oxford.<br> + <br> + May 17th.</i> + </blockquote> + <p> + I give the above letter because I think it amusing; it must + not be supposed that the writer's views on the subject + remained the same all through his life. He was a thorough + Conservative, and it took a long time to reconcile him to + any new departure. In a political discussion with a friend + he once said that he was "first an Englishman, and then a + Conservative," but however much a man may try to put + patriotism before party, the result will be but partially + successful, if patriotism would lead him into opposition to + the mental bias which has originally made him either a + Conservative or a Radical. + </p> + <p> + He took, of course, great pleasure in the success of his + books, as every author must; but the greatest pleasure of + all to him was to know that they had pleased others. Notes + like the following are frequent in his Diary: "<i>June</i> + 25<i>th</i>.—Spent the afternoon in sending off seventy + circulars to Hospitals, offering copies of 'Alice' and the + 'Looking-Glass' for sick children." He well deserved the + name which one of his admirers gave him—"The man who loved + little children." + </p> + <p> + In April, 1878, he saw a performance of "Olivia" at the + Court Theatre. "The gem of the piece is Olivia herself, + acted by Ellen Terry with a sweetness and pathos that moved + some of the audience (nearly including myself) to tears. + Her leave-taking was exquisite; and when, in her exile, she + hears that her little brother had cried at the mention of + her name, her exclamation 'Pet!' was tenderness itself. + Altogether, I have not had a greater dramatic treat for a + long time. <i>Dies cretâ notandus</i>." + </p> + <p> + I see that I have marked for quotation the following brief + entries in the Diary:— + </p> + <blockquote> + <i>Aug. 4th</i> (at Eastbourne).—Went, morning and + evening, to the new chapel-of-ease belonging to S. + Saviour's. It has the immense advantage of <i>not</i> being + crowded; but this scarcely compensates for the vile + Gregorian chants, which vex and weary one's ear.<br> + <br> + <i>Aug. 17th</i>.—A very inquisitive person, who had some + children with her, found out my name, and then asked me to + shake hands with her child, as an admirer of my books: this + I did, unwisely perhaps, as I have no intention of + continuing the acquaintance of a "Mrs. Leo Hunter."<br> + <br> + <i>Dec. 23rd</i>.—I have been making a plan for work next + term, of this kind: Choose a subject (<i>e.g</i>., + "Circulation," "Journeys of S. Paul," "English Counties") + for each week. On Monday write what I know about it; during + week get up subject; on Saturday write again; put the two + papers away, and six months afterwards write again and + compare. + </blockquote> + <p> + As an artist, Mr. Dodgson possessed an intense natural + appreciation of the beautiful, an abhorrence of all that is + coarse and unseemly which might almost be called + hyper-refinement, a wonderfully good eye for form, and + last, but not least, the most scrupulous conscientiousness + about detail. On the other hand his sense of colour was + somewhat imperfect, and his hand was almost totally + untrained, so that while he had all the enthusiasm of the + true artist, his work always had the defects of an amateur. + </p> + <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="501"></a> + <img src="Images/501.png" alt="501.png"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T501"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>MISS E. GERTRUDE THOMSON.</b><br> + <i>From a photograph<br> + by Lewis Carroll</i>. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + In 1878 some drawings of Miss E. Gertrude Thomson's excited + his keen admiration, and he exerted himself to make her + acquaintance. Their first meeting is described so well by + Miss Thomson herself in <i>The Gentlewoman</i> for January + 29, 1898, that I cannot do better than quote the + description of the scene as given there:— + </p> + <blockquote> + It was at the end of December, 1878, that a letter, written + in a singularly legible and rather boyish-looking hand, + came to me from Christ Church, Oxford, signed "C. L. + Dodgson." The writer said that he had come across some + fairy designs of mine, and he should like to see some more + of my work. By the same post came a letter from my London + publisher (who had supplied my address) telling me that the + "Rev. C. L. Dodgson" was "Lewis Carroll."<br> + <br> + "Alice in Wonderland" had long been one of my pet books, + and as one regards a favourite author as almost a personal + friend, I felt less restraint than one usually feels in + writing to a stranger, though I carefully concealed my + knowledge of his identity, as he had not chosen to reveal + it.<br> + <br> + This was the beginning of a frequent and delightful + correspondence, and as I confessed to a great love for + fairy lore of every description, he asked me if I would + accept a child's fairy-tale book he had written, called + "Alice in Wonderland." I replied that I knew it nearly all + off by heart, but that I should greatly prize a copy given + to me by himself. By return came "Alice," and "Through the + Looking-Glass," bound most luxuriously in white calf and + gold.<br> + <br> + And this is the graceful and kindly note that came with + them: "I am now sending you 'Alice,' and the + 'Looking-Glass' as well. There is an incompleteness about + giving only one, and besides, the one you bought was + probably in red and would not match these. If you are at + all in doubt as to what to do with the (now) superfluous + copy, let me suggest your giving it to some poor sick + child. I have been distributing copies to all the hospitals + and convalescent homes I can hear of, where there are sick + children capable of reading them, and though, of course, + one takes some pleasure in the popularity of the books + elsewhere, it is not nearly so pleasant a thought to me as + that they may be a comfort and relief to children in hours + of pain and weariness. Still, no recipient <i>can</i> be + more appropriate than one who seems to have been in + fairyland herself, and to have seen, like the 'weary + mariners' of old—<br> + <br> + <blockquote> + 'Between the green brink and the running foam<br> + White limbs unrobed in a crystal air,<br> + Sweet faces, rounded arms, and bosoms prest<br> + To little harps of gold.'" + </blockquote><br> + "Do you ever come to London?" he asked in another letter; + "if so, will you allow me to call upon you?"<br> + <br> + Early in the summer I came up to study, and I sent him word + that I was in town. One night, coming into my room, after a + long day spent at the British Museum, in the half-light I + saw a card lying on the table. "Rev. C. L. Dodgson." + Bitter, indeed, was my disappointment at having missed him, + but just as I was laying it sadly down I spied a small T.O. + in the corner. On the back I read that he couldn't get up + to my rooms early or late enough to find me, so would I + arrange to meet him at some museum or gallery the day but + one following? I fixed on South Kensington Museum, by the + "Schliemann" collection, at twelve o'clock.<br> + <br> + A little before twelve I was at the rendezvous, and then + the humour of the situation suddenly struck me, that + <i>I</i> had not the ghost of an idea what <i>he</i> was + like, nor would <i>he</i> have any better chance of + discovering <i>me!</i> The room was fairly full of all + sorts and conditions, as usual, and I glanced at each + masculine figure in turn, only to reject it as a + possibility of the one I sought. Just as the big clock had + clanged out twelve, I heard the high vivacious voices and + laughter of children sounding down the corridor.<br> + <br> + At that moment a gentleman entered, two little girls + clinging to his hands, and as I caught sight of the tall + slim figure, with the clean-shaven, delicate, refined face, + I said to myself, "<i>That's</i> Lewis Carroll." He stood + for a moment, head erect, glancing swiftly over the room, + then, bending down, whispered something to one of the + children; she, after a moment's pause, pointed straight at + me.<br> + <br> + Dropping their hands he came forward, and with that winning + smile of his that utterly banished the oppressive sense of + the Oxford don, said simply, "I am Mr. Dodgson; I was to + meet you, I think?" To which I as frankly smiled, and said, + "How did you know me so soon?"<br> + <br> + "My little friend found you. I told her I had come to meet + a young lady who knew fairies, and she fixed on you at + once. But <i>I</i> knew you before she spoke." + </blockquote> + <p> + This acquaintance ripened into a true, artistic friendship, + which lasted till Mr. Dodgson's death. In his first letter + to Miss Thomson he speaks of himself as one who for twenty + years had found his one amusement in photographing from + life—especially photographing children; he also said that + he had made attempts ("most unsuccessfully") at drawing + them. When he got to know her more intimately, he asked her + to criticise his work, and when she wrote expressing her + willingness to do so, he sent her a pile of sketch-books, + through which she went most carefully, marking the + mistakes, and criticising, wherever criticism seemed to be + necessary. + </p> + <p> + After this he might often have been seen in her studio, + lying flat on his face, and drawing some child-model who + had been engaged for his especial benefit. "I <i>love</i> + the effort to draw," he wrote in one of his letters to her, + "but I utterly fail to please even my own eye—tho' now and + then I seem to get somewhere <i>near</i> a right line or + two, when I have a live child to draw from. But I have no + time left now for such things. In the next life, I do + <i>hope</i> we shall not only <i>see</i> lovely forms, such + as this world does not contain, but also be able to + <i>draw</i> them." + </p> + <p> + But while he fully recognised the limits of his powers, he + had great faith in his own critical judgment; and with good + reason, for his perception of the beautiful in contour and + attitude and grouping was almost unerring. All the drawings + which Miss Thomson made for his "Three Sunsets" were + submitted to his criticism, which descended to the smallest + details. He concludes a letter to her, which contained the + most elaborate and minute suggestions for the improvement + of one of these pictures, with the following words: "I make + all these suggestions with diffidence, feeling that I have + <i>really no</i> right at all, as an amateur, to criticise + the work of a real artist." + </p> + <p> + The following extract from another letter to Miss Thomson + shows that seeking after perfection, that discontent with + everything short of the best, which was so marked a feature + of his character. She had sent him two drawings of the head + of some child-friend of his:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Your note is a puzzle—you say that "No. 2 would have been + still more like if the paper had been exactly the same + shade—but I'd no more at hand of the darker colour." Had I + given you the impression that I was in a <i>hurry</i>, and + was willing to have No. 2 <i>less</i> good than it + <i>might</i> be made, so long as I could have it + <i>quick?</i> If I did, I'm very sorry: I never + <i>meant</i> to say a word like it: and, if you had written + "I could make it still more like, on darker paper; but I've + no more at hand. How long can you wait for me to get some?" + I should have replied, "Six weeks, or six <i>months</i>, if + you prefer it!" + </blockquote> + <p> + I have already spoken of his love of nature, as opposed to + the admiration for the morbid and abnormal. "I want you," + he writes to Miss Thomson, "to do my fairy drawings from + <i>life</i>. They would be very pretty, no doubt, done out + of your own head, but they will be ten times as valuable if + done from life. Mr. Furniss drew the pictures of 'Sylvie' + from life. Mr. Tenniel is the only artist, who has drawn + for me, who resolutely refused to use a model, and declared + he no more needed one than I should need a + multiplication-table to work a mathematical problem!" On + another occasion he urges the importance of using models, + in order to avoid the similarity of features which would + otherwise spoil the pictures: "Cruikshank's splendid + illustrations were terribly spoiled by his having only + <i>one</i> pretty female face in them all. Leech settled + down into <i>two</i> female faces. Du Maurier, I think, has + only <i>one</i>, now. All the ladies, and all the little + girls in his pictures look like twin sisters." + </p> + <p> + It is interesting to know that Sir Noel Paton and Mr. + Walter Crane were, in Lewis Carroll's opinion, the most + successful drawers of children: "There are but few artists + who seem to draw the forms of children <i>con amore</i>. + Walter Crane is perhaps the best (always excepting Sir Noel + Paton): but the thick outlines, which he insists on using, + seem to take off a good deal from the beauty of the + result." + </p> + <p> + He held that no artist can hope to effect a higher type of + beauty than that which life itself exhibits, as the + following words show:— + </p> + <blockquote> + I don't quite understand about fairies losing "grace," if + too like human children. Of course I grant that to be like + some <i>actual</i> child is to lose grace, because no + living child is perfect in form: many causes have lowered + the race from what God made it. But the <i>perfect</i> + human form, free from these faults, is surely equally + applicable to men, and fairies, and angels? Perhaps that is + what you mean—that the Artist can imagine, and design, more + perfect forms than we ever find in life? + </blockquote> + <p> + I have already referred several times to Miss Ellen Terry + as having been one of Mr. Dodgson's friends, but he was + intimate with the whole family, and used often to pay them + a visit when he was in town. On May 15, 1879, he records a + very curious dream which he had about Miss Marion ("Polly") + Terry:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Last night I had a dream which I record as a curiosity, so + far as I know, in the literature of dreams. I was staying, + with my sisters, in some suburb of London, and had heard + that the Terrys were staying near us, so went to call, and + found Mrs. Terry at home, who told us that Marion and + Florence were at the theatre, "the Walter House," where + they had a good engagement. "In that case," I said, "I'll + go on there at once, and see the performance—and may I take + Polly with me?" "Certainly," said Mrs. Terry. And there was + Polly, the child, seated in the room, and looking about + nine or ten years old: and I was distinctly conscious of + the fact, yet without any feeling of surprise at its + incongruity, that I was going to take the <i>child</i> + Polly with me to the theatre, to see the <i>grown-up</i> + Polly act! Both pictures—Polly as a child, and Polly as a + woman, are, I suppose, equally clear in my ordinary waking + memory: and it seems that in sleep I had contrived to give + the two pictures separate individualities. + </blockquote> + <p> + Of all the mathematical books which Mr. Dodgson wrote, by + far the most elaborate, if not the most original, was + "Euclid and His Modern Rivals." The first edition was + issued in 1879, and a supplement, afterwards incorporated + into the second edition, appeared in 1885. + </p> + <p> + This book, as the author says, has for its object + </p> + <blockquote> + to furnish evidence (1) that it is essential for the + purposes of teaching or examining in Elementary Geometry to + employ one text—book only; (2) that there are strong <i>a + priori</i> reasons for retaining in all its main features, + and especially in its sequence and numbering of + Propositions, and in its treatment of Parallels, the Manual + of Euclid; and (3) that no sufficient reasons have yet been + shown for abandoning it in favour of any one of the modern + Manuals which have been offered as substitutes. + </blockquote> + <p> + The book is written in dramatic form, and relieved + throughout by many touches in the author's happiest vein, + which make it delightful not only to the scientific reader, + but also to any one of average intelligence with the + slightest sense of humour. + </p> + <p> + Whether the conclusions are accepted in their entirety or + not, it is certain that the arguments are far more + effective than if the writer had presented them in the form + of an essay. Mr. Dodgson had a wide experience as a teacher + and examiner, so that he knew well what he was writing + about, and undoubtedly the appearance of this book has done + very much to stay the hand of the innovator. + </p> + <p> + The scene opens in a College study-time, midnight. Minos, + an examiner, is discovered seated between two immense piles + of manuscripts. He is driven almost to distraction in his + efforts to mark fairly the papers sent up, by reason of the + confusion caused through the candidates offering various + substitutes for Euclid. Rhadamanthus, another equally + distracted examiner, comes to his room. + </p> + <p> + The two men consult together for a time, and then + Rhadamanthus retires, and Minos falls asleep. Hereupon the + Ghost of Euclid appears, and discusses with Minos the + reasons for retaining his Manual as a whole, in its present + order and arrangement. As they are mainly concerned with + the wants of beginners, their attention is confined to + Books I. and II. + </p> + <p> + We must be content with one short extract from the + dialogue:— + </p> + <blockquote> + <i>Euclid</i>.—It is, I think, a friend of yours who has + amused himself by tabulating the various Theorems which + might be enunciated on the single subject of Pairs of + Lines. How many did he make them out to be?<br> + <br> + <i>Minos</i>.—About two hundred and fifty, I believe.<br> + <br> + <i>Euclid</i>.—At that rate there would probably be within + the limit of my First Book—how many?<br> + <br> + <i>Minos</i>.—A thousand at least.<br> + <br> + <i>Euclid</i>.—What a popular school-book it will be! How + boys will bless the name of the writer who first brings out + the complete thousand! + </blockquote> + <p> + With a view to discussing and criticising his various + modern rivals, Euclid promises to send to Minos the ghost + of a German Professor (Herr Niemand) who "has read all + books, and is ready to defend any thesis, true or untrue." + </p> + <p> + "A charming companion!" as Minos drily remarks. + </p> + <p> + This brings us to Act II., in which the Manuals which + reject Euclid's treatment of Parallels are dealt with one + by one. Those Manuals which adopt it are reserved for Act + III., Scene i.; while in Scene ii., "The Syllabus of the + Association for the Improvement of Geometrical Teaching," + and Wilson's "Syllabus," come under review. + </p> + <p> + Only one or two extracts need be given, which, it is hoped, + will suffice to illustrate the character and style of the + book: + </p> + <p> + Act II., Scene v.—Niemand and Minos are arguing for and + against Henrici's "Elementary Geometry." + </p> + <blockquote> + <i>Minos</i>.—I haven't quite done with points yet. I find + an assertion that they never jump. Do you think that arises + from their having "position," which they feel might be + compromised by such conduct?<br> + <br> + <i>Niemand</i>.—I cannot tell without hearing the passage + read.<br> + <br> + <i>Minos</i>.—It is this: "A point, in changing its + position on a curve, passes in moving from one position to + another through all intermediate positions. It does not + move by jumps."<br> + <br> + <i>Niemand</i>.—That is quite true.<br> + <br> + <i>Minos</i>.—Tell me then—is every centre of gravity a + point?<br> + <br> + <i>Niemand</i>.—Certainly.<br> + <br> + <i>Minos</i>.—Let us now consider the centre of gravity of + a flea. Does it—<br> + <br> + <i>Niemand (indignantly)</i>.—Another word, and I shall + vanish! I cannot waste a night on such trivialities.<br> + <br> + <i>Minos</i>.—I can't resist giving you just <i>one</i> + more tit-bit—the definition of a square at page 123: "A + quadrilateral which is a kite, a symmetrical trapezium, and + a parallelogram is a square!" And now, farewell, Henrici: + "Euclid, with all thy faults, I love thee still!" + </blockquote> + <p> + Again, from Act II., Scene vi.:— + </p> + <blockquote> + <i>Niemand</i>.—He (Pierce, another "Modern Rival,") has a + definition of direction which will, I think, be new to you. + <i>(Reads.)</i><br> + <br> + "The <i>direction of a line</i> in any part is the + direction of a point at that part from the next preceding + point of the line!"<br> + <br> + <i>Minos</i>.—That sounds mysterious. Which way along a + line are "preceding" points to be found?<br> + <br> + <i>Niemand</i>.—<i>Both ways.</i> He adds, directly + afterwards, "A line has two different directions," + &c.<br> + <br> + <i>Minos</i>.—So your definition needs a postscript.... But + there is yet another difficulty. How far from a point is + the "next" point?<br> + <br> + <i>Niemand</i>.—At an infinitely small distance, of course. + You will find the matter fully discussed in my work on the + Infinitesimal Calculus.<br> + <br> + <i>Minos</i>.—A most satisfactory answer for a teacher to + make to a pupil just beginning Geometry! + </blockquote> + <p> + In Act IV. Euclid reappears to Minos, "followed by the + ghosts of Archimedes, Pythagoras, &c., who have come to + see fair play." Euclid thus sums up his case:— + </p> + <blockquote> + "'The cock doth craw, the day doth daw,' and all + respectable ghosts ought to be going home. Let me carry + with me the hope that I have convinced you of the necessity + of retaining my order and numbering, and my method of + treating Straight Lines, Angles, Right Angles, and (most + especially) Parallels. Leave me these untouched, and I + shall look on with great contentment while other changes + are made—while my proofs are abridged and improved—while + alternative proofs are appended to mine—and while new + Problems and Theorems are interpolated. In all these + matters my Manual is capable of almost unlimited + improvement." + </blockquote> + <p> + In Appendices I. and II. Mr. Dodgson quotes the opinions of + two eminent mathematical teachers, Mr. Todhunter and + Professor De Morgan, in support of his argument. + </p> + <p> + Before leaving this subject I should like to refer to a + very novel use of Mr. Dodgson's book—its employment in a + school. Mr. G. Hopkins, Mathematical Master in the High + School at Manchester, U.S., and himself the author of a + "Manual of Plane Geometry," has so employed it in a class + of boys aged from fourteen or fifteen upwards. He first + called their attention to some of the more prominent + difficulties relating to the question of Parallels, put a + copy of Euclid in their hands, and let them see his + treatment of them, and after some discussion placed before + them Mr. Dodgson's "Euclid and His Modern Rivals" and "New + Theory of Parallels." + </p> + <p> + Perhaps it is the fact that American boys are sharper than + English, but at any rate the youngsters are reported to + have read the two books with an earnestness and a + persistency that were as gratifying to their instructor as + they were complimentary to Mr. Dodgson. + </p> + <p> + In June of the same year an entry in the Diary refers to a + proposal in Convocation to allow the University Club to + have a cricket-ground in the Parks. This had been proposed + in 1867, and then rejected. Mr. Dodgson sent round to the + Common Rooms copies of a poem on "The Deserted Parks," + which had been published by Messrs. Parker in 1867, and + which was afterwards included in "Notes by an Oxford + Chiel." I quote the first few lines:— + </p> + <blockquote> + <blockquote> + Museum! loveliest building of the plain<br> + Where Cherwell winds towards the distant main;<br> + How often have I loitered o'er thy green,<br> + Where humble happiness endeared the scene!<br> + How often have I paused on every charm,—<br> + The rustic couple walking arm in arm,<br> + The groups of trees, with seats beneath the shade<br> + For prattling babes and whisp'ring lovers made,<br> + The never-failing brawl, the busy mill,<br> + Where tiny urchins vied in fistic skill.<br> + (Two phrases only have that dusky race<br> + Caught from the learned influence of the place;<br> + Phrases in their simplicity sublime,<br> + "Scramble a copper!" "Please, sir, what's the time?")<br> + These round thy walks their cheerful influence shed;<br> + These were thy charms—but all these charms are fled,<br> + Amidst thy bowers the tyrant's hand is seen,<br> + And rude pavilions sadden all thy green;<br> + One selfish pastime grasps the whole domain,<br> + And half a faction swallows up the plain;<br> + Adown thy glades, all sacrificed to cricket,<br> + The hollow-sounding bat now guards the wicket;<br> + Sunk are thy mounds in shapeless level all,<br> + Lest aught impede the swiftly rolling ball;<br> + And trembling, shrinking from the fatal blow,<br> + Far, far away thy hapless children go.<br> + Ill fares the place, to luxury a prey,<br> + Where wealth accumulates, and minds decay:<br> + Athletic sports may flourish or may fade,<br> + Fashion may make them, even as it has made;<br> + But the broad Parks, the city's joy and pride,<br> + When once destroyed can never be supplied! + </blockquote> + </blockquote> + <p> + Readers of "Sylvie and Bruno" will remember the way in + which the invisible fairy-children save the drunkard from + his evil life, and I have always felt that Mr. Dodgson + meant Sylvie to be something more than a fairy—a sort of + guardian angel. That such an idea would not have been + inconsistent with his way of looking at things is shown by + the following letter: + </p> + <blockquote> + Ch. Ch., <i>July</i>, 1879.<br> + <br> + My dear Ethel,—I have been long intending to answer your + letter of April 11th, chiefly as to your question in + reference to Mrs. N—'s letter about the little S—s [whose + mother had recently died]. You say you don't see "how they + can be guided aright by their dead mother, or how light can + come from her." Many people believe that our friends in the + other world can and do influence us in some way, and + perhaps even "guide" us and give us light to show us our + duty. My own feeling is, it <i>may</i> be so: but nothing + has been revealed about it. That the angels do so <i>is</i> + revealed, and we may feel sure of <i>that</i>; and there is + a beautiful fancy (for I don't think one can call it more) + that "a mother who has died leaving a child behind her in + this world, is allowed to be a sort of guardian angel to + that child." Perhaps Mrs. N— believes that. + </blockquote> + <p> + Here are two other entries in the Diary:— + </p> + <blockquote> + <i>Aug. 26th</i>.—Worked from about 9.45 to 6.45, and again + from 10.15 to 11.45 (making 101/2 hours altogether) at an + idea which occurred to me of finding limits for <i>pi</i> + by elementary trigonometry, for the benefit of the + circle-squarers.<br> + <br> + <i>Dec. 12th</i>.—Invented a new way of working one word + into another. I think of calling the puzzle "syzygies."<br> + <br> + I give the first three specimens:— + <pre> <tt> + MAN } + permanent } + entice } Send MAN on ICE. + ICE. } + + ACRE } + sacred } + credentials } RELY on ACRE. + entirely } + RELY } + + PRISM } + prismatic } + dramatic } Prove PRISM to be ODIOUS. + melodrama } + melodious } + ODIOUS. } +</tt> <br></pre> + </blockquote> + <p> + In February, 1880, Mr. Dodgson proposed to the Christ + Church "Staff-salaries Board," that as his tutorial work + was lighter he should have £200 instead of £300 + a year. It is not often that a man proposes to cut down + <i>his own</i> salary, but the suggestion in this case was + intended to help the College authorities in the policy of + retrenchment which they were trying to carry out. + </p> + <blockquote> + <i>May 24th</i>.—Percival, President of Trin. Coll., who + has Cardinal Newman as his guest, wrote to say that the + Cardinal would sit for a photo, to me, at Trinity. But I + could not take my photography there and he couldn't come to + me: so nothing came of it.<br> + <br> + <i>Aug. 19th</i>. [At Eastbourne].—Took Ruth and Maud to + the Circus (Hutchinson and Tayleure's—from America). I + made friends with Mr. Tayleure, who took me to the tents of + horses, and the caravan he lived in. And I added to my + theatrical experiences by a chat with a couple of circus + children—Ada Costello, aged 9, and Polly (Evans, I think), + aged 13. I found Ada in the outer tent, with the pony on + which she was to perform—practising vaulting on to it, + varied with somersaults on the ground. I showed her my wire + puzzle, and ultimately gave it her, promising a duplicate + to Polly. Both children seemed bright and happy, and they + had pleasant manners.<br> + <br> + <i>Sept. 2nd</i>.—Mrs. H— took me to Dr. Bell's (the old + homoeopathic doctor) to hear Lord Radstock speak about + "training children." It was a curious affair. First a very + long hymn; then two very long extempore prayers (not by + Lord R—), which were strangely self-sufficient and wanting + in reverence. Lord R—'s remarks were commonplace enough, + though some of his theories were new, but, I think, not + true—<i>e.g.,</i> that encouraging emulation in schoolboys, + or desiring that they should make a good position in life, + was un-Christian. I escaped at the first opportunity after + his speech, and went down on the beach, where I made + acquaintance with a family who were banking up with sand + the feet and legs of a pretty little girl perched on a + sand-castle. I got her father to make her stand to be + drawn. Further along the beach a merry little mite began + pelting me with sand; so I drew <i>her</i> too.<br> + <br> + <i>Nov. 16th</i>.—Thought of a plan for simplifying + money-orders, by making the sender fill up two duplicate + papers, one of which he hands in to be transmitted by the + postmaster—it containing a key—number which the receiver + has to supply in <i>his</i> copy to get the money. I think + of suggesting this, and my plan for double postage on + Sunday, to the Government.<br> + <br> + <i>Dec. 19th</i>.—The idea occurred to me that a game might + be made of letters, to be moved about on a chess-board till + they form words. + </blockquote> + <p> + A little book, published during this year, "Alice (a + dramatic version of Lewis Carroll's 'Alice'), and other + Fairy Tales for Children," by Mrs. Freiligrath-Kroeker, was + very successful, and, I understand, still has a regular + sale. Mr. Dodgson most gladly gave his consent to the + dramatisation of his story by so talented an authoress, and + shortly afterwards Mrs. Kroeker brought out "Through the + Looking-Glass" in a similar form. + </p> + <blockquote> + <i>Jan.</i> 17, 1881.—To the Lyceum to see "The Cup" and + "The Corsican Brothers." The first is exquisitely put on, + and Ellen Terry as Camma is the perfection of grace, and + Irving as the villain, and Mr. Terriss as the husband, were + very good. But the piece wants substance.<br> + <br> + <i>Jan.</i> 19<i>th</i>.—Tried to go to Oxford, but the + line is blocked near Didcot, so stayed another night in + town. The next afternoon the line was reported clear, but + the journey took 5 hours! On the day before the Dean of Ch. + Ch. and his family were snowed up for 21 hours near + Radley.<br> + <br> + <i>March</i> 27<i>th</i>.—Went to S. Mary's and stayed for + Holy Communion, and, as Ffoulkes was alone, I mustered up + courage to help him. I read the exhortation, and was + pleased to find I did not once hesitate. I think I must try + preaching again soon, as he has often begged me to do.<br> + <br> + <i>April</i> 16<i>th</i>.—Mr. Greenwood approves my theory + about general elections, and wants me to write on it in the + <i>St. James's Gazette</i>. (The letter appeared on May 5, + 1881.)<br> + <br> + <i>May</i> 14<i>th</i>.—Took the longest walk (I believe) I + have ever done—round by Dorchester, Didcot and Abingdon—27 + miles—took 8 hours—no blisters, I rejoice to find, and I + feel very little tired.<br> + <br> + <i>May</i> 26<i>th</i>.—The row-loving men in College are + beginning to be troublesome again, and last night some 30 + or 40 of them, aided by out-College men, made a great + disturbance, and regularly defied the Censors. I have just + been with the other Tutors into Hall, and heard the Dean + make an excellent speech to the House. Some two or three + will have to go down, and twelve or fifteen others will be + punished in various ways. (A later note says): The + punishments had to be modified—it turned out that the + disturbers were nearly all out-College men. + </blockquote> + <p> + Mr. Dodgson sent a letter to <i>The Observer</i> on this + subject:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Sir,—Your paper of May 29th contains a leading article on + Christ Church, resting on so many mis-statements of fact + that I venture to appeal to your sense of justice to allow + me, if no abler writer has addressed you on the subject, an + opportunity of correcting them. It will, I think, be found + that in so doing I shall have removed the whole foundation + on which the writer has based his attack on the House, + after which I may contentedly leave the superstructure to + take care of itself. "Christ Church is always provoking the + adverse criticism of the outer world." The writer justifies + this rather broad generalisation by quoting three instances + of such provocation, which I will take one by one.<br> + <br> + At one time we are told that "The Dean ... neglects his + functions, and spends the bulk of his time in Madeira." The + fact is that the Dean's absence from England more than + twenty years ago during two successive winters was a sad + necessity, caused by the appearance of symptoms of grave + disease, from which he has now, under God's blessing, + perfectly recovered.<br> + <br> + The second instance occurred eleven years ago, when some of + the undergraduates destroyed some valuable statuary in the + Library. Here the writer states that the Dean first + announced that criminal proceedings would be taken, and + then, on discovering that the offenders were "highly + connected," found himself "converted to the opinion that + mercy is preferable to stern justice, and charity to the + strict letter of the law." The facts are that the + punishment awarded to the offenders was deliberated on and + determined on by the Governing Body, consisting of the + Dean, the Canons, and some twenty Senior Students; that + their deliberations were most assuredly in no way affected + by any thoughts of the offenders being "highly connected"; + and that, when all was over, we had the satisfaction of + seeing ourselves roundly abused in the papers on both + sides, and charged with having been too lenient, and also + with having been too severe.<br> + <br> + The third instance occurred the other night. Some + undergraduates were making a disturbance, and the Junior + Censor "made his appearance in person upon the scene of + riot," and "was contumeliously handled." Here the only + statement of any real importance, the alleged assault by + Christ Church men on the Junior Censor, is untrue. The fact + is that nearly all the disturbers were out-College men, + and, though it is true that the Censor was struck by a + stone thrown from a window, the unenviable distinction of + having thrown it belongs to no member of the House. I doubt + if we have one single man here who would be capable of so + base and cowardly an act.<br> + <br> + The writer then gives us a curious account of the present + constitution of the House. The Dean, whom he calls "the + right reverend gentleman," is, "in a kind of way, master of + the College. The Canons, in a vague kind of way, are + supposed to control the College." The Senior Students "dare + not call their souls their own," and yet somehow dare "to + vent their wrath" on the Junior Students. His hazy, mental + picture of the position of the Canons may be cleared up by + explaining to him that the "control" they exercise is + neither more nor less than that of any other six members of + the Governing Body. The description of the Students I pass + over as not admitting any appeal to actual facts.<br> + <br> + The truth is that Christ Church stands convicted of two + unpardonable crimes—being great, and having a name. Such a + place must always expect to find itself "a wide mark for + scorn and jeers"—a target where the little and the nameless + may display their skill. Only the other day an M.P., rising + to ask a question about Westminster School, went on to + speak of Christ Church, and wound up with a fierce attack + on the ancient House. Shall we blame him? Do we blame the + wanton schoolboy, with a pebble in his hand, all powerless + to resist the alluring vastness of a barndoor?<br> + <br> + The essence of the article seems to be summed up in the + following sentence: "At Christ Church all attempts to + preserve order by the usual means have hitherto proved + uniformly unsuccessful, and apparently remain equally + fruitless." It is hard for one who, like myself, has lived + here most of his life, to believe that this is seriously + intended as a description of the place. However, as general + statements can only be met by general statements, permit + me, as one who has lived here for thirty years and has + taught for five-and-twenty, to say that in my experience + order has been the rule, disorder the rare exception, and + that, if the writer of your leading article has had an + equal amount of experience in any similar place of + education, and has found a set of young men more + gentlemanly, more orderly, and more pleasant in every way + to deal with, than I have found here, I cannot but think + him an exceptionally favoured mortal.—Yours, &c.<br> + <br> + Charles l. Dodgson,<br> + <br> + <i>Student and Mathematical Lecturer of Christ Church</i>. + </blockquote> + <p> + In July began an amusing correspondence between Mr. Dodgson + and a "circle-squarer," which lasted several months. Mr. + Dodgson sent the infatuated person, whom we will call Mr. + B—, a proof that the area of a circle is less than 3.15 the + square of the radius. Mr. B—replied, "Your proof is not in + accordance with Euclid, it assumes that a circle may be + considered as a rectangle, and that two right lines can + enclose a space." He returned the proof, saying that he + could not accept any of it as elucidating the exact area of + a circle, or as Euclidean. As Mr. Dodgson's method involved + a slight knowledge of trigonometry, and he had reason to + suspect that Mr. B—was entirely ignorant of that subject, + he thought it worth while to put him to the test by asking + him a few questions upon it, but the circle-squarer, with + commendable prudence, declined to discuss anything not + Euclidean. Mr. Dodgson then wrote to him, "taking leave of + the subject, until he should be willing to enlarge his + field of knowledge to the elements of Algebraical + Geometry." Mr. B—replied, with unmixed contempt, + "Algebraical Geometry is all moon-shine." <i>He</i> + preferred "weighing cardboard" as a means of ascertaining + exact truth in mathematical research. Finally he suggested + that Mr. Dodgson might care to join in a prize-competition + to be got up among the followers of Euclid, and as he + apparently wished him to understand that he (Mr. B—) did + not think much of his chances of getting a prize, Mr. + Dodgson considered that the psychological moment for + putting an end to the correspondence had arrived. + </p> + <p> + Meanwhile he was beginning to feel his regular College + duties a terrible clog upon his literary work. The + Studentship which he held was not meant to tie him down to + lectures and examinations. Such work was very well for a + younger man; he could best serve "the House" by his + literary fame. + </p> + <blockquote> + <i>July</i> 14<i>th.</i>—Came to a more definite decision + than I have ever yet done—that it is about time to resign + the Mathematical Lectureship. My chief motive for holding + on has been to provide money for others (for myself, I have + been many years able to retire), but even the £300 a + year I shall thus lose I may fairly hope to make by the + additional time I shall have for book-writing. I think of + asking the G.B. (Governing Body) next term to appoint my + successor, so that I may retire at the end of the year, + when I shall be close on fifty years old, and shall have + held the Lectureship for exactly 26 years. (I had the + Honourmen for the last two terms of 1855, but was not full + Lecturer till Hilary, 1856.)<br> + <br> + <i>Oct</i>. 18<i>th</i>.—I have just taken an important + step in life, by sending to the Dean a proposal to resign + the Mathematical Lectureship at the end of this year. I + shall now have my whole time at my own disposal, and, if + God gives me life and continued health and strength, may + hope, before my powers fail, to do some worthy work in + writing—partly in the cause of mathematical education, + partly in the cause of innocent recreation for children, + and partly, I hope (though so utterly unworthy of being + allowed to take up such work) in the cause of religious + thought. May God bless the new form of life that lies + before me, that I may use it according to His holy + will!<br> + <br> + <i>Oct. 21st</i>.—I had a note in the evening from the + Dean, to say that he had seen the Censors on the subject of + my proposed resignation at the end of the year, and that + arrangements should be made, as far as could be done, to + carry out my wishes; and kindly adding an expression of + regret at losing my services, but allowing that I had + "earned a right to retirement." So my Lectureship seems to + be near its end.<br> + <br> + <i>Nov. 30th</i>.—I find by my Journal that I gave my + <i>first</i> Euclid Lecture in the Lecture-room on Monday, + January 28, 1856. It consisted of twelve men, of whom nine + attended. This morning, I have given what is most probably + my <i>last</i>: the lecture is now reduced to nine, of whom + all attended on Monday: this morning being a Saint's Day, + the attendance was voluntary, and only two appeared—E.H. + Morris, and G. Lavie. I was Lecturer when the <i>father</i> + of the latter took his degree, viz., in 1858.<br> + <br> + There is a sadness in coming to the end of anything in + life. Man's instincts cling to the Life that will never + end.<br> + <br> + <i>May 30, 1882.</i>—Called on Mrs. R—. During a good part + of the evening I read <i>The Times</i>, while the party + played a round game of spelling words—a thing I will never + join in. Rational conversation and <i>good</i> music are + the only things which, to me, seem worth the meeting for, + for grown-up people.<br> + <br> + <i>June 1st.</i>—Went out with Charsley, and did four miles + on one of his velocimans, very pleasantly. + </blockquote> + <p> + The velociman was an early and somewhat cumbrous form of + tricycle; Mr. Dodgson made many suggestions for its + improvement. He never attempted to ride a bicycle, however, + but, in accordance with his own dictum, "In youth, try a + bicycle, in age, buy a tricycle," confined himself to the + three-wheeled variety. + </p> + <blockquote> + <i>Nov. 8th</i>.—Whitehead, of Trinity, told us a charming + story in Common Room of a father and son. They came up + together: the son got into a College—the father had to go + to New Inn Hall: the son passed Responsions, while his + father had to put off: finally, the father failed in Mods + and has gone down: the son will probably take his degree, + and may then be able to prepare his father for another + try.<br> + <br> + Among the coloured cartoons in Shrimpton's window at Oxford + there used to be, when I was up, a picture which I think + referred to this story.<br> + <br> + <table align="Center" cellpadding="2" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="503"></a> + <img src="Images/503.png" alt="503.png"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T503"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>OXFORD TYPES.</b><br> + <i>From a photograph<br> + by A.T. Shrimpton.</i>. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table><i>Nov. 23rd.</i>—Spent two hours "invigilating" in + the rooms of W.J. Grant (who has broken his collar-bone, + and is allowed to do his Greats papers in this way) while + he dictated his answers to another undergraduate, Pakenham, + who acted as scribe.<br> + <br> + <i>Nov. 24th</i>.—Dined with Fowler (now President of + C.C.C.) in hall, to meet Ranken. Both men are now mostly + bald, with quite grey hair: yet how short a time it seems + since we were undergraduates together at Whitby! (in + 1854).<br> + <br> + <i>Dec 8th.</i>—A Common Room Meeting. Fresh powers were + given to the Wine Committee, and then a new Curator + elected. I was proposed by Holland, and seconded by + Harcourt, and accepted office with no light heart: there + will be much trouble and thought needed to work it + satisfactorily, but it will take me out of myself a little, + and so may be a real good—my life was tending to become too + much that of a selfish recluse. + </blockquote> + <p> + During this year he composed the words of a song, + "Dreamland." The air was <i>dreamed</i> by his friend, the + late Rev. C. E. Hutchinson, of Chichester. The history of + the dream is here given in the words of the dreamer:— + </p> + <blockquote> + I found myself seated, with many others, in darkness, in a + large amphitheatre. Deep stillness prevailed. A kind of + hushed expectancy was upon us. We sat awaiting I know not + what. Before us hung a vast and dark curtain, and between + it and us was a kind of stage. Suddenly an intense wish + seized me to look upon the forms of some of the heroes of + past days. I cannot say whom in particular I longed to + behold, but, even as I wished, a faint light flickered over + the stage, and I was aware of a silent procession of + figures moving from right to left across the platform in + front of me. As each figure approached the left-hand corner + it turned and gazed at me, and I knew (by what means I + cannot say) its name. One only I recall—Saint George; the + light shone with a peculiar blueish lustre on his shield + and helmet as he turned and slowly faced me. The figures + were shadowy, and floated like mist before me; as each one + disappeared an invisible choir behind the curtain sang the + "Dream music." I awoke with the melody ringing in my ears, + and the words of the last line complete—"I see the shadows + falling, and slowly pass away." The rest I could not + recall. + </blockquote> + <table align="Center" cellpadding="0" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="238"></a><div align="center"><a href="#T238"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div align="center"><img src="Images/238.png" alt="238.png" border="1"></div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <blockquote> + <blockquote> + <b>DREAMLAND</b>.<br> + <br> + Words by LEWIS CARROLL.<br> + <br> + Music by C.E. HUTCHINSON.<br> + <br> + When midnight mists are creeping<br> + And all the land is sleeping<br> + Around me tread the mighty dead,<br> + And slowly pass away.<br> + <br> + Lo, warriors, saints, and sages,<br> + From out the vanished ages,<br> + With solemn pace and reverend face<br> + Appear and pass away.