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diff --git a/old/11463.txt b/old/11463.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7024eea --- /dev/null +++ b/old/11463.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2152 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and +Instruction, Vol. 14, Issue 404, December 12, 1829, by Various + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 14, +Issue 404, December 12, 1829 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: March 5, 2004 [eBook #11463] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: US-ASCII + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, +AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 14, ISSUE 404, DECEMBER 12, 1829*** + + +E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Andy Jewell, David Garcia, and the +Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team + + + +Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this + file which includes the original illustrations. + See 11463-h.htm or 11463-h.zip: + (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/4/6/11463/11463-h/11463-h.htm) + or + (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/4/6/11463/11463-h.zip) + + + + +THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION. + +VOL. 14, NO. 404.] SATURDAY, DECEMBER 12, 1829. [PRICE 2d. + + + + * * * * * + + + + +The Royal Observatory, Greenwich. + + +[Illustration: The Royal Observatory, Greenwich.] + + +In the present _almanack season_, as it is technically called, the above +illustration of our pages may not be inappropriate or ill-timed, +inasmuch as it represents the spot whence all English astronomers make +their calculations. + +The Observatory was built by Charles II., in the year 1675--probably, +observes a recent writer, "with no better motive than to imitate Louis +XIV.," who had just completed the erection and endowment of an +observatory at Paris. The English Observatory was fortunately placed +under the direction of the celebrated Flamstead, whose name the hill, or +site of the building, still retains. He was appointed astronomer-royal +in 1676; but Charles (as in the case of the curious dial at Whitehall, +described by us a few weeks since[1]), neglected to complete what he had +so well begun: and Flamstead entered upon the duties of his appointment +with instruments principally provided _at his own expense_, and that +of a zealous patron of science, James Moore. It should seem that this +species of parsimony is hereditary in the English Government, for, upon +the authority of the _Quarterly Review_, we learn that "within the +wide range of the British Islands _there is only one observatory_ +(Greenwich), _and scarcely one supported by the Government_. We say +scarcely one, because we believe that some of the instruments in the +observatory at Greenwich were purchased out of the private funds of the +Royal Society of London."[2] + + [1] For this very accurate Description with an Engraving, see + MIRROR, No. 400. + + [2] For the remainder of the Extract, &c. see MIRROR, vol. xii. + p. 151. Only a few days since we saw recorded an instance of + enthusiasm in the study of astronomy, which will never be + forgotten. We allude to Mr. South's splendid purchase at Paris; + yet all the aid he received was some trifling remission of duty! + +The first stone of this Observatory was laid by Flamstead, on the 10th +of August, 1675. It stands 160 feet above low-water mark, and +principally consists of two separate buildings: the first contains three +rooms on the ground-floor--viz. the transit-room, towards the east, the +quadrant-room, towards the west, and the assistant's sitting and +calculating-room, in the middle; above which is his bed-room, the latter +being furnished with sliding shutters in the roof. In the transit-room +is an eight-feet transit-instrument, with an axis of three feet, resting +on two piers of stone: this was made by Bird, but has been much improved +by Dolland, Troughton, and others. Near it is a curious transit-clock, +made by Graham, but greatly improved by Earnshaw, who so simplified the +train as to exclude two or three wheels, and also added cross-braces to +the gridiron-pendulum, by which an error of a second per day, arising +from its sudden starts, was corrected. The quadrant-room has a stone +pier in the middle, running north and south, having on its east face a +mural-quadrant, of eight feet radius, made by Bird, in 1749, by which +observations are made on the southern quarter of the meridian, through +an opening in the roof three feet wide, produced by means of two sliding +shutters; on its west face is another eight-feet mural quadrant, with an +iron frame, and an arch of brass, made by Graham, in 1725: this is +applied to the north quarter of the meridian. In the same apartment is +the famous zenith-sector, twelve feet in length, with which Dr. Bradley, +at Wanstead, and at Kew, made those observations which led to the +discovery of the aberration and nutation: here also is Dr. Hooke's +reflecting telescope, and three telescopes by Harrison. On the south +side of this room is a small building, for observing the eclipses of +Jupiter's satellites, occultations, &c., with sliding shutters at the +roof and sides, to view any portion of the hemisphere, from the prime +verticle down to the southern horizon: this contains a forty-inch +achromatic, by the inventor, Mr. John Dolland, with a triple +object-glass, a most perfect instrument of its kind; and a five-feet +achromatic, by John and Peter Dolland, his sons. Here, likewise, are a +two-feet reflecting-telescope (the metals of which were ground by the +Rev. Mr. Edwards), and a six-feet reflector, by Dr. Herschell. + +The lower part of the house serves merely for a habitation; but above is +a large octagonal room, which, being now seldom wanted for astronomical +purposes, is used as a repository for such instruments as are too large +to be generally employed in the apartments first described, or for old +instruments, which modern improvements have superseded. Among the former +is a most excellent ten-feet achromatic, by the present Mr. Dolland, and +a six-feet reflector, by Short, with a clock to be used with them. In +the latter class, besides many curious and original articles, which are +deposited in boxes and cupboards, is the first transit instrument that +was, probably, ever made, having the telescope near one end of the axis; +and two long telescopes with square wooden tubes, of very ancient date. +Here, likewise, is the library, which is stored with scarce and curious +old astronomical works, including Dr. Halley's original observations, +and Captain Cook's Journals. Good busts of Flamstead and Newton, on +pedestals, ornament this apartment; and in one corner is a dark narrow +staircase, leading to the leads above, whence the prospect is uncommonly +grand; and to render the pleasure more complete, there is, in the +western turret, a _camera obscura_, of unrivalled excellence, by which +all the surrounding objects, both movable and immovable, are beautifully +represented in their own natural colours, on a concave table of plaster +of Paris, about three feet in diameter. + +On the north side of the Observatory are two small buildings, covered +with hemispherical sliding domes, in each of which is an equatorial +sector, made by Sisson, and a clock, by Arnold, with a three-barred +pendulum, which are seldom used but for observing comets. The celebrated +_Dry-well_, which was made to observe the earth's annual parallax, and +for seeing the stars in the day-time, is situated near the south-east +corner of the garden, behind the Observatory, but has been arched over, +the great improvements in telescopes having long rendered it unnecesary. +It contains a stone staircase, winding from the top to the bottom. + +The Rev. John Flamstead, Dr. Halley, Dr. Bradley, Dr. Bliss, Dr. Nev. +Maskelyne, and John Pond, Esq. have been the successive +astronomers-royal since the foundation of this edifice. + + * * * * * + + +TWIN SISTERS. + +(_For the Mirror_.) + + +The most extraordinary instance of this kind on record is that of the +united twins, born at Saxony, in Hungary, in 1701; and publicly +exhibited in many parts of Europe, among others in England, and living +till 1723. They were joined at the back, below the loins, and had their +faces and bodies placed half side-ways towards each other. They were +not equally strong nor well made, and the most powerful, (for they had +separate wills) dragged the other after her, when she wanted to go any +where. At six years, one had a paralytic affection of the left side, +which left her much weaker than the other. There was a great difference +in their functions and health. They had different temperaments; when one +was asleep the other was often awake; one had a desire for food when the +other had not, &c. They had the small pox and measles at one and the +same time, but other disorders separately. Judith was often convulsed, +while Helen remained free from indisposition; one of them had a catarrh +and a cholic, while the other was well. Their intellectual powers were +different; they were brisk, merry, and well bred; they could read, +write, and sing, very prettily; could speak several languages, as +Hungarian, German, French, and English. They died together, and were +buried in the Convent of the Nuns of St. Ursula, at Presburgh. + +P.T.W. + + * * * * * + + +ELEGY ON THE DEATH OF A SPARROW. + +_Catullus, Carmen 3_. + +(_For the Mirror_.) + + + Oh, mourn ye deities of love. + And ye whose minds distress can move, + Bewail a Sparrow's fate; + The Sparrow, favourite of my fair, + Fond object of her tend'rest care, + Her loss indeed how great. + + For so affectionate it grew, + And its delighted mistress knew + As well as she her mother; + Nor would it e'er her lap forsake, + But hopping round about would make + Some sportive trick or other. + + It now that gloomy road has pass'd. + That road which all must go at last, + From whence there's no retreat; + But evil to you, shades of death, + For having thus deprived of breath + A favourite so sweet. + + Oh, shameful deed! oh, hapless bird! + My charmer, since its death occurr'd, + So many tears has shed, + That her dear eyes, through pain and grief, + And woe, admitting no relief, + Alas, are swoln and red. + +T.C. + + * * * * * + + + + +FINE ARTS + + * * * * * + + +GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. + +(_For the Mirror_.) + + +The following explanation of a few of the terms employed to designate +parts of Gothic architecture, may, perhaps, prove acceptable to some of +your readers. Having felt the need of such assistance in the course of +my own reading, &c. &c.