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diff --git a/old/11456.txt b/old/11456.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..36e325f --- /dev/null +++ b/old/11456.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1994 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and +Instruction, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction + Volume 14, No. 392, Saturday, October 3, 1829. + +Author: Various + +Release Date: March 5, 2004 [EBook #11456] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE, NO. 392 *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Andy Schmitt, David Garcia and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + + + + +THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION. + +VOL. XIV, NO. 392.] SATURDAY, OCTOBER 3, 1829. [PRICE 2d. + + + + +The Duke's Theatre, Dorset Gardens. + + +[Illustration: The Duke's Theatre, Dorset Gardens.] + + +The above theatre was erected in the year 1671, about a century after the +regular establishment of theatres in England. It rose in what may be +called the brazen age of the Drama, when the prosecutions of the Puritans +had just ceased, and legitimacy and licentiousness danced into the theatre +hand in hand. At the Restoration, the few players who had not fallen in +the wars or died of poverty, assembled under the banner of Sir William +Davenant, at the Red Bull Theatre. Rhodes, a bookseller, at the same time, +fitted up the Cockpit in Drury Lane, where he formed a company of entirely +new performers. This was in 1659, when Rhodes's two apprentices, Betterton +and Kynaston, were the stars. These companies afterwards united, and were +called the Duke's Company. About the same time, Killigrew, that eternal +caterer for good things, collected together a few of the old actors who +were honoured with the title of the "King's Company," or "His Majesty's +Servants," which distinction is preserved by the Drury Lane Company, to +the present day, and is inherited from Killigrew, who built and opened +the first theatre in Drury Lane, in 1663. In 1662, Sir William Davenant +obtained a patent for building "the Duke's Theatre," in Little Lincoln's +Inn Fields, which he opened with the play of "the Siege of Rhodes," +written by himself. The above company performed here till 1671, when +another "Duke's Theatre." was built in Dorset Gardens,[1] by Sir +Christopher Wren, in a similar style of architecture to that in Lincoln's +Inn Fields. The company removed thither, November 9, in the same year, and +continued performing till the union of the Duke and the King's Companies, +in 1682; and performances were continued occasionally here until 1697. The +building was demolished about April, 1709, and the site is now occupied by +the works of a Gas Light Company. + + + [1] At the end of Dorset-street, now communicating with Fleet-street, + through Salisbury-square and Salisbury-court. + + +The Duke's Theatre, as the engraving shows, had a handsome front towards +the river, with a landing-place for visiters by water, a fashion which +prevailed in the early age of the Drama, if we may credit the assertion of +Taylor, the water poet, that about the year 1596, the number of watermen +maintained by conveying persons to the theatres on the banks of the +Thames, was not less than 40,000, showing a love of the drama at that +early period which is very extraordinary.[2] All we have left of this +aquatic rage is a solitary boat now and then skimming and scraping to +Vauxhall Gardens. + + + [2] The _Globe_, the _Rose_, and the _Swan_, were on Baukside; + besides which there were, either then or after, six other + theatres on the Middlesex bank of the Thames. + + +The upper part of the front will be admired for its characteristic taste; +as the figures of Comedy and Tragedy surmounting the balustrade, the +emblematic flame, and the wreathed arms of the founder. + +Operas were first introduced on the English stage, at Dorset Gardens, in +1673, with "expensive scenery;" and in Lord Orrery's play of Henry V., +performed here in the year previous, the actors, Harris, Betterton, and +Smith, wore the coronation suits of the Duke of York, King Charles, and +Lord Oxford. + +The names of Betterton and Kynaston bespeak the importance of the Duke's +Theatre. Cibber calls Betterton "an actor, as Shakspeare was an author, +both without competitors;" in his performance of _Hamlet_, he profited by +the instructions of Sir William Davenant, who embodied his recollections +of Joseph Taylor, instructed by SHAKSPEARE to play the character! What +a delightful association--to see Hamlet represented in the true vein in +which the sublime author conceived it! Kynaston's celebrity was of a more +equivocal description. He played _Juliet_ to Betterton's _Romeo_, and was +the Siddons of his day; for women did not generally appear on the stage +till after the Restoration. The anecdote of Charles II. waiting at the +theatre for the stage _queen_ to be _shaved_ is well known. + +Pepys speaks of Harris, in his interesting _Diary_ as "growing very proud, +and demanding 20_l_. for himself extraordinary more than Betterton, or +any body else, upon every new play, and 10_l_. upon every revive; which, +with other things, Sir William Davenant would not give him, and so he +swore he would never act there more, in expectation of his being received +in the other house;" (this was in 1663, at the Duke's Theatre in Lincoln's +Inn Fields.) "He tells me that the fellow grew very proud of late, the +King and every body else crying him up so high," &c. Poor Sir William, he +must have been as much worried and vexed as Mr. Ebers with the Operatics, +or any Covent Garden manager, in our time; whose days and nights are not +very serene, although passed among the _stars_, + +In one of Pepys's notices of Hart, he tells us "It pleased us mightily +to see the natural affection of a poor woman, the mother of one of the +children brought upon the stage; the child crying, she, by force, got upon +the stage, and took up her child, and carried it away off the stage from +Hart." This pleasant playgoer likewise says, in 1667-8, "when I began +first to be able to bestow a play on myself, I do not remember that I saw +so many by half of the ordinary prentices and mean people in the pit at +2_s_. 6_d_. a-piece as now; I going for several years no higher than the +12_d_. and then the 18_d_. places, though I strained hard to go in then +when I did; so much the vanity and prodigality of the age is to be +observed in this particular." + +It may be at this moment interesting to mention that the first Covent +Garden Theatre was opened under the patent granted to Sir William Davenant +for the Dorset Gardens and Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatres. We must also +acknowledge our obligation for the preceding notes to the _Companion to +the Theatres_, a pretty little work which we noticed _en passant_ when +published, and which we now seasonably recommend to the notice of our +readers. + + * * * * * + + +FOUR SONNETS. + +(_For the Mirror_.) + + +SPRING. + + + Season of sighs perfumed, and maiden flowers, + Young Beauty's birthday, cradled in delight + And kept by muses in the blushing bowers + Where snow-drops spring most delicately white! + Oh it is luxury to minds that feel + Now to prove truants to the giddy world, + Calmly to watch the dewy tints that steal + O'er opening roses--'till in smiles unfurled + Their fresh-made petals silently unfold. + Or mark the springing grass--or gaze upon + Primeval morning till the hues of gold + Blaze forth and centre in the glorious sun! + Whose gentler beams exhale the tears of night, + And bid each grateful tongue deep melodies indite. + + +SUMMER. + + + Now is thy fragrant garland made complete, + Maturing year! but as its many dyes + Mingle in rainbow hues divinely sweet, + They fade and fleet in unobserved sighs! + Yet now all fresh and fair, how dear thou art, + Just born to breathe and perish! touched by heaven, + From lifeless Winter to a beating heart, + From scathing blasts to Summer's balmy even! + Methinks some angel from the bowers of bliss, + In May descended, scattering blossoms round, + Embraced each opening flower, bestowed a kiss, + And woke the notes of harmony profound; + But ere July had waned, alas, she fled, + Took back to heaven the flowers, and left the falling leaves instead. + + +AUTUMN. + + + Field flowers and breathing minstrelsy, farewell! + The rose is colourless and withering fast, + Sweet Philomel her song forgets to swell, + And Summer's rich variety is past! + The sear leaves wander, and the hoar of age + Gathers her trophy for the dying year, + And following in her noiseless pilgrimage, + Waters her couch with many a pearly tear. + Yet there is one unchanging friend who stays + To cheer the passage into Winter's gloom-- + The redbreast chants his solitary lays, + A simple requiem over Nature's tomb, + So, when the Spring of life shall end with me, + God of my Fathers! may I find a changeless Friend in thee! + + +WINTER. + + + The trees are leafless, and the hollow blast + Sings a shrill anthem to the bitter gloom, + The lately smiling pastures are a waste, + While beauty generates in Nature's womb; + The frowning clouds are charged with fleecy snow, + And storm and tempest bear a rival sway; + Soft gurgling rivulets have ceased to flow, + And beauty's garlands wither in decay: + Yet look but heavenward! beautiful and young + In life and lustre see the stars of night + Untouch'd by time through ages roll along, + And clear as when at first they burst to light. + And then look from the stars where heaven appears + Clad in the fertile Spring of everlasting years! + +BENJAMIN GOUGH. + + * * * * * + + +EXERCISE, AIR, AND SLEEP. + +(_Abridged from Mr. Richards's "Treatise on Nervous Disorders."