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diff --git a/11454-h/11454-h.htm b/11454-h/11454-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1dc3ba4 --- /dev/null +++ b/11454-h/11454-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,14014 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html + PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd"> +<html lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> + + <title>A VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES IN 1841</title> + <meta name="author" content="JOSEPH STURGE"> + <meta name="generator" content="Text Encoding Initiative Consortium XSLT stylesheets"> + <meta name="DC.Title" content="A VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES IN 1841"> + <meta name="DC.Type" content="Text"> + <meta name="DC.Format" content="text/html"> + </head> + <body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11454 ***</div> + + <p><a name="TOP"></a></p> + <table summary="titlepage" class="header" width="100%"> + <tr> + <td rowspan="3"></td> + <td align="left"> + <h2 class="institution"></h2> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td align="left"> + <h1 class="maintitle">A VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES IN 1841</h1> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td align="left"> By JOSEPH STURGE 1842</td> + </tr> + </table> + <hr> + <div class="epigraph"> + <div class="lg">"'Tis liberty alone that gives the flower<br>Of fleeting life its lustre and perfume;<br>And we are weeds without it. All constraint,<br>Except what wisdom lays on evil men,<br>Is evil; hurts the faculties, impedes<br>Their progress in the road of science; blinds<br>The eyesight of discovery; and begets,<br>In those that suffer it, a sordid mind."<br><br></div><a name="projectID3fc794869927c-bibl-d0e62"></a> + COWPER. + + </div> + <div class="contents"> + <h2><a name="toc"></a></h2> + <ol> + <li><a name="d0e66"></a><a href="#pre_amer" class="ref">Preface to the American Edition</a></li> + <li><a name="d0e69"></a><a href="#pre_eng" class="ref">Preface to the English Edition</a></li> + <li><a name="d0e72"></a><a href="#a_visit" class="ref">A Visit, &c.</a></li> + <li><a name="d0e75"></a><a href="#genobs" class="ref">General Observations</a></li> + <li><a name="d0e78"></a><a href="#A" class="ref">Appendix A: ANTI-SLAVERY EPISTLE OF "FRIENDS" IN GREAT BRITAIN.</a></li> + <li><a name="d0e81"></a><a href="#B" class="ref">Appendix B: EARLY EFFORTS OF "FRIENDS" IN BEHALF OF NEGRO</a></li> + <li><a name="d0e84"></a><a href="#C" class="ref">Appendix C: Report of the Committee of the Yearly Meeting of Friends, &c. + </a></li> + <li><a name="d0e87"></a><a href="#D" class="ref">Appendix D: ELISHA TYSON.</a></li> + <li><a name="d0e90"></a><a href="#E" class="ref">Appendix E: THE "AMISTAD CAPTIVES"</a></li> + <li><a name="d0e93"></a><a href="#F" class="ref">Appendix F: Extract from an Essay by WILLIAM JAY</a></li> + <li><a name="d0e96"></a><a href="#G" class="ref">Appendix G: OPIUM WAR WITH CHINA.</a></li> + <li><a name="d0e99"></a><a href="#H" class="ref">Appendix H: LETTER OF A.L. PENNOCK.</a></li> + <li><a name="d0e102"></a><a href="#I" class="ref">Appendix I: GERRIT SMITH'S SLAVES.</a></li> + <li><a name="d0e105"></a><a href="#K" class="ref">Appendix K: The Society of Friends in America and the Colonization Society</a></li> + <li><a name="d0e108"></a><a href="#L" class="ref">Appendix L: Memorial of citizens of Boston, United States, to the Lords of the Admiralty, Great Britain.</a></li> + </ol> + </div> + <div class="preface"> + <h2><a name="pre_amer"></a> + PREFACE + <br> + TO THE AMERICAN EDITION. + <br></h2><a name="fm_blank1"></a><a name="fm_blank2"></a><a name="fm_i"></a><a name="fm_ii"></a><a name="fm_iii"></a><p> + * * * * * + + </p> + <p> + Within a few years past, several of our visitors from + the other side of the Atlantic, have published their views + of our country and her institutions. Basil Hall, Hamilton + and others, in their attempts to describe the working + of the democratic principle in the United States, have + been unfavorably influenced by their opposite political + predilections. On the other hand, Miss Martineau, who + has strong republican sympathies, has not, at all times, + been sufficiently careful and discriminating in the facts + and details of her spirited and agreeable narrative. + + </p> + <p> + The volume of Mr. Sturge, herewith presented, is + unlike any of its predecessors. Its author makes no + literary pretensions. His style, like his garb, is of the + plainest kind; shorn of every thing like ornament, it has + yet a truthful, earnest simplicity, as rare as it is beautiful. + The reader will look in vain for those glowing descriptions + of American scenery, and graphic delineations of the + peculiarities of the American character with which other + travellers have endeavored to enliven and diversify their + journals. Coming among us on an errand of peace + and good will—with a heart oppressed and burdened by + the woes of suffering humanity—he had no leisure for + curious observations of men and manners, nor even for + <a name="fm_iv"></a> + the gratification of a simple and unperverted taste for the + beautiful in outward nature. His errand led him to the + slave-jail of the negro-trafficker—the abodes of the + despised and persecuted colored man—the close walls of + prisons. His narrative, like his own character, is calm, + clear, simple; its single and manifest aim, <em>to do good</em>. + + </p> + <p> + Although this volume is mainly devoted to the subject + of emancipation, and to his intercourse with the religious + Society of which he is a member, yet the friends of peace, + of legal reform, and of republican institutions, will derive + gratification from its perusal. The liberal spirit of Christian + philanthropy breathes through it. The author's deep + and settled detestation of our slavery, and of the hypocrisy + which sustains and justifies it, does not render him + blind to the beauty of the republican principle of popular + control, nor repress in any degree his pleasure in recording + its beneficent practical fruits in the free States. + + </p> + <p> + The labors of Mr. Sturge in the cause of emancipation + have given him the appellation of the "Howard of + our days." The author of the popular "History of + Slavery," page 600, thus notices his arduous personal + investigations of the state of things in the West India + Islands, under the apprenticeship system. "The idea + originated with Joseph Sturge, of Birmingham, a member + of that religious body, the FRIENDS, who have ever stood + pre-eminent in noiseless but indefatigable exertions in the + cause of the negro; and who seem to possess a more + thorough practical understanding than is generally possessed + by statesmen and politicians, of the axiom that the + shortest communication between two given points, is a + straight line. While others were speculating, and hoping + <a name="fm_v"></a> + that the worst reports from the West Indies might not be + true, and that the evils would work their own cure, this + generous and heroic philanthropist, resolved to go himself + and ascertain the facts and the remedy required." On + his return, Mr. Sturge, with his companion, Thomas + Harvey, published a full account of their investigations + into the working of the apprenticeship system; and his + testimony before the Parliamentary Committee, occupied + seven days. His disclosures sealed the fate of the + apprenticeship system. Such a demonstration of popular + sentiment was called forth against it, that the Colonies, + one after another, felt themselves under the necessity of + abandoning it for unconditional emancipation. It was + a remark of Brougham, in the House of Lords, that the + abolition of the apprenticeship was the work of one man, + and that man was Joseph Sturge. + + </p> + <p> + Mr. Sturge's benevolent labors have not been confined + to the abolition of slavery. He is a prominent + member of the Anti-corn Law League. He is an active + advocate of the cause of universal peace. He has given + all his influence to the cause of the oppressed and laboring + classes of his own countrymen: and his name is at + this moment, the rallying-word of millions, as the author + and patron of the "Suffrage Declaration," which is now + in circulation in all parts of the United Kingdom, pledging + its signers to the great principle of universal suffrage—a + full, fair and free representation of the people. It + was reserved for the untitled Quaker of Birmingham to + take the lead in the great and good work of uniting, for + the first time, the middle and the working classes of his + countrymen, and in so doing, to infuse hope and newness + <a name="fm_vi"></a> + of life into the dark dwellings of the English peasant and + artisan. The Editor of the London Non-Conformist, + speaking of this movement of Mr. Sturge, says: "The + Declaration is put forth by a man, who, perhaps, in a + higher degree than any other individual, has the confidence + of both the middle class and the working men. The + former can trust to his prudence; the latter have faith in + his sincerity." + + </p> + <p> + Such is the man, who, prompted by his untiring + benevolence, visited our shores during the past year. + This volume is the brief record of his visit, and of the + impressions produced upon his mind by our conflicting + interests and institutions. It is now republished, in the + belief that the opinions of its author will be received with + candor and respect by all classes of our citizens, and that + they are calculated to make a permanent and salutary + impression, in favor of the great cause of universal freedom. + + </p> + Boston, May, 1842. + + </div> + <div class="preface"> + <h2><a name="pre_eng"></a> + PREFACE + <br> + TO THE ENGLISH EDITION. + <br></h2><a name="fm_vii"></a><p> + In visiting the United States, the objects which preferred + the chief claim to my attention were the <em>universal + abolition of slavery</em>, and <em>the promotion of permanent + international peace</em>. Deeply impressed with the conviction + that the advancement of these is intimately connected + with the progress of right views among professing Christians + in that country, it was my desire not only to inform + myself of the actual state of feeling and opinion among + this important class, but if possible, to contribute my mite + of encouragement and aid to those who are bearing the + burden and heat of the day, in an arduous contest, on + whose issue the alternative of a vast amount of human + happiness or misery depends. This general outline of my + motives included several specific, practical objects, which + will be found detailed in the ensuing pages. + + </p> + <p> + For obvious reasons, <em>the abolition of slavery in the + United States</em> is the most prominent topic in my narrative; + but I have freely interspersed observations on other + subjects of interest and importance, as they came under + consideration. Short notices are introduced of some of + the prominent abolitionists of America; and, though sensible + how imperfectly I have done justice to exertions, + which, either in degree or kind, have scarcely a parallel + in the annals of self-denying benevolence, I fear I shall + occasionally have hurt the feelings of the individuals + <a name="fm_viii"></a> + referred to, by what they may deem undeserved or + unseasonable praise; yet I trust they will pardon the act + for the sake of the motive, which is to introduce the + English anti-slavery reader to a better acquaintance with + his fellow laborers in the United States. My short stay, + and the limited extent of my visit, prevented my becoming + acquainted with many who are equally deserving of + notice. + + </p> + <p> + Less than twelve months have elapsed since I embarked + on this "visit;" and though, with the help of + steam by sea and land, an extensive journey may now be + performed in a comparatively short time, yet, during this + brief interval, my own engagements would have prevented + my placing the following narrative so early before the + public without assistance. It is right to state that a large + portion of the work has been prepared for the press from + a rough transcript of my journal, from my correspondence, + and other documents, by the friend who accompanied me + on a former journey to the West Indies, and who then + compiled the account of our joint labors. + + </p> + <p> + Nearly the whole of the narrative portion of this + publication has been sent to America, to different individuals + who were concerned in, or present at the transactions + related, and has been returned to me with their verification + of the facts; so that the reader has the strongest + guaranty for their accuracy. The inferences and comments + I am solely responsible for, and I leave them to + rest on their own merits. + + </p> + <p> + In undertaking this journey, I was careful not to + shackle my individual liberty by appearing as the representative + of any society, whether religious or benevolent; + and, on the other hand, none of those friends, who kindly + <a name="fm_ix"></a> + furnished me with letters of introduction, are in any way + responsible for my proceedings in the United States, or + for any thing which this volume contains. + + </p> + <p> + In conclusion,—should these pages come under the + notice of any, who, though well wishers to their species, + are not yet identified with anti-slavery effort, I would entreat + such to "come over and help us." If they are ambitious + of a large and quick return for their outlay of money, + of time, of labor,—for their painful sympathies and self-denying + prayers,—where will they find a cause where + help is more needed, or where it would be rewarded more + surely and abundantly? Let them reflect on what has + been effected, within a few short years, in the British West + Indies, so recently numbered among "the dark places of + the earth, full of the habitations of cruelty,"—but now + scenes of light, gladness, and prosperity, temporal and + spiritual. To show what remains to be accomplished + for the universal abolition of slavery—a field in which + the laborers are few indeed, in proportion to its extent—I + may be allowed to quote the following comprehensive + statement, from the preface to one of the most important + volumes that ever issued from the press on the subject of + slavery:<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFNpre_1"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFNpre_1"></a></p> + <p><a name="NoteFNpre_1"></a><a href="#FootFNpre_1">A</a>: "Proceedings of the London + Anti-Slavery Convention." + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "The extent of these giant evils may be gathered + from a brief statement of facts. In the United States of + America, the slave population is estimated to be 2,750,000; + in Brazil, 2,500,000; in the Spanish Colonies, 600,000; + in the French Colonies, 265,000; in the Dutch Colonies, + 70,000; in the Danish and Swedish Colonies, 30,000; + and in Texas, 25,000; besides those held in bondage by + Great Britain, in the East Indies, and the British Settlements + of Ceylon, Malacca, and Penang; and by France, + <a name="fm_x"></a> + Holland, and Portugal, in various parts of Asia and + Africa; amounting in all to several millions more; and + exclusive also of those held in bondage by the native + powers of the East, and other parts of the world, of + whose number it is impossible to form a correct estimate. + + </p> + <p> + "To supply the slave-markets of the Western world, + 120,000 native Africans are, on the most moderate calculation, + annually required; whilst the slave-markets of the + East require 50,000 more. In procuring these victims of + a guilty traffic, to be devoted to the rigors of perpetual + slavery, it is computed that 280,000 perish in addition, + and under circumstances the most revolting and afflicting. + + </p> + <p> + "But this is not all. In the Southern section of the + United States, and in British India, a vast internal slave-trade + is carried on, second only in horror and extent to + that which has so long desolated and degraded Africa. + + </p> + <p> + "These facts exhibit, also, the magnitude of the + responsibility which devolves upon abolitionists; in view + of it they may well be allowed to disclaim, as they do, all + sectarian motive, all party feeling: 'Glory to God in the + highest, on earth peace, good will to man,' is their aim: + consistently with the blessed character of this gospel + anthem, they recognize no means as allowable for them, + in the prosecution of their holy enterprise, than those + which are of a moral, religious, and pacific nature; in the + diligent use of these means, and trusting in God, they + cherish the hope that, under His blessing, they may be + permitted to accomplish the great work to which they are + devoted; and thus be made instrumental in advancing the + sacred cause of freedom, and its attendant blessings, civilization + and religion, throughout the earth." + + </p> + <p> + J.S. + + </p> + <p> + Edgbaston, near Birmingham, Second Month, 1st, 1842. + + </p> + </blockquote> + </div> + <div class="teidiv"> + <h2><a name="a_visit"></a> + A VISIT, &c. + + </h2><a name="p_11"></a><p> + I embarked at Portsmouth, on board the British + Queen steam packet, commanded by Captain Franklin, + on the 10th of the 3d Month, (March,) 1841. During + the first two or three days, the weather was unusually fine + for the season of the year, and gave us the prospect of a + quick and prosperous voyage. The passengers, about + seventy in number, were of various nations, including + English, French, German and American. + + </p> + <p> + The very objectionable custom of supplying the passengers + with intoxicating liquors without limit and without + any additional charge, thus compelling the temperate or + abstinent passenger to contribute to the expenses of the + intemperate, was done away. Each individual paid for + the wine and spirits he called for, a circumstance which + greatly promoted sobriety in the ship; but I am sorry to + say three or four, and these my own countrymen, were + not unfrequently in a state of intoxication. On one + occasion, after dinner, one of these addressed an intelligent + black steward, who was waiting, by the contemptuous + designation of "blackey;" the man replied to him in + this manner:—"My name is Robert; when you want + any thing from me please to address me by my name; + there is no gentleman on board who would have addressed + me as you have done; we are all the same flesh and + <a name="p_12"></a> + blood; I did not make myself; God made me." This + severe and public rebuke commended itself to every man's + conscience, and my countryman obtained no sympathy + even from the most prejudiced slaveholder on board. + Several of my fellow passengers stood in this relation; and + I found I could freely converse with a native American + slaveholder not only with less risk of giving offence, but + that he was more ready to admit the inherent evils of + slavery than the Europeans who had become inured to + the system by residence in the Southern States of America, + or than the American merchants residing in the Northern + cities, whose participation in the commerce of the Slave + States had imbued them with pro-slavery views and feelings. + One of them, a French merchant of New Orleans, + went so far as to assure me, that in his opinion it would + be as reasonable to class the negroes with monkeys, as to + place them on an equality with the whites. + + </p> + <p> + On the nights of the 14th and 15th the Aurora Borealis + was very beautiful and vivid, which is said to be, in + these latitudes, an indication of stormy weather. Accordingly + on the 16th the weather became less favorable, with + an increased swell in the sea, wind more ahead, and occasional + squalls. On the night of the 18th we encountered + one of the most awful hurricanes ever witnessed by the + oldest sailor on board; and from this date to the 24th inst. + we experienced a succession of storms of indescribable + violence and severity, which at some intervals caused + great and I believe very just alarm for the safety of the + ship. The President steamer, coming in the opposite + direction, is known to have encountered the same weather, + and was doubtless lost, not having since been heard of. + Our escape, under Divine Providence, must be attributed + <a name="p_13"></a> + to the great strength of the vessel, which had been thoroughly + repaired since her last voyage, and to the skill and + indefatigable attention of the Captain. On the 25th the + wind abated, and the greater number of the floats or propelling + boards of the paddle wheels having been carried + away, and our stock of coals very much reduced, + the Captain decided to make for Halifax, Nova Scotia, + where we arrived on the evening of the 30th. After a + stay of twenty-four hours, for repairs and supplies, we + again left for New York, where we arrived safely on the + night of 4th Month, (April,) 3d. + + </p> + <p> + The following day, being the first of the week, I + landed about the time of the gathering of the different + congregations, and inquired my way to the meeting of the + orthodox section of the Society of Friends, and afterwards + took up my abode at the Carlton Hotel. Here I met, for + the first time, my friend J.G. Whittier, whom I had + been anxious to associate with myself in my future movements, + and who kindly consented to be my companion as + far as his health would permit. The next morning, on + returning to the vessel to get my luggage passed, a custom-house + officer manifested his disapproval of my character + and objects as an abolitionist, by giving me much + unnecessary trouble, and by being the means of my paying + duty on a small machine for copying letters for my + own private use, and other articles which I believe are + usually passed free. Ordinarily at this port, the luggage + of respectable passengers is passed with little examination, + on an assurance that it comprises no merchandise. This + was almost the only instance of discourteous treatment I + met with in the United States. We remained in New + York from the 4th to the 10th of this month, which time + <a name="p_14"></a> + was occupied in visiting different friends of the anti-slavery + cause, and in receiving calls at our hotel. + + </p> + <p> + I had much pleasure and satisfaction in my intercourse + here with several individuals distinguished in the anti-slavery + cause, some of whom I had met in 1837, during a + short visit to New York on my way from the West Indies. + Among these, ought particularly to be mentioned the + brothers Arthur and Lewis Tappan. The former was + elected president of the American Anti-Slavery Society on + its formation, and remained at its head until the division + which took place last year, when he became president of + the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. His + name is not more a byeword of reproach, than a watchword + of alarm throughout the slave states; and the slave + holders have repeatedly set a high price upon his head by + advertisement in the public papers. In the just estimation + of the pro-slavery party, Arthur Tappan is abolition + personified; and truly the cause needs not to be ashamed + of its representative, for a more deservedly honored and + estimable character it would be difficult to find. In + personal deportment he is unobtrusive and silent; his + sterling qualities are veiled by reserve, and are in themselves + such as make the least show—clearness and + judgment, prudence and great decision. He is the head + of an extensive mercantile establishment, and the high + estimation in which he is held by his fellow citizens, + notwithstanding the unpopularity of his views on slavery, + is the result of a long and undeviating career of public + spirit and private integrity, and of an uninterrupted succession + of acts of benevolence. During a series of years + of commercial prosperity, his revenues were distributed + with an unsparing hand through the various channels + <a name="p_15"></a> + which promised benefit to his fellow creatures; and in this + respect, his gifts, large and frequent though they were, + were probably exceeded in usefulness by the influence of + his example as a man and a Christian. + + </p> + <p> + His brother Lewis, with the same noble and disinterested + spirit in the application of his pecuniary resources, + possesses the rare faculty of incessant labor; which, when + combined, as in his case, with great intellectual and + physical capacity, eminently qualifies for a leading position + in society. He unites in a remarkable degree, the apparently + incompatible qualities of versatility and concentration; + and his admirable endowments have been applied in + the service of the helpless and the oppressed with corresponding + success. He has been from the beginning one of + the most active members of the central Anti-Slavery + Committee in New York, a body that has directed the + aggressive operations against slavery, on a national scale, + with a display of resources, and an untiring and resolute + vigor, that have attracted the admiration of all, who, + sympathizing in their object, have had the privilege of + watching their proceedings. Of those who have impressed + the likeness of their own character on these proceedings, + Lewis Tappan is one of the chief; and he has shared + with his brother the most virulent attacks from the pro-slavery + party. Some years ago he had the ear of a negro + sent to him by post, in an insulting anonymous letter. + During the past year, though marked by a severe domestic + affliction, in addition to his engagements as a merchant, in + partnership with his brother Arthur, and his various + public and private duties as a man and as a citizen, in the + performance of which I believe he is punctual and + exemplary, he has edited, almost without assistance, the + <a name="p_16"></a> + American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Reporter, and has + also been one of the most active members of a committee + of benevolent individuals formed to watch over the + interest of the Amistad captives. Besides superintending + the maintenance, education, and other interests of these + Africans, it was necessary to defend their cause against + the whole power of the United States' Government, to + raise funds for these objects, to interest foreign Governments + in their welfare, and more than all, to keep them + constantly before the public, not only for their own sakes, + but that a portion of the sympathy and right feeling + which was elicited in their favor might be reflected + towards the native slave population of the country, whose + claim to freedom rests upon the same ground of natural + and indefeasible right. With what success this