<br> + <br> + The blaze of noonday splendour,<br> + The twilight soft and tender,<br> + May charm the eye: yet they shall die,<br> + Shall die and pass away<br> + <br> + But here, in Dreamland's centre,<br> + No spoiler's hand may enter,<br> + These visions fair, this radiance rare,<br> + Shall never pass away<br> + <br> + I see the shadows falling,<br> + The forms of eld recalling;<br> + Around me tread the mighty dead,<br> + And slowly pass away + </blockquote> + </blockquote> + <p> + One of the best services to education which Mr. Dodgson + performed was his edition of "Euclid I. and II.," which was + published in 1882. In writing "Euclid and His Modern + Rivals," he had criticised somewhat severely the various + substitutes proposed for Euclid, so far as they concerned + beginners; but at the same time he had admitted that within + prescribed limits Euclid's text is capable of amendment and + improvement, and this is what he attempted to do in this + book. That he was fully justified is shown by the fact that + during the years 1882—1889 the book ran through eight + editions. In the Introduction he enumerates, under the + three headings of "Additions," "Omissions," and + "Alterations," the chief points of difference between his + own and the ordinary editions of Euclid, with his reasons + for adopting them. They are the outcome of long experience, + and the most conservative of teachers would readily accept + them. + </p> + <p> + The proof of I. 24, for example, is decidedly better and + more satisfactory than the ordinary proof, and the + introduction of the definition of "projection" certainly + simplifies the cumbrous enunciations of II. 12 and 13. + Again, the alternative proof of II. 8, suggested in the + Introduction, is valuable, and removes all excuse for + omitting this proposition, as is commonly clone. + </p> + <p> + The figures used are from the blocks prepared for the late + Mr. Todhunter's well-known edition of Euclid, to which Mr. + Dodgson's manual forms an excellent stepping-stone. + </p> + <p> + At the beginning of 1883 he went up to town to see the + collection of D. G. Rossetti's pictures in the Burlington + Gallery. He was especially struck with "Found," which he + thus describes— + </p> + <blockquote> + A picture of a man finding, in the streets of London, a + girl he had loved years before in the days of her + innocence. She is huddled up against the wall, dressed in + gaudy colours, and trying to turn away her agonised face, + while he, holding her wrists, is looking down with an + expression of pain and pity, condemnation and love, which + is one of the most marvellous things I have ever seen done + in painting.<br> + <br> + <i>Jan</i>. 27, 1883 [His birthday].—I cannot say I feel + much older at 51 than at 21! Had my first + "tasting-luncheon"; it seemed to give great satisfaction. + [The object of the Curator's "tasting-luncheon" was, of + course, to give members of Common Room an opportunity of + deciding what wines should be bought.]<br> + <br> + <i>March</i> 15<i>th.</i>—Went up to town to fulfil my + promise to Lucy A.—: to take her for her <i>first</i> visit + to the theatre. We got to the Lyceum in good time, and the + play was capitally acted. I had hinted to Beatrice (Miss + Ellen Terry) how much she could add to Lucy's pleasure by + sending round a "carte" of herself; she sent a cabinet. She + is certainly an adept in giving gifts that gratify.<br> + <br> + <i>April</i> 23<i>d</i>.—Tried another long walk—22 miles, + to Besilsleigh, Fyfield, Kingston, Bagpuize, Frilford, + Marcham, and Abingdon. The last half of the way was in the + face of wind, rain, snow, and hail. Was too lame to go into + Hall. + </blockquote><br> + <br> + <hr> + <br> + <br> + <h2> + <a name="CHAPTER_VI_T"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER + VI</a> + </h2><br> + <h4> + (1883—1887) + </h4> + <blockquote> + "The Profits of Authorship"—"Rhyme? and Reason?"—The Common + Room Cat—Visit to Jersey—Purity of elections—Parliamentary + Representation—Various literary projects—Letters to Miss E. + Rix—Being happy—"A Tangled Tale"—Religious arguments—The + "Alice" Operetta—"Alice's Adventures Underground"—"The Game + of Logic"—Mr. Harry Furniss. + </blockquote> + <p> + In 1883 Lewis Carroll was advised to make a stand against + the heavy discount allowed by publishers to booksellers, + and by booksellers to the public. Accordingly the following + notice began to appear in all his books: "In selling Mr. + Lewis Carroll's books to the Trade, Messrs. Macmillan and + Co. will abate 2d. in the shilling (no odd copies), and + allow 5 per cent, discount within six months, and 10 per + cent, for cash. In selling them to the Public (for cash + only) they will allow 10 per cent, discount." + </p> + <p> + It was a bold step to take, and elicited some loud + expressions of disapproval. "Rather than buy on the terms + Mr. Lewis Carroll offers," "A Firm of London Booksellers" + wrote in <i>The Bookseller</i> of August 4th, "the trade + will do well to refuse to take copies of his books, new or + old, so long as he adheres to the terms he has just + announced to the trade for their delectation and delight." + On the other hand, an editorial, which appeared in the same + number of <i>The Bookseller,</i> expressed warm approval of + the innovation. + </p> + <p> + To avoid all possible misconceptions, the author fully + explained his views in a little pamphlet on "The Profits of + Authorship." He showed that the bookseller makes as much + profit out of every volume he sells (assuming the buyer to + pay the full published price, which he did in those days + more readily than he does to-day) as author and publisher + together, whereas his share in the work is very small. He + does not say much about the author's part in the work—that + it is a very heavy one goes without saying—but in + considering the publisher's share he says:— + </p> + <blockquote> + The publisher contributes about as much as the bookseller + in time and bodily labour, but in mental toil and trouble a + great deal more. I speak with some personal knowledge of + the matter, having myself, for some twenty years, inflicted + on that most patient and painstaking firm, Messrs. + Macmillan and Co., about as much wear and worry as ever + publishers have lived through. The day when they undertake + a book for me is a <i>dies nefastus</i> for them. From that + day till the book is out—an interval of some two or three + years on an average—there is no pause in "the pelting of + the pitiless storm" of directions and questions on every + conceivable detail. To say that every question gets a + courteous and thoughtful reply—that they are still outside + a lunatic asylum—and that they still regard me with some + degree of charity—is to speak volumes in praise of their + good temper and of their health, bodily and mental. I think + the publisher's claim on the profits is on the whole + stronger than the booksellers. + </blockquote> + <p> + "Rhyme? and Reason?" appeared at Christmas; the dedicatory + verses, inscribed "To a dear child: in memory of golden + summer hours and whispers of a summer sea," were addressed + to a little friend of the author's, Miss Gertrude Chataway. + One of the most popular poems in the book is "Hiawatha's + Photographing," a delicious parody of Longfellow's + "Hiawatha." "In an age of imitation," says Lewis Carroll, + in a note at the head, "I can claim no special merit for + this slight attempt at doing what is known to be so easy." + It is not every one who has read this note who has observed + that it is really in the same metre as the poem below it. + </p> + <p> + Another excellent parody, "Atalanta in Camden-Town," + exactly hit off the style of that poet who stands alone and + unapproached among the poets of the day, and whom Mr. + Dodgson used to call "the greatest living master of + language." + </p> + <p> + "Fame's Penny Trumpet," affectionately dedicated to all + "original researchers" who pant for "endowment," was an + attack upon the Vivisectionists, + </p> + <blockquote> + Who preach of Justice—plead with tears<br> + That Love and Mercy should abound—<br> + While marking with complacent ears<br> + The moaning of some tortured hound. + </blockquote> + <p> + Lewis Carroll thus addresses them:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Fill all the air with hungry wails—<br> + "Reward us, ere we think or write!<br> + Without your gold mere knowledge fails<br> + To sate the swinish appetite!"<br> + <br> + And, where great Plato paced serene,<br> + Or Newton paused with wistful eye,<br> + Rush to the chase with hoofs unclean<br> + And Babel-clamour of the stye!<br> + <br> + Be yours the pay: be theirs the praise:<br> + We will not rob them of their due,<br> + Nor vex the ghosts of other days<br> + By naming them along with you.<br> + <br> + They sought and found undying fame:<br> + They toiled not for reward nor thanks:<br> + Their cheeks are hot with honest shame<br> + For you, the modern mountebanks! + </blockquote> + <p> + "For auld lang syne" the author sent a copy of his book to + Mrs. Hargreaves (Miss Alice Liddell), accompanied by a + short note. + </p> + <blockquote> + Christ Church, <i>December</i> 21, 1883.<br> + <br> + Dear Mrs. Hargreaves,—Perhaps the shortest day in the year + is not <i>quite</i> the most appropriate time for recalling + the long dreamy summer afternoons of ancient times; but + anyhow if this book gives you half as much pleasure to + receive as it does me to send, it will be a success + indeed.<br> + <br> + Wishing you all happiness at this happy season, I am,<br> + <br> + Sincerely yours,<br> + <br> + C. L. Dodgson. + </blockquote> + <p> + The beginning of 1884 was chiefly occupied in Common Room + business. The Curatorship seems to have been anything but a + sinecure. Besides weightier responsibilities, it involved + the care of the Common Room Cat! In this case the "care" + ultimately killed the cat—but not until it had passed the + span of life usually allotted to those animals, and beyond + which their further existence is equally a nuisance to + themselves and to every one else. As to the best way of + "terminating its sublunary existence," Mr. Dodgson + consulted two surgeons, one of whom was Sir James Paget. I + do not know what method was finally adopted, but I am sure + it was one that gave no pain to pussy's nerves, and as + little as possible to her feelings. + </p> + <p> + On March 11th there was a debate in Congregation on the + proposed admission of women to some of the Honour Schools + at Oxford. This was one of the many subjects on which Mr. + Dodgson wrote a pamphlet. During the debate he made one of + his few speeches, and argued strongly against the proposal, + on the score of the injury to health which it would inflict + upon the girl-undergraduates. + </p> + <p> + Later in the month he and the Rev. E.F. Sampson, Tutor of + Christ Church, paid a visit to Jersey, seeing various + friends, notably the Rev. F.H. Atkinson, an old College + friend of Mr. Dodgson's, who had helped him when he was + editor of <i>College Rhymes</i>. I quote a few lines from a + letter of his to Mr. Atkinson, as showing his views on + matrimony:— + </p> + <blockquote> + So you have been for twelve years a married man, while I am + still a lonely old bachelor! And mean to keep so, for the + matter of that. College life is by no means unmixed misery, + though married life has no doubt many charms to which I am + a stranger. + </blockquote> + <p> + A note in his Diary on May 5th shows one of the changes in + his way of life which advancing years forced him to make:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Wrote to—(who had invited me to dine) to beg off, on the + ground that, in my old age, I find dinner parties more and + more fatiguing. This is quite a new departure. I much + grudge giving an evening (even if it were not tiring) to + bandying small-talk with dull people. + </blockquote> + <p> + The next extract I give does not look much like old age! + </p> + <blockquote> + I called on Mrs. M—. She was out; and only one maid in, + who, having come to the gate to answer the bell, found the + door blown shut on her return. The poor thing seemed really + alarmed and distressed. However, I got a man to come from a + neighbouring yard with a ladder, and got in at the + drawing-room window—a novel way of entering a friend's + house! + </blockquote> + <p> + Oddly enough, almost exactly the same thing happened to him + in 1888: "The door blew shut, with the maid outside, and no + one in the house. I got the cook of the next house to let + me go through their premises, and with the help of a pair + of steps got over the wall between the two back-yards." + </p> + <p> + In July there appeared an article in the <i>St. James's + Gazette</i> on the subject of "Parliamentary Elections," + written by Mr. Dodgson. It was a subject in which he was + much interested, and a few years before he had contributed + a long letter on the "Purity of Elections" to the same + newspaper. I wish I had space to give both in full; as + things are, a summary and a few extracts are all I dare + attempt. The writer held that there are a great number of + voters, and <i>pari passu</i> a great number of + constituencies, that like to be on the winning side, and + whose votes are chiefly influenced by that consideration. + The ballot-box has made it practically impossible for the + individual voter to know which is going to be the winning + side, but after the first few days of a general election, + one side or the other has generally got a more or less + decided advantage, and a weak-kneed constituency is sorely + tempted to swell the tide of victory. + </p> + <blockquote> + But this is not all. The evil extends further than to the + single constituency; nay, it extends further than to a + single general election; it constitutes a feature in our + national history; it is darkly ominous for the future of + England. So long as general elections are conducted as at + present we shall be liable to oscillations of political + power, like those of 1874 and 1880, but of ever-increasing + violence—one Parliament wholly at the mercy of one + political party, the next wholly at the mercy of the + other—while the Government of the hour, joyfully hastening + to undo all that its predecessors have done, will wield a + majority so immense that the fate of every question will be + foredoomed, and debate will be a farce; in one word, we + shall be a nation living from hand to mouth, and with no + settled principle—an army, whose only marching orders will + be "Right about face!" + </blockquote> + <p> + His remedy was that the result of each single election + should be kept secret till the general election is over:— + </p> + <blockquote> + It surely would involve no practical difficulty to provide + that the boxes of voting papers should be sealed up by a + Government official and placed in such custody as would + make it impossible to tamper with them; and that when the + last election had been held they should be opened, the + votes counted, and the results announced. + </blockquote> + <p> + The article on "Parliamentary Elections" proposed much more + sweeping alterations. The opening paragraph will show its + general purport:— + </p> + <blockquote> + The question, how to arrange our constituencies and conduct + our Parliamentary elections so as to make the House of + Commons, as far as possible, a true index of the state of + opinion in the nation it professes to represent, is surely + equal in importance to any that the present generation has + had to settle. And the leap in the dark, which we seem + about to take in a sudden and vast extension of the + franchise, would be robbed of half its terrors could we + feel assured that each political party will be duly + represented in the next Parliament, so that every side of a + question will get a fair hearing. + </blockquote> + <p> + The axioms on which his scheme was based were as follows:— + </p> + <blockquote> + (1) That each Member of Parliament should represent + approximately the same number of electors.<br> + <br> + (2) That the minority of the two parties into which, + broadly speaking, each district may be divided, should be + adequately represented.<br> + <br> + (3) That the waste of votes, caused by accidentally giving + one candidate more than he needs and leaving another of the + same party with less than he needs, should be, if possible, + avoided.<br> + <br> + (4) That the process of marking a ballot-paper should be + reduced to the utmost possible simplicity, to meet the case + of voters of the very narrowest mental calibre.<br> + <br> + (5) That the process of counting votes should be as simple + as possible. + </blockquote> + <p> + Then came a precise proposal. I do not pause to compare it + in detail with the suggestions of Mr. Hare, Mr. Courtney, + and others:— + </p> + <blockquote> + I proceed to give a summary of rules for the method I + propose. Form districts which shall return three, four, or + more Members, in proportion to their size. Let each elector + vote for one candidate only. When the poll is closed, + divide the total number of votes by the number of Members + to be returned <i>plus</i> one, and take the next greater + integer as "quota." Let the returning officer publish the + list of candidates, with the votes given for each, and + declare as "returned" each that has obtained the quota. If + there are still Members to return, let him name a time when + all the candidates shall appear before him; and each + returned Member may then formally assign his surplus votes + to whomsoever of the other candidates he will, while the + other candidates may in like manner assign their votes to + one another.<br> + <br> + This method would enable each of the two parties in a + district to return as many Members as it could muster + "quotas," no matter how the votes were distributed. If, for + example, 10,000 were the quota, and the "reds" mustered + 30,000 votes, they could return three Members; for, suppose + they had four candidates, and that A had 22,000 votes, B + 4,000, C 3,000, D 1,000, A would simply have to assign + 6,000 votes to B and 6,000 to C; while D, being hopeless of + success, would naturally let C have his 1,000 also. There + would be no risk of a seat being left vacant through two + candidates of the same party sharing a quota between + them—an unwritten law would soon come to be recognised—that + the one with fewest votes should give place to the other. + And, with candidates of two opposite parties, this + difficulty could not arise at all; one or the other could + always be returned by the surplus votes of his party. + </blockquote> + <p> + Some notes from the Diary for March, 1885, are worth + reproducing here:— + </p> + <blockquote> + <i>March</i> 1<i>st</i>.—Sent off two letters of literary + importance, one to Mrs. Hargreaves, to ask her consent to + my publishing the original MS. of "Alice" in facsimile (the + idea occurred to me the other day); the other to Mr. H. + Furniss, a very clever illustrator in <i>Punch</i>, asking + if he is open to proposals to draw pictures for me. + </blockquote> + <p> + The letter to Mrs. Hargreaves, which, it will be noticed, + was earlier in date than the short note already quoted in + this chapter, ran as follows:— + </p> + <blockquote> + My Dear Mrs. Hargreaves,—I fancy this will come to you + almost like a voice from the dead, after so many years of + silence, and yet those years have made no difference that I + can perceive in <i>my</i> clearness of memory of the days + when we <i>did</i> correspond. I am getting to feel what an + old man's failing memory is as to recent events and new + friends, (for instance, I made friends, only a few weeks + ago, with a very nice little maid of about twelve, and had + a walk with her—and now I can't recall either of her + names!), but my mental picture is as vivid as ever of one + who was, through so many years, my ideal child-friend. I + have had scores of child-friends since your time, but they + have been quite a different thing.<br> + <br> + However, I did not begin this letter to say all + <i>that</i>. What I want to ask is, Would you have any + objection to the original MS. book of "Alice's Adventures" + (which I suppose you still possess) being published in + facsimile? The idea of doing so occurred to me only the + other day. If, on consideration, you come to the conclusion + that you would rather <i>not</i> have it done, there is an + end of the matter. If, however, you give a favourable + reply, I would be much obliged if you would lend it me + (registered post, I should think, would be safest) that I + may consider the possibilities. I have not seen it for + about twenty years, so am by no means sure that the + illustrations may not prove to be so awfully bad that to + reproduce them would be absurd.<br> + <br> + There can be no doubt that I should incur the charge of + gross egoism in publishing it. But I don't care for that in + the least, knowing that I have no such motive; only I + think, considering the extraordinary popularity the books + have had (we have sold more than 120,000 of the two), there + must be many who would like to see the original form.<br> + <br> + Always your friend,<br> + <br> + C.L. Dodgson. + </blockquote> + <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="504"></a> + <img src="Images/504.png" alt="504.png"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T504"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>H. FURNISS.</b><br> + <i>From a photograph</i>. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + The letter to Harry Furniss elicited a most satisfactory + reply. Mr. Furniss said that he had long wished to + illustrate one of Lewis Carroll's books, and that he was + quite prepared to undertake the work ("Sylvie and Bruno"). + </p> + <p> + Two more notes from the Diary, referring to the same month + follow:— + </p> + <blockquote> + <i>March 10th</i>.—A great Convocation assembled in the + theatre, about a proposed grant for Physiology, opposed by + many (I was one) who wish restrictions to be enacted as to + the practice of vivisection for research. Liddon made an + excellent speech against the grant, but it was carried by + 412 to 244.<br> + <br> + <i>March 29th</i>.—Never before have I had so many literary + projects on hand at once. For curiosity, I will here make a + list of them.<br> + <br> + (1) Supplement to "Euclid and Modern Rivals."<br> + <br> + (2) 2nd Edition of "Euc. and Mod. Rivals."<br> + <br> + (3) A book of Math. curiosities, which I think of calling + "Pillow Problems, and other Math. Trifles." This will + contain Problems worked out in the dark, Logarithms without + Tables, Sines and angles do., a paper I am now writing on + "Infinities and Infinitesimals," condensed Long + Multiplication, and perhaps others.<br> + <br> + (4) Euclid V.<br> + <br> + (5) "Plain Facts for Circle-Squarers," which is nearly + complete, and gives actual proof of limits 3.14158, + 3.14160.<br> + <br> + (6) A symbolical Logic, treated by my algebraic method.<br> + <br> + (7) "A Tangled Tale."<br> + <br> + (8) A collection of Games and Puzzles of my devising, with + fairy pictures by Miss E.G. Thomson. This might also + contain my "Mem. Tech." for dates; my "Cipher-writing" + scheme for Letter-registration, &c., &c.<br> + <br> + (9) Nursery Alice.<br> + <br> + (10) Serious poems in "Phantasmagoria."<br> + <br> + (11) "Alice's Adventures Underground."<br> + <br> + (12) "Girl's Own Shakespeare." I have begun on + "Tempest."<br> + <br> + (13) New edition of "Parliamentary Representation."<br> + <br> + (14) New edition of Euc. I., II.<br> + <br> + (15) The new child's book, which Mr. Furniss is to + illustrate. I have settled on no name as yet, but it will + perhaps be "Sylvie and Bruno."<br> + <br> + I have other shadowy ideas, <i>e.g.</i>, a Geometry for + Boys, a vol. of Essays on theological points freely and + plainly treated, and a drama on "Alice" (for which Mr. + Mackenzie would write music): but the above is a fair + example of "too many irons in the fire!" + </blockquote> + <p> + A letter written about this time to his friend, Miss Edith + Rix, gives some very good hints about how to work, all the + more valuable because he had himself successfully carried + them out. The first hint was as follows:— + </p> + <blockquote> + When you have made a thorough and reasonably long effort, + to understand a thing, and still feel puzzled by it, + <i>stop</i>, you will only hurt yourself by going on. Put + it aside till the next morning; and if <i>then</i> you + can't make it out, and have no one to explain it to you, + put it aside entirely, and go back to that part of the + subject which you <i>do</i> understand. When I was reading + Mathematics for University honours, I would sometimes, + after working a week or two at some new book, and mastering + ten or twenty pages, get into a hopeless muddle, and find + it just as bad the next morning. My rule was <i>to begin + the book again</i>. And perhaps in another fortnight I had + come to the old difficulty with impetus enough to get over + it. Or perhaps not. I have several books that I have begun + over and over again.<br> + <br> + My second hint shall be—Never leave an unsolved difficulty + <i>behind</i>. I mean, don't go any further in that book + till the difficulty is conquered. In this point, + Mathematics differs entirely from most other subjects. + Suppose you are reading an Italian book, and come to a + hopelessly obscure sentence—don't waste too much time on + it, skip it, and go on; you will do very well without it. + But if you skip a <i>mathematical</i> difficulty, it is + sure to crop up again: you will find some other proof + depending on it, and you will only get deeper and deeper + into the mud.<br> + <br> + My third hint is, only go on working so long as the brain + is <i>quite</i> clear. The moment you feel the ideas + getting confused leave off and rest, or your penalty will + be that you will never learn Mathematics <i>at all</i>! + </blockquote> + <p> + Two more letters to the same friend are, I think, deserving + of a place here:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Eastbourne, <i>Sept</i>. 25, 1885.<br> + <br> + My dear Edith,—One subject you touch on—"the Resurrection + of the Body"—is very interesting to me, and I have given it + much thought (I mean long ago). <i>My</i> conclusion was to + give up the <i>literal</i> meaning of the <i>material</i> + body altogether. <i>Identity</i>, in some mysterious way, + there evidently is; but there is no resisting the + scientific fact that the actual <i>material</i> usable for + <i>physical</i> bodies has been used over and over again—so + that each atom would have several owners. The mere solitary + fact of the existence of <i>cannibalism</i> is to my mind a + sufficient <i>reductio ad absurdum</i> of the theory that + the particular set of atoms I shall happen to own at death + (changed every seven years, they say) will be mine in the + next life—and all the other insuperable difficulties (such + as people born with bodily defects) are swept away at once + if we accept S. Paul's "spiritual body," and his simile of + the grain of corn. I have read very little of "Sartor + Resartus," and don't know the passage you quote: but I + accept the idea of the material body being the "dress" of + the spiritual—a dress needed for material life.<br> + <br> + <br> + Ch. Ch., <i>Dec</i>. 13, 1885.<br> + <br> + Dear Edith,—I have been a severe sufferer from + <i>Logical</i> puzzles of late. I got into a regular tangle + about the "import of propositions," as the ordinary logical + books declare that "all <i>x</i> is <i>z</i>" doesn't even + <i>hint</i> that any <i>x</i>'s exist, but merely that the + qualities are so inseparable that, if ever <i>x</i> occurs, + <i>z</i> must occur also. As to "some <i>x</i> is <i>z</i>" + they are discreetly silent; and the living authorities I + have appealed to, including our Professor of Logic, take + opposite sides! Some say it means that the qualities are so + connected that, if any <i>x</i>'s <i>did</i> exist, some + <i>must</i> be <i>z</i>—others that it only means + compatibility, <i>i.e.,</i> that some <i>might</i> be + <i>z</i>, and they would go on asserting, with perfect + belief in their truthfulness, "some boots are made of + brass," even if they had all the boots in the world before + them, and knew that <i>none</i> were so made, merely + because there is no inherent impossibility in making boots + of brass! Isn't it bewildering? I shall have to mention all + this in my great work on Logic—but <i>I</i> shall take the + line "any writer may mean exactly what he pleases by a + phrase so long as he explains it beforehand." But I shall + not venture to assert "some boots are made of brass" till I + have found a pair! The Professor of Logic came over one day + to talk about it, and we had a long and exciting argument, + the result of which was "<i>x —x</i>"—a magnitude which you + will be able to evaluate for yourself.<br> + <br> + C. L. Dodgson. + </blockquote> + <p> + As an example of the good advice Mr. Dodgson used to give + his young friends, the following letter to Miss Isabel + Standen will serve excellently:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Eastbourne, <i>Aug</i>. 4, 1885.<br> + <br> + I can quite understand, and much sympathise with, what you + say of your feeling lonely, and not what you can honestly + call "happy." Now I am going to give you a bit of + philosophy about that—my own experience is, that + <i>every</i> new form of life we try is, just at first, + irksome rather than pleasant. My first day or two at the + sea is a little depressing; I miss the Christ Church + interests, and haven't taken up the threads of interest + here; and, just in the same way, my first day or two, when + I get back to Christ Church, I miss the seaside pleasures, + and feel with unusual clearness the bothers of + business-routine. In all such cases, the true philosophy, I + believe, is "<i>wait</i> a bit." Our mental nerves seem to + be so adjusted that we feel <i>first</i> and most keenly, + the <i>dis</i>—comforts of any new form of life; but, after + a bit, we get used to them, and cease to notice them; and + <i>then</i> we have time to realise the enjoyable features, + which at first we were too much worried to be conscious + of.<br> + <br> + Suppose you hurt your arm, and had to wear it in a sling + for a month. For the first two or three days the discomfort + of the bandage, the pressure of the sling on the neck and + shoulder, the being unable to use the arm, would be a + constant worry. You would feel as if all comfort in life + were gone; after a couple of days you would be used to the + new sensations, after a week you perhaps wouldn't notice + them at all; and life would seem just as comfortable as + ever.<br> + <br> + So my advice is, don't think about loneliness, or + happiness, or unhappiness, for a week or two. Then "take + stock" again, and compare your feelings with what they were + two weeks previously. If they have changed, even a little, + for the better you are on the right track; if not, we may + begin to suspect the life does not suit you. But what I + want <i>specially</i> to urge is that there's no use in + comparing one's feelings between one day and the next; you + must allow a reasonable interval, for the <i>direction + of</i> change to show itself.<br> + <br> + Sit on the beach, and watch the waves for a few seconds; + you say "the tide is coming in "; watch half a dozen + successive waves, and you may say "the last is the lowest; + it is going out." Wait a quarter of an hour, and compare + its <i>average</i> place with what it was at first, and you + will say "No, it is coming in after all." ...<br> + <br> + With love, I am always affectionately yours,<br> + <br> + C. L. Dodgson. + </blockquote> + <p> + The next event to chronicle in Lewis Carroll's Life is the + publication, by Messrs. Macmillan, of "A Tangled Tale," a + series of mathematical problems which had originally + appeared in the <i>Monthly Packet</i>. In addition to the + problems themselves, the author added their correct + solutions, with criticisms on the solutions, correct or + otherwise, which the readers of the <i>Monthly Packet</i> + had sent in to him. With some people this is the most + popular of all his books; it is certainly the most + successful attempt he ever made to combine mathematics and + humour. The book was illustrated by Mr. A.B. Frost, who + entered most thoroughly into the spirit of the thing. One + of his pictures, "Balbus was assisting his mother-in-law to + convince the dragon," is irresistibly comic. A short + quotation will better enable the reader to understand the + point of the joke:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Balbus was waiting for them at the hotel; the journey down + had tried him, he said; so his two pupils had been the + round of the place, in search of lodgings, without the old + tutor who had been their inseparable companion from their + childhood. They had named him after the hero of their Latin + exercise-book, which overflowed with anecdotes about that + versatile genius—anecdotes whose vagueness in detail was + more than compensated by their sensational brilliance. + "Balbus has overcome all his enemies" had been marked by + their tutor, in the margin of the book, "Successful + Bravery." In this way he had tried to extract a moral from + every anecdote about Balbus—sometimes one of warning, as in + "Balbus had borrowed a healthy dragon," against which he + had written, "Rashness in Speculation "—sometimes of + encouragement, as in the words, "Influence of Sympathy in + United Action," which stood opposite to the anecdote + "Balbus was assisting his mother-in-law to convince the + dragon"—and sometimes it dwindled down to a single word, + such as "Prudence," which was all he could extract from the + touching record that "Balbus, having scorched the tail of + the dragon, went away." His pupils liked the short morals + best, as it left them more room for marginal illustrations, + and in this instance they required all the space they could + get to exhibit the rapidity of the hero's departure. + </blockquote> + <p> + Balbus and his pupils go in search of lodgings, which are + only to be found in a certain square; at No. 52, one of the + pupils supplements the usual questions by asking the + landlady if the cat scratches:— + </p> + <blockquote> + The landlady looked round suspiciously, as if to make sure + the cat was not listening. "I will not deceive you, + gentlemen," she said. "It <i>do</i> scratch, but not + without you pulls its whiskers! It'll never do it," she + repeated slowly, with a visible effort to recall the exact + words of some written agreement between herself and the + cat, "without you pulls its whiskers!"<br> + <br> + "Much may be excused in a cat so treated," said Balbus as + they left the house and crossed to No. 70, leaving the + landlady curtesying on the doorstep, and still murmuring to + herself her parting words, as if they were a form of + blessing—"Not without you pulls its whiskers!" + </blockquote> + <table align="Center" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="505"></a> + <img src="Images/505.png" alt="505.png"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T505"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>Balbus having scorched<br> + the Dragon's Tail—Went Away!</b><br> + <i>From a crayon drawing<br> + by the Rev. H.C. Gaye.</i>. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + They secure one room at each of the following numbers—the + square contains 20 doors on each side—Nine, Twenty-five, + Fifty-two, and Seventy-three. They require three bedrooms + and one day-room, and decide to take as day—room the one + that gives them the least walking to do to get to it. The + problem, of course, is to discover which room they adopted + as the day-room. There are ten such "knots" in the book, + and few, if any of them, can be untied without a good deal + of thought. + </p> + <p> + Owing, probably, to the strain of incessant work, Mr. + Dodgson about this period began to be subject to a very + peculiar, yet not very uncommon, optical delusion, which + takes the form of seeing moving fortifications. Considering + the fact that he spent a good twelve hours out of every + twenty-four in reading and writing, and that he was now + well over fifty years old, it was not surprising that + nature should begin to rebel at last, and warn him of the + necessity of occasional rest. + </p> + <p> + Some verses on "Wonderland" by "One who loves Alice," + appeared in the Christmas number of <i>Sylvia's Home + Journal</i>, 1885. They were written by Miss M.E. Manners, + and, as Lewis Carroll himself admired them, they will, I + think, be read with interest:— + </p> + <blockquote> + WONDERLAND.<br> + <br> + How sweet those happy days gone by,<br> + Those days of sunny weather,<br> + When Alice fair, with golden hair,<br> + And we—were young together;—<br> + When first with eager gaze we scann'd<br> + The page which told of Wonderland.<br> + <br> + On hearthrug in the winter-time<br> + We lay and read it over;<br> + We read it in the summer's prime,<br> + Amidst the hay and clover.<br> + The trees, by evening breezes fann'd,<br> + Murmured sweet tales of Wonderland.<br> + <br> + We climbed the mantelpiece, and broke<br> + The jars of Dresden china;<br> + In Jabberwocky tongue we spoke,<br> + We called the kitten "Dinah!"<br> + And, oh! how earnestly we planned<br> + To go ourselves to Wonderland.<br> + <br> + The path was fringed with flowers rare,<br> + With rainbow colours tinted;<br> + The way was "up a winding stair,"<br> + Our elders wisely hinted.<br> + We did not wish to understand<br> + <i>Bed</i> was the road to Wonderland.<br> + <br> + We thought we'd wait till we should grow<br> + Stronger as well as bolder,<br> + But now, alas! full well we know<br> + We're only growing older.<br> + The key held by a childish hand,<br> + Fits best the door of Wonderland.<br> + <br> + Yet still the Hatter drinks his tea,<br> + The Duchess finds a moral,<br> + And Tweedledum and Tweedledee<br> + Forget in fright their quarrel.<br> + The Walrus still weeps on the sand,<br> + That strews the shores of Wonderland.<br> + <br> + And other children feel the spell<br> + Which once we felt before them,<br> + And while the well-known tale we tell,<br> + We watch it stealing o'er them:<br> + Before their dazzled eyes expand<br> + The glorious realms of Wonderland.<br> + <br> + Yes, "time is fleet," and we have gained<br> + Years more than twice eleven;<br> + Alice, dear child, hast thou remained<br> + "Exactually" seven?<br> + With "proper aid," "two" could command<br> + Time to go back in Wonderland.<br> + <br> + Or have the years (untouched by charms),<br> + With joy and sorrow laden,<br> + Rolled by, and brought unto thy arms<br> + A dainty little maiden?<br> + Another Alice, who shall stand<br> + By thee to hear of Wonderland.<br> + <br> + Carroll! accept the heartfelt thanks<br> + Of children of all ages,<br> + Of those who long have left their ranks,<br> + Yet still must love the pages<br> + Written by him whose magic wand<br> + Called up the scenes of Wonderland.<br> + <br> + Long mayst thou live, the sound to hear<br> + Which most thy heart rejoices,<br> + Of children's laughter ringing clear,<br> + And children's merry voices,<br> + Until for thee an angel-hand<br> + Draws back the veil of Wonderland.<br> + <br> + One Who Loves "Alice." + </blockquote> + <p> + Three letters, written at the beginning of 1886 to Miss + Edith Rix, to whom he had dedicated "A Tangled Tale," are + interesting as showing the deeper side of his character:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Guildford, <i>Jan</i>. 15, 1886.<br> + <br> + My dear Edith,—I have been meaning for some time to write + to you about agnosticism, and other matters in your letter + which I have left unnoticed. And yet I do not know, much as + what you say interests me, and much as I should like to be + of use to any wandering seeker after truth, that I am at + all likely to say anything that will be new to you and of + any practical use.<br> + <br> + The Moral Science student you describe must be a beautiful + character, and if, as you say, she lives a noble life, + then, even though she does not, as yet, see any God, for + whose sake she can do things, I don't think you need be + unhappy about her. "When thou wast under the fig tree, I + saw thee," is often supposed to mean that Nathanael had + been <i>praying</i>, praying no doubt ignorantly and + imperfectly, but yet using the light he had: and it seems + to have been accepted as faith in the Messiah. More and + more it seems to me (I hope you won't be <i>very</i> much + shocked at me as an ultra "Broad" Churchman) that what a + person <i>is</i> is of more importance in God's sight than + merely what propositions he affirms or denies. <i>You</i>, + at any rate, can do more good among those new friends of + yours by showing them what a Christian <i>is</i>, than by + telling them what a Christian <i>believes</i>....<br> + <br> + I have a deep dread of argument on religious topics: it has + many risks, and little chance of doing good. You and I will + never <i>argue</i>, I hope, on any controverted religious + question: though I do hope we may see the day when we may + freely <i>speak</i> of such things, even where we happen to + hold different views. But even then I should have no + inclination, if we did differ, to conclude that my view was + the right one, and to try to convert you to it....<br> + <br> + Now I come to your letter dated Dec. 22nd, and must scold + you for saying that my solution of the problem was "quite + different <i>to</i> all common ways of doing it": if + <i>you</i> think that's good English, well and good; but + <i>I</i> must beg to differ to you, and to hope you will + <i>never</i> write me a sentence similar from this again. + However, "worse remains behind"; and if you deliberately + intend in future, when writing to me about one of England's + greatest poets, to call him "Shelly," then all I can say + is, that you and I will have to quarrel! Be warned in + time.<br> + <br> + C. L. Dodgson.<br> + <br> + <br> + <br> + Ch. Ch., <i>Jan</i>. 26, 1886.<br> + <br> + My Dear Edith,—I am interested by what you say of Miss—. + You will know, without my saying it, that if she, or any + other friend of yours with any troubles, were to like to + write to me, I would <i>very</i> gladly try to help: with + all my ignorance and weakness, God has, I think, blessed my + efforts in that way: but then His strength is made perfect + in weakness....<br> + <br> + <br> + <br> + Ch. Ch., <i>Feb</i>. 14, 1886.<br> + <br> + My Dear Edith,... I think I've already noticed, in a way, + most of the rest of that letter—except what you say about + learning more things "after we are dead." <i>I</i> + certainly like to think that may be so. But I have heard + the other view strongly urged, a good deal based on "then + shall we know even as we are known." But I can't believe + that that means we shall have <i>all</i> knowledge given us + in a moment—nor can I fancy it would make me any happier: + it is the <i>learning</i> that is the chief joy, here, at + any rate....<br> + <br> + I find another remark anent "pupils"—a bold speculation + that my 1,000 pupils may really "go on" in the future life, + till they <i>have</i> really outstripped Euclid. And, + please, what is <i>Euclid</i> to be doing all that time? + ...<br> + <br> + One of the most dreadful things you have ever told me is + your students' theory of going and speaking to any one they + are interested in, without any introductions. This, joined + with what you say of some of them being interested in + "Alice," suggests the horrid idea of their some day walking + into this room and beginning a conversation. It is enough + to make one shiver, even to think of it!<br> + <br> + Never mind if people do say "Good gracious!" when you help + old women: it <i>is</i> being, in some degree, both "good" + <i>and</i> "gracious," one may hope. So the remark wasn't + so inappropriate.<br> + <br> + I fear I agree with your friend in not liking all sermons. + Some of them, one has to confess, are rubbish: but then I + release my attention from the preacher, and go ahead in any + line of thought he may have started: and his + after-eloquence acts as a kind of accompaniment—like music + while one is reading poetry, which often, to me, adds to + the effect.<br> + <br> + C. L. Dodgson. + </blockquote> + <p> + The "Alice" operetta, which Mr. Dodgson had despaired of, + was at last to become a reality. Mr. Savile Clarke wrote on + August 28th to ask his leave to dramatise the two books, + and he gladly assented. He only made one condition, which + was very characteristic of him, that there should be "no + <i>suggestion</i> even of coarseness in libretto or in + stage business." The hint was hardly necessary, for Mr. + Savile Clarke was not the sort of man to spoil his work, or + to allow others to spoil it, by vulgarity. Several + alterations were made in the books before they were + suitable for a dramatic performance; Mr. Dodgson had to + write a song for the ghosts of the oysters, which the + Walrus and the Carpenter had devoured. He also completed + "Tis the voice of the lobster," so as to make it into a + song. It ran as follows:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Tis the voice of the lobster; I heard him declare<br> + "You have baked me too brown: I must sugar my hair."<br> + As a duck with its eyelids, so he with his nose<br> + Trims his belt and his buttons, and turns out his toes.<br> + When the sands are all dry, he is gay as a lark,<br> + And talks with the utmost contempt of the shark;<br> + But when the tide rises, and sharks are around,<br> + His words have a timid and tremulous sound.<br> + <br> + I passed by his garden, and marked, with one eye,<br> + How the owl and the panther were sharing a pie:<br> + The panther took pie-crust, and gravy, and meat,<br> + And the owl had the dish for his share of the treat.<br> + When the plate was divided, the owl, as a boon,<br> + Was kindly permitted to pocket the spoon:<br> + But the panther obtained both the fork and the knife,<br> + So, when <i>he</i> lost his temper, the owl lost its life. + </blockquote> + <p> + The play, for the first few weeks at least, was a great + success. Some notes in Mr. Dodgson's Diary which relate to + it, show how he appreciated Mr. Savile Clarke's venture:— + </p> + <blockquote> + <i>Dec. 30th.</i>—To London with M—, and took her to "Alice + in Wonderland," Mr. Savile Clarke's play at the Prince of + Wales's Theatre. The first act (Wonderland) goes well, + specially the Mad Tea Party. Mr. Sydney Harcourt is a + capital Hatter, and little Dorothy d'Alcourt (&aelig;t. + 6 1/2) a delicious Dormouse. Phoebe Carlo is a splendid + Alice. Her song and dance with the Cheshire Cat (Master C. + Adeson, who played the Pirate King in "Pirates of + Penzance") was a gem. As a whole the play seems a + success.<br> + <br> + <i>Feb</i>. 11, 1887.—Went to the "Alice" play, where we + sat next a chatty old gentleman, who told me that the + author of "Alice" had sent Phoebe Carlo a book, and that + she had written to him to say that she would do her very + best, and further, that he is "an Oxford man"—all which I + hope I received with a sufficient expression of pleased + interest. + </blockquote> + <p> + Shortly before the production of the play, a Miss Whitehead + had drawn a very clever medley-picture, in which nearly all + Tenniel's wonderful creations—the Dormouse, the White + Knight, the Mad Hatter, &c.—appeared. This design was + most useful as a "poster" to advertise the play. After the + London run was over, the company made a tour of the + provinces, where it met with a fair amount of success. + </p> + <table align="Center" cellpadding="2" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="506"></a><div align="center"><a href="#T506"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <img src="Images/506.png" alt="506.png"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <div class="c1" align="center"> + MEDLEY OF TENNIEL'S ILLUSTRATIONS IN "ALICE."<br> + <i>From an etching by Miss Whitehead</i>. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + At the end of 1886, "Alice's Adventures Underground," a + facsimile of the original MS. book, afterwards developed + into "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland," with thirty-seven + illustrations by the author, was published by Macmillan + & Co. A postscript to the Preface stated that any + profits that might arise from the book would be given to + Children's Hospitals and Convalescent Homes for Sick + Children. Shortly before the book came out, Lewis Carroll + wrote to Mrs. Hargreaves, giving a description of the + difficulties that he had encountered in producing it:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Christ Church, Oxford,<br> + <br> + <i>November</i> 11, 1886.<br> + <br> + My Dear Mrs. Hargreaves,—Many thanks for your permission to + insert "Hospitals" in the Preface to your book. I have had + almost as many adventures in getting that unfortunate + facsimile finished, <i>Above</i> ground, as your namesake + had <i>Under</i> it!<br> + <br> + First, the zincographer in London, recommended to me for + photographing the book, page by page, and preparing the + zinc-blocks, declined to undertake it unless I would + entrust the book to <i>him</i>, which I entirely refused to + do. I felt that it was only due to you, in return for your + great kindness in lending so unique a book, to be + scrupulous in not letting it be even <i>touched</i> by the + workmen's hands. In vain I offered to come and reside in + London with the book, and to attend daily in the studio, to + place it in position to be photographed, and turn over the + pages as required. He said that could not be done because + "other authors' works were being photographed there, which + must on no account be seen by the public." I undertook not + to look at <i>anything</i> but my own book; but it was no + use: we could not come to terms.<br> + <br> + Then — recommended me a certain Mr. X—, an excellent + photographer, but in so small a way of business that I + should have to <i>prepay</i> him, bit by bit, for the + zinc-blocks: and <i>he</i> was willing to come to Oxford, + and do it here. So it was all done in my studio, I + remaining in waiting all the time, to turn over the + pages.<br> + <br> + But I daresay I have told you so much of the story + already.<br> + <br> + Mr. X— did a first-rate set of negatives, and took them + away with him to get the zinc-blocks made. These he + delivered pretty regularly at first, and there seemed to be + every prospect of getting the book out by Christmas, + 1885.<br> + <br> + On October 18, 1885, I sent your book to Mrs. Liddell, who + had told me your sisters were going to visit you and would + take it with them. I trust it reached you safely?<br> + <br> + Soon after this—I having prepaid for the whole of the + zinc-blocks—the supply suddenly ceased, while twenty-two + pages were still due, and Mr. X— disappeared!<br> + <br> + My belief is that he was in hiding from his creditors. We + sought him in vain. So things went on for months. At one + time I thought of employing a detective to find him, but + was assured that "all detectives are scoundrels." The + alternative seemed to be to ask you to lend the book again, + and get the missing pages re-photographed. But I was most + unwilling to rob you of it again, and also afraid of the + risk of loss of the book, if sent by post—for even + "registered post" does not seem <i>absolutely</i> safe.<br> + <br> + In April he called at Macmillan's and left <i>eight</i> + blocks, and again vanished into obscurity.<br> + <br> + This left us with fourteen pages (dotted up and down the + book) still missing. I waited awhile longer, and then put + the thing into the hands of a solicitor, who soon found the + man, but could get nothing but promises from him. "You will + never get the blocks," said the solicitor, "unless you + frighten him by a summons before a magistrate." To this at + last I unwillingly consented: the summons had to be taken + out at — (that is where this aggravating man is living), + and this entailed two journeys from Eastbourne—one to get + the summons (my <i>personal</i> presence being necessary), + and the other to attend in court with the solicitor on the + day fixed for hearing the case. The defendant didn't + appear; so the magistrate said he would take the case in + his absence. Then I had the new and exciting experience of + being put into the witness-box, and sworn, and + cross-examined by a rather savage magistrate's clerk, who + seemed to think that, if he only bullied me enough, he + would soon catch me out in a falsehood! I had to give the + magistrate a little lecture on photo-zincography, and the + poor man declared the case was so complicated he must + adjourn it for another week. But this time, in order to + secure the presence of our slippery defendant, he issued a + warrant for his apprehension, and the constable had orders + to take him into custody and lodge him in prison, the night + before the day when the case was to come on. The news of + <i>this</i> effectually frightened him, and he delivered up + the fourteen negatives (he hadn't done the blocks) before + the fatal day arrived. I was rejoiced to get them, even + though it entailed the paying a second time for getting the + fourteen blocks done, and withdrew the action.<br> + <br> + The fourteen blocks were quickly done and put into the + printer's hands; and all is going on smoothly at last: and + I quite hope to have the book completed, and to be able to + send you a very special copy (bound in white vellum, unless + you would prefer some other style of binding) by the end of + the month.<br> + <br> + Believe me always,<br> + <br> + Sincerely yours,<br> + <br> + C. L. Dodgson. + </blockquote> + <p> + "The Game of Logic" was Lewis Carroll's next book; it + appeared about the end of February, 1887. As a method of + teaching the first principles of Logic to children it has + proved most useful; the subject, usually considered very + difficult to a beginner, is made extremely easy by + simplification of method, and both interesting and amusing + by the quaint syllogisms that the author devised, such as— + </p> + <blockquote> + No bald person needs a hair-brush;<br> + No lizards have hair;<br> + Therefore[1] No lizard needs a hair brush.<br> + <br> + Caterpillars are not eloquent;<br> + Jones is eloquent;<br> + Jones is not a caterpillar. + </blockquote> + <p> + Meanwhile, with much interchange of correspondence between + author and artist, the pictures for the new fairy tale, + "Sylvie and Bruno," were being gradually evolved. Each of + them was subjected by Lewis Carroll to the most minute + criticism—hyper-criticism, perhaps, occasionally. A few + instances of the sort of criticisms he used to make upon + Mr. Furniss's work may be interesting; I have extracted + them from a letter dated September 1, 1887. It will be seen + that when he really admired a sketch he did not stint his + praise:— + </p> + <blockquote> + (1) "Sylvie helping beetle" [p. 193]. A quite charming + composition.<br> + <br> + (3) "The Doctor" and "Eric." (Mr. Furniss's idea of their + appearance). No! The Doctor won't do <i>at all!</i> He is a + smug London man, a great "ladies' man," who would hardly + talk anything but medical "shop." He is forty at least, and + can have had no love-affair for the last fifteen years. I + want him to be about twenty-five, powerful in frame, + poetical in face: capable of intelligent interest in any + subject, and of being a passionate lover. How would you + draw King Arthur when he first met Guinevere? Try + <i>that</i> type.<br> + <br> + Eric's attitude is capital: but his face is a little too + near to the ordinary "masher." Please avoid <i>that</i> + inane creature; and please don't cut his hair short. That + fashion will be "out" directly.<br> + <br> + (4) "Lady Muriel" (head); ditto (full length); "Earl."<br> + <br> + I don't like <i>either</i> face of Lady Muriel. I don't + think I could talk to her; and I'm quite sure I couldn't + fall in love with her. Her dress ("evening," of course) is + very pretty, I think.<br> + <br> + I don't like the Earl's face either. He is proud of his + title, very formal, and one who would keep one "at arm's + length" always. And he is too prodigiously tall. I want a + gentle, genial old man; with whom one would feel at one's + ease in a moment.<br> + <br> + (8) "Uggug becoming Porcupine" ("Sylvie and Bruno, + Concluded," page 388), is exactly my conception of it. I + expect this will be one of the most effective pictures in + the book. The faces of the people should express intense + <i>terror</i>.<br> + <br> + (9) "The Professor" is altogether <i>delightful</i>. When + you get the text, you will see that you have hit the very + centre of the bull's-eye.<br> + <br> + [A sketch of "Bruno"]. No, no! Please don't give us the (to + my mind) very ugly, quite modern costume, which shows with + such cruel distinctness a podgy, pot-bellied (excuse the + vulgarism) boy, who couldn't run a mile to save his life. I + want Bruno to be <i>strong</i>, but at the same time light + and active—with the figure of one of the little acrobats + one sees at the circus—not "Master Tommy," who habitually + gorges himself with pudding. Also that dress I dislike very + much. Please give him a short tunic, and <i>real</i> + knickerbockers—not the tight knee-breeches they are rapidly + shrinking to.<br> + <br> + Very truly yours,<br> + <br> + C. L. Dodgson. + </blockquote> + <p> + By Mr. Furniss's kind permission I am enabled to give an + example of the other side of the correspondence, one of his + letters to Mr. Dodgson, all the more interesting for the + charming little sketch which it contains. + </p> + <p> + With respect to the spider, Mr. Dodgson had written: "Some + writer says that the full face of a spider, as seen under a + magnifying-glass, is very striking." + </p> + <table align="Center" cellpadding="0" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="278"></a><div align="center"><a href="#T278"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <img src="Images/278.png" alt="278.png"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <img src="Images/279.png" alt="279.png"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <div class="c1" align="center"><b><i>Facsimile of a letter<br> + from H. Furniss to Lewis Carroll,<br> + August 23, 1886</i>.</b></div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table><br> + <br> + <hr> + <br> + <br> + <table align="Center" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="508"></a><div align="center"><a href="#T508"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <img src="Images/508.png" alt="508.png"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <div class="c1" align="center"> + SYLVIE AND BRUNO.<br> + <i>From a drawing<br> + by Henry Holiday</i>. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table><br> + <br> + <hr> + <br> + <br> + <h2> + <a name="CHAPTER_VII_T"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER + VII</a> + </h2> + <h4> + (1888—1891) + </h4> + <blockquote> + A systematic life—"Memoria Technica"—Mr. Dodgson's + shyness—"A Lesson in Latin"—The "Wonderland" + Stamp-Case—"Wise Words about Letter-Writing"—Princess + Alice—"Sylvie and Bruno"—"The night cometh"—"The Nursery + 'Alice'"—Coventry Patmore—Telepathy—Resignation of Dr. + Liddell—A letter about Logic. + </blockquote> + <p> + An old bachelor is generally very precise and exact in his + habits. He has no one but himself to look after, nothing to + distract his attention from his own affairs; and Mr. + Dodgson was the most precise and exact of old bachelors. He + made a précis of every letter he wrote or received + from the 1st of January, 1861, to the 8th of the same + month, 1898. These précis were all numbered and + entered in reference-books, and by an ingenious system of + cross-numbering he was able to trace a whole + correspondence, which might extend through several volumes. + The last number entered in his book is 98,721. + </p> + <p> + He had scores of green cardboard boxes, all neatly + labelled, in which he kept his various papers. These boxes + formed quite a feature of his study at Oxford, a large + number of them being arranged upon a revolving bookstand. + The lists, of various sorts, which he kept were + innumerable; one of them, that of unanswered + correspondents, generally held seventy or eighty names at a + time, exclusive of autograph-hunters, whom he did not + answer on principle. He seemed to delight in being + arithmetically accurate about every detail of life. + </p> + <p> + He always rose at the same early hour, and, if he was in + residence at Christ Church, attended College Service. He + spent the day according to a prescribed routine, which + usually included a long walk into the country, very often + alone, but sometimes with another Don, or perhaps, if the + walk was not to be as long as usual, with some little + girl-friend at his side. When he had a companion with him, + he would talk the whole time, telling delightful stories, + or explaining some new logical problem; if he was alone, he + used to think out his books, as probably many another + author has done and will do, in the course of a lonely + walk. The only irregularity noticeable in his mode of life + was the hour of retiring, which varied from 11 p.m. to four + o'clock in the morning, according to the amount of work + which he felt himself in the mood for. + </p> + <p> + He had a wonderfully good memory, except for faces and + dates. The former were always a stumbling-block to him, and + people used to say (most unjustly) that he was + intentionally short-sighted. One night he went up to London + to dine with a friend, whom he had only recently met. The + next morning a gentleman greeted him as he was walking. "I + beg your pardon," said Mr. Dodgson, "but you have the + advantage of me. I have no remembrance of having ever seen + you before this moment." "That is very strange," the other + replied, "for I was your host last night!" Such little + incidents as this happened more than once. To help himself + to remember dates, he devised a system of mnemonics, which + he circulated among his friends. As it has never been + published, and as some of my readers may find it useful, I + reproduce it here. + </p> + <blockquote> + My "Memoria Technica" is a modification of Gray's; but, + whereas he used both consonants and vowels to represent + digits, and had to content himself with a syllable of + gibberish to represent the date or whatever other number + was required, I use only consonants, and fill in with + vowels <i>ad libitum,</i> and thus can always manage to + make a real word of whatever has to be represented.<br> + <br> + The principles on which the necessary 20 consonants have + been chosen are as follows:—<br> + <br> + <blockquote> + 1. "b" and "c," the first two consonants in the + alphabet.<br> + <br> + 2. "d" from "duo," "w" from "two."<br> + <br> + 3. "t" from "tres," the other may wait awhile.<br> + <br> + 4. "f" from "four," "q" from "quattuor."<br> + <br> + 5. "l" and "v," because "l" and "v" are the Roman symbols + for "fifty" and "five."<br> + <br> + 6. "s" and "x" from "six."<br> + <br> + 7. "p" and "m" from "septem."<br> + <br> + 8. "h" from "huit," and "k" from the Greek "okto."<br> + <br> + 9. "n" from "nine"; and "g" because it is so like a + "9."<br> + <br> + 0. "z" and "r" from "zero." + </blockquote><br> + There is now one consonant still waiting for its digit, + viz., "j," and one digit waiting for its consonant, viz., + "3," the conclusion is obvious.<br> + <br> + The result may be tabulated thus:—<br> + <br> + <table summary="example" width="80%"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td> + <b>1</b> + </td> + <td> + <b>2</b> + </td> + <td> + <b>3</b> + </td> + <td> + <b>4</b> + </td> + <td> + <b>5</b> + </td> + <td> + <b>6</b> + </td> + <td> + <b>7</b> + </td> + <td> + <b>8</b> + </td> + <td> + <b>9</b> + </td> + <td> + <b>0</b> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + b + </td> + <td> + d + </td> + <td> + t + </td> + <td> + f + </td> + <td> + l + </td> + <td> + s + </td> + <td> + p + </td> + <td> + h + </td> + <td> + n + </td> + <td> + z + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + c + </td> + <td> + w + </td> + <td> + j + </td> + <td> + q + </td> + <td> + v + </td> + <td> + x + </td> + <td> + m + </td> + <td> + k + </td> + <td> + g + </td> + <td> + r + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table><br> + When a word has been found, whose last consonants represent + the number required, the best plan is to put it as the last + word of a rhymed couplet, so that, whatever other words in + it are forgotten, the rhyme will secure the only really + important word.<br> + <br> + Now suppose you wish to remember the date of the discovery + + of America, which is 1492; the "1" may be left out as + obvious; all we need is "492."<br> + <br> + Write it thus:—<br> + <br> + <pre> <tt> + 4 9 2<br> + f n d<br> + q g w<br></tt> <br></pre><br> + <br> + and try to find a word that contains "f" or "q," "n" or + "g," "d" or "w." A word soon suggests itself—"found."<br> + <br> + The poetic faculty must now be brought into play, and the + following couplet will soon be evolved:—<br> + <br> + <blockquote> + "Columbus sailed the world around,<br> + Until America was F O U N D." + </blockquote><br> + <br> + If possible, invent the couplets for yourself; you will + remember them better than any others.<br> + <br> + <i>June</i>, 1888. + </blockquote> + <p> + The inventor found this "Memoria Technica" very useful in + helping him to remember the dates of the different + Colleges. He often, of course, had to show his friends the + sights of Oxford, and the easy way in which, asked or + unasked, he could embellish his descriptions with dates + used to surprise those who did not know how the thing was + done. The couplet for St. John's College ran as follows:— + </p> + <blockquote> + "They must have a bevel<br> + To keep them so LEVEL." + </blockquote> + <p> + The allusion is to the beautiful lawns, for which St. + John's is famous. + </p> + <p> + In his power of remembering anecdotes, and bringing them + out just at the right moment, Mr. Dodgson was unsurpassed. + A guest brought into Christ Church Common Room was usually + handed over to him to be amused. He was not a good man to + tell a story to—he had always heard it before; but as a + <i>raconteur</i> I never met his equal. And the best of it + was that his stories never grew—except in number. + </p> + <p> + One would have expected that a mind so clear and logical + and definite would have fought shy of the feminine + intellect, which is generally supposed to be deficient in + those qualities; and so it is somewhat surprising to find + that by far the greater number of his friends were ladies. + He was quite prepared to correct them, however, when they + were guilty of what seemed to him unreasoning conduct, as + is shown by the following extract from a letter of his to a + young lady who had asked him to try and find a place for a + governess, without giving the latter's address:— + </p><br> + <blockquote> + Some of my friends are business-men, and it is pleasant to + see how methodical and careful they are in transacting any + business-matter. If, for instance, one of them were to + write to me, asking me to look out for a place for a French + governess in whom he was interested, I should be sure to + admire the care with which he would give me <i>her name in + full</i>—(in extra-legible writing if it were an unusual + name)—as well as her address. Some of my friends are not + men of business. + </blockquote> + <p> + So many such requests were addressed to him that at one + time he had a circular letter printed, with a list of + people requiring various appointments or assistants, which + he sent round to his friends. + </p> + <p> + In one respect Lewis Carroll resembled the stoic + philosophers, for no outward circumstance could upset the + tranquillity of his mind. He lived, in fact, the life which + Marcus Aurelius commends so highly, the life of calm + contentment, based on the assurance that so long as we are + faithful to ourselves, no seeming evils can really harm us. + But in him there was one exception to this rule. During an + argument he was often excited. The war of words, the keen + and subtle conflict between trained minds—in this his soul + took delight, in this he sought and found the joy of battle + and of victory. Yet he would not allow his serenity to be + ruffled by any foe whom he considered unworthy of his + steel; he refused to argue with people whom he knew to be + hopelessly illogical—definitely refused, though with such + tact that no wound was given, even to the most sensitive. + </p> + <p> + He was modest in the true sense of the term, neither + overestimating nor underrating his own mental powers, and + preferring to follow his own course without regarding + outside criticism. "I never read anything about myself or + my books," he writes in a letter to a friend; and the + reason he used to give was that if the critics praised him + he might become conceited, while, if they found fault, he + would only feel hurt and angry. On October 25, 1888, he + wrote in his Diary: "I see there is a leader in to-day's + <i>Standard</i> on myself as a writer; but I do not mean to + read it. It is not healthy reading, I think." + </p> + <p> + He hated publicity, and tried to avoid it in every way. "Do + not tell any one, if you see me in the theatre," he wrote + once to Miss Marion Terry. On another occasion, when he was + dining out at Oxford, and some one, who did not know that + it was a forbidden subject, turned the conversation on + "Alice in Wonderland," he rose suddenly and fled from the + house. I could multiply instances of this sort, but it + would be unjust to his memory to insist upon the morbid way + in which he regarded personal popularity. As compared with + self-advertisement, it is certainly the lesser evil; but + that it <i>is</i> an evil, and a very painful one to its + possessor, Mr. Dodgson fully saw. Of course it had its + humorous side, as, for instance, when he was brought into + contact with lion-hunters, autograph-collectors, <i>et hoc + genus omne</i>. He was very suspicious of unknown + correspondents who addressed questions to him; in later + years he either did not answer them at all, or used a + typewriter. Before he bought his typewriter, he would get + some friend to write for him, and even to sign "Lewis + Carroll" at the end of the letter. It used to give him + great amusement to picture the astonishment of the + recipients of these letters, if by any chance they ever + came to compare his "autographs." + </p> + <p> + On one occasion the secretary of a "Young Ladies' Academy" + in the United States asked him to present some of his works + to the School Library. The envelope was addressed to "Lewis + Carroll, Christ Church," an incongruity which always + annoyed him intensely. He replied to the Secretary, "As Mr. + Dodgson's books are all on Mathematical subjects, he fears + that they would not be very acceptable in a school + library." + </p> + <p> + Some fourteen or fifteen years ago, the Fourth-class of the + Girl's Latin School at Boston, U.S., started a magazine, + and asked him if they might call it <i>The Jabberwock.</i> + He wrote in reply:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Mr. Lewis Carroll has much pleasure in giving to the + editors of the proposed magazine permission to use the + title they wish for. He finds that the Anglo-Saxon word + "wocer" or "wocor" signifies "offspring" or "fruit." Taking + "jabber" in its ordinary acceptation of "excited and + voluble discussion," this would give the meaning of "the + result of much excited discussion." Whether this phrase + will have any application to the projected periodical, it + will be for the future historian of American literature to + determine. Mr. Carroll wishes all success to the + forthcoming magazine. + </blockquote> + <p> + From that time forward he took a great interest in the + magazine, and thought very well of it. It used, I believe, + to be regularly supplied to him. Only once did he express + disapproval of anything it contained, and that was in 1888, + when he felt it necessary to administer a rebuke for what + he thought to be an irreverent joke. The sequel is given in + the following extract from <i>The Jabberwock</i> for June, + 1888:— + </p> + <blockquote> + A FRIEND WORTH HAVING.<br> + <br> + <i>The Jabberwock</i> has many friends, and perhaps a few + (very few, let us hope) enemies. But, of the former, the + friend who has helped us most on the road to success is Mr. + Lewis Carroll, the author of "Alice in Wonderland," &c. + Our readers will remember his kind letter granting us + permission to use the name "Jabberwock," and also giving + the meaning of that word. Since then we have received + another letter from him, in which he expresses both + surprise and regret at an anecdote which we published in an + early number of our little paper. We would assure Mr. + Carroll, as well as our other friends, that we had no + intention of making light of a serious matter, but merely + quoted the anecdote to show what sort of a book + Washington's diary was.<br> + <br> + But now a third letter from our kind friend has come, + enclosing, to our delight, a poem, "A Lesson in Latin," the + pleasantest Latin lesson we have had this year.<br> + <br> + The first two letters from Mr. Carroll were in a beautiful + literary hand, whereas the third is written with a + typewriter. It is to this fact that he refers in his + letter, which is as follows:—<br> + <br> + <blockquote> + "29, Bedford Street,<br> + Covent Garden, LONDON,<br> + <br> + <i>May</i> 16, 1888.<br> + <br> + Dear Young Friends,—After the Black Draught of serious + remonstrance which I ventured to send to you the other + day, surely a Lump of Sugar will not be unacceptable? The + enclosed I wrote this afternoon on purpose for you.<br> + <br> + I hope you will grant it admission to the columns of + <i>The Jabberwock</i>, and not scorn it as a mere play + upon words.<br> + <br> + This mode of writing, is, of course, an American + invention. We never invent new machinery here; we do but + use, to the best of our ability, the machines you send + us. For the one I am now using, I beg you to accept my + best thanks, and to believe me<br> + <br> + Your sincere friend,<br> + <br> + Lewis Carroll." + </blockquote><br> + <br> + Surely we can patiently swallow many Black Draughts, if we + are to be rewarded with so sweet a Lump of Sugar!<br> + <br> + The enclosed poem, which has since been republished in + "Three Sunsets," runs as follows:<br> + <br> + <blockquote> + A LESSON IN LATIN.<br> + <br> + Our Latin books, in motley row,<br> + Invite us to the task—<br> + Gay Horace, stately Cicero;<br> + Yet there's one verb, when once we know,<br> + No higher skill we ask:<br> + This ranks all other lore above—<br> + We've learned "amare" means "to love"!<br> + <br> + So hour by hour, from flower to flower,<br> + We sip the sweets of life:<br> + Till ah! too soon the clouds arise,<br> + And knitted brows and angry eyes<br> + Proclaim the dawn of strife.<br> + With half a smile and half a sigh,<br> + "Amare! Bitter One!" we cry.<br> + <br> + <br> + Last night we owned, with looks forlorn,<br> + "Too well the scholar knows<br> + There is no rose without a thorn "—<br> + But peace is made! we sing, this morn,<br> + "No thorn without a rose!"<br> + Our Latin lesson is complete:<br> + We've learned that Love is "Bitter-sweet"<br> + <br> + Lewis Carroll. + </blockquote> + </blockquote> + <p> + In October Mr. Dodgson invented a very ingenious little + stamp-case, decorated with two "Pictorial Surprises," + representing the "Cheshire Cat" vanishing till nothing but + the grin was left, and the baby turning into a pig in + "Alice's" arms. The invention was entered at Stationers' + Hall, and published by Messrs. Emberlin and Son, of Oxford. + As an appropriate accompaniment, he wrote "Eight or Nine + Wise Words on Letter-Writing," a little booklet which is + still sold along with the case. The "Wise Words," as the + following extracts show, have the true "Carrollian" ring + about them:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Some American writer has said "the snakes in this district + may be divided into one species—the venomous." The same + principle applies here. Postage-stamp-cases may be divided + into one species—the "Wonderland."<br> + <br> + Since I have possessed a "Wonderland-Stamp-Case," Life has + been bright and peaceful, and I have used no other. I + believe the Queen's Laundress uses no other.<br> + <br> + My fifth Rule is, if your friend makes a severe remark, + either leave it unnoticed or make your reply distinctly + less severe: and, if he makes a friendly remark, tending + towards "making up" the little difference that has arisen + between you, let your reply be distinctly <i>more</i> + friendly. If, in picking a quarrel, each party declined to + go more than <i>three-eighths</i> of the way, and if, in + making friends, each was ready to go <i>five-eighths</i> of + the way—why, there would be more reconciliations than + quarrels! Which is like the Irishman's remonstrance to his + gad-about daughter: "Shure, you're <i>always</i> goin' out! + You go out <i>three</i> times for wanst that you come + in!"<br> + <br> + My sixth Rule is, <i>don't try to have the last word!</i> + How many a controversy would be nipped in the bud, if each + was anxious to let the <i>other</i> have the last word! + Never mind how telling a rejoinder you leave unuttered: + never mind your friend's supposing that you are silent from + lack of anything to say: let the thing drop, as soon as it + is possible without discourtesy: remember "Speech is + silvern, but silence is golden"! (N.B. If you are a + gentleman, and your friend a lady, this Rule is + superfluous: <i>you won't get the last word!</i>)<br> + <br> + Remember the old proverb, "Cross-writing makes + cross-reading." "The <i>old</i> proverb?" you say + inquiringly. "<i>How</i> old?" Well, not so <i>very</i> + ancient, I must confess. In fact, I invented it while + writing this paragraph. Still, you know, "old" is a + <i>comparative</i> term. I think you would be <i>quite</i> + justified in addressing a chicken, just out of the shell, + as "old boy!" <i>when compared</i> with another chicken + that was only half-out! + </blockquote> + <p> + The pamphlet ends with an explanation of Lewis Carroll's + method of using a correspondence-book, illustrated by a few + imaginary pages from such a compilation, which are very + humorous. + </p> + <table align="Center" cellpadding="2" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="295"></a><div align="center"><a href="#T295"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <img src="Images/295.png" alt="295.png"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> +<div class="c1" align="center"> + <b><i>Facsimile of programme<br> + of "Alice in Wonderland</i>."</b></div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + At the end of the year the "Alice" operetta was again + produced at the Globe Theatre, with Miss Isa Bowman as the + heroine. "Isa makes a delightful Alice," Mr. Dodgson + writes, "and Emsie [a younger sister] is wonderfully good + as Dormouse and as Second Ghost [of an oyster!], when she + sings a verse, and dances the Sailor's Hornpipe." + </p> + <table align="Center" cellpadding="2" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="509"></a> + <img src="Images/509.png" alt="509.png"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T509"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c1" align="center"><b>"THE MAD TEA-PARTY."<br> + <i>From a photograph by Elliott & Fry</i>.</b></div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + The first of an incomplete series, "Curiosa Mathematica," + was published for Mr. Dodgson by Messrs. Macmillan during + the year. It was entitled "A New Theory of Parallels," and + any one taking it up for the first time might be tempted to + ask, Is the author serious, or is he simply giving us some + <i>jeu d'esprit?</i> A closer inspection, however, soon + settles the question, and the reader, if mathematics be his + hobby, is carried irresistibly along till he reaches the + last page. + </p> + <p> + The object which Mr. Dodgson set himself to accomplish was + to prove Euclid I. 32 without assuming the celebrated 12th + Axiom, a feat which calls up visions of the + "Circle-Squarers." + </p> + <p> + The work is divided into two parts: Book I. contains + certain Propositions which require no disputable Axiom for + their proof, and when once the few Definitions of "amount," + &c., have become familiar it is easy reading. In Book + II. the author introduces a new Axiom, or rather + "Quasi-Axiom"—for it's <i>self-evident</i> character is + open to dispute. This Axiom is as follows:— + </p> + <blockquote> + In any Circle the inscribed equilateral Tetragon (Hexagon + in editions 1st and 2nd) is greater than any one of the + Segments which lie outside it. + </blockquote> + <p> + Assuming the truth of this Axiom, Mr. Dodgson proves a + series of Propositions, which lead up to and enable him to + accomplish the feat referred to above. + </p> + <p> + At the end of Book II. he places a proof (so far as finite + magnitudes are concerned) of Euclid's Axiom, preceded by + and dependent on the Axiom that "If two homogeneous + magnitudes be both of them finite, the lesser may be so + multiplied by a finite number as to exceed the greater." + This Axiom, he says, he believes to be assumed by every + writer who has attempted to prove Euclid's 12th Axiom. The + proof itself is borrowed, with slight alterations, from + Cuthbertson's "Euclidean Geometry." + </p> + <p> + In Appendix I. there is an alternative Axiom which may be + substituted for that which introduces Book II., and which + will probably commend itself to many minds as being more + truly axiomatic. To substitute this, however, involves some + additions and alterations, which the author appends. + </p> + <p> + Appendix II. is headed by the somewhat startling question, + "Is Euclid's Axiom true?" and though true for finite + magnitudes—the sense in which, no doubt, Euclid meant it to + be taken—it is shown to be not universally true. In + Appendix III. he propounds the question, "How should + Parallels be defined?" + </p> + <p> + Appendix IV., which deals with the theory of Parallels as + it stands to-day, concludes with the following words:— + </p> + <blockquote> + I am inclined to believe that if ever Euclid I. 32 is + proved without a new Axiom, it will be by some new and + ampler definition of the <i>Right Line</i>—some definition + which shall connote that mysterious property, which it must + somehow possess, which causes Euclid I. 32 to be true. Try + <i>that</i> track, my gentle reader! It is not much trodden + as yet. And may success attend your search! + </blockquote> + <p> + In the Introduction, which, as is frequently the case, + ought to be read <i>last</i> in order to be appreciated + properly, he relates his experiences with two of those + "misguided visionaries," the circle-squarers. One of them + had selected 3.2 as the value for "<i>pi</i>," and the + other proved, to his own satisfaction at least, that it is + correctly represented by 3! The Rev. Watson Hagger, to + whose kindness, as I have already stated in my Preface, my + readers are indebted for the several accounts of Mr. + Dodgson's books on mathematics which appear in this Memoir, + had a similar experience with one of these "cranks." This + circle-squarer selected 3.125 as the value for "<i>pi</i>," + and Mr. Hagger, who was fired with Mr. Dodgson's ambition + to convince his correspondent of his error, failed as + signally as Mr. Dodgson did. + </p> + <p> + The following letter is interesting as showing that, strict + Conservative though he was, he was not in religious matters + narrow-minded; he held his own opinions strongly, but he + would never condemn those of other people. He saw "good in + everything," and there was but little exaggeration, be it + said in all reverence, in the phrase which an old friend of + his used in speaking of him to me: "Mr. Dodgson was as + broad—as broad as <i>Christ</i>." + </p> + <blockquote> + Christ Church, Oxford, <i>May</i> 4, 1889.<br> + <br> + Dear Miss Manners,—I hope to have a new book out very soon, + and had entered your name on the list of friends to whom + copies are to go; but, on second thoughts, perhaps you + might prefer that I should send it to your little sister + (?) (niece) Rachel, whom you mentioned in one of your + letters. It is to be called "The Nursery Alice," and is + meant for very young children, consisting of coloured + enlargements of twenty of the pictures in "Alice," with + explanations such as one would give in showing them to a + little child.<br> + <br> + I was much interested by your letter, telling me you belong + to the Society of Friends. Please do not think of <i>me</i> + as one to whom a "difference of creed" is a bar to + friendship. My sense of brother— and sisterhood is at least + broad enough to include <i>Christians</i> of all + denominations; in fact, I have one valued friend (a lady + who seems to live to do good kind things) who is a + Unitarian.<br> + <br> + Shall I put "Rachel Manners" in the book?<br> + <br> + Believe me, very sincerely yours,<br> + <br> + C. L. Dodgson. + </blockquote> + <p> + From June 7th to June 10th he stayed at Hatfield. + </p> + <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="510"></a> + <img src="Images/510.png" alt="510.png"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T510"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> +<div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>THE LATE DUKE OF ALBANY."<br> + <i>From a photograph<br> + by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1875.</b></div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <blockquote> + Once at luncheon [he writes] I had the Duchess (of Albany) + as neighbour and once at breakfast, and had several other + chats with her, and found her very pleasant indeed. + Princess Alice is a sweet little girl. Her little brother + (the Duke of Albany) was entirely fascinating, a perfect + little prince, and the picture of good-humour. On Sunday + afternoon I had a pleasant half-hour with the children + [Princess Alice, the Duke of Albany, Honorable Mabel + Palmer, Lady Victoria Manners, and Lord Haddon], telling + them "Bruno's Picnic" and folding a fishing-boat for them. + I got the Duchess's leave to send the little Alice a copy + of the "Nursery Alice," and mean to send it with "Alice + Underground" for herself. + </blockquote> + <p> + Towards the end of the year Lewis Carroll had tremendously + hard work, completing "Sylvie and Bruno." For several days + on end he worked from breakfast until nearly ten in the + evening without a rest. At last it was off his hands, and + for a month or so he was (comparatively) an idle man. Some + notes from his Diary, written during this period, follow:— + </p> + <blockquote> + <i>Nov. 17th.</i>—Met, for first time, an actual believer + in the "craze" that buying and selling are wrong (!) (he is + rather 'out of his mind'). The most curious thing was his + declaration that he himself <i>lives</i> on that theory, + and never buys anything, and has no money! I thought of + railway travelling, and ventured to ask how he got from + London to Oxford? "On a bicycle!" And how he got the + bicycle? "It was given him!" So I was floored, and there + was no time to think of any other instances. The whole + thing was so new to me that, when he declared it to be + <i>un-Christian</i>, I quite forgot the text, "He that hath + no sword, let him sell his garment, and buy one."<br> + <br> + <i>Dec. 19th.</i>—Went over to Birmingham to see a + performance of "Alice" (Mrs. Freiligrath Kroeker's version) + at the High School. I rashly offered to tell "Bruno's + Picnic" afterwards to the little children, thinking I + should have an audience of 40 or 50, mostly children, + instead of which I had to tell it from the stage to an + audience of about 280, mostly older girls and grown-up + people! However, I got some of the children to come on the + stage with me, and the little Alice (Muriel Howard-Smith, + æt. 11) stood by me, which made it less awful. The + evening began with some of "Julius Caesar" in German. This + and "Alice" were really capitally acted, the White Queen + being quite the best I have seen (Miss B. Lloyd Owen). I + was introduced to Alice and a few more, and was quite sorry + to hear afterwards that the other performers wanted to + shake hands. + </blockquote> + <p> + The publication of "Sylvie and Bruno" marks an epoch in its + author's life, for it was the publication of all the ideals + and sentiments which he held most dear. It was a book with + a definite purpose; it would be more true to say with + several definite purposes. For this very reason it is not + an artistic triumph as the two "Alice" books undoubtedly + are; it is on a lower literary level, there is no unity in + the story. But from a higher standpoint, that of the + Christian and the philanthropist, the book is the best + thing he ever wrote. It is a noble effort to uphold the + right, or what he thought to be the right, without fear of + contempt or unpopularity. The influence which his earlier + books had given him he was determined to use in asserting + neglected truths. + </p> + <p> + Of course the story has other features, delightful nonsense + not surpassed by anything in "Wonderland," childish prattle + with all the charm of reality about it, and pictures which + may fairly be said to rival those of Sir John Tenniel. Had + these been all, the book would have been a great success. + As things are, there are probably hundreds of readers who + have been scared by the religious arguments and political + discussions which make up a large part of it, and who have + never discovered that Sylvie is just as entrancing a + personage as Alice when you get to know her. + </p> + <p> + Perhaps the sentiment of the following poem, sent to Lewis + Carroll by an anonymous correspondent, may also explain why + some of "Alice's" lovers have given "Sylvie" a less warm + welcome:— + </p> + <blockquote> + TO SYLVIE.<br> + <br> + Ah! Sylvie, winsome, wise and good!<br> + Fain would I love thee as I should.<br> + But, to tell the truth, my dear,—<br> + And Sylvie loves the truth to hear,—<br> + Though fair and pure and sweet thou art,<br> + Thine elder sister has my heart!<br> + I gave it her long, long ago<br> + To have and hold; and well I know,<br> + Brave Lady Sylvie, thou wouldst scorn<br> + To accept a heart foresworn.<br> + <br> + Lovers thou wilt have enow<br> + Under many a greening bough—<br> + Lovers yet unborn galore,<br> + Like Alice all the wide world o'er;<br> + But, darling, I am now too old<br> + To change. And though I still shall hold<br> + Thee, and that puckling sprite, thy brother,<br> + Dear, I cannot <i>love</i> another:<br> + In this heart of mine I own<br> + <i>She</i> must ever reign alone!<br> + <br> + <i>March</i>, 1890.<br> + <br> + N.P. + </blockquote> + <p> + I do not know N.P.'s name and address, or I should have + asked leave before giving publicity to the above verses. If + these words meet his eye, I hope he will accept my most + humble apologies for the liberty I have taken. + </p> + <p> + At the beginning of 1894 a Baptist minister, preaching on + the text, "No man liveth to himself," made use of "Sylvie + and Bruno" to enforce his argument. After saying that he + had been reading that book, he proceeded as follows: + </p> + <blockquote> + A child was asked to define charity. He said it was "givin' + away what yer didn't want yerself." This was some people's + idea of self-sacrifice; but it was not Christ's. Then as to + serving others in view of reward: Mr. Lewis Carroll put + this view of the subject very forcibly in his "Sylvie and + Bruno"—an excellent book for youth; indeed, for men and + women too. He first criticised Archdeacon Paley's + definition of virtue (which was said to be "the doing good + to mankind, in obedience to the will of God, and for the + sake of everlasting happiness,") and then turned to such + hymns as the following:—<br> + <br> + <blockquote> + Whatever, Lord, we lend to Thee,<br> + <i>Repaid a thousandfold shall be</i>,<br> + Then gladly will we give to Thee,<br> + Giver of all! + </blockquote>Mr. Carroll's comment was brief and to the + point. He said: "Talk of Original <i>Sin</i>! Can you have + a stronger proof of the Original Goodness there must be in + this nation than the fact that Religion has been preached + to us, as a commercial speculation, for a century, and that + we still believe in a God?" ["Sylvie and Bruno," Part i., + pp. 276, 277.] Of course it was quite true, as Mr. Carroll + pointed out, that our good deeds would be rewarded; but we + ought to do them because they were <i>good</i>, and not + because the reward was great. + </blockquote> + <p> + In the Preface to "Sylvie and Bruno," Lewis Carroll alluded + to certain editions of Shakespeare which seemed to him + unsuitable for children; it never seemed to strike him that + his words might be read by children, and that thus his + object very probably would be defeated, until this fact was + pointed out to him in a letter from an unknown + correspondent, Mr. J.C. Cropper, of Hampstead. Mr. Dodgson + replied as follows:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Dear Sir,—Accept my best thanks for your thoughtful and + valuable suggestion about the Preface to "Sylvie and + Bruno." The danger you point out had not occurred to me (I + suppose I had not thought of <i>children</i> reading the + Preface): but it is a very real one, and I am very glad to + have had my attention called to it.<br> + <br> + Believe me, truly yours,<br> + <br> + Lewis Carroll. + </blockquote> + <p> + Mathematical controversy carried on by correspondence was a + favourite recreation of Mr. Dodgson's, and on February 20, + 1890, he wrote:— + </p> + <blockquote> + I've just concluded a correspondence with a Cambridge man, + who is writing a Geometry on the "Direction" theory + (Wilson's plan), and thinks he has avoided Wilson's (what + <i>I</i> think) fallacies. He <i>hasn't</i>, but I can't + convince him! My view of life is, that it's next to + impossible to convince <i>anybody</i> of <i>anything</i>. + </blockquote> + <p> + The following letter is very characteristic. "Whatsoever + thy hand findeth to do, do it with all thy might," was Mr. + Dodgson's rule of life, and, as the end drew near, he only + worked the harder:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Christ Church, Oxford, <i>April</i> 10, 1890.<br> + <br> + My dear Atkinson,—Many and sincere thanks for your most + hospitable invitation, and for the very interesting photo + of the family group. The former I fear I must ask you to + let me defer <i>sine die</i>, and regard it as a pleasant + dream, not <i>quite</i> hopeless of being some day + realised. I keep a list of such pleasant possibilities, and + yours is now one of ten similar kind offers of hospitality. + But as life shortens in, and the evening shadows loom in + sight, one gets to <i>grudge any</i> time given to mere + pleasure, which might entail the leaving work half finished + that one is longing to do before the end comes.<br> + <br> + There are several books I <i>greatly</i> desire to get + finished for children. I am glad to find my working powers + are as good as they ever were. Even with the mathematical + book (a third edition) which I am now getting through the + press, I think nothing of working six hours at a + stretch.<br> + <br> + There is one text that often occurs to me, "The night + cometh, when no man can work." Kindest regards to Mrs. + Atkinson, and love to Gertrude.