_) + + +The generality of people are well aware of the vast importance of exercise; +but few are acquainted with its _modus operandi_, and few avail +themselves so fully as they might of its extensive benefits. The function +of respiration, which endues the blood with its vivifying principle, is +very much influenced by exercise; for our Omniscient Creator has given to +our lungs the same faculty of imbibing nutriment from various kinds of +air, as He has given to the stomach the power of extracting nourishment +from different kinds of aliment; and as the healthy functions of the +stomach depend upon the due performance of certain chemical and mechanical +actions, so do the functions of the lungs depend upon the due performance +of proper exercise. + +Man being an animal destined for an active and useful life, Providence has +ordained that sloth shall bring with it its own punishment. He who passes +nearly the whole of his life in the open air, inhaling a salubrious +atmosphere, enjoys health and vigour of body with tranquillity of mind, +and dies at the utmost limit allotted to mortality. He, on the contrary, +who leads an indolent or sedentary life, combining with it excessive +mental exertion, is a martyr to a train of nervous symptoms, which are +extremely annoying. Man was not created for a sedentary or slothful life; +but all his organs and attributes are calculated for an existence of +activity and industry. If therefore we would insure health and comfort, +we must make exercise--to use Dr. Cheyne's expression--a part of our +religion. But this exercise should be _in the open air_, and in such +places as are most free from smoke, or any noxious exhalations; where, in +fact, the air circulates freely, purely, and abundantly. I am continually +told by persons that they take a great deal of exercise, being constantly +on their feet from morning till night; but, upon inquiry, it happens, that +this exercise is not in the open air, but in a crowded apartment, perhaps, +as in a public office, a manufactory, or at a dress maker's, where twenty +or thirty young girls are crammed together from nine o'clock in the +morning till nine at night, or, what is nearly as pernicious, in a house +but thinly inhabited. Exercise this cannot be called; it is the worst +species of labour, entailing upon its victims numerous evils. Good air +is as essential as wholesome food; for the air, by coming into immediate +contact with the blood, enters at once into the constitution. If therefore +the air be bad, every part of the body, whether near the heart or far from +it, must participate in the evil which is produced. + +It is on this account that exercise _in the open air_ is so materially +beneficial to digestion. If the blood be not properly prepared by the +action of good air, how can the arteries of the stomach secrete good +gastric juice? Then, we have a mechanical effect besides. By exercise the +circulation of the blood is rendered more energetic and regular. Every +artery, muscle, and gland is excited into action, and the work of +existence goes on with spirit. The muscles press the blood-vessels, and +squeeze the glands, so that none of them can be idle; so that, in short, +every organ thus influenced must be in action. The consequence of all this +is, that every function is well performed. The stomach digests readily, +the liver pours out its bile freely, the bowels act regularly, and much +superfluous heat is thrown out by perspiration. These are all very +important operations, and in proportion to the perfection with which they +are performed will be the health and comfort of the individual. + +There is another process accomplished by exercise, which more immediately +concerns the nervous system. "Many people," says Mr. Abernethy, "who are +extremely irritable and hypochondriacal, and are constantly obliged to +take medicines to regulate their bowels while they live an inactive life, +no longer suffer from nervous irritation, or require aperient medicines +when they use exercise to a degree that would be excessive in ordinary +constitutions." This leads us to infer that the superfluous energy of +the nerves is exhausted by the exercise of the body, and that as the +abstraction of blood mitigates inflammations, in like manner does the +abstraction of nervous irritability restore tranquillity to the system. +This of course applies only to a state of high nervous irritation; but +exercise is equally beneficial when the constitution is much weakened, by +producing throughout the whole frame that energetic action which has been +already explained. + +A debilitated frame ought never to take so much exercise as to cause +fatigue, neither ought exercise to be taken immediately _before_ nor +immediately _after_ a full meal. Mr. Abernethy's prescription is a very +good one--to rise early and use active exercise _in the open air_, till a +slight degree of fatigue be felt; then to rest one hour, and breakfast. +After this rest three hours, "in order that the energies of the +constitution may be concentrated in the work of digestion;" then take +active exercise again for two hours, rest one, and then dine. After dinner +rest for three hours; and afterwards, in summer, take a gentle stroll, +which, with an hour's rest before supper, will constitute the plan of +exercise for the day. In wet or inclement weather, the exercise may be +taken in the house, the windows being opened, "by walking actively +backwards and forwards, as sailors do on ship-board." + +We now come to the consideration of _air_. Pure air is as necessary to +existence as good and wholesome food; perhaps more so; for our food has to +undergo a very elaborate change before it is introduced into the mass of +circulating blood, while the air is received at once into the lungs, and +comes into immediate contact with the blood in that important organ. The +effect of the air upon the blood is this: by thrusting out as it were, all +the noxious properties which it has collected in its passage through the +body, it endues it with the peculiar property of vitality, that is, it +enables it to build up, repair, and excite the different functions and +organs of the body. If therefore this air, which we inhale every instant, +be not pure, the whole mass of blood is very soon contaminated, and the +frame, in some part or other speedily experiences the bad effects. This +will explain to us the almost miraculous benefits which are obtained by +_change of air_, as well as the decided advantages of a free and copious +ventilation. The prejudices against a free circulation of air, especially +in the sick chamber, are productive of great evil. The rule as regards +this is plain and simple: admit as much fresh air as you can; provided it +does not _blow in_ upon you _in a stream_, and provided you are not in a +state of profuse perspiration at the time; for in accordance with the +Spanish proverb-- + + + "If the wind blows on you through a hole + Make your will, and take care of your soul." + + +but if the _whole of the body be exposed at once_ to a cold atmosphere, +no bad consequences need be anticipated. + +A great deal has been said about the necessary quantity of _sleep;_ that +is, how long one ought to indulge in sleeping. This question, like many +others, cannot be reduced to mathematical precision; for much must depend +upon habit, constitution, and the nature and duration of our occupations. +A person in good health, whose mental and physical occupations are not +particularly laborious, will find seven or eight hours' sleep quite +sufficient to refresh his frame. Those whose constitutions are +debilitated, or whose occupations are studious or laborious, require +rather more; but the best rule in all eases is to sleep till you are +refreshed, and then get up. If you feel inclined for a snug nap after +dinner, indulge in it; but do not let it exceed _half an hour;_ if you do, +you will be dull and uncomfortable afterwards, instead of brisk and +lively. + +In sleeping, as in eating and drinking, we must consult our habits and +feelings, which are excellent monitors. What says the poet?-- + + "Preach not to me your musty rules, + Ye drones, that mused in idle cell, + The heart is wiser than the schools, + The senses always reason well." + +One particular recommendation I would propose in concluding this subject, +from the observance of which much benefit has been derived--it is to sleep +in a room as large and as airy as possible, and in a bed but little +encumbered with curtains. The lungs must respire during sleep, as well as +at any other time; and it is of great consequence that the air should be +as pure as possible. In summer curtains should not be used at all, and in +winter we should do well without them. In summer every wise man, who can +afford it, will sleep out of town--at any of the villages which are +removed sufficiently from the smoke and impurities of this overgrown +metropolis. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE NOVELIST. + + * * * * * + +AN INCIDENT AT FONDI. + + "Away--three cheers--on we go." + + +The morning was delightful; neither Corregio, nor Claude, with all their +magic of conception could have made it lovelier. The heaven expanded like +an azure sea--and the dimpling clouds of gold were its Elysian isles--not +unlike the splendid images we are apt to admire in the poems of _Petrarch_ +and _Alamanni_. The music of the birds kept time to the sound of the +postilions' whips--the streams sung a fairy legend, and the merry woods, +touched with the brilliant glow of an Italian sun, breathed into the air +a delicious sonata. Such a morning as this was formed for something +memorable! The Grand Diavolo and his bravest ruffians awaited the +travellers' approach. + +The carriage had pursued the direction of the path at a speed unequalled +in the annals of the postilions; but the termination of the dell did not +appear. Huge impending cliffs with their crown of trees imparted a shadowy +depth to the solitude, which the travellers did not seem to relish. + +"How cursed inconvenient is this dell with its frightful woods," said the +baronet to his smiling daughter, "one might as well be sequestered in +Dante's Inferno. Look at those awful rocks--my mind misgives me as I view +them. Sure there are no brigands concealed hereabout!" + +"Hope not, Pa'," replied the graceful Rosalia; but the last word had +scarcely died on her lips, ere a discharge of shot was heard. The baronet +opened his carriage door, and leaped on the ground. + +"Hollo! John, Tom, pistols here, my lads, a pretty rencontre this! Stand +by Rosalia, my own self and purse I don't value a grout, but stand the +brunt, lads; here they come--oh, that I had met them at Waterloo!" + +This attack perplexed the thoughts of the poor baronet. He regarded it as +a romance in which he was to become the hero. But his present situation +did not allow him the fascination of a dream. The brigands advanced from +their concealment, and their chief, who seemed a most pleasant and polite +scoundrel, commanded his men to inspect the luggage of the travellers. + +"Humph! and is that all?" growled the baronet. + +"I want a thousand crowns," said the chief, in a gentle tone, "you may +then proceed." + +"Humph! and won't five hundred do?" + +"I insist!" returned the brigand, placing his hand on his sword! + +This menace was enough. It produced an awful consternation in the +countenance of the Englishman. He, dear man, felt his heart quake within +him, as he paid the brigand his enormous demand. But a second trial was +reserved for him--he turned to his carriage--his daughter was not there! +where could she be? He heard a laugh, and on raising his head, saw the +identical object of his care! She waved her delicate white handkerchief +from the steeps above, while an Italian officer stood beside her laughing +with all his might. The suspicions of the father were realized. He was the +tall intriguing scamp who had charmed the eyes of Rosalia at the inn! + +Away ran the sire, but the guilty pair seemed to fly with the wings of +love attached to their heels; up the steep he clambered, scaring all the +birds from their solitudes; still the lovers kept on before; they passed +the bridge of Laino; the infuriated sire pursued; spire, tree, castle, +church, stream; and in short the most beautiful features of the landscape +appeared in the chase, but the fugitives did not stop to survey them. Away +they pressed down the sunny slope, through the glen, along the margin of +the Casparanna, swifter to the eye of the agonized parent than Jehu's +chariot-wheels. Now they flag--they sit down amid the ruins of yonder old +chapel--he will reach them now; alas! how vain are the calculations of +man! In leaping across the Cathanna Mare, he received a shot in his arm; +the cursed Italian had fired at him, and he fell, like a wounded bird into +the stream! + + * * * * * + +"Dear pa', how you kick one!" exclaimed the beauteous little daughter of +the Englishman; "surely you have had a troublesome dream." "Dream! let me +see," said the baronet, rubbing his eyes; "then I'm not drowned, and we +are again at Albano, are we, and this is our merry host, and thank God, +Rosalia, you are safe, and I must kiss you, my sweet girl." This was a +pleasant scene! + +R. AUGUSTINE. + + * * * * * + + +TIME. + +IN IMITATION OF THE OLDEN POETS. + +(_For the Mirror_.) + + + Time is a taper waning fast! + Use it, man, well whilst it doth last: + Lest burning downwards it consume away, + Before thou hast commenced the labour of the day. + + Time is a pardon of a goodly soil! + Plenty shall crown thine honest toil: + But if uncultivated, rankest weeds + Shall choke the efforts of the rising seeds. + + Time is a leasehold of uncertain date! + Granted to thee by everlasting fate. + Neglect not thou, ere thy short term expire, + To save thy soul from ever-burning fire. + +LEAR. + + * * * * * + + +SEPULCHRAL ENIGMA. + +(_To the Editor of the Mirror_.) + + +The following Sepulchral Enigma against Pride, is engraved on a stone, in +the Cathedral Church of Hamburgh: + + "O, Mors, cur, Deus, negat, vitam, + be, se, bis, nos, his, nam." + + +CANON. + + + Ordine daprimam mediae? mediamqz sequenti, + Debita sic nosces fala, superbe, tibi. + Quid mortalis homo jactas tot quidve superbis? + Cras forsan fies, pulvis et umbra levis, + Quid tibi opes prosunt? Quid nuuc tibi magna potesias? + Quidve honor? Ant praestans quid tibi forma? Nihil. + Vide _Variorum in Europa itinerum deliciae, &c. + Nathane Chitreo, Editio Secunda_, 1599. + + +The above inscription and Canon are from a very scarce book, _me penes_; +if they are deemed worthy of a place in your entertaining miscellany, +and no solution or English version should be offered to your notice for +insertion, I will avail myself of your permission to send one for your +approval. + +Your's, &c. [Greek: S.] + + * * * * * + + +THE VINE--A FRAGMENT. + +(_For the Mirror_.) + + + See o'er the wall, the white-leav'd cluster-vine + Shoots its redundant tendrils; and doth seem, + Like the untam'd enthusiast's glowing heart, + Ready to clasp, with an abundant love, + All nature in its arms! + +C. COLE. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE COSMOPOLITE. + + * * * * * + + +ON LIBERTY. + + + "I don't hate the world, but I laugh at it; + for none but fools can be in earnest about a trifle." + + +So says Gay of the world, in one of his letters to Swift, and we have +adapted the quotation to our idea of liberty. True it is that Addison +apostrophizes liberty as a + + + Goddess, heavenly bright! + + +but we hope our laughter will not be considered as indecorous or +profane. Our great essayist has exalted her into a Deity, and invested +her with a mythological charm, which makes us doubt her existence; so +that to laugh at her can be no more irreverend than to sneer at the +belief in apparitions, a joke which is very generally enjoyed in these +good days of spick-and-span philosophy. Whether Liberty ever existed +or not, is to us a matter of little import, since it is certain that +she belongs to the grand hoax which is the whole scheme of life. The +extension of liberty into concerns of every-day life is therefore +reasonable enough, and to prove that we are happy in possessing this +ideal blessing, seems to have been the aim of all who have written on +the subject. One, however, if we remember right, sets the matter in a +grave light, when he says to man-- + + + Since thy original lapse, true liberty + Is lost. + + +He who loves to scatter crumbs of comfort in these starving times, will +not despair at this sublime truth, but will seek to cherish the love of +liberty, or the consolation for the loss of it wherever he goes. + +The reader need not be told that we are friends to the spread of liberty: +indeed, we think she may "triumph over time, clip his wings, pare his +nails, file his teeth, turn back his hour-glass, blunt his scythe, and +draw the hobnails out of his shoes;" but to show how this may be done, we +must run over a few varieties of liberty for the benefit of such as do not +enjoy the inestimable blessings of being _free and easy_: we quote these +words, vulgar as they are; for, of all words in our vernacular tongue, +to express comfort and security from ill, commend us to the expletive of +_free and easy_. We had rather not meddle with civil or religious liberty: +they are as combustible as the Cotopaxi, or the new governments, of South +America; and our attempts at reformation do not extend beyond paper and +print, which the unamused reader may burn or not, as he pleases without +searing his own conscience or exciting our revenge. To be sure, a few of +our examples may border on civil liberty; but we shall not seek to find +parallels for the Ptolemaian cages, or the Tower of Famine, in our times; +neither shall we feast upon the horrors of the French Revolution, nor the +last polite reception of the Russians by headless Turks; notwithstanding +all these examples would bear us out in our idea of the love of liberty, +and the evils of the loss of it. + +Kings often want liberty, even amidst the multitude of their luxuries. +They are not unfrequently the veriest slaves at court, and liege and loyal +as we are, we seldom hear of a king eating, drinking, and sleeping as +other people do, without envying him so happy an interval from the cares +of state, and the painted pomp of palaces. This it is that makes the +domestic habits of kings so interesting to every one; and many a time have +we crossed field after field to catch a glimpse of royalty, in a plain +green chariot on the Brighton road, when we would not have put our heads +out of window to see a procession to the House of Lords. Some kings have +even gone so far in their love of plain life as to drop the king, which is +a very pleasant sort of unkingship. Frederick the Great, at one of his +literary entertainments adopted this plan to promote free conversation, +when he reminded the circle that there was no monarch present, and that +every one might think aloud. The conversation soon turned upon the faults +of different governments and rulers, and general censures were passing +from mouth to mouth pretty freely, when Frederick suddenly stayed the +topic, by saying, "Peace, peace, gentlemen, have a care, the king is +coming; it may be as well if he does not hear you, lest he should be +obliged to be still worse than you." Our Second Charles was very fond of +liberty, and of dropping the king, or as some writers say, he never took +the office up: this was for another purpose, in times when + + + License they mean when they cry liberty. + + +Voluntarily parting with one's liberty is, however, very different to +having it taken from us, as in the anecdote of the citizen who never +having been out of his native place during his lifetime, was, for some +offence, sentenced to stay within the walls a whole year; when he died +of grief not long afterwards. + +State imprisonment is like a set of silken fetters for kings and other +great people. Thus, almost all our palaces have been used as prisons, +according to the caprice of the monarch, or the violence of the uppermost +faction. Shakspeare, in his historical plays, gives us many pictures of +royal and noble suffering from the loss of liberty. One of the latter, +with a beautiful antidote, is the address of Gaunt to Bolingbroke, after +his banishment by Richard II.:-- + + + All places that the eye of heaven visits, + Are to a wise man ports, and happy havens: + Teach thy necessity to reason thus: + There is no virtue like necessity. + Think not, the king did banish thee; + But thou the king: woe doth heavier sit, + Where it perceives it is but faintly borne. + Go, say--I sent thee forth to purchase honour, + And not--the king exiled thee: or suppose, + Devouring pestilence hangs in our air, + And thou art flying to a fresher clime. + Look, what thy soul holds dear, imagine it + To lie that way thou go'st, not whence thou comest: + Suppose the singing birds musicians; + The grass whereon thou tread'st, the presence strew'd; + The flowers, fair ladies; and thy steps, no more + Than a delightful measure, or a dance; + For gnarling sorrow hath less power to bite + The man that mocks at it, and sets it light. + + +Even Napoleon, whose wounds were almost green at his death, sought to +chase away the recollections of his ill-starred splendour, by rides and +walks in the island, and conversation with his suite in his garden; and +Louis XVIII. after his restoration to the throne of France, passed few +such happy days as his exile at Hartwell, which though only a pleasant +seat enough, had more comfort than the gilded saloons of Versailles, or +the hurly-burly of the Tuilleries, with treason hatching in the street +beneath the windows, and revolution stinking in the very nostrils of the +court. Shakspeare might well call a crown a + + + Polished perturbation! golden care! + + +and add-- + + O majesty! + When thou dost pinch thy bearer, thou dost sit + Like a rich armour worn in heat of day, + That scalds with safety. + +Goldsmith has somewhat sarcastically lamented that the appetites of the +rich do not increase with their wealth; in like manner, it would be a +grievous thing could liberty be monopolized or scraped into heaps like +wealth; a petty tyrant may persecute and imprison thousands, but he cannot +thereby add one hour or inch to his own liberty. + +Another and a very common loss of liberty is by pleasure and the love of +fame, especially by the slaves of fashion and the lovers of great place; + + + Whose lives are others' not their own. + + +Pleasure for the most part, consists in fits of anticipation; since, the +extra liberty or license of a debauch must be repaid by the iron fetters +of headache, and the heavy hand of _ennui_ on the following day: even +the purblind puppy of fashion will tell you, if you make free with your +constitution, you must suffer for it; and this by a species of slavery. To +dance attendance upon a great man for a small appointment, and to _boo_ +your way through the world, belongs to the worst of servitude. Congreve +compares a levee at a great man's to a list of duns; and Shenstone still +more ill-naturedly says, "a courtier's dependant is a beggar's dog." + +Making free, or taking liberties with your fortune, brings about the +slavery, if not the sin, of poverty; and to take a liberty with the wealth +of another is about as sure a road to slavery as picking pockets is to +house-breaking. Debt is another of those odious badges which mark a man +as a slave, and let him but go on to recovery, that like a snake in the +sunshine, he may be the more effectually scotched and secured. Gay says to +Swift, "I hate to be in debt; for I can't bear to pawn five pounds worth +of my liberty to a tailor or a butcher. I grant you, this is not having +the true spirit of modern nobility; but it is hard to cure the prejudice +of education;" and every man will own that a _greater_ slave-master is not +to be found at Cape Coast than the law's follower, who says, "I 'rest +you;" and then "brings you to all manner of unrest." One of these fellows +is even greater than the sultan of an African tribe in till his glory; +though he neither bears the insignia of rank nor power--none of the little +finery which wins allegiance and honour--yet he constrains you "by +virtue," and brings about a compromise and temporary cessation of your +liberty. + +Taking liberties with the pockets or tables of one's relations and +friends, is at best, but a dangerous experiment. It cannot last long +before they beg to be excused the liberty, &c., and like the countryman +with the golden goose, you get a cold, fireless parlour, or a colder hall +reception for your importunity; and, perchance, the silver ore being all +gone, you must put up with the French plate. One of the most equivocal, +if not dangerous, forms of correspondence is that beginning with "I take +the liberty;" for it either portends some well tried "sufferer" as Lord +Foppington calls him; a pressing call from a fundless charity; or at best +but a note from an advertising tailor to tell you that for several years +past you have been paying 50 per cent. too high a price for your clothes; +but, like most good news, this comes upon crutches, and the loss is past +redemption. + +What is called the liberty of the subject we must leave for a dull +barrister to explain: in the meantime, if any reader be impatient for the +definition, a night's billeting in Covent Garden watchhouse will initiate +him into its blessings; he is not so dull as to require to be told how to +get there. The liberty of the press is another ticklish subject to handle-- +like a hedgehog--all points; but we may be allowed to quote, as one of the +most harmless specimens of the liberty of the press--the production of THE +MIRROR, as we always acknowledge the liberty by reference to the sources +whence our borrowed wealth is taken. This is giving credit in one way, and +taking credit for our own honesty. + +Liberty-boys and brawlers would be new acquaintance for us. We are not old +enough to remember "Wilkes and 45;" the cap of liberty is now seldom +introduced into our national arms, and this and all such emblems are fast +fading away. People who used to spout forth Cowper's line and a half on +liberty, have given up the profession, and all men are at liberty to think +as they please. Still ours is neither the golden nor the silver age of +liberty: it is more like paper and platina liberty, things which have the +weight and semblance without their value. + +The only odd rencontre we ever had with a liberty advocate was with L'Abbe +Gregoire, one of the cabinet advisers of Napoleon, and to judge by his +writings, a benevolent man. On visiting him at Paris, we put into our +pocket a little work of our leisure, containing upwards of 6,000 +quotations on almost every subject. The Abbe, who understands English +well, was delighted with the variety, and on calling again in a few days, +we found the venerable patriot had been searching for all the passages on +_liberty_, which he had distinguished by registers: what an evidence is +this of his ruling passion. At the time we did not recollect that to M. +Gregoire is attributed the republican sentiment "the reign of Kings is the +martyrology of nations:" his conversation proved him an enthusiast, but we +think this liberty rather too strong. + +PHILO. + + * * * * * + + +REVENGE. + + + 'Twas lordly hate that rul'd + Indomitable. 