--I extracted them from an expensive work on the +subject, and have only to lament that my vocabulary should be so +defective. + +_Buttresses_.--Projections between the windows and at the corners. + +_Corbel_.--An ornamental projection from the wall to support an arch, +niche, beam, or other apparent weight. It is often a head or part of a +figure. + +_Bands_.--Either small strings around shafts, or horizontal lines of +square, round, and other formed panels, used to ornament spires, towers, +and similar works. + +_Cornice_.--The tablet at the top of a wall, running under the +battlement. It becomes a + +_Basement_ when at the bottom of it, and beneath this the wall is +generally thicker. + +_Battlement_.--It may be indented or plain; sunk, panelled, or pierced. + +_Crockets_.--Small bunches of foliage, ornamenting canopies and +pinnacles. + +_Canopies_.--Adorned drip-stones.--_Vide_ Dripstone. + +_Crypts_.--Vaulted chapels under some large churches, and a few small +ones. + +_Crisps_.--Small arches; sometimes _double-feathered_, and according to +the number of them in immediate connexion; they are termed _tre_-foils, +_quatre_-foils, _cinque_-foils, &c. + +_Dripstone_.--The tablet running round doors and windows. + +_Featherings_ or _Foliations_.--Parts of tracery ornamented with small +arches and points, are termed _Feathered_, or _Foliated_. + +_Finials_.--Large crockets surmounting canopies and pinnacles. This term +is frequently applied to the whole pinnacle. + +_Machicolations_.--Projecting battlements, with intervals for +discharging missiles on the heads of assailants. + +_Mullions_.--By these, windows are divided into lights. + +_Parapet_.--When walls are crowned with a parapet, it is straight at the +top. + +_Pinnacle_.--A small spire, generally four-sided, and placed on the top +of buttresses, &c., both exterior and interior. + +_Piers_.--Spaces in the interior of a building between the arches. + +_Rood Loft_.--In ancient churches, not collegiate, a screen between the +nave and chancel was so called, which had on the top of it a large +projection, whereon were placed certain images, especially those which +composed the rood. + +_Set-offs_.--The mouldings and slopes dividing buttresses into stages. + +_Spandrells_.--Spaces, either plain or ornamented, between an arch and +the square formed round it. + +_Stoups_.--The basins in niches, which held holy water. Near the altar +in old churches, or where the altar has been, is sometimes found another +niche, distinguished from the _stoup_, by having in it at the bottom, +a small aperture for carrying off the water; it is often double with a +place for bread. + +_Tabernacle-work_.--Ornamented open work over stalls; and generally any +minute ornamental open-work. + +_Tablets_.--Small projecting mouldings or strings, mostly horizontal. + +_Tracery_.--Ornaments of the division at the heads of windows. +_Flowing_, when the lines branch out into flowers, leaves, arches, &c. +_Perpendicular_, when the mullions are continued through the straight +lines. + +_Transoms_.--The horizontal divisions of windows and panelling. + +_Turrets_.--Towers of great height in proportion to their diameter are +so called. Large towers have often turrets at their corners; often one +larger than the other, containing a staircase; and sometimes they have +only that one. + + +BRITISH STYLES OF ARCHITECTURE, AND THEIR DURATION. + + +_The Norman_--Commenced before the conquest, and continued until the +reign of Henry II. A.D., 1189. It is characterized by semicircular, and +sometimes pointed, arches, rudely ornamented. + +_Early English_.--This style lasted until the reign of Edward I., A.D. +1307. Its characteristics are, pointed arches, long narrow windows, and +the jagged or toothed ornament. + +_Decorated English_--Lasted to the end of Edward III., A.D. 1377. It is +characterized by large windows with pointed arches divided into many +lights by mullions. The tracery of this style is in flowing lines, +forming figures. It has many ornaments, light and delicately wrought. + +_Perpendicular English_.--This last style employed latterly only in +additions, was in use, though much debased, even as late as 1630-40. +The latest whole building in it, is not later than Henry VIII. Its +characteristics are the mullions of the windows, and ornamental +panelings, run in perpendicular lines; and many buildings in this style +are so crowded with ornament, that the beauty of the style is destroyed. +The carvings of it are delicately executed. + +M.L.B. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE NOVELIST. + + * * * * * + + +ABAD AND ADA. + +_A lost leaf from the Arabian Nights_. + +(_For the Mirror_.) + + +In the days of Caliph Haroun Alraschid, the neighbourhood of Bagdad was +infested by a clan of banditti, known by the name of the "Ranger Band." +Their rendezvous was known to be the forests and mountains; but their +immediate retreat was a mystery time had not divulged. + +That they were valiant, the intrepidity with which they attacked in the +glare of noonday would demonstrate; that they were numerous, the many +robberies carried on in the different parts of the Caliph's dominions +would indicate; and that they were bloody, their invariable practice of +killing their victim before they plundered him would argue. They had +sworn by their Prophet never to betray one another, and by the Angel of +Death to shed their blood in each other's defence. No wonder, then, that +they were so difficult to be captured; and when taken, no tortures or +promises of reward could extract from them any information as to the +retreat of their comrades. + +One day, as Giafar, the Vizier, and favourite of the Caliph, was walking +alone in a public garden of the city, a stranger appeared, who, after +prostrating himself before the second man in the empire, addressed him +in these words: "High and mighty Vizier of Alraschid, Lord of the realms +of Alla upon earth, whose delegate and vicegerent he is, hear the +humblest of the sons of men--Vizier, hear me!" + +"Speak, son," said the Vizier, "I am patient." + +"And," continued the stranger, "what I have to communicate, be pleased +to transmit to our gracious and well-beloved Caliph." + +"Let me hear thy suit--it may be in my power to assist you," replied the +Vizier. + +"The beauteous Ada is in the clutches of ruffians," responded the +stranger; "and"-- + +"Well," said the Vizier, "proceed." + +"To be brief, the forest bandit snatched her from my arms--we were +betrothed. I have applied to a mighty enchanter, the Genius of the Dale, +who tells me she is still living, and in the cavern of the bandit--that +her beauty and innocence melted the hearts of robbers, and that were +they not afraid of their haunt being discovered, they would have +restored her to liberty; but where that cavern is was beyond his power +to tell. However, he has informed me how I may demand and obtain the +assistance of a much more powerful enchanter than himself; but that +genius being the help of Muloch, the Spirit of the Mountain, I need the +aid of the Caliph himself. May it please the highness of mighty Giafar +to bend before the majesty of the Sovereign of the East, and supplicate +in behalf of thy servant Abad." + +"How," said the Vizier, "can the Caliph be of service to thee?" + +"It is requisite," replied the stranger, "that my hand be stained with +the blood of the Caliph, before I summon this most mighty fiend!"-- + +"How!" cried the astonished Vizier, "would'st thou shed the blood of our +beloved master?--No, by Alla!"