interesting + cause has been prosecuted is well expressed in a single + sentence by a valued transatlantic correspondent of mine, + who, writing at the most critical period of the controversy, + says:—"We, or rather Lewis Tappan, has made + the whole nation look the captives in the face." + + </p> + <p> + Joshua Leavitt, proprietor and editor of the New + York Emancipator, a large weekly abolition newspaper, + and secretary of the American and Foreign Anti-slavery + Society, is another remarkable man, clear and sound in + judgment, and efficient in action. He is justly regarded + by American abolitionists as one of their ablest supporters. + + </p> + <p> + La Roy Sunderland, member of the Executive Committee, + and editor of "Zion's Watchman," a Methodist, + religious, and anti-slavery newspaper, with his slight figure, + dark intellectual face, and earnest manner, is pointed out + to the anti-slavery visitor from the Old World as the most + prominent advocate of emancipation among the Wesleyans. + <a name="p_17"></a> + His boldness and faithfulness have combined + against him the leading influences of his denomination, + but notwithstanding he has been several times tried by + ecclesiastical councils, they have always failed to substantiate + the charges against him, and his vindication has been + complete. + + </p> + <p> + Theodore S. Wright, member of the committee, is + a colored presbyterian preacher in this city—an amiable + man, much and deservedly respected. + + </p> + <p> + All the above mentioned individuals, who have from + an early period been among the most zealous and laborious + members of the anti-slavery committee, found themselves + placed by the events of last year in the position of + seceders from the American Anti-Slavery Society, though + their opinions had undergone no change. They now + belong to the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, + or as it is technically called the "new organization," a + distinction which will be afterwards explained. + + </p> + <p> + James M'Cune Smith, a young colored physician, I + had known in England, where he studied for his profession, + having been shut out of the colleges of his own country + by the prejudice against his complexion. Notwithstanding + this prejudice he is now practising, I understand, with + success, and has fair prospects. + + </p> + <p> + I had a pleasant interview with Isaac T. Hopper, + whom also I had met in 1837. He belongs to the + American Anti-Slavery Society, or "old organization," + and has been a zealous and fearless abolitionist for half a + century. He has been recently disowned by the "Hicksite + Friends" for his connection with the newspaper called the + "National Anti-Slavery Standard." + + </p><a name="p_18"></a><p> + Early on the morning of the 10th, we left for Burlington + by railroad, where we were most kindly received by + our venerable friends Stephen Grellett and his wife. + On the following day, we took tea with John Cox, + residing about three miles from Burlington, at a place + called Oxmead, where formerly that eminent minister of + the Society of Friends, George Dillwin, resided. J.C. + is now in his eighty-seventh year, enjoying a green and + cheerful old age, and feeling all the interest of his youth + in the anti-slavery cause. It was cheering and animating + to witness the serene spirit of this venerable man, and + deeply were we interested in the reminiscences of his + youth. He well remembered John Woolman, whose + former residence, Mount Holly, is within a few miles of + Oxmead, and of whom he related various particulars + characteristic of the simplicity, humanity, and great circumspection + of his life and conversation. When John + Woolman first brought the subject of slavery before the + yearly meeting of the Society of Friends at Philadelphia, + at a time when its members were deeply implicated both + in slave-holding and in slave-dealing, he stood almost alone + in his anti-slavery testimony, which he expressed in few + and appropriate words. Some severe remarks were made + by others in reply, on this and on successive similar + occasions, when he introduced the subject, but such + treatment provoked no rejoinder from John Woolman, + who would quietly resume his seat and weep in silent + submission. + + </p> + <p> + He was not deterred by this discouraging reception + from again and again bringing the subject before the next + Yearly Meeting, and finally his unwearied efforts, always + prosecuted in the "meekness of wisdom," resulted in the + <a name="p_19"></a> + Society of Friends entirely wiping away the reproach of + this abomination. + + </p> + <p> + The great qualification of John Woolman for pleading + the cause of the oppressed was the same which has + been ascribed with equal truth and beauty to his contemporary + and co-worker, Anthony Benezet: "a peculiar + capacity for being profoundly sensible of their wrongs." + The biographer of the latter has described another occurrence + in the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting at a subsequent + stage of this momentous controversy, which may prove an + interesting counterpart to the foregoing relation. + + </p> + <p> + "On one occasion during the annual convention of the + Society at Philadelphia, when that body was engaged on + the subject of slavery, as it related to its own members, + some of whom had not wholly relinquished the practice of + keeping negroes in bondage, a difference of sentiment + arose as to the course which ought to be pursued. For a + moment it appeared doubtful which opinion would preponderate. + At this critical juncture Benezet left his + seat, which was in an obscure part of the house, and + presented himself weeping at an elevated door in the + presence of the whole congregation, whom he thus + addressed—'Ethiopia shall soon stretch out her hands + unto God.' He said no more: under the solemn impression + which succeeded this emphatic quotation, the proposed + measure received the united sanction of the + assembly."<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_1"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_1"></a></p> + <p><a name="NoteFN1_1"></a><a href="#FootFN1_1">A</a>: Life of Anthony Benezet, by Roberts + Vaux. + </p> + <p> + Even the passing observer is aware how closely the + Society of Friends is identified with the anti-slavery cause, + and if such an one were to make this fact the subject of + historical investigation, he would probably find it one of + considerable interest.—He would learn that some years + <a name="p_20"></a> + before the call of Thomas Clarkson in his early + manhood, by a series of distinct and remarkable Providences, + into this field of labor, this Society in America had + been pervaded by a noiseless agitation on the subject of + slavery, which resulted in the abandonment of the slave-trade, + in the liberation of their slaves, and in the adoption + of a rule of discipline excluding slaveholders from religious + fellowship; so that for many years past, the sins in + question have been not so much as to be named among + them, or the possibility of their commission hinted at, by + any one bearing the name and professing the principles of + a "Friend." The change described, was effected, not by + "pressure from without," but by the constraining influence + of the love of Christ. The chief instruments in the + hands of Divine Providence in bringing about so remarkable + a reformation, were John Woolman and Anthony + Benezet, of whom the former was the earlier in the field + and broke up the fallow ground, under circumstances of + the greatest discouragement, of which the instance above + related is an example. + + </p> + <p> + The life of this ever-memorable man was a pattern of + apostolic Christianity—pure, patient, self-denying, meek. + Love was the element he breathed. His heart not only + yearned towards the oppressed of the human family, but + his compassion extended to the brute creation, under + whose sufferings in the service of man, to use his own + expression, "creation at this day doth loudly groan." + Though dependent on his own labor for a livelihood, he + was careful in a most exemplary degree, "not to entangle + himself with affairs of this life, that he might please Him + who had called him to be a soldier;" and the reader of + his life will find that this unworldly man took similar pains + <a name="p_21"></a> + to avoid wealth, which others do to acquire it. Perhaps I + may be excused for dwelling a moment on this theme, + when I state that one of the latest public acts of my + beloved and lamented father-in-law, James Cropper, was + to cause John Woolman's auto-biography and writings + to be re-edited, and a large and cheap edition to be + struck off, which has appeared since his + decease.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_2"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_2"></a> This + work is well known to the Society of Friends, but should + any other reader be induced by these desultory remarks to + peruse it, he will find himself richly repaid. In the picturesque + simplicity of its style, refined literary taste has + found an inimitable charm,<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_3"><sup>B</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_3"></a> but the spiritually minded + reader will discover beauties of a far higher order. + + </p> + <p><a name="NoteFN1_2"></a><a href="#FootFN1_2">A</a>: A Journal of the Life, Gospel Labors, and + Christian Experience, &c. &c. of John Woolman. Warrington, + Thomas Hurst. + </p> + <p><a name="NoteFN1_3"></a><a href="#FootFN1_3">B</a>: See Charles Lamb's + Works. + </p> + <p> + Taking leave for the present of our venerable friends + at Oxmead and Burlington, we proceeded on the 12th + to Philadelphia, where we remained several days, at the + Union Hotel. During this brief stay, we received visits + from a large number of the friends of the anti-slavery + cause, and made some calls in return. Among others, I + had the pleasure of seeing James Forten, an aged and + opulent man of color, whose long career has been marked + by the display of capacity and energy of no common kind. + The history of his life is interesting and instructive, affording + a practical demonstration of the absurdity, as well as + injustice, of that prejudice which would stamp the mark + of intellectual inferiority on his complexion and race. + + </p> + <p> + I returned to New York on the 15th, in company with + several anti-slavery friends. One of these, Dr. Bartholomew + Fussell, resided on the borders of the State of + <a name="p_22"></a> + Maryland, and had afforded relief and aid to many negroes + escaping from slavery. He had kept no account of the + number thus assisted till last year, when there were thirty-four, + being fewer he thought than the average of several + years preceding. The same individual related some + interesting particulars of the late Elisha Tyson, of Baltimore, + an abolitionist of the old school, who had rescued + many negroes from illegal bondage. Dr. Fussell was + an eye witness of the following occurrence: A poor + woman had been seized by the agents of Woolfolk, the + notorious Maryland slave dealer, and was carried along + the street in which Elisha Tyson lived. When they + arrived opposite his house, she demanded to see "Father + Tyson." A crowd collected about the party, and she so + far moved their pity, that they insisted that her wish should + be complied with. One of the men hereupon went to + inform his employer, who galloped off, pistol in hand, and + found Elisha Tyson standing at his own door. Woolfolk + with an oath declared he would "send him to hell + for interfering with his <i>property</i>." Elisha Tyson + coolly exposed his breast, telling him that he dared not shoot, + and that he (Woolfolk) "was in hell already, though he + did not know it." An investigation followed; the poor + woman was proved to be illegally detained, and was set + at liberty.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_4"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_4"></a> It is generally allowed that so bold and + uncompromising an advocate of the negroes' right as + Elisha Tyson does not now remain in the slave States. + + </p> + <p><a name="NoteFN1_4"></a><a href="#FootFN1_4">A</a>: See Appendix D for a brief account of + this ancient philanthropist. + </p> + <p> + As the old school of abolitionists has been mentioned, + and will occasionally be referred to hereafter, the following + historical statement of its rise and decline, and of the + <a name="p_23"></a> + commencement of the present abolition movement, will + probably be interesting to the anti-slavery reader on this + side of the Atlantic. It is from the pen of my valued + coadjutor John G. Whittier. + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "The old Anti-Slavery Societies, established about the + period of the American Revolution, and of which the late + Judge Jay, Benjamin Franklin, Dr. Rush, and other + distinguished statesmen were members, were composed + mainly of the Religious Society of Friends. These + societies were for many years active and energetic in + their labors for the slave, and the free people of color; + and little, if any, serious opposition was made to their + exertions, which indeed seem to have been confined to the + particular states in which they were located. They + rendered essential service in promoting the gradual + abolition of slavery in New York, Pennsylvania, and + New Jersey. + + </p> + <p> + "In 1819 commenced the discussion of what is now + known as the 'Missouri Question.' The Anti-Slavery + Societies took ground against the admission into the Union + of the territory of Missouri as a slave state. They + succeeded in arousing the public attention; and for two + sessions the subject was warmly debated in Congress; the + slave-holders finally carrying their point by working upon + the fears of a few Northern members, by means of that + old threat of dissolving the Union, which in the very + outset of the Government had extorted from the Convention + which framed the Constitution, a clause legalizing the + Foreign Slave Trade for twenty years. The admission + of Missouri as a slave State was a fatal concession to + the South: the abolitionists became disheartened: their + societies lingered on a few years longer, and nearly all + <a name="p_24"></a> + were extinct previous to 1830. The colonization scheme + had in the mean time, in despite of the earnest and almost + unanimous rejection of it by the colored people, obtained + a strong hold on the public mind, and had especially + enlisted the favorable regard of some of the leading + influences of the Society of Friends. Here and there + over the country, might be found still a faithful laborer, + like Elisha Tyson, of Baltimore, Thomas Shipley, of + Philadelphia, and Moses Brown, of Rhode Island, holding + up the good old testimony against prejudice and + oppression in the midst of a wide spread apostacy. I + should mention in this connection, Benjamin Lundy, a + member of the Society of Friends, who devoted his whole + life to the cause of freedom, travelling on foot thousands + of miles, visiting every part of the slave States, Mexico + and the Haytian Republic. About the year 1828, he + visited Boston, and enlisted the sympathies of William + Lloyd Garrison, then a very young man. Not long + after, he was joined by the latter as an associate editor of + <em>The Genius of Universal Emancipation</em>, an anti-slavery + paper which he had established at Baltimore. After a + residence in Baltimore of about six months, Garrison + was thrown into prison for an alledged libel upon a northern + slave-trader, whence he was liberated on the payment + of his fine by the benevolent Arthur Tappan. Lundy + continued his paper some time longer in Baltimore, where + he was subjected to brutal personal violence from the + notorious Woolfolk, the great slave-dealer of that city. + He afterwards removed it to Philadelphia; and in 1834 + made a tour through the South Western States and Texas, + in which he encountered great dangers, and suffered + extreme hardships from sickness and destitution. This + <a name="p_25"></a> + journey was deemed by many an unprofitable and hazardous + experiment, but it proved of great importance. He + collected an immense amount of facts, developing beforehand + the grand slave-holding conspiracy for revolutionizing + Texas, and annexing it to the American Union, as a slave + territory. These he published to the world on his return; + and it has justly been said of him, by John Quincy + Adams, that his exertions alone, under Providence, prevented + the annexation of Texas to the United States. + This bold and single-hearted pioneer died not long since + in the State of Illinois, whither he repaired to take the + place of the lamented Lovejoy, who was murdered by a + mob in that State, in 1837. + + </p> + <p> + "In 1831, Wm. Lloyd Garrison commenced, under + great difficulties and discouragements, the publication of + the <em>Liberator</em>, in Boston; and by the energy and earnestness + of his appeals, roused the attention of many minds + to the subject of slavery. Shortly after, a society was + formed in Boston in favor of immediate emancipation. It + consisted at first, if I remember right, of only twelve + members. Previous to this, however, a society, embracing + very similar principles, had been formed in Pennsylvania. + In 1833, upwards of sixty delegates from several + of the free States, met at Philadelphia; among them + were Elizur Wright and Beriah Green, (who had been + compelled to give up their Professorships in Western + Reserve [Ohio] College, for their attachment to freedom,) + Lewis Tappan, William Lloyd Garrison, Charles W. + Denison, Arnold Buffum, Amos A. Phelps, and John + G. Whittier. This Convention organized the American + Anti-Slavery Society, proposing to make use of the + common instrumentalities afforded by the Government + <a name="p_26"></a> + and laws, for the abolition of slavery; at the same time, + disavowing a design to use any other than peaceful and + lawful measures." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + In some of the Southern States there are professing + Christian churches who permit slave-holding, but disallow + the selling of slaves, except with their own consent. Dr. + Fussell informed me how this fair-seeming rule of discipline + was frequently evaded. First, a church member + wishing to turn his negroes into cash, begins by making + their yoke heavier, and their life a burden. Next they are + thrown in the way of decoy slaves, belonging to Woolfolk, + or some other dealer, who introduce themselves to + the intended victims, for the purpose of expatiating on the + privileges enjoyed by the slaves of so indulgent a master + as theirs; and thus the poor unhappy dupes would be + persuaded to go and petition to be sold, and so the rule + of discipline, above cited, would be <em>literally</em> complied + with. So great, generally, is the dread of being sold to + the South, that my informant said the larger number of + runaways escape when the price is high, as the danger of + being sold is then most imminent. The greater proportion + of those who thus emancipate themselves are domestics, + owing to their superior intelligence, and their opportunities + of ascertaining the best mode of escape. + + </p> + <p> + On the 16th, I met the Executive Committee of the + American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, at their + office, No. 128 Fulton street, New York. The chair was + taken by the President of the Society. The subject under + discussion was the best time and place of holding another + Convention of the friends of the anti-slavery cause from + all parts of the world. After deliberate consideration, the + following resolutions were unanimously adopted. + + </p> + <p><a name="p_27"></a><em>Resolved</em>,—"That this Committee fully recognise and + adopt the principles upon which the General Anti-Slavery + Convention, held in London last year, was convened, and + upon which it acted; that we feel greatly encouraged by + the results of its meetings, and that we would strongly + recommend our transatlantic friends to summon a second + Convention in London, at about the same period in 1842; + and that in the event of their doing so, we will use our + best exertions to promote a good representation of American + abolitionists on the occasion." + + </p> + <p><em>Resolved</em>,—"That we deeply sympathize with the + British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, in their noble + efforts for the abolition of slavery and the slave-trade; + that we assure them of our hearty co-operation in their + well devised plans and energetic labors; and that so long + as the slave question—in connection with the promotion + of the rights of the free people of color—and nothing + else, is admitted to a place in anti-slavery meetings, they + may expect the co-operation of all true-hearted abolitionists + throughout the world, in carrying forward the great + objects of our associations to a glorious consummation." + + </p> + <p> + I returned to Philadelphia on the afternoon of the 17th, + but before leaving my hotel in New York, informed one + of the proprietors that I intended being in that city on the + week of the anniversaries of the Religious and Benevolent + Institutions; that as I took a lively interest in the anti-slavery + question, it was probable some of my friends + among the people of color would call upon me, and that + if he, or any of his southern customers objected to this, I + would go elsewhere; he answered that he had no objection, + and even intimated his belief that public opinion was + undergoing a favorable change in reference to this prejudice. + <a name="p_28"></a> + Although I did not arrive in Philadelphia till near + midnight, I found my kind friends, Samuel Webb and + wife waiting to receive me, whose hospitable dwelling I + made my home, whenever I afterwards lodged in this city. + Samuel Webb is one of the few on whose shoulders the + burden of the anti-slavery cause mainly rests in Philadelphia. + He is a practical man, conversant with business, + thoroughly acquainted with the anti-slavery subject in all + its phases, and a strenuous advocate for bringing political + influence to bear upon the question. He was one of the + most active in promoting the erection of Pennsylvania + Hall, a beautiful edifice designed to be open to the use of + the anti-slavery societies; which was no sooner so appropriated + than it was destroyed by a mob in the 5th Month, + (May,) 1838. The fire-scathed ruin of this building yet + stands a conspicuous token that the principles of true + liberty, though loudly vaunted, are neither understood nor + enjoyed in this Capital of a <em>free</em> republic. If freedom of + thought, of speech, of the press, and the right of petition + had been <em>realities</em> in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Hall + would have been yet standing. Samuel Webb has since + taken the chief labor of an appeal to the legal tribunals + for compensation for this infamous destruction of property, + and a jury have at length awarded damages, though to a + very inadequate amount. + + </p> + <p> + During the ensuing week I was chiefly occupied in + attending the Philadelphia Friends' Yearly Meeting. In + the intervals of the sittings, I had many opportunities of + meeting "Friends" from whom I received much kindness, + and many more invitations than it was possible for me to + accept. + + </p><a name="p_29"></a><p> + There are many "Friends" of this city who take a + deep interest in the anti-slavery cause; among whom I + may mention Thomas Wistar, an aged and influential + individual, who, like his venerable contemporary, John + Cox, has been an abolitionist from his youth up, and a + member of the original society; and one who has been + accustomed to bear his testimony on behalf of the + oppressed, on suitable occasions, in the presence of his + brethren in religious fellowship, and whose communications + of this kind, are always weighty, solemn, and impressive. + Dr. Caspar Wistar, son of Thomas Wistar, is a warm + hearted, active abolitionist, a liberal contributor of his + pecuniary means, and deeply solicitous that "Friends" in + the United States should be induced to engage earnestly + in the cause of emancipation. Edward Needles, a kind + and open hearted man, a native of Maryland, and President + of the "old Abolition Society," is a devoted friend + to the anti-slavery cause. + + </p> + <p> + The subject of slavery was introduced in the Yearly + Meeting by the reading of certain minutes of the Meeting + for Sufferings, from which it appeared that meeting, (the + executive Committee of the Society,) had taken up the + question of the foreign slave-trade, but had not yet entertained + the consideration of the slavery and internal slave-trade + of their own country. On the subject of the latter, + a very faithful minute from the Meeting for Sufferings in + London was received and read. + + </p> + <p> + As this term will sometimes occur in the ensuing + pages, it may be necessary to state for the information of + the general reader, that the Society of Friends is distributed + into various "Yearly Meetings," of which there are several + on the Continent of North America. Within the compass + <a name="p_30"></a> + of each an annual assembly is held to regulate all the + affairs and discipline of that section of the body. There + is also in each Yearly Meeting a permanent committee + called the "Meeting for Sufferings" for administering the + affairs of the Societies, in the intervals of its annual + assemblies. The technical name of this committee is + an expressive memorial of those times of trial, when its + chief employment was to record "sufferings" and persecutions, + and to afford such succor and alleviation as + circumstances admitted. + + </p> + <p> + An address from the Yearly Meeting of London on + slavery was also read,<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_5"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_5"></a> which + was followed by observations + from several, which evinced great exercise of mind on the + subject. Three thousand copies of it were ordered to be + printed for distribution among Friends of Pennsylvania, + and the whole subject of slavery and the slave-trade was + referred to their Meeting for Sufferings, with a recommendation + that an account should be drawn up and printed of + the former abolition of slavery within the limits of the + Society of Friends. I need hardly state how much these + measures were in unison with my own feelings, and that I + heartily rejoiced at signs of an awakening zeal in my + American brethren. Let them but ask for the ancient + ways, and follow in the footsteps of their predecessors, + whose memorials are their precious inheritance, and once + more shall they be made a blessing to mankind, and messengers + of mercy and deliverance to the + oppressed.