'Twas a thirst that naught + But blood of him who broke this aching heart + Could quench.'--therefore I struck----. + +CYMBELINE + + * * * * * + + + + +THE NATURALIST. + + * * * * * + + +THE FLYING DRAGON. + + +[Illustration: The Flying Dragon.] + + +This beautiful species of the lizard tribe was one of the wonders of our +ancestors, who believed it to be a fierce animal with wings, and whose +bite was mortal; whereas, it is perfectly harmless, and differs from other +lizards merely in its being furnished with an expanding membrane or web, +strengthened by a few radii, or small bones. It is about twelve inches in +length, and is found in the East Indies and Africa (_Blumenbach_), where +it flies through short distances, from tree to tree, and subsists on +flies, ants, and other insects. It is covered with very small scales, +and is generally of ash-colour, varied and clouded on the back, &c. +with brown, black, and white. The head is of a very singular form, and +furnished with a triple pouch, under and on each side the throat. + +Barbarous nations have many fabulous stories of this little animal. They +say, for instance, that, although it usually lives in the water, it often +bounds up from the surface, and alights on the branch of some adjacent +tree, where it makes a noise resembling the laughter of a man. + +The curious reader who is anxious to see a specimen of the Flying Dragon, +will be gratified with a young one, preserved in a case with two +Cameleons, and exposed for sale in the window of a dealer in articles of +_vertu_, in St. Martin's Court, Leicester Square. + + +COCHINEAL TRANSPLANTED TO JAVA. + +The success with which the cultivation of the nopal and the breeding of +the insect which produces cochineal has been practised at Cadiz, and +thence at Malta, is well known. A French apothecary is said to have made +the experiment in Corsica, but on a very confined scale; and the King of +the Netherlands, on information that the Isle of Java was well adapted +for the cultivation of this important article of merchandize, determined +on attempting the transplantation into that colony. As the exportation +of the trees and of the insect is prohibited by the laws of Spain, some +management was requisite to acquire the means of forming this new +establishment. The following were those resorted to:--His Majesty sent to +Cadiz, and there maintained, for nearly two years, one of his subjects, +a very intelligent person, who introduced himself, and by degrees got +initiated into the _Garden of Acclimation_ of the Economic Society, where +the breeding of this important insect is carried on. He so well, fulfilled +his commission (for which the instructions, it is said, were drawn up +by his royal master himself), that he succeeded in procuring about one +thousand nopals, all young and vigorous, besides a considerable number of +insects; and, moreover, carried on his plans so ably, as to persuade the +principal gardener of the Garden of Acclimation to enter for six years +into the service of the King of the Netherlands, and to go to Batavia. +Between eight and ten thousand Spanish dollars are said to have been the +lure held out to him to desert his post. In the service of the Society he +gained three shillings a day, paid in Spanish fashion, that is, half, at +least, in arrear. A vessel of war was sent to bring away the precious +cargo, which, being furtively and safely shipped, the gardener and the +insects were on their voyage to Batavia before the least suspicion of +what was going on was entertained by the Society.--_From the French_. + + +BEES' NESTS. + +A French journal says, in the woods of Brazil is frequently found hanging +from the branches the nest of a species of bee, formed of clay, and about +two feet in diameter. It is more probable that these nests belong to some +species of wasp, many of which construct hanging nests. One sort of these +is very common in the northern parts of Britain, though it is not often +found south of Yorkshire. + + * * * * * + + + + +SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS. + + * * * * * + + +ASSASSINATION OF MAJOR LAING. + + +The _Literary Gazette_ of Saturday last contains the following very +interesting intelligence respecting the assassination of Major Laing, and +the existence of his Journal;--"In giving this tragical and disgraceful +story to the British public, (says the Editor), we may notice that the +individual who figures so suspiciously in it, viz. Hassouna d'Ghies, must +be well remembered a few years ago in London society. We were acquainted +with him during his residence here, and often met him, both at public +entertainments and at private parties, where his Turkish dress made him +conspicuous. He was an intelligent man, and addicted to literary pursuits; +in manners more polished than almost any of his countrymen whom we ever +knew, and apparently of a gentler disposition than the accusation of +having instigated this infamous murder would fix upon him." + +The account then proceeds with the following translation from a +_Marseilles Journal_:-- + +It was about three years ago, that Major Laing, son-in-law of Colonel +Hammer Warrington, consul-general of England in Tripoli, quitted that +city, where he left his young wife, and penetrated into the mysterious +continent of Africa, the grave of so many illustrious travellers. After +having crossed the chain of Mount Atlas, the country of Fezzan, the +desert of Lempta, the Sahara, and the kingdom of Ahades, he arrived at +the city of Timbuctoo, the discovery of which has been so long desired +by the learned world. Major Laing, by entering Timbuctoo, had gained the +reward of 3,000_l_. sterling, which a learned and generous society in +London had promised to the intrepid adventurer who should first visit +the great African city, situated between the Nile of the Negroes and the +river Gambaron. But Major Laing attached much less value to the gaining +of the reward than to the fame acquired after so many fatigues and +dangers. He had collected on his journey valuable information in all +branches of science: having fixed his abode at Timbuctoo, he had +composed the journal of his travels, and was preparing to return to +Tripoli, when he was attacked by Africans, who undoubtedly were watching +for him in the desert. Laing, who had but a weak escort, defended +himself with heroic courage: he had at heart the preservation of his +labours and his glory. But in this engagement he lost his right hand, +which was struck off by the blow of a yatagan. It is impossible to +help being moved with pity at the idea of the unfortunate traveller, +stretched upon the sand, writing painfully with his left hand to his +young wife, the mournful account of the combat. Nothing can be so +affecting as this letter, written in stiff characters, by unsteady +fingers, and all soiled with dust and blood. This misfortune was only +the prelude to one far greater. Not long afterwards, some people of +Ghadames, who had formed part of the Major's escort, arrived at Tripoli, +and informed Colonel Warrington that his relation had been assassinated +in the desert. Colonel Warrington could not confine himself to giving +barren tears to the memory of his son-in-law. The interest of his glory, +the honour of England, the affection of a father--all made it his duty +to seek after the authors of the murder, and endeavour to discover what +had become of the papers of the victim. An uncertain report was soon +spread that the papers of Major Laing had been brought to Tripoli +by people of Ghadames; and that a Turk, named Hassouna Dghies, had +mysteriously received them. This is the same Dghies whom we have seen at +Marseilles, displaying so much luxury and folly, offering to the ladies +his perfumes and his shawls-- a sort of travelling Usbeck, without his +philosophy and his wit. From Marseilles he went to London, overwhelmed +with debts, projecting new ones, and always accompanied by women +and creditors. Colonel Warrington was long engaged in persevering +researches, and at length succeeded in finding a clue to this horrible +mystery. The Pasha, at his request, ordered the people who had made part +of the Major's escort to be brought from Ghadames. The truth was at +length on the point of being known; but this truth was too formidable +to Hassouna Dghies for him to dare to await it, and he therefore took +refuge in the abode of Mr. Coxe, the consul of the United States. The +Pasha sent word to Mr. Coxe, that he recognised the inviolability of the +asylum granted to Hassouna; but that the evidence of the latter being +necessary in the prosecution of the proceedings relative to the +assassination of Major Laing, he begged him not to favour his flight. +Colonel Warrington wrote to his colleague to the same effect. However, +Hassouna Dghies left Tripoli on the 9th of August, in the night, in the +disguise, it is said, of an American officer, and took refuge on board +the United States corvette _Fairfield_, Captain Parker, which was then +at anchor in the roads of Tripoli. Doubtless, Captain Parker was +deceived with respect to Hassouna, otherwise the noble flag of the +United States would not have covered with its protection a man accused +of being an accomplice in an assassination. + +It is fully believed that this escape was ardently solicited by a French +agent. It is even said, that the proposal was