<br> + <br> + Always sincerely yours,<br> + <br> + C. L. Dodgson. + </blockquote> + <p> + For the benefit of children aged "from nought to five," as + he himself phrased it, Lewis Carroll prepared a nursery + edition of "Alice." He shortened the text considerably, and + altered it so much that only the plot of the story remained + unchanged. It was illustrated by the old pictures, coloured + by Tenniel, and the cover was adorned by a picture designed + by Miss E. Gertrude Thomson. As usual, the Dedication takes + the form of an anagram, the solution of which is the name + of one of his later child-friends. "<i>The Nursery + 'Alice,</i>'" was published by Macmillan and Co., in March, + 1890. + </p> + <p> + On August 18th the following letter on the "Eight Hours + Movement" appeared in <i>The Standard:</i>— + </p> + <blockquote> + Sir,—Supposing it were the custom, in a certain town, to + sell eggs in paper bags at so much per bag, and that a + fierce dispute had arisen between the egg vendors and the + public as to how many eggs each bag should be understood to + contain, the vendors wishing to be allowed to make up + smaller bags; and supposing the public were to say, "In + future we will pay you so much per egg, and you can make up + bags as you please," would any ground remain for further + dispute?<br> + <br> + Supposing that employers of labour, when threatened with a + "strike" in case they should decline to reduce the number + of hours in a working day, were to reply, "In future we + will pay you so much per hour, and you can make up days as + you please," it does appear to me—being, as I confess, an + ignorant outsider—that the dispute would die out for want + of a <i>raison d'être</i>, and that these disastrous + strikes, inflicting such heavy loss on employers and + employed alike, would become things of the past.<br> + <br> + I am, Sir, your obedient servant,<br> + <br> + Lewis Carroll. + </blockquote> + <p> + The remainder of the year was uneventful; a few notes from + his Diary must represent it here:— + </p> + <blockquote> + <i>Oct. 4th.</i>—Called on Mr. Coventry Patmore (at + Hastings), and was very kindly received by him, and stayed + for afternoon tea and dinner. He showed me some interesting + pictures, including a charming little drawing, by Holman + Hunt, of one of his daughters when three years old. He gave + me an interesting account of his going, by Tennyson's + request, to his lodging to look for the MS. of "In + Memoriam," which he had left behind, and only finding it by + insisting on going upstairs, in spite of the landlady's + opposition, to search for it. Also he told me the story (I + think I have heard it before) of what Wordsworth told his + friends as the "one joke" of his life, in answer to a + passing carter who asked if he had seen his wife. "My good + friend, I didn't even know you had a wife!" He seems a very + hale and vigorous old man for nearly seventy, which I think + he gave as his age in writing to me.<br> + <br> + <i>Oct. 31st.</i>—This morning, thinking over the problem + of finding two squares whose sum is a square, I chanced on + a theorem (which seems <i>true</i>, though I cannot prove + it), that if x² + y² be even, its half is the sum + of two squares. A kindred theorem, that 2(x² + + y²) is always the sum of two squares, also seems true + and unprovable.<br> + <br> + <i>Nov. 5th.—</i>I have now proved the above two theorems. + Another pretty deduction from the theory of square numbers + is, that any number whose square is the sum of two squares, + is itself the sum of two squares. + </blockquote> + <p> + I have already mentioned Mr. Dodgson's habit of thinking + out problems at night. Often new ideas would occur to him + during hours of sleeplessness, and he had long wanted to + hear of or invent some easy method of taking notes in the + dark. At first he tried writing within oblongs cut out of + cardboard, but the result was apt to be illegible. In 1891 + he conceived the device of having a series of squares cut + out in card, and inventing an alphabet, of which each + letter was made of lines, which could be written along the + edges of the squares, and dots, which could be marked at + the corners. The thing worked well, and he named it the + "Typhlograph," but, at the suggestion of one of his + brother-students, this was subsequently changed into + "Nyctograph." + </p> + <p> + He spent the Long Vacation at Eastbourne, attending service + every Sunday at Christ Church, according to his usual rule. + </p> + <blockquote> + <i>Sept.</i> 6, 1891.—At the evening service at Christ + Church a curious thing happened, suggestive of telepathy. + Before giving out the second hymn the curate read out some + notices. Meanwhile I took my hymn-book, and said to myself + (I have no idea <i>why</i>), "It will be hymn 416," and I + turned to it. It was not one I recognised as having ever + heard; and, on looking at it, I said, "It is very prosaic; + it is a very unlikely one"—and it was really startling, + the next minute, to hear the curate announce "Hymn 416." + </blockquote> + <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="502"></a> + <img src="Images/502.png" alt="502.png"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T502"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>DR. LIDDELL.</b><br> + <i>From a photograph<br> + by Hill & Saunders.</i>. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + In October it became generally known that Dean Liddell was + going to resign at Christmas. This was a great blow to Mr. + Dodgson, but little mitigated by the fact that the very man + whom he himself would have chosen, Dr. Paget, was appointed + to fill the vacant place. The old Dean was very popular in + College; even the undergraduates, with whom he was seldom + brought into contact, felt the magic of his commanding + personality and the charm of his gracious, old-world + manner. He was a man whom, once seen, it was almost + impossible to forget. + </p> + <p> + Shortly before the resignation of Dr. Liddell, the Duchess + of Albany spent a few days at the Deanery. Mr. Dodgson was + asked to meet her Royal Highness at luncheon, but was + unable to go. Princess Alice and the little Duke of Albany, + however, paid him a visit, and were initiated in the art of + making paper pistols. He promised to send the Princess a + copy of a book called "The Fairies," and the children, + having spent a happy half-hour in his rooms, returned to + the Deanery. This was one of the days which he "marked with + a white stone." He sent a copy of "The Nursery 'Alice'" to + the little Princess Alice, and received a note of thanks + from her, and also a letter from her mother, in which she + said that the book had taught the Princess to like reading, + and to do it out of lesson-time. To the Duke he gave a copy + of a book entitled "The Merry Elves." In his little note of + thanks for this gift, the boy said, "Alice and I want you + to love us both." Mr. Dodgson sent Princess Alice a puzzle, + promising that if she found it out, he would give her a + "golden chair from Wonderland." + </p> + <table align="Left" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="511"></a> + <img src="Images/511.png" alt="511.png"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T511"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>THE DEAN OF CHRIST CHURCH.</b><br> + <i>From a photograph<br> + by Hill & Saunders.</i>. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + At the close of the year he wrote me a long letter, which I + think worthy of reproducing here, for he spent a long time + over it, and it contains excellent examples of his clear + way of putting things. + </p> + <blockquote> + <i>To S.D. Collingwood.</i><br> + <br> + Ch. Ch., Oxford, <i>Dec</i>. 29, 1891.<br> + <br> + My Dear Stuart,—(Rather a large note—sheet, isn't it? But + they do differ in size, you know.) I fancy this book of + science (which I have had a good while, without making any + use of it), may prove of some use to you, with your boys. + [I was a schoolmaster at that time.] Also this cycling-book + (or whatever it is to be called) may be useful in putting + down engagements, &c., besides telling you a lot about + cycles. There was no use in sending it to <i>me; my</i> + cycling days are over.<br> + <br> + You ask me if your last piece of "Meritt" printing is dark + enough. I think not. I should say the rollers want fresh + inking. As to the <i>matter</i> of your specimen—[it was a + poor little essay on killing animals for the purpose of + scientific recreations, <i>e.g</i>., collecting + butterflies]—I think you <i>cannot</i> spend your time + better than in trying to set down clearly, in that + essay-form, your ideas on any subject that chances to + interest you; and <i>specially</i> any theological subject + that strikes you in the course of your reading for Holy + Orders.<br> + <br> + It will be most <i>excellent</i> practice for you, against + the time when you try to compose sermons, to try thus to + realise exactly what it is you mean, and to express it + clearly, and (a much harder matter) to get into proper + shape the <i>reasons</i> of your opinions, and to see + whether they do, or do not, tend to prove the conclusions + you come to. You have never studied technical Logic, at + all, I fancy. [I <i>had</i>, but I freely admit that the + essay in question proved that I had not then learnt to + apply my principles to practice.] It would have been a + great help: but still it is not indispensable: after all, + it is only the putting into rules of the way in which + <i>every</i> mind proceeds, when it draws valid + conclusions; and, by practice in careful thinking, you may + get to know "fallacies" when you meet with them, without + knowing the formal <i>rules</i>.<br> + <br> + At present, when you try to give <i>reasons</i>, you are in + considerable danger of propounding fallacies. Instances + occur in this little essay of yours; and I hope it won't + offend your <i>amour propre</i> very much, if an old uncle, + who has studied Logic for forty years, makes a few remarks + on it.<br> + <br> + I am not going to enter <i>at all</i> on the subject-matter + itself, or to say whether I agree, or not, with your + <i>conclusions</i> : but merely to examine, from a + logic-lecturer's point of view, your <i>premisses</i> as + relating to them.<br> + <br> + (1) "As the lower animals do not appear to have personality + or individual existence, I cannot see that any particular + one's life can be very important," &c. The word + "personality" is very vague: I don't know what you mean by + it. If you were to ask yourself, "What test should I use in + distinguishing what <i>has</i>, from what has <i>not</i>, + personality?" you might perhaps be able to express your + meaning more clearly. The phrase "individual existence" is + clear enough, and is in direct logical contradiction to the + phrase "particular one." To say, of anything, that it has + <i>not</i> "individual existence," and yet that it + <i>is</i> a "particular one," involves the logical fallacy + called a "contradiction in terms."<br> + <br> + (2) "In both cases" (animal and plant) "death is only the + conversion of matter from one form to another." The word + "form" is very vague—I fancy you use it in a sort of + <i>chemical</i> sense (like saying "sugar is starch in + another form," where the change in nature is generally + believed to be a rearrangement of the very same atoms). If + you mean to assert that the difference between a live + animal and a dead animal, <i>i.e.,</i> between animate and + sensitive matter, and the same matter when it becomes + inanimate and insensitive, is a mere rearrangement of the + same atoms, your premiss is intelligible. (It is a bolder + one than any biologists have yet advanced. The most + sceptical of them admits, I believe, that "vitality" is a + thing <i>per se.</i> However, that is beside my present + scope.) But this premiss is advanced to prove that it is of + no "consequence" to kill an animal. But, granting that the + conversion of sensitive into insensitive matter (and of + course <i>vice versa</i>) is a mere change of "form," and + <i>therefore</i> of no "consequence"; granting this, we + cannot escape the including under this rule all similar + cases. If the <i>power</i> of feeling pain, and the + <i>absence</i> of that power, are only a difference of + "form," the conclusion is inevitable that the + <i>feeling</i> pain, and the <i>not</i> feeling it, are + <i>also</i> only a difference in form, <i>i.e.,</i> to + convert matter, which is <i>not</i> feeling pain, into + matter <i>feeling</i> pain, is only to change its "form," + and, if the process of "changing form" is of no + "consequence" in the case of sensitive and insensitive + matter, we must admit that it is <i>also</i> of no + "consequence" in the case of pain-feeling and <i>not</i> + pain-feeling matter. This conclusion, I imagine, you + neither intended nor foresaw. The premiss, which you use, + involves the fallacy called "proving too much."<br> + <br> + The best advice that could be given to you, when you begin + to compose sermons, would be what an old friend once gave + to a young man who was going out to be an Indian judge (in + India, it seems, the judge decides things, without a jury, + like our County Court judges). "Give <i>your decisions</i> + boldly and clearly; they will probably be <i>right</i>. But + do <i>not</i> give your <i>reasons: they</i> will probably + be <i>wrong"</i> If your lot in life is to be in a + <i>country</i> parish, it will perhaps not matter + <i>much</i> whether the reasons given in your sermons do or + do not prove your conclusions. But even there you + <i>might</i> meet, and in a town congregation you would be + <i>sure</i> to meet, clever sceptics, who know well how to + argue, who will detect your fallacies and point them out to + those who are <i>not</i> yet troubled with doubts, and thus + undermine <i>all</i> their confidence in your teaching.<br> + <br> + At Eastbourne, last summer, I heard a preacher advance the + astounding argument, "We believe that the Bible is true, + because our holy Mother, the Church, tells us it is." I + pity that unfortunate clergyman if ever he is bold enough + to enter any Young Men's Debating Club where there is some + clear-headed sceptic who has heard, or heard of, that + sermon. I can fancy how the young man would rub his hands, + in delight, and would say to himself, "Just see me get him + into a corner, and convict him of arguing in a circle!"<br> + <br> + The bad logic that occurs in many and many a well-meant + sermon, is a real danger to modern Christianity. When + detected, it may seriously injure many believers, and fill + them with miserable doubts. So my advice to you, as a young + theological student, is "Sift your reasons <i>well</i> , + and, before you offer them to others, make sure that they + prove your conclusions."<br> + <br> + I hope you won't give this letter of mine (which it has + cost me some time and thought to write) just a single + reading and then burn it; but that you will lay it aside. + Perhaps, even years hence, it may be of some use to you to + read it again.<br> + <br> + Believe me always<br> + <br> + Your affectionate Uncle,<br> + <br> + C. L. Dodgson. + </blockquote><br> + <br> + <hr> + <br> + <br> + <h2> + <a name="CHAPTER_VIII_T"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">CHAPTER VIII</a> + </h2> + <h4> + (1892—1896) + </h4> + <blockquote> + Mr. Dodgson resigns the Curatorship—Bazaars—He lectures to + children—A mechanical "Humpty Dumpty"—A logical + controversy—Albert Chevalier—"Sylvie and Bruno + Concluded"—"Pillow Problems"—Mr. Dodgson's + generosity—College services—Religious difficulties—A + village sermon—Plans for the future—Reverence—"Symbolic + Logic." + </blockquote> + <p> + At Christ Church, as at other Colleges, the Common Room is + an important feature. Open from eight in the morning until + ten at night, it takes the place of a club, where the + "dons" may see the newspapers, talk, write letters, or + enjoy a cup of tea. After dinner, members of High Table, + with their guests if any are present, usually adjourn to + the Common Room for wine and dessert, while there is a + smoking-room hard by for those who do not despise the + harmless but unnecessary weed, and below are cellars, with + a goodly store of choice old wines. + </p> + <p> + The Curator's duties were therefore sufficiently onerous. + They were doubly so in Mr. Dodgson's case, for his love of + minute accuracy greatly increased the amount of work he had + to do. It was his office to select and purchase wines, to + keep accounts, to adjust selling price to cost price, to + see that the two Common Room servants performed their + duties, and generally to look after the comfort and + convenience of the members. + </p> + <p> + "Having heard," he wrote near the end of the year 1892, + "that Strong was willing to be elected (as Curator), and + Common Room willing to elect him, I most gladly resigned. + The sense of relief at being free from the burdensome + office, which has cost me a large amount of time and + trouble, is very delightful. I was made Curator, December + 8, 1882, so that I have held the office more than nine + years." + </p> + <p> + The literary results of his Curatorship were three very + interesting little pamphlets, "Twelve Months in a + Curatorship, by One who has tried it"; "Three years in a + Curatorship, by One whom it has tried"; and "Curiosissima + Curatoria, by 'Rude Donatus,'" all printed for private + circulation, and couched in the same serio-comic vein. As a + logician he naturally liked to see his thoughts in print, + for, just as the mathematical mind craves for a black-board + and a piece of chalk, so the logical mind must have its + paper and printing-press wherewith to set forth its + deductions effectively. + </p> + <p> + A few extracts must suffice to show the style of these + pamphlets, and the opportunity offered for the display of + humour. + </p> + <p> + In the arrangement of the prices at which wines were to be + sold to members of Common Room, he found a fine scope for + the exercise of his mathematical talents and his sense of + proportion. In one of the pamphlets he takes old Port and + Chablis as illustrations. + </p> + <blockquote> + The original cost of each is about 3s. a bottle; but the + present value of the old Port is about 11s. a bottle. Let + us suppose, then, that we have to sell to Common Room one + bottle of old Port and three of Chablis, the original cost + of the whole being 12s., and the present value 20s. These + are our data. We have now two questions to answer. First, + what sum shall we ask for the whole? Secondly, how shall we + apportion that sum between the two kinds of wine? + </blockquote> + <p> + The sum to be asked for the whole he decides, following + precedent, is to be the present market-value of the wine; + as to the second question, he goes on to say— + </p> + <blockquote> + We have, as so often happens in the lives of distinguished + premiers, three courses before us: (1) to charge the + <i>present</i> value for each kind of wine; (2) to put on a + certain percentage to the <i>original</i> value of each + kind; (3) to make a compromise between these two + courses.<br> + <br> + Course 1 seems to me perfectly reasonable; but a very + plausible objection has been made to it—that it puts a + prohibitory price on the valuable wines, and that they + would remain unconsumed. This would not, however, involve + any loss to our finances; we could obviously realise the + enhanced values of the old wines by selling them to + outsiders, if the members of Common Room would not buy + them. But I do not advocate this course.<br> + <br> + Course 2 would lead to charging 5s. a bottle for Port and + Chablis alike. The Port-drinker would be "in clover," while + the Chablis-drinker would probably begin getting his wine + direct from the merchant instead of from the Common Room + cellar, which would be a <i>reductio ad absurdum</i> of the + tariff. Yet I have heard this course advocated, repeatedly, + as an abstract principle. "You ought to consider the + <i>original</i> value only," I have been told. "You ought + to regard the Port-drinker as a private individual, who has + laid the wine in for himself, and who ought to have all the + advantages of its enhanced value. You cannot fairly ask him + for more than what you need to refill the bins with Port, + <i>plus</i> the percentage thereon needed to meet the + contingent expenses." I have listened to such arguments, + but have never been convinced that the course is just. It + seems to me that the 8s. additional value which the bottle + of Port has acquired, is the property of <i>Common + Room</i>, and that Common Room has the power to give it to + whom it chooses; and it does not seem to me fair to give it + all to the Port-drinker. What merit is there in preferring + Port to Chablis, that could justify our selling the + Port-drinker his wine at less than half what he would have + to give outside, and charging the Chablis-drinker + five-thirds of what he would have to give outside? At all + events, I, as a Port-drinker, do not wish to absorb the + whole advantage, and would gladly share it with the + Chablis-drinker. The course I recommend is<br> + <br> + Course 3, which is a compromise between 1 and 2, its + essential principle being to sell the new wines + <i>above</i> their value, in order to be able to sell the + old <i>below</i> their value. And it is clearly desirable, + as far as possible, to make the reductions <i>where they + will be felt</i>, and the additions <i>where they will not + be felt.</i> Moreover it seems to me that reduction is most + felt where it <i>goes down to the next round sum,</i> and + an addition in the reverse case, <i>i.e.,</i> when it + <i>starts from a round sum.</i> Thus, if we were to take + 2d. off a 5s. 8d. wine, and add it to a 4s. 4d.—thus + selling them at 5s. 6d. and 4s. 6d. the reduction would be + welcomed, and the addition unnoticed; and the change would + be a popular one. + </blockquote> + <p> + The next extract shows with what light-hearted frivolity he + could approach this tremendous subject of wine:— + </p> + <blockquote> + The consumption of Madeira (B) has been during the past + year, zero. After careful calculation I estimate that, if + this rate of consumption be steadily maintained, our + present stock will last us an infinite number of years. And + although there may be something monotonous and dreary in + the prospect of such vast cycles spent in drinking + second-class Madeira, we may yet cheer ourselves with the + thought of how economically it can be done. + </blockquote> + <p> + To assist the Curator in the discharge of his duties, there + was a Wine Committee, and for its guidance a series of + rules was drawn up. The first runs as follows: "There shall + be a Wine Committee, consisting of five persons, including + the Curator, whose duty it shall be to assist the Curator + in the management of the cellar." "Hence," wrote Mr. + Dodgson, "logically it is the bounden duty of the Curator + 'to assist himself.' I decline to say whether this clause + has ever brightened existence for me—or whether, in the + shades of evening, I may ever have been observed leaving + the Common Room cellars with a small but suspicious-looking + bundle, and murmuring, 'Assist thyself, assist thyself!'" + </p> + <p> + Every Christmas at Christ Church the children of the + College servants have a party in the Hall. This year he was + asked to entertain them, and gladly consented to do so. He + hired a magic lantern and a large number of slides, and + with their help told the children the three following + stories: (1) "The Epiphany"; (2) "The Children Lost in the + Bush"; (3) "Bruno's Picnic." + </p> + <p> + I have already referred to the services held in Christ + Church for the College servants, at which Mr. Dodgson used + frequently to preach. The way in which he regarded this + work is very characteristic of the man. "Once more," he + writes, "I have to thank my Heavenly Father for the great + blessing and privilege of being allowed to speak for Him! + May He bless my words to help some soul on its heavenward + way." After one of these addresses he received a note from + a member of the congregation, thanking him for what he had + said. "It is very sweet," he said, "to get such words now + and then; but there is danger in them if more such come, I + must beg for silence." + </p> + <p> + During the year Mr. Dodgson wrote the following letter to + the Rev. C.A. Goodhart, Rector of Lambourne, Essex:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Dear Sir,—Your kind, sympathising and most encouraging + letter about "Sylvie and Bruno" has deserved a better + treatment from me than to have been thus kept waiting more + than two years for an answer. But life is short; and one + has many other things to do; and I have been for years + almost hopelessly in arrears in correspondence. I keep a + register, so that letters which I intend to answer do + somehow come to the front at last.<br> + <br> + In "Sylvie and Bruno" I took courage to introduce what I + had entirely avoided in the two "Alice" books—some + reference to subjects which are, after all, the <i>only</i> + subjects of real interest in life, subjects which are so + intimately bound up with every topic of human interest that + it needs more effort to avoid them than to touch on them; + and I felt that such a book was more suitable to a clerical + writer than one of mere fun.<br> + <br> + I hope I have not offended many (evidently I have not + offended <i>you</i>) by putting scenes of mere fun, and + talk about God, into the same book.<br> + <br> + Only one of all my correspondents ever guessed there was + more to come of the book. She was a child, personally + unknown to me, who wrote to "Lewis Carroll" a sweet letter + about the book, in which she said, "I'm so glad it hasn't + got a regular wind-up, as it shows there is more to + come!"<br> + <br> + There is indeed "more to come." When I came to piece + together the mass of accumulated material I found it was + quite <i>double</i> what could be put into one volume. So I + divided it in the middle; and I hope to bring out "Sylvie + and Bruno Concluded" next Christmas—if, that is, my + Heavenly Master gives me the time and the strength for the + task; but I am nearly 60, and have no right to count on + years to come.<br> + <br> + In signing my real name, let me beg you not to let the + information go further—I have an <i>intense</i> dislike to + personal publicity; and, the more people there are who know + nothing of "Lewis Carroll" save his books, the happier I + am.<br> + <br> + Believe me, sincerely yours,<br> + <br> + Charles L. Dodgson. + </blockquote> + <p> + I have made no attempt to chronicle all the games and + puzzles which Lewis Carroll invented. A list of such as + have been published will be found in the Bibliographical + chapter. He intended to bring out a book of "Original Games + and Puzzles," with illustrations by Miss E. Gertrude + Thomson. The MS. was, I believe, almost complete before his + death, and one, at least, of the pictures had been drawn. + On June 30th he wrote in his Diary, "Invented what I think + is a new kind of riddle. A Russian had three sons. The + first, named Rab, became a lawyer; the second, Ymra, became + a soldier; the third became a sailor. What was his name?" + </p> + <p> + The following letter written to a child-friend, Miss E. + Drury, illustrates Lewis Carroll's hatred of bazaars:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Ch. Ch., Oxford, <i>Nov</i>. 10, 1892.<br> + <br> + My dear Emmie,—I object to <i>all</i> bazaars on the + general principle that they are very undesirable schools + for young ladies, in which they learn to be "too fast" and + forward, and are more exposed to undesirable acquaintances + than in ordinary society. And I have, besides that, special + objections to bazaars connected with charitable or + religious purposes. It seems to me that they desecrate the + religious object by their undesirable features, and that + they take the reality out of all charity by getting people + to think that they are doing a good action, when their true + motive is amusement for themselves. Ruskin has put all this + far better than I can possibly do, and, if I can find the + passage, and find the time to copy it, I will send it you. + But <i>time</i> is a very scarce luxury for me!<br> + <br> + Always yours affectionately,<br> + <br> + C.L. Dodgson. + </blockquote> + <p> + In his later years he used often to give lectures on + various subjects to children. He gave a series on "Logic" + at the Oxford Girls' High School, but he sometimes went + further afield, as in the following instance:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Went, as arranged with Miss A. Ottley, to the High School + at Worcester, on a visit. At half-past three I had an + audience of about a hundred little girls, aged, I should + think, from about six to fourteen. I showed them two + arithmetic puzzles on the black-board, and told them + "Bruno's Picnic." At half-past seven I addressed some + serious words to a second audience of about a hundred elder + girls, probably from fifteen to twenty—an experience of the + deepest interest to me. + </blockquote> + <p> + The illustration on the next page will be best explained by + the following letter which I have received from Mr. Walter + Lindsay, of Philadelphia, U.S.:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Phila., <i>September</i> 12, 1898.<br> + <br> + Dear Sir,—I shall be very glad to furnish what information + I can with respect to the "Mechanical Humpty Dumpty" which + I constructed a few years ago, but I must begin by + acknowledging that, in one sense at least, I did not + "invent" the figure. The idea was first put into my head by + an article in the <i>Cosmopolitan</i>, somewhere about + 1891, I suppose, describing a similar contrivance. As a + devoted admirer of the "Alice" books, I determined to build + a Humpty Dumpty of my own; but I left the model set by the + author of the article mentioned, and constructed the figure + on entirely different lines. In the first place, the figure + as described in the magazine had very few movements, and + not very satisfactory ones at that; and in the second + place, no attempt whatever was made to reproduce, even in a + general way, the well-known appearance of Tenniel's + drawing. Humpty, when completed, was about two feet and a + half high. His face, of course, was white; the lower half + of the egg was dressed in brilliant blue. His stockings + were grey, and the famous cravat orange, with a zigzag + pattern in blue. I am sorry to say that the photograph + hardly does him justice; but he had travelled to so many + different places during his career, that he began to be + decidedly out of shape before he sat for his portrait.<br> + <br> + <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="512"></a> + <img src="Images/512.png" alt="512.png"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T512"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> +<div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>THE MECHANICAL "HUMPTY DUMPTY."<br> + <i>From a photograph</i>.</b></div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table><br> + When Humpty was about to perform, a short "talk" was + usually given before the curtain rose, explaining the way + in which the Sheep put the egg on the shelf at the back of + the little shop, and how Alice went groping along to it. + And then, just as the explanation had reached the opening + of the chapter on Humpty Dumpty, the curtain rose, and + Humpty was discovered, sitting on the wall, and gazing into + vacancy. As soon as the audience had had time to recover, + Alice entered, and the conversation was carried on just as + it is in the book. Humpty Dumpty gesticulated with his + arms, rolled his eyes, raised his eyebrows, frowned, turned + up his nose in scorn at Alice's ignorance, and smiled from + ear to ear when he shook hands with her. Besides this, his + mouth kept time with his words all through the dialogue, + which added very greatly to his life-like appearance.<br> + <br> + The effect of his huge face, as it changed from one + expression to another, was ludicrous in the extreme, and we + were often obliged to repeat sentences in the conversation + (to "go back to the last remark but one") because the + audience laughed so loudly over Humpty Dumpty's expression + of face that they drowned what he was trying to say. The + funniest effect was the change from the look of + self-satisfied complacency with which he accompanied the + words: "The king has promised me—" to that of towering rage + when Alice innocently betrays her knowledge of the secret. + At the close of the scene, when Alice has vainly + endeavoured to draw him into further conversation, and at + last walks away in disgust, Humpty loses his balance on the + wall, recovers himself, totters again, and then falls off + backwards; at the same time a box full of broken glass is + dropped on the floor behind the scenes, to represent the + "heavy crash," which "shook the forest from end to + end";—and the curtain falls.<br> + <br> + Now, as to how it was all done. Humpty was made of barrel + hoops, and covered with stiff paper and muslin. His eyes + were round balls of rags, covered with muslin, drawn + smoothly, and with the pupil and iris marked on the front. + These eyes were pivoted to a board, fastened just behind + the eye-openings in the face. To the eyeballs were sewed + strong pieces of tape, which passed through screw-eyes on + the edges of the board, and so down to a row of levers + which were hinged in the lower part of the figure. One + lever raised both eyes upward, another moved them both to + the left, and so on. The eyebrows were of worsted and + indiarubber knitted together. They were fastened at the + ends, and raised and lowered by fine white threads passing + through small holes in the face, and also operated by + levers. The arms projected into the interior of the + machine, and the gestures were made by moving the short + ends inside. The right hand contained a spring clothe-pin, + by which he was enabled to hold the note— book in which + Alice set down the celebrated problem— + <pre> <tt> + +365<br> + 1<br> +___<br> +364<br></tt> <br></pre><br> + The movement of the mouth, in talking, was produced by a + long tape, running down to a pedal, which was controlled by + the foot of the performer. And the smile consisted of long + strips of red tape, which were drawn out through slits at + the corners of the mouth by means of threads which passed + through holes in the sides of the head. The performer—who + was always your humble servant—stood on a box behind the + wall, his head just reaching the top of the egg, which was + open all the way up the back. At the lower end of the + figure, convenient to the hands of the performer, was the + row of levers, like a little keyboard; and by striking + different chords on the keys, any desired expression could + be produced on the face.<br> + <br> + Of course, a performance of this kind without a good Alice + would be unutterably flat; but the little girl who played + opposite to Humpty, Miss Nellie K—, was so exactly the + counterpart of Alice, both in appearance and disposition, + that most children thought she was the original, right out + of the book.<br> + <br> + Humpty still exists, but he has not seen active life for + some years. His own popularity was the cause of his + retirement; for having given a number of performances (for + Charity, of course), and delighted many thousands of + children of all ages, the demands upon his time, from + Sunday-schools and other institutions, became so numerous + that the performers were obliged to withdraw him in + self-defence. He was a great deal of trouble to build, but + the success he met with and the pleasure he gave more than + repaid me for the bother; and I am sure that any one else + who tries it will reach the same conclusion.<br> + <br> + Yours sincerely,<br> + <br> + Walter Lindsay. + </blockquote> + <p> + At the beginning of 1893 a fierce logical battle was being + waged between Lewis Carroll and Mr. Cook Wilson, Professor + of Logic at Oxford. The Professor, in spite of the + countless arguments that Mr. Dodgson hurled at his head, + would not confess that he had committed a fallacy. + </p> + <p> + On February 5th the Professor appears to have conceded a + point, for Mr. Dodgson writes: "Heard from Cook Wilson, who + has long declined to read a paper which I sent January + 12th, and which seems to me to prove the fallacy of a view + of his about Hypotheticals. He now offers to read it, if + <i>I</i> will study a proof he sent, that another problem + of mine had contradictory <i>data</i>. I have accepted his + offer, and studied and answered his paper. So I now look + forward hopefully to the result of his reading mine." + </p> + <p> + The hopes which he entertained were doomed to be + disappointed; the controversy bore no fruits save a few + pamphlets and an enormous amount of correspondence, and + finally the two antagonists had to agree to differ. + </p> + <p> + As a rule Mr. Dodgson was a stern opponent of music-halls + and music-hall singers; but he made one or two exceptions + with regard to the latter. For Chevalier he had nothing but + praise; he heard him at one of his recitals, for he never + in his life entered a "Variety Theatre." I give the passage + from his Diary:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Went to hear Mr. Albert Chevalier's Recital. I only knew of + him as being now recognised as <i>facile princeps</i> among + music-hall singers, and did not remember that I had seen + him twice or oftener on the stage—first as "Mr. Hobbs" in + "Little Lord Fauntleroy," and afterwards as a "horsy" young + man in a <i>matinée</i> in which Violet Vanbrugh + appeared. He was decidedly <i>good</i> as an actor; but as + a comic singer (with considerable powers of pathos as well) + he is quite first-rate. His chief merit seems to be the + earnestness with which he throws himself into the work. The + songs (mostly his own writing) were quite inoffensive, and + very funny. I am very glad to be able to think that his + influence on public taste is towards refinement and purity. + I liked best "The Future Mrs. 'Awkins," with its taking + tune, and "My Old Dutch," which revealed powers that, I + should think, would come out grandly in Robsonian parts, + such as "The Porter's Knot." "The Little Nipper" was also + well worth hearing. + </blockquote> + <p> + Mr. Dodgson's views on Sunday Observance were + old-fashioned, but he lived up to them, and did not try to + force them upon people with whose actions he had no + concern. They were purely matters of "private opinion" with + him. On October 2nd he wrote to Miss E.G. Thomson, who was + illustrating his "Three Sunsets":— + </p> + <blockquote> + Would you kindly do <i>no</i> sketches, or photos, for + <i>me</i>, on a Sunday? It is, in <i>my</i> view (of + <i>course</i> I don't condemn any one who differs from me) + inconsistent with keeping the day holy. I do <i>not</i> + hold it to be the Jewish "Sabbath," but I <i>do</i> hold it + to be "the Lord's Day," and so to be made very distinct + from the other days. + </blockquote> + <p> + In December, the Logical controversy being over for a time, + Mr. Dodgson invented a new problem to puzzle his + mathematical friends with, which was called "The Monkey and + Weight Problem." A rope is supposed to be hung over a wheel + fixed to the roof of a building; at one end of the rope a + weight is fixed, which exactly counterbalances a monkey + which is hanging on to the other end. Suppose that the + monkey begins to climb the rope, what will be the result? + The following extract from the Diary illustrates the + several possible answers which may be given:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Got Professor Clifton's answer to the "Monkey and Weight + Problem." It is very curious, the different views taken by + good mathematicians. Price says the weight goes <i>up</i>, + with increasing velocity; Clifton (and Harcourt) that it + goes <i>up</i>, at the same rate as the monkey; while + Sampson says that it goes <i>down</i>. + </blockquote> + <p> + On December 24th Mr. Dodgson received the first twelve + copies of "Sylvie and Bruno Concluded," just about four + years after the appearance of the first part of the story. + In this second volume the two fairy children are as + delightful as ever; it also contains what I think most + people will agree to be the most beautiful poem Lewis + Carroll ever wrote, "Say, what is the spell, when her + fledglings are cheeping?" (p. 305). In the preface he pays + a well-deserved compliment to Mr. Harry Furniss for his + wonderfully clever pictures; he also explains how the book + was written, showing that many of the amusing remarks of + Bruno had been uttered by real children. He makes allusion + to two books, which only his death prevented him from + finishing—"Original Games and Puzzles," and a paper on + "Sport," viewed from the standpoint of the humanitarian. + From a literary point of view the second volume of "Sylvie + and Bruno" lacks unity; a fairy tale is all very well, and + a novel also is all very well, but the combination of the + two is surely a mistake. However, the reader who cares more + for the spirit than the letter will not notice this + blemish; to him "Sylvie and Bruno Concluded" will be + interesting and helpful, as the revelation of a very + beautiful personality. + </p> + <blockquote> + You have made everything turn out just as I should have + chosen [writes a friend to whom he had sent a copy], and + made right all that disappointed me in the first part. I + have not only to thank you for writing an interesting book, + but for writing a helpful one too. I am sure that "Sylvie + and Bruno" has given me many thoughts that will help me all + life through. One cannot know "Sylvie" without being the + better for it. You may say that "Mister Sir" is not + consciously meant to be yourself, but I cannot help feeling + that he is. As "Mister Sir" talks, I hear your voice in + every word. I think, perhaps, that is why I like the book + so much. + </blockquote> + <p> + I have received an interesting letter from Mr. Furniss, + bearing upon the subject of "Sylvie and Bruno," and Lewis + Carroll's methods of work. The letter runs as follows:— + </p> + <blockquote> + I have illustrated stories of most of our leading authors, + and I can safely say that Lewis Carroll was the only one + who cared to understand the illustrations to his own book. + He was the W. S. Gilbert for children, and, like Gilbert + producing one of his operas, Lewis Carroll took infinite + pains to study every detail in producing his extraordinary + and delightful books. Mr. Gilbert, as every one knows, has + a model of the stage; he puts up the scenery, draws every + figure, moves them about just as he wishes the real actors + to move about. Lewis Carroll was precisely the same. This, + of course, led to a great deal of work and trouble, and + made the illustrating of his books more a matter of + artistic interest than of professional profit. I was + <i>seven years</i> illustrating his last work, and during + that time I had the pleasure of many an interesting meeting + with the fascinating author, and I was quite repaid for the + trouble I took, not only by his generous appreciation of my + efforts, but by the liberal remuneration he gave for the + work, and also by the charm of having intercourse with the + interesting, if somewhat erratic genius. + </blockquote> + <p> + A book very different in character from "Sylvie and Bruno," + but under the same well-known pseudonym, appeared about the + same time. I refer to "Pillow Problems," the second part of + the series entitled "Curiosa Mathematica." + </p> + <p> + "Pillow Problems thought out during wakeful hours" is a + collection of mathematical problems, which Mr. Dodgson + solved while lying awake at night. A few there are to which + the title is not strictly applicable, but all alike were + worked out mentally before any diagram or word of the + solution was committed to paper. + </p> + <p> + The author says that his usual practice was to write down + the <i>answer</i> first of all, and afterwards the question + and its solution. His motive, he says, for publishing these + problems was not from any desire to display his powers of + mental calculation. Those who knew him will readily believe + this, though they will hardly be inclined to accept his own + modest estimate of those powers. + </p> + <p> + Still the book was intended, not for the select few who can + scale the mountain heights of advanced mathematics, but for + the much larger class of ordinary mathematicians, and they + at least will be able to appreciate the gifted author, and + to wonder how he could follow so clearly in his head the + mental diagrams and intricate calculations involved in some + of these "Pillow Problems." + </p> + <p> + His chief motive in publishing the book was to show how, by + a little determination, the mind "can be made to + concentrate itself on some intellectual subject (not + necessarily mathematics), and thus banish those petty + troubles and vexations which most people experience, and + which—unless the mind be otherwise occupied—<i>will</i> + persist in invading the hours of night." And this remedy, + as he shows, serves a higher purpose still. In a paragraph + which deserves quoting at length, as it gives us a + momentary glimpse of his refined and beautiful character, + he says:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Perhaps I may venture for a moment to use a more serious + tone, and to point out that there are mental troubles, much + worse than mere worry, for which an absorbing object of + thought may serve as a remedy. There are sceptical + thoughts, which seem for the moment to uproot the firmest + faith: there are blasphemous thoughts, which dart unbidden + into the most reverent souls: there are unholy thoughts, + which torture with their hateful presence the fancy that + would fain be pure. Against all these some real mental work + is a most helpful ally. That "unclean spirit" of the + parable, who brought back with him seven others more wicked + than himself, only did so because he found the chamber + "swept and garnished," and its owner sitting with folded + hands. Had he found it all alive with the "busy hum" of + active <i>work</i>, there would have been scant welcome for + him and his seven! + </blockquote> + <p> + It would have robbed the book of its true character if + Lewis Carroll had attempted to improve on the work done in + his head, and consequently we have the solutions exactly as + he worked them out before setting them down on paper. Of + the Problems themselves there is not much to be said here; + they are original, and some of them (e.g., No. 52) + expressed in a style peculiarly the author's own. The + subjects included in their range are Arithmetic, Algebra, + Pure Geometry (Plane), Trigonometry, Algebraic Geometry, + and Differential Calculus; and there is one Problem to + which Mr. Dodgson says he "can proudly point," in + "Transcendental Probabilities," which is here given: "A bag + contains two counters, as to which nothing is known except + that each is either black or white. Ascertain their colour + without taking them out of the bag." The answer is, "One is + black and the other white." For the solution the reader is + referred to the book itself, a study of which will well + repay him, apart from the chance he may have of discovering + some mistake, and the consequent joy thereat! + </p> + <p> + A few extracts from the Diary follow, written during the + early part of 1894:— + </p> + <blockquote> + <i>Feb.</i> 1<i>st.—Dies notandus.