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_6"><sup>B</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_6"></a></p> + <p><a name="NoteFN1_5"></a><a href="#FootFN1_5">A</a>: See Appendix A. + </p> + <p><a name="NoteFN1_6"></a><a href="#FootFN1_6">B</a>: See Appendix B. + </p> + <p> + It will be interesting to some of my English readers + to be informed, that both the sale and use of spirituous + liquors come within the scope of discipline among + <a name="p_31"></a> + "Friends" in America. In this Yearly Meeting it is + required that the subordinate meetings should report the + number of their members, who continue to sell, use, or + give ardent spirits. If I remember rightly the number of + cases reported was fifty-nine. At present the moderate + use of spirits subjects to admonition, but it was discussed + at this time whether the rule of discipline should not be + rendered more stringent, and this practice made a disownable + offence. Finally it was resolved to make no alteration + at present, but to recommend the local meetings of + Friends to use further labor in the line of reproof and + persuasion. I am informed that some of the American + Yearly Meetings of Friends go still farther on this subject. + It will scarcely be questioned that public sentiment both + in the United States, and in England, condemns even the + moderate use of ardent spirits as a beverage, though some + difference of opinion will exist as to the propriety of a + religious society making it a cause of disownment or + exclusion. In this case of the Philadelphia Meeting, + however, it may be remarked, that in a community of + many thousand members, the practice may be regarded as + almost eradicated by the milder methods of persuasion. + It is a fact deserving of notice, that the same worthies of + the last century, Woolman, Benezet, and others, who + raised the standard of anti-slavery testimony, also by the + same process of independent thinking, and single-minded, + unhesitating obedience to convictions of duty, anticipated + the verdict of public opinion on this subject. Woolman + found that even the most moderate use of ardent spirits, + was unfavorable to that calm religious meditation, which + was the habit of his mind, and has left his views on record + in various characteristic passages. I shall also, I trust, be + <a name="p_32"></a> + excused for introducing the following anecdote of two of + his contemporaries. + + </p> + <p> + "Jacob Lindley, to adopt his own designation of + himself was a 'stripling' when he attended a Yearly + Meeting of Friends held at Philadelphia; his mind had + been for some time much afflicted with an observation of + the pernicious effects of spirituous liquors, and he was + anxious that the religious society to which he belonged, + should cease to use, and prevent any of its members from + being instrumental in manufacturing or vending them. He + therefore rose and developed his feelings to the assembly, + in the energetic and pathetic manner for which he was + peculiarly remarkable. When the meeting adjourned, he + observed a stranger pressing through the crowd towards + him, who took him by the hand in the most affectionate + manner, and said, 'My dear young friend, I was very glad + to hear thy voice on the subject of spirituous liquors; I + have much unity with thy concern, and hope that no + discouragement may have been received from its not being + farther noticed; and now I want thee to go home, and + take dinner with me, having something farther to say to + thee on the subject.' Lindley accepted the invitation, + and after they had dined, Benezet introduced his young + guest into a little room used as a study, where he produced + a manuscript work on the subject of spirituous liquors, in + an unfinished state; he opened the book and laid it on a + table before them, saying, 'This is a treatise which I have + been for some time engaged in writing, on the subject of + thy concern in meeting to-day; and now if thou hast a + mind to sit down, and write a paragraph or two, I will + embody it in the work, and have it + published.'"<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_7"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_7"></a></p> + <p><a name="NoteFN1_7"></a><a href="#FootFN1_7">A</a>: Life of Anthony Benezet, + p. 107-109. + </p><a name="p_33"></a><p> + These eminent men, John Woolman and Anthony + Benezet, had much in common; yet their characters + were as unlike as opposite temperaments, and as alike as + similarity of views, could make them. So marked was + their coincidence of sentiment in opposition to the prevailing + opinions and practices of that day, that it might be + surmised one was a disciple of the other, yet there is no + reason to suppose such was the case. Each had the + single eye; both learned in the same school, and sat at + the feet of the same Divine Master. It is an interesting + fact that on the subject last noticed, their labors should + have been comparatively fruitless, and for a long interval + almost forgotten, while their views on slavery rapidly + spread, and produced extensive and permanent results. + Does not this illustrate the lesson long ago taught by a + great master of wisdom: "In the morning sow thy seed, + and in the evening withhold not thy hand; for thou + knowest not whether shall prosper, either this or that, or + whether they shall both be alike good." May we not + infer from this, that even those labors, rightly undertaken, + which do not immediately prosper, are yet owned and + accepted in the Divine sight? + + </p> + <p> + To return from this digression to our attendance of + the Yearly Meeting in Philadelphia: one interesting part + of the business was the annual report on education; from + which it appeared, that the whole number of children, of + an age for education, within the compass of this Yearly + Meeting, was eighteen hundred and fourteen, and of these + ninety-eight were temporarily absent, though most of them + had been receiving instruction during part of the year. + + </p> + <p> + I was also deeply interested in the statements made + relative to the wicked expatriation of the Indians living + <a name="p_34"></a> + within this Yearly Meeting's limits, by the United States + Government, from lands which had been secured to them + by treaty in the most solemn manner, to the Western + wilderness, under plea of a fraudulently obtained cession + of their lands, by a few of their number. What greatly + aggravates the case is the fact, that these Indians were + making rapid progress in civilization, and from a nation of + hunters had generally become an agricultural people. + Their whole history is a reproach and blot on the American + Government, and shews either that public and private + virtue amongst the people is at a low ebb, or that "the + wicked bear rule." On behalf of this injured people, + "Friends" appear to have made strenuous efforts, but have + failed in producing any decidedly favorable impression on + the Government. The report on this subject, embodied a + very affecting letter from the chiefs of this tribe, describing + their grief and distress at the prospect of a cruel removal + from the homes of their ancestors.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_8"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_8"></a></p> + <p><a name="NoteFN1_8"></a><a href="#FootFN1_8">A</a>: See + Appendix C. + </p> + <p> + During this week, my valued friends, John and Maria + Candler, arrived from Hayti, after a stay of many months + in Jamaica. At the close of the Yearly Meeting, a + meeting was held, and attended by about three hundred + "Friends," to whom John Candler gave much interesting + information, detailing the results of emancipation in + that Island, from his own extensive observations and + inquiries. At the request of some individuals present I + added a few observations at the close, on the principles + and objects of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery + Society. + + </p> + <p> + I visited at this time the celebrated Schuylkill waterworks, + which are beautifully situated on the river of that + <a name="p_35"></a> + name. The water is raised to large reservoirs, at a higher + level than the tops of the houses, by pumps worked by + the current of the river. The supply not only suffices for + the domestic use of the inhabitants, but is abundant for + every public purpose of ornament or utility. My kind + host, Samuel Webb, who accompanied me, pointed out a + plot of land, presented by William Penn to a friend, to + enable him to keep a cow, which is now worth many + hundred thousand dollars for building purposes. He also + showed me a mansion, the late proprietor of which had + received a large accession of wealth from the quantities of + plate which had been shipped to him in coffee barrels from + St. Domingo, on the eve of the revolution in that Island, + and whose owners are supposed to have subsequently + perished, as they never appeared, with one solitary exception, + to claim their property. + + </p> + <p> + It will be necessary, in order to make certain passages + of the succeeding narrative intelligible to my readers in + this country, that some account should be given of the + schism which has recently taken place in the once united + and compact organizations of the abolitionists. + + </p> + <p> + The American Anti-Slavery Society, whose origin + has been already described, acted with great unity and + efficiency for several years; auxiliaries were formed in all + the free States; it scattered its publications over the land + like the leaves of autumn, and at times had thirty or forty + lecturers in the field. It kept a steady and vigilant eye + upon the movements of the pro-slavery party, and wherever + a vulnerable point was discovered, it directed its + attacks. In its executive committee were such men as + Judge Jay, Arthur and Lewis Tappan, La Roy Sunderland, + Simeon S. Jocelyn, (the early laborer on behalf of + <a name="p_36"></a> + the free colored people,) Joshua Leavitt, Henry B. Stanton, + and the late Dr. Follen, a German political refugee, + equally distinguished for his literary attainments and his + love of liberty. + + </p> + <p> + Until the last three or four years, entire union of purpose + and concert of action existed among the American abolitionists. + This harmony was first disturbed by the course + pursued in the Boston Liberator. The editor of that + paper, William Lloyd Garrison, whose early anti-slavery + career has already been alluded to, and who was deservedly + honored by the great body of the abolitionists, for + his sufferings in their cause, and for his triumphant exposure + of the oppressive tendencies of the colonization + scheme, had always refused to share with any society or + committee, the editorial responsibility of his journal. + About the time referred to, several pieces were inserted in + the <em>Liberator</em>, questioning the generally received opinions + on the first day of the week. These were followed by + others on other subjects, and he continued to keep his + readers apprised of the new views of ethics and theology, + which from time to time were presented to his own mind. + His paper was not the special organ of any anti-slavery + society, yet it was regarded, by general consent of the + friends and enemies of the cause, as the organ of the anti-slavery + movement. The discussion in its columns of new + and startling doctrines, on subjects unconnected with + slavery, occasioned many of the former much uneasiness + and embarrassment, while it furnished the latter with new + excuses for their enmity, and with the pretence that under + cover of <em>abolition</em>, lurked a design of assailing institutions + and opinions justly held in regard throughout the Christian + world. + + </p><a name="p_37"></a><p> + In the summer of 1837, Sarah and Angelina Grimke + visited New England for the purpose of advocating the + cause of the slave, with whose condition they were well + acquainted, being natives of South Carolina, and having + been themselves at one time implicated in the system. + Their original intention was to confine their public labors + to audiences of their own sex, but they finally addressed + promiscuous assemblies. Their intimate knowledge of + the true character of slavery; their zeal, devotion, and + gifts as speakers, produced a deep impression, wherever + they went. They met with considerable opposition from + colonizationists, and also from a portion of the New + England clergy, on the ground of the impropriety of their + publicly addressing mixed audiences. This called forth + in the Liberator, which at that time, I understand, was + under the patronage, though I believe not under the + control of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, a + discussion of the abstract question of the entire equality + of the rights and duties of the two sexes. Here was a + new element of discord. In 1838, at the annual New + England convention of abolitionists, a woman was for the + first time placed on committees with men, an innovation + upon the general custom of the community, which excited + much dissatisfaction in the minds of many. + + </p> + <p> + About this time the rightfulness of civil and church + government began to be called in question, through the + columns of the Liberator, by its editor and correspondents. + These opinions were concurrently advocated with the + doctrine of non-resistance. Those who hold these + opinions, while they deny that civil and ecclesiastical + government are of divine authority, are yet passively + submissive to the authority of the former, though they + <a name="p_38"></a> + abstain from exercising the political rights of citizenship. + There were not wanting those, among the opponents of + abolition, to charge the anti-slavery body at large with + maintaining these views, and in consequence serious + embarrassments were thrown in the way of a successful + prosecution of the cause. The executive committee of + the Society at New York were placed in a difficult + position, but as far as I am able to judge, they endeavored + to hold on the steady tenor of their way, without, on the + one hand, countenancing the introduction of extraneous + matters upon the anti-slavery platform; or, on the other + hand, yielding to the clamor of the pro-slavery party, + whether in church or state. + + </p> + <p> + In subsequent anti-slavery meetings in Boston, New + York, and elsewhere, it became manifest that there was + a radical difference of opinion on the subject of political + action; the non-resistant and no-government influence, + operating decidedly against the employment of the elective + franchise in the anti-slavery cause; and the agitation of + this question, as well as that of the rights of women, in + their meetings, gave to them a discordant and party + character, painfully contrasting with the previous peaceful + and harmonious action of the societies. That some of + both parties began to overlook the great subject of the + slaves' emancipation, in zealous advocacy of, or opposition + to, these new measures, I cannot well doubt, judging from + the testimony of those, who, not fully sympathizing with + either, endeavored to bring all back to the single object of + the anti-slavery association. In addition to these intestine + troubles, the pro-slavery party made strenuous exertions + to fasten upon the society the responsibility of the opinions + and proceedings of its non-resistant and no-government + <a name="p_39"></a> + members. Under these circumstances it is easy to + understand the interruption, for a season, of the unity of + feeling and action which had previously characterized the + assemblies of the abolitionists. The actual separation in + the societies took place in the Spring of 1840. The + members of the executive committee at New York, with + one exception, seceded and became members of the committee + of the "new organization," under the name of the + "American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society." There + are, therefore, now two central or national anti-slavery societies; + the "old organization," retaining the designation of + the "American Anti-Slavery Society." The State Societies + have, for the most part, taken up a position of neutrality, + or independence of both. It is important to add that + the division took place on the "women's rights" question, + and that this is the only one of the controverted points + which the American Anti-Slavery Society has officially + affirmed; and it is argued, on behalf of their view of this + question, that since, in the original "constitution" of the + society, the term, describing its members, officers, et cet., is + "persons," that women are plainly invested with the same + eligibility to appointments, and the same right to vote and + act as the other sex. I need not say how this "constitutional" + argument is met on the other side. The other + new views are held by comparatively few persons, and + neither anti-slavery society in America is responsible for + them. In conclusion, I rejoice to be able to add, that the + separation, in its effects, appears to have been a healing + measure; a better and kinder feeling is beginning to + pervade all classes of American abolitionists; the day of + mutual crimination seems to be passing away, and there + is strong reason to hope that the action of the respective + <a name="p_40"></a> + societies will henceforward harmoniously tend to the same + object. That such may be the result is my sincere + desire. It is proper in this connection to state that a + considerable number of active and prominent abolitionists + do not entirely sympathize with either division of the + anti-slavery society; and there are comparatively few + who make their views, for or against the question on + which the division took place, a matter of conscience. + + </p> + <p> + I have now given a brief, and I trust an impartial + account of the origin of these dissensions. Some may + possibly regard the views and proceedings above referred + to, as the natural growth of abolitionism, but as well + might the divisions among the early reformers be charged + upon the doctrines of the Reformation, or the "thirty + years' war" upon the preaching of Luther. + + </p> + <p> + On the evening of the 14th instant, we met at a + social party the leading abolitionists of Philadelphia of + the "old organization." There were present all but one + of the delegates from Pennsylvania to the London Convention. + I availed myself of the opportunity of briefly + and distinctly stating the unanimous conclusion of the + London Anti-Slavery Committee, in which I entirely + concurred, on the points at issue. I observed, in + substance, that in the struggle for the liberation of the + slaves in the British Colonies, one great source of our + moral strength was, the singleness of our object, and our + not allowing any other subject, however important or + unexceptionable, to be mixed up with it; that though the + aid of our female coadjutors had been of vital importance + to the success of the anti-slavery enterprize, yet that their + exertions had been uniformly directed by separate committees + of their own sex, and that the abolitionists of + <a name="p_41"></a> + Europe had no doubt that their united influence was most + powerful in this mode of action: that the London Committee + being convinced that no female delegate had + crossed the Atlantic, under the belief that the "call" or + invitation was intended to include women, felt themselves + called upon, without in the slightest degree wishing to + interfere with private opinion on this, or any other subject, + to withhold their assent to the reception of such delegates, + as members of the Convention, and that their decision, + when appealed against, had been ratified in the Convention + itself, by an overwhelming majority, after a protracted discussion: + finally, that those whose views I represented, could + not be parties to the introduction, in any future convention, + of this or any other question, which we deemed foreign + to our cause, and therefore that for those with whom it + was a point of conscience to carry out what they deemed + "women's rights," I saw no alternative but a separate + organization, in which I wished that their efforts on + behalf of the oppressed colored race, might be crowned + with the largest measure of success. I observed, in + conclusion, that my object was simply to state the decision + of those with whom I acted in Great Britain, and that I + must decline discussion, being fully convinced that it was + better that the now separate societies should aim at the + common object, in a spirit of kind and friendly co-operation, + each in its own sphere, rather than that they should + waste their energies in mutual contentions, and in the + unprofitable discussion of topics not legitimately belonging + to the great question of the abolition of slavery. + + </p> + <p> + Although I had to address a company almost + unanimously opposed on these points to myself, my + communication was received in a kind and friendly spirit, + <a name="p_42"></a> + and I was courteously informed that it would be taken + into consideration at the next meeting of the Committee. + + </p> + <p> + My friend, Daniel Neall, at whose house this interview + took place, is a venerable looking man, a native of Delaware, + and son-in-law of the excellent Warner Mifflin. + He has been an abolitionist from his boyhood. Two + years ago, he was dragged from the house of a friend in + Delaware, and tarred and feathered, and otherwise + mal-treated by a mob of slave-holders and their abettors; + he mildly told those near him that if they would call at + his house at Philadelphia, he would treat them in a very + different manner. He was president of the Pennsylvania + Hall Association, and in the terrible mobs of 1838, + manifested a calm, quiet courage, as rare as it is commendable. + + </p> + <p> + I remained in Philadelphia until the morning of the + 28th, and during this interval paid many visits, and + obtained much information, on the state of the anti-slavery + feeling in this city, and more particularly amongst the + members of the religious community to which I belong. + On one occasion an esteemed individual kindly invited a + number of "Friends" to meet me at his house, including + some who object to uniting in anti-slavery effort with those + of other denominations. I was introduced by the reading + of a certificate of membership from the monthly meeting + to which I belong, and also a document from a number of + "Friends" in England, well known to those in America, + commending me, and the cause in which I was engaged, + to their kind and favorable consideration. + + </p> + <p> + I then briefly related the leading objects of my visit + to America, and that it was my anxious wish the members + of my own religious society in this land, could see it their + <a name="p_43"></a> + place to take the same active and prominent part in the + anti-slavery cause, as their brethren in England had done, + especially as the principles on which the British and + Foreign and the American and Foreign Societies were + founded, were entirely in accordance with the views of the + Society of Friends. Those who spoke in reply mostly + vindicated the course pursued in the United States. From + this interview, as well as from others of a more private + nature, with leading "Friends," I came to the conclusion, + that a number of these would continue, by their influence + and advice, to oppose their fellow members joining anti-slavery + societies, though it is not probable that any + disciplinary proceedings would be taken against such who + might act in opposition to this counsel, so long as the + recognized principles of the Society were not compromised. + On this, to me, painfully interesting subject, I could dwell + at length, but I will simply remark that, while it is evident + that anti-slavery feeling is at too low an ebb among + "Friends" here, yet doubtless, many of those who thus + excuse themselves from active and effective service in the + cause, still deeply sympathize with their oppressed fellow-men, + and are not quite at ease in view of the apathy and + inaction of the body to which they belong. + + </p> + <p> + On the 28th we arrived at Baltimore; during a stay of + two or three days, we found several persons who were + friendly to our cause. There are computed to be five + thousand slaves in this city, but of course slavery does not + obtrude itself on the casual observer. Here, as in other + countries, he who would see it as it is, must view it on the + plantations. + + </p> + <p> + The free people of color in Baltimore, are alive to the + importance of education. One individual told us, that in + <a name="p_44"></a> + distributing about two hundred and fifty religious books, + which had been sent to be gratuitously supplied to the + poor of this class, he found only five or six families, in + which the children were not learning to read and write. + + </p> + <p> + While in Baltimore, the inquiries I made respecting + Elisha Tyson, fully confirmed the impression I have + attempted to convey of his extraordinary character; perhaps + no one has so good a claim to be considered the + Granville Sharp of North America, and I have inserted in + another place some particulars drawn from his biography, + which will be found full of interest.