first made to the captain +of one of our (French) ships, but that he nobly replied, that one of the +king's officers could not favour a suspicious flight--that he would not +receive Hassouna on board his ship, except by virtue of a written order, +and, at all events in open day, and without disguise. + +The _Fairfield_ weighed anchor on the 10th of August, in the morning. + +The Pasha, enraged at this escape of Hassouna, summoned to his palace +Mohamed Dghies, brother of the fugitive, and there, in the presence of +his principal officers, commanded him, with a stern voice, to declare the +truth. Mohamed fell at his master's feet, and declared upon oath, and in +writing, that his brother Hassouna had had Major Laing's papers in his +possession, but that he had delivered them up to a person, for a deduction +of forty per cent. on the debts which he had contracted in France, and the +recovery of which this person was endeavouring to obtain by legal +proceedings. + +The declaration of Mohamed extends to three pages, containing valuable +and very numerous details respecting the delivery of the papers of the +unfortunate Major, and all the circumstances of this strange transaction. + + * * * * * + +The shape and size of the Major's papers are indicated with the most +minute exactness; it is stated that these papers were taken from him +near Timbuctoo, and subsequently delivered to the person abovementioned +_entire, and without breaking the seals of red wax_--a circumstance which +would demonstrate the participation of Hassouna in the assassination; for +how can it be supposed otherwise, that the wretches who murdered the Major +would have brought these packages to such a distance without having been +tempted by cupidity, or even the curiosity so natural to savages, to break +open their frail covers? + +Mohamed, however, after he had left the palace, fearing that the Pasha in +his anger would make him answerable for his brother's crime, according to +the usual mode of doing justice at Tripoli, hastened to seek refuge in the +house of the person of whom we have spoken, and to implore his protection. +Soon afterwards the consul-general of the Netherlands, accompanied by his +colleagues the consuls-general of Sweden, Denmark, and Sardinia, proceeded +to the residence of the person pointed out as the receiver, and in the +name of Colonel Warrington, and by virtue of the declaration of Mohamed, +called upon him instantly to restore Major Laing's papers. He answered +haughtily, that this declaration was only a tissue of calumnies; and +Mohamed, on his side, trusting, doubtless, in a pretended inviolability, +yielding, perhaps, to fallacious promises, retracted his declaration, +completely disowned it, and even went so far as to deny his own +hand-writing. + +This recantation deceived nobody; the Pasha, in a transport of rage, sent +to Mohamed his own son, Sidi Ali; this time influence was of no avail. +Mohamed, threatened with being seized by the _chiaoux_, retracted his +retractation; and in a new declaration, in the presence of all the +consuls, confirmed that which he made in the morning before the Pasha and +his officers. + +One consolatory fact results from these afflicting details: the papers of +Major Laing exist, and the learned world will rejoice at the intelligence; +but in the name of humanity, in the name of science, in the name of the +national honour--compromised, perhaps, by disgraceful or criminal +bargains--it must be hoped that justice may fall upon the guilty, whoever +he may be. + + * * * * * + + +A COFFEE-ROOM CHARACTER. + + +It was about the year 1805 that we were first ushered into the +dining-house called the Cheshire Cheese, in Wine-office-court. It is known +that Johnson once lodged in this court, and bought an enormous cudgel +while there, to resist a threatened attack from Macpherson, the author, or +editor, of _Ossian's Poems_. At the time we first knew the place (for its +visiters and keepers are long since changed for the third or fourth time,) +many came there who remembered Johnson and Goldsmith spending their +evenings in the coffee-room; old half-pay officers, staid tradesmen of the +neighbourhood, and the like, formed the principal portion of the company. + +Few in this vast city know the alley in Fleet-street which leads to the +sawdusted floor and shining tables; those tables of mahogany, parted by +green-curtained seats, and bound with copper rims to turn the edge of the +knife which might perchance assail them during a warm debate; John Bull +having a propensity to commit such mutilations in the "torrent, tempest, +and whirlwind" of argument. Thousands have never seen the homely clock +that ticks over the chimney, nor the capacious, hospitable-looking +fire-place under,[3] both as they stood half a century ago, when +Fleet-street was the emporium of literary talent, and every coffee-house +was distinguished by some character of note who was regarded as the oracle +of the company. + + + [3] We may add that still fewer have seen the characteristic + whole-length portrait of "_Harry_," _the waiter_, which has + been placed over the fireplace, by subscription among the + frequenters of the room. _Wageman_ is the painter, and nothing + can describe the _bonhommie_ of Harry, who has just drawn the + cork of a pint of port, exulting in all the vainglory of crust + and bees' wing.--ED. MIRROR. + + +Among these was old Colonel L----e, in person short and thick-set. He +often sacrificed copiously to the jolly god, in his box behind the door; +he was a great smoker, and had numbered between seventy and eighty years. +Early in the evening he was punctually at his post; he called, for his +pipe and his "go of rack," according to his diurnal custom; and surveying +first the persons at his own table, and then those in other parts of +the room, he commonly sat a few minutes in silence, as if waiting the +stimulating effect of the tobacco to wind up his conversational powers, +or perhaps he was bringing out defined images from the dim reminiscences +which floated in his sensorium. If a stranger were near, he commonly +addressed him with an old soldier's freedom, on some familiar topic which +little needed the formalities of a set introduction; but soon changed the +subject, and commenced fighting "his battles o'er again." He talked much +of Minden, and the campaigns of 1758 and 59. He boasted of having carried +the colours of the 20th regiment, that bore the brunt of the day there, +and mainly contributed to obtain a "glorious victory," as Southey, in his +days of uncourtliness, called that of Blenheim. But though thus fond of +showing "how fields were won," he was equally delighted with recounting +his acquaintance with more peaceful subjects. He had known Johnson and +Goldsmith, together with the list of worthies who honoured Fleet-street by +making it their abode between thirty and forty years before, and were at +that time visitants of the house. "At this very table," said he, speaking +of that which is situated on the right-hand behind the door, "Johnson used +always to sit when he came here, and Goldsmith also. I knew them well. +Johnson overawed us all, and every one became silent when he spoke." The +colonel observed of Goldsmith, "That no one would have thought much of him +from his company, though he had a great name in the world." + +The colonel also knew something of Churchill, described him as by no means +prepossessing in person, and one of the last who could have been supposed +capable of writing as he wrote. The colonel, in his old age, imagined he +too had a taste for poetry, and boasted of Goldsmith's having asserted +(perhaps jokingly) that he possessed a talent for writing verse. This idea +working in his mind for years, had induced him to print, in his old age, +what he called, to the best of my recollection, "A Continuation of the +Deserted Village." He always brought a copy with him of an evening, and +was fond of referring to it, and passing it round for the company to look +at--a weakness pardonable in a garrulous old man. On revisiting the house, +for old acquaintance sake, after an absence of some years from London, I +missed him from his accustomed place, which I observed to be occupied by a +stranger. On inquiry, I found that he was departed to where human vanity +and human wisdom are upon a level, and where man is alike deaf to the +voice of literary and military ambition.