-- + +"Pardon me," rejoined the stranger, interrupting him, "and Heaven avert +that any thought of harm against the father of his people should warm +the breast of Abad; I wish only to anoint my finger with as much of his +precious blood as would hide the point of the finest needle; and should +this most inestimable favour be conferred upon me, I undertake, under +pain of suffering all the tortures that human ingenuity can devise, or +devilish vengeance inflict, to exterminate the hated race of banditti +who now infest the forests of the East." + +"Son," said the aged Vizier, "I will plead thy cause; meet me here on +the morrow, and in the mean time consider thy request as granted." + +"Father, I take my leave; and may the Guardian of the Good shower down +a thousand blessings on thy head!" + +Abad made a profound obeisance to the Vizier, and they separated: the +latter to conduct the affairs of the state, and the former to toil +through the more menial labours of the day. + +Morning came; Abad was at the appointed spot before sunrise, and waited +with impatience for the expected hour when the Vizier was to arrive. +The Vizier was punctual; and with him, in a plain habit, was the Caliph +himself, who underwent the operation of having blood drawn from him by +the hand of Abad. + +At midnight, Abad, as he had been directed by the Genius of the Dale, +went to the cave of the Spirit of the Mountain. He was alone! It was +pitchy dark; the winds howled through the thick foliage of the forest; +the owls shrieked, and the wolves bayed; the loneliness of the place was +calculated to inspire terror! and the idea of meeting such a personage, +at such an hour, did not contribute to the removal of that terror! He +trembled most violently. At length, summoning up courage he entered the +mystic cell, and commenced challenging the assistance of the Spirit of +the Mountain in the following words: + +"In the name of the Genius of the Dale I conjure you! by our holy +Prophet I command you! by the darkness of this murky night I entreat +you! and by the blood of a Caliph, shed by this weak arm, I allure you, +most potent Muloch, to appear! Muloch rise! help! appear!" + +At this instant the monster appeared, in the form of a human being of +gigantic stature and proportions, having a fierce aspect, large, dark, +rolling eyes, bushy eyebrows, and a thick black beard--attired in the +habit of a blacksmith! He bore a huge hammer in his right hand, and in +his left he carried a pair of pincers, in which was grasped a piece of +shapeless metal. His eyes flashed with indignation as he flourished the +ponderous hammer over his head, as though it had been a small +sword--when, striking the metal he held in the forceps, a round, +well-formed shield fell from the stroke. + +"Mortal!" vociferated the enchanter, in a voice of thunder, "there is +thy weapon and defence!"--flinging the weighty hammer on the ample +shield, the collision of which produced a sound in unison with the deep +bass of Muloch's voice; nor did the reverberation that succeeded cease +to ring in the ears of Abad until several minutes after the spectre had +disappeared. + +Abad rejoiced when the fearful visit was over, and, well pleased with +his success, was preparing to depart; but his joy was damped on finding +the hammer so heavy that he could not, without difficulty, remove it +from off the shield. He left it in the cave, and returned with the +shield only, comforting himself that however he might be at a loss for +a weapon, he had a shield that would render him invincible. + +His next care was to discover the retreat of the robbers, otherwise he +was waging a war with shadows. After making every inquiry, and wandering +in vain for several months in quest of them, he was not able to obtain +a glimpse of the objects of his search. Still they seemed to possess +ubiquity. Their depredations continued, murders multiplied, and their +attacks became more open and formidable. Missions were sent daily to +the royal city from the emirs and governors of provinces residing at a +distance with the most lamentable accounts, and soldiers were dispatched +in large bodies to scour the country, but all was of no avail. + +Abad had almost abandoned himself to despair, when, one lovely evening, +as he wandered along the banks of the Tigris, he observed a boat, laden +with armed men, sailing rapidly down the river. "These must be a party +of the ranger band. Oh, Mahomet!" said he, prostrating himself on the +earth, "be thou my guide!" At length the crew landed on the opposite +shore, which was a continued series of crags, and fastening a chain +attached to the boat to a staple driven into the rock, under the surface +of the water, they suffered the vessel to float with the stream beneath +the overhanging rocks, which afforded a convenient shelter and hiding +place for it, as it was impossible for any one passing up or down the +river to notice it. + +Having landed, the party ascended the acclivity, when, suddenly halting +and looking round, to ascertain that they were not observed, they +removed a large rolling stone that blockaded the entrance, and went into +what appeared a natural cavern, then closing the inlet. Not a vestige of +them remained in sight, and nature seemed to reign alone amidst the +sublimest of her works. + +Hope again glowed in the breast of Abad; he soon found means for +crossing the stream, and marched boldly to the very entrance of the +robber's cave, and with all his might attempted to roll the stone from +its axis. But here he was again doomed to disappointment: without the +possession of the talisman, kept by the captain of the band, he might +as well have attempted to roll the mountain on which he stood into the +water beneath, as to have shifted the massy portal: the strength of ten +thousand men, could their united efforts have been made available at one +and the same time, would not have been sufficient even to stir it. + +Abad was returning, disappointed and murmuring at his fate, when +he bethought himself of the hammer which Muloch, the Spirit of the +Mountain, had promised should be of such powerful aid. He hastened to +the place where he had left the large instrument, and the next day +brought it to the robbers' cave. He was in the act of lifting the +massive weight, to have shattered the adamantine stoppage, when he +was surprised by a noise behind him. He looked, and saw the banditti +trooping up the ravine: they were returning, on horseback, from an +expedition of plunder, laden with conquest. Abad hastily, to avoid +discovery, struck the large stone with the charmed hammer, when it +receded from the blow and, admitting him into the cave, closed itself +upon him. The bandit chief, on seeing a stranger enter, ordered his men +to advance rapidly up the ravine, which leads from the waters of the +Tigris to the very threshold of the cave, embosomed amidst gigantic and +stately rocks. + +The captain in vain applied the magic talisman to the charmed stone; the +more potent shield of Muloch was within. Enraged at being thus thwarted, +he demanded admittance. Abad made no reply, but, raising the enchanted +hammer against the ponderous bulwark with his whole strength (and he +felt as though gifted with more than mortal strength), he, at one +tremendous blow, dislodged the stone which had stood at the entrance of +the cave, amidst the shock of tempests and the convulsions of nature, +from the creation of the world--as hard as adamant, heavy as gold, and +as round as the balls on the cupolas of Bagdad. The bulk rolled down the +ravine, bearing with it trees and fragments of rock; men and horses, and +all meaner obstructions, were crushed to atoms beneath its weight, as it +thundered down the sloping track, and occasionally fell over the steep +precipices, which only served to increase its velocity! nor did it stop +in its headlong career until it had annihilated the whole of the ranger +band, and disappeared amidst the boiling foam of the angry Tigris! + +Abad, wrapt in wonder, cast his eyes on the earth, to view the terrific +instrument with which he had performed so wonderful an exploit; but, +to add more to his astonishment, the hammer and shield had vanished! + +Curiosity, and the hope of meeting his betrothed, now led him to explore +the winding recesses of the mystic cavern, which consisted of numerous +archways--some artificial, others, the natural formation of subterranean +rocks, leading to a large apartment, in which were deposited the spoils +which a century of plunder had contributed to accumulate. Whilst +feasting his eyes on the rich piles of jewellery, and reviewing the bags +of gold which everywhere presented themselves, his eyes met the features +of a female. He could not be mistaken--he looked again as she advanced +nearer the light--it was the beauteous Ada, still young and lovely! +Bagdad did not possess such a maiden, nor did poet ever paint a fairer +form! Abad thought her nothing inferior to the Houris of Paradise. She +fulfilled every expectation through a long and virtuous life, during +which time they enjoyed the ill-gotten wealth of the ranger band; and, +although the splendour of their living was exceeded only by that of the +Caliph's, they were bountiful to their dependents: they built an asylum +for the destitute--were universally beloved and respected--and their +magnificence was only surpassed by their benevolence! + +CYMBELINE. + + * * * * * + + + + +OLD POETS. + + * * * * * + + +SHAME. + + + Shame sticks ever close to the ribs of honour, + Great men are never found after it: + It leaves some ache or other in their names still, + Which their posterity feels at ev'ry weather. + +MIDDLETON. + + * * * * * + + +PARENTS. + + + From damned deeds abstain, + From lawless riots and from pleasure's vain; + If not regarding of thy own degree, + Yet in behalf of thy posterity. + For we are docible to imitate. + Depraved pleasures though degenerate. + Be careful therefore least