</i> As Ragg was reading + Prayers, and Bayne and I were the only M.A.'s in the + stalls, I tried the experiment of going to the lectern and + reading the lesson. I did not hesitate much, but feel it + too great a strain on the nerves to be tried often. Then I + went to the Latin Chapel for Holy Communion. Only Paget + (Dean) and Dr. Huntley came: so, for the first time in my + recollection, it had to be given up. Then I returned to my + rooms, and found in <i>The Standard</i> the very important + communication from Gladstone denying the rumour that he has + decided upon resigning the Premiership, but admitting that, + owing to failing powers, it may come at any moment. It will + make a complete change in the position of politics! Then I + got, from Cook Wilson, what I have been so long trying + for—an accepted transcript of the fallacious argument over + which we have had an (apparently) endless fight. I think + the end is near, <i>now</i>.<br> + <br> + <i>Feb.</i> 4<i>th.</i>—The idea occurred to me that it + might be a pleasant variation in Backgammon to throw + <i>three</i> dice, and choose any two of the three numbers. + The average quality of the throws would be much raised. I + reckon that the chance of "6, 6" would be about two and a + half what it now is. It would also furnish a means, similar + to giving points in billiards, for equalising players: the + weaker might use three dice, the other using two. I think + of calling it "Thirdie Backgammon."<br> + <br> + <i>March</i> 31<i>st.</i>—Have just got printed, as a + leaflet, "A Disputed Point in Logic"—the point Professor + Wilson and I have been arguing so long. This paper is + wholly in his own words, and puts the point very clearly. I + think of submitting it to all my logical friends. + </blockquote> + <p> + "A Disputed Point in Logic" appeared also, I believe, in + <i>Mind</i>, July, 1894. + </p> + <p> + This seems a fitting place in which to speak of a side of + Mr. Dodgson's character of which he himself was naturally + very reticent—his wonderful generosity. My own experience + of him was of a man who was always ready to do one a + kindness, even though it put him to great expense and + inconvenience; but of course I did not know, during his + lifetime, that my experience of him was the same as that of + all his other friends. The income from his books and other + sources, which might have been spent in a life of luxury + and selfishness, he distributed lavishly where he saw it + was needed, and in order to do this he always lived in the + most simple way. To make others happy was the Golden Rule + of his life. On August 31st he wrote, in a letter to a + friend, Miss Mary Brown: "And now what am I to tell you + about myself? To say I am quite well 'goes without saying' + with me. In fact, my life is so strangely free from all + trial and trouble that I cannot doubt my own happiness is + one of the talents entrusted to me to 'occupy' with, till + the Master shall return, by doing something to make other + lives happy." + </p> + <p> + In several instances, where friends in needy circumstances + have written to him for loans of money, he has answered + them, "I will not <i>lend</i>, but I will <i>give</i> you + the £100 you ask for." To help child-friends who + wanted to go on the stage, or to take up music as a + profession, he has introduced them to leading actors and + actresses, paid for them having lessons in singing from the + best masters, sent round circulars to his numerous + acquaintances begging them to patronise the first concert + or recital. + </p> + <p> + In writing his books he never attempted to win popularity + by acceding to the prejudices and frailties of the age—his + one object was to make his books useful and helpful and + ennobling. Like the great Master, in whose steps he so + earnestly strove to follow, he "went about doing good." And + one is glad to think that even his memory is being made to + serve the same purpose. The "Alice" cots are a worthy + sequel to his generous life. + </p> + <p> + Even Mr. Dodgson, with all his boasted health, was not + absolutely proof against disease, for on February 12, 1895, + he writes:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Tenth day of a rather bad attack of influenza of the ague + type. Last night the fever rose to a great height, partly + caused by a succession of <i>five</i> visitors. One, + however, was of my own seeking—Dean Paget, to whom I was + thankful to be able to tell all I have had in my mind for a + year or more, as to our Chapel services <i>not</i> being as + helpful as they could be made. The chief fault is extreme + <i>rapidity</i>. I long ago gave up the attempt to say the + Confession at that pace; and now I say it, and the Lord's + Prayer, close together, and never hear a word of the + Absolution. Also many of the Lessons are quite unedifying. + </blockquote> + <p> + On July 11th he wrote to my brother on the subject of a + paper about Eternal Punishment, which was to form the first + of a series of essays on Religious Difficulties:— + </p> + <blockquote> + I am sending you the article on "Eternal Punishment" as it + is. There is plenty of matter for consideration, as to + which I shall be glad to know your views.<br> + <br> + Also if there are other points, connected with religion, + where you feel that perplexing difficulties exist, I should + be glad to know of them in order to see whether I can see + my way to saying anything helpful.<br> + <br> + But I had better add that I do not want to deal with any + such difficulties, <i>unless</i> they tend to affect + <i>life. Speculative</i> difficulties which do not affect + conduct, and which come into collision with any of the + principles which I intend to state as axioms, lie outside + the scope of my book. These axioms are:— + <blockquote> + (1) Human conduct is capable of being <i>right</i>, and + of being <i>wrong</i>.<br> + <br> + (2) I possess Free-Will, and am able to choose between + right and wrong.<br> + <br> + (3) I have in some cases chosen wrong.<br> + <br> + (4) I am responsible for choosing wrong.<br> + <br> + (5) I am responsible to a person.<br> + <br> + (6) This person is perfectly good. + </blockquote>I call them axioms, because I have no + <i>proofs</i> to offer for them. There will probably be + others, but these are all I can think of just now. + </blockquote> + <p> + The Rev. H. Hopley, Vicar of Westham, has sent me the + following interesting account of a sermon Mr. Dodgson + preached at his church:— + </p> + <blockquote> + In the autumn of 1895 the Vicar of Eastbourne was to have + preached my Harvest Sermon at Westham, a village five miles + away; but something or other intervened, and in the middle + of the week I learned he could not come. A mutual friend + suggested my asking Mr. Dodgson, who was then in + Eastbourne, to help me, and I went with him to his rooms. I + was quite a stranger to Mr. Dodgson; but knowing from + hearsay how reluctant he usually was to preach, I + apologised and explained my position—with Sunday so near at + hand. After a moment's hesitation he consented, and in a + most genial manner made me feel quite at ease as to the + abruptness of my petition. On the morrow he came over to my + vicarage, and made friends with my daughters, teaching them + some new manner of playing croquet [probably Castle + Croquet], and writing out for them puzzles and anagrams + that he had composed.<br> + <br> + The following letter was forwarded on the Saturday:— + <blockquote> + "7, Lushington Road, Eastbourne,<br> + <br> + <i>September</i> 26, 1895.<br> + <br> + Dear Mr. Hopley,—I think you will excuse the liberty I am + taking in asking you to give me some food after the + service on Sunday, so that I may have no need to catch + the train, but can walk back at leisure. This will save + me from the worry of trying to conclude at an exact + minute, and you, perhaps, from the trouble of finding + short hymns, to save time. It will not, I hope, cause + your cook any trouble, as my regular rule here is + <i>cold</i> dinner on Sundays. This not from any + "Sabbatarian" theory, but from the wish to let our + <i>employés</i> have the day <i>wholly</i> at + their own disposal.<br> + <br> + I beg Miss Hopley's acceptance of the enclosed papers— + (puzzles and diagrams.)<br> + <br> + Believe me, very truly yours,<br> + <br> + C.L. Dodgson." + </blockquote><br> + On Sunday our grand old church was crowded, and, although + our villagers are mostly agricultural labourers, yet they + breathlessly listened to a sermon forty minutes long, and + apparently took in every word of it. It was quite + extempore, in very simple words, and illustrated by some + delightful and most touching stories of children. I only + wish there had been a shorthand-writer there.<br> + <br> + In the vestry after service, while he was signing his name + in the Preachers' Book, a church officer handed him a bit + of paper. "Mr. Dodgson, would you very kindly write your + name on that?" "Sir!" drawing himself up sternly—"Sir, I + never do that for any one"—and then, more kindly, "You see, + if I did it for one, I must do it for all." + </blockquote> + <p> + An amusing incident in Mr. Dodgson's life is connected with + the well-known drama, "Two Little Vagabonds." I give the + story as he wrote it in his Diary:— + </p> + <blockquote> + <i>Nov.</i> 28<i>th.—Matinée</i> at the Princess's + of "Two Little Vagabonds," a very sensational melodrama, + capitally acted. "Dick" and "Wally" were played by Kate + Tyndall and Sydney Fairbrother, whom I guess to be about + fifteen and twelve. Both were excellent, and the latter + remarkable for the perfect realism of her acting. There was + some beautiful religious dialogue between "Wally" and a + hospital nurse— most reverently spoken, and reverently + received by the audience.<br> + <br> + <i>Dec.</i> 17<i>th.</i>—I have given books to Kate Tyndall + and Sydney Fairbrother, and have heard from them, and find + I was entirely mistaken in taking them for children. Both + are married women! + </blockquote> + <p> + The following is an extract from a letter written in 1896 + to one of his sisters, in allusion to a death which had + recently occurred in the family:— + </p> + <blockquote> + It is getting increasingly difficult now to remember + <i>which</i> of one's friends remain alive, and + <i>which</i> have gone "into the land of the great + departed, into the silent land." Also, such news comes less + and less as a shock, and more and more one realises that it + is an experience each of <i>us</i> has to face before long. + That fact is getting <i>less</i> dreamlike to me now, and I + sometimes think what a grand thing it will be to be able to + say to oneself, "Death is <i>over</i> now; there is not + <i>that</i> experience to be faced again."<br> + <br> + I am beginning to think that, if the <i>books I</i> am + still hoping to write are to be done <i>at all,</i> they + must be done <i>now</i>, and that I am <i>meant</i> thus to + utilise the splendid health I have had, unbroken, for the + last year and a half, and the working powers that are fully + as great as, if not greater, than I have ever had. I + brought with me here (this letter was written from + Eastbourne) the MS., such as it is (very fragmentary and + unarranged) for the book about religious difficulties, and + I meant, when I came here, to devote myself to that, but I + have changed my plan. It seems to me that <i>that</i> + subject is one that hundreds of living men could do, if + they would only try, <i>much</i> better than I could, + whereas there is no living man who could (or at any rate + who would take the trouble to) arrange and finish and + publish the second part of the "Logic." Also, I <i>have</i> + the Logic book in my head; it will only need three or four + months to write out, and I have <i>not</i> got the other + book in my head, and it might take years to think out. So I + have decided to get Part ii. finished <i>first</i>, and I + am working at it day and night. I have taken to early + rising, and sometimes sit down to my work before seven, and + have one and a half hours at it before breakfast. The book + will be a great novelty, and will help, I fully believe, to + make the study of Logic <i>far</i> easier than it now is. + And it will, I also believe, be a help to religious thought + by giving <i>clearness</i> of conception and of expression, + which may enable many people to face, and conquer, many + religious difficulties for themselves. So I do really + regard it as work for <i>God</i>. + </blockquote> + <p> + Another letter, written a few months later to Miss Dora + Abdy, deals with the subject of "Reverence," which Mr. + Dodgson considered a virtue not held in sufficient esteem + nowadays:— + </p> + <blockquote> + My Dear Dora,—In correcting the proofs of "Through the + Looking-Glass" (which is to have "An Easter Greeting" + inserted at the end), I am reminded that in that letter (I + enclose a copy), I had tried to express my thoughts on the + very subject we talked about last night—the relation of + <i>laughter</i> to religious thought. One of the hardest + things in the world is to convey a meaning accurately from + one mind to another, but the <i>sort</i> of meaning I want + to convey to other minds is that while the laughter of + <i>joy</i> is in full harmony with our deeper life, the + laughter of amusement should be kept apart from it. The + danger is too great of thus learning to look at solemn + things in a spirit of <i>mockery</i>, and to seek in them + opportunities for exercising <i>wit</i>. That is the spirit + which has spoiled, for me, the beauty of some of the Bible. + Surely there is a deep meaning in our prayer, "Give us an + heart to love and <i>dread</i> Thee." We do not mean + <i>terror</i>: but a dread that will harmonise with love; + "respect" we should call it as towards a human being, + "reverence" as towards God and all religious things.<br> + <br> + Yours affectionately,<br> + <br> + C.L. Dodgson. + </blockquote> + <p> + In his "Game of Logic" Lewis Carroll introduced an original + method of working logical problems by means of diagrams; + this method he superseded in after years for a much simpler + one, the method of "Subscripts." + </p> + <p> + In "Symbolic Logic, Part i." (London: Macmillan, 1896) he + employed both methods. The Introduction is specially + addressed "to Learners," whom Lewis Carroll advises to read + the book straight through, without <i>dipping</i>. + </p> + <blockquote> + This Rule [he says] is very desirable with other kinds of + books—such as novels, for instance, where you may easily + spoil much of the enjoyment you would otherwise get from + the story by dipping into it further on, so that what the + author meant to be a pleasant surprise comes to you as a + matter of course. Some people, I know, make a practice of + looking into vol. iii. first, just to see how the story + ends; and perhaps it <i>is</i> as well just to know that + all ends <i>happily</i>—that the much persecuted lovers + <i>do</i> marry after all, that he is proved to be quite + innocent of the murder, that the wicked cousin is + completely foiled in his plot, and gets the punishment he + deserves, and that the rich uncle in India (<i>Qu.</i> Why + in <i>India ? Ans.</i> Because, somehow, uncles never + <i>can</i> get rich anywhere else) dies at exactly the + right moment—before taking the trouble to read vol i. This, + I say, is <i>just</i> permissible with a <i>novel</i>, + where vol. iii. has a <i>meaning</i>, even for those who + have not read the earlier part of the story; but with a + <i>scientific</i> book, it is sheer insanity. You will find + the latter part <i>hopelessly</i> unintelligible, if you + read it before reaching it in regular course. + </blockquote><br> + <br> + <hr> + <br> + <br> + <h2> + <a name="CHAPTER_IX_T"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_IX">CHAPTER + IX</a> + </h2><br> + <h4> + (1897—1898) + </h4> + <blockquote> + Logic-lectures—Irreverent anecdotes—Tolerance of his + religious views—A mathematical discovery—"The Little + Minister" Sir George Baden-Powell—Last illness—"Thy will be + done"—"Wonderland" at last!—Letters from friends "Three + Sunsets"—"Of such is the kingdom of Heaven." + </blockquote> + <p> + The year 1897, the last complete year which he was destined + to spend, began for Mr. Dodgson at Guildford. On January + 3rd he preached in the morning at the beautiful old church + of S. Mary's, the church which he always attended when he + was staying with his sisters at the Chestnuts. + </p> + <p> + On the 5th he began a course of Logic Lectures at Abbot's + Hospital. The Rev. A. Kingston, late curate of Holy Trinity + and S. Mary's Parishes, Guildford, had requested him to do + this, and he had given his promise if as many as six people + could be got together to hear him. Mr. Kingston canvassed + the town so well that an audience of about thirty attended + the first lecture. + </p> + <table align="Left" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="513"></a> + <img src="Images/513.png" alt="513.png"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T513"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> +<div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>LEWIS CARROLL.<br> + <i>From a photograph</i>.</b></div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + A long Sunday walk was always a feature of Mr. Dodgson's + life in the vacations. In earlier years the late Mr. W. + Watson was his usual companion at Guildford. The two men + were in some respects very much alike; a peculiar + gentleness of character, a winning charm of manner which no + one could resist, distinguished them both. After Mr. + Watson's death his companion was usually one of the + following Guildford clergymen: the Rev. J.H. Robson, LL.D., + the Rev. H.R. Ware, and the Rev. A. Kingston. + </p> + <p> + On the 26th Mr. Dodgson paid a visit to the Girls' High + School, to show the pupils some mathematical puzzles, and + to teach the elder ones his "Memoria Technica." On the 28th + he returned to Oxford, so as to be up in time for term. + </p> + <p> + I have said that he always refused invitations to dinner; + accordingly his friends who knew of this peculiarity, and + wished to secure him for a special evening, dared not + actually invite him, but wrote him little notes stating + that on such and such days they would be dining at home. + Thus there is an entry in his Journal for February 10th: + </p> + <blockquote> + "Dined with Mrs. G—(She had not sent an 'invitation'—only + 'information')." + </blockquote> + <p> + His system of symbolic logic enabled him to work out the + most complex problems with absolute certainty in a + surprisingly short time. Thus he wrote on the 15th: "Made a + splendid logic-problem, about "great-grandsons" (modelled + on one by De Morgan). My method of solution is quite new, + and I greatly doubt if any one will solve the Problem. I + have sent it to Cook Wilson." + </p> + <p> + On March 7th he preached in the University Church, the + first occasion on which he had done so:— + </p> + <blockquote> + There is now [he writes] a system established of a course + of six sermons at S. Mary's each year, for University men + <i>only</i>, and specially meant for undergraduates. They + are preached, preceded by a few prayers and a hymn, at + half-past eight. This evening ended the course for this + term: and it was my great privilege to preach. It has been + the most formidable sermon I have ever had to preach, and + it is a <i>great</i> relief to have it over. I took, as + text, Job xxviii. 28, "And unto man he said, The fear of + the Lord, that is wisdom"—and the prayer in the Litany + "Give us an heart to love and dread thee." It lasted + three-quarters of an hour. + </blockquote> + <p> + One can imagine how he would have treated the subject. The + views which he held on the subject of reverence were, so at + least it appears to me, somewhat exaggerated; they are well + expressed in a letter which he wrote to a friend of his, + during the year, and which runs as follows:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Dear—, After changing my mind several times, I have at last + decided to venture to ask a favour of you, and to trust + that you will not misinterpret my motives in doing so.<br> + <br> + The favour I would ask is, that you will not tell me any + more stories, such as you did on Friday, of remarks which + children are said to have made on very sacred + subjects—remarks which most people would recognise as + irreverent, if made by <i>grown-up people</i>, but which + are assumed to be innocent when made by children who are + unconscious of any irreverence, the strange conclusion + being drawn that they are therefore innocent when + <i>repeated</i> by a grown-up person.<br> + <br> + The misinterpretation I would guard against is, your + supposing that I regard such repetition as always + <i>wrong</i> in any grown-up person. Let me assure you that + I do <i>not</i> so regard it. I am always willing to + believe that those who repeat such stories differ wholly + from myself in their views of what is, and what is not, + fitting treatment of sacred things, and I fully recognise + that what would certainly be wrong in <i>me</i>, is not + necessarily so in <i>them</i>.<br> + <br> + So I simply ask it as a personal favour to myself. The + hearing of that anecdote gave me so much pain, and spoiled + so much the pleasure of my tiny dinner-party, that I feel + sure you will kindly spare me such in future.<br> + <br> + One further remark. There are quantities of such anecdotes + going about. I don't in the least believe that 5 per cent. + of them were ever said by <i>children</i>. I feel sure that + most of them are concocted by people who <i>wish</i> to + bring sacred subjects into ridicule—sometimes by people who + <i>wish</i> to undermine the belief that others have in + religious truths: for there is no surer way of making one's + beliefs <i>unreal</i> than by learning to associate them + with ludicrous ideas.<br> + <br> + Forgive the freedom with which I have said all this.<br> + <br> + Sincerely yours,<br> + <br> + C.L. Dodgson. + </blockquote> + <p> + The entry in the Diary for April 11th (Sunday) is + interesting:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Went my eighteen-mile round by Besilsleigh. From my rooms + back to them again, took me five hours and twenty-seven + minutes. Had "high tea" at twenty minutes past seven. This + entails only leaving a plate of cold meat, and gives much + less trouble than hot dinner at six.<br> + <br> + Dinner at six has been my rule since January 31st, when it + began—I then abandoned the seven o'clock Sunday dinner, of + which I entirely disapprove. It has prevented, for two + terms, the College Servants' Service. + </blockquote> + <p> + On May 12th he wrote:— + </p> + <blockquote> + As the Prince of Wales comes this afternoon to open the + Town Hall, I went round to the Deanery to invite them to + come through my rooms upon the roof, to see the procession + arrive.... A party of about twenty were on my roof in the + afternoon, including Mrs. Moberly, Mrs. Driver, and Mrs. + Baynes, and most, if not all, of the children in Christ + Church. Dinner in Hall at eight. The Dean had the Prince on + his right, and Lord Salisbury on his left. My place was + almost <i>vis—à—vis</i> with the Prince. He and the + Dean were the only speakers. We did not get out of Hall + till nearly ten. + </blockquote> + <p> + In June he bought a "Whiteley Exerciser," and fixed it up + in his rooms. One would have thought that he would have + found his long walks sufficient exercise (an eighteen-mile + round was, as we have seen, no unusual thing for him to + undertake), but apparently it was not so. He was so pleased + with the "Exerciser," that he bought several more of them, + and made presents of them to his friends. + </p> + <p> + As an instance of his broad-mindedness, the following + extract from his Diary for June 20th is interesting. It + must be premised that E—was a young friend of his who had + recently become a member of the Roman Catholic Church, and + that their place of worship in Oxford is dedicated to S. + Aloysius. + </p> + <blockquote> + I went with E— to S. Aloysius. There was much beauty in the + service, part of which consisted in a procession, with + banner, all round the church, carrying the Host, preceded + by a number of girls in white, with veils (who had all had + their first communion that morning), strewing flowers. Many + of them were quite little things of about seven. The sermon + (by Father Richardson) was good and interesting, and in a + very loyal tone about the Queen. + </blockquote> + <p> + A letter he wrote some years before to a friend who had + asked him about his religious opinions reveals the same + catholicity of mind:— + </p> + <blockquote> + I am a member of the English Church, and have taken + Deacon's Orders, but did not think fit (for reasons I need + not go into) to take Priest's Orders. My dear father was + what is called a "High Churchman," and I naturally adopted + those views, but have always felt repelled by the yet + higher development called "Ritualism."<br> + <br> + But I doubt if I am fully a "High Churchman" now. I find + that as life slips away (I am over fifty now), and the life + on the other side of the great river becomes more and more + the reality, of which <i>this</i> is only a shadow, that + the petty distinctions of the many creeds of Christendom + tend to slip away as well—leaving only the great truths + which all Christians believe alike. More and more, as I + read of the Christian religion, as Christ preached it, I + stand amazed at the forms men have given to it, and the + fictitious barriers they have built up between themselves + and their brethren. I believe that when you and I come to + lie down for the last time, if only we can keep firm hold + of the great truths Christ taught us—our own utter + worthlessness and His infinite worth; and that He has + brought us back to our one Father, and made us His + brethren, and so brethren to one another—we shall have all + we need to guide us through the shadows.<br> + <br> + Most assuredly I accept to the full the doctrines you refer + to—that Christ died to save us, that we have no other way + of salvation open to us but through His death, and that it + is by faith in Him, and through no merit of ours, that we + are reconciled to God; and most assuredly I can cordially + say, "I owe all to Him who loved me, and died on the Cross + of Calvary." + </blockquote> + <p> + He spent the Long Vacation at Eastbourne as usual, + frequently walking over to Hastings, which is about twenty + miles off. A good many of his mornings were spent in giving + lectures and telling stories at schools. + </p> + <p> + A letter to the widow of an old college friend reveals the + extraordinary sensitiveness of his nature:— + </p> + <blockquote> + 2, Bedford Well Road, Eastbourne,<br> + <br> + <i>August</i> 2, 1897.<br> + <br> + My Dear Mrs. Woodhouse,—Your letter, with its mournful + news, followed me down here, and I only got it on Saturday + night; so I was not able to be with you in thought when the + mortal remains of my dear old friend were being committed + to the ground; to await the time when our Heavenly Father + shall have accomplished the number of His elect, and when + you and I shall once more meet the loved ones from whom we + are, for a little while only—what a little while even a + long human life lasts!—parted in sorrow, yet <i>not</i> + sorrowing as those without hope.<br> + <br> + You will be sure without words of mine, that you have my + true and deep sympathy. Of all the friends I made at Ch. + Ch., your husband was the very <i>first</i> who spoke to + me—across the dinner-table in Hall. That is forty-six years + ago, but I remember, as if it were only yesterday, the + kindly smile with which he spoke.... + </blockquote> + <p> + September 27th and 28th are marked in his Diary "with a + white stone":— + </p> + <blockquote> + <i>Sept. 27th.—Dies notandus.</i> Discovered rule for + dividing a number by 9, by mere addition and subtraction. I + felt sure there must be an analogous one for 11, and found + it, and proved first rule by algebra, after working about + nine hours!<br> + <br> + <i>Sept. 28th.—Dies cretâ notandus.</i> I have + actually <i>superseded</i> the rules discovered yesterday! + My new rules require to ascertain the 9—remainder, and the + 11—remainder, which the others did <i>not</i> require; but + the new ones are much the quickest. I shall send them to + <i>The Educational Times</i> , with date of discovery. + </blockquote> + <p> + On November 4th he wrote:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Completed a rule for dividing a given number by any divisor + that is within 10 of a power of 10, either way. The + <i>principle</i> of it is not my discovery, but was sent me + by Bertram Collingwood—a rule for dividing by a divisor + which is within 10 of a power of 10, <i>below</i> it. + </blockquote> + <p> + My readers will not be surprised to learn that only eight + days after this he had superseded his rule:— + </p> + <blockquote> + An inventive morning! After waking, and before I had + finished dressing, I had devised a new and much neater form + in which to work my Rules for Long Division, and also + decided to bring out my "Games and Puzzles," and Part iii. + of "Curiosa Mathematica," in <i>Numbers</i> , in paper + covers, paged consecutively, to be ultimately issued in + boards. + </blockquote> + <p> + On November 20th he spent the day in London, with the + object of seeing "The Little Minister" at the Haymarket. "A + beautiful play, beautifully acted," he calls it, and says + that he should like to see it "again and again." He + especially admired the acting of Mrs. Cyril Maude (Miss + Winifred Emery) as Lady Babbie. This was the last + theatrical performance he ever witnessed. + </p> + <p> + He apparently kept rough notes for his Diary, and only + wrote it up every few weeks, as there are no entries at all + for 1898, nor even for the last week of 1897. The + concluding page runs as follows:— + </p> + <blockquote> + <i>Dec. (W.) 10 a.m.</i>—I am in my large room, with no + fire, and open window—temperature 54°.<br> + <br> + <i>Dec. 17 (F.).</i>—Maggie [one of his sisters], and our + nieces Nella and Violet, came to dinner.<br> + <br> + <i>Dec. 19 (Sun.).</i>—Sat up last night till 4 a.m., over + a tempting problem, sent me from New York, "to find 3 equal + rational-sided rt.-angled <i>triangles</i> ." I found + <i>two</i>, whose sides are 20, 21, 29; 12, 35, 37; but + could not find <i>three</i>.<br> + <br> + <i>Dec. 23(Th.).</i>—I start for Guildford by the 2.7 + today. + </blockquote> + <p> + As my story of Lewis Carroll's life draws near its end, I + have received some "Stray Reminiscences" from Sir George + Baden-Powell, M.P., which, as they refer to several + different periods of time, are as appropriate here as in + any other part of the book. The Rev. E.H. Dodgson, referred + to in these reminiscences, is a younger brother of Lewis + Carroll's; he spent several years of his life upon the + remote island of Tristan d'Acunha, where there were only + about seventy or eighty inhabitants besides himself. About + once a year a ship used to call, when the island-folk would + exchange their cattle for cloth, corn, tea, &c., which + they could not produce themselves. The island is volcanic + in origin, and is exposed to the most terrific gales; the + building used as a church stood at some distance from Mr. + Dodgson's dwelling, and on one occasion the wind was so + strong that he had to crawl on his hands and knees for the + whole distance that separated the two buildings. + </p> + <blockquote> + My first introduction (writes Sir George Baden-Powell) to + the author of "Through the Looking-Glass" was about the + year 1870 or 1871, and under appropriate conditions! I was + then coaching at Oxford with the well-known Rev. E. Hatch, + and was on friendly terms with his bright and pretty + children. Entering his house one day, and facing the + dining-room, I heard mysterious noises under the table, and + saw the cloth move as if some one were hiding. Children's + legs revealed it as no burglar, and there was nothing for + it but to crawl upon them, roaring as a lion. Bursting in + upon them in their strong-hold under the table, I was met + by the staid but amused gaze of a reverend gentleman. + Frequently afterwards did I see and hear "Lewis Carroll" + entertaining the youngsters in his inimitable way.<br> + <br> + We became friends, and greatly did I enjoy intercourse with + him over various minor Oxford matters. In later years, at + one time I saw much of him, in quite another + <i>rôle</i>—namely that of ardent sympathy with the, + as he thought, ill-treated and deserted islanders of + Tristan d'Acunha. His brother, it will be remembered, had + voluntarily been left at that island with a view to + ministering to the spiritual and educational needs of the + few settlers, and sent home such graphic accounts and + urgent demands for aid, that "Lewis Carroll" spared no + pains to organise assistance and relief. At his instance I + brought the matter before Government and the House of + Commons, and from that day to this frequent communication + has been held with the islanders, and material assistance + has been rendered them—thanks to the warm heart of "Lewis + Carroll." + </blockquote> + <p> + On December 23, 1897, as the note in his Diary states, he + went down, in accordance with his usual custom, to + Guildford, to spend Christmas with his sisters at the + Chestnuts. He seemed to be in his ordinary health, and in + the best of spirits, and there was nothing to show that the + end was so near. + </p> + <table align="Center" cellpadding="2" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="514"></a> + <img src="Images/514.png" alt="514.png"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T514"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> +<div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>THE CHESTNUTS, GUILDFORD.<br> + <i>From a photograph</i>.</b></div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + At Guildford he was hard at work upon the second part of + his "Symbolic Logic," spending most of the day over this + task. This book, alas! he was not destined to finish, which + is the more to be regretted as it will be exceedingly + difficult for any one else to take up the thread of the + argument, even if any one could be found willing to give + the great amount of time and trouble which would be needed. + </p> + <p> + On January 5th my father, the Rev. C.S. Collingwood, Rector + of Southwick, near Sunderland, died after a very short + illness. The telegram which brought Mr. Dodgson the news of + this contained the request that he would come at once. He + determined to travel north the next day—but it was not to + be so. An attack of influenza, which began only with slight + hoarseness, yet enough to prevent him from following his + usual habit of reading family prayers, was pronounced next + morning to be sufficiently serious to forbid his + undertaking a journey. At first his illness seemed a + trifle, but before a week had passed bronchial symptoms had + developed, and Dr. Gabb, the family physician, ordered him + to keep his bed. His breathing rapidly became hard and + laborious, and he had to be propped up with pillows. A few + days before his death he asked one of his sisters to read + him that well-known hymn, every verse of which ends with + 'Thy Will be done.' To another he said that his illness was + a great trial of his patience. How great a trial it must + have been it is hard for us to understand. With the work he + had set himself still uncompleted, with a sense of youth + and joyousness, which sixty years of the battle of life had + in no way dulled, Lewis Carroll had to face death. He + seemed to know that the struggle was over. "Take away those + pillows," he said on the 13th, "I shall need them no more." + The end came about half-past two on the afternoon of the + 14th. One of his sisters was in the room at the time, and + she only noticed that the hard breathing suddenly ceased. + The nurse, whom she summoned, at first hoped that this was + a sign that he had taken a turn for the better. And so, + indeed, he had—he had passed from a world of incompleteness + and disappointment, to another where God is putting his + beautiful soul to nobler and grander work than was possible + for him here, where he is learning to comprehend those + difficulties which used to puzzle him so much, and where + that infinite Love, which he mirrored so wonderfully in his + own life, is being revealed to him "face to face." + </p> + <p> + In accordance with his expressed wish, the funeral was + simple in the extreme—flowers, and flowers only, adorned + the plain coffin. There was no hearse to drag it up the + steep incline that leads to the beautiful cemetery where he + lies. The service was taken by Dean Paget and Canon Grant, + Rector of Holy Trinity and S. Mary's, Guildford. The + mourners who followed him in the quiet procession were + few—but the mourners who were not there, and many of whom + had never seen him—who shall tell <i>their</i> number? + </p> + <p> + After the grave had been filled up, the wreaths which had + covered the coffin were placed upon it. Many were from + "child-friends" and bore such inscriptions as "From two of + his child-friends"—"To the sweetest soul that ever looked + with human eyes," &c. Then the mourners left him alone + there—up on the pleasant downs where he had so often + walked. + </p> + <p> + A marble cross, under the shadow of a pine, marks the spot, + and beneath his own name they have engraved the name of + "Lewis Carroll," that the children who pass by may remember + their friend, who is now—himself a child in all that makes + childhood most attractive—in that "Wonderland" which + outstrips all our dreams and hopes. + </p> + <p> + I cannot forbear quoting from Professor Sanday's sermon at + Christ Church on the Sunday after his death:— + </p> + <blockquote> + The world will think of Lewis Carroll as one who opened out + a new vein in literature, a new and a delightful vein, + which added at once mirth and refinement to life.... May we + not say that from our courts at Christ Church there has + flowed into the literature of our time a rill, bright and + sparkling, health-giving and purifying, wherever its waters + extend? + </blockquote> + <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="515"></a> + <img src="Images/515.png" alt="515.png"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T515"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> +<div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>LEWIS CARROLL'S GRAVE.<br> + <i>From a photograph</i>.</b></div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + On the following Sunday Dean Paget, in the course of a + sermon on the "Virtue of Simplicity," said:— + </p> + <blockquote> + We may differ, according to our difference of taste or + temperament, in appraising Charles Dodgson's genius; but + that that great gift was his, that his best work ranks with + the very best of its kind, this has been owned with a + recognition too wide and spontaneous to leave room for + doubt. The brilliant, venturesome imagination, defying + forecast with ever-fresh surprise; the sense of humour in + its finest and most naïve form; the power to touch + with lightest hand the undercurrent of pathos in the midst + of fun; the audacity of creative fancy, and the delicacy of + insight—these are rare gifts; and surely they were his. + Yes, but it was his simplicity of mind and heart that + raised them all, not only in his work but in his life, in + all his ways, in the man as we knew him, to something + higher than any mere enumeration of them tells: that almost + curious simplicity, at times, that real and touching + child-likeness that marked him in all fields of thought, + appearing in his love of children and in their love of him, + in his dread of giving pain to any living creature, in a + certain disproportion, now and then, of the view he took of + things—yes, and also in that deepest life, where the pure + in heart and those who become as little children see the + very truth and walk in the fear and love of God. + </blockquote> + <p> + Some extracts from the numerous sympathetic letters + received by Mr. Dodgson's brothers and sisters will show + how greatly his loss was felt. Thus Canon Jelf writes:— + </p> + <blockquote> + It was quite a shock to me to see in the paper to-day the + death of your dear, good brother, to whom we owe so much of + the brightening of our lives with pure, innocent fun. + Personally I feel his loss very much indeed. We were + together in old Ch. Ch. days from 1852 onwards; and he was + always such a loyal, faithful friend to me. I rejoice to + think of the <i>serious</i> talks we had together—of the + grand, brave way in which he used the opportunities he had + as a man of humour, to reach the consciences of a host of + readers—of his love for children—his simplicity of heart—of + his care for servants—his spiritual care for them. Who can + doubt that he was fully prepared for a change however + sudden—for the one clear call which took him away from us? + Yet the world seems darker for his going; we can only get + back our brightness by realising Who gave him all his + talent, all his mirth of heart—the One who never leaves us. + In deep sympathy,<br> + <br> + Yours very sincerely,<br> + <br> + George E. Jelf.<br> + <br> + P.S.—When you have time tell me a little about him; he was + so dear to me. + </blockquote> + <p> + Mr. Frederic Harrison writes as follows:— + </p> + <blockquote> + The occasional visits that I received from your late + brother showed me a side of his nature which to my mind was + more interesting and more worthy of remembrance even than + his wonderful and delightful humour—I mean his intense + sympathy with all who suffer and are in need.<br> + <br> + He came to see me several times on sundry errands of mercy, + and it has been a lesson to me through life to remember his + zeal to help others in difficulty, his boundless + generosity, and his inexhaustible patience with folly and + error.<br> + <br> + My young daughter, like all young people in civilised + countries, was brought up on his beautiful fancies and + humours. But for my part I remember him mainly as a sort of + missionary to all in need. We all alike grieve, and offer + you our heartfelt sympathy.<br> + <br> + I am, faithfully yours,<br> + <br> + Frederic Harrison. + </blockquote> + <p> + His old friend and tutor. Dr. Price, writes:— + </p> + <blockquote> + ... I feel his removal from among us as the loss of an old + and dear friend and pupil, to whom I have been most warmly + attached ever since he was with me at Whitby, reading + mathematics, in, I think, 1853—44 years ago! And 44 years + of uninterrupted friendship .... I was pleased to read + yesterday in <i>The Times</i> newspaper the kindly obituary + notice: perfectly just and true; appreciative, as it should + be, as to the unusual combination of deep mathematical + ability and taste with the genius that led to the writing + of "Alice's Adventures."<br> + <br> + Only the other day [writes a lady friend] he wrote to me + about his admiration for my dear husband, and he ended his + letter thus: "I trust that when <i>my</i> time comes, I may + be found, like him, working to the last, and ready for the + Master's call"—and truly so he was. + </blockquote> + <p> + A friend at Oxford writes:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Mr. Dodgson was ever the kindest and gentlest of friends, + bringing sunshine into the house with him. We shall mourn + his loss deeply, and my two girls are quite overcome with + grief. All day memories of countless acts of kindness shown + to me, and to people I have known, have crowded my mind, + and I feel it almost impossible to realise that he has + passed beyond the reach of our gratitude and affection. + </blockquote> + <p> + The following are extracts from letters written by some of + his "child-friends," now grown up:— + </p> + <blockquote> + How beautiful to think of the track of light and love he + has left behind him, and the amount of happiness he brought + into the lives of all those he came in contact with! I + shall never forget all his kindness to us, from the time he + first met us as little mites in the railway train, and one + feels glad to have had the privilege of knowing him. + </blockquote> + <p> + One of Mr. Dodgson's oldest "child-friends" writes:— + </p> + <blockquote> + He was to me a dear and true friend, and it has been my + great privilege to see a good deal of him ever since I was + a tiny child, and especially during the last two years. I + cannot tell you how much we shall miss him here. Ch. Ch. + without Mr. Dodgson will be a strange place, and it is + difficult to realise it even while we listen to the special + solemn anthems and hymns to his memory in our cathedral. + </blockquote> + <p> + One who had visited him at Guildford, writes:— + </p> + <blockquote> + It must be quite sixteen years now since he first made + friends with my sister and myself as children on the beach + at Eastbourne, and since then his friendship has been and + must always be one of my most valued possessions. It + culminated, I think, in the summer of 1892—the year when he + brought me to spend a very happy Sunday at Guildford. I had + not seen him before, that year, for some time; and it was + then, I think, that the childish delight in his kindness, + and pride in his friendship, changed into higher love and + reverence, when in our long walks over the downs I saw more + and more into the great tenderness and gentleness of his + nature. + </blockquote> + <p> + Shortly after Mr. Dodgson's death, his "Three Sunsets" was + published by Messrs. Macmillan. The twelve "Fairy Fancies," + which illustrate it, were drawn by Miss E. G. Thomson. + Though they are entirely unconnected with the text, they + are so thoroughly in accordance with the author's delicate + refinement, and so beautiful in themselves, that they do + not strike one as inappropriate. + </p> + <p> + Some of the verses are strangely in keeping with the time + at which they are published. + </p><span class="c6">I could not see, for blinding + tears,</span><br> + <span class="c11">The glories of the west:</span><br> + <span class="c6">A heavenly music filled my ears,</span><br> + <span class="c11">A heavenly peace my breast.</span><br> + <span class="c6">"Come unto me, come unto me—</span><br> + <span class="c6">All ye that labour, unto me—</span><br> + <span class="c6">Ye heavy-laden, come to me—</span><br> + <span class="c11">And I will give you rest."</span><br> + <p> + One cannot read this little volume without feeling that the + shadow of some disappointment lay over Lewis Carroll's + life. Such I believe to have been the case, and it was this + that gave him his wonderful sympathy with all who suffered. + But those who loved him would not wish to lift the veil + from these dead sanctities, nor would any purpose be served + by so doing. The proper use of sympathy is not to weep over + sorrows that are over, and whose very memory is perhaps + obliterated for him in the first joy of possessing new and + higher faculties. + </p> + <p> + Before leaving the subject of this book, I should like to + draw attention to a few lines on "woman's mission," lines + full of the noblest chivalry, reminding one of Tennyson's + "Idylls of the King":— + </p><span class="c11">In the darkest path of man's + despair,</span><br> + <span class="c6">Where War and Terror shake the troubled + earth,</span><br> + <span class="c6">Lies woman's mission; with unblenching + brow</span><br> + <span class="c6">To pass through scenes of horror and + affright</span><br> + <span class="c6">Where men grow sick and tremble: unto + her</span><br> + <span class="c6">All things are sanctified, for all are + good.</span><br> + <span class="c6">Nothing so mean, but shall deserve her + care:</span><br> + <span class="c6">Nothing so great, but she may bear her + part.</span><br> + <span class="c6">No life is vain: each hath his place + assigned:</span><br> + <span class="c6">Do thou thy task, and leave the rest to + God.