--_New Monthly Magazine_. + + * * * * * + + + + +NOTES OF A READER. + + * * * * * + + +THE ANNUALS FOR 1830. + + +We feel it a duty to the proprietors of these elegant works, as well as to +our readers, to give the following _annonces_ of the several volumes for +1830:-- + +The _Keepsake_ is very forward. Among the contributors are Sir Walter +Scott, Lord Byron, and the author of "Anastasius." Sir Walter's +contribution is a dramatic romance, in imitation of the German; and Lord +Byron's are ten letters written by him between 1821, and the time of his +lordship's death. + +The _Forget-Me-Not_ will contain a very gem--being the first known attempt +at poetry, by Lord Byron, copied from the autograph of the noble poet, and +certified by the lady to whom it was addressed--the object of his +lordship's first, if not his only real attachment. + +Mr. Ackermann has likewise announced a _Juvenile_ Forget-Me-Not, so as to +remember all growths. + +The _Literary Souvenir_ is in a state of great forwardness. Among the +contributors are the authors of "Kuzzil-bash;" "Constantinople in 1828;" +"The Sorrows of Rosalie;" and "Rouge et Noir." The pencils of Sir Thomas +Lawrence, Howard, Collins, Chalon, Harlowe, and Martin, have furnished +subjects for the illustrations. + +The _Amulet_, among its illustrations will contain an engraving from +Mulready's picture of an English Cottage; another from Wilkie's "Dorty +Bairn;" and another from a drawing by Martin, engraved by Le Keux, for +which he is said to have received one hundred and eighty guineas. Mr. +Hall, the editor, has likewise been equally fortunate in an accession of +literary talent. + +The _Juvenile_ Forget-Me-Not, under the superintendence of Mrs. S.C. Hall, +also promises unusual attractions, both in picture and print. + +The _Juvenile Keepsake_, edited by Mr. T. Roscoe, is said to be completed. + +Another Juvenile Annual, to be called the _Zoological Keepsake_, is +announced, with a host of cuts to enliven the "birds, beasts, and fishes" +of the smaller growth. + +The _Gem_ will re-appear as the _Annual Gem_, with thirteen +embellishments, superintended by A. Cooper, R. A. + +The _Bijou_ promises well. The embellishments are of the first order, +from pictures by Sir Thomas Lawrence, Stothard, Wilkie, and the lamented +Bonington. Among the gems are a splendid portrait of _the King_, from the +president's picture, in the possession of Sir William Knighton, Bart.; and +a portrait of the beautiful Mrs. Arbuthnot. + +The _Winter's Wreath _will bloom with more than its accustomed beauty. +Among the contributors we notice, for the first time, the author of "Rank +and Talent." + +_Religious Annuals_ are on the increase. One of the novelties of this +class is "_Emmanuel_," to be edited by the author of "Clouds and +Sunshine," of the excellence of which we have many grateful recollections. +The _Iris_, to be edited by the Rev. Thomas Dale, is another novelty in +this way. + +The _Musical Bijou_ has among its composers, Rossini, Bishop, +Kalk-brenner, Rodwell, J. Barnet, and others. The lyrists and prose +writers are Sir Walter Scott, T.H. Bayley, the Ettrick Shepherd, Messrs. +Planche, Richard Ryan, &c. + +One of the most splendid designs of the season is a "_Landscape Annual, +or the Tourist in Italy and Switzerland_," from drawings by Prout; the +literary department by T. Roscoe, Esq. and to contain the most attractive +views which occur to the traveller on his route from Geneva to Rome. Some +of the plates are described as extremely brilliant. + +Two _Transatlantic Annuals_, the _Atlantic Souvenir_, published at +Philadelphia, and the _Token_, published at Boston--may be expected in +London. + +The foregoing are all the announcements we have been able to collect. We +miss two or three established favourites; but we hope to make their +promises the subject of a future paragraph. + + * * * * * + + +THE GOOSE. + + +In England the goose is sacred to St. Michael; in Scotland, where dainties +were not going every day, + + + "'Twas Christmas sent its savoury goose." + + +The Michaelmas goose is said to owe its origin to Queen Elizabeth's dining +on one at the table of an English baronet on that day when she received +tidings of the dispersion of the Spanish Armada, in commemoration of which +she ordered the _goose_ to make its appearance every Michaelmas. In some +places, particularly Caithness, geese are cured and smoked, and are highly +relishing. Smoked Solan geese are well known as contributing to the +abundance of a Scottish breakfast, though too rank and fishy-flavoured for +unpractised palates. The goose has made some figure in English history. +The churlishness of the brave Richard Coeur de Lion, a sovereign +distinguished for an insatiable appetite and vigorous digestion, in an +affair of roast goose, was the true cause of his captivity in Germany. The +king, disguised as a palmer, was returning to his own dominions, attended +by Sir Fulk Doyley and Sir Thomas de Multon, "brothers in arms," and +wearing the same privileged garb. They arrived in Almain, (Germany,) at +the town of Carpentras, where, + + + "A _goose_ they dight to their dinner. + In a tavern where they were. + King Richard the fire bet, + Thomas to him the spit set; + Fouk Doyley tempered the wood; + Dear a-bought they that good;" + + +for in came a _Minstralle_, or she-Minstrel, with offer of specimens of +her art in return for a leg of the goose and a cup of the wine. Richard, +who loved "rich meats," and cared little at this time for their usual +accompaniment, "minstrelsy,"-- + + + "--bade that she would go; + That turned him to mickle woe. + The Minstralle took in mind, + And said, ye are men unkind: + And if I may ye shall _for-think_ + Ye gave me neither meat nor drink!" + + +The lady, who was English, recognised the king, and denounced him to the +king of Germany, who ordered the pilgrims into his presence, insulted +Richard, "said him shame," called him _taylard_, probably for his +affection for goose, and finally ordered him to a dungeon. But Richard, +a true knightly eater, who, besides roast goose, liked to indulge in + + + "Bread and wine, + Piment and clarry good and fine; + Cranes and swans, and venison; + Partridges, plovers, and heron,-- + + +was neither dainty nor over-nice. At a pinch he could eat any thing, which +on sundry emergencies stood him in great stead. _Wax_ and _nuts_, and +tallow and grease mixed, carried him through one campaign, when the enemy +thought to have starved out the English army and its cormorant commander. +The courage and strength of Richard were always redoubled after dinner. It +was then his greatest feats were performed.--_Romance of Coeur de Lion_. + +The livers of geese and poultry are esteemed a great delicacy by some +_gourmands_; and on the continent great pains are taken to procure fat +overgrown livers. The methods employed to produce this diseased state of +the animals are as disgusting to rational taste as revolting to humanity. +The geese are crammed with fat food, deprived of drink, kept in an +intolerably hot atmosphere, and fastened by the feet (we have heard of +nailing) to the shelves of the fattening cribs. The celebrated _Strasburg +pies_, which are esteemed so great a delicacy that they are often sent as +presents to distant places, are enriched with these diseased livers. It is +a mistake that these pies are wholly made of this artificial animal +substance. + + * * * * * + + +TURKEY + + +Colonel Rottiers, a recent traveller in Turkey, holds out the following +temptation to European enterprise:-- + +The terrestrial paradise, which is supposed to be situated in Armenia, +appeared to M. Rottiers to stretch along the shores of the Black Sea. The +green banks, sloping into the water, are sometimes decked with box-trees +of uncommon size, sometimes clothed with natural orchards, in which +the cherries, pears, pomegranates, and other fruits, growing in their +indigenous soil, possess a flavour indescribably exquisite. The bold +eminences are crowned with superb forests or majestic ruins, which +alternately rule the scenes of this devoted country, from the water's +edge to the summit of the mountains. The moral and political condition +of the country contrasts forcibly with the flourishing aspect of nature. +At Sinope there is no commerce, and the Greeks having, in consequence, +deserted the place, the population is at present below 5,000. This city, +once the capital of the great Mithridates, enjoys natural advantages, +which, but for the barbarism of the Turkish government, would soon raise +it into commercial eminence. It has a deep and capacious harbour--the +finest timber in the world grows in its vicinity--and the district of the +interior, with which it immediately communicates, is one of the most +productive and industrious in Asiatic Turkey. Amasia, the ancient capital +of Cappadocia, Tokat, and Costambol, are rich and populous towns. Near the +last is held an annual fair, commencing fifteen days before the feast of +Ramadan, and which is said to be attended by at least fifty thousand +merchants, from all parts of the east. From the nature of the country in +which it is situated, M. Rottiers is disposed to believe that Sinope holds +out peculiarly strong inducements to European enterprise. He also had an +opportunity of observing, that its defences were gone totally to ruin, and +significantly remarks, that it could not possibly withstand a _coup de +main_. Amastra, a great and wealthy city while possessed by the Genoese +in the middle ages, is now a wretched village, occupied by a few Turkish +families, whose whole industry consists in making a few toys and articles +of wooden ware. It stands on a peninsula, which appears to have been +formerly an island, and the Isthmus uniting it to the mainland is wholly +composed, according to the account of Mr. Eton, who surveyed part of this +coast, of fragments of columns and marble friezes. + + * * * * * + + +GEORGIAN WINE. + + +The chief production of Georgia is wine, which is of excellent quality, +and so abundant in the countries situated between the Caspian and the +Black Seas, that it would soon become a most important object of +exportation, if the people could be induced to improve their methods of +making and preserving it. At present the grapes are gathered and pressed +without any care, and the process of fermentation is so unskilfully +managed, that the wine rarely keeps till the following vintage. The skins +of animals are the vessels in which it is kept. The hair is turned +inwards, and the interior of the bag is thickly besmeared with asphaltum +or mineral tar, which renders the vessel indeed perfectly sound, but +imparts an abominable flavour to the wine, and even adds to its acescence. +The Georgians have not yet learned to keep their wine in casks, without +which it is vain to look for any improvements in its manufacture. Yet the +mountains abound in the requisite materials, and only a few coopers are +requisite to make the commencement. The consumption of wine in Georgia, +and above all at Tiflis, is prodigiously great. From the prince to the +peasant the ordinary ration of a Georgian, if we may believe M. Gamba, +is one _tonque_, (equal to five bottles and a half of Bordeaux) per day. +A _tonque_ of the best wine, such as is drunk by persons of rank, costs +about twenty sous; the inferior wines are sold for less than a sous per +bottle.