thy son admit + By ear or eye things filthy or unfit. + +LODGE. + + * * * * * + + +SIN. + + Shame follows sin, disgrace is daily given, + Impiety will out, never so closely done, + No walls can hide us from the eye of heaven, + For shame must end what wickedness begun, + Forth breaks reproach when we least think thereon. + +DANIELL. + + * * * * * + + +WISDOM. + + + A wise man poor + Is like a sacred book that's never read, + T' himself he lives, and to all else seems dead. + This age thinks better of a gilded fool, + Than of thread-bare saint in Wisdom's school + +DEKKAR. + + * * * * * + + +CHARITY. + + + She was a woman in the freshest age, + Of wondrous beauty, and of bounty rare, + With goodly grace, and comely personage. + That was on earth not easy to compare, + Full of great love; but Cupid's wanton snare + As hell she hated, chaste in work and will, + Her neck and breast were ever open bare, + That aye thereof her babes might suck their fill, + The rest was all in yellow robes arrayed still, + A multitude of babes about her hung, + Playing their sports that joyed her to behold, + Whom still she fed, while they were weak and young, + But thrust them forth still as they waxed old, + And on her head she wore a tire of gold; + Adorn'd with gems and ouches fair, + Whose passing price unneath was to be told, + And by her side there sat a gentle pair + Of turtle-doves, she sitting in an ivory chair. + +SPENSER. + + * * * * * + + It is a work of Charity God knows, + The reconcilement of two mortal foes. + +MIDDLETON. + + * * * * * + + +COURAGE. + + + When the air is calm and still, as dead and deaf + And under heaven quakes not an aspen leaf: + When seas are calm and thousand vessels fleet + Upon the sleeping seas with passage sweet; + And when the variant wind is still and lone + The cunning pilot never can be known: + But when the cruel storm doth threat the bark + To drown in deeps of pits infernal dark, + While tossing tears both rudder, mast, and sail, + While mounting, seems the azure skies to scale, + While drives perforce upon some deadly shore, + There is the pilot known, and not before. + +T. HUDSON. + + * * * * * + + +ENVY. + + + The knotty oak and wainscot old, + Within doth eat the silly worm: + Even so a mind in envy cold, + Always within itself doth burn. + +FITZ JEFFRY. + + * * * * * + + +OPINION. + + + Opinion is as various as light change, + Now speaking courtlike, friendly, straight as strange, + She's any humour's perfect parasite, + Displeas'd with her, and pleas'd with her delight. + She is the echo of inconstancy, + Soothing her no with nay, her ay with yea. + +GUILPIN. + + * * * * * + + +SLANDER. + + + Happy is he that lives in such a sort + That need not fear the tongues of false report. + +EARL OF SURREY. + + * * * * * + + +SLEEP. + + + By care lay heavy Sleep the cousin of Death, + Flat on the ground, and still as any stone; + A very corpse, save yielding forth a breath, + Small keep took he whom Fortune frown'd on, + Or whom she lifted up into a throne + Of high renown; but as a living death + So dead alive, of life he drew the breath. + +SACKVILLE. + + * * * * * + + +WAR. + + + War the mistress of enormity, + Mother of mischief, monster of deformity, + Laws, manners, arts, she breaks, she mars, she chases, + Blood, tears, bowers, towers, she spills, smites, burns, and rases, + Her brazen teeth shake all the earth asunder; + Her mouth a fire brand, her voice is thunder; + Her looks are lightning, every glance a flash, + Her fingers guns, that all to powder plash, + Fear and despair, flight and disorder, coast + With hasty march before her murderous host, + As burning, rape, waste, wrong, impiety, + Rage, ruin, discord, horror, cruelty, + Sack, sacrilege, impunity, pride. + Are still stern consorts by her barbarous side; + And poverty, sorrow, and desolation, + Follow her army's bloody transmigration. + +SYLVESTER. + + * * * * * + + +EXCELLENCE. + + + Of all chaste birds the phoenix doth excel, + Of all strong beasts the lion bears the bell, + Of all sweet flowers the rose doth sweetest smell. + Of all pure metals gold is only purest, + Of all the trees the pine hath highest crest. + Of all proud birds the eagle pleaseth Jove, + Of pretty fowls kind Venus likes the dove, + Of trees Minerva doth the olive move. + +LODGE. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE NATURALIST. + + +COCHINEAL INSECT AND PLANT. + + +[Illustration: COCHINEAL INSECT AND PLANT.] + + +The frequent mention of the Cochineal Insect and Plant in our pages +will, probably, render the annexed cut of more than ordinary interest +to our readers.[3] + + [3] See the Propagation of the Insect in Spain, MIRROR, vol. xii. + and an attempt to naturalize the same at the Cambridge Botanical + Garden, page 217, of the present volume. + +The plant on which the Cochineal Insect is found, is called the _Nopal_, +a species of Opuntia, or Prickly Pear, which abounds on all the coasts +of the Mediterranean; and is thus described by Mr. Thompson, in his work +entitled, _Official Visit to Guatemala;_ "The nopal is a plant +consisting of little stems, but expanding itself into wide, thick +leaves, more or less prickly according to its different kind: one or two +of these leaves being set as one plant, at the distance of two or three +feet square from each other, are inoculated with the cochineal, which, I +scarcely need say, is an insect; it is the same as if you would take the +blight off an apple or other common tree, and rub a small portion of it +on another tree free from the contagion, when the consequence would be, +that the tree so inoculated would become covered with the blight; a +small quantity of the insects in question is sufficient for each plant, +which in proportion as it increases its leaves, is sure to be covered +with this costly parasite. When the plant is perfectly saturated, the +cochineal is scraped off with great care. The plants are not very +valuable for the first year, but they may be estimated as yielding after +the second year, from a dollar and a half profit on each plant." + +The insect is famous for the fine scarlet dye which it communicates to +wool and silk. The females yield the best colour, and are in number to +the males as three hundred to one. Cochineal was at first supposed to +be a grain, which name it retains by way of eminence among dyers, but +naturalists soon discovered it to be an insect. Its present importance +in dyeing is an excellent illustration of chemistry applied to the arts; +for long after its introduction, it gave but a dull kind of _crimson_, +till a chemist named Kuster, who settled at Bow, near London, about the +middle of the sixteenth century, discovered the use of the solution of +tin, and the means of preparing with it and cochineal, a durable and +beautiful scarlet. + +Fine cochineal, which has been well dried and properly kept, ought to +be of a grey colour inclining to purple. The grey is owing to a powder +which covers it naturally, a part of which it still retains; the purple +tinge proceeds from the colour extracted by the water in which it has +been killed. Cochineal will keep a long time in a dry place. Hellot +says, that he tried some one hundred and thirty years old, and found it +produce the same effect as new. + + * * * * * + + +LARGE CHESTNUT-TREE. + + +There is now in the neigbourhood of Dovercourt, in Essex, upon the +estate of Sir T. Gaisford, a chestnut-tree fifty-six feet in +circumference, which flourishes well, and has had a very good crop of +chestnuts for many years. + +J.T. + + * * * * * + + + + +SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS. + + * * * * * + + +I'D BE AN ALDERMAN + + + I'd be an Alderman, born in the City, + Where haunches of venison and green turtles meet + Seeking in Leadenliall, reckless of pity, + Birds, beast, and fish, that the knowing ones eat + I'd never languish for want of a luncheon. + I'd never grieve for the want of a treat; + I'd be an Alderman, constantly munching, + Where haunches of venison and green turtles meet. + + Oh! could I wheedle the votes at the vestry, + I'd have a share of those good sav'ry things; + Enchained by turkey, in love with the pastry. + And floating in Champagne, while Bow bells ring. + Those who are cautious are skinny and fretful, + Hunger, alas! naught but ill-humour brings; + I'd be an Alderman, rich with a net full, + Rolling in Guildhall, whilst old Bow bells ring. + + What though you tell me that prompt apoplexy + Grins o'er the glories of Lord Mayor's Day, + 'Tis better, my boy, than blue devils to vex ye, + Or ling'ring consumption to gnaw you away. + Some in their folly take black-draught and blue-pill, + And ask ABERNETHY their fate to delay; + I'd he an Alderman, WAITHMAN'S apt pupil, + Failing when dinner things are clearing away. + +_Monthly Magazine._ + + + * * * * * + + +A PROVINCIAL REPUTATION. + + +I once resided in a country town; I will not specify whether that town +was Devizes or Doncaster, Beverley or Brighton: I think it highly +reprehensible in a writer to be _personal_, and scarcely more venial do +I consider the fault of him who presumes to be _local_. I will, however, +state, that my residence lay among the manufacturing districts; but lest +any of my readers should be misled by that avowal, I must inform them, +that in my estimation _all_ country towns, from the elegant Bath, down +to the laborious Bristol, are (whatever their