</span><br> + <p> + Of the unpublished works which Mr. Dodgson left behind him, + I may mention "Original Games and Puzzles"; "Symbolic + Logic, Part ii.," and a portion of a mathematical book, the + proofs of which are now in the hands of the Controller of + the Oxford University Press. + </p> + <p> + I will conclude this chapter with a poem which appeared in + <i>Punch</i> for January 29th, a fortnight after Lewis + Carroll's death. It expresses, with all the grace and + insight of the true poet, what I have tried, so feebly and + ineffectually, to say:—<br> + <span class="c12">LEWIS CARROLL.</span><br> + <br> + <i>Born</i> 1832. <i>Died January</i> 14, 1898.<br> + <br> + <span class="c6">Lover of children! Fellow-heir with + those</span><br> + <span class="c11">Of whom the imperishable kingdom + is!</span><br> + <span class="c6">Beyond all dreaming now your spirit + knows</span><br> + <span class="c11">The unimagined mysteries.</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c6">Darkly as in a glass our faces + look</span><br> + <span class="c11">To read ourselves, if so we may, + aright;</span><br> + <span class="c6">You, like the maiden in your faërie + book—</span><br> + <span class="c11">You step behind and see the + light!</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c6">The heart you wore beneath your pedant's + cloak</span><br> + <span class="c11">Only to children's hearts you gave + away;</span><br> + <span class="c6">Yet unaware in half the world you + woke</span><br> + <span class="c11">The slumbering charm of childhood's + day.</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c6">We older children, too, our loss + lament,</span><br> + <span class="c11">We of the "Table Round," remembering + well</span><br> + <span class="c6">How he, our comrade, with his pencil + lent</span><br> + <span class="c11">Your fancy's speech a firmer + spell.</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c6">Master of rare woodcraft, by + sympathy's</span><br> + <span class="c11">Sure touch he caught your visionary + gleams,</span><br> + <span class="c6">And made your fame, the dreamer's, one + with his.</span><br> + <span class="c11">The wise interpreter of + dreams.</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c6">Farewell! But near our hearts we + have you yet,</span><br> + <span class="c11">Holding our heritage with loving + hand,</span><br> + <span class="c6">Who may not follow where your feet are + set</span><br> + <span class="c11">Upon the ways of Wonderland.<a name="FNanchor025"></a><a href="#Footnote_025"><sup>[025]</sup></a></span> + </p> + <table align="Center" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="516"></a> + <img src="Images/516.png" alt="516.png"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T516"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> +<div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>LORINA AND ALICE LIDDELL.<br> + <i>From a photograph</i><br> + by Lewis Carroll.</b></div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table><br> + <br> + <hr> + <br> + <br> + <h2> + <a name="CHAPTER_X_T"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_X">CHAPTER + X</a> + </h2><br> + <h4> + CHILD FRIENDS + </h4> + <blockquote> + Mr. Dodgson's fondness for children—Miss Isabel + Standen—Puzzles—"Me and Myself"—A double acrostic—"Father + William"—Of drinking healths—Kisses by post—Tired in the + face—The unripe plum—Eccentricities—"Sylvie and Bruno"—"Mr. + Dodgson is going on <i>well</i>." + </blockquote> + <p> + This chapter, and the next will deal with Mr. Dodgson's + friendships with children. It would have been impossible to + arrange them in chronological sequence in the earlier part + of this book, and the fact that they exhibit a very + important and distinct side of his nature seems to justify + me in assigning them a special and individual position. + </p> + <p> + For the contents of these two chapters, both my readers and + myself owe a debt of gratitude to those child-friends of + his, without whose ever-ready help this book could never + have been written. + </p> + <p> + From very early college days began to emerge that beautiful + side of Lewis Carroll's character which afterwards was to + be, next to his fame as an author, the one for which he was + best known—his attitude towards children, and the strong + attraction they had for him. I shall attempt to point out + the various influences which led him in this direction; but + if I were asked for one comprehensive word wide enough to + explain this tendency of his nature, I would answer + unhesitatingly—Love. My readers will remember a beautiful + verse in "Sylvie and Bruno"; trite though it is, I cannot + forbear to quote it— + </p><span class="c1">Say, whose is the skill that paints + valley and hill,</span><br> + <span class="c2">Like a picture so fair to the + sight?</span><br> + <span class="c1">That flecks the green meadow with sunshine + and shadow,</span><br> + <span class="c2">Till the little lambs leap with + delight?</span><br> + <span class="c1">'Tis a secret untold to hearts cruel and + cold,</span><br> + <span class="c2">Though 'tis sung by the angels + above,</span><br> + <span class="c1">In notes that ring clear for the ears that + can hear,</span><br> + <span class="c2">And the name of the secret is + Love!</span><br> + <p> + That "secret"—an open secret for him—explains this side of + his character. As <i>he</i> read everything in its light, + so it is only in its light that <i>we</i> can properly + understand <i>him</i>. I think that the following quotation + from a letter to the Rev. F. H. Atkinson, accompanying a + copy of "Alice" for his little daughter Gertrude, + sufficiently proves the truth of what I have just stated:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Many thanks to Mrs. Atkinson and to you for the sight of + the tinted photograph of your Gertrude. As you say, the + picture speaks for itself, and I can see exactly what sort + of a child she is, in proof of which I send her my love and + a kiss herewith. It is possible I may be the first (unseen) + gentleman from whom she has had so ridiculous a message; + but I can't say she is the first unseen child to whom I + have sent one! I think the most precious message of the + kind I ever got from a child I never saw (and never shall + see in this world) was to the effect that she liked me when + she read about Alice, "but please tell him, whenever I read + that Easter letter he sent me I <i>do</i> love him!" She + was in a hospital, and a lady friend who visited there had + asked me to send the letter to her and some other sick + children. + </blockquote> + <p> + And now as to the secondary causes which attracted him to + children. First, I think children appealed to him because + he was pre-eminently a teacher, and he saw in their + unspoiled minds the best material for him to work upon. In + later years one of his favourite recreations was to lecture + at schools on logic; he used to give personal attention to + each of his pupils, and one can well imagine with what + eager anticipation the children would have looked forward + to the visits of a schoolmaster who knew how to make even + the dullest subjects interesting and amusing. + </p> + <p> + Again, children appealed to his æsthetic faculties, + for he was a keen admirer of the beautiful in every form. + Poetry, music, the drama, all delighted him, but pictures + more than all put together. I remember his once showing me + "The Lady with the Lilacs," which Arthur Hughes had painted + for him, and how he dwelt with intense pleasure on the + exquisite contrasts of colour which it contained—the gold + hair of a girl standing out against the purple of + lilac-blossom. But with those who find in such things as + these a complete satisfaction of their desire for the + beautiful he had no sympathy; for no imperfect + representations of life could, for him, take the place of + life itself, life as God has made it—the babbling of the + brook, the singing of the birds, the laughter and sweet + faces of the children. And yet, recognising, as he did, + what Mr. Pater aptly terms "the curious perfection of the + human form," in man, as in nature, it was the soul that + attracted him more than the body. His intense admiration, + one might almost call it adoration, for the white innocence + and uncontaminated spirituality of childhood emerges most + clearly in "Sylvie and Bruno." He says very little of the + personal beauty of his heroine; he might have asked, with + Mr. Francis Thompson— + </p><span class="c1">How can I tell what beauty is her + dole,</span><br> + <span class="c1">Who cannot see her countenance for her + soul?</span><br> + <p> + So entirely occupied is he with her gentleness, her pity, + her sincerity, and her love. + </p> + <p> + Again, the reality of children appealed strongly to the + simplicity and genuineness of his own nature. I believe + that he understood children even better than he understood + men and women; civilisation has made adult humanity very + incomprehensible, for convention is as a veil which hides + the divine spark that is in each of us, and so this strange + thing has come to be, that the imperfect mirrors perfection + more completely than the perfected, that we see more of God + in the child than in the man. + </p> + <p> + And in those moments of depression of which he had his full + share, when old age seemed to mock him with all its + futility and feebleness, it was the thought that the + children still loved him which nerved him again to continue + his life-work, which renewed his youth, so that to his + friends he never seemed an old man. Even the hand of death + itself only made his face look more boyish—the word is not + too strong. "How wonderfully young your brother looks!" + were the first words the doctor said, as he returned from + the room where Lewis Carroll's body lay, to speak to the + mourners below. And so he loved children because their + friendship was the true source of his perennial youth and + unflagging vigour. This idea is expressed in the following + poem—an acrostic, which he wrote for a friend some twenty + years ago:— + </p><span class="c1">Around my lonely hearth, + to-night,</span><br> + <span class="c2">Ghostlike the shadows wander:</span><br> + <span class="c1">Now here, now there, a childish + sprite,</span><br> + <span class="c1">Earthborn and yet as angel + bright,</span><br> + <span class="c2">Seems near me as I ponder.</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c1">Gaily she shouts: the laughing + air</span><br> + <span class="c2">Echoes her note of gladness—</span><br> + <span class="c1">Or bends herself with earnest + care</span><br> + <span class="c1">Round fairy-fortress to prepare</span><br> + <span class="c1">Grim battlement or turret-stair—</span><br> + <span class="c2">In childhood's merry madness!</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c1">New raptures still hath youth in + store:</span><br> + <span class="c2">Age may but fondly cherish</span><br> + <span class="c1">Half-faded memories of yore—</span><br> + <span class="c1">Up, craven heart! repine no more!</span><br> + <span class="c1">Love stretches hands from shore to + shore:</span><br> + <span class="c2">Love is, and shall not perish!</span><br> + <p> + His first child-friend, so far as I know, was Miss Alice + Liddell, the little companion whose innocent talk was one + of the chief pleasures of his early life at Oxford, and to + whom he told the tale that was to make him famous. In + December, 1885, Miss M.E. Manners presented him with a + little volume, of which she was the authoress, "Aunt Agatha + Ann and Other Verses," and which contained a poem (which I + quoted in Chapter VI.), about "Alice." Writing to + acknowledge this gift, Lewis Carroll said:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Permit me to offer you my sincere thanks for the very sweet + verses you have written about my dream-child (named after a + real Alice, but none the less a dream-child) and her + Wonderland. That children love the book is a very precious + thought to me, and, next to their love, I value the + sympathy of those who come with a child's heart to what I + have tried to write about a child's thoughts. Next to what + conversing with an angel <i>might</i> be—for it is hard to + imagine it—comes, I think, the privilege of having a real + child's thoughts uttered to one. I have known some few + <i>real</i> children (you have too, I am sure), and their + friendship is a blessing and a help in life. + </blockquote> + <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="517"></a> + <img src="Images/517.png" alt="517.png"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T517"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> +<div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>ALICE LIDDELL.<br> + <i>From a photograph</i><br> + by Lewis Carroll.</b></div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + It is interesting to note how in "Sylvie and Bruno" his + idea of the thoughts of a child has become deeper and more + spiritual. Yet in the earlier tale, told "all in a golden + afternoon," to the plash of oars and the swish of a boat + through the waters of Cherwell or Thames, the ideal child + is strangely beautiful; she has all Sylvie's genuineness + and honesty, all her keen appreciation of the interest of + life; only there lacks that mysterious charm of deep + insight into the hidden forces of nature, the gentle power + that makes the sky "such a darling blue," which almost + links Sylvie with the angels. + </p> + <p> + Another of Lewis Carroll's early favourites was Miss + Alexandra (Xie) Kitchin, daughter of the Dean of Durham. + Her father was for fifteen years the Censor of the + unattached members of the University of Oxford, so that Mr. + Dodgson had plenty of opportunities of photographing his + little friend, and it is only fair to him to say that he + did not neglect them. + </p> + <p> + It would be futile to attempt even a bare list of the + children whom he loved, and who loved him; during forty + years of his life he was constantly adding to their number. + Some remained friends for life, but in a large proportion + of cases the friendship ended with the end of childhood. To + one of those few, whose affection for him had not waned + with increasing years, he wrote:— + </p> + <blockquote> + I always feel specially grateful to friends who, like you, + have given me a child-friendship and a woman—friendship. + About nine out of ten, I think, of my child-friendships get + ship-wrecked at the critical point, "where the stream and + river meet," and the child-friends, once so affectionate, + become uninteresting acquaintances, whom I have no wish to + set eyes on again. + </blockquote> + <table align="Left" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="518"></a> + <img src="Images/518.png" alt="518.png"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T518"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> +<div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>XIE KITCHIN.<br> + <i>From a photograph</i><br> + by Lewis Carroll.</b></div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + These friendships usually began all very much in the same + way. A chance meeting on the sea-shore, in the street, at + some friend's house, led to conversation; then followed a + call on the parents, and after that all sorts of kindnesses + on Lewis Carroll's part, presents of books, invitations to + stay with him at Oxford, or at Eastbourne, visits with him + to the theatre. For the amusement of his little guests he + kept a large assortment of musical-boxes, and an organette + which had to be fed with paper tunes. On one occasion he + ordered about twelve dozen of these tunes "on approval," + and asked one of the other dons, who was considered a judge + of music, to come in and hear them played over. In addition + to these attractions there were clock-work bears, mice, and + frogs, and games and puzzles in infinite variety. + </p> + <p> + One of his little friends, Miss Isabel Standen, has sent me + the following account of her first meeting with him:— + </p> + <blockquote> + We met for the first time in the Forbury Gardens, Reading. + He was, I believe, waiting for a train. I was playing with + my brothers and sisters in the Gardens. I remember his + taking me on his knee and showing me puzzles, one of which + he refers to in the letter (given below. This puzzle was, + by the way, a great favourite of his; the problem is to + draw three interlaced squares without going over the same + lines twice, or taking the pen off the paper), which is so + thoroughly characteristic of him in its quaint humour:— + <blockquote> + "The Chestnuts, Guildford,<br> + <i>August</i> 22, 1869.<br> + <br> + My Dear Isabel,—Though I have only been acquainted with + you for fifteen minutes, yet, as there is no one else in + Reading I have known so long, I hope you will not mind my + troubling you. Before I met you in the Gardens yesterday + I bought some old books at a shop in Reading, which I + left to be called for, and had not time to go back for + them. I didn't even remark the name of the shop, but I + can tell <i>where</i> it was, and if you know the name of + the woman who keeps the shop, and would put it into the + blank I have left in this note, and direct it to her I + should be much obliged ... A friend of mine, called Mr. + Lewis Carroll, tells me he means to send you a book. He + is a <i>very</i> dear friend of mine. I have known him + all my life (we are the same age) and have <i>never</i> + left him. Of course he was with me in the Gardens, not a + yard off—even while I was drawing those puzzles for you. + I wonder if you saw him?<br> + <br> + Your fifteen-minute friend,<br> + <br> + C.L. Dodgson.<br> + <br> + Have you succeeded in drawing the three squares?" + </blockquote> + </blockquote> + <p> + Another favourite puzzle was the following—I give it in his + own words:— + </p><span class="c1">A is to draw a fictitious map divided + into counties.</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c1">B is to colour it (or rather mark the + counties with <i>names</i> of</span><br> + <span class="c1">colours) using as few colours as + possible.</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c1">Two adjacent counties must have + <i>different</i> colours.</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c1">A's object is to force B to use as + <i>many</i> colours as possible.</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c1">How many can he force B to use?</span><br> + <p> + One of his most amusing letters was to a little girl called + Magdalen, to whom he had given a copy of his "Hunting of + the Snark":— + </p> + <blockquote> + Christ Church,<br> + <i>December</i> 15, 1875.<br> + <br> + My dear Magdalen,—I want to explain to you why I did not + call yesterday. I was sorry to miss you, but you see I had + so many conversations on the way. I tried to explain to the + people in the street that I was going to see you, but they + wouldn't listen; they said they were in a hurry, which was + rude. At last I met a wheelbarrow that I thought would + attend to me, but I couldn't make out what was in it. I saw + some features at first, then I looked through a telescope, + and found it was a countenance; then I looked through a + microscope, and found it was a face! I thought it was + father like me, so I fetched a large looking-glass to make + sure, and then to my great joy I found it was me. We shook + hands, and were just beginning to talk, when myself came up + and joined us, and we had quite a pleasant conversation. I + said, "Do you remember when we all met at Sandown?" and + myself said, "It was very jolly there; there was a child + called Magdalen," and me said, "I used to like her a + little; not much, you know—only a little." Then it was time + for us to go to the train, and who do you think came to the + station to see us off? You would never guess, so I must + tell you. They were two very dear friends of mine, who + happen to be here just now, and beg to be allowed to sign + this letter as your affectionate friends,<br> + <br> + Lewis Carroll and C.L. Dodgson. + </blockquote> + <p> + Another child-friend, Miss F. Bremer, writes as follows:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Our acquaintance began in a somewhat singular manner. We + were playing on the Fort at Margate, and a gentleman on a + seat near asked us if we could make a paper boat, with a + seat at each end, and a basket in the middle for fish! We + were, of course, enchanted with the idea, and our new + friend—after achieving the feat—gave us his card, which we + at once carried to our mother. He asked if he might call + where we were staying, and then presented my elder sister + with a copy of "Alice in Wonderland," inscribed "From the + Author." He kindly organised many little excursions for + us—chiefly in the pursuit of knowledge. One memorable visit + to a light house is still fresh in our memories. + </blockquote> + <p> + It was while calling one day upon Mrs. Bremer that he + scribbled off the following double acrostic on the names of + her two daughters— + </p> + <pre> <tt> + DOUBLE ACROSTIC—FIVE LETTERS. + + Two little girls near London dwell, + More naughty than I like to tell. + + 1. + Upon the lawn the hoops are seen: + The balls are rolling on the green. T ur F + + 2. + The Thames is running deep and wide: + And boats are rowing on the tide. R ive R + + 3. + In winter-time, all in a row, + The happy skaters come and go. I c E + + 4. + "Papa!" they cry, "Do let us stay!" + He does not speak, but says they may. N o D + + 5. + "There is a land," he says, "my dear, + Which is too hot to skate, I fear." A fric A +</tt> <br></pre> + <p> + At Margate also he met Miss Adelaide Paine, who afterwards + became one of his greatest favourites. He could not bear to + see the healthy pleasures of childhood spoiled by + conventional restraint. "One piece of advice given to my + parents," writes Miss Paine, "gave me very great glee, and + that was not to make little girls wear gloves at the + seaside; they took the advice, and I enjoyed the result." + <i>Apropos</i> of this I may mention that, when staying at + Eastbourne, he never went down to the beach without + providing himself with a supply of safety-pins. Then if he + saw any little girl who wanted to wade in the sea, but was + afraid of spoiling her frock, he would gravely go up to her + and present her with a safety-pin, so that she might fasten + up her skirts out of harm's way. + </p> + <p> + Tight boots were a great aversion of his, especially for + children. One little girl who was staying with him at + Eastbourne had occasion to buy a new pair of boots. Lewis + Carroll gave instructions to the bootmaker as to how they + were to be made, so as to be thoroughly comfortable, with + the result that when they came home they were more useful + than ornamental, being very nearly as broad as they were + long! Which shows that even hygienic principles may be + pushed too far. + </p> + <p> + The first meeting with Miss Paine took place in 1876. When + Lewis Carroll returned to Christ Church he sent her a copy + of "The Hunting of the Snark," with the following acrostic + written in the fly-leaf:— + </p> + <pre> <tt> +'A re you deaf, Father William?' the young man said, +'D id you hear what I told you just now? + E xcuse me for shouting! Don't waggle your head + L ike a blundering, sleepy old cow! + A little maid dwelling in Wallington Town, + I s my friend, so I beg to remark: + D o you think she'd be pleased if a book were sent down + E ntitled "The Hunt of the Snark?"' + +'P ack it up in brown paper!' the old man cried, +'A nd seal it with olive-and-dove. + I command you to do it!' he added with pride, +'N or forget, my good fellow, to send her beside + E aster Greetings, and give her my love.' +</tt> <br></pre> + <p> + This was followed by a letter, dated June 7, 1876:— + </p> + <blockquote> + My dear Adelaide,—Did you try if the letters at the + beginnings of the lines about Father William would spell + anything? Sometimes it happens that you can spell out words + that way, which is very curious.<br> + <br> + I wish you could have heard him when he shouted out "Pack + it up in brown paper!" It quite shook the house. And he + threw one of his shoes at his son's head (just to make him + attend, you know), but it missed him.<br> + <br> + He was glad to hear you had got the book safe, but his eyes + filled with tears as he said, "I sent <i>her</i> my love, + but she never—" he couldn't say any more, his mouth was so + full of bones (he was just finishing a roast goose). + </blockquote> + <p> + Another letter to Miss Paine is very characteristic of his + quaint humour:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Christ Church, Oxford,<br> + <i>March</i> 8, 1880.<br> + <br> + My dear Ada,—(Isn't that your short name? "Adelaide" is all + very well, but you see when one's <i>dreadfully</i> busy + one hasn't time to write such long words—particularly when + it takes one half an hour to remember how to spell it—and + even then one has to go and get a dictionary to see if one + has spelt it right, and of course the dictionary is in + another room, at the top of a high bookcase—where it has + been for months and months, and has got all covered with + dust—so one has to get a duster first of all, and nearly + choke oneself in dusting it—and when one <i>has</i> made + out at last which is dictionary and which is dust, even + <i>then</i> there's the job of remembering which end of the + alphabet "A" comes—for one feels pretty certain it isn't in + the <i>middle</i>—then one has to go and wash one's hands + before turning over the leaves—for they've got so thick + with dust one hardly knows them by sight—and, as likely as + not, the soap is lost, and the jug is empty, and there's no + towel, and one has to spend hours and hours in finding + things—and perhaps after all one has to go off to the shop + to buy a new cake of soap—so, with all this bother, I hope + you won't mind my writing it short and saying, "My dear + Ada"). You said in your last letter you would like a + likeness of me: so here it is, and I hope you will like + it—I won't forget to call the next time but one I'm in + Wallington.<br> + <br> + Your very affectionate friend,<br> + <br> + Lewis Carroll. + </blockquote> + <p> + It was quite against Mr. Dodgson's usual rule to give away + photographs of himself; he hated publicity, and the above + letter was accompanied by another to Mrs. Paine, which ran + as follows:— + </p> + <blockquote> + I am very unwilling, usually, to give my photograph, for I + don't want people, who have heard of Lewis Carroll, to be + able to recognise him in the street—but I can't refuse Ada. + Will you kindly take care, if any of your ordinary + acquaintances (I don't speak of intimate friends) see it, + that they are <i>not</i> told anything about the name of + "Lewis Carroll"? + </blockquote> + <p> + He even objected to having his books discussed in his + presence; thus he writes to a friend:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Your friend, Miss—was very kind and complimentary about my + books, but may I confess that I would rather have them + ignored? Perhaps I am too fanciful, but I have somehow + taken a dislike to being talked to about them; and + consequently have some trials to bear in society, which + otherwise would be no trials at all.... I don't think any + of my many little stage-friends have any shyness at all + about being talked to of their performances. <i>They</i> + thoroughly enjoy the publicity that I shrink from. + </blockquote> + <p> + The child to whom the three following letters were + addressed, Miss Gaynor Simpson, was one of Lewis Carroll's + Guildford friends. The correct answer to the riddle + propounded in the second letter is "Copal":— + </p> + <blockquote> + <i>December</i> 27, 1873.<br> + <br> + My dear Gaynor,—My name is spelt with a "G," that is to say + "<i>Dodgson</i> ." Any one who spells it the same as that + wretch (I mean of course the Chairman of Committees in the + House of Commons) offends me <i>deeply</i> , and <i>for + ever!</i> It is a thing I <i>can</i> forget, but <i>never + can forgive!</i> If you do it again, I shall call you + "'aynor." Could you live happy with such a name?<br> + <br> + As to dancing, my dear, I <i>never</i> dance, unless I am + allowed to do it <i>in my own peculiar way.</i> There is no + use trying to describe it: it has to be seen to be + believed. The last house I tried it in, the floor broke + through. But then it was a poor sort of floor—the beams + were only six inches thick, hardly worth calling beams at + all: stone arches are much more sensible, when any dancing, + <i>of my peculiar kind</i>, is to be done. Did you ever see + the Rhinoceros, and the Hippopotamus, at the + Zoölogical Gardens, trying to dance a minuet together? + It is a touching sight.<br> + <br> + Give any message from me to Amy that you think will be most + likely to surprise her, and, believe me,<br> + <br> + Your affectionate friend,<br> + <br> + Lewis Carroll.<br> + <br> + <br> + My dear Gaynor,—So you would like to know the answer to + that riddle? Don't be in a hurry to tell it to Amy and + Frances: triumph over them for a while!<br> + <br> + <span class="c3">My first lends its aid when you plunge + into trade.</span><br> + <span class="c1"><i>Gain</i>. Who would go into trade if + there were no gain in it?</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c3">My second in jollifications—</span><br> + <span class="c1"><i>Or</i> [The French for "gold"—] Your + jollifications would</span><br> + <span class="c1">be <i>very</i> limited if you had no + money.</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c3">My whole, laid on thinnish, imparts a neat + finish</span><br> + <span class="c1">To pictorial representations.</span><br> + <br> + <i>Gaynor</i>. Because she will be an ornament to the + Shakespeare Charades—only she must be "laid on thinnish," + that is, <i>there musn't be too much of her.</i><br> + <br> + Yours affectionately,<br> + <br> + C. L. Dodgson.<br> + <br> + <br> + My dear Gaynor,—Forgive me for having sent you a sham + answer to begin with.<br> + <br> + My first—<i>Sea</i>. It carries the ships of the + merchants.<br> + <br> + My second—<i>Weed</i>. That is, a cigar, an article much + used in jollifications.<br> + <br> + My whole—<i>Seaweed</i>. Take a newly painted oil—picture; + lay it on its back on the floor, and spread over it, + "thinnish," some wet seaweed. You will find you have + "finished" that picture.<br> + <br> + Yours affectionately,<br> + <br> + C.L. Dodgson. + </blockquote> + <p> + Lewis Carroll during the last fifteen years of his life + always spent the Long Vacation at Eastbourne; in earlier + times, Sandown, a pleasant little seaside resort in the + Isle of Wight, was his summer abode. He loved the sea both + for its own sake and because of the number of children whom + he met at seaside places. Here is another "first meeting"; + this time it is at Sandown, and Miss Gertrude Chataway is + the narrator:— + </p> + <blockquote> + I first met Mr. Lewis Carroll on the sea-shore at Sandown + in the Isle of Wight, in the summer of 1875, when I was + quite a little child.<br> + <br> + We had all been taken there for change of air, and next + door there was an old gentlemen—to me at any rate he seemed + old—who interested me immensely. He would come on to his + balcony, which joined ours, sniffing the sea-air with his + head thrown back, and would walk right down the steps on to + the beach with his chin in air, drinking in the fresh + breezes as if he could never have enough. I do not know why + this excited such keen curiosity on my part, but I remember + well that whenever I heard his footstep I flew out to see + him coming, and when one day he spoke to me my joy was + complete.<br> + <br> + Thus we made friends, and in a very little while I was as + familiar with the interior of his lodgings as with our + own.<br> + <br> + I had the usual child's love for fairy-tales and marvels, + and his power of telling stories naturally fascinated me. + We used to sit for hours on the wooden steps which led from + our garden on to the beach, whilst he told the most lovely + tales that could possibly be imagined, often illustrating + the exciting situations with a pencil as he went along.<br> + <br> + One thing that made his stories particularly charming to a + child was that he often took his cue from her remarks—a + question would set him off on quite a new trail of ideas, + so that one felt that one had somehow helped to make the + story, and it seemed a personal possession It was the most + lovely nonsense conceivable, and I naturally revelled in + it. His vivid imagination would fly from one subject to + another, and was never tied down in any way by the + probabilities of life.<br> + <br> + To <i>me</i> it was of course all perfect, but it is + astonishing that <i>he</i> never seemed either tired or to + want other society. I spoke to him once of this since I + have been grown up, and he told me it was the greatest + pleasure he could have to converse freely with a child, and + feel the depths of her mind.<br> + <br> + He used to write to me and I to him after that summer, and + the friendship, thus begun, lasted. His letters were one of + the greatest joys of my childhood.<br> + <br> + I don't think that he ever really understood that we, whom + he had known as children, could not always remain such. I + stayed with him only a few years ago, at Eastbourne, and + felt for the time that I was once more a child. He never + appeared to realise that I had grown up, except when I + reminded him of the fact, and then he only said, "Never + mind: you will always be a child to me, even when your hair + is grey." + </blockquote> + <p> + Some of the letters, to which Miss Chataway refers in these + reminiscences, I am enabled, through her kindness, to give + below:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Christ Church, Oxford,<br> + <i>October</i> 13, 1875.<br> + <br> + My dear Gertrude,—I never give birthday <i>presents</i>, + but you see I <i>do</i> sometimes write a birthday + <i>letter</i> : so, as I've just arrived here, I am writing + this to wish you many and many a happy return of your + birthday to-morrow. I will drink your health, if only I can + remember, and if you don't mind—but perhaps you object? You + see, if I were to sit by you at breakfast, and to drink + your tea, you wouldn't like <i>that</i>, would you? You + would say "Boo! hoo! Here's Mr. Dodgson's drunk all my tea, + and I haven't got any left!" So I am very much afraid, next + time Sybil looks for you, she'll find you sitting by the + sad sea-wave, and crying "Boo! hoo! Here's Mr. Dodgson has + drunk my health, and I haven't got any left!" And how it + will puzzle Dr. Maund, when he is sent for to see you! "My + dear Madam, I'm very sorry to say your little girl has got + <i>no health at all</i>! I never saw such a thing in my + life!" "Oh, I can easily explain it!" your mother will say. + "You see she would go and make friends with a strange + gentleman, and yesterday he drank her health!" "Well, Mrs. + Chataway," he will say, "the only way to cure her is to + wait till his next birthday, and then for <i>her</i> to + drink <i>his</i> health."<br> + <br> + And then we shall have changed healths. I wonder how you'll + like mine! Oh, Gertrude, I wish you wouldn't talk such + nonsense!...<br> + <br> + Your loving friend,<br> + <br> + Lewis Carroll.<br> + <br> + <br> + Christ Church, Oxford,<br> + <i>Dec</i>. 9, 1875.<br> + <br> + My dear Gertrude,—This really will <i>not</i> do, you know, + sending one more kiss every time by post: the parcel gets + so heavy it is quite expensive. When the postman brought in + the last letter, he looked quite grave. "Two pounds to pay, + sir!" he said. "<i>Extra weight</i>, sir!" (I think he + cheats a little, by the way. He often makes me pay two + <i>pounds</i> , when I think it should be <i>pence</i>). + "Oh, if you please, Mr. Postman!" I said, going down + gracefully on one knee (I wish you could see me go down on + one knee to a postman—it's a very pretty sight), "do excuse + me just this once! It's only from a little girl!"<br> + <br> + "Only from a little girl!" he growled. "What are little + girls made of?" "Sugar and spice," I began to say, "and all + that's ni—" but he interrupted me. "No! I don't mean + <i>that</i>. I mean, what's the good of little girls, when + they send such heavy letters?" "Well, they're not + <i>much</i> good, certainly," I said, rather sadly.<br> + <br> + "Mind you don't get any more such letters," he said, "at + least, not from that particular little girl. <i>I know her + well, and she's a regular bad one</i>!" That's not true, + is it? I don't believe he ever saw you, and you're not a + bad one, are you? However, I promised him we would send + each other <i>very</i> few more letters—"Only two thousand + four hundred and seventy, or so," I said. "Oh!" he said, "a + little number like <i>that</i> doesn't signify. What I + meant is, you mustn't send <i>many</i> ."<br> + <br> + So you see we must keep count now, and when we get to two + thousand four hundred and seventy, we mustn't write any + more, unless the postman gives us leave.<br> + <br> + I sometimes wish I was back on the shore at Sandown; don't + you?<br> + <br> + Your loving friend,<br> + <br> + Lewis Carroll.<br> + <br> + Why is a pig that has lost its tail like a little girl on + the sea-shore?<br> + <br> + Because it says, "I should like another tale, please!"<br> + <br> + <br> + Christ Church, Oxford,<br> + <i>July</i> 21, 1876.<br> + <br> + My dear Gertrude,—Explain to me how I am to enjoy Sandown + without <i>you</i> . How can I walk on the beach alone? How + can I sit all alone on those wooden steps? So you see, as I + shan't be able to do without you, you will have to come. If + Violet comes, I shall tell her to invite you to stay with + her, and then I shall come over in the Heather-Bell and + fetch you.<br> + <br> + If I ever <i>do</i> come over, I see I couldn't go back the + same day, so you will have to engage me a bed somewhere in + Swanage; and if you can't find one, I shall expect + <i>you</i> to spend the night on the beach, and give up + your room to <i>me</i>. Guests of course must be thought of + before children; and I'm sure in these warm nights the + beach will be quite good enough for <i>you</i>. If you + <i>did</i> feel a little chilly, of course you could go + into a bathing-machine, which everybody knows is + <i>very</i> comfortable to sleep in—you know they make the + floor of soft wood on purpose. I send you seven kisses (to + last a week) and remain<br> + <br> + Your loving friend,<br> + <br> + Lewis Carroll.<br> + <br> + <br> + Christ Church, Oxford,<br> + <i>October</i> 28, 1876.<br> + <br> + My dearest Gertrude,—You will be sorry, and surprised, and + puzzled, to hear what a queer illness I have had ever since + you went. I sent for the doctor, and said, "Give me some + medicine, for I'm tired." He said, "Nonsense and stuff! You + don't want medicine: go to bed!" I said, "No; it isn't the + sort of tiredness that wants bed. I'm tired in the + <i>face</i>." He looked a little grave, and said, "Oh, it's + your <i>nose</i> that's tired: a person often talks too + much when he thinks he nose a great deal." I said, "No; it + isn't the nose. Perhaps it's the <i>hair</i>." Then he + looked rather grave, and said, "<i>Now</i> I understand: + you've been playing too many hairs on the piano-forte." + "No, indeed I haven't!" I said, "and it isn't exactly the + <i>hair</i>: it's more about the nose and chin." Then he + looked a good deal graver, and said, "Have you been walking + much on your chin lately?" I said, "No." "Well!" he said, + "it puzzles me very much. Do you think that it's in the + lips?" "Of course!" I said. "That's exactly what it is!" + Then he looked very grave indeed, and said, "I think you + must have been giving too many kisses." "Well," I said, "I + did give <i>one</i> kiss to a baby child, a little friend + of mine." "Think again," he said; "are you sure it was only + <i>one</i>?" I thought again, and said, "Perhaps it was + eleven times." Then the doctor said, "You must not give her + <i>any</i> more till your lips are quite rested again." + "But what am I to do?" I said, "because you see, I owe her + a hundred and eighty-two more." Then he looked so grave + that the tears ran down his cheeks, and he said, "You may + send them to her in a box." Then I remembered a little box + that I once bought at Dover, and thought I would some day + give it to <i>some</i> little girl or other. So I have + packed them all in it very carefully. Tell me if they come + safe, or if any are lost on the way.<br> + <br> + <br> + Reading Station,<br> + <i>April</i> 13, 1878.<br> + <br> + My dear Gertrude,—As I have to wait here for half an hour, + I have been studying Bradshaw (most things, you know, ought + to be studied: even a trunk is studded with nails), and the + result is that it seems I could come, any day next week, to + Winckfield, so as to arrive there about one; and that, by + leaving Winckfield again about half-past six, I could reach + Guildford again for dinner. The next question is, <i>How + far is it from Winckfield to Rotherwick</i>? Now do not + deceive me, you wretched child! If it is more than a + hundred miles, I can't come to see you, and there is no use + to talk about it. If it is less, the next question is, + <i>How much less?</i> These are serious questions, and you + must be as serious as a judge in answering them. There + mustn't be a smile in your pen, or a wink in your ink + (perhaps you'll say, "There can't be a <i>wink</i> in + <i>ink</i>: but there <i>may</i> be <i>ink</i> in a + <i>wink</i>"—but this is trifling; you mustn't make jokes + like that when I tell you to be serious) while you write to + Guildford and answer these two questions. You might as well + tell me at the same time whether you are still living at + Rotherwick—and whether you are at home—and whether you get + my letter—and whether you're still a child, or a grown-up + person—and whether you're going to the seaside next + summer—and anything else (except the alphabet and the + multiplication table) that you happen to know. I send you + 10,000,000 kisses, and remain.<br> + <br> + Your loving friend,<br> + <br> + C. L. Dodgson.<br> + <br> + <br> + The Chestnuts, Guildford,<br> + <i>April</i> 19, 1878.<br> + <br> + My dear Gertrude,—I'm afraid it's "no go"—I've had such a + bad cold all the week that I've hardly been out for some + days, and I don't think it would be wise to try the + expedition this time, and I leave here on Tuesday. But + after all, what does it signify? Perhaps there are ten or + twenty gentlemen, all living within a few miles of + Rotherwick, and any one of them would do just as well! When + a little girl is hoping to take a plum off a dish, and + finds that she can't have that one, because it's bad or + unripe, what does she do? Is she sorry, or disappointed? + Not a bit! She just takes another instead, and grins from + one little ear to the other as she puts it to her lips! + This is a little fable to do you good; the little girl + means <i>you</i>—the bad plum means <i>me</i>—the other + plum means some other friend—and all that about the little + girl putting plums to her lips means—well, it means—but you + know you can't expect <i>every bit</i> of a fable to mean + something! And the little girl grinning means that dear + little smile of yours, that just reaches from the tip of + one ear to the tip of the other!<br> + <br> + Your loving friend,<br> + <br> + C.L. Dodgson.<br> + <br> + I send you 4—3/4 kisses. + </blockquote> + <p> + The next letter is a good example of the dainty little + notes Lewis Carroll used to scribble off on any scrap of + paper that lay to his hand:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Chestnuts, Guildford,<br> + <i>January</i> 15, 1886.<br> + <br> + Yes, my child, if all be well, I shall hope, and you may + fear, that the train reaching Hook at two eleven, will + contain<br> + <br> + Your loving friend,<br> + <br> + C.L. Dodgson. + </blockquote> + <p> + Only a few years ago, illness prevented him from fulfilling + his usual custom of spending Christmas with his sisters at + Guildford. This is the allusion in the following letter:— + </p> + <blockquote> + My dear old Friend,—(The friendship is old, though the + child is young.) I wish a very happy New Year, and many of + them, to you and yours; but specially to you, because I + know you best and love you most. And I pray God to bless + you, dear child, in this bright New Year, and many a year + to come. ... I write all this from my sofa, where I have + been confined a prisoner for six weeks, and as I dreaded + the railway journey, my doctor and I agreed that I had + better not go to spend Christmas with my sisters at + Guildford. So I had my Christmas dinner all alone, in my + room here, and (pity me, Gertrude!) it wasn't a Christmas + dinner at all—I suppose the cook thought I should not care + for roast beef or plum pudding, so he sent me (he has + general orders to send either fish and meat, or meat and + pudding) some fried sole and some roast mutton! Never, + never have I dined before, on Christmas Day, without + <i>plum pudding</i>. Wasn't it sad? Now I think you must be + content; this is a longer letter than most will get. Love + to Olive. My clearest memory of her is of a little girl + calling out "Good-night" from her room, and of your mother + taking me in to see her in her bed, and wish her + good-night. I have a yet clearer memory (like a dream of + fifty years ago) of a little bare-legged girl in a sailor's + jersey, who used to run up into my lodgings by the sea. But + why should I trouble you with foolish reminiscences of + <i>mine</i> that <i>cannot</i> interest you?