--_Foreign Quar. Rev_. + + * * * * * + + +HISTORICAL FIDELITY. + + +The court historiographer of the Burmese, has recorded in the national +chronicle his account of the war with the English to the following purport: +--"In the years 1186 and 87, the Kula-pyu, or white strangers of the west, +fastened a quarrel upon the Lord of the Golden Palace. They landed at +Rangoon, took that place and Prome, and were permitted to advance as far +as Yandabo; for the king, from motives of piety and regard to life, made +no effort whatever to oppose them. The strangers had spent vast sums of +money in their enterprise; and by the time they reached Yandabo, their +resources were exhausted, and they were in great distress. They petitioned +the king, who, in his clemency and generosity, sent them large sums of +money to pay their expenses back, and ordered them out of the country."-- +_Crawfurd's Embassy to Ava._ + +To quote a vulgar proverb, this is making the best of a bad job. + + * * * * * + + +DRESS. + + +How far a man's clothes are or are not a part of himself, is more than I +would take on myself to decide, without farther inquiry; though I lean +altogether to the affirmative. The inhabitants of the South Sea Islands +were astonished and alarmed when they, first saw the Europeans strip. +Yet they would have been much more so, could they have entered into the +notions prevalent in the civilized world on the subject of a wardrobe; +could they have understood how much virtue lies inherent in a superfine +broad cloth, how much respectability in a gilt button, how much sense in +the tie of a cravat, how much amiability in the cut of a sleeve, how much +merit of every sort in a Stultz and a Hoby. There are who pretend, and +that with some plausibilty, that these things are but typical; that taste +in dress is but the outward and visible sign of the frequentation of good +company; and that propriety of exterior is but evidence of a general sense +of the fitness of things. Yet if this were really the case, if there were +nothing intrinsic in the relation of the clothes to the wearer, how could +a good coat at once render a pickpocket respectable; or a clean shirt pass +current, as it does, with police magistrates for a clean conscience. In +England, a handsome _toggery_ is a better defensive armour, than "helm and +hauberk's twisted mail." While the seams are perfect, and the elbows do +not appear through the cloth, the law cannot penetrate it. A gentleman, +(that is to say, a man who can pay his tailor's bill,) is above suspicion; +and benefit of clergy is nothing to the privilege and virtue of a handsome +exterior. That the skin is nearer than the shirt, is a most false and +mistaken idea. The smoothest skin in Christendom would not weigh with a +jury like a cambric ruffle; and moreover, there is not a poor devil in +town striving to keep up appearances in spite of fortune, who would not +far rather tear his flesh than his unmentionables; which can only arise +from their being so much more important a part of himself.--_New Monthly +Magazine_. + + * * * * * + +The French have a kind of irritable jealousy towards the English, which +makes them forget their general politeness. Give them but a civil word, +make the least advance, and they receive you with open arms; but show them +that cold reserve with which an Englishman generally treats all strangers, +and every Frenchman's hand is on his sword.--_New Monthly Magazine_. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE GATHERER. + + + A snapper up of unconsidered trifles. +SHAKSPEARE. + + * * * * * + + +JACK SHEPPARD. + + +When this notorious felon was under sentence of death, the Right Hon. +Charles Wolfran Cornwall, then Speaker of the House of Commons, was +strongly solicited to apply to his majesty for a pardon, as he was related +to him. "No," said Mr. Cornwall, "I should deserve public censure if I +attempted to contribute to the prolongation of the life of a man who has +so frequently been a nuisance to society, and has given so many proofs +that kindness to him would be cruelty to others. Were my own son to offend +one-tenth part so often as he has done, I should think it my duty rather +to solicit his punishment than his pardon." + +C.C. + + * * * * * + + +EPITAPH + + +_On S---- E----, an intelligent and amiable boy, who was unfortunately +drowned while bathing_. + +Though gentle as a dove, his soul sublime, +For heav'n impatient, would not wait for time; +Ere youth had bloom'd his virtues ripe were seen, +A man in intellect! a child in mien! +A hallow'd wave from mercy's fount was pour'd, +And, wash'd from clay, to bliss his spirit soar'd. + + * * * * * + + +A HOLY HERMIT. + + +A hermit, named Parnhe, being upon the road to meet his bishop who had +sent for him, met a lady most magnificently dressed, whose incomparable +beauty drew the eyes of every body on her. The saint having looked at her, +and being himself struck with astonishment, immediately burst into tears. +Those who were with him wondering to see him weep, demanded the cause of +his grief. "I have two reasons," replied he, "for my tears; I weep to +think how fatal an impression that woman makes on all who behold her; and +I am touched with sorrow when I reflect that I, for my salvation, and to +please God, have never taken one-tenth part of the pains which this woman +has taken to please men alone." + + * * * * * + + +BUNGLING TRANSLATION. + + +At a country village in Yorkshire, was an old established cobbler, who +cracked his joke, loved his pipe and lived happy. In short, he was a sober +and industrious man. His quiet, however, was disturbed by an unexpected +opposition in his trade, at the same village, and to add to his +misfortune, the new comer established himself directly opposite to the old +cobbler's stall, and at the same time to show his learning and probity, +painted in large letters over his door, "_Mens conscia recti_." To +conceive the meaning of this, the poor cobbler laboured night and day, but +unsuccessfully; he at last determined that this "_consciarecti_" was a new +sort of shoe made for men's use; he therefore painted over his door, +"_Men's and Women's consciarecti_," where it remains still. + + * * * * * + + +A schoolboy reading Cassar's "Commentaries" came to translate the +following passage thus: "Caesar venit in Gallia summa diligentia." +"Caesar came into Gaul on the top of the Diligence." + +O.O. + + * * * * * + + +VERY BAD. + + +A wag, who "will be the death of us," says he bought a cake the other +evening:--"It is _thundering_ weight," observed the baker: "I hope it will +not _lighten_ before I get it home," was the equivocal reply. + +Q. + + * * * * * + + +IMPROMPTU + + +On hearing a _Watchman_ cry the hour on Tuesday morning, September 29, the +last of his duty. + + "Farewell! mine occupation's gone," + He sung in "half-past five;" + Here ends his call, his beat is done, + How then can he survive. + +TOM. + + * * * * * + + +_LIMBIRD'S EDITIONS_. + + +CHEAP and POPULAR WORKS published at the MIRROR OFFICE in the Strand, +near Somerset House. + +The ARABIAN NIGHTS' ENTERTAINMENTS, Embellished with nearly 150 +Engravings. In 6 Parts, 1s. each. + +The TALES of the GENII. 4 Parts, 6d. each. + +The MICROCOSM. By the Right Hon. G. CANNING. &c. 4 Parts, 6d. each. + +PLUTARCH'S LIVES, with Fifty Portraits, 12 Parts, 1s. each. + +COWPER'S POEMS, with 12 Engravings, 12 Numbers, 3d. each. + +COOK'S VOYAGES, 28 Numbers, 3d. each. + +The CABINET of CURIOSITIES: or, WONDERS of the WORLD DISPLAYED. 27 Nos. +2d. each. + +BEAUTIES of SCOTT, 36 Numbers, 3d. each. + +The ARCANA of SCIENCE for 1828. Price 4s. 6d. + +GOLDSMITH'S ESSAYS. Price 8d. + +DR. FRANKLIN'S ESSAYS. Price 1s. 2d. + +BACON'S ESSAYS Price 8d. + +SALMAGUNDI. Price 1s. 8d. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, +and Instruction, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE, NO. 392 *** + +***** This file should be named 11456.txt or 11456.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/4/5/11456/ + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Andy Schmitt, David Garcia and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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