respective polite or +mercantile inhabitants may say to the contrary), positively, +comparatively, and superlatively, manufacturing towns! + +Club-rooms, ball-rooms, card-tables, and confectioners' shops, are the +_factories;_ and gossips, both male and female, are the _labouring +classes_. Norwich boasts of the durability of her stuffs; the +manufacturers I allude to weave a web more flimsy. The stuff of tomorrow +will seldom be the same that is publicly worn to-day; and were it not +for the zeal and assiduity of the labourers, we should want novelties to +replace the stuff that is worn out hour by hour. + +No man or woman who ever ventures to deviate from the beaten track +should ever live in a country town. The gossips all turn from the task +of nibbling one another, and the character of the _lusus naturae_ becomes +public property. I am the mother of a family, and I am known to have +written romances. My husband, in an evil hour, took a fancy to a house +at a watering-place, which, by way of distinction, I shall designate by +the appellation of _Pumpington Wells_: there we established ourselves in +the year 1800. + +The _manufacturers_ received us with a great show of civility, +exhibiting to us the most recent stuff, and discussing the merits of the +newest fabrications. We, however, were not used to trouble ourselves +about matters that did not concern us, and we soon offended them. + +We turned a deaf ear to all evil communications. If we were told that +Mr. A., "though fond of show, starved his servants," we replied, we did +not wish to listen to the tale. If we heard that Mr. B. though uxorious +in public, was known to beat his wife in private, we cared not for the +matrimonial anecdote. When maiden ladies assured us that Mrs. C. cheated +at cards, we smiled, for we had no _dealings_ with her; and when we were +told that Mrs. D. never paid her bills, we repeated not the account to +the next person we met; for as we were not her creditors, her accounts +concerned us not. + +We settled ourselves, much to our satisfaction, in our provincial abode: +it was a watering-place, which my husband, as a bachelor, had frequented +during its annual season. + +As a watering-place he knew it well. Such places are vastly entertaining +to visiters, having no "local habitation," and no "name"--caring not for +the politics of the place, and where, if any thing displeases them, they +may pay for their lodgings, order post-horses, and never suffer their +names to appear in the arrival book again. + +But with those who _live_ at watering-places, it is quite another +affair. For the first six months we were deemed a great acquisition. +There were two or three _sets_ in Pumpington Wells--the good, the bad, +and the indifferent. The bad left their cards, and asked us to dances, +the week we arrived; the indifferent knocked at our door in the first +month; and even before the end of the second, we were on the visiting +lists of the good. We knew enough of society to be aware that it is +impolitic to rush into the embraces of _all_ the arms that are extended +to receive strangers; but feeling no wish to affront any one in return +for an intended civility, we gave card for card; and the doors of good, +bad, and indifferent, received our names. + +All seemed to infer, that the amicable gauntlet, which had been thrown +down, having been courteously taken up, the ungloved hands were +forthwith to be grasped in token of good fellowship; we had left our +_names_ for them, and by the invitations that poured in upon us, they +seemed to say with Juliet-- + + + "And _for_ thy _name_, which is no part of thee, + Take all myself." + + +No man, not even a provincial, can visit every body; and it seems but +fair, that if a selection is to be made, all should interchange the +hospitalities of life with those persons in whose society they feel the +greatest enjoyment. + +Many a dinner, therefore, did we decline--many a route did we reject; my +husband's popularity tottered, and the inviters, though they no longer +dinned their dinners in our ears, and teazed us with their "teas," vowed +secret vengeance, and muttered "curses, not loud, but deep." + +I have hinted that we had no scandalous capabilities; and though slander +flashed around us, we seldom admitted morning visiters, and our +street-door was a non-conductor. + +But our next door neighbours were maiden ladies, who _had been_ younger, +and, to use a common term of commiseration, had seen better days--by +which, I mean the days of bloom, natural hair, partners, and the +probability of husbands. + +Their vicinity to us was an infinite comfort to the town, for those who +were unable to gain admittance at our door to disturb our business and +desires, + + + "For every man has business and desire, + Such as they are," + + +were certain of better success at our neighbours', where they at least +could gain some information about us "from eye-witnesses who resided on +the spot." + +_My_ sins were numbered, so were my new bonnets; and for a time my +husband was pitied, because "he had an extravagant wife;" but when it +was ascertained that his plate was handsome, his dinner satisfactory in +its removes, and _comme il faut_ in its courses, those whose feet had +never been within our door, saw clearly "how it must all end, and really +felt for our trades-people." + +I have acknowledged that I had written romances; the occupation was to +me a source of amusement; and as I had been successful, my husband saw +no reason why he should discourage me. A scribbling fool, _in_ or _out_ +of petticoats, should be forbidden the use of pen, ink, and paper; but +my husband had too much sense to heed the vulgar cry of "blue stocking." +After a busy month passed in London, we saw my new novel sent forth to +the public, and then returned to our mansion at Pumpington Wells. + +As we drove up to our door, our virgin neighbours gazed on us, if +possible, with more than their former interest. They wiped their +spectacles; with glances of commiseration they saw us alight, and with +unwearied scrutiny they witnessed the removal of our luggage from the +carriage. We went out--every body stared at us--the people we _did_ +know touched the hands we extended, and hastened on as if fearful of +infection; the people we _did not_ know whispered as they passed us, +and looked back afterwards; the men servants seemed full of mysterious +flurry when we left our cards at the doors of acquaintances, and the +maid-servants peeped at us up the areas; the shopkeepers came from their +counters to watch us down the streets--and all was whispering and +wonder. + +I could not make it out; was it to see the authoress? No; I had been an +authoress when they last saw me. Was it the brilliant success of my new +work? It _could_ be nothing else. + +My husband met a maiden lady, and bowed to her; she passed on without +deigning to notice him. I spoke to an insipid man who had always bored +me with his unprofitable intimacy, and he looked another way! The next +lady we noticed tossed her head, as if she longed to toss it _at_ us; +and the next man we met opened his eyes astonishingly wide, and said-- + +"Are _you_ here! Dear me! I was told you could not show your--I mean, +did not mean to return!" + +There was evidently some mystery, and we determined to wait patiently +for its developement. "If," said I, "it bodes us _good_, time will +unravel it." "And if," said my husband, "it bodes us evil, some d--d +good-natured friend will tell us all about it." + +We had friends at Pumpington Wells, and good ones too, but no friend +enlightened us; that task devolved upon an acquaintance, a little slim +elderly man, so frivolous and so garrulous, that he only wanted a +turban, some rouge, and a red satin gown, to become the most perfect of +old women. + +He shook his head simultaneously as he shook our hands, and his little +grey eyes twinkled with delight, while he professed to feel for us both +the deepest commiseration. + +"You are cut," said he; "its all up with you in Pumpington Wells." + +"Pray be explicit," said I faintly, and dreading some cruel calumny, or +plot against my peace. + +"You've done the most impolitic thing! the most hazardous"-- + +"Sir!" said my husband, grasping his cane. + +"I lament it," said the little man, turning to me; "your book has done +it for you." + +I thought of the reviews, and trembled. + +"How _could_ you," continued our tormentor, "how could you put the +Pumpington Wells people in your novel?" + +"The Pumpington Wells people!--Nonsense; there are good and bad people +in my novel, and there are good and bad people in Pumpington Wells; but +you flatter the good, if you think that when I dipped my pen in praise, +I limited my sketches to the virtuous of this place; and what is worse, +_you_ libel the bad if you assert that my sketches of vice were meant +personally to apply to the vicious who reside here." + +"_I_ libel--_I_ assert!" said the old lady-like little man; "not +_I_!