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_9"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_9"></a> I am glad also to + state, that if there is no one citizen of Baltimore on whom + his mantle rests, there are yet some who are active in + preventing the illegal detention of negroes, and of bringing + such cases before the proper tribunal. One of these + related the following case of recent occurrence. A woman, + who was the wife of a free man, and the mother of four + children, and who had long believed herself legally free, + was claimed by the heir of her former master. The case + was tried, and his right of property in her and her children + affirmed. He then sold the family to a slave dealer for a + thousand dollars; of whom the husband of the woman + re-purchased them, (his <em>own</em> wife and children,) for eleven + hundred dollars, to repay which he bound himself to labor + for the person from whom it was borrowed, for twelve + years. Yet this is but a mitigated instance of oppression + in this <em>Christian</em> country. + + </p> + <p><a name="NoteFN1_9"></a><a href="#FootFN1_9">A</a>: See Appendix + D. + </p> + <p> + The religious public of this city appear to be doing + nothing collectively, to abolish or ameliorate slavery, and + with the exception of "Friends," and the body who have + lately seceded from them, I fear that all are more or less + <a name="p_45"></a> + implicated in its actual guilt. I was informed not long + since, even the Roman Catholics, who are more free from + the contamination than many other religious bodies, had, + in some part of the State, sold several of their own church + members, and applied the proceeds to the erection of a + place of worship. We called upon the Roman Catholic + Bishop to inquire into the truth of this, but he was from + home. When at Philadelphia afterwards, in conversation + with a priest, I gave the particulars, and said I should be + glad to be furnished with the means of contradicting it. I + have not heard from him since. + + </p> + <p> + I am informed that the Yearly Meeting of "Friends" + has advised its members not to unite with the anti-slavery + societies, and has latterly discontinued petitioning the + legislature for the abolition of the internal slave trade, and + the amelioration of the slave code; such is the prevailing + influence of a pro-slavery atmosphere. The code in + question has of late years been rendered more severe, and + the legal emancipation of slaves more difficult; yet I was + pleased to learn that public opinion has in this respect + counteracted legislative tyranny; that slavery has in fact + become milder, and the number of manumissions has not + lessened. + + </p> + <p> + The mischievous influence of the Colonization Society + is very extensive among professing Christians in Baltimore, + and is paramount in the legislature of the State. + + </p> + <p> + The <em>American</em> slave trade is carried on in the most + open manner in this city. We paid a visit to the establishment + of an extensive slave dealer, a large new + building in one of the principal streets. The proprietor + received us with great courtesy, and permitted us to inspect + the premises. Cleanliness and order were every where + <a name="p_46"></a> + visible, and, might we judge from the specimens of food + shewn us, the animal wants of the slaves are not neglected. + There were only five or six negroes <em>in stock</em>, but the + proprietor told us he had sometimes three or four hundred + there, and had shipped off a cargo to New Orleans a few + days before. That city is the market where the highest + price is generally obtained for them. The premises are + strongly secured with bolts and bars, and the rooms in + which the negroes are confined, surround an open court + yard, where they are permitted to take the air. We were + accompanied and kindly introduced by an individual who + has often been engaged in preventing negroes from being + illegally enslaved; and the proprietor of the establishment + expressed his approval of his efforts, and that when such + cases come before himself in the way of trade, he was + accustomed to send them to our friend for investigation; + he added that slaves would often come to him, and ask + him to purchase them, and that he was the means of + transferring them from worse masters to better; that he + never parted families, though of course he could not control + their fate, either before they came into his hands, or + after they left him. He said he frequently left his concerns + for weeks together, under the care of his head slave, + whose wife he had made free, and promised the same boon + to him, if he conducted himself well a few years longer. I + thought it right to intimate my view of the nature of + slavery and the slave trade, and that I deemed it wholly + inconsistent with the plain precept "do unto others as ye + would they should do unto you." This he did not + attempt to controvert, yet he stated in extenuation, that + the law permitted the trade in slaves, though he should be + as willing as any one to have the system abolished, if the + <a name="p_47"></a> + State would grant them compensation for their property. + He farther said, that he was born in a slave State, that his + mother had been for fifty years a member of the Wesleyan + body, and that though he had not joined a Christian + church himself, he had never sworn an oath, nor committed + an immoral act in his life. He also shewed, I think, convincingly, + that dealing in slaves was not worse than slave + holding. On leaving the premises, we found the door of + his office had been locked upon us during this conference. + I subsequently learned that this person, though living in + considerable style, was not generally received in respectable + society, and that a lady whom he had lately married, was + shunned by her former acquaintance. Such is the testimony + of the slave-holders of Baltimore against slave + dealing, by which they condemn themselves in the sight + of God and man, and add the guilt of hypocrisy to their + own sin. Some time afterwards I addressed the following + letter to this individual, which was published in many of + the American papers: + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "To HOPE H. SLAUGHTER, <em>Slave Trader, Baltimore</em>: + + </p> + <p> + "Since thou courteously allowed me, in company with + my friend, J.G. Whittier, to visit thy slave establishment + in the city of Baltimore, some weeks since, I have often + felt a desire to address a few lines to thee. I need not, + perhaps, say that my feelings were painfully exercised in + looking over thy buildings, fitted up with bolts and bars, + for the reception of human beings for sale. A sense of + the misery and suffering of the unfortunate slaves, who + have been from time to time confined there—of their + separation from home and kindred—and of the dreary + prospect before them of a life of unrequited toil in the + <a name="p_48"></a> + South and South West—rested heavily upon me. I + could there realize the true nature of the system of + slavery. I was in a market-house for human flesh, where + humanity is degraded to a level with the brute; and where + children of our common Father in Heaven, and for whom + our blessed Redeemer offered up the atoning sacrifice of + his blood, were bargained for and sold like beasts that + perish. And when I regarded thee as the merchant in + this dreadful traffic, and heard thee offer remarks, which + might in some degree be considered as an apology for thy + business, calling our attention to the cleanly state of the + apartments, the wholesome provisions, et cet.; and especially + when I heard thee declare that thou hadst been + educated by a pious mother—that thou wast never + addicted to swearing or other immoralities—and that + thy business was a legalized one—that thou didst + nothing contrary to law—and that, while in thy possession, + the poor creatures were treated kindly—that families + were not separated,<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_10"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_10"></a> et + cet.,—I was glad to perceive + <a name="p_49"></a> + some evidence that the nature of thy employment had + not extinguished the voice of conscience within thee. In + thy sentiments, and in the manner of their utterance, I + thought I could see that truth had not left itself without a + witness in thy breast, and that a sense of the wrongfulness + of thy occupation still disturbed thee. + + </p> + <p><a name="NoteFN1_10"></a><a href="#FootFN1_10">A</a>: "The latter remark, of course, + applies only to the time they + remained with thee. For, on the day we visited thy establishment, + a friend with whom I was dining informed me, that a few days + before a woman and child had been sold to thee, whose husband + and father was a free man, who, in his distress, had been offering to + bind himself for a term of years, in order to raise the sum (I think + $800) demanded for them; but, as he had been unable to do so, my + friend had no doubt they had been sent off with the very lot of slaves, + which, we were told by thyself had just been forwarded to New + Orleans from thy prison. <em>Who</em> is most guilty in this atrocious + transaction—the slave owner, who sold thee the woman and child + at Baltimore—<em>thou</em>, the transporter of them for + ever from their husband and parent—<em>the purchasers</em> of the + mother and child at + New Orleans, where they may be for ever separated from each + other—or the <em>citizen</em> who, by his vote and influence, + creates and + upholds enactments which legalize this monstrous system, is known + only to Him before whom the secrets of all hearts are unfolded." + </p> + <p> + "To thy remark that thy business was necessary to + the system of slavery, and an essential part of it—and if + slave-<em>holding</em> were to be justified at all, the + slave-<em>trade</em> + must be also—I certainly can offer no valid objection; for + I have never been able to discover any moral difference + between the planter of Virginia and the slave dealer of + Baltimore, Richmond, and Washington. Each has his + part to act in the system, and each is necessary to the + other. And if the matter were not, in all its bearings, + painfully serious, it would be amusing to witness the + absurd contempt with which the slave owner of Maryland + or Virginia professes to look upon the trader, whose purchase + of his surplus slaves alone enables him to retain the + residue in his possession; for it seems very evident that + the only profitable part of the system in those States, at + the present time, is the sale of the annual increase of the + slaves. + + </p> + <p> + "In passing from thy premises, we looked in upon the + Triennial Convention of the Baptists of the United States, + then in session in the city of Baltimore, where I found + slave-holding ministers of high rank in the church, urging + successfully the exclusion from the Missionary Board of + that Society, of all those who, in principle and practice, + were known to be decided abolitionists; and the results of + their efforts satisfied me that the darkest picture of slavery + is not to be found in the jail of the slave-trader, but rather + <a name="p_50"></a> + in a convocation of professed ministers of the Gospel of + Christ, expelling from the Board of a Society formed to + enlighten the heathen of other nations, all who consistently + labor for the overthrow of a system which denies a knowledge + of the Holy Scriptures to near three millions of + heathen at home! + + </p> + <p> + "But allow me, in a spirit, as I trust, of Christian + kindness, to entreat thee not to seek excuses for thy own + course in the evil conduct of others. Thou hast already + reached the middle period of life—the future is uncertain. + By thy hopes of peace here and hereafter, let me urge + thee to abandon this occupation. It is not necessary to + argue its intrinsic wickedness, for thou knowest it already. + I would therefore beseech thee to listen to that voice + which, I am persuaded, sometimes urges thee to 'put + away the evil of thy doings,' to 'do justice and love + mercy,' and thus cease to draw upon thyself the curse + which fell upon those merchants of Tyre, who 'traded in + the persons of men.' That these warnings of conscience + may not longer be neglected on thy part, is the sincere + wish of one who, while he abhors thy occupation, feels + nothing but kindness and good will towards thyself. + + </p> + <p> + "Thy friend, + + </p> + <p> + "JOSEPH STURGE. + + </p> + <p> + "<i>New York, 6th Month 30th, 1841.</i>" + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + The Baptist Convention alluded to in the foregoing + letter was one whose proceedings I regarded with considerable + interest, for it had been generally understood that + the ministers delegated from the South, as well as some of + those from the Northern States, intended to exclude abolitionists + from every office on the missionary board, and + <a name="p_51"></a> + especially to remove my friend, Elon Galusha, a distinguished + Baptist minister, from the station of vice-president, + for the offence of attending the London Anti-Slavery + Convention, and more particularly for supporting the + following resolutions of that assembly: + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "1. That it is the deliberate and deeply-rooted conviction + of this Convention, which it thus publicly and solemnly + expresses to the world, that slavery, in whatever form, or in + whatever country it exists, is contrary to the eternal and + immutable principles of justice, and the spirit and precepts + of Christianity; and is, therefore a sin against God, which + acquires additional enormity when committed by nations + professedly Christian, and in an age when the subject has + been so generally discussed, and its criminality so thoroughly + exposed. + + </p> + <p> + "2. That this Convention cannot but deeply deplore + the fact, that the continuance and prevalence of slavery + are to be attributed in a great degree to the countenance + afforded by many Christian churches, especially in the + Western world, which have not only withheld that public + and emphatic testimony against the crime which it + deserves, but have retained in their communion, without + censure, those by whom it is notoriously perpetrated. + + </p> + <p> + "3. That this Convention, while it disclaims the + intention or desire of dictating to Christian communities + the terms of their fellowship, respectfully submits that it is + their incumbent duty to separate from their communion + all those persons who, after they have been faithfully + warned in the spirit of the gospel, continue in the sin of + enslaving their fellow-creatures, or holding them in slavery—a + sin, by the commission of which, with whatever + <a name="p_52"></a> + mitigating circumstances it may be attended in their own + particular instance, they give the support of their example + to the whole system of compulsory servitude, and the + unutterable horrors of the slave trade. + + </p> + <p> + "4. That it be recommended to the Committee of + the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, in the name + of this Convention, to furnish copies of the above + resolutions to the ecclesiastical authorities of the various + Christian churches throughout the world." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + On entering the meeting, we found the question was + already before them, previous to balloting for the officers + for the ensuing three years. The pro-slavery party were + anxious to prevent all discussion, but some on the other + side proposed questions which compelled their notice. + Among the rest it was plainly asked, if the southern + delegates did not come pledged against the re-election of + Elon Galusha. This was denied, but certain resolutions + which had appeared in the public papers were appealed + to in proof of the fact. The inquiry becoming more + searching, an expedient was resorted to, which, though + quite novel to me, was, I am told, not unfrequently adopted + when discussions assume a shape not quite satisfactory to + the controlling powers of a synod. It was proposed that + they should pray, and then proceed at once to the ballot. + The ministers called upon were R. Fuller and Elon + Galusha, who were considered to represent the opposite + sides of the discussion. The former individual is a large + slave-holder, an influential leader in his denomination, and + had canvassed and condemned Elon Galusha's views and + conduct in the public newspapers. I must avow, this + whole proceeding was little calculated to remove my + <a name="p_53"></a> + objection to the practice of calling upon any individual to + offer supplication in a public assembly. After prayer had + been offered, they proceeded to the ballot, and we left + the meeting, deeply impressed with the profanation of + employing the most solemn act of devotion to serve the + exigencies of controversy. + + </p> + <p> + In the evening I met a number of the anti-slavery + members of the Convention, from whom I learned that + the vote had excluded Elon Galusha and all other known + abolitionists from official connection with the board, by an + hundred and twenty-four to an hundred and seventeen, + which being a much smaller majority than was expected, + they considered the result a triumph rather than a defeat. + + </p> + <p> + On the 1st of the 5th Month, (May) we returned to + Wilmington, in Delaware, where we remained at the + hospitable residence of our friend Samuel Hilles, till the + 3d instant, and met a number of "Friends," and others, + who treated us with great kindness and hospitality, + inspected one of the flour mills on the Brandywine river, + and the process of drying Indian corn before it is ground; + these are some of the oldest flour mills in the State. A. + large peach orchard of one of my friends in the neighborhood, + was beautifully in bloom. Great quantities of this + delicious fruit are raised in Delaware, New Jersey, and + Maryland. Here, as in other parts of the States, much + money, has been lost by a silk, or rather mulberry tree, + mania. Young mulberry trees rose to a dollar and a + quarter each, though they can be multiplied almost without + limit in a single year. As might have been expected, a + re-action took place, many parties were ruined, and + berry trees may now be had for the trouble of digging + them up. + + </p><a name="p_54"></a><p> + The number of slaves in this small State is now + reduced to four or five thousand, and from all the information + I could collect, I feel convinced that if those who are + friendly to emancipation were to exert themselves, they + would succeed, without much difficulty, in procuring the + abolition of slavery within its limits. + + </p> + <p> + My friend, John G. Whittier, being, from increase of + indisposition, unable to go forward, I left Wilmington + alone, and arrived in New York in time to be present at + a Baptist Anti-Slavery Convention, which I had been + invited to attend, and at which I was called upon to make + a few observations on the present state of the question. + Several important resolutions were unanimously adopted, + containing a cordial approval of the principles of proceeding + of the London Convention, a recommendation that + another Convention should be held at the same place in + 1842, and an assurance that exertions should be used to + promote a good delegation from the Baptist anti-slavery + body. + + </p> + <p> + On that respecting Christian fellowship with slave-holding + churches, Dr. Brisbane spoke in a touching + manner, and said he must support it, though his friends + and relations were in the South, and some of those dearest + to him still countenanced slavery, or were themselves + slave-holders. + + </p> + <p> + On the 6th I returned to Philadelphia, and that evening + attended, by invitation, a meeting of the Juvenile + Anti-Slavery Society, but took no part in the proceedings. + This Society is one of the most efficient in the State; it is + entirely confined to young men. I also received a formal + invitation to attend other meetings about to be held, which + I felt under the necessity of declining, from a belief that I + <a name="p_55"></a> + could not participate in the discussions of the meetings + with advantage to the cause which we all had at heart, + and from the fact that previous to receiving the invitation + I had made other arrangements which would occupy most + of my time. + + </p> + <p> + The present organized anti-slavery societies in Pennsylvania + insist upon the mixed action of men and women + in committees, et cet. Those who do not hold with their + views have either silently withdrawn, avoid participating + in measures which they disapprove, or do not attend + meetings when it is expected any such measures will be + brought forward. Among such measures may be reckoned + the censures which in a few instances have been passed + on the London Convention, and the British and Foreign + Anti-Slavery Society; censures sometimes more decided + in sentiment than temperate in expression. My own + inclination would have led me to attend several of these + meetings, when my other engagements would have permitted, + if I could have done so as an ordinary spectator + and hearer; but on considering that I might appear on the + one hand to give a tacit sanction to acts and sentiments + which I disapproved, or on the other hand, that I might + be drawn into controversy by explaining my objections, I + concluded to forego the gratification which the proceedings + might have afforded me, and I subsequently saw no reason + to repent the decision I came to. + + </p> + <p> + During this visit to Philadelphia, I made calls upon + various individuals who are deeply interested in the anti-slavery + cause, but who have not joined any anti-slavery + society. Among these I must instance Professor Charles + D. Cleveland, an excellent individual, of the Presbyterian + persuasion, a man of fine talents and an accomplished + <a name="p_56"></a> + scholar, who is the editor of a paper called the American + Intelligencer, in which he has reprinted a very large edition + of J.J. Gurney's "Letters from the West Indies," and + has extensively distributed it through the post office. This + effort of judicious zeal, will probably make hundreds of + emancipationists, and disarm hostility and rouse indifference + to a great extent. No impartial and benevolent mind can + read these authentic details of the results of emancipation + in the British Colonies, and remain unconvinced of its + safety and blessed fruits to every class of the community. + The Professor has published and circulated Dr. Channing's + "Emancipation," in the same shape. I also called upon + the late Governor of Illinois, Edward Coles, who was born + in a slave State, but in early life, while at college, from a + conviction of the sinfulness of slave-holding, he resolved + upon liberating the negroes which would come into his + possession on the death of his father. This he faithfully + performed, removed the people to Illinois, and presented + them; with lands for their subsistence. He himself soon + removed there and became Governor of the territory. It + was owing to his determined and vigorous efforts that + slavery was made unconstitutional in that State. He was + a friend of President Jefferson, and corresponded with him + on the subject of slavery. All his liberated slaves prospered, + all learned to read and write, two are now ministers + of the gospel, and one is the Governor's agent, and a man + of property. The number thus freed were between thirty + and forty, and their value amounted to half his property; + but a, blessing has followed the sacrifice, and he has now + retired to Philadelphia with a handsome competence. In + the course of conversation, the Governor spoke of the + prejudice, against color prevailing here as much stronger + <a name="p_57"></a> + than in the slave States, I may add, from my own + observation, and much concurring testimony, that Philadelphia + appears to be the metropolis of this odious + prejudice, and that there is probably no city in the known + world, where dislike, amounting to hatred of the colored + population, prevails more than in the city of brotherly + love! + + </p> + <p> + Among the proofs of this, and of the same feeling in + the State at large, it may be noticed that two or three + years since, a convention was called for amending the State + constitution, which among other changes, formally deprived + men of color of the elective franchise. Practically this + was of little importance, for it was taking away a right, the + exercise of which, if attempted, would have roused popular + indignation to the peril of their lives. A yet more obvious + sign to the stranger in Philadelphia, are the ruins of + "Pennsylvania Hall," which most of my readers are + probably aware was destroyed by a pro-slavery mob in the + spring of 1838. It stood near the centre of the city, and + was sixty-two feet front by one hundred deep, and fifty-two + feet to the eaves: the large saloon in the second story + with its galleries being capable of holding three thousand + persons. On the occasion of its opening, a large number + of the friends of emancipation assembled in the city, to + attend the anniversary of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery + Society, and some other meetings connected with the + cause. Letters of congratulation on the opening of the + hall were received by the managers from ex-president + Adams, William Slade and Francis James, members of + Congress, Thomas Morris of the U.S. Senate, Judge Jay, + Gerritt Smith, and other distinguished friends of equal + rights. The letter of the venerable ex-president is written + <a name="p_58"></a> + with his characteristic energy, and I quote an extract from + it in further proof of the sentiments already expressed on + the state of feeling in the land of Penn and Benezet, + Pemberton and Franklin, on the subject of slavery. + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "The right of discussion upon slavery, and an indefinite + extent of topics connected with it, is banished from + one-half the States of this Union. It is <em>suspended</em> in + both houses of Congress; opened and closed at the pleasure + of the slave representation; opened for the promulgation + of nullification sophistry; closed against the question, + What is slavery? at the sound of which the walls of the + capitol staggered like a drunken man. + + </p> + <p> + "For this suppression of the freedom of speech and + press, and the right of petition, the people of the <em>free</em> + States of this Union are responsible, and the <em>people of + Pennsylvania most of all</em>. Of this responsibility, I say it + with a pang, sharper than language can express, <em>the city + of Philadelphia must take herself the largest share</em>." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + The meetings of the first day passed without disturbance. + On the evening of the second day, a meeting of + the Female Anti-Slavery Society was held in the hall, the + proceedings of which were greatly disturbed by a mob of + from 1500 to 2000 persons, assembled without. The + windows on all sides were beaten in by stones and other + missiles, and one or two persons severely injured. The + next day the mob lingered about the building, no effort + being made by the pro-slavery authorities to disperse + them. In the evening the building was attacked, the + doors burst open, and fire communicated to the interior; + and in the midst of at least 20,000 persons, the noble and + costly hall was consumed, with the exception of its bare + walls. My friend John G. Whittier, who was present at + <a name="p_59"></a> + the time, states that the most dreadful threats were uttered + by the rioters against the prominent abolitionists. The + house of Samuel Webb was particularly marked for destruction; + and as the mob assembled nightly for several + days, it is scarcely possible to conceive a more trying situation + than that in which the abolitionists were placed. + The "Friends" asylum for colored orphans, a small but + useful institution, was attacked by a portion of the mob, + and the next day the association to which it belongs publicly + disclaimed any connection with the abolition societies. + One of the daily papers also contained the following, + headed "Communication." + + </p> + <p> + "An opinion having become prevalent that a considerable + number of the society of Orthodox Friends were + present at the late meetings in Pennsylvania Hall, taking + an active part in the proceedings, and that they still uphold + the principles in relation to slavery and the colored + race there promulgated, it is but justice to this respectable + body of people to correct public opinion in relation to the + subject, by observing that <em>very few</em> if any attended the + meetings; that among the society it is doubtful whether + twenty individuals are to be found in this city who embrace + their doctrines, and that they, as a body, are opposed + to the indiscreet course which has been taken by the ultra + abolitionists. Had their views been understood in relation + to the subject, their property in Thirteenth street would, + no doubt, have been spared the violence it has suffered, + being in no way connected with abolitionism, but merely + designed as a shelter for an unfortunate class of children + who have large claims upon the community; and who, + upon application made in their behalf for the purposes for + which this asylum was designed, even to the <em>mob</em>, I have + <a name="p_60"></a> + no hesitation in saying that, as <em>human beings</em>, they would + not oppose it." + + </p> + <p> + While other portions of the community were in like + manner propitiating the mob, the few but faithful abolitionists + of the city calmly but firmly maintained their principles, + even at the peril of life and estate. On the morning + after the burning of the Hall, the State Anti-Slavery + Society, pursuant to adjournment, met at the ruins of the + Hall, and, amidst the smoking walls, and with the mob + lingering about them, they proceeded to their business—Abraham + L. Pennock, the Vice President of the Society, + presiding. The editor of the Pennsylvania Freeman, + John G. Whittier, whose publication office and papers + had been destroyed by the mob, in his next paper published + the following editorial article, which I have copied + simply to show that while the abolitionists on this occasion + maintained their sentiments in a clear and unequivocal + manner, they did not indulge in the language of revenge + or anger. + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "We perhaps need offer no apology to our distant + readers, for the want of variety in our present number. + Ours must be this week a record of violence—a story of + persecution and outrage. We hardly dare trust ourselves + to speak upon this matter. It is our desire to do so, if at + all, in a tone of calmness,—to hold ourselves aloof, as far + as possible, from the present excitement,—to utter our + abiding testimony, now dearer than ever to our hearts, not + in the language of passion, but firmly and decidedly. + + </p> + <p> + "Our readers will gather from the statements made in + the different extracts in our paper, and especially from the + Address of the Executive Committee of the State Anti-Slavery + Society, the leading facts of the outrage. Of the + <a name="p_61"></a> + course pursued by the civil authorities, we leave the community + to judge. Our own reliance for protection has + been upon that Providence whose mercy is over all,—in + the justice of our cause, and in our conscious innocence + of heart and integrity of purpose. We rejoice, and in so + doing, the abolitionists of Pennsylvania unite with us, that + human life was not sacrificed in defence of our Hall, our + persons, and our property. We know, indeed, that had + the attack been made upon the United States Bank, or + any similar institution in this city, the civil authorities + would have met its fury, not as now, with a speech only, + but with loaded firelocks and fixed bayonets. We know, + it is true, that the mob were in a great measure left free + to work their mischievous will upon us. But if those in + authority have, <em>upon their own principles</em>, treated us with + neglect in the hour of our peril, upon them let the + responsibility rest. We have thus far survived the onset. + Under God, for to him alone are we indebted for protection, + we are still left to bear our testimony to the truth. Our + consciences are in this matter void of offence. In cheerful + serenity of spirit, and not in the tone of menace or + boasting, we declare our faith in the principles of + emancipation unfaltering—our zeal undiminished—our + determination to persevere unaltered. Our confidence in + the triumphant and glorious issue of the present struggle + remains firm. + + </p> + <div class="lg">'Truth smote to Earth revives again;<br>The eternal years of God are hers—<br>But error wounded, shrieks with pain,<br>And dies among her worshippers.'<br><br></div> + <p> + "From this time henceforward, Pennsylvania must + become the great battle-field of opinion on the subject of + <a name="p_62"></a> + slavery. The light of that evening's sacrifice has reached + already every portion of our State. Men are every + where inquiring why the sacrifice was made? Why a + mighty city was convulsed with violence? Why a noble + hall was burned by incendiaries in the view of gazing + thousands? Why the 'shelter for orphan children' was + set on fire, and why the houses of our citizens were + surrounded by a ruffian mob? They may be told now by + the perpetrators of these outrages, that all has been + occasioned by the conduct of the abolitionists. But the + delusion cannot last. Truth will make its way to the + abused ear of the community; and it will be known that + the scenes which have disgraced our city, are directly + attributable to the influence of southern slavery. The + spirit of free inquiry, now fairly awakened, will never again + slumber in this state. Like the Greek fire, it will blaze + with fiercer intensity for every attempt to extinguish it." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + The proceedings of the authorities and the public at + large, consequent upon this act of incendiarism and + outrageous violence, were truly characteristic. It is + supposed that the destruction of the Hall was planned + beforehand, and there is some evidence to show that + strangers from the South were implicated in the conspiracy; + but, as usual, the old drama of the wolf accusing the + lamb was enacted over again, and a pretext was laid hold + of, that, in the peculiar state of feeling existing in the + community, was almost deemed a justification of all that + had happened; though, in truth, it was in the last degree + ridiculous. It was asserted that colored men had been + seen walking arm in arm with white ladies, and that white + men had handed colored females out of their carriages at + the door of the Hall, as politely as if they had not + <a name="p_63"></a> + belonged to the proscribed class. In several instances, if + not in all, these reports were untrue in point of fact, and + originated in the existing paradox, that colored men and + women are sometimes white, and that white gentlemen + and ladies are not unfrequently of dark complexion. As + an illustration, I quote the following scene from a letter + addressed to me by Robert Purvis, an intelligent and + educated man of color, and the son-in-law of James + Forten, a wealthy and venerable colored citizen of Philadelphia, + recently deceased. + + </p> + <p> + "In regard to my examination before the jury in the + Pennsylvania Hall case, I have to say, that it was both a + painful and ludicrous affair. At one time the fulness of + an almost bursting heart was ready to pour forth in bitter + denunciation—then the miserable absurdity of the thing, + rushing into my mind, would excite my risible propensities. + You know the county endeavored to defend itself against + the award of damages, by proving that the abolitionists + were the cause of the destruction of the building, in + promoting promiscuous intermingling, in doors and out, of + blacks and whites, thereby exciting public feeling, &c. + A witness, whose name I now forget, in proof of this point, + stated, that upon a certain day, hour, &c., a + '<i>negress</i>' approached the Hall, in a carriage, + when a white man + assisted her in getting out, offered his arm, which was + instantly accepted, and he escorted her to the saloon of + the building! In this statement he was collected, careful, + and solemn—minutely describing the dress, appearance + of the parties, as well as the carriage, the exact + time, &c.—the clerks appointed for the purpose taking + down every word, and the venerable jurors looking credulous and + horror-stricken. Upon being called to <em>rebut</em> the + testimony + <a name="p_64"></a> + I, in truth and simplicity, confirmed his testimony in every + particular!! The attorney, on our behalf, David Paul + Brown, Esq., a gentleman, scholar, and philanthropist, in + a tone of irony peculiarly severe, demanded, 'whether I + had the unblushing impudence, in broad day-light, to offer + my arm to my wife?' I replied, in deep affectation of the + criminality involved, that the only palliation I could offer, + for conduct so outrageous was, that it was unwittingly + done, it seemed so natural. This, as you might well + suppose, produced some merriment at the expense of the + witness for the county, and of all others, whose gullibility + and prejudice had given credit to what would have been + considered, had I been what is called a white man, an + awful story." + + </p> + <p> + The proceedings in the case are, I believe, still pending. + My friend, Samuel Webb, in a letter dated "11th + Month 16th, 1841," says: + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "Last 7th day, after several years incessant struggle, + we brought the case of the Pennsylvania Hall before the + Court of Criminal Sessions. George M. Dallas, Counsel + for the County, in opposing the award of the appraisers, + (thirty-three thousand dollars, not one-third of what it + ought to have been,) spoke for about one hour—the + purport of his speech was—that here was no mob at + all, (!) that the jury appointed to ascertain the facts had + reported to the Court, that the mob, if mob it might be + called, was composed of orderly, respectable citizens; + and of, course, orderly, respectable citizens could not be + a mob. After this I should not be surprised to hear + it doubted whether there ever was such a building, or if + there was, whether it was ever destroyed; but unluckily + the ruined walls are still standing, and if I had my way, + <a name="p_65"></a><em>there they should stand</em>, until slavery shall be abolished, + which it will be, soon after your East India possessions can + grow cotton for six cents per lb. by free labor." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + To resume the narrative: I paid a visit to the widow + of Joseph Lancaster, who, with her three children by a + former husband, are living in great obscurity in the suburbs + of this city. + + </p> + <p> + I returned to New York on the 10th, for the purpose + of being in the city at the time when the religious and + benevolent anniversaries are held, and of meeting parties + who attend them. Here I had the pleasure of meeting + with several warm-hearted abolitionists from distant parts + of the country. The first meeting I attended was the + anniversary of the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery + Society, which, though held at a distance from the centre + of the city, in consequence of the pre-engagement of the + New York Tabernacle, was well attended, and I believe + gave general satisfaction. I was present also at two other + of its meetings. I attended several adjourned sittings of a + convention called for the purpose of organizing a political + "Liberty party," on the grand principle of the abolition of + slavery. The chief business in hand was to nominate a + President and Vice President of the United States, for + the next election, and the choice fell upon my friend + James G. Birney, for President, and Thomas Morris, late + United States Senator from Ohio, for Vice President. A + plan was arranged for putting in nomination abolition + candidates for every office in the free States, down to that + of constable. + + </p> + <p> + I listened to the discussions that took place with + considerable interest, as there are some valuable friends to + the cause, men, whose opinions justly carry great weight, + <a name="p_66"></a> + who do not think this the best means of bringing political + influence to bear upon the question, but who would prefer + voting for such anti-slavery candidates, as might be nominated + by either of the two great parties already existing, + or in the absence of any such candidate would decline + voting at all. My own bias was in favor of this course, + since it was the one pursued in Great Britain, and which + had been so eminently successful in the general election of + 1833. I became convinced, however, that the "third + party" has strong reasons in its favor, and that in various + important respects the abolitionists of the United States + are differently circumstanced in regard to elections from + those of my own country; and it must not be forgotten + that many of the men who pledged themselves on the + hustings in England were not faithful at the time of trial. + At the last sitting of the Convention, I stated the advantage + we had found in England, when we wished to carry + any specific measure, of a personal interview with the + members of the legislature, who might state facts to them + and answer their objections. It was immediately suggested + to send a deputation to Albany, where the senate and + assembly of the State of New York were then in session, + to promote the repeal of two iniquitous laws affecting + people of color, and which were to be brought before the + consideration of the Houses. One of them is known as + the "nine months law." By its provisions a slave-holder + could bring his negro "with his own consent" into this + <em>free</em> State, and keep him there in slavery for nine months! + At the expiration of the time it was of course very easy + by a short journey to a neighboring State, to obtain a new + license, and thus perpetuate slave-holding in the State of + New York. The other law was an act restricting the + <a name="p_67"></a> + elective franchise of men of color, to those possessing a + fixed amount of property, no such restriction existing in + the case of white men. This suggestion was adopted by + the Convention, and a deputation appointed, with what + success will be seen hereafter. + + </p> + <p> + In order to give a general idea of the course pursued + by the "Liberty party," I subjoin a statement of the plan + of operation issued by a Philadelphia committee. + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "PLAN OF OPERATION. + + </p> + <p> + "A national committee to meet at Utica, to have a + general care and oversight of the cause throughout the + nation, and to act as a central corresponding committee.—State + committees, to perform similar duties, in their States.—County + committees, the same in their respective counties.—City + and district committees, the same in their + respective cities and districts.—Township and ward + committees, to have the particular charge of their respective + townships or wards. + + </p> + <p> + "This duty may be performed by their appointing a + sub-committee, to consist of one member for each block, + square, section, sub-division, or neighborhood, whose duty + it will be to endeavor to abolitionize his sub-division; or, + at least, ascertain, as far as practicable, how many of the + legal voters will vote the Liberty ticket, and transmit the + number to his city or county committee, which is to + forward the number of voters in their city or county to + their Stale committee, and the State committee is to + forward the number of voters in their State to the national + committee; and also to distribute, or cause to be distributed, + in his sub-division, such tracts, circulars, notices, + tickets, &c., as shall be furnished by his superior committee + for that purpose. + + </p> + <p><a name="p_68"></a> + "Each committee is to communicate with its next + superior committee once a year, or oftener, if required, + and to meet at such time and place not less than once a + month, as shall be agreed upon between it and its superior + committee." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + I afterwards was present at one of a series of meetings, + held for the purpose of introducing to the public the + Amistad captives, Africans of the Mendi country, who had + recently regained their freedom. The case of these + people is so singularly interesting, that, though some of my + readers may be already well acquainted with it, I venture + to introduce a brief statement of their history in the + Appendix.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_11"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_11"></a></p> + <p><a name="NoteFN1_11"></a><a href="#FootFN1_11">A</a>: See Appendix E. + </p> + <p> + On this occasion a very crowded and miscellaneous + assembly attended, to see and hear the Mendians, although + the admission had been fixed as high as half a dollar, with + the view of raising a fund, to carry them to their native + country. Fifteen of them were present, including one + little boy and three girls. Cinque their chief, spoke with + great fluency in his native language; and his action and + manner were very animated and graceful. Not much of + his speech was translated, yet he greatly interested his + audience. The little boy could speak our language with + facility; and each of them read without hesitation one or + two verses in the New Testament. It was impossible for + any one to go away with the impression, that in native + intellect these people were inferior to the whites. The + information which I privately received, from their tutor + and others who had full opportunities of appreciating their + capacities and attainments, fully confirmed my own very + favorable impressions. + + </p><a name="p_69"></a><p> + One evening during my stay, I took tea with + twelve or fifteen colored gentlemen, at the house of a + colored family. The refined manners and great intelligence + of many of them would have done credit to any + society. The whites have a monopoly of prejudice, but + not a monopoly of intellect; nor of education and accomplishments; + nor even of those more trivial, yet fascinating + graces, which throw the charm of elegance and refinement + over social life. + + </p> + <p> + I found from the conversation I had with my colored + friends, on different occasions, that the prejudice against + them was steadily, and not very slowly, giving way; yet + several instances were mentioned, of recent occurrence, + which show that it is still strong: I will quote one only. + A colored gentleman informed me that last winter a near + female relative being about to take a journey by railway + to Philadelphia, she was compelled, though in delicate + health, to travel in the comfortless, exposed car, expressly + provided for negroes, though he offered to pay double + fare for a place in the regular carriage. A lady, not of + the proscribed class, who has long resided in New York, + mentioned to me as a marked indication of a favorable + change in regard to color, the holding of such meetings as + those at which the Amistad captives were introduced. + Such an exhibition, instead of causing a display of benevolent + interest among all classes, would, some years ago, + have excited the malignant passions of the multitude, and + probably caused a popular out-break. Another sign of + the times was, that white and colored children might be + seen walking in procession without distinction, on the + anniversaries of the charity schools. The same lady, in + whose veracity I place full confidence, informed me that + <a name="p_70"></a> + there is now residing in this city, a native of Cuba, + formerly a slave-holder at the Havana, who had narrowly + escaped assassination from a negro. He had threatened + the slave with punishment the following day, but the + desperate man concealed himself in his master's room, and + in the night, stabbed and killed his mistress by mistake, + instead of his master. Three negroes were executed as + principal and accessories; but their intended victim was so + terrified that he left Havana for New York. His fears, + not his conscience, were alarmed, for he still carries on his + diabolical traffic between Africa and Cuba, and is reported + to have gained by it, last year, one hundred thousand + dollars. He lives in great splendor, and has the character + of a liberal and generous man, but with the most implacable + hatred to the blacks. "One murder makes a + villain, thousands a hero." How wide the distinction + between this man and the wretches who paid the forfeit of + their lives for a solitary murder!<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_12"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_12"></a></p> + <p><a name="NoteFN1_12"></a><a href="#FootFN1_12">A</a>: Sir F. Buxton + has shown that two lives at least are sacrificed + for every slave carried off from Africa. + </p> + <p> + On the evening of the 17th, in company with several + of my abolition friends, I started for Albany, where the + State legislature was then in session. The distance from + New York is about a hundred and fifty-five miles, and is + frequently performed by the steamers, on the noble river + Hudson, in nine hours and a half up the stream, and in + eight hours down. On these steamers there is accommodation + for several hundred passengers to lodge, and the + fare is only one dollar, with an extra charge for beds and + meals. For an additional dollar, two persons may secure + a state room to themselves. + + </p> + <p><a name="p_71"></a> + As night drew on, and the deck began to be cleared, + I observed a well-dressed black man and woman sitting + apart, and supposing they could obtain no berths on + account of their color, I went and spoke to them. I told + them I and several others on board were abolitionists. + The man then informed us they were escaping from + slavery, and had left their homes little more than two days + before. They appeared very intelligent, though they + could neither read nor write, and described to us how + they had effected their escape. They had obtained leave + to go to a wedding, from which they were not expected + to return till the evening of the day following. Having + procured forged certificates of freedom, for which they + paid twenty-five dollars, each, they came forward with + expedition by railway and steam boat. They had heard + of emancipation in the British West Indies, and the efforts + of the abolitionists in the States, but they were unacquainted + with the existence of vigilance committees, to facilitate the + escape of runaway slaves. We assisted them to proceed + to the house of a relative of one of our party, out of the + track of the pursuer, should they be followed. There is + little doubt that they have safely reached Canada, for I + was told at Albany, public opinion had become so strong + in favor of self-emancipation, that if a runaway were + seized in the city, it is probable he would be rescued by + the people. + + </p> + <p> + I would also point attention to the fact, which is + brought to light by this relation, that the slave-holders + have not only to contend with the honest and open-handed + means which the abolitionists most righteously + employ,<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_13"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_13"></a> + to facilitate the escape of slaves, but with the mercenary + <a name="p_72"></a> + acts of members of their own community, who live by the + manufacture and sale of forged free papers. + + </p> + <p><a name="NoteFN1_13"></a><a href="#FootFN1_13">A</a>: See Deut. xxiii, 15, 16. + </p> + <p> + During my stay in Albany, I waited upon William H. + Seward, the Governor, and on Luther Bradish, the + Lieutenant Governor of the State of New York. It will, + I trust, be considered no breach of confidence, if I state + that I found their sentiments on the true principles of + liberty, worthy of the enlightened legislators and first + magistrates of a free republic. They concur in the + general sentiment that public opinion in this metropolitan + State is making rapid progress in favor of full and + impartial justice to the people of color, a movement to + which their own example in the high stations which they + adorn has given a powerful impulse. + + </p> + <p> + I attended part of the sittings of the Senate and + Assembly, and conversed with a number of members of + both houses. The public business was transacted with at + least as much order and decorum as in the Lords and + Commons of Great Britain. I left Albany the same + evening, and had the satisfaction of hearing, a few days + afterwards, that the repeal of "the nine months law" + had passed both houses, and was ratified by the Governor; + and that in the Assembly upwards of fifty members had + voted for it, although it was thought not ten would have + done so two years since. By this change of the law any + slave brought by his master within the limits of the State, + even with his own consent, is not obliged to return to + slavery. + + </p> + <p> + I proceeded by way of New York to Hartford in + Connecticut, in order to be present at an anti-slavery + meeting of the State Society, to which I had been invited. + On my arrival, on the afternoon of the 19th, I found the + <a name="p_73"></a> + meeting assembled, and in the chair my friend J.T. + Norton, a member of the Connecticut legislature, a munificent + and uncompromising friend to the anti-slavery cause, + and one of the delegates to the London Convention. A + black minister of religion addressed the meeting in an able + and interesting manner. Soon after the close of his + speech, a circumstance, quite unexpected to me, introduced + a discussion on the right of women to vote and publicly + act, conjointly with men. The chairman decided that + the motion in favor of it was negatived, but the minority + required the names on both sides to be taken down; this + consumed much time, and disturbed the harmony of the + meeting. I attended in the evening a committee of the + legislature, which was sitting at the court house, to hear + the speeches of persons who were allowed