<br> + <br> + Yours always lovingly,<br> + <br> + C. L. Dodgson. + </blockquote> + <p> + It was a writer in <i>The National Review</i> who, after + eulogising the talents of Lewis Carroll, and stating that + <i>he</i> would never be forgotten, added the harsh + prophecy that "future generations will not waste a single + thought upon the Rev. C.L. Dodgson." + </p> + <p> + If this prediction is destined to be fulfilled, I think my + readers will agree with me that it will be solely on + account of his extraordinary diffidence about asserting + himself. But such an unnatural division of Lewis Carroll, + the author, from the Rev. C.L. Dodgson, the man, is forced + in the extreme. His books are simply the expression of his + normal habit of mind, as these letters show. In literature, + as in everything else, he was absolutely natural. + </p> + <p> + To refer to such criticisms as this (I am thankful to say + they have been very few) is not agreeable; but I feel that + it is owing to Mr. Dodgson to do what I can to vindicate + the real unity which underlay both his life and all his + writings. + </p> + <p> + Of many anecdotes which might be adduced to show the + lovable character of the man, the following little story + has reached me through one of his child-friends:— + </p> + <blockquote> + My sister and I [she writes] were spending a day of + delightful sightseeing in town with him, on our way to his + home at Guildford, where we were going to pass a day or two + with him. We were both children, and were much interested + when he took us into an American shop where the cakes for + sale were cooked by a very rapid process before your eyes, + and handed to you straight from the cook's hands. As the + preparation of them could easily be seen from outside the + window, a small crowd of little ragamuffins naturally + assembled there, and I well remember his piling up seven of + the cakes on one arm, and himself taking them out and + doling them round to the seven hungry little youngsters. + The simple kindness of his act impressed its charm on his + child-friends inside the shop as much as on his little + stranger friends outside. + </blockquote> + <p> + It was only to those who had but few personal dealings with + him that he seemed stiff and "donnish"; to his more + intimate acquaintances, who really understood him, each + little eccentricity of manner or of habits was a delightful + addition to his charming and interesting personality. That + he was, in some respects, eccentric cannot be denied; for + instance he hardly ever wore an overcoat, and always wore a + tall hat, whatever might be the climatic conditions. At + dinner in his rooms small pieces of cardboard took the + place of table-mats; they answered the purpose perfectly + well, he said, and to buy anything else would be a mere + waste of money. On the other hand, when purchasing books + for himself, or giving treats to the children he loved, he + never seemed to consider expense at all. + </p> + <p> + He very seldom sat down to write, preferring to stand while + thus engaged. When making tea for his friends, he used, in + order, I suppose, to expedite the process, to walk up and + down the room waving the teapot about, and telling + meanwhile those delightful anecdotes of which he had an + inexhaustible supply. + </p> + <p> + Great were his preparations before going a journey; each + separate article used to be carefully wrapped up in a piece + of paper all to itself, so that his trunks contained nearly + as much paper as of the more useful things. The bulk of the + luggage was sent on a day or two before by goods train, + while he himself followed on the appointed day, laden only + with his well-known little black bag, which he always + insisted on carrying himself. + </p> + <p> + He had a strong objection to staring colours in dress, his + favourite combination being pink and grey. One little girl + who came to stay with him was absolutely forbidden to wear + a red frock, of a somewhat pronounced hue, while out in his + company. + </p> + <p> + At meals he was very abstemious always, while he took + nothing in the middle of the day except a glass of wine and + a biscuit. Under these circumstances it is not very + surprising that the healthy appetites of his little friends + filled him with wonder, and even with alarm. When he took a + certain one of them out with him to a friend's house to + dinner, he used to give the host or hostess a gentle + warning, to the mixed amazement and indignation of the + child, "Please be careful, because she eats a good deal too + much." + </p> + <p> + Another peculiarity, which I have already referred to, was + his objection to being invited to dinners or any other + social gatherings; he made a rule of never accepting + invitations. "Because you have invited me, therefore I + cannot come," was the usual form of his refusal. I suppose + the reason of this was his hatred of the interference with + work which engagements of this sort occasion. + </p> + <p> + He had an extreme horror of infection, as will appear from + the following illustration. Miss Isa Bowman and her sister, + Nellie, were at one time staying with him at Eastbourne, + when news came from home that their youngest sister had + caught the scarlet fever. From that day every letter which + came from Mrs. Bowman to the children was held up by Mr. + Dodgson, while the two little girls, standing at the + opposite end of the room, had to read it as best they + could. Mr. Dodgson, who was the soul of honour, used always + to turn his head to one side during these readings, lest he + might inadvertently see some words that were not meant for + his eyes. + </p> + <p> + Some extracts from letters of his to a child-friend, who + prefers to remain anonymous, follow: + </p> + <blockquote> + <i>November</i> 30, 1879.<br> + <br> + I have been awfully busy, and I've had to write + <i>heaps</i> of letters—wheelbarrows full, almost. And it + tires me so that generally I go to bed again the next + minute after I get up: and sometimes I go to bed again a + minute <i>before</i> I get up! Did you ever hear of any one + being so tired as <i>that?</i> ...<br> + <br> + <br> + <i>November</i> 7, 1882.<br> + <br> + My dear E—, How often you must find yourself in want of a + pin! For instance, you go into a shop, and you say to the + man, "I want the largest penny bun you can let me have for + a halfpenny." And perhaps the man looks stupid, and doesn't + quite understand what you mean. Then how convenient it is + to have a pin ready to stick into the back of his hand, + while you say, "Now then! Look sharp, stupid!"... and even + when you don't happen to want a pin, how often you think to + yourself, "They say Interlacken is a very pretty place. I + wonder what it looks like!" (That is the place that is + painted on this pincushion.)<br> + <br> + When you don't happen to want either a pin or pictures, it + may just remind you of a friend who sometimes thinks of his + dear little friend E—, and who is just now thinking of the + day he met her on the parade, the first time she had been + allowed to come out alone to look for him....<br> + <br> + <br> + <i>December</i> 26, 1886.<br> + <br> + My dear E—, Though rushing, rapid rivers roar between us + (if you refer to the map of England, I think you'll find + that to be correct), we still remember each other, and feel + a sort of shivery affection for each other....<br> + <br> + <br> + <i>March</i> 31, 1890.<br> + <br> + I <i>do</i> sympathise so heartily with you in what you say + about feeling shy with children when you have to entertain + them! Sometimes they are a real <i>terror</i> to + me—especially boys: little girls I can now and then get on + with, when they're few enough. They easily become "de + trop." But with little <i>boys</i> I'm out of my element + altogether. I sent "Sylvie and Bruno" to an Oxford friend, + and, in writing his thanks, he added, "I think I must bring + my little boy to see you." So I wrote to say + "<i>don't</i>," or words to that effect: and he wrote again + that he could hardly believe his eyes when he got my note. + He thought I doted on <i>all</i> children. But I'm + <i>not</i> omnivorous!—like a pig. I pick and + choose....<br> + <br> + You are a lucky girl, and I am rather inclined to envy you, + in having the leisure to read Dante—<i>I</i> have never + read a page of him; yet I am sure the "Divina Commedia" is + one of the grandest books in the world—though I am + <i>not</i> sure whether the reading of it would + <i>raise</i> one's life and give it a nobler purpose, or + simply be a grand poetical treat. That is a question you + are beginning to be able to answer: I doubt if <i>I</i> + shall ever (at least in this life) have the opportunity of + reading it; my life seems to be all torn into little bits + among the host of things I want to do! It seems hard to + settle what to do <i>first. One</i> piece of work, at any + rate, I am clear ought to be done this year, and it will + take months of hard work: I mean the second volume of + "Sylvie and Bruno." I fully <i>mean</i> , if I have life + and health till Xmas next, to bring it out then. When one + is close on sixty years old, it seems presumptuous to count + on years and years of work yet to be done....<br> + <br> + She is rather the exception among the hundred or so of + child-friends who have brightened my life. Usually the + child becomes so entirely a different being as she grows + into a woman, that our friendship has to change too: and + <i>that</i> it usually does by gliding down from a loving + intimacy into an acquaintance that merely consists of a + smile and a bow when we meet!...<br> + <br> + <br> + <i>January</i> 1, 1895.<br> + <br> + ... You are quite correct in saying it is a long time since + you have heard from me: in fact, I find that I have not + written to you since the 13th of last November. But what of + that? You have access to the daily papers. Surely you can + find out negatively, that I am all right! Go carefully + through the list of bankruptcies; then run your eye down + the police cases; and, if you fail to find my name + anywhere, you can say to your mother in a tone of calm + satisfaction, "Mr. Dodgson is going on <i>well</i>." + </blockquote><br> + <br> + <hr> + <br> + <br> + <h2> + <a name="CHAPTER_XI_T"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_XI">CHAPTER + XI</a> + </h2> + <h4> + (THE SAME—<i>continued</i>.) + </h4> + <blockquote> + Books for children—"The Lost Plum-Cake"—"An Unexpected + Guest"—Miss Isa Bowman—Interviews—"Matilda Jane"—Miss Edith + Rix—Miss Kathleen Eschwege. + </blockquote> + <p> + Lewis Carroll's own position as an author did not prevent + him from taking a great interest in children's books and + their writers. He had very strong ideas on what was or was + not suitable in such books, but, when once his somewhat + exacting taste was satisfied, he was never tired of + recommending a story to his friends. His cousin, Mrs. + Egerton Allen, who has herself written several charming + tales for young readers, has sent me the following letter + which she received from him some years ago:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Dear Georgie,—<i>Many</i> thanks. The book was at Ch. Ch. + I've done an unusual thing, in thanking for a book, namely, + <i>waited to read it</i>. I've read it <i>right + through</i>! In fact, I found it very refreshing, when + jaded with my own work at "Sylvie and Bruno" (coming out at + Xmas, I hope) to lie down on the sofa and read a chapter of + "Evie." I like it very much: and am so glad to have helped + to bring it out. It would have been a real loss to the + children of England, if you had burned the MS., as you once + thought of doing.... + </blockquote> + <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="519"></a> + <img src="Images/519.png" alt="519.png"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T519"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> +<div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>XIE KITCHIN AS A CHINAMAN.<br> + <i>From a photograph</i><br> + by Lewis Carroll.</b></div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <p> + The very last words of his that appeared in print took the + form of a preface to one of Mrs. Allen's tales, "The Lost + Plum-Cake," (Macmillan & Co., 1898). So far as I know, + this was the only occasion on which he wrote a preface for + another author's book, and his remarks are doubly + interesting as being his last service to the children whom + he loved. No apology, then, is needed for quoting from them + here:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Let me seize this opportunity of saying one earnest word to + the mothers in whose hands this little book may chance to + come, who are in the habit of taking their children to + church with them. However well and reverently those dear + little ones have been taught to behave, there is no doubt + that so long a period of enforced quietude is a severe tax + on their patience. The hymns, perhaps, tax it least: and + what a pathetic beauty there is in the sweet fresh voices + of the children, and how earnestly they sing! I took a + little girl of six to church with me one day: they had told + me she could hardly read at all—but she made me find all + the places for her! And afterwards I said to her elder + sister "What made you say Barbara couldn't read? Why, I + heard her joining in, all through the hymn!" And the little + sister gravely replied, "She knows the <i>tunes</i>, but + not the <i>words</i>." Well, to return to my + subject—children in church. The lessons, and the prayers, + are not wholly beyond them: often they can catch little + bits that come within the range of their small minds. But + the sermons! It goes to one's heart to see, as I so often + do, little darlings of five or six years old, forced to sit + still through a weary half-hour, with nothing to do, and + not one word of the sermon that they can understand. Most + heartily can I sympathise with the little charity-girl who + is said to have written to some friend, "I think, when I + grows up, I'll never go to church no more. I think I'se + getting sermons enough to last me all my life!" But need it + be so? Would it be so <i>very</i> irreverent to let your + child have a story—book to read during the sermon, to while + away that tedious half-hour, and to make church—going a + bright and happy memory, instead of rousing the thought, + "I'll never go to church no more"? I think not. For my + part, I should love to see the experiment tried. I am quite + sure it would be a success. My advice would be to + <i>keep</i> some books for that special purpose. I would + call such books "Sunday-treats"—and your little boy or girl + would soon learn to look forward with eager hope to that + half-hour, once so tedious. If I were the preacher, dealing + with some subject too hard for the little ones, I should + love to see them all enjoying their picture-books. And if + <i>this</i> little book should ever come to be used as a + "Sunday-treat" for some sweet baby reader, I don't think it + could serve a better purpose.<br> + <br> + Lewis Carroll. + </blockquote> + <p> + Miss M.E. Manners was another writer for children whose + books pleased him. She gives an amusing account of two + visits which he paid to her house in 1889:— + </p> + <blockquote> + <i>An Unexpected Guest.</i><br> + <br> + <br> + "Mr. Dobson wants to see you, miss."<br> + <br> + I was in the kitchen looking after the dinner, and did not + feel that I particularly wished to see anybody.<br> + <br> + "He wants a vote, or he is an agent for a special kind of + tea," thought I. "I don't know him; ask him to send a + message."<br> + <br> + Presently the maid returned—<br> + <br> + "He says he is Mr. Dodgson, of Oxford."<br> + <br> + "Lewis Carroll!" I exclaimed; and somebody else had to + superintend the cooking that day.<br> + <br> + My apologies were soon made and cheerfully accepted. I + believe I was unconventional enough to tell the exact truth + concerning my occupation, and matters were soon on a + friendly footing. Indeed I may say at once that the stately + college don we have heard so much about never made his + appearance during our intercourse with him.<br> + <br> + He did not talk "Alice," of course; authors don't generally + <i>talk</i> their books, I imagine; but it was undoubtedly + Lewis Carroll who was present with us.<br> + <br> + A portrait of Ellen Terry on the wall had attracted his + attention, and one of the first questions he asked was, "Do + you ever go to the theatre?" I explained that such things + were done, occasionally, even among Quakers, but they were + not considered quite orthodox.<br> + <br> + "Oh, well, then you will not be shocked, and I may venture + to produce my photographs." And out into the hall he went, + and soon returned with a little black bag containing + character portraits of his child-friends, Isa and Nellie + Bowman.<br> + <br> + "Isa used to be Alice until she grew too big," he said. + "Nellie was one of the oyster—fairies, and Emsie, the tiny + one of all, was the Dormouse."<br> + <br> + "When 'Alice' was first dramatised," he said, "the poem of + the 'Walrus and the Carpenter' fell rather flat, for people + did not know when it was finished, and did not clap in the + right place; so I had to write a song for the ghosts of the + oysters to sing, which made it all right." + </blockquote> + <table align="Center" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="520"></a> + <img src="Images/520.png" alt="520.png"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T520"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> +<div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>ALICE AND THE DORMOUSE.<br> + <i>From a photograph</i><br> + Elliott & Fry.</b></div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <blockquote> + He was then on his way to London, to fetch Isa to stay with + him at Eastbourne. She was evidently a great favourite, and + had visited him before. Of that earlier time he said:—<br> + <br> + "When people ask me why I have never married, I tell them I + have never met the young lady whom I could endure for a + fortnight—but Isa and I got on so well together that I said + I should keep her a month, the length of the honeymoon, and + we didn't get tired of each other."<br> + <br> + Nellie afterwards joined her sister "for a few days," but + the days spread to some weeks, for the poor little dormouse + developed scarlet fever, and the elder children had to be + kept out of harm's way until fear of infection was + over.<br> + <br> + Of Emsie he had a funny little story to tell. He had taken + her to the Aquarium, and they had been watching the seals + coming up dripping out of the water. With a very pitiful + look she turned to him and said, "Don't they give them any + towels?" [The same little girl commiserated the bear, + because it had got no tail.]<br> + <br> + Asked to stay to dinner, he assured us that he never took + anything in the middle of the day but a glass of wine and a + biscuit; but he would be happy to sit down with us, which + he accordingly did and kindly volunteered to carve for us. + His offer was gladly accepted, but the appearance of a + rather diminutive piece of neck of mutton was somewhat of a + puzzle to him. He had evidently never seen such a joint in + his life before, and had frankly to confess that he did not + know how to set about carving it. Directions only made + things worse, and he bravely cut it to pieces in entirely + the wrong fashion, relating meanwhile the story of a shy + young man who had been asked to carve a fowl, the joints of + which had been carefully wired together beforehand by his + too attentive friends.<br> + <br> + The task and the story being both finished, our visitor + gazed on the mangled remains, and remarked quaintly: "I + think it is just as well I don't want anything, for I don't + know where I should find it."<br> + <br> + At least one member of the party felt she could have + managed matters better; but that was a point of very little + consequence.<br> + <br> + A day or two after the first call came a note saying that + he would be taking Isa home before long, and if we would + like to see her he would stop on the way again.<br> + <br> + Of course we were only too delighted to have the + opportunity, and, though the visit was postponed more than + once, it did take place early in August, when he brought + both Isa and Nellie up to town to see a performance of + "Sweet Lavender." It is needless to remark that we took + care, this time, to be provided with something at once + substantial and carvable.<br> + <br> + The children were bright, healthy, happy and childlike + little maidens, quite devoted to their good friend, whom + they called "Uncle"; and very interesting it was to see + them together.<br> + <br> + But he did not allow any undue liberties either, as a + little incident showed.<br> + <br> + He had been describing a particular kind of collapsible + tumbler, which you put in your pocket and carried with you + for use on a railway journey.<br> + <br> + "There now," he continued, turning to the children, "I + forgot to bring it with me after all."<br> + "Oh Goosie," broke in Isa; "you've been talking about that + tumbler for days, and now you have forgotten it."<br> + He pulled himself up, and looked at her steadily with an + air of grave reproof.<br> + <br> + Much abashed, she hastily substituted a very subdued + "Uncle" for the objectionable "Goosie," and the matter + dropped.<br> + The principal anecdote on this occasion was about a dog + which had been sent into the sea after sticks. He brought + them back very properly for some time, and then there + appeared to be a little difficulty, and he returned + swimming in a very curious manner. On closer inspection it + appeared that he had caught hold of his own tail by + mistake, and was bringing it to land in triumph.<br> + <br> + This was told with the utmost gravity, and though we had + been requested beforehand not to mention "Lewis Carroll's" + books, the temptation was too strong. I could not help + saying to the child next me—<br> + <br> + "That was like the Whiting, wasn't it?"<br> + <br> + Our visitor, however, took up the remark, and seemed quite + willing to talk about it.<br> + <br> + "When I wrote that," he said, "I believed that whiting + really did have their tails in their mouths, but I have + since been told that fishmongers put the tail through the + eye, not in the mouth at all." + </blockquote> + <p> + He was not a very good carver, for Miss Bremer also + describes a little difficulty he had—this time with the + pastry: "An amusing incident occurred when he was at lunch + with us. He was requested to serve some pastry, and, using + a knife, as it was evidently rather hard, the knife + penetrated the d'oyley beneath—and his consternation was + extreme when he saw the slice of linen and lace he served + as an addition to the tart!" + </p> + <p> + It was, I think, through her connection with the "Alice" + play that Mr. Dodgson first came to know Miss Isa Bowman. + Her childish friendship for him was one of the joys of his + later years, and one of the last letters he wrote was + addressed to her. The poem at the beginning of "Sylvie and + Bruno" is an acrostic on her name— + </p><span class="c4">Is all our Life, then, but a + dream,</span><br> + <span class="c4">Seen faintly in the golden gleam</span><br> + <span class="c4">Athwart Times's dark, resistless + stream?</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c4">Bowed to the earth with bitter + woe,</span><br> + <span class="c4">Or laughing at some raree-show,</span><br> + <span class="c4">We flutter idly to and fro.</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c4">Man's little Day in haste we + spend,</span><br> + <span class="c4">And, from the merry noontide, + send</span><br> + <span class="c4">No glance to meet the silent end.</span><br> + <p> + Every one has heard of Lewis Carroll's hatred of + interviewers; the following letter to Miss Manners makes + one feel that in some cases, at least, his feeling was + justifiable:— + </p> + <blockquote> + If your Manchester relatives ever go to the play, tell them + they ought to see Isa as "Cinderella"—she is evidently a + success. And she has actually been "interviewed" by one of + those dreadful newspapers reporters, and the "interview" is + published with her picture! And such rubbish he makes her + talk! She tells him that something or other was "tacitly + conceded": and that "I love to see a great actress give + expression to the wonderful ideas of the immortal + master!"<br> + <br> + (N.B.—I never let her talk like that when she is with + <i>me</i>!)<br> + <br> + Emsie recovered in time to go to America, with her mother + and Isa and Nellie: and they all enjoyed the trip much; and + Emsie has a London engagement. + </blockquote> + <p> + Only once was an interviewer bold enough to enter Lewis + Carroll's <i>sanctum</i>. The story has been told in <i>The + Guardian</i> (January 19, 1898), but will bear repetition:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Not long ago Mr. Dodgson happened to get into + correspondence with a man whom he had never seen, on some + question of religious difficulty, and he invited him to + come to his rooms and have a talk on the subject. When, + therefore, a Mr. X— was announced to him one morning, he + advanced to meet him with outstretched hand and smiles of + welcome. "Come in Mr. X—, I have been expecting you." The + delighted visitor thought this a promising beginning, and + immediately pulled out a note-book and pencil, and + proceeded to ask "the usual questions." Great was Mr. + Dodgson's disgust! Instead of his expected friend, here was + another man of the same name, and one of the much-dreaded + interviewers, actually sitting in his chair! The mistake + was soon explained, and the representative of the Press was + bowed out as quickly as he had come in. + </blockquote> + <p> + It was while Isa and one of her sisters were staying at + Eastbourne that the visit to America was mooted. Mr. + Dodgson suggested that it would be well for them to grow + gradually accustomed to seafaring, and therefore proposed + to take them by steamer to Hastings. This plan was carried + out, and the weather was unspeakably bad—far worse than + anything they experienced in their subsequent trip across + the Atlantic. The two children, who were neither of them + very good sailors, experienced sensations that were the + reverse of pleasant. Mr. Dodgson did his best to console + them, while he continually repeated, "Crossing the Atlantic + will be much worse than this." + </p> + <p> + However, even this terrible lesson on the horrors of the + sea did not act as a deterrent; it was as unsuccessful as + the effort of the old lady in one of his stories: "An old + lady I once knew tried to check the military ardour of a + little boy by showing him a picture of a battlefield, and + describing some of its horrors. But the only answer she got + was, 'I'll be a soldier. Tell it again!'" + </p> + <p> + The Bowman children sometimes came over to visit him at + Oxford, and he used to delight in showing them over the + colleges, and pointing out the famous people whom they + encountered. On one of these occasions he was walking with + Maggie, then a mere child, when they met the Bishop of + Oxford, to whom Mr. Dodgson introduced his little guest. + His lordship asked her what she thought of Oxford. "I + think," said the little actress, with quite a professional + <i>aplomb,</i> "it's the best place in the Provinces!" At + which the Bishop was much amused. After the child had + returned to town, the Bishop sent her a copy of a little + book called "Golden Dust," inscribed "From W. Oxon," which + considerably mystified her, as she knew nobody of that + name! + </p> + <p> + Another little stage-friend of Lewis Carroll's was Miss + Vera Beringer, the "Little Lord Fauntleroy," whose acting + delighted all theatre-goers eight or nine years ago. Once, + when she was spending a holiday in the Isle of Man, he sent + her the following lines:— + </p><span class="c4">There was a young lady of + station,</span><br> + <span class="c4">"I love man" was her sole + exclamation;</span><br> + <span class="c5">But when men cried, "You + flatter,"</span><br> + <span class="c5">She replied, "Oh! no matter,</span><br> + <span class="c4">Isle of Man is the true + explanation."</span><br> + <p> + Many of his friendships with children began in a railway + carriage, for he always took about with him a stock of + puzzles when he travelled, to amuse any little companions + whom chance might send him. Once he was in a carriage with + a lady and her little daughter, both complete strangers to + him. The child was reading "Alice in Wonderland," and when + she put her book down, he began talking to her about it. + The mother soon joined in the conversation, of course + without the least idea who the stranger was with whom she + was talking. "Isn't it sad," she said, "about poor Mr. + Lewis Carroll? He's gone mad, you know." "Indeed," replied + Mr. Dodgson, "I had never heard that." "Oh, I assure you it + is quite true," the lady answered. "I have it on the best + authority." Before Mr. Dodgson parted with her, he obtained + her leave to send a present to the little girl, and a few + days afterwards she received a copy of "Through the + Looking-Glass," inscribed with her name, and "From the + Author, in memory of a pleasant journey." + </p> + <p> + When he gave books to children, he very often wrote + acrostics on their names on the fly-leaf. One of the + prettiest was inscribed in a copy of Miss Yonge's "Little + Lucy's Wonderful Globe," which he gave to Miss Ruth Dymes:— + </p><span class="c4">R ound the wondrous globe I wander + wild,</span><br> + <span class="c4">U p and down-hill—Age succeeds to + youth—</span><br> + <span class="c4">T oiling all in vain to find a + child</span><br> + <span class="c4">H alf so loving, half so dear as + Ruth.</span><br> + <p> + In another book, given to her sister Margaret, he wrote:— + </p><span class="c4">M aidens, if a maid you meet</span><br> + <span class="c4">A lways free from pout and pet,</span><br> + <span class="c4">R eady smile and temper sweet,</span><br> + <span class="c4">G reet my little Margaret.</span><br> + <span class="c4">A nd if loved by all she be</span><br> + <span class="c4">R ightly, not a pampered pet,</span><br> + <span class="c4">E asily you then may see</span><br> + <span class="c4">'Tis my little Margaret.</span><br> + <p> + Here are two letters to children, the one interesting as a + specimen of pure nonsense of the sort which children always + like, the other as showing his dislike of being praised. + The first was written to Miss Gertrude Atkinson, daughter + of an old College friend, but otherwise unknown to Lewis + Carroll except by her photograph:— + </p> + <blockquote> + My dear Gertrude,—So many things have happened since we met + last, really I don't know <i>which</i> to begin talking + about! For instance, England has been conquered by William + the Conqueror. We haven't met since <i>that</i> happened, + you know. How did you like it? Were you frightened?<br> + <br> + And one more thing has happened: I have got your + photograph. Thank you very much for it. I like it + "awfully." Do they let you say "awfully"? or do they say, + "No, my dear; little girls mustn't say 'awfully'; they + should say 'very much indeed'"?<br> + <br> + I wonder if you will ever get as far as Jersey? If not, how + <i>are</i> we to meet?<br> + <br> + Your affectionate friend,<br> + <br> + C.L. Dodgson. + </blockquote> + <p> + From the second letter, to Miss Florence Jackson, I take + the following extract:— + </p> + <blockquote> + I have two reasons for sending you this fable; one is, that + in a letter you wrote me you said something about my being + "clever"; and the other is that, when you wrote again you + said it again! And <i>each</i> time I thought, "Really, I + <i>must</i> write and ask her <i>not</i> to say such + things; it is not wholesome reading for me."<br> + <br> + The fable is this. The cold, frosty, bracing air is the + treatment one gets from the world generally—such as + contempt, or blame, or neglect; all those are very + wholesome. And the hot dry air, that you breathe when you + rush to the fire, is the praise that one gets from one's + young, happy, rosy, I may even say <i>florid</i> friends! + And that's very bad for me, and gives pride-fever, and + conceit-cough, and such-like diseases. Now I'm sure you + don't want me to be laid up with all these diseases; so + please don't praise me <i>any</i> more! + </blockquote> + <p> + The verses to "Matilda Jane" certainly deserve a place in + this chapter. To make their meaning clear, I must state + that Lewis Carroll wrote them for a little cousin of his, + and that Matilda Jane was the somewhat prosaic name of her + doll. The poem expresses finely the blind, unreasoning + devotion which the infant mind professes for inanimate + objects:— + </p><span class="c4">Matilda Jane, you never look</span><br> + <span class="c4">At any toy or picture-book;</span><br> + <span class="c4">I show you pretty things in vain,</span><br> + <span class="c4">You must be blind, Matilda Jane!</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c4">I ask you riddles, tell you + tales,</span><br> + <span class="c4">But all our conversation fails;</span><br> + <span class="c4">You never answer me again,</span><br> + <span class="c4">I fear you're dumb, Matilda Jane!</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c4">Matilda, darling, when I call</span><br> + <span class="c4">You never seem to hear at all;</span><br> + <span class="c4">I shout with all my might and + main,</span><br> + <span class="c4">But you're <i>so</i> deaf, Matilda + Jane!</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c4">Matilda Jane, you needn't mind,</span><br> + <span class="c4">For though you're deaf, and dumb, and + blind,</span><br> + <span class="c4">There's some one loves you, it is + plain,</span><br> + <span class="c4">And that is <i>me</i>, Matilda + Jane!</span><br> + <p> + In an earlier chapter I gave some of Mr. Dodgson's letters + to Miss Edith Rix; the two which follow, being largely + about children, seem more appropriate here:— + </p> + <blockquote> + My dear Edith,—Would you tell your mother I was aghast at + seeing the address of her letter to me: and I would much + prefer "Rev. C.L. Dodgson, Ch. Ch., Oxford." When a letter + comes addressed "Lewis Carroll, Ch. Ch.," it either goes to + the Dead Letter Office, or it impresses on the minds of all + letter-carriers, &c., through whose hands it goes, the + very fact I least want them to know.<br> + <br> + Please offer to your sister all the necessary apologies for + the liberty I have taken with her name. My only excuse is, + that I know no other; and how <i>am</i> I to guess what the + full name is? It <i>may</i> be Carlotta, or Zealot, or + Ballot, or Lotus-blossom (a very pretty name), or even + Charlotte. Never have I sent anything to a young lady of + whom I have a more shadowy idea. Name, an enigma; age, + somewhere between 1 and 19 (you've no idea how bewildering + it is, alternately picturing her as a little toddling thing + of 5, and a tall girl of 15!); disposition—well, I + <i>have</i> a fragment of information on <i>that</i> + question—your mother says, as to my coming, "It must be + when Lottie is at home, or she would never forgive us." + Still, I <i>cannot</i> consider the mere fact that she is + of an unforgiving disposition as a complete view of her + character. I feel sure she has some other qualities + besides.<br> + <br> + Believe me,<br> + <br> + Yrs affectionately,<br> + <br> + C.L. Dodgson.<br> + <br> + <br> + My dear child,—It seems quite within the bounds of + possibility, if we go on long in this style, that our + correspondence may at last assume a really friendly tone. I + don't of course say it will actually do so—that would be + too bold a prophecy, but only that it may tend to shape + itself in that direction.<br> + <br> + Your remark, that slippers for elephants <i>could</i> be + made, only they would not be slippers, but boots, convinces + me that there is a branch of your family in <i>Ireland</i>. + Who are (oh dear, oh dear, I am going distracted! There's a + lady in the opposite house who simply sings <i>all</i> day. + All her songs are wails, and their tunes, such as they + have, are much the same. She has one strong note in her + voice, and she knows it! I <i>think</i> it's "A natural," + but I haven't much ear. And when she gets to that note, she + howls!) they? The O'Rixes, I suppose?<br> + <br> + About your uninteresting neighbours, I sympathise with you + much; but oh, I wish I had you here, that I might teach you + <i>not</i> to say "It is difficult to visit one's district + regularly, like every one else does!"<br> + <br> + And now I come to the most interesting part of your + letter—May you treat me as a perfect friend, and write + anything you like to me, and ask my advice? Why, <i>of + course</i> you may, my child! What else am I good for? But + oh, my dear child-friend, you cannot guess how such words + sound to <i>me</i>! That any one should look up to + <i>me</i>, or think of asking <i>my</i> advice—well, it + makes one feel humble, I think, rather than proud—humble to + remember, while others think so well of me, what I really + <i>am</i>, in myself. "Thou, that teachest another, + teachest thou not thyself?" Well, I won't talk about + myself, it is not a healthy topic. Perhaps it may be true + of <i>any</i> two people, that, if one could see the other + through and through, love would perish. I don't know. + Anyhow, I like to <i>have</i> the love of my child-friends, + tho' I know I don't deserve it. Please write as freely as + <i>ever</i> you like.<br> + <br> + I went up to town and fetched Phoebe down here on Friday in + last week; and we spent <i>most</i> of Saturday upon the + beach—Phoebe wading and digging, and "as happy as a bird + upon the wing" (to quote the song she sang when first I saw + her). Tuesday evening brought a telegram to say she was + wanted at the theatre next morning. So, instead of going to + bed, Phoebe packed her things, and we left by the last + train, reaching her home by a quarter to 1 a.m. However, + even four days of sea-air, and a new kind of happiness, did + her good, I think. I am rather lonely now she is gone. She + is a very sweet child, and a thoughtful child, too. It was + very touching to see (we had a little Bible-reading every + day: I tried to remember that my little friend had a soul + to be cared for, as well as a body) the far-away look in + her eyes, when we talked of God and of heaven—as if her + angel, who beholds His face continually, were whispering to + her.<br> + <br> + Of course, there isn't <i>much</i> companionship possible, + after all, between an old man's mind and a little child's, + but what there is is sweet—and wholesome, I think. + </blockquote> + <table align="Center" cellpadding="0" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="430"></a><div align="center"><a href="#T430"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> + <img src="Images/430.png" alt="430.png" border="1"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <img src="Images/431.png" alt="431.png" border="1"><br> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> + <div class="c1" align="center"> + Facsimile of a "Looking-Glass Letter"<br> + from Lewis Carroll to Miss Edith Ball. + </div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table><br> + <p> + Three letters of his to a child-friend, Miss Kathleen + Eschwege, now Mrs. Round, illustrate one of those + friendships which endure: the sort of friendship that he + always longed for, and so often failed to secure:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Ch. Ch., Oxford,<br> + <i>October</i> 24, 1879.<br> + <br> + My dear Kathleen,—I was really pleased to get your letter, + as I had quite supposed I should never see or hear of you + again. You see I knew only your Christian name—not the + ghost of a surname, or the shadow of an address—and I was + not prepared to spend my little all in advertisements—"If + the young lady, who was travelling on the G.W. Railway, + &c." —or to devote the remainder of my life to going + about repeating "Kathleen," like that young woman who came + from some foreign land to look for her lover, but only knew + that he was called "Edward" (or "Richard" was it? I dare + say you know History better than I do) and that he lived in + England; so that naturally it took her some time to find + him. All I knew was that <i>you</i> could, if you chose, + write to me through Macmillan: but it is three months since + we met, so I was <i>not</i> expecting it, and it was a + pleasant surprise.<br> + <br> + Well, so I hope I may now count you as one of my + child-friends. I am fond of children (except boys), and + have more child-friends than I could possibly count on my + fingers, even if I were a centipede (by the way, + <i>have</i> they fingers? I'm afraid they're only feet, + but, of course, they use them for the same purpose, and + that is why no other insects, <i>except centipedes</i>, + ever succeed in doing <i>Long Multiplication</i>), and I + have several not so very far from you—one at Beckenham, two + at Balham, two at Herne Hill, one at Peckham—so there is + every chance of my being somewhere near you <i>before the + year</i> 1979. If so, may I call? I am <i>very</i> sorry + your neck is no better, and I wish they would take you to + Margate: Margate air will make <i>any</i> body well of + <i>any</i> thing.<br> + <br> + It seems you have already got my two books about "Alice." + Have you also got "The Hunting of the Snark"? If not, I + should be very glad to send you one. The pictures (by Mr. + Holiday) are pretty: and you needn't read the verses unless + you like.<br> + <br> + How do you pronounce your surname? "esk-weej"? or how? Is + it a German name?<br> + <br> + If you can do "Doublets," with how many links do you turn + KATH into LEEN?<br> + <br> + With kind remembrances to your mother, I am<br> + <br> + Your affectionate friend,<br> + <br> + Charles L. Dodgson<br> + <br> + (<i>alias</i> "Lewis Carroll").<br> + <br> + <br> + Ch. Ch., Oxford,<br> + <i>January</i> 20, 1892.<br> + <br> + My dear Kathleen,—Some months ago I heard, from my cousin, + May Wilcox, that you were engaged to be married. And, ever + since, I have cherished the intention of writing to offer + my congratulations. Some might say, "Why not write <i>at + once?"</i> To such unreasoning creatures, the obvious reply + is, "When you have bottled some peculiarly fine Port, do + you usually begin to drink it <i>at once?"</i> Is not that + a beautiful simile? Of course, I need not remark that my + congratulations are like fine old Port—only finer, and + <i>older!</i><br> + <br> + Accept, my dear old friend, my <i>heartiest</i> wishes for + happiness, of all sorts and sizes, for yourself, and for + him whom you have chosen as your other self. And may you + love one another with a love second only to your love for + God—a love that will last through bright days and dark + days, in sickness and in health, through life and through + death.<br> + <br> + A few years ago I went, in the course of about three + months, to the weddings of three of my old child-friends. + But weddings are not very exhilarating scenes for a + miserable old bachelor; and I think you'll have to excuse + me from attending <i>yours</i>.<br> + <br> + However, I have so far concerned myself in it that I + actually <i>dreamed</i> about it a few nights ago! I + dreamed that you had had a photograph done of the + wedding—party, and had sent me a copy of it. At one side + stood a group of ladies, among whom I made out the faces of + Dolly and Ninty; and in the foreground, seated in a boat, + were two people, a gentleman and a lady I <i>think</i> + (could they have been the bridegroom and the bride?) + engaged in the natural and usual occupation for a riverside + picnic—pulling a Christmas cracker! I have no idea what put + such an idea into my head. <i>I</i> never saw crackers used + in such a scene!<br> + <br> + I hope your mother goes on well. With kindest regards to + her and your father, and love to your sisters—and to + yourself too, if HE doesn't object!—I am,<br> + <br> + Yours affectionately,<br> + <br> + C.L. Dodgson.<br> + <br> + P.S.—I never give wedding-presents; so please regard the + enclosed as an <i>unwedding</i> present.<br> + <br> + <br> + Ch. Ch., Oxford,<br> + <i>December</i> 8, 1897.<br> + <br> + My dear Kathleen,—Many thanks for the photo of yourself and + your <i>fiancé</i>, which duly reached me January + 23, 1892. Also for a wedding-card, which reached me August + 28, 1892. Neither of these favours, I fear, was ever + acknowledged. Our only communication since, has been, that + on December 13, 1892, I sent you a biscuit—box adorned with + "Looking-Glass" pictures. This <i>you</i> never + acknowledged; so I was properly served for my negligence. I + hope your little daughter, of whose arrival Mrs. Eschwege + told me in December, 1893, has been behaving well? How + quickly the years slip by! It seems only yesterday that I + met, on the railway, a little girl who was taking a sketch + of Oxford!<br> + <br> + Your affectionate old friend,<br> + <br> + C.L. Dodgson. + </blockquote> + <p> + The following verses were inscribed in a copy of "Alice's + Adventures," presented to the three Miss Drurys in August, + 1869:— + </p><span class="c4"><i>To three puzzled little girls, from + the Author.</i></span><br> + <span class="c4">Three little maidens weary of the + rail,</span><br> + <span class="c4">Three pairs of little ears listening to a + tale,</span><br> + <span class="c4">Three little hands held out in + readiness,</span><br> + <span class="c4">For three little puzzles very hard to + guess.</span><br> + <span class="c4">Three pairs of little eyes, open + wonder-wide,</span><br> + <span class="c4">At three little scissors lying side by + side.</span><br> + <span class="c4">Three little mouths that thanked an unknown + Friend,</span><br> + <span class="c4">For one little book, he undertook to + send.</span><br> + <span class="c4">Though whether they'll remember a friend, or + book, or day—</span><br> + <span class="c4">In three little weeks is very hard to + say.</span><br> + <p> + He took the same three children to German Reed's + entertainment, where the triple bill consisted of "Happy + Arcadia," "All Abroad," and "Very Catching." A few days + afterwards he sent them "Phantasmagoria," with a little + poem on the fly-leaf to remind them of their treat:— + </p><span class="c4">Three little maids, one winter + day,</span><br> + <span class="c5">While others went to feed,</span><br> + <span class="c4">To sing, to laugh, to dance, to + play,</span><br> + <span class="c5">More wisely went to—Reed.</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c4">Others, when lesson-time's begun,</span><br> + <span class="c5">Go, half inclined to cry,</span><br> + <span class="c4">Some in a walk, some in a run;</span><br> + <span class="c5">But <i>these</i> went in a—Fly.</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c4">I give to other little maids</span><br> + <span class="c5">A smile, a kiss, a look,</span><br> + <span class="c4">Presents whose memory quickly + fades,</span><br> + <span class="c5">I give to these—a Book.</span><br> + <br> + <span class="c4"><i>Happy Arcadia</i> may blind,</span><br> + <span class="c5">While <i>all abroad,</i> their + eyes;</span><br> + <span class="c4">At home, this book (I trust) they'll + find</span><br> + <span class="c5">A <i>very catching</i> prize.</span><br> + <p> + The next three letters were addressed to two of Mr. Arthur + Hughes' children. They are good examples of the wild and + delightful nonsense with which Lewis Carroll used to amuse + his little friends:— + </p> + <blockquote> + My dear Agnes,—You lazy thing! What? I'm to divide the + kisses myself, am I? Indeed I won't take the trouble to do + anything of the sort! But I'll tell <i>you</i> how to do + it. First, you must take <i>four</i> of the kisses, and—and + that reminds me of a very curious thing that happened to me + at half-past four yesterday. Three visitors came knocking + at my door, begging me to let them in. And when I opened + the door, who do you think they were? You'll never guess. + Why, they were three cats! Wasn't it curious? However, they + all looked so cross and disagreeable that I took up the + first thing I could lay my hand on (which happened to be + the rolling-pin) and knocked them all down as flat as + pan-cakes! "If <i>you</i> come knocking at <i>my</i> door," + I said, "<i>I</i> shall come knocking at <i>your</i> + heads." "That was fair, wasn't it?"<br> + <br> + Yours affectionately,<br> + <br> + Lewis Carroll.<br> + <br> + <br> + My dear Agnes,—About the cats, you know. Of course I didn't + leave them lying flat on the ground like dried flowers: no, + I picked them up, and I was as kind as I could be to them. + I lent them the portfolio for a bed—they wouldn't have been + comfortable in a real bed, you know: they were too thin—but + they were <i>quite</i> happy between the sheets of + blotting-paper—and each of them had a pen-wiper for a + pillow. Well, then I went to bed: but first I lent them the + three dinner-bells, to ring if they wanted anything in the + night.<br> + <br> + You know I have <i>three</i> dinner-bells—the first (which + is the largest) is rung when dinner is <i>nearly</i> ready; + the second (which is rather larger) is rung when it is + quite ready; and the third (which is as large as the other + two put together) is rung all the time I am at dinner. + Well, I told them they might ring if they happened to want + anything—and, as they rang <i>all</i> the bells <i>all</i> + night, I suppose they did want something or other, only I + was too sleepy to attend to them.