--every body says so!" + +"You may laugh," replied my mentor and tormentor combined, "but +personality can be proved against you; and all the friends and relations +of Mr. Flaw declare you meant the bad man of your book for him." + +"His friends and relations are too kind to him." + +"Then you have an irregular character in your book, and Mrs. Blemish's +extensive circle of intimates assert that nothing can be more pointed +than your allusion to _her_ conduct and _her_ character." + +"And pray what do these persons say about it themselves?" + +"They are outrageous, and go about the town absolutely wild." + +"Fitting the caps on themselves?" + +The little scarecrow shook his head once more; and declaring that we +should see he had spoken too true, departed, and then lamented so +fluently to every body the certainty of our being _cut_, that every body +began to believe him. + +I have hinted that _my_ bonnets and my husband's plate occasioned +heartburnings: no--that is not a correct term, the _heart_ has nothing +to do with such exhalations--bile collects elsewhere. + +Those who had conspired to pull my husband from the throne of his +popularity, because their parties excited in us no _party spirit_, and +we abstained from hopping at their hops, found, to their consternation, +that when the novelty of my _novel_ misdemeanour was at an end, we went +on as if nothing had occurred. However, they still possessed heaven's +best gift, the use of their tongues, they said of us everything bad +which they knew to be false, and which they wished to see realized. + +Their forlorn hope was our "extravagance." "Never mind," said one, +"Christmas must come round, and _then_ we shall see." + +When once the match of insinuation is applied to the train of rumoured +difficulties, the suspicion that has been smouldering for awhile bounces +at once into a _report_, and very shortly its echo is bounced in every +parlour in a provincial town. + +Long bills, that had been accustomed to wait for payment until +Christmas, now lay on my table at midsummer; and tradesmen, who drove +dennetts to cottages once every evening, sent short civil notes, +regretting their utter inability to make up a sum of money by Saturday +night, unless _I_ favoured them, by the bearer, with the sum of ten +pounds, "the amount of my little account." + +Dennett-driving drapers actually threatened to fail for the want of ten +pounds!--pastry-cooks, who took their families regularly "to summer at +the sea," assisted the _counter_-plot, and prematurely dunned my +husband! + +It is not always convenient to pay sums at midsummer, which we had been +in the habit of paying at Christmas; if, however, a single applicant was +refused, a new rumour of inability was started and hunted through the +town before night. People walked by our house, looking up wistfully at +the windows; others peeped down the area, to see what we had for dinner. +One _gentleman_ went to our butcher, to inquire how much we owed him; +and one _lady_ narrowly escaped a legal action, because when she saw a +few pipkins lying on the counter of a crockery-ware man, directed to me, +she incautiously said, in the hearing of one of my servants, "Are you +paid for your pipkins?--ah, it's well if you ever get your money!" + +Christmas came at last; bills were paid, and my husband did not owe a +shilling in Pumpington Wells. Like the old ladies in the besieged city, +the gossips looked at us, wondering when the havoc would begin. + +Ho who mounts the ladder of life, treading step by step upon the +identical footings marked out, _may_ live in a provincial town. +When we want to drink spa waters, or vary the scene, we now visit +watering-places; but rather than force me to live at one again, "stick +me up," as _Andrew Fairservice_ says, in _Rob Roy_, "as a regimental +target for ball-practice." We have long ceased to live in Pumpington. + +Fleeting are the tints of the rainbow--perishable the leaf of the +rose--variable the love of woman--uncertain the sunbeam of April; but +naught on earth can be fleeting; so perishable, so variable, or so +uncertain, as the popularity of a provincial reputation. + +_Monthly Magazine._ + + * * * * * + + + + +LONDON LYRICS. + + * * * * * + + +JACK JONES, THE RECRUIT.--A HINT FROM OVID. + + + Jack Jones was a toper: they say that some how + He'd a foot always ready to kick up a row; + And, when half-seas over, a quarrel he pick'd, + To keep up the row he had previously kick'd. + + He spent all, then borrow'd at twenty per cent. + His mistress fought shy when his money was spent, + So he went for a soldier; he could not do less, + And scorn'd his fair Fanny for hugging brown Bess. + + "Halt--Wheel into line!" and "Attention--Eyes right!" + Put Bacchus, and Venus, and Momus to flight + But who can depict half the sorrows he felt + When he dyed his mustachios and pipe-clay'd his belt? + + When Sergeant Rattan, at Aurora's red peep, + Awaken'd his tyros by bawling--"Two deep!" + Jack Jones would retort, with a half-suppress'd sigh, + "Ay! too deep by half for such ninnies as I." + + Quoth Jones--"'Twas delightful the bushes to beat + With a gun in my hand and a dog at my feet, + But the game at the Horse-Guards is different, good lack! + Tis a gun in my hand and a cat at my back." + + To Bacchus, his saint, our dejected recruit. + One morn, about drill time, thus proffer'd his suit-- + "Oh make me a sparrow, a wasp, or an ape-- + All's one, so I get at the juice of the grape." + + The God was propitious--he instantly found + His ten toes distend and take root in the ground; + His back was a stem, and his belly was bark, + And his hair in green leaves overshadow'd the Park. + + Grapes clustering hung o'er his grenadier cap, + His blood became juice, and his marrow was sap: + Till nothing was left of the muscles and bones + That form'd the identical toper, Jack Jones. + + Transform'd to a vine, he is still seen on guard, + At his former emporium in Great Scotland-yard; + And still, though a vine, like his fellow-recruits, + He is train'd, after listing, his ten-drills, and shoots. + +_New Monthly Magazine_. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE SELECTOR; AND LITERARY NOTICES OF _NEW WORKS_. + + * * * * * + + +THE JUVENILE KEEPSAKE, + + +Edited by Mr. Thomas Roscoe, and dedicated to Professor Wilson, is no +less attractive than its "Juvenile" rivals. Indeed, a few of the tales +take a higher range than either of theirs,--as the Children's Island, an +interesting Story, from the French of Madame Genlis; the Ball Dress; the +Snow Storm; and the Deserted Village. The Heir of Newton Buzzard, a Tale +in four cantos, by the late Mrs. John Hunter, is perhaps one of the +prettiest juvenile novelties of the season. It is divided into +Infancy--Childhood--Boyhood--and Youth--all which contain much amusement +and moral point without dulness. We have not room for an entire story, +but select one of Miss Mitford's village portraits: + +"Dash was as beautiful a dog as eyes could be set on; one of the large +old English Spaniels which are now so rare, with a superb head, like +those which you see in Spanish pictures, and such ears! they more than +met over his pretty spotted nose; and when he lapped his milk, dipped +into the pan at least two inches. His hair was long and shiny and wavy, +not curly, partly of a rich dark liver colour, partly of a silvery +white, and beautifully feathered about the thighs and legs. He was +extremely lively and intelligent, and had a sort of circular motion, a +way of flinging himself quite round on his hind feet, something after +the fashion in which the French dancers twist themselves round on one +leg, which not only showed unusual agility in a dog of his size, but +gave token of the same spirit and animation which sparkled in his bright +hazel eye. Anything of eagerness or impatience was sure to excite this +motion, and George Dinely gravely assured his sisters, when they at +length joined him in the hall, that Dash had flung himself round six and +twenty times whilst waiting the conclusion of their quarrel. + +"Getting into the lawn and the open air did not tend to diminish Dash's +glee or his capers, and the young party walked merrily on; George +telling of school pranks and school misfortunes--the having lost or +spoilt four hats since Easter, seemed rather to belong to the first +class of adventures than the second--his sisters listening dutifully +and wonderingly; and Dash, following his own devices, now turning up a +mouse's nest from a water furrow in the park--now springing a covey of +young partridges in a corn field--now plunging his whole hairy person +in the brook; and now splashing Miss Helen from head to foot? by +ungallantly jumping over her whilst crossing a stile, being thereunto +prompted by a whistle from his young master, who had, with equal want of +gallantry, leapt the stile first himself, and left his sisters to get +over as they could; until at last the whole party, having passed the +stile, and crossed the bridge, and turned the churchyard corner, found +themselves in the shady recesses of the vicarage-lane, and in full view +of the vine-covered cottage of Nurse Simmons." + +Our closing extract is from "Anecdotes of South African Baboons," by +Thomas Pringle, Esq.: + +"It is the practice of these animals to descend from their rocky +fastnesses in order to enjoy themselves on the banks of the mountain +rivulets, and to feed on the nutritious bulbs which grow in the fertile +valley ground. While thus occupied, they generally take care to be +within reach of a steep crag, or precipice, to which they may fly for +refuge on the appearance of an enemy; and one of their number is always +placed as a sentinel on some large stone, or other prominent position, +in order to give timely warning to the rest, of the approach of danger. +It has frequently been my lot, when riding through the secluded valleys +of that country, to come suddenly, on turning a corner of a wild glen, +upon a troop of forty or fifty baboons thus quietly congregated. +Instantly on my appearance, a loud cry of alarm being raised by the +sentinel, the whole tribe would scamper off with precipitation; +splashing through the stream, and then scrambling with most marvellous +agility up the opposite cliffs, often several hundred feet in height, +and where no other creature without wings, certainly, could attempt to +follow them; the large males bringing up the rear-guard, ready to turn +with fury upon the dogs, if any attempted to molest them; the females, +with their young ones in their arms, or on their shoulders, clinging +with arms clasped closely round the mothers' necks. And thus climbing, +and chattering, and squalling, they would ascend the almost +perpendicular crags, while I looked on and watched them--interested by +the almost human affection which they evinced for their mates and their +offspring; and sometimes not a little amused, also, by the angry +vociferation with which the old ones would scold me when they had got +fairly upon the rocks, and felt themselves secure from pursuit." + +There are Seven Plates and a Vignette, and a glazed, ornamented cover +which will withstand the wear and tear of the little play or book-room. + + * * * * * + + +PICTURE OF SHEFFIELD. + + +(_Concluded from page 396_.) + +In the manufacture of a razor, it proceeds through a dozen hands; but it +is afterwards submitted to a process of grinding, by which the concavity +is perfected, and the fine edge produced. They are made from 1 s. per +dozen, to 20 s. per razor, in which last the handle is valued at 16s.6d. + +"Scissors, in like manner, are made by hand, and every pair passes +through sixteen or seventeen hands, including fifty or sixty operations, +before they are ready for sale. Common scissors are cast, and when +riveted, are sold as low as 4s. 6d. per gross! Small pocket knives, too, +are cast, both in blades and handles, and sold at 6 s. per gross, or a +halfpenny each! These low articles are exported in vast quantities in +casks to all parts of the world. + +"Snuffers and trays are also articles of extensive production, and the +latter are ornamented with landscapes, etched by a Sheffield artist, on +a resinous varnish, and finished by being dipped in diluted nitric acid +for a few seconds or minutes. + +"Messrs. Rodgers also introduced me to an extensive range of workshops +for the manufacture of plated and silver ware, in which are produced the +most superb breakfast and dinner services. The method of making the +silver plate here and at Birmingham merits special notice, because the +ancient method was by dissolving mercury in nitrous acid, dipping the +copper, and depending on the affinity of the metals, by which a very +slight article was produced. But at Sheffield and Birmingham, all plate +is now produced by rolling ingots of copper and silver together. About +the eighth of an inch in thickness of silver is united by heat to an +inch of copper in ingots about the size of a brick. It is then flattened +by steel rollers worked by an eighty horse power. The greater +malleability of the silver occasions it to spread equally with the +copper into a sheet of any required thickness, according to the nature +of the article for which it is wanted. I saw some pieces of plated +metal, the eighth of an inch thick, rolled by hand into ten times their +surface, the silver spreading equally; and I was told that the plating +would be perfect if the rolling had reduced it to the thinness of silver +paper! This mode of plating secures to modern plate a durability not +possessed by any plate silvered by immersion. Hence plated goods are now +sought all over the world, and, if fairly used, are nearly as durable as +silver itself. Of this material, dinner and dessert services have been +manufactured from 50 to 300 guineas, and breakfast sets from 10 to 200 +guineas, as sold on the spot. + +"At Sheffield are actually cast and finished, most, if not all, the +parts of grates sold as their own make by the London furnishing +ironmongers. Their names are placed on them, but, in truth, they merely +put the parts together. I saw in Messrs. Picklay's rooms superior +castings for backs of grates, little inferior in delicacy to plaster of +Paris; and for grates connected with one of these patterns, I was told +100 guineas each was lately paid by a northern squire. Grates with +folding doors are made here as well as at Chesterfield. The doors are in +half heights, so as to serve two purposes, and grates so supplied sell +for about two guineas extra. Mr. Picklay has brought the kitchen range +to great perfection. With one fire he roasts, boils with water and +steam, and bakes. Economy and completeness were never more usefully +combined; and a public establishment in Sheffield is fitted with one +which has cooked a dinner complete for above three hundred persons. It +cost nearly L300, but such grates for small families may be had at ten +guineas. + +"The mercantile part of the Sheffield trade is performed chiefly by +travellers, but the principal shops in London deal directly with the +manufacturers here. To humour public prejudice in regard to "_Town +make_," as it is called, and to serve as an advertisement for various +retailers in London and other large towns, their connexions in Sheffield +keep steel brands, with which their names are placed on the articles, +and they thereby pass with the public as the real manufacturers. I saw +in different workshops, in Sheffield, the steel brands of our famous +_town makers_, and the articles in wholesale quantities packing up to +meet the demand in London for "_real town made_." This is a standing +joke at the expense of cockney credulity among the Sheffield cutlers. + +"Sheffield is noted for the manufacture of superior files; and many +anecdotes are told of the artifices which have been made use of to +aggrandize or to repudiate the celebrity of the marks of some well-known +makers. + +"In Sheffield generally the workmen get from 20s. to 24s. per week. Dry +grinders get L2, and some L5 or L6, and these high wages are paid as an +equivalent for the shortness of life. Many women are employed as filers, +burnishers, polishers, finishers, &c. &c.; and they get from 6s. to 12s. +per week. + +"Very _fine_ cutlery is manufactured by Mr. Crawshaw. I saw in his +warehouse all those elegant patterns of pen-knives which, in the best +shops of London, Bath, &c. excite so much admiration. His lobster +knives, with four or more blades, on slit springs, with pearl and +tortoiseshell handles, are the most perfect productions of British +manufacture. His pen-knives with rounded or beveled backs, to turn in +the quill and shave the point, are simple and effective improvements. He +showed me plain pocket-knives so highly finished, that the first cost is +38s., yet so deceptive is cutlery, that I might have preferred others +which I saw at only 7s. or 8s. It is the same in regard to the scissors +of Champion and Son,--articles at two or three guineas did not appear to +my uninstructed eye worth more than others at a few shillings; yet in +all these high priced articles, nearly the whole cost is in workmanship, +and there are but few workmen who can produce them. At the same time, +Mr. Crawshaw deals in pen-knives at 5s. per dozen, and Mr. Champion in +scissors at 2s. or 3s. per dozen. + +"The novelties and curiosities in this way are extremely numerous, and +the makers and inventers are as modest and communicative as they are +original and ingenious. Thus a knife an inch long, weighing eight +pennyweights six grains, containing seventy odd blades and instruments, +cost L30 in making: scissors the eighth of an inch long, twenty-five of +which weigh but a grain, sold at 3s. per pair: a knife, mounted in gold +and pearl, containing thirty blades, is valued at L30; pocket-knives +with twenty-six parts are sold at six guineas; the very best two blades +mounted with pearl and gold, made by Crawshaw, are in common sale +at two guineas in Sheffield. Messrs. Champion are esteemed the best +makers of scissors; and ladies' working scissors, in general commerce, +are finished and mounted as high as five or ten guineas. The best +pocket-knives are made by Crawshaw, and fetch, in mounting, from two to +five guineas. He is also the general maker of what are called the 'best +town made.' I may here add, that Messrs. Champion can make a single set +of table knives and forks, the fair market price of which would be 100 +guineas. + +"The mechanical ingenuity of Mr. Crawshaw has also been displayed in the +construction of AN ORRERY consisting of at least 1,000 wheels, which, by +a single winch, turns all the planets in their respective periods; and +also the whole of the satellites, including those of Herschell. This +orrery, perhaps the completest in the world, was made in all its details +by this gentleman, and, in its wheel-work, is an astonishing production. + +"One of the wonders of Sheffield is its Grinding Establishments. To aid +the grinders, companies have erected very spacious buildings divided +into small rooms, and provided the whole with steam engines. The rooms +are then let out by the month to master grinders; and at properly +adjusted grindstones in each room I saw every