<br> + <br> + In the morning I gave them some rat-tail jelly and buttered + mice for breakfast, and they were as discontented as they + could be. They wanted some boiled pelican, but of course I + knew it wouldn't be good <i>for</i> them. So all I said was + "Go to Number Two, Finborough Road, and ask for Agnes + Hughes, and if it's <i>really</i> good for you, she'll give + you some." Then I shook hands with them all, and wished + them all goodbye, and drove them up the chimney. They + seemed very sorry to go, and they took the bells and the + portfolio with them. I didn't find this out till after they + had gone, and then I was sorry too, and wished for them + back again. What do I mean by "them"? Never mind.<br> + <br> + How are Arthur, and Amy, and Emily? Do they still go up and + down Finborough Road, and teach the cats to be kind to + mice? I'm <i>very</i> fond of all the cats in Finborough + Road.<br> + <br> + Give them my love.<br> + Who do I mean by "them"?<br> + Never mind.<br> + <br> + Your affectionate friend,<br> + <br> + Lewis Carroll. + </blockquote> + <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="521"></a> + <img src="Images/521.png" alt="521.png"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T521"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> +<div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>ARTHUR HUGHES<br> + AND HIS DAUGHTER AGNES.<br> + <i>From a photograph</i><br> + by Lewis Carroll.</b></div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <blockquote> + My dear Amy,—How are you getting on, I wonder, with + guessing those puzzles from "Wonderland"? If you think + you've found out any of the answers, you may send them to + me; and if they're wrong, I won't tell you they're + right!<br> + <br> + You asked me after those three cats. Ah! The dear + creatures! Do you know, ever since that night they first + came, they have <i>never left me?</i> Isn't it kind of + them? Tell Agnes this. She will be interested to hear it. + And they <i>are</i> so kind and thoughtful! Do you know, + when I had gone out for a walk the other day, they got + <i>all</i> my books out of the bookcase, and opened them on + the floor, to be ready for me to read. They opened them all + at page 50, because they thought that would be a nice + useful page to begin at. It was rather unfortunate, though: + because they took my bottle of gum, and tried to gum + pictures upon the ceiling (which they thought would please + me), and by accident they spilt a quantity of it all over + the books. So when they were shut up and put by, the leaves + all stuck together, and I can never read page 50 again in + any of them!<br> + <br> + However, they meant it very kindly, so I wasn't angry. I + gave them each a spoonful of ink as a treat; but they were + ungrateful for that, and made dreadful faces. But, of + course, as it was given them as a treat, they had to drink + it. One of them has turned black since: it was a white cat + to begin with.<br> + <br> + Give my love to any children you happen to meet. Also I + send two kisses and a half, for you to divide with Agnes, + Emily, and Godfrey. Mind you divide them fairly.<br> + <br> + Yours affectionately,<br> + <br> + C.L. Dodgson. + </blockquote> + <p> + The intelligent reader will make a discovery about the + first of the two following letters, which Miss Maggie + Cunningham, the "child-friend" to whom both were addressed, + perhaps did not hit upon at once. Mr. Dodgson wrote these + two letters in 1868:— + </p> + <blockquote> + Dear Maggie,—I found that <i>the friend,</i> that the + little girl asked me to write to, lived at Ripon, and not + at Land's End—a nice sort of place to invite to! It looked + rather suspicious to me—and soon after, by dint of + incessant inquiries, I found out that <i>she</i> was called + Maggie, and lived in a Crescent! Of course I declared, + "After that" (the language I used doesn't matter), "I will + <i>not</i> address her, that's flat! So do not expect me to + flatter."<br> + <br> + Well, I hope you will soon see your beloved Pa come + back—for consider, should you be quite content with only + Jack? Just suppose they made a blunder! (Such things happen + now and then.) Really, now, I shouldn't wonder if your + "John" came home again, and your father stayed at school! A + most awkward thing, no doubt. How would you receive him? + You'll say, perhaps, "you'd turn him out." That would + answer well, so far as concerns the boy, you know—but + consider your Papa, learning lessons in a row of great inky + schoolboys! This (though unlikely) might occur: "Haly" + would be grieved to miss him (don't mention it to + <i>her</i>).<br> + <br> + No <i>carte</i> has yet been done of me, that does real + justice to my <i>smile</i>; and so I hardly like, you see, + to send you one. However, I'll consider if I will or + not—meanwhile, I send a little thing to give you an idea of + what I look like when I'm lecturing. The merest sketch, you + will allow—yet still I think there's something grand in the + expression of the brow and in the action of the hand.<br> + <br> + Have you read my fairy tale in <i>Aunt Judy's Magazine?</i> + If you have you will not fail to discover what I mean when + I say "Bruno yesterday came to remind me that <i>he</i> was + my god-son!"—on the ground that I "gave him a name"!<br> + <br> + Your affectionate friend,<br> + <br> + C.L. Dodgson.<br> + <br> + P.S.—I would send, if I were not too shy, the same message + to "Haly" that she (though I do not deserve it, not I!) has + sent through her sister to me. My best love to yourself—to + your Mother my kindest regards—to your small, fat, + impertinent, ignorant brother my hatred. I think that is + all. + </blockquote><br> + <br> + <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary=""> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td><a name="441"></a> + <img src="Images/441.png" alt="441.png"> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td><div align="center"><a href="#T441"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div> +<div class="c1" align="center"> + <b>WHAT I LOOK LIKE<br> + WHEN I'M LECTURING.<br> + <i>From a drawing</i><br> + by Lewis Carroll.</b></div> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + <blockquote> + My dear Maggie,—I am a very bad correspondent, I fear, but + I hope you won't leave off writing to me on that account. I + got the little book safe, and will do my best about putting + my name in, if I can only manage to remember what day my + birthday is—but one forgets these things so easily.<br> + <br> + Somebody told me (a little bird, I suppose) that you had + been having better photographs done of yourselves. If so, I + hope you will let me buy copies. Fanny will pay you for + them. But, oh Maggie, how <i>can</i> you ask for a better + one of me than the one I sent! It is one of the best ever + done! Such grace, such dignity, such benevolence, such—as a + great secret (please don't repeat it) the <i>Queen</i> sent + to ask for a copy of it, but as it is against my rule to + give in such a case, I was obliged to answer—<br> + <br> + "Mr. Dodgson presents his compliments to her Majesty, and + regrets to say that his rule is never to give his + photograph except to <i>young</i> ladies." I am told she + was annoyed about it, and said, "I'm not so old as all that + comes to!" and one doesn't like to annoy Queens; but really + I couldn't help it, you know. + </blockquote><br> + <br> + <p> + I will conclude this chapter with some reminiscences of + Lewis Carroll, which have been kindly sent me by an old + child-friend of his, Mrs. Maitland, daughter of the late + Rev. E.A. Litton, Rector of Naunton, and formerly Fellow of + Oriel College and Vice—Principal of Saint Edmund's Hall:— + </p> + <blockquote> + To my mind Oxford will be never quite the same again now + that so many of the dear old friends of one's childhood + have "gone over to the great majority."<br> + <br> + Often, in the twilight, when the flickering firelight + danced on the old wainscotted wall, have we—father and + I—chatted over the old Oxford days and friends, and the + merry times we all had together in Long Wall Street. I was + a nervous, thin, remarkably ugly child then, and for some + years I was left almost entirely to the care of Mary + Pearson, my own particular attendant. I first remember Mr. + Dodgson when I was about seven years old, and from that + time until we went to live in Gloucestershire he was one of + my most delightful friends.<br> + <br> + I shall never forget how Mr. Dodgson and I sat once under a + dear old tree in the Botanical Gardens, and how he told me, + for the first time, Hans Andersen's story of the "Ugly + Duckling." I cannot explain the charm of Mr. Dodgson's way + of telling stories; as he spoke, the characters seemed to + be real flesh and blood. This particular story made a great + impression upon me, and interested me greatly, as I was + very sensitive about my ugly little self. I remember his + impressing upon me that it was better to be good and + truthful and to try not to think of oneself than to be a + pretty, selfish child, spoiled and disagreeable; and, after + telling me this story, he gave me the name of "Ducky." + "Never mind, little Ducky," he used often to say, "perhaps + some day you will turn out a swan."<br> + <br> + I always attribute my love for animals to the teaching of + Mr. Dodgson: his stories about them, his knowledge of their + lives and histories, his enthusiasm about birds and + butterflies enlivened many a dull hour. The monkeys in the + Botanical Gardens were our special pets, and when we fed + them with nuts and biscuits he seemed to enjoy the fun as + much as I did.<br> + <br> + Every day my nurse and I used to take a walk in Christ + Church Meadows, and often we would sit down on the soft + grass, with the dear old Broad Walk quite close, and, when + we raised our eyes, Merton College, with its walls covered + with Virginian creeper. And how delighted we used to be to + see the well-known figure in cap and gown coming, so + swiftly, with his kind smile ready to welcome the "Ugly + Duckling." I knew, as he sat beside me, that a book of + fairy tales was hidden in his pocket, or that he would have + some new game or puzzle to show me—and he would gravely + accept a tiny daisy-bouquet for his coat with as much + courtesy as if it had been the finest hot-house + <i>boutonnière</i>.<br> + <br> + Two or three times I went fishing with him from the bank + near the Old Mill, opposite Addison's Walk, and he quite + entered into my happiness when a small fish came wriggling + up at the end of my bent pin, just ready for the dinner of + the little white kitten "Lily," which he had given me.<br> + <br> + My hair was a great trouble to me, as a child, for it would + tangle, and Mary was not too patient with me, as I twisted + about while she was trying to dress it. One day I received + a long blue envelope addressed to myself, which contained a + story-letter, full of drawings, from Mr. Dodgson. The first + picture was of a little girl—with her hat off and her + tumbled hair very much in evidence—asleep on a rustic bench + under a big tree by the riverside, and two birds, holding + what was evidently a very important conversation, above in + the branches, their heads on one side, eyeing the sleeping + child. Then there was a picture of the birds flying up to + the child with twigs and straw in their beaks, preparing to + build their nest in her hair. Next came the awakening, with + the nest completed, and the mother-bird sitting on it; + while the father-bird flew round the frightened child. And + then, lastly, hundreds of birds—the air thick with them—the + child fleeing, small boys with tin trumpets raised to their + lips to add to the confusion, and Mary, armed with a basket + of brushes and combs, bringing up the rear! After this, + whenever I was restive while my hair was being arranged, + Mary would show me the picture of the child with the nest + on her head, and I at once became "as quiet as a lamb."<br> + <br> + I had a daily governess, a dear old soul, who used to come + every morning to teach me. I disliked particularly the + large—lettered copies which she used to set me; and as I + confided this to Mr. Dodgson, he came and gave me some + copies himself. The only ones which I can remember were + "Patience and water-gruel cure gout" (I always wondered + what "gout" might be) and "Little girls should be seen and + not heard" (which I thought unkind). These were written + many times over, and I had to present the pages to him, + without one blot or smudge, at the end of the week.<br> + <br> + One of the Fellows of Magdalen College at that time was a + Mr. Saul, a friend of my father's and of Mr. Dodgson, and a + great lover of music—his rooms were full of musical + instruments of every sort. Mr. Dodgson and father and I all + went one afternoon to pay him a visit. At that time he was + much interested in the big drum, and we found him when we + arrived in full practice, with his music-book open before + him. He made us all join in the concert. Father undertook + the 'cello, and Mr. Dodgson hunted up a comb and some + paper, and, amidst much fun and laughter, the walls echoed + with the finished roll, or shake, of the big drum—a roll + that was Mr. Saul's delight.<br> + <br> + My father died on August 27, 1897, and Mr. Dodgson on + January 14, 1898. And we, who are left behind in this cold, + weary world can only hope we may some day meet them again. + Till then, oh! Father, and my dear old childhood's friend, + <i>requiescalis in pace!</i> + </blockquote><br> + <br> + <hr> + <br> + <br> + <h2> + <a name="BIBLIOGRAPHY_T"></a> <a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY">BIBLIOGRAPHY</a> + </h2><br> + <pre> <tt> +<br> +"NOTES ON THE FIRST TWO BOOKS OF EUCLID." 1860 + Oxford: Parker. 8vo. 6d + + +"PHOTOGRAPHS." (?)1860 + (Printed for private circulation; a + list of negatives taken by the Rev. C. L. + Dodgson.) Pp. 4, 4to + + +"A SYLLABUS OF PLANE ALGEBRAICAL GEOMETRY," 1860 + systematically arranged, with formal definitions, + postulates, and axioms. By Charles Lutwidge + Dodgson. Part I. Containing Points, Right Lines, + Rectilinear Figures, Pencils and Circles. + Oxford: Parker. Pp. xvi + 164, 8vo. Cloth, paper label. 5s + + +"RULES FOR COURT CIRCULAR." 1860 + (A new game, invented by the Rev. C.L. Dodgson.) + Pp. 4. (Reprinted in 1862). + + +"THE FORMULÆ OF PLANE TRIGONOMETRY," 1861 + printed with symbols (instead of words) to express the + "goniometrical ratios." By Charles Lutwidge Dodgson. + Oxford: Parker. Pp. 19, 4to. Stitched, 1s. + + +"NOTES ON THE FIRST PART OF ALGEBRA." 1861 + Oxford: Parker. 8vo. 6d + + +"INDEX TO 'IN MEMORIAM.'" 1862 + [Suggested and edited by the Rev. C.L. Dodgson; + much of the actual work of compilation was + done by his sisters] + London: Moxon. + + +"THE ENUNCIATIONS OF EUCLID, Books I. and II." 1863 + Oxford: Printed at the University Press. + + +"GENERAL LIST OF (MATHEMATICAL) SUBJECTS, AND 1863 + CYCLE FOR WORKING EXAMPLES." + Oxford: Printed at the University Press. + + +"CROQUÊT CASTLES." 1863 + (A new game invented by the Rev. C.L. Dodgson). + London(?) Pp. 4. (Reprinted, with additions + and alterations, in 1866 at Oxford.) + + +"THE NEW EXAMINATION STATUTE." 1864 + (A letter to the Vice-Chancellor.) + Pp. 2, 4 to. Oxford. + + +"A GUIDE TO THE MATHEMATICAL STUDENT IN READING, 1864 + REVIEWING, AND WORKING EXAMPLES." By Charles + Lutwidge Dodgson. Part I. Pure Mathematics. + Oxford: Parker. Two leaves and pp. 27, 8vo. + Stitched, 1s. + + +"THE DYNAMICS OF A PARTI-CLE, with an Excursus on 1865 + the New Method of Evaluation as applied to pi." + Oxford: Vincent. Pp. 28, 8vo. (Three editions). + + +"ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND." By Lewis 1865 + Carroll, with forty-two illustrations by John + Tenniel. London: Macmillan. Pp. 192, cr. 8vo. + Cloth, gilt edges. 6s. + The 1st edition (recalled) was printed in Oxford, + and is very rare; all subsequent editions (1865 + onwards) by Richard Clay in London. Now in its + 86th thousand. [People's Edition, price 2s. 6d.; + first published in 1887. Now in its 70th + thousand.] + + +"CONDENSATION OF DETERMINANTS," being a new and 1866 + brief method for computing their arithmetical + values. By the Rev. C.L. Dodgson. From "The + Proceedings of the Royal Society, No. 84, 1866." + London: Taylor and Francis. Pp. 8, 8vo. + + +"AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON DETERMINANTS." 1867 + London: Macmillan. (Printed in Oxford.) + Pp. viii + 143, 4to. Cloth. 10s. 6d. + + +"THE FIFTH BOOK OF EUCLID TREATED ALGEBRAICALLY, 1868 + SO FAR AS IT RELATES TO COMMENSURABLE MAGNITUDES." + With notes. By Charles L. Dodgson. Oxford and + London: Parker. Two leaves and pp. 37, 8vo. In + wrapper, 1s. 6d. + + +"ALGEBRAICAL FORMULÆ FOR RESPONSIONS." 1868 + Oxford: Printed at the University Press. + + +"THE TELEGRAPH CIPHER." (?)1868 + (Invented, in 1868, by the Rev. C.L. Dodgson.) + + +"PHANTASMAGORIA AND OTHER POEMS." 1869 + By Lewis Carroll. + London: Macmillan. (Printed in Oxford.) + Pp. viii + 202, small 8vo. Cloth, gilt edges. + + +"AVENTURES D'ALICE AU PAYS DE MERVEILLES." 1869 + Par Lewis Carroll, ouvrage illustré de 42 vignettes + par John Tenniel. Traduit de l'anglais, par H. Bué. + London: Macmillan. Pp. 196, cr. 8vo. Cloth, gilt + edges. 6s. (Now in its 2nd thousand.) + + +"ALICE'S ABENTEUER IM WUNDERLAND." Von Lewis 1869 + Carroll, mit zweiundvierzig Illustrationen von<br> + John Tenniel. Uebersetzt von Antonie Zimmermann.<br> + London: Macmillan. Pp. 178, cr. 8vo. Cloth, gilt<br> + edges. 6s.<br> +<br> +<br> +"GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY." 1870<br> + Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br> +<br> +<br> +"ALGEBRAICAL FORMULÆ AND RULES." 1870<br> + Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br> +<br> +<br> +"ARITHMETICAL FORMULÆ AND RULES." 1870<br> + Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br> +<br> +<br> +"TO ALL CHILD READERS OF 'ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN 1871<br> + WONDERLAND.'" Pp. 4<br> +<br> +<br> +"THROUGH THE LOOKING-GLASS AND WHAT ALICE FOUND 1871<br> + THERE." By Lewis Carroll. With fifty illustrations<br> + by John Tenniel.<br> + London: Macmillan. Pp. 224., cr. 8vo. Cloth,<br> + gilt edges. 6s. Now in its 61st thousand<br> + [People's edition. Price 2s. 6d. First<br> + published in 1887. Now in its 46th thousand.]<br> +<br> +<br> +"LE AVVENTURE D'ALICE NEL PAESE DELLA MERAVIGLIE." 1872<br> + Per Lewis Carroll. Tradotte dall'inglese da T.<br> + Pietrocòla-Rossetti. Con 42 vignette di Giovanni<br> + Tenniel.<br> + London: Macmillan. Pp. 189, cr. 8vo.<br> + Cloth, gilt edges. 6s.<br> +<br> +<br> +CIRCULAR TO HOSPITALS OFFERING COPIES OF THE TWO 1872<br> + "ALICE" BOOKS.<br> + London: Macmillan.<br> +<br> +<br> +"SYMBOLS, &c., TO BE USED IN EUCLID, 1872<br> + Books I. and II."<br> + Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br> +<br> +<br> +"NUMBER OF PROPOSITIONS IN EUCLID." Oxford: 1872<br> + Printed at the University Press.<br> +<br> +<br> +"THE NEW BELFRY OF CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD." A 1872<br> + Monograph. By D.C.L.<br> + Oxford: Parker. Pp. 2 + 31, cr. 8vo.<br> + In wrapper. 6d. (Five editions.)<br> +<br> +<br> +"ENUNCIATIONS, EUCLID, I.—VI." 1873<br> + Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br> +<br> +<br> +"OBJECTIONS, SUBMITTED TO THE GOVERNING BODY of 1873<br> + Christ Church, Oxford, against certain proposed<br> + alterations in the Great Quadrangle."<br> + Oxford: Printed at the University Press. Pp. 4, 4to.<br> + [Printed for Private Circulation.]<br> +<br> +<br> +"THE VISION OF THE THREE T's." A Threnody. By the 1873<br> + Author of "The New Belfry."<br> + Oxford. Parker. Pp. 37 + 3, 8vo. In wrapper, 9d.<br> + (Three editions.)<br> +<br> +<br> +"A DISCUSSION OF THE VARIOUS MODES OF PROCEDURE IN 1873<br> + CONDUCTING ELECTIONS."<br> + Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br> +<br> +<br> +"EUCLID, BOOK V. PROVED ALGEBRAICALLY," so far as 1874<br> + it relates to Commensurable Magnitudes. To which<br> + is prefixed a summary of all the necessary<br> + algebraical operations, arranged in order of<br> + difficulty. By Charles L. Dodgson.<br> + Oxford: Parker.<br> + Pp. viii + 62, 8vo. Cloth. 3s. 6d.<br> +<br> +<br> +"SUGGESTIONS AS TO THE BEST METHOD OF TAKING VOTES, 1874<br> + where more than two Issues are to be voted on."<br> + Oxford: Hall and Stacy. Pp. 8, 8vo.<br> +<br> +<br> +"THE BLANK CHEQUE." A Fable. By the Author of "The 1874<br> + New Belfry," and "The Vision of The Three T's"<br> + Oxford: Parker. Pp. 14 + 2, cr. 8vo. In wrapper. 4d.<br> +<br> +<br> +"PRELIMINARY ALGEBRA, AND EUCLID Book V." 1874<br> + Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br> +<br> +<br> +"THE DYNAMICS OF A PARTI-CLE." 1874<br> + Oxford: Parker. Pp. 24, cr. 8vo. In wrapper. 6d.<br> +<br> +<br> +"THE NEW METHOD OF EVALUATION AS APPLIED TO pi." 1874<br> + Oxford: Parker. Pp. 16, cr. 8vo. In wrapper. 4d.<br> +<br> +<br> +"FACTS, FIGURES, AND FANCIES," relating to the 1874<br> + Elections to the Hebdomadal Council, the Offer of<br> + the Clarendon Trustees, and the Proposal to<br> + convert the Parks into Cricke-Grounds.<br> + Oxford: Parker. Pp. 29 + 3, cr. 8vo. In wrapper. 8d.<br> +<br> +<br> +"NOTES BY AN OXFORD CHIEL." 1874<br> + Oxford: Parker. Cr. 8vo. Cloth, gilt edges.<br> + [This book consists of the following six pamphlets<br> + bound together—"The New Method of Evaluation,"<br> + "The Dynamics of a Particle," "Facts, Figures, and<br> + Fancies," "The New Belfry," "The Vision of the<br> + Three T's," and "The Blank Cheque."]<br> +<br> +<br> +"EXAMPLES IN ARITHMETIC." 1874<br> + Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br> +<br> +<br> +"EUCLID, BOOKS I. and II." Edited by Charles L. 1875<br> + Dodgson.<br> + Oxford: Parker. Diagram, Title, Preface,<br> + and pp. 102, cr. 8vo. Cloth.<br> + [The book was circulated privately among<br> + Mathematical friends for hints. "Not yet<br> + published" was printed above title.]<br> +<br> +<br> +"THE PROFESSORSHIP OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY." 1876<br> + (Three leaflets.)<br> + Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br> +<br> +<br> +"A METHOD OF TAKING VOTES OF MORE THAN TWO 1876<br> + ISSUES."<br> + Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br> + Pp. 20, cr. 8vo.<br> + [A note on the title-page runs as follows: "As I<br> + hope to investigate this subject further, and to<br> + publish a more complete pamphlet on the subject, I<br> + shall feel greatly obliged if you will enter in<br> + this copy any remarks that occur to you, and<br> + return it to me any time before—."]<br> +<br> +<br> +LETTER AND QUESTIONS TO HOSPITALS. Oxford: 1876<br> + Printed at the University Press.<br> +<br> +<br> +"AN EASTER GREETING." [Reprinted in London, by 1876<br> + Macmillan & Co., in 1880.]<br> +<br> +<br> +"FAME'S PENNY TRUMPET." Not published. 1876<br> + Oxford: Baxter. Pp. 4, 4to.<br> + [Afterwards published in "Rhyme? and Reason?"]<br> +<br> +<br> +"THE HUNTING OF THE SNARK." An Agony, in Eight 1876<br> + Fits. By Lewis Carroll. With nine illustrations by<br> + Henry Holiday.<br> + London: Macmillan. Pp. xi + 83, 8vo. Cloth,<br> + gilt edges. 4s.. 6d.<br> +<br> +<br> +"THE RESPONSIONS OF HILARY TERM, 1877." 1877<br> + (A letter to the Vice-Chancellor.)<br> + Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br> +<br> +<br> +"A CHARADE." (Written with a cyclostyle.) Pp. 4. 1878<br> +<br> +<br> +"WORD-LINKS." (A game, afterwards called 1878<br> + "DOUBLETS," invented by the Rev. C.L. Dodgson.)<br> + Oxford: Printed at the University Press. Pp. 4,<br> + 8vo.[There is also a form written with a<br> + cyclostyle.]<br> +<br> +<br> +"DOUBLETS." A Word-Puzzle. By Lewis Carroll. 1879<br> + London: Macmillan. Pp. 73, 8vo. Cloth. 2s. (2nd<br> + edition, 1880.)<br> +<br> +<br> +"EUCLID AND HIS MODERN RIVALS." 1879<br> + London: Macmillan. 8vo. Cloth. 6s.<br> + (2nd edition, 1885. Pp. xxxi + 275.)<br> +<br> +<br> +"DOUBLETS." A Word-Puzzle. By Lewis Carroll. 1880<br> + Oxford: Printed at the University Press. Pp. 8.<br> + 8vo. [This Puzzle appeared in Vanity Fair, April<br> + 19, 1879.]<br> +<br> +<br> +"LETTER FROM MABEL TO EMILY." To illustrate common 1880<br> + errors in letter-writing. (Written with a<br> + cyclostyle.)<br> +<br> +<br> +"LIZE'S AVONTUREN IN HET WONDERLAND." (?)1881<br> + Naar het Engelsch. [A Dutch version of "Alice<br> + in Wonderland."]<br> + Nijmegen. 4to.<br> +<br> +<br> +"ON CATCHING COLD." (A pamphlet, consisting of 1881<br> + extracts from two books by Dr. Inman.)<br> + Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br> +<br> +<br> +"JABBERWOCKY." (Lewis Carroll's Poem, with A.A. 1881<br> + Vansittart's Latin rendering.)<br> + Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br> +<br> +<br> +NOTICE RE CONCORDANCE TO "IN MEMORIAM." 1881<br> + Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br> +<br> +<br> +"LANRICK." A Game for Two Players. 1881<br> + Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br> +<br> +<br> +A CIRCULAR ABOUT THE "SCHOOL OF DRAMATIC ART." 1882<br> + Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br> +<br> +<br> +"AN ANALYSIS OF THE RESPONSIONS-LISTS FROM 1882<br> + MICHAELMAS, 1873, to Michaelmas, 1881."<br> + Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br> +<br> +<br> +CIRCULAR ASKING FOR SUGGESTIONS FOR A GIRLS' 1882<br> + EDITION OF SHAKESPEARE.<br> + Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br> + [Two different forms, one pp. 2, the other pp. 4.]<br> +<br> +<br> +"EUCLID, BOOKS I. and II." 1882<br> + London: Macmillan. Printed in Oxford.<br> + Pp. xi + 108. 8vo. Cloth. 2s.<br> + [Seven editions were subsequently published.]<br> +<br> +<br> +"DREAMLAND." A Song. Words by Lewis Carroll; music 1882<br> + by Rev. C. E. Hutchinson.<br> + Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br> +<br> +<br> +"MISCHMASCH." (A game invented by the Rev. C. L. 1882<br> + Dodgson.) Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br> + Two editions.<br> +<br> +<br> +"RHYME? AND REASON?" By Lewis Carroll. With 1883<br> + sixty-five illustrations by Arthur B. Frost, and<br> + nine by Henry Holiday.<br> + London: Macmillan. Pp. xii + 214, cr. 8vo.<br> + Cloth, 7s. (Now in its 6th thousand.)<br> + [This book is a reprint, with a few additions, of<br> + "The Hunting of the Snark," and of the comic<br> + portions of "Phantasmagoria and Other Poems."]<br> +<br> +<br> +"LAWN TENNIS TOURNAMENTS: THE TRUE METHOD OF 1883<br> + ASSIGNING PRIZES, with a Proof of the Fallacy of<br> + the Present Method."<br> + London: Macmillan. Printed in Oxford. 8vo.<br> +<br> +<br> +"RULES FOR RECKONING POSTAGE." 1883<br> + Oxford: Baxter.<br> +<br> +<br> +"TWELVE MONTHS IN A CURATORSHIP." 1884<br> + By One who has tried it.<br> + Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter.<br> + Pp. 52, 8vo<br> +<br> +<br> +SUPPLEMENT TO DITTO. 1884<br> + Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 8, 8vo<br> +<br> +<br> +POSTSCRIPT TO DITTO. 1884<br> + Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 2, 8vo.<br> +<br> +<br> +"CHRISTMAS GREETINGS." 1884<br> + London: Macmillan.<br> +<br> +<br> +"THE PROFITS OF AUTHORSHIP." By Lewis Carroll. 1884<br> + London: Macmillan. 8vo. 6d.<br> +<br> +<br> +"THE PRINCIPLES OF PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION." 1884<br> + London: Harrison. Pp. 56, 8vo. (Reprinted in<br> + 1885.)<br> +<br> +<br> +SUPPLEMENT TO DITTO. 1885<br> + Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 8, 8vo.<br> + Two editions.<br> +<br> +<br> +POSTSCRIPT TO SUPPLEMENT TO DITTO. 1885<br> + Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 4, 8vo.<br> + Two editions.<br> +<br> +<br> +SUPPLEMENT TO FIRST EDITION OF "EUCLID AND HIS 1885<br> + MODERN RIVALS." London: Macmillan. 8vo. 1s<br> +<br> +<br> +"A TANGLED TALE." By Lewis Carroll. With six 1885<br> + illustrations by Arthur B. Frost. London:<br> + Macmillan. Printed in Oxford. Pp. 152, cr. 8vo.<br> + Cloth, gilt edges. 4s. 6d. (Now in its 4th<br> + thousand.)<br> + [First appeared in Monthly Packet, April,<br> + 1882—November, 1884. There are also separate<br> + reprints of each "Knot," and of the Answers to<br> + "Knots" I. and II.]<br> +<br> +<br> +"PROPOSED PROCURATORIAL CYCLE." 1885<br> + Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 4, 4to.<br> +<br> +<br> +"THE PROCURATORIAL CYCLE. FURTHER REMARKS." 1885<br> + Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 3, 4to.<br> +<br> +<br> +"SUGGESTIONS AS TO THE ELECTION OF PROCTORS." 1885<br> + Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 4, 4to.<br> + (Reprinted, with additions, in 1886)<br> +<br> +<br> +"ALICE'S ADVENTURES UNDER GROUND." By Lewis 1886<br> + Carroll. With thirty-seven illustrations by the<br> + author.<br> + London: Macmillan. Pp. viii + 95, cr. 8vo. Cloth,<br> + gilt edges. 4s. (Now in its 4th thousand.)<br> + [This book is a facsimile of the original<br> + Manuscript story, afterwards developed into "Alice<br> + in Wonderland."]<br> +<br> +<br> +"THREE YEARS IN A CURATORSHIP." 1886<br> + By one whom it has tried.<br> + Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 32, cr. 8vo.<br> +<br> +<br> +"REMARKS ON THE REPORT OF THE FINANCE COMMITTEE." 1886<br> + Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 8, cr. 8vo.<br> +<br> +<br> +"REMARKS ON MR. SAMPSON'S PROPOSAL." 1886<br> + Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 4, cr. 8vo.<br> +<br> +<br> +"OBSERVATIONS ON MR. SAMPSON'S PROPOSAL." 1889<br> + Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 12, 8vo.<br> +<br> +<br> +"FIRST PAPER ON LOGIC." 1886<br> + Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 2, 8vo.<br> +<br> +<br> +"FOURTH PAPER ON LOGIC." 1886<br> + Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 3, 8vo.<br> +<br> +<br> +"FIFTH PAPER ON LOGIC." 1887<br> + Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 4, 8vo.<br> +<br> +<br> +"SIXTH PAPER ON LOGIC." 1887<br> + Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 4, 8vo.<br> +<br> +<br> +"QUESTIONS IN LOGIC." 1887<br> + Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 4, fcap. fol.<br> +<br> +<br> +"ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND; AND THROUGH THE 1887<br> + LOOKING-GLASS." People's editions, 1 vol.<br> + London: Macmillan. Cr. 8vo. Cloth. 4s. 6d.<br> +<br> +<br> +"THE GAME OF LOGIC." By Lewis Carroll. 1887<br> + London: Macmillan. Pp. 96, cr. 8vo. Cloth. 3s.<br> +<br> +<br> +"CURIOSA MATHEMATICA, Part I. A New Theory of 1888<br> + Parallels." By C. L. Dodgson.<br> + London: Macmillan. Pp. 75. 8vo. Cloth. 2s.<br> + (Reprinted in 1889, 1890, and 1895.)<br> +<br> +<br> +"MEMORIA TECHNICA." [Written with a cyclostyle.] 1888<br> + Pp. 4<br> +<br> +<br> +"CIRCULAR BILLIARDS FOR TWO PLAYERS." Invented, in (?)1889<br> + 1889, by Lewis Carroll. Two editions<br> +<br> +<br> +"SYLVIE AND BRUNO." By Lewis Carroll. With 1889<br> + forty-six illustrations by Harry Furniss.<br> + London: Macmillan. Pp. xxiii + 400, cr. 8vo.<br> + Cloth, gilt edges. (Now in its 13th thousand.) <br> + [The picture on p. 77 was drawn by Miss Alice Havers.]<br> +<br> +<br> +"THE NURSERY 'ALICE.'" Containing twenty coloured 1890<br> + enlargements from Tenniel's illustrations to<br> + "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland." With text<br> + adapted to nursery readers by Lewis Carroll. The<br> + cover designed and coloured by E. Gertrude<br> + Thomson. London: Macmillan. Pp. 56, 4to. Boards.<br> + 4s. (Now in its 11th thousand.)<br> +<br> +<br> +"EIGHT OR NINE WISE WORDS ABOUT LETTER-WRITING." 1890<br> + By Lewis Carroll. Oxford: Emberlin and Son. (Now<br> + in its 5th edition.) [This pamphlet is sold with<br> + the "Wonderland" Postage-Stamp Case, published by<br> + Messrs. Emberlin and Son.]<br> +<br> +<br> +"THE STRANGER CIRCULAR." (A leaflet sent by Mr. 1890<br> + Dodgson to people who wrote to him about his<br> + "Lewis Carroll" books, addressing the envelope to<br> + Rev. C. L. Dodgson.)<br> + Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.<br> +<br> +<br> +CIRCULAR, asking friends to send addresses of 1890<br> + stationers likely to sell the<br> + "Wonderland" Postage-Stamp Case.<br> + Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.<br> +<br> +<br> +CIRCULAR SENT TO VARIOUS HOSPITALS, offering free 1890<br> + copies of Lewis Carroll's books.<br> + Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.<br> +<br> +<br> +LIST OF INSTITUTIONS to which above was to be sent. 1890<br> + Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.<br> +<br> +<br> +CIRCULAR, ADDRESSED TO THE GOVERNING BODY OF 1891<br> + CHRIST CHURCH, Oxford, about the proposal to<br> + invite M.A.'s to dine at High Table.<br> +<br> +<br> +"A POSTAL PROBLEM." June, 1891. 1891<br> +<br> +<br> +DITTO, Supplement. 1891<br> +<br> +<br> +A CIRCULAR ABOUT RESIGNATION OF CURATORSHIP. 1892<br> + Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.<br> +<br> +<br> +A CIRCULAR ABOUT "UNPARLIAMENTARY" WORDS 1892<br> + used by some competitors in the "Syzygies"<br> + competition in The Lady.<br> + Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.<br> +<br> +<br> +"CURIOSISSIMA CURATORIA." By 'Rude Donatus.' 1892<br> + (A Pamphlet sent to all resident members of Christ<br> + Church Common Room.)<br> + Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.<br> +<br> +<br> +"EIGHTH PAPER ON LOGIC." 1892<br> + Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.<br> + [A revised version of one page was<br> + printed in same year.]<br> +<br> +<br> +"NINTH PAPER ON LOGIC." 1892<br> + Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.<br> +<br> +<br> +"NOTES TO LOGIC PAPERS EIGHT AND NINE." 1892<br> + Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.<br> +<br> +<br> +"CURIOSA MATHEMATICA, Part III. PILLOW PROBLEMS," 1893<br> + thought out during wakeful hours, by C. L.<br> + Dodgson.<br> + London, Macmillan: Printed in Oxford. Pp.<br> + xvii + 109, 8vo. Cloth, 1st and 2nd editions.<br> + (Reprinted in 1894, 1895.)<br> +<br> +<br> +"SYZYGIES AND LANRICK." By Lewis Carroll. 1893<br> + London: The Lady office. Pp. 26. 6d.<br> +<br> +<br> +"SYLVIE AND BRUNO CONCLUDED." By Lewis Carroll. 1893<br> + With forty-six illustrations by Harry Furniss.<br> + London: Macmillan. Pp. xxi + 423, cr. 8vo. Cloth,<br> + gilt edges. 7s.6d. (Now in its 3rd thousand.) [The<br> + picture on p. 409 was drawn by Miss Alice Havers.]<br> +<br> +<br> +"A DISPUTED POINT IN LOGIC." 1894<br> +<br> +<br> +"WHAT THE TORTOISE SAID TO ACHILLES." (Reprinted 1894<br> + from Mind, December, 1894.) Pp. 4.<br> +<br> +<br> +"A FASCINATING MENTAL RECREATION FOR THE YOUNG." (?)1895<br> + (A circular about Symbolic Logic, signed "Lewis<br> + Carroll.")<br> +<br> +<br> +"RESIDENT WOMEN-STUDENTS." 1896<br> + (A circular, signed "Charles L Dodgson.")<br> + Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.<br> +<br> +<br> +"SYMBOLIC LOGIC. Part I. Elementary." By Lewis 1896<br> + Carroll.<br> + London: Macmillan. Pp. xxxi + 192, cr.<br> + 8vo. Cloth. 2s. (Now in its 4th edition.)<br> +<br> +<br> +"THREE SUNSETS AND OTHER POEMS." By Lewis Carroll. 1898<br> + With twelve Fairy-Fancies by E. Gertrude Thomson.<br> + London: Macmillan. Pp. 68, fcap. 4to. Cloth, gilt<br> + edges. 4s. [This book is a reprint, with<br> + additions, of the serious portions of<br> + "Phantasmagoria and Other Poems."]<br> +<br> +<br> +"TO MY CHILD-FRIEND." (A poem, reprinted in "The No date<br> + Game of Logic.") Pp. 2<br> +<br> +<br> +"THE ALPHABET-CIPHER." No date<br> +<br></tt> <br></pre><br> + <br> + <hr> + <br> + <br> + <br> + <br> + <h2> + <a name="INDEX_T"></a> <a href="#INDEX">INDEX</a> + </h2><br> + <h4> + A + </h4><br> + <p> + Abdy, Miss Dora, + </p> + <p> + Albany, The Duchess of, + </p> + <p> + "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland," + </p> + <p> + "Alice's Adventures Underground," + </p> + <p> + "Alice" Operetta, The, + </p> + <p> + Alice, Princess, + </p> + <p> + "Alice, The Nursery," + </p> + <p> + Allen, Mrs. Egerton, + </p> + <p> + Anderson, Mrs., + </p> + <p> + Atkinson, Miss G., + </p> + <p> + Atkinson, Rev. F. H., + </p><br> + <h4> + B + </h4><br> + <p> + Baden-Powell, Sir George, + </p> + <p> + Bayne, Rev. T. Vere, + </p> + <p> + Bennie, Mrs., + </p> + <p> + "Blank Cheque, The," + </p> + <p> + Bowman, Miss Isa, + </p> + <p> + Bremer, Miss, + </p> + <p> + "Bruno's Revenge," + </p><br> + <h4> + C + </h4><br> + <p> + Calverley, C. S., + </p> + <p> + Chataway, Miss G., + </p> + <p> + Chevalier, Albert, + </p> + <p> + Circle-squarers, + </p> + <p class="c13"> + College Rhymes, + </p> + <p> + College Servants, + </p> + <p class="c13"> + Comic Times, The, + </p> + <p> + Cook Wilson, Professor, + </p> + <p> + Croft, + </p> + <p> + Cunningham, Miss M., + </p><br> + <h4> + D + </h4><br> + <p> + Daresbury, + </p> + <p> + "Deserted Parks, The," + </p> + <p> + "Determinants, An Elementary Treatise On," + </p> + <p> + Dodgson, Archdeacon, + </p> + <p> + Dodgson, Captain, + </p> + <p> + Dodgson, Mrs., + </p> + <p> + "Dotheboys Hall," + </p> + <p> + "Dreamland," + </p> + <p> + Drury, Miss + </p> + <p> + Dymes, Miss + </p> + <p> + "Dynamics of a Parti-cle, The" + </p><br> + <h4> + E + </h4><br> + <p> + Egerton, Lord Francis + </p> + <p> + Elphin, The Bishop of + </p> + <p> + Elsdon + </p> + <p> + Eschwege, Miss K. + </p> + <p> + Eternal Punishment + </p> + <p> + "Euclid and His Modern Rivals" + </p> + <p> + "Euclid, Books I. and II." + </p> + <p> + "Euclid, Book V." + </p> + <p> + Exhibition, The Great + </p><br> + <h4> + F + </h4><br> + <p> + "Facts, Figures, and Fancies" + </p> + <p> + Freiligrath Kroeker, Mrs. + </p> + <p> + Frost, A.B. + </p> + <p> + Furniss, Harry + </p><br> + <h4> + G + </h4><br> + <p> + "Game of Logic, The" + </p> + <p> + Gatty, Mrs. + </p> + <p> + General Elections + </p><br> + <h4> + H + </h4><br> + <p> + Harrison, Frederic + </p> + <p> + Holiday, Henry + </p> + <p> + Hopley, Rev. H. + </p> + <p> + Hughes, Arthur + </p> + <p> + Hughes, Miss Agnes + </p> + <p> + "Hunting of the Snark, The" + </p> + <p> + Hutchinson, Rev. C.E. + </p><br> + <h4> + J + </h4><br> + <p class="c13"> + Jabberwock, The + </p> + <p> + Jackson, Miss F. + </p> + <p> + Jelf, Canon + </p> + <p> + Jowett, Dr. + </p><br> + <h4> + K + </h4><br> + <p> + Kean, Mrs. + </p> + <p> + Kingsley, Henry + </p> + <p> + Kitchin, Miss Alexandra (Xie) + </p><br> + <h4> + L + </h4><br> + <p> + "Lays of Sorrow" + </p> + <p> + Liddell, Dr. + </p> + <p> + Liddell, Miss Alice + </p> + <p> + Liddon, Canon + </p> + <p> + "Little Minister, The" + </p> + <p> + Longley, Archbishop + </p><br> + <h4> + M + </h4><br> + <p> + Macdonald, George + </p> + <p> + Maitland, Mrs. + </p> + <p> + Manners, Miss M.E. + </p> + <p> + Maurier, George du + </p> + <p> + Mechanical "Humpty Dumpty," The + </p> + <p> + "Memoria Technica" + </p> + <p class="c13"> + Misch-Masch + </p> + <p> + Moscow + </p><br> + <h4> + N + </h4><br> + <p> + Natural Science + </p> + <p> + "New Belfry, The" + </p> + <p> + "New Method of Evaluation, The" + </p> + <p> + "New Theory of Parallels, The" + </p> + <p> + Nijni Novgorod + </p> + <p> + "Notes by an Oxford Chiel" + </p><br> + <h4> + P + </h4><br> + <p> + Paget, Dean + </p> + <p> + Paget, Sir James + </p> + <p> + Paine, Miss Adelaide + </p> + <p> + Patmore, Coventry + </p> + <p> + Paton, Sir Noel + </p> + <p> + "Phantasmagoria" + </p> + <p> + "Pillow Problems" + </p> + <p> + Potsdam + </p> + <p> + Price, Professor + </p> + <p> + "Profits of Authorship, The" + </p> + <p> + Pusey, Dr. + </p><br> + <h4> + R + </h4><br> + <p class="c13"> + Rectory Umbrella, The + </p> + <p> + "Rhyme? and Reason?" + </p> + <p> + Richmond + </p> + <p> + Rix, Miss Edith + </p> + <p> + Rugby + </p> + <p> + Ruskin, John + </p><br> + <h4> + S + </h4><br> + <p> + Salisbury, The Marquis of + </p> + <p> + St. Petersburg + </p> + <p> + Sanday, Professor + </p> + <p> + Simpson, Miss Gaynor + </p> + <p> + Smedley, Frank + </p> + <p> + Standen, Miss Isabel + </p> + <p> + "Sylvie and Bruno" + </p> + <p> + "Sylvie and Bruno Concluded" + </p> + <p> + "Symbolic Logic, Part I." + </p> + <p> + "Syzygies" + </p><br> + <h4> + T + </h4><br> + <p> + Tait, Archbishop + </p> + <p> + "Tangled Tale, A" + </p> + <p> + Taylor, Tom + </p> + <p> + Tenniel, Sir John + </p> + <p> + Tennyson, Alfred + </p> + <p> + Terry, Miss Ellen + </p> + <p> + Terry, Miss Kate + </p> + <p> + Thackeray, W.M. + </p> + <p> + Thomson, Miss E.G. + </p> + <p> + "Three Sunsets" + </p> + <p> + "Through the Looking-Glass" + </p> + <p class="c13"> + Train, The + </p> + <p> + "Twelve Months in a Curatorship" + </p><br> + <h4> + V + </h4><br> + <p> + Vansittart, A.A. + </p> + <p> + "Vision of The Three T's, The" + </p> + <p> + Vivisection + </p><br> + <h4> + W + </h4><br> + <p> + Wilberforce, Bishop + </p> + <p> + "Wise Words on Letter-Writing" + </p> + <p> + "Wonderland" Stamp-Case, The + </p> + <p> + Woodhouse, Rev. G.C. + </p><br> + <h4> + Y + </h4><br> + <p> + Yates, Edmund + </p> + <p> + Yonge, Miss Charlotte M. + </p><br> + <br> + <hr> + <br> + <br> + <h2> + <a name="FOOTNOTES._T"></a> <a href="#FOOTNOTES">FOOTNOTES.</a> + </h2><br> + <p> + <a name="Footnote_001"></a><a href="#FNanchor001">[001]</a> + </p> + <div class="note"> + Perhaps an incorrect expression, as it was only the second + attempt. + </div><br> + <p> + <a name="Footnote_002"></a><a href="#FNanchor002">[002]</a> + </p> + <div class="note"> + The science of taking medicine in infinitely small doses. + </div><br> + <p> + <a name="Footnote_003"></a><a href="#FNanchor003">[003]</a> + </p> + <div class="note"> + <pre> <tt> + 1<br> +_________________________<br> +1000000000000000000000000<br></tt> <br></pre><br> + <p> + <a name="Footnote_004"></a><a href="#FNanchor004">[004]</a> + </p> + <div class="note"> + A Man's history of his own life. + </div><br> + <p> + <a name="Footnote_005"></a><a href="#FNanchor005">[005]</a> + </p> + <div class="note"> + The author of "The Bandy-legged Butterfly." + </div><br> + <p> + <a name="Footnote_006"></a><a href="#FNanchor006">[006]</a> + </p> + <div class="note"> + Afterwards President of the Society for the Prevention of + Cruelty to Animals. + </div> + <p> + <a name="Footnote_007"></a><a href="#FNanchor007">[007]</a> + </p> + <div class="note"> + Or a pulling by the ear. + </div><br> + <p> + <a name="Footnote_008"></a><a href="#FNanchor008">[008]</a> + </p> + <div class="note"> + This Rectory has been supposed to have been built in the + time of Edward VI., but recent discoveries clearly assign + its origin to a much earlier period. A stone has been + found in an island formed by the river Tees on which is + inscribed the letter "A," which is justly conjectured to + stand for the name of the great King Alfred, in whose + reign this house was probably built. + </div><br> + <p> + <a name="Footnote_009"></a><a href="#FNanchor009">[009]</a> + </p> + <div class="note"> + The poet entreats pardon for having represented a donkey + under this dignified name. + </div><br> + <p> + <a name="Footnote_010"></a><a href="#FNanchor010">[010]</a> + </p> + <div class="note"> + With reference to these remarkable animals see "Moans + from the Miserable," page 12. + </div><br> + <p> + <a name="Footnote_011"></a><a href="#FNanchor011">[011]</a> + </p> + <div class="note"> + A full account of the history and misfortunes of these + interesting creatures may be found in the first "Lay of + Sorrow," page 36. + </div><br> + <p> + <a name="Footnote_012"></a><a href="#FNanchor012">[012]</a> + </p> + <div class="note"> + It is a singular fact that a donkey makes a point of + returning any kicks offered to it. + </div><br> + <p> + <a name="Footnote_013"></a><a href="#FNanchor013">[013]</a> + </p> + <div class="note"> + This valiant knight, besides having a heart of steel and + nerves of iron, has been lately in the habit of carrying + a brick in his eye. + </div><br> + <p> + <a name="Footnote_014"></a><a href="#FNanchor014">[014]</a> + </p> + <div class="note"> + She was sister to both. + </div><br> + <p> + <a name="Footnote_015"></a><a href="#FNanchor015">[015]</a> + </p> + <div class="note"> + The reader will probably be at a loss to discover the + nature of this triumph, as no object was gained, and the + donkey was obviously the victor; on this point, however, + we are sorry to say, we can offer no good explanation. + </div><br> + <p> + <a name="Footnote_016"></a><a href="#FNanchor016">[016]</a> + </p> + <div class="note"> + Much more acceptable to a true knight than "corn-land" + which the Roman people were so foolish as to give to + their daring champion, Horatius. + </div><br> + <p> + <a name="Footnote_017"></a><a href="#FNanchor017">[017]</a> + </p> + <div class="note"> + Lewis Carroll composed this poem while staying with his + cousins, the Misses Wilcox, at Whitburn, near Sunderland. + To while away an evening the whole party sat down to a + game of verse-making, and "Jabberwocky" was his + contribution. + </div><br> + <p> + <a name="Footnote_018"></a><a href="#FNanchor018">[018]</a> + </p> + <div class="note"> + <i>Coesper</i> from <i>coena</i> and <i>vesper</i>. + </div><br> + <p> + <a name="Footnote_019"></a><a href="#FNanchor019">[019]</a> + </p> + <div class="note"> + <i>Lubriciles</i>, from <i>lubricus</i> and + <i>graciles</i>. See the commentary in "Humpty Dumpty's + square," which will also explain <i>ultravia</i>, and, if + it requires explanation, <i>moestenui</i>. + </div><br> + <p> + <a name="Footnote_020"></a><a href="#FNanchor020">[020]</a> + </p> + <div class="note"> + <i>Sanguis meus</i>: Verg. Aen. vi. 836—<span class="c14">"Projice tela manu, sanguis meus!"</span> + </div><br> + <p> + <a name="Footnote_021"></a><a href="#FNanchor021">[021]</a> + </p> + <div class="note"> + <i>Egnia</i>: "muffish"—<i>segnis</i>; therefore "uffish" + = <i>egnis</i>. This is a conjectural analogy, but I can + suggest no better solution. + </div><br> + <p> + <a name="Footnote_022"></a><a href="#FNanchor022">[022]</a> + </p> + <div class="note"> + <i>Susuffrus</i>: "whiffling," <i>susurrus</i>: + "whistling." + </div><br> + <p> + <a name="Footnote_023"></a><a href="#FNanchor023">[023]</a> + </p> + <div class="note"> + <i>Spicula</i>: see the picture. + </div><br> + <p> + <a name="Footnote_024"></a><a href="#FNanchor024">[024]</a> + </p> + <div class="note"> + <i>Burbur</i>: apparently a labial variation of + <i>murmur</i>, stronger but more dissonant. + </div><br> + <p> + <a name="Footnote_025"></a><a href="#FNanchor025">[025]</a> + </p> + <div class="note"> + This poem is reproduced here by the kind permission of + the proprietors of <i>Punch</i>. + </div><br> + <br> + <hr> + </div><br> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life and Letters of Lewis Carroll +by Stuart Dodgson Collingwood + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE OF LEWIS CARROLL *** + +***** This file should be named 11483-h.htm or 11483-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/4/8/11483/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, David Gundry and PG Distributed +Proofreaders + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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For +example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at: + + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/0/2/3/10234 + +or filename 24689 would be found at: + https://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/6/8/24689 + +An alternative method of locating eBooks: + https://www.gutenberg.org/GUTINDEX.ALL + + + + +</pre> + + </body> + </html> diff --git a/11483-h/Images/001.gif b/11483-h/Images/001.gif Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1cb5df2 --- /dev/null +++ b/11483-h/Images/001.gif diff --git a/11483-h/Images/027.png b/11483-h/Images/027.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f862cf4 --- /dev/null +++ b/11483-h/Images/027.png diff --git a/11483-h/Images/048.png b/11483-h/Images/048.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6efa85f --- /dev/null +++ b/11483-h/Images/048.png diff --git a/11483-h/Images/049.png b/11483-h/Images/049.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6dcbb70 --- /dev/null +++ b/11483-h/Images/049.png diff --git 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