variety of grinding, +sharpening, and polishing. The finest work is polished by hand, and in +this slavery I saw the delicate hands of the superior sex solely +employed. The payment is trifling; but I was told that the hand of woman +is the softest, most pliable, and most accommodating tool which has yet +been discovered for conferring the finest polish on the refractory +substance of steel. Can we wonder at its effect in softening the +ruggedness of the other sex, and how hard must be the heart of that man +which does not yield to an influence which subdues even the hardness of +steel. + +"The manufacture of spectacles, telescopes, microscopes, etc. is carried +on to a great extent in Sheffield. Above five gross per day are ground +of convex and concave glasses in one shop. Concave basins cast in iron +of the radii of curvature of proposed lenses are fixed in rows on a +frame, and rubbed with water and emery. A concentric convex basin is +then covered with round pieces of plate glass fixed with pitch; and the +convex stir face, with its glass pieces, is then turned and _wabbled_ +in the concave basin by steam power. In this manner from six to twelve +dozen glasses are ground at once by one basin working within the other +on an eccentric axle which _wabbles_ the inner basin while it is +revolved. Of course, in time, i.e. in eight or ten hours, the glasses +are so abraded, that the outside of one basin exactly fits the other, +and the lenses between are of the true curvature. They are then knocked +off the pitch; turned and worked on the other side, on the second day; +cleaned with spirit of tar, rounded or clipt with blunt scissors, and +fitted in spectacle frames or tubes. In Mr. Cutt's factory I saw +twenty-six of these basins for spectacles, and about eighteen for +telescopes and microscopes; several being at work." + + +_Fine Arts._ + +"The Sheffield trades require and promote the Fine Arts in many ways. +Chantrey was a carver and gilder here, and many persons in Sheffield +were his first patrons, when he began to model. He was a native of +Norton, where his parents still reside, and his first youthful +employment was that of bringing milk to the town on asses, as is the +present custom. At present, Mr. Law is an exquisite modeller in wax; and +there are some ladies who copy the best pictures with a degree of taste +and perfection which is astonishing. I allude particularly to those of +Miss Green, of Westville House, and Miss Sambourne, at Highfield Green. +Then this district possesses a treasure in Mr. Cowen, of Rotherham, +whose merit as a landscape painter, has recommended him to the zealous +patronage of Earl Fitzwilliam and the Duke of Devonshire. I confess I +have never seen more exquisitely finished and more poetical +productions." + + +_Improvements, &c._ + +"The Shrewsbury Hospital, at Sheffield, has lately been rebuilt in an +improved situation, by Messrs. Woodhead and Hurst, of Doncaster. It +accommodates eighteen aged men and eighteen women in a very convenient +manner. It has been liberally supported by the present Duke of Norfolk, +and is managed by trustees of his nomination. The men are allowed 10s. +per week, and the women 8s. There is also another hospital, founded by +a Mr. Hollis, a Sheffield cutler; as a provision for sixteen cutlers' +widows, who besides habitations, receive 7s. per week, coals, and a gown +every two years. + +"In conclusion I have assembled some _miscellaneous_ facts. Sheffield +parish is ten miles by three. The Park of 2,000 acres was inclosed in +Queen Anne's time. + +"The Duke of Norfolk is Lord of the Manor, from his ancestors the +Lovetots, Furnivals, Nevilles, Talbots, and Howards. + +"Roger de Busli had 46 manors in Yorkshire, and in Nottinghamshire and +Derbyshire 179. + +"The Cutlers' Company was incorporated 21st James I.--The cutlers are +8,000 or 10,000 in number. + +"In 1751, the first stage-wagon went from Sheffield to London. In 1762, +the first stage-coach. + +"In 1752, the plated manufacture began. + +"In 1770, the first bank was opened. + +"In 1786, the first steam-engine grinding-wheel was established. + +"The casting or melting of steel began 60 years ago, till which time +Swedish bar-steel was used. + +"There are iron-forges near every Roman station, and Abbey Dale is full +of cinders from smelting, with apertures to windward to serve as blasts. + +"Beds of scoriae found in the parish, on which trees grow, and in old +pleasure parks.--Roman coins are also found in scoria.--A quarry of +stone at Wincobank Hill, contains fossilized vegetables, chiefly +calamites. They are succulent, and of the bamboo family. In the coal +districts, branches and trunks of trees are found; and Mr. Rhodes took +out of solid stone, a fossil post of walnut wood. South-east of +Tickhill, is an accumulation of subterranean trees, in black earth, +mixed with shells and rounded stones. + +"It is believed at Sheffield, that the executioner of Charles I., +was a person of the name of William Walker, a native of Darnall, near +Sheffield. Such was the tradition at his native place. He died at +Darnall in 1700 and was buried in Sheffield church, where there was a +brass plate to his memory. It is certain that a Walker, was one of the +masks, and that this Walker was an active partizan: but he was a man of +learning, and wrote some tracts on mathematics and politics. + +"Dr. Buchan, began his career as a Scotch physician at Sheffield, and +actually wrote his famous 'Domestic Medicine,' in the house at the south +corner of Hartshead, in which for many years has resided Mr. J. +Montgomery." + +The varied and attractive character of our extract is the best plea for +its length; but reading like this never tires.---_Sir R. Phillips' +Personal Tour._ + + * * * * * + + + + +THE GATHERER. + + + A snapper up of unconsidered trifles. +SHAKESPEARE. + + * * * * * + + +DARK DAY. + + +At St. Lawrence, October 13, 1828, wind S.W. the atmosphere was filled +with smoke, which, with intervening clouds, intercepted the sun's light, +so as to require the use of candles several times during the day. The +water which fell in the afternoon and evening was so much affected by +the smoke as to be bitter to the taste. + + * * * * * + + +THE LIQUOR OF LIFE. + + +When the art of distilling spirits, generally attributed to Raymond +Lully, was discovered, the secret of longevity was supposed to have been +brought to light, the _mercurius volatilis_ to be at length fixed, and +the pernicious product received the name of _aqua vitae_--liquor of +life; "A discovery concerning which," says a learned physician, "it +would be difficult to determine, whether it has tended most to diminish +the happiness, or shorten the duration of life. In one sense it may be +considered the elixir of life, for it speedily introduces a man to +_immortality!"_ + +C.J.T. + + * * * * * + + +SOUP + + +Is manufactured in great abundance in Paris from the bones of butchers' +meat. At one of the hospitals upwards of 1,000 basins of soup are +furnished daily. + + * * * * * + + +ABYSSINIAN CATTLE + + +Are remarkable for the extraordinary size of their horns, some of which +are four feet long, seven inches in diameter near the head, and hold ten +quarts. + + * * * * * + + +ECCENTRIC INVITATION. + + +Paul Spencer exhibits the following distich on his door, in Glasgow:-- + + "Entertainment here for all that passes, + Horses, mares, mules, and asses." + +C.J.T. + + * * * * * + + +CANALS. + + +According to a calculation recently made, there are 103 canals in Great +Britain--extending 2,682 miles, and formed at an expense of thirty +millions sterling. + +C.J.T. + + * * * * * + + +"Do you know what made my voice so melodious?" said a celebrated vocal +performer, of awkward manners, to Charles Bannister. "No," replied the +other. "Why, then, I'll tell you: when I was about fifteen, I swallowed, +by accident, some train oil." "I don't think," rejoined Bannister, "it +would have done you any harm if, at the same time, you had swallowed a +dancing-master!" + + * * * * * + + +LIMBIRD'S EDITIONS. + + +CHEAP and POPULAR WORKS published at the MIRROR OFFICE in the Strand, +near Somerset House. + +The ARABIAN NIGHTS ENTERTAINMENTS. Embellished with nearly 150 +Engravings. In 6 Parts, 1s. each. + +The TALES of the GENII. 4 Parts, 6d. each. + +The MICROCOSM. By the Right Hon. G. Canning. &c. 4 Parts, 6d. each. + +PLUTARCH'S LIVES, with Fifty Portraits, 12 Parts, 1s. each. + +COWPER'S POEMS, with 12 Engravings, 12 Numbers, 3d. each. + +COOK'S VOYAGES, 28 Numbers, 3d. each. + +The CABINET of CURIOSITIES: or, WONDERS of the WORLD DISPLAYED 27 Nos. +2d. each. + +BEAUTIES of SCOTT, 36 Numbers, 3d. each. + +The ARCANA of SCIENCE for 1828. Price 4s. 6d. + +GOLDSMITH'S ESSAYS. Price 8d. + +DR. FRANKLIN'S ESSAYS. Price 1s. 2d. + +BACON'S ESSAYS Price 8d. + +SALMAGUNDI. Price 1s. 8d. + + * * * * * + +_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand (near Somerset House,) +London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic, and by all +Newsmen and Booksellers_. + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, +AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 14, ISSUE 404, DECEMBER 12, 1829*** + + +******* This file should be named 11463.txt or 11463.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/4/6/11463 + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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