to address the + committee in support of a petition that the word "white" + should be expunged from the constitution of Connecticut. + This change would of course give equal rights to the + colored class. When I entered, the same colored minister + I had heard in the afternoon, was addressing the committee. + He was listened to with great attention, not only + by the members, but by near two hundred of the + inhabitants, who were present. He was followed on the + same side, by a white gentleman in a very strong and + uncompromising speech. The next day I paid my + respects to William W. Ellsworth, the Governor of the + State, and to one of the judges of the court; and afterwards + attended the adjourned meeting of the Anti-Slavery + Society. The vexed question of "women's rights" was + again brought forward in another shape; the names on + both sides again called for, with the same result as before. + My belief was fully confirmed, that those who differ so + <a name="p_74"></a> + widely in sentiment, have no alternative but to meet and + act in distinct organizations. + + </p> + <p> + The Amistad captives arrived at Hartford on the + afternoon of the same day, and were to address a meeting + in the evening. An anti-slavery bazaar or fair which I + visited this day, furnished ample testimony of the zeal of + the female friends of the oppressed slave in this district. + I returned the same evening to New Haven, and subsequently + received a copy of two resolutions, approving the + proceedings of the general Anti-Slavery Convention, in + which it is stated by the Connecticut anti-slavery committee, + "they have abundant evidence that the cause of + the slave has been essentially promoted thereby;" also + recommending "that a convention of men from all parts + of the world, friendly to the cause of immediate emancipation, + be again called in London, in the summer of + 1842." + + </p> + <p> + On the 21st, I proceeded to the residence of Judge + Jay, where I was very kindly received by his wife and + family, the Judge himself being from home. On his + return the next day, I had much interesting conversation + with him on the prospects of our cause. He is convinced + that it is making steady progress, notwithstanding the + schism in the anti-slavery ranks. He said also, that of the + runaway slaves who called at his house, some have told + him that their condition had improved of late years; + others saw no change in their treatment; not one has + complained that they suffered more than formerly, in + consequence of the discussions at the North about abolition. + With regard to the free blacks, he fears that the + persecution of them by the slave-holders has increased; + though at the North the prejudice against them has + <a name="p_75"></a> + unquestionably, in his opinion, been much mitigated by + the efforts of the abolitionists. It is an interesting fact, + and one that ought to encourage the humble and retired + laborer in the cause of truth and righteousness, that this + able and distinguished advocate of the claims of the + oppressed slaves and people of color, was converted to his + present views by Elizabeth Heyrick's pamphlet, "Immediate, + not Gradual, Abolition of West India Slavery." + Let me for a moment pause to render a tribute of justice + to the memory of that devoted woman. Few will deny + that the long and heart-sickening interval that occurred + between the abolition of the slave-trade of Great Britain, + and the emancipation of her slaves, was owing to the + false, but universal notion, that the slaves must be gradually + prepared for freedom: a notion that we now confess + is as contrary to reason and Christian principle as it is + opposed to the past experience of our colonies. Yet a + generation passed away while the abolitionists of Great + Britain were trying to make ropes of sand—to give + practical effect to an impracticable theory; pursuing a delusion, + which this honored woman was the first to detect; + and that less by force and subtlety of argument, than by + the statement of self-evident truths, and by the enforcement + of the simple and grand principle that Christianity + admits of no compromise with sin. This was an easy + lesson, yet it was one which our senators and statesmen, + our distinguished philanthropists, and our whole anti-slavery + host were slow to learn. The pamphlet produced + little immediate effect, but to cause its writer to be + regarded as an amiable enthusiast and visionary. It now + remains a monument of the indestructible nature, and the + <a name="p_76"></a> + irresistible power of truth, even when wielded by feeble + and despised hands. + + </p> + <p> + Judge Jay read to me part of a very interesting and + important manuscript, which he had prepared on the + preservation of international peace. He suggests that + any two nations, entering into an alliance, should embody + in their treaty a clause mutually binding them to refer any + dispute or difficulty that may arise, to the arbitration of + one or more friendly powers. As he has concluded to + publish his pamphlet, I trust it will shortly be in the + hands of the friends of peace in this country, as well as + in America. This idea is beautifully simple, and of easy + application. Through the kindness of the author, I have + been furnished with a long and important extract from his + manuscript, which I am permitted to lay before the British + public by anticipation, in the Appendix to the present + work.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_14"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_14"></a> On returning + from his hospitable mansion, he + obligingly sent his carriage with me to Sing Sing, but the + steamboat had started earlier than we expected, and I + hired a carriage and a pair of horses, with the driver, who + was also the proprietor, to convey me the remainder of + the way to New York. The distance for which I + engaged it, was thirty-six miles, for the moderate sum of + five dollars. On the road, the man pointed out the place + where Major Andre was taken, whose tragical end excites + sympathy even to this day, in the breast of the Americans. + On entering the city, we passed a man in livery, and my + driver remarked, "There, that is English; I would not + wear <em>that</em> for a hundred dollars a day." Long may the + American, who lives by his daily labor, preserve this + feeling of honorable independence. + + </p> + <p><a name="NoteFN1_14"></a><a href="#FootFN1_14">A</a>: See Appendix F. + </p> + <p><a name="p_77"></a> + During my stay at New York this time, I was the + guest of my friend William Shotwell, Jr., at whose hospitable + dwelling, I afterwards took up my abode, whenever + I lodged in the city. From the 24th to the 28th, I was + chiefly occupied in attending the sittings of the Friends' + Yearly Meeting of this State; and, during the intervals, + in seeing many Friends in private company. I was much + encouraged to find among them, a considerable number + thoroughly imbued with anti-slavery sentiments; especially, + from the western parts of the State. The subject of + slavery was introduced, in the Yearly Meeting, by reading + the Epistle from the Society in England, which is + elsewhere quoted.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_15"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_15"></a> This was + followed on the part of + many, by expressions of deep feeling; and the question + was referred to a committee, for practical consideration. + In consequence of the report of this committee, at a + subsequent sitting, five hundred copies of the English + address were directed to be printed, and circulated among + Friends, within the compass of the Yearly Meeting; and + the whole subject was referred to its "meeting for sufferings," + with an earnest recommendation, that they should + embrace every right opening for furthering the great + object. The clerk of the Yearly Meeting expressed his + firm conviction, that the work was on the wheel, and that + nothing would be permitted to stop its progress, until, + either in mercy or in judgment, the bonds of every slave + should be broken. He spoke in a very powerful manner. + In most of the epistles sent out from this Yearly Meeting, + as well as from that of Philadelphia, the subject of slavery + was introduced, and commended to the earnest consideration + of the body, here and elsewhere. Previous to the + <a name="p_78"></a> + assembling of the Yearly Meeting, I had placed in the + hands of one of its members, the following letter: + + </p> + <p><a name="NoteFN1_15"></a><a href="#FootFN1_15">A</a>: See Appendix A. + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + My Dear Friend,—Wilt thou have the kindness to + ask the Friends with whom it rests to grant such a request, + to permit the use of the meeting house at a convenient + time, either during the Yearly Meeting, or before those + who attend from the country leave the city, for the + purpose of affording my friend John Candler an opportunity + of giving Friends some outline of emancipation in + Jamaica. I should like at the same time to give a little + information on the state of the anti-slavery question in + other parts of the world. John Candler, it is I believe + generally known, visited Jamaica with the full sanction of + the "meeting for sufferings," in London. My visit to this + country had no particular reference to the members of our + Society, but my friends in England kindly furnished me + with the enclosed documents. + + </p> + <p> + Affectionately, + + </p> + <p> + JOSEPH STURGE. + + </p> + <p><i>New York, 5th Month 17th</i>, 1841. + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + This request was kindly complied with. The large + meeting house was granted for the evening of the 27th. + The clerks of the men's and women's meetings gave + public notice of it in their respective assemblies. The + former, the venerable and worthy Richard Mott, encouraged + Friends to be present, and said, as a thinking and + reasoning people, they need fear no harm from a calm + consideration of the subject. The attendance was large, + including, I believe, most of those Friends who were from + the country. The following brief notice of it in the + <a name="p_79"></a> + American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Reporter, will explain + the character of the meeting. + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "On Thursday evening of last week, the members of + the Society of Friends (Orthodox,) assembled in this city + at their Annual Meeting, met at their meeting house in + Orchard street, to listen to the statements of John Candler, + of England, lately returned from a visit to the West India + Islands, as to the results of emancipation in those Islands, + and also of our esteemed friend, Joseph Sturge, in reference + to the general subject of emancipation throughout the + world. + + </p> + <p> + "The meeting was largely attended. The successful + and happy results of the immediate emancipation of the + slaves of the colonies, as detailed by John Candler, were + calculated to strengthen the conviction that to do justice is + always expedient. Joseph Sturge gave a history of the + progress of the anti-slavery cause in Great Britain from + the time of the old abolition society, of which Thomas + Clarkson was a member, and of which he is sole survivor. + He also glanced at the state of the cause in other quarters + of the globe—at the efforts for East India emancipation, + and at late movements in France, Brazil and + Spain, in favor of emancipation; concluding with a most + affecting appeal to the members of his religious society to + omit no right opportunity for pleading for the slave, and + for hastening the day of his deliverance. + + </p> + <p> + "We take pleasure in recording such evidences that + the good old testimony of the Society of Friends, on this + subject, is still maintained among them. The Friends of + the past generation set a noble example to other Christian + sects, by emancipating their slaves, from a sense of religious + <a name="p_80"></a> + duty; and it seems to us, that those of the present + day have great responsibilities resting upon them; and + that it especially becomes them to see to it that their light + is not hidden in this hour of darkness and prejudice, on + the subject of human rights. The slaveholder and his + victim both look to them;—the one with deprecating + gesture, and words of flattery—the other in beseeching + and half reproachful earnestness. We cannot doubt that + the agonizing appeal of the latter is listened to by all who + truly feel the weight of their religious testimonies resting + upon them; and we trust there will be found among them, + an increasing zeal to secure to these unhappy victims of + avarice and the lust of power, that liberty which George + Fox, two centuries in advance of his contemporaries, + declared to be 'the right of all men.'" + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + When the assembly broke up, the clerk of the Yearly + Meeting, who sat by us, expressed to me his entire + satisfaction with the proceedings, as did others present. + One influential member of the Society, however, who met + me the next day in the street, stated very decidedly his + disapprobation of the tenor of certain parts of my address; + but I found that he condemned me on hearsay evidence, + not having attended the meeting himself. On the 29th, + I was favored with a call from Lieutenant Governor + Cunningham, of St. Kitts, on his way to England, who + gave a very favorable account of the continued good + conduct of the emancipated slaves in that Island. It is + surely an eminent token of the divine blessing on a + national act of justice and mercy, that evidence of this + kind should have been so abundantly and uniformly + supplied from every colony where slavery has been + <a name="p_81"></a> + abolished. A fine black man was brought to me about + this time, who showed me papers by which it appeared he + had lately given one thousand five hundred dollars for his + freedom. He had since been driven from the State in + which he lived, by the operation of a law, enacted to + prevent the continued residence of free people of color, + and has thus been banished from a wife and family, who + are still slaves. He has agreed with their owner, that if + he can pay two thousand five hundred dollars, in six years, + his wife and six children shall be free, and he was then + trying to get employment in New York, in the hope of + being able to raise this large sum within the specified + time. + + </p> + <p> + On the 29th, I proceeded to Burlington; while I was + there five or six Friends drew up and presented me with + a resolution, expressive of their readiness and desire to join + with other members of their religious society in active + efforts for the abolition of slavery. + + </p> + <p> + On the 30th, I paid a second visit to my venerable + friend John Cox. The next morning his grandson kindly + accompanied me to Mount Holly, to see the humble + dwelling of the late John Woolman. I afterwards + received from John Cox a letter, from which I quote the + following extract relating to this remarkable man, whose + character confers interest even on the most trivial incidents + of his life which can now be remembered: + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "Since our separation on the morning of the 31st + ultimo, when my grandson accompanied thee to Mount + Holly, I have been there, it having been previously + reported that the ancient, humble dome, which passed + under thy inspection as the residence of John Woolman, + <a name="p_82"></a> + he never inhabited, though that he built the house (as + Solomon built the temple,) is admitted. With a view to + remove this erroneous impression, I sought and obtained + an interview with the only man now living in the town, + who was contemporary with John Woolman, (now eighty + years of age,) and in habits of occasional intercourse with + him. He informed me that John Woolman's daughter + (an only child,) and her husband resided in the house when + her father embarked for London, which was in the year + 1772, as recorded in his journal. The fact of residence + is corroborated by the circumstance of the search for and + destruction of caterpillars in the apple orchard, which + I think, was related to thee. + + </p> + <p> + "The sage historian of by-gone days, whom I met at + Mount Holly, spake of his being at John Woolman's little + farm, in the season of harvest, when it was customary, + and so remains to the present time, for farmers to slay a + young calf or a lamb; the common mode is by bleeding + in the jugular vein; but with a view to mitigate the + sufferings of the animal in that mode, he had prepared, + and kept by him for that express purpose, a large block + of wood with a smooth surface, and after confining the + limbs of the animal, it was laid gently thereon, and the + head severed from the body at one stroke." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + While in this neighborhood, I made a call on Nathan + Dunn, the proprietor of the "Chinese collection." He + resided many years at Canton, and since his return has + built himself a mansion in the Chinese style. His museum + of Chinese curiosities is by far the most extensive and valuable + which has ever been seen out of that country, and forms + one of the most attractive and instructive exhibitions in + <a name="p_83"></a> + Philadelphia; one whose character and arrangement are + quite <em>unique</em>, and which has some pretensions to the title + of "China in miniature." It occupies the whole of the + lower saloon of that splendid building recently erected at + the corner of Ninth and George streets, by the Philadelphia + Museum Company. The visitor's notice is first + attracted by a series of groups of figures, representing + Chinese of nearly every grade in society, engaged in the + actual business of life. The figures, in their appropriate + costume, are modeled in a peculiarly fine clay, by + Chinese artists, with exquisite skill and effect. All are + accurate likenesses of originals, most of whom are now + living. The following enumeration of one of the cases, + expanded in the subsequent description, which I quote + from the catalogue, will give an idea of the manner in + which Chinese life and manners are illustrated: + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "CASE VIII.—<i>No</i>. + 21. <em>Chinese Gentleman</em>.—22. + <em>Beggar asking alms</em>.—23. + <em>Servant preparing breakfast</em>.—24. + <em>Purchaser</em>.—25. <em>Purchaser examining a piece of + black silk. The proprietor behind the counter + making calculations on his counting board</em>.—<em>Clerk + entering goods</em>.—<em>Circular table, with breakfast + furniture</em>. + + </p> + <p> + "This has been arranged so as to afford an exact + idea of a Chinese retail establishment. Two purchasers + have been placed by the counter: one of whom is scrutinizing + a piece of black silk that lies before him. The + owner, behind the counter, is carelessly bending forward, + and intent on casting an account on the 'calculating dish,' + while his clerk is busy making entries in the book, in + doing which he shows us the Chinese mode of holding + a pen, or rather brush, which is perpendicularly between + <a name="p_84"></a> + the thumb and all the fingers. A servant is preparing + breakfast. A circular eight-legged table, very similar to + those used by our great grandfathers, is spread in the + centre of the shop. Among its furniture, the ivory chopsticks + are the most novel. On the visitor's right hand + sits a gentleman, with a pipe, apparently a chance comer, + 'just dropped in' about meal time; on the left, a blind + beggar stands, beating two bamboo sticks against each + other, an operation with which he continues to annoy all + whom he visits, till he is relieved by some trifling gratuity, + usually a single <i>cash</i>. A gilt image of Fo is + inserted in the front part of the counter, and a small covered tub, + filled with tea, with a few cups near by, standing on the + counter, from which customers are always invited to help + themselves. + + </p> + <p> + "The merchants and shop-keepers of Canton are + prompt, active, obliging, and able. They can do an + immense business in a short time, and without noise, bustle, + or disorder. Their goods are arranged in the most + perfect manner, and nothing is ever out of its place. + These traits assimilate them to the more enterprising of + the Western nations, and place them in prominent contrast + with the rest of the Asiatics. It is confidently + asserted by those who have had the best opportunities of + judging, that as business men, they are in advance of + Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese merchants. + + </p> + <p> + "There is a variety of amusing inscriptions on the + scrolls hung up in the interior of some of the shops, + which serve at the same time to mark the thrifty habits + of the traders. A few specimens are subjoined:—'Gossipping + and long sitting injure business.' 'Former + customers have inspired caution—no credit given.' 'A + <a name="p_85"></a> + small stream always flowing.' 'Genuine goods; prices + true.' 'Trade circling like a wheel,' et cet." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + In addition to the above models, the collection + includes an almost innumerable variety of specimens of + the fine arts and manufactures, comprising almost every + article of use and luxury—furniture, modern and antique + porcelain, models houses, pagodas, boats, junks, and + bridges; pieces of silk, linen, cotton, grass-cloth, and other + fabrics manufactured in China for home consumption; + books and drawings, costume, idols, and appendages of + worship; weapons, musical instruments, signs, mottoes, + and entablatures, and numerous paintings, which last, it is + justly observed, "will satisfy every candid mind that + great injustice has been done to the Chinese artists, in the + notion hitherto entertained respecting their want of skill. + They paint insects, birds, fishes, fruits, flowers, with great + correctness and beauty; and the brilliancy and variety of + their colors cannot be surpassed. They group with + considerable taste and effect, and their perspective—a + department of the art in which they have been thought + totally deficient—is often very good." + + </p> + <p> + Many of the paintings represent actual scenes and + occurrences; and thus, like the models before mentioned, + bring living China before the mind's eye. The following + is a good example. + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "910. <em>View of the interior of the Consoo House, + with the court in session, for the final decision of the + charge of piracy committed by the crew of a Chinese + junk on a French captain and sailors, at a short distance + from Macao</em>. + + </p> + <p> + "The French ship, Navigatre, put in to Cochin + China in distress. Having disposed of her to the government, + <a name="p_86"></a> + the captain, with his crew, took passage for Macao + in a Chinese junk belonging to the province of Fokien. + Part of their valuables consisted of about 100,000 dollars + in specie. Four Chinese passengers bound for Macao, + and one for Fokien, were also on board. This last + apprised the Frenchmen in the best manner he could, that + the crew of the junk had entered into a conspiracy to take + their lives and seize their treasure. He urged that an + armed watch should be kept. On reaching the Ladrone + Islands, the poor Macao passengers left the junk. Here + the Frenchmen believed themselves out of danger, and + exhausted by sickness and long watching, yielded to a + fatal repose. They were all massacred but one, a youth + of about nineteen years of age, who escaped by leaping + into the sea, after receiving several wounds. A fishing + boat picked him up and landed him at Macao, where + information was given to the officers of government, and + the crew of the junk, with their ill-gotten gains, were + seized, on their arrival at the port of destination in Fokien. + + </p> + <p> + "Having been found guilty by the court, in their own + district, they were sent down to Canton, by order of the + Emperor, to the Unchat-see, (criminal judge) to be + confronted with the young French sailor. This trial is + represented in the painting. The prisoners were taken + out of their cages, as is seen in the foreground. The + Frenchman recognized seventeen out of the twenty-four; + but when the passenger, who had been his friend, was + brought in, the two eagerly embraced each other, which + scene is also portrayed in the painting. An explanation + of this extraordinary act was made to the judge, and the + man forthwith set at liberty. A purse was made up for + him by the Chinese and foreigners, and he was soon on + <a name="p_87"></a> + his way homeward. The seventeen <em>were</em> decapitated, in a + few days, in the presence of the foreigners; the captain, + was to be put to a 'lingering death,' the punishment of + traitors, and the stolen treasures were restored." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + I do not quote the above for the sake of the anecdote, + though the relation is authentic, but as, affording a striking + illustration of the advanced civilization of the Chinese. + It shows that the supremacy of the law is universal, and + its administration efficient. The criminals, in this instance, + are promptly seized, tried, and condemned on strong + evidence; but, before they are executed, reference is made + to the distant metropolis, Pekin. Here it is observed, + that the most important witness was not 'confronted with + the prisoners,' and they are forthwith directed to be + conveyed to Canton, to be examined in his presence. + Seventeen are recognized by him and are executed. The + rest escape. Now this is just what might have taken + place under the best ordered governments of Europe. + The humane maxims of British jurisprudence, if not + acknowledged in theory, may be here witnessed in + practical operation, and the single circumstance of referring + capital convictions to the Emperor, in his distant + metropolis, for confirmation, before they are carried into + effect, shows a respect for human life, even in the persons + of criminals, which is one of the surest tokens of a high + state of civilization. Such is the criminal jurisprudence + of China, in practice; in theory, its just praise has been + awarded, some years ago, by an able writer in the Edinburgh + Review. He says:— + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "The most remarkable thing in this code, is its great + reasonableness, clearness, and consistency; the businesslike + brevity and directness of the various provisions, and + <a name="p_88"></a> + the plainness and moderation of the language in which + they are expressed. It is a clear, concise, and distinct + series of enactments, savoring throughout of practical + judgment and European good sense. When we turn + from the ravings of the Zendavesta, or the Puranas, to + the tone of sense and of business of this Chinese collection, + we seem to be passing from darkness to light—from + the drivellings of dotage to the exercise of an improved + understanding; and, redundant and minute as these laws + are in many particulars, we scarcely know any European + code that is at once so copious and so consistent, or that + is nearly so free from intricacy, bigotry and fiction." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + In addition to what have been noticed, the Chinese + exhibition includes a copious and very interesting collection + of specimens of the natural history of China. + + </p> + <p> + I trust the extended notice I have given to the subject, + will at least prove that this is not an ordinary exhibition, + but a representation of a distant country and remarkable + people, in which amusement is most skilfully and philosophically + made subservient to practical instruction. A + beneficent Creator has implanted within us a thirst for + information about other scenes and people. To be totally + devoid of this feeling would argue, perhaps, not merely + intellectual but moral deficiency. Such being the case, + the founder of the "Chinese collection" deserves to be + regarded as a public benefactor, for, by spending a few + hours in his museum, with the aid of the descriptive + catalogue, one may learn more of the Chinese than by the + laborious perusal of all the works upon them that have + ever been written.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_16"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_16"></a></p> + <p><a name="NoteFN1_16"></a><a href="#FootFN1_16">A</a>: While the above was passing + through the press, I have learned + that this interesting Collection has arrived for exhibition in this + country. + </p><a name="p_89"></a><p> + I cannot dismiss this subject without expressing my + deep regret that the British public should appear to view + with indifference, or complacency, the cruel and unjust + war which our Government is now waging against this + highly cultivated and unoffending people, at the instigation + of a handful of men, who have acquired wealth and + importance in the vigorous pursuit of an immoral and + unlawful traffic, by means the most criminal and detestable. + I have attempted, since my return from the + United States, to give some expression to my sentiments, + in a letter which has been widely circulated, and which + will be found reprinted in the Appendix.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_17"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_17"></a> I trust none + under whose notice this subject may come will endeavor + to evade their share of responsibility. If the present war + with China were the sole consideration, perhaps no course + would be left to the Christian citizen, but to record his + protest and mourn in silence; but the conclusion of the + war <i>per se</i> would not terminate the + difficulty, for trade and + mutual intercourse between the two countries, <em>on the basis of + a reciprocation of interests</em>, can never be restored till + the EAST INDIA COMPANY'S OPIUM TRADE, a traffic, + like the slave trade, hateful in the sight of God and man, + is suppressed; or at least, until British connection with it + is severed; If asked who are the guilty persons, I would + say, in the first instance, the East India Company; secondly, the + opium smugglers; thirdly, the British government, and lastly, the + British people, who, by silent + acquiescence, make the whole guilt, and the whole + responsibility their own. + + </p> + <p><a name="NoteFN1_17"></a><a href="#FootFN1_17">A</a>: See + Appendix G. + </p> + <p> + The author of the most popular modern work on + China, who long superintended the interests of the British + <a name="p_90"></a> + merchants at Canton, and whose work, to a considerable + extent, reflects their views, after stating the increasing + discouragements imposed by the authorities on foreign + commerce, the effect for the most part of opium smuggling, + and other lawless proceedings, observes:—"These + (discouragements) are their (the British merchants) real + subjects of complaint in China; and whenever the + accumulation of wrong shall have proved, by exact + calculation, that it is more profitable, according to merely + commercial principles, to remonstrate than submit, these + will form a righteous and equitable ground of + quarrel!!"<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_18"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_18"></a></p> + <p><a name="NoteFN1_18"></a><a href="#FootFN1_18">A</a>: Davis's China and the Chinese, + (Murray's Family Library,) vol. i. p. 195. + </p> + <p> + The remonstrance here alluded to is WAR, as is apparent + from the context of the passage, as well as from the + fact, that by the author's own showing no other kind of + remonstrance remained to be tried. The true "casus + belli" is set forth by anticipation in this passage without + disguise, and by one who knew well, and has clearly + described the causes that were operating to produce a + rupture. The opium merchants have discovered that + now, in the fulness of time, it is <em>profitable</em> to go to + war with China, and forthwith the vast power of Great + Britain, obedient to their influence, is put in motion to + sustain their unrighteous quarrel, to the unspeakable + degradation of the character of this professedly Christian + nation. The morality of the war on our side, is the + morality of the highwayman; that morality by which the + strong in all ages have preyed upon the weak. And + though a handful of unprincipled men find their account in + it, before the people of Great Britain have paid the + expenses of the war, and the losses from derangement + and interruption of commerce, it will cost millions more + <a name="p_91"></a> + than all the profit that has ever accrued to them from the + opium trade. From what motive then, do we uphold a + traffic, which is the curse of China, the curse of India, + and a calamity to Great Britain? Such a war may be + fruitful in trophies of military glory, if such can be gained + by the slaughter of the most pacific people in the world; + but to expect that it will promote the reputation, the + prosperity, or the happiness of this country, would be to + look for national wickedness to draw down the Divine + blessing. The descriptive catalogue of the "Ten thousand + Chinese things," concludes with sentiments on this + subject which do equal honor to the head and heart of the + writer. + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "Alas for missionary efforts, so long as the grasping + avarice of the countries, whence the missionaries go, sets + at nought every Christian obligation before the very eyes + of the people whom it is sought to convert! Most + devoutly do we long for the auspicious day, when the + pure religion, that distilled from the heart, and was + embodied in the life of Jesus, shall shed its sacred influence + on every human being; but, in our inmost soul we + believe it will not come, till the principles of religion shall + take a firmer hold on the affections of those who profess + to receive it, and rear a righteous embankment around + their sordid and stormy passions. When the missionary + shall find an auxiliary in the stainless life of every compatriot + who visits the scene of his labors, for purposes of + pleasure or of gain,—when he can point not only to + the pure maxims and sublime doctrines proclaimed by the + Founder of his faith, but to the clustering graces that + adorn its professors,—then indeed will the day dawn, + and the day star of the millennium arise upon the world." + + </p> + </blockquote><a name="p_92"></a><p> + During my short stay in Philadelphia on this occasion, + I visited several of its prisons, philanthropic institutions, + et cet. These are pre-eminently the glory of this beautiful + city; yet as they have been often described, I shall + pass them by in silence, with the exception of two, the + Refuge, and the Penitentiary; which I briefly notice + because I may offer a few general remarks in another + place, on the important subject of prison discipline. The + Refuge is an asylum for juvenile delinquents, founded on + the just and benevolent principle that offences against + society, committed by very young persons, should be + disciplined by training and education, rather than by + punishment. In this establishment there are from eighty + to ninety boys, and from forty to fifty girls, of ages varying + from eight to twenty-one years. The former are employed + in various light handicraft trades, and the latter in domestic + services, and both spend a portion of their time in + school. They remain from six months to four years. + From the statements of the superintendent and matron, it + appeared that about three-fourths of the male, and four-fifths + of the female inmates become respectable members + of society, and the remainder are chiefly such as are + fifteen or sixteen years of age when first admitted into the + Refuge, an age at which character may be considered as + in a great measure formed. The labor of the children + pays about one-fifth of the expense of the establishment, + the rest being defrayed by the legislature. + + </p> + <p> + The prejudice of color intrudes even here, no children + of that class being admitted into the Refuge. Colored + delinquency is left to ripen into crime, with little interference + from public or private philanthropy. As might have + been expected, colored are more numerous than white + <a name="p_93"></a> + criminals, in proportion to relative population; and this + is appealed to as a proof of their naturally vicious and + inferior character; when in fact the government and + society at large are chargeable with their degradation. + + </p> + <p> + The Penitentiary contained, at the time of my visit, + about three hundred and forty male, and thirty-five female + prisoners. In this celebrated prison, hard labor is combined + with solitary confinement, an arrangement which is + technically known as the "separate system." Silence + and seclusion are so strictly enforced as to be almost absolute + and uninterrupted; even the minister who addresses + the prisoners on the Sabbath is known to them only by + his voice. A marked feature of this institution is security + without the aid of any deadly weapon, none being allowed + in the possession of the attendants, or indeed upon the + premises. As compared with the "silent system," exhibited + in the not less famed prisons of the State of New + York, this is much less economical, as the mode of + employing the prisoners, in their solitary cells, greatly lessens + the power of a profitable application of their labor. + If prisoners exceed their allotted task, one-half of their + surplus earnings is given to them on being set at liberty. + My visit was too cursory to enable me to give a decisive + opinion on the "separate system," but I confess my + impression is, that the punishment is one of tremendous + and indiscriminating severity, and I find it difficult to + believe that either the safety of society, or the welfare of + the prisoner, can require the infliction of so much suffering. + Criminals are sometimes condemned for very long + periods, or for life; and in these cases, I was informed, + occasionally manifested great recklessness and carelessness + of their existence. I am also not quite convinced that + <a name="p_94"></a> + the reformation of prisoners is effected to the extent sometimes + inferred from the small number of recommittals. A + statistical conclusion cannot be drawn from this + datum, unsupported by other proofs. + + </p> + <p> + On the 2d of the 6th Month, (June,) I proceeded to + Wilmington, Delaware, with my friend John G. Whittier. + Here we met a company of warm-hearted and intelligent + abolitionists, with whom we discussed the prospects + of the cause. It was calculated that if compensation + were conceded, to which many would on principle object, + a tax of less than one dollar per acre would buy up all + the slaves in the State for emancipation. It was admitted + by all, that the abolition of slavery would advance the + price of land in a far greater ratio; probably ten or twenty + dollars per acre. + + </p> + <p> + We went forward the same evening to Baltimore, + accompanied by one of our Wilmington acquaintance, + and in the railway carriage was a member of the Society + of Friends from North Carolina, who, though a colonizationist, + appeared to be a man of candor. He gave it as + his opinion that the majority of the free people of that + State are in favor of the abolition of slavery. We also + had the company, a part of the way, of Samuel E. + Sewall, Counsellor at Law, in Boston, an early and tried + abolitionist, and a faithful friend and legal adviser of the + free people of color. + + </p> + <p> + The next morning, we left Baltimore for Washington, + two hours' ride by railway. The railroads of this country + being often extremely narrow, the trains frequently pass + almost close to the piers of the bridges and viaducts, a + circumstance which explains the following printed notice + in the carriages: "Passengers are cautioned not to put + their arms, head, or legs out of the window." + + </p><a name="p_95"></a><p> + In passing from a free to a slave State, the most casual + observer is struck with the contrast. The signs of industry + and prosperity on the broad face of the country are + universally in favor of the former, and that to a degree + which none but an eye witness can conceive. This fact + has been often noticed, and has been affirmed by slaveholders + themselves, in the most emphatic terms. In cities + the difference is not less remarkable, and was forcibly + brought to our notice in the hotel at which we took up + our residence on arriving at Washington, and which, + though the first in the city, and the temporary residence + of many members of Congress, was greatly deficient in + the cleanliness, comfort, and order, which prevail in the + well-furnished and well-conducted establishments of New + York, Philadelphia, Boston, &c. At this house, I understood, + some of the servants were free, and others slaves. + + </p> + <p> + We were now in the District of Columbia, the seat of + this powerful Federal Government, and in the city of + Washington, the metropolis of the United States. Here + are concentrated as it were into one focus, the associations + of the past, connected with the great struggle for independence, + and the memory of those names and events + which already belong to history. Whatever may be our + political principles, or the opinions of those who like + myself consider all resort to arms as forbidden under the + Christian dispensation, it is impossible to recall without + emotion, transactions which have exerted and will continue + to exert, so marked an influence on the destinies of + mankind. This city was not the scene of those events, + but it was erected to be a perpetual monument of them, + and in the limited district of ten miles square, in which it + stands, the Government which was then called into existence + <a name="p_96"></a> + reigns sole and supreme. If a stranger were to + inquire here for the monuments of the fathers of the + Revolution, the American would proudly point to the + Capitol, with the national Congress in full session, and to + the levee of the President, crowded by free citizens, and + representatives of foreign nations. The United States + were thirteen dependent colonies, they are now twenty-six + sovereign States, rich and populous, covering the face + of this vast continent, and compacted into one powerful + confederacy. But notwithstanding the glowing emotions + which seem naturally called forth by the locality, there is + many an American who bitterly feels that the District of + Columbia is the shame, rather than the glory of his + country. Here is proclaimed to the whole world by the + united voice of the American people, "We hold these + truths to be self-evident—that all men are created equal; + that they are endowed by their Creator with certain + inalienable rights—that among these are life, liberty, and + the pursuit of happiness;" and here also by a majority + of the same people expressing their deliberate will, through + their representatives, this declaration is trampled under + foot, and turned into derision.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_19"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_19"></a></p> + <p><a name="NoteFN1_19"></a><a href="#FootFN1_19">A</a>: "Large + establishments have grown up upon the national domain, + provided with prisons for the safe keeping of negroes till a full + cargo is procured; and should, at any time, the factory prisons be + insufficient, the public ones, erected by Congress, are at the + service of the dealers, and the United States Marshal becomes the + agent of the slave trade."—<em>Judge Jay's View of the + action of the Federal Government in behalf of Slavery</em>, + <i>page</i> 93. "But the climax of infamy + is still untold. This trade in blood,—this buying, + imprisoning, and exporting of boys and girls eight years + old,—this tearing asunder of husbands and wives, parents and + children,—is all legalized, in virtue of authority delegated + by Congress!! The 249th page of the laws of the city of Washington + is polluted by the following enactment, bearing date + 28th July, 1838:—'For a + to trade or traffic in slaves for profit, four hundred + dollars.'"—<em>Ibid</em>, <i>page</i> + 98. + </p><a name="p_97"></a><p> + The District of Columbia is the chief seat of the + American slave trade; commercial enterprize has no other + object! Washington is one of the best supplied and most + frequented slave marts in the world. The adjoining and + once fertile and beautiful States of Virginia and Maryland, + are now blasted with sterility, and ever-encroaching desolation. + The curse of the first murderer rests upon the + planters, and the ground will no longer yield to them her + strength. The impoverished proprietors find now their chief + source of revenue in what one of themselves expressly + termed, their "crop of human flesh." Hence the slave-holding + region is now divided into the "slave-breeding," + and "slave-consuming" States. From its locality, and, + from its importance as the centre of public affairs, the + District of Columbia has become the focus of this dreadful + traffic, which almost vies with the African slave trade + itself in extent and cruelty, besides possessing aggravations + peculiarly its own.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_20"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_20"></a> Its victims + are marched to the south + <a name="p_98"></a> + in chained coffles, overland, in the face of day, and by + vessels coastwise. Those who protest against these + abominations are the abolitionists; a body whose opinions + are so unpopular that no term of reproach is deemed vile + enough for their desert; yet if these should hold their + peace, the very stones would surely cry out. The state + of things in this District has one peculiar feature; being + under the supreme local government of Congress, it presents + almost the only tangible point for the political efforts + of those hostile to slavery. Against slavery in any but + their own States, the abolitionists have neither the power + nor the wish to exert that constitutional interference which + they rightfully employ in the States of which they are + citizens; but with respect to the District of Columbia, + they are, in common with the whole republic, responsible + for the exercise of political influence for the abolition of + slavery within its limits. Hence this is the grand point of + attack. They have experienced a succession of repulses, + <a name="p_99"></a> + but their eventual success is certain; the political influence + of the slave-holding interest, which is now paramount, + and which controls and dictates the entire policy of the + general Government will be destroyed. Then will the + abolition of American slavery be speedily consummated. + + </p> + <p><a name="NoteFN1_20"></a><a href="#FootFN1_20">A</a>: "Human flesh is now + the great staple of Virginia, In the + legislature of this State, in 1833, Thomas Jefferson Randolph + declared that Virginia had been converted into 'one grand + menagerie, where men are reared for the market, like oxen for the + shambles.' This same gentleman thus compared the foreign with + the domestic traffic: 'The trader (African) receives the slave, a + stranger in aspect, language and manner, from the merchant who + brought him from the interior. But <em>here</em>, sir, + individuals whom the master has known from infancy,—whom he + has seen sporting + in the innocent gambols of childhood,—who have been accustomed + to look to him for protection,—he tears from the mother's arms, + exiles into a foreign country, among a strange people, subject to + cruel task-masters. In my opinion, it is much worse.'—Mr. + Gholson, of Virginia, in his speech in the legislature of that State, + January 18, 1831, says: 'The master forgoes the service of the + female slave, has her nursed and attended during the period of her + gestation, and raises the helpless and infant offspring. The value + of the property justifies the expense; and I do not hesitate to say, + that in its increase consists much of our wealth.'—Professor + Dew, now President of the College of William and Mary, Virginia, in + his review of the debate in the Virginia legislature, 1831-3, speaking + of the revenue arising from the trade, says: 'A full equivalent + being thus left in the place of the slave, this emigration becomes an + advantage to the State, and does not check the black population as + much as at first view we might imagine; because it furnishes every + inducement to the master to attend to the negroes, to + <em>encourage breeding</em>, + and to cause the greatest number possible to be raised. + Virginia is, in fact, a negro-raising State, for other + States.'—Mr. C.F. Mercer asserted, in the Virginia Convention + of 1829, 'The tables of the natural growth of the slave population + demonstrate; when compared with the increase of its numbers in the + commonwealth for twenty years past, that an annual revenue of not less + than a million and a half of dollars is derived from the exportation + of a part of this population.'"—<em>Judge Jay's + View</em>, <i>pages</i> 88, 89. + </p> + <p> + Very soon after our arrival, we proceeded to the + House of Representatives, then sitting, and were favored, + by introductions from a member, with seats behind the + Speaker's chair. The subject before the House was, of + course, peculiarly interesting to me, being the proposed + re-enactment of the "gag;" a rule of the House, by + which petitions for the abolition of slavery in the District + of Columbia, are laid upon the table, without being read + or referred, and thus are virtually rejected. One of the + speakers, William Slade, of Vermont, who was opposed + to the "gag," told the pro-slavery members that they + were greatly mistaken in supposing that such a measure + would suppress the anti-slavery feeling of the country. + They might, for a time, block up the Potomac, but it + would only be to direct its waters into a new channel; in + the same way as the rejection of anti-slavery petitions had + resulted in the formation of a third abolition political party, + which was now regularly organized and in the field. + Having previously heard much of the virulence of the + pro-slavery members, I was particularly impressed with + the silence and attention with which they listened to this + speech, and with the feeling which seemed evidently to + prevail, that the subject could no longer be met with + contempt and ridicule. One of the liberal members told + me afterwards, that they felt themselves in a different + atmosphere to what they did two years ago, both in the + House and in the city, when touching upon this subject. + <a name="p_100"></a> + Before the debate closed, the House divided on the + question, whether ex-president Adams, the veteran defender + of the constitutional right of petition, and who had + brought forward this motion for the repeal of the "gag," + was entitled to the right of reply. This was decided in + his favor, and the House adjourned till the beginning of + the following week. + + </p> + <p> + In the afternoon, I proceeded, by a steam packet, with + one of my friends, to Alexandria, about six miles distant, + on the other side of the Potomac. A merchant, to whom + I had an introduction, kindly accompanied us to a slave-trading + establishment there, which is considered the principal + one in the District. The proprietor was absent; + but the person in charge, a stout, middle-aged man, with + a good-natured countenance, that little indicated his + employment, readily consented to show us over the + establishment. On passing behind the house, we looked + through a grated iron door, into a square court or yard, + with very high walls, in which were about fifty slaves. + Some of the younger ones were dancing to a fiddle, an + affecting proof, in their situation, of the degradation caused + by slavery. There were others, who seemed a prey to + silent dejection. Among these was a woman, who had + run away from her master twelve years ago, and had + married and lived ever since as a free person. She was + at last discovered, taken and sold, along with her child, and + would shortly be shipped to New Orleans, unless her + husband could raise the means of her redemption, which + we understood he was endeavoring to do. If he failed, + they are lost to him for ever. Another melancholy looking + woman was here with her nine children, the whole + family having been sold away from their husband and + <a name="p_101"></a> + father, to this slave-dealer, for two thousand two hundred + and fifty dollars. This unfeeling separation is but the + beginning of their sorrows. They will, in all probability, + be re-sold at New Orleans, scattered and divided, until + not perhaps two of them are left together. The most + able-bodied negro I saw, cost the slave-dealer six hundred + and eighty-five dollars. + + </p> + <p> + Our guide told us that they sometimes sent from this + house from fifteen hundred to two thousand slaves to the + South in a year, and that they occasionally had three + hundred to four hundred at once in their possession. + That the trade was not now so brisk, but that prices were + rising. The return and profits of this traffic appear to be + entirely regulated by the fluctuations in the value of the + cotton. Women are worth one-third less than men. But + one instance of complete escape ever occurred from these + premises, though some of the slaves were occasionally + trusted out in the fields. He showed us the substantial + clothing, shoes, &c., with which the slaves were supplied + when sent to the South; a practice, I fear, enforced more + by the cupidity of the buyers, than the humanity of the + seller. Our informant stated, in answer to inquiries, that + by the general testimony of the slaves purchased, they + were treated better by the planters than was the case ten + years ago. He also admitted the evils of the system, and + said, with apparent sincerity, he wished it was put an + end to. + + </p> + <p> + We went afterwards to the city jail, to see a youth + whose case I had heard of in Delaware, who had come to + Alexandria on board a vessel, and had here been seized + and imprisoned on suspicion of being a slave, not having + any document to prove his freedom. He had now been + <a name="p_102"></a> + incarcerated for near twelve months, and though admitted + by the jailer and every one else to be free, he was about + to be sold in a few days into slavery for a term, in order + to pay the jail-fees, amounting to eighty dollars. In the + evening on returning to Washington, we paid a visit by + appointment to John Quincy Adams, ex-president of the + United States; who though considerably more than seventy + years of age, is yet one of the most assiduous and energetic + members of the House of Representatives, and one of the + most influential public men of the day. To this must be + added the far higher praise that his distinguished powers + are employed in the service of humanity, truth, and justice. + How rare is it to witness such a union of intellectual and + moral greatness! Posterity will do justice to his fame, + when slavery shall exist only in the records of the past, + and when it shall be related with wonder, that this venerable + man, standing almost alone in his defence of the right + of petition, received daily anonymous letters threatening + him with assassination. He received us very kindly, and + in the course of conversation expressed how much importance + he attached to the late repeal of the "nine months + law," in the State of New York, as a favorable indication + of the current of public feeling. He did not appear + sanguinely to anticipate that he should be in a majority on + his pending motion for the repeal of the "gag." + + </p> + <p> + One of the principal objects of my visit to Washington + was to present an Address to the President, from the + Committee of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery + Society. In the course of my inquiries of various official + persons, members of Congress, et cet., I found that to + obtain an audience for the express purpose would be very + difficult, as no member of Congress appeared willing to + <a name="p_103"></a> + undertake the unpopular service of introducing the bearer + of such a document. I was not disposed to apply to the + British Ambassador, who on some occasions had shown a + want of sympathy with the anti-slavery cause. I found, + however, that it was not contrary to etiquette, in this + country, for a private individual to address a note to the + President, to which, in ordinary courtesy, according to the + custom of the place, he has a right to expect a reply. I + would remark, however, that nothing is more easy than to + gain access to the President; but I felt that to avail myself + of those facilities, to place in his hands a document + which he might object to receive, would be uncandid. I + therefore addressed a note to him, stating that I was the + bearer of a memorial from the Committee of the British + and Foreign Anti-slavery Society, signed by Thomas + Clarkson, addressed to the President of the United States, + in which I said, "It may, perhaps, be right to state, that + the memorial refers to slavery and the slave-trade in the + United States, and that it was written before the death of + General Harrison was known in Europe." I then asked + permission to present it. + + </p> + <p> + To this I received no reply. We were afterwards introduced + to the President, by a member of Congress, who + evinced an anxiety that I should make no reference to the + memorial; and the President, on his part, made no allusion + to it, or to my letter to himself. After this interview, + we proceeded to the Senate, but it had risen just as we entered. + I had a short conversation with Henry Clay, who + alluded to Joseph John Gurney's work on the West Indies, + which I need scarcely add, is written in a series of + letters to this statesman. He said that the recent short + crop of sugar in Jamaica was a proof that the author had + <a name="p_104"></a> + been misled in the favorable information he had collected, + and also that this deficiency in the crop was a proof not + only of the idleness, but of the immorality of the negroes. + He accused my companion, John G. Whittier, of deserting + him, after having been his warm friend; and on J.W.'s + giving his reasons for so doing, he complained that + the abolitionists improperly interfered with the affairs of the + South, though he made an exception in favor of the Society + of Friends. He inquired if J.G. Whittier was a "Friend" + in regular standing, evidently intimating a doubt on that + point, on account of his being so decided an abolitionist. + The praise of such men is the strongest testimony that + could be adduced to the declension of the Society of + Friends in anti-slavery zeal. To a great extent I fear + their sentiments on this subject have been held traditionally; + and that in many cases, they have not only done + nothing themselves, but by example and precept have condemned + the activity of others; I trust, however, a brighter + day in regard to their labors is approaching. I feel disinclined + to take leave of Henry Clay, without some animadversions + which, on the public character of a public + man, I may offer without any breach of propriety. In + early life, that is in some part of the last century, he supported + measures tending to the "eradication of slavery" in + Kentucky, and at various periods since, he has indulged in + cheap declamation against slavery, though he is not known + to have committed himself by a solitary act of manumission. + On the contrary, having commenced life with a + single slave, he has industriously increased the number to + upwards of seventy. As a statesman, his conduct on this + question has been consistently pro-slavery. He indefatigably + negotiated for the recovery of fugitive slaves from + <a name="p_105"></a> + Canada, when Secretary of State, though without success. + In the Senate he successfully carried through the admission + of Missouri into the Union, as a slave State. He has resisted + a late promising movement in Kentucky in favor of + emancipation; and lastly, in one of his most elaborate + speeches, made just before the late presidential election, + the proceedings of the abolitionists were reviewed and condemned, + and he utterly renounced all sympathy with their + object. By way of apology for his early indiscretion, he + observes, "but if I had been then, or were <em>now</em>, a citizen + of any of the planting States—the southern or southwestern + States—I should have opposed, and would continue + to oppose, any scheme whatever of emancipation, + gradual or immediate." + + </p> + <p> + In this extract, and throughout the whole speech, + slavery is treated as a pecuniary question, and the grand + argument against abolition, is the loss of property that + would ensue. Joseph John Gurney, who appears to have + been favorably impressed by Henry Clay's professions of + liberality, his courteous bearing, and consummate address, + manifested a laudable anxiety that so influential a statesman + should be better informed on the point on which he + seemed so much in the dark; he therefore addressed to + him his excellent "Letters on the West Indies," of which + the great argument is, that emancipation has been followed + by great prosperity to the planters, and attended with + abundant blessings, temporal and spiritual, to the other + classes, and that the same course would necessarily be followed + by the same results in the United States. He has + accumulated proof upon proof of his conclusions supplied + by personal and extensive investigation in the British + Colonies. But Henry Clay shews no sign of conviction. + <a name="p_106"></a> + Yet though he made to us the absurd remark, already + quoted, on Joseph John Gurney's work, I have too high + an opinion of his understanding to think him the victim of + his own sophistry. He is a lawyer and a statesman. He + is accustomed to weigh evidence, and to discriminate facts. + I have little doubt that all my valued friend would have + taught him, he knew already. He could not be ignorant + of the contrast presented by his own State of Kentucky, + and the adjoining State of Ohio, and that the difference is + solely owing to slavery. If J.J. Gurney could have + shewn that abolition would soon be the high road to the + President's chair, it is not improbable that he would have + made an illustrious convert to anti-slavery principles. + Henry Clay's celebrated speech before alluded to, was + delivered in the character of a candidate for the Presidency + just before the last election—it was prepared with + great care, and rehearsed beforehand to a select number of + his political friends. The whig party being the strongest, + and he being the foremost man of that party, he might be + looked upon as President-elect, if he could but conciliate + the south, by wiping off the cloud of abolitionism that + faintly obscured his reputation. He succeeded to his + heart's desire in his immediate object, but eventually, by + this very speech, completely destroyed his sole chance of + success, and was ultimately withdrawn from the contest. + Thus does ambition overleap itself.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_21"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_21"></a></p> + <p><a name="NoteFN1_21"></a><a href="#FootFN1_21">A</a>: As a + practical commentary on Henry Clay's professions of a + regard for the cause of human liberty, I append the following + advertisement, which, about two years ago, was circulated in + Ohio: + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "THREE HUNDRED DOLLAR'S REWARD. + + </p> + <p> + "<i>Run away</i> from James Kendall, in Bourbon + County, Ky., to whom he was hired the present year, on Saturday + night last, the + 14th instant, a negro man, named Somerset, about twenty-six years + of age, five feet, seven or eight inches high, of a dark copper color, + having a deep scar on his right cheek, occasioned by a burn, stout + made, countenance bold and determined, and voice coarse. His + clothing it is thought unnecessary to describe, as he may have + already changed it. + + </p> + <p> + "ALSO, + + </p> + <p> + "From E. Muir, of the same county, on the same night, (and + supposed to have gone in company,) a negro man, named Bob, + about twenty-nine years old, near six feet high, weighing about 180 + or 90 pounds, of a dark copper color, of a pleasant countenance, + uncommonly smooth face, and a remarkable small hand for a negro of + his size. He spells and reads a little. His clothing was a greenish + jean coat and black cloth pantaloons. + + </p> + <p> + "We will give the above reward for the delivery of said negroes + to the undersigned, or their confinement in jail, so that we get + them; or 150 dollars for either of them, if taken out of the State, + or 100 dollars for them, or 50 dollars for either, if taken out of the + county, and in the State. + + </p> + <p> + "HENRY CLAY, Senior, + <br> + "E. MUIR. + + </p> + <p> + "<i>Bourbon Co. Ky., Sept</i>. 17, 1839." + + </p> + </blockquote><a name="p_107"></a><p> + On leaving the Senate House, we drove to a slave-dealer's + establishment, near at hand, and within sight of + the <em>Capitol</em>. I have given some particulars of this visit + elsewhere, which I need not repeat. I cast my eye on + some portraits and caricatures of abolitionists, British and + American, among whom Daniel O'Connell figured in association + with Arthur Tappan, and the ex-president + Adams. The young man in charge of the establishment + began to explain them, for our amusement; on which, one + of my companions pointed to me, and informed him I was + an English abolitionist. He looked uneasy at our presence, + and evidently desirous we should not prolong our + stay. He told us there were five or six other dealers in + the city who had no buildings of their own, and who kept + <a name="p_108"></a> + their slaves here, or at the public city jail, at thirty-four + cents per diem, the difference in comfort being wholly on + the side of the private establishments. + + </p> + <p> + We subsequently visited the city jail, to which reference + is made in the letter below, and were able to confirm + this statement from our own observation. + + </p> + <p> + We left for Baltimore this afternoon. Although I had + not succeeded in presenting the address before-mentioned + to the President, I little regretted the failure, being convinced + that it would not be less generally read by the + public on that account, and in this I have not been disappointed. + I proceeded at once, the next morning, to Philadelphia; and here I + concluded to print and publish the + following letter, which, was sent, through the post, to the + President, and to each member of the Senate and House + of Representatives. + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "<i>To the Abolitionists of the United States</i>. + + </p> + <p> + "I was commissioned by the committee of the British + and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, to present a memorial + from them to your President, and proceeded to Washington, + a few days ago, accompanied by John G. Whittier, + of Massachusetts, and a friend from the State of Delaware. + + </p> + <p> + "It was my first visit to the seat of legislation of your + great republic. On our arrival we went to the House of + Representatives, then in session. A member from Maryland + was speaking on our entrance, who was the author of + a resolution, which had been carried in a former Congress, + excluding nearly three millions of your countrymen, on + whom every species of wrong and outrage is committed + <a name="p_109"></a> + with impunity, from all right of petition, either by them + selves or their friends. He was advocating the re-enactment + of this very resolution for the present Congress, and + stated that he had a letter from your President approving + the measure. Although I believe I do not speak too + strongly when I say an attempt to enforce such a resolution + by any crowned head in the civilized world, would be + inevitably followed by a revolution, yet it seemed evident + that no small portion of your <em>present</em> members were in + favor of it. It was with no ordinary emotion that I saw + the venerable ex-president Adams at his post, nobly contending + against this violation of the rights of his countrymen, + and I could not but regret that, with one or two exceptions, + be appeared to find little support from his + younger colleagues of the free States. + + </p> + <p> + "The same day we visited one of the well-known slave-trading + establishments at Alexandria. On passing to it + we were shewn the costly mansion of its late proprietor, + who has lately retired on a large property acquired by the + sale of native born Americans. In an open enclosure, + with high walls which it is impossible to scale, with a + strong iron-barred door, and in which we were told that + there were sometimes from three to four hundred persons + crowded, we saw about fifty slaves. Amongst the number + thus incarcerated was a woman with nine children, who + had been cruelly separated from their husband and father, + and would probably be shortly sent to New Orleans, where + they would never be likely to see him again, and where + the mother may be for ever severed from every one of her + children, and each of them sold to a separate master. + From thence we went to the Alexandria city jail, where + we saw a young man who was admitted to be free even + <a name="p_110"></a> + by the jailer himself. He had been seized and committed + in the hope that he might prove a slave, and that the party + detaining him would receive a reward. He had been + kept there nearly twelve months because he could not pay + the jail fees, and instead of obtaining any redress for false + imprisonment, was about to be sold into slavery for a term + to reimburse these fees. + + </p> + <p> + "The next morning I was desirous of handing to the + President the memorial, of which the following is a copy: + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "'<i>Address to the President of the United States, + from the Committee of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery + Society</i>. + + </p> + <p> + "'SIR,—As the head of a great Confederacy of + States, justly valuing their free constitution and political + organization, and tenacious of their rights and their character, + the Committee of the British and Foreign Anti-slavery + Society, through their esteemed coadjutor and + representative, Joseph Sturge, would respectfully approach + you in behalf of millions of their fellow-men, held in bondage + in the United States. Those millions are denied, not + only the immunities enjoyed by the citizens of your great + republic generally, and of the equal privileges and the impartial + protection of the civil law, but are deprived of + their personal rights, so that they cease to be regarded + and treated, under your otherwise noble institutions, as + MEN, except in the commission of crime, when the utmost + rigor of your penal statutes is invoked and enforced + against them; but are reduced to the degraded condition + of "chattels personal in the hands of their owners and + possessors, to <em>all intents, constructions, and purposes, + whatsoever</em>." + + </p> + <p><a name="p_111"></a> + "'This is the language and the law of slavery; and + under this law, guarded with jealousy by their political institutions, + the slaveholders of the South rest their claims to + property in man But, sir, there are claims anterior to all + human laws, and superior to all political institutions, which + are immutable in their nature,—claims which are the + birthright of every human being, of every clime, and of + every color,—claims which God has conferred, and which + man cannot destroy without sacrilege, or infringe without + sin. Personal liberty is among these, the greatest and + best, for it is the root of all other rights, the conservative + principle of human associations, the spring of public virtues, + and essential to national strength and greatness. + + </p> + <p> + "'The monstrous and wicked assumption of power by + man, over his fellow man, which slavery implies, is alike + abhorrent to the moral sense of mankind; to the immutable + principles of justice; to the righteous laws of God; + and to the benevolent principles of the gospel. It is, + therefore, indignantly repudiated by all the fundamental + laws of all truly enlightened and civilized communities, + and by none more emphatically than by that over which, + Sir, it is your honor to preside. + + </p> + <p> + "'The great doctrine, that God hath "created all men + equal, and endowed them with certain inalienable rights, + and that amongst these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of + happiness," is affirmed in your Declaration of Independence, + and justified in the theory of your constitutional + laws. But there is a stain upon your glory; slavery, in + its most abject and revolting form, pollutes your soil; the + wailings of slaves mingle with your songs of liberty; and + the clank of their chains is heard, in horrid discord with + the chorus of your triumphs. + + </p> + <p><a name="p_112"></a> + "'The records of your States are not less distinguished + by their wise provisions for securing the order and maintaining + the institutions of your country, than by their ingenious + devices for riveting the chains, and perpetuating + the degradation of your colored brethren; their education + is branded as a crime against the State—their freedom is + dreaded as a blasting pestilence—the bare suggestion of + their emancipation is proscribed as treason to the cause of + American independence. + + </p> + <p> + "'These things are uttered in sorrow; for the committee + deeply deplore the flagrant inconsistency, so glaringly + displayed between the lofty principles embodied in + the great charter of your liberties, and the evil practices + which have been permitted to grow up under it, to mar + its beauty and impair its strength. But it is not on these + grounds alone, or chiefly, that they deplore the existence + of slavery in the United States. Manifold as are the evils + which flow from it—dehumanizing as are its + tendencies—fearful as its reaction confessedly is on its + supporters,—the + reproach of its existence does not terminate on the institutions + which gave it birth: the sublime principles and + benign spirit of Christianity are dishonored by it. In the + light of Divine Truth it stands revealed, in all its hideous + deformity, a crime against God,—a daring usurpation of + the prerogative and authority of the Most High! It is as + a violation of His righteous laws, an outrage on His glorious + attributes, a renunciation of the claims of His blessed + gospel, that they especially deplore the countenance and + support it receives among you; and, in the spirit of + Christian love and fraternal solicitude, would counsel its + immediate and complete overthrow, as a solemn and imperative + duty, the performance of which no sordid reasons + <a name="p_113"></a> + should be permitted to retard—no political considerations + prevent. Slavery is a sin against God, and ought, therefore, + to be abolished. + + </p> + <p> + "'The utter extinction of slavery, and its sister abomination, + the internal slave-trade of the United States, + second only in horror and extent to the African, and in + some of its features even more revolting, can only be + argued, by the philanthropy of this country, on the abstract + principles of moral and religious duty; and to those + principles the people of your great republic are pledged + on the side of freedom beyond every nation in the world! + + </p> + <p> + "'The negro, by nature our equal, made like ourselves + in the image of his Creator, gifted by the same + intelligence, impelled by the same passions and affections, + and redeemed by the same Savior, is reduced by cupidity + and oppression below the level of the brute, spoiled + of his humanity, plundered of his rights, and often hurried + to a premature grave, the miserable victim of avarice and + heedless tyranny! Men have presumptuously dared to + wrest from their fellows the most precious of their rights—to + intercept as far as they may the bounty and grace of + the Almighty—to close the door to their intellectual + progress—to shut every avenue to their moral and religious + improvement, to stand between them and their + Maker! It is against this crime the committee protest as + men and as Christians, and earnestly but respectfully call + upon you, Sir, to use the influence with which you are + invested, to bring it to a peaceful and speedy close; and, + may you in closing your public career, in the latest hours + of your existence on earth, be consoled with the reflection + that you have not despised the afflictions of the afflicted, + but that faithful to the trust of your high stewardship, you + <a name="p_114"></a> + have been "just, ruling in the fear of the Lord," that you + have executed judgment for the oppressed, and have + aided in the deliverance of your country from its greatest + crime, and its chiefest reproach. + + </p> + <p> + "'On behalf of the Committee, + + </p> + <p> + "'THOMAS CLARKSON. + + </p> + <p> + "'British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, for the Abolition of + Slavery and the Slave-trade throughout the world. + + </p> + <p> + "'27, <i>New Broad Street, London, March 5th</i>, + 1841.' + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + "I thought it most candid to address a letter to the + President informing him of the character of the foregoing + memorial, rather than take advantage of a merely formal + introduction to present it, without a previous explanation. + To this letter no reply was received, and no allusion was + made to it by the President at a subsequent introduction, + which we had to him. It may be proper to mention in + this connection, that memorials of a similar character, + bearing upon slavery and the slave-trade, signed by the + venerable Clarkson, have been presented to different + Heads of Governments, in other parts of the world, and + have been uniformly received with marked respect. + + </p> + <p> + "Previous to our departure, we visited a private + slave-trading establishment in the city, and looked in upon + a group of human beings herded together like cattle for + the market, within an enclosure of high brick walls + surrounding the jail. The young man in attendance, + informed us that there were five or six other regular slave-dealers + in the city, who, having no jails of their own, + either placed their slaves at this establishment, or in the + public CITY PRISON. The former was generally preferred, + on account of its superior accommodations in respect to + <a name="p_115"></a> + food and lodging. On my making some remarks to the + young man on the nature of his occupation, he significantly, + and as I think, very justly replied, that he knew + of no reasons for condemning slave-traders, which did not + equally apply to slave-holders. You will bear in mind + that this was said within view of the Capitol, where + slave-holders control your national legislation, and within + a few minutes' walk of that mansion where a slave-holder + sits in the presidential chair, placed there by your votes; + and it is certainly no marvel, that, with such high examples + in his favor, the humble slave-dealer of the District + should feel himself in honorable company, and really + regard his occupation as one of respectability and public + utility. + + </p> + <p> + "From thence we proceeded to the city prison, an + old and loathsome building, where we examined two + ranges of small stone cells, in which were a large number + of colored prisoners. We noticed five or six in a single + cell, barely large enough for a solitary tenant, under a heat + as intense as that of the tropics. The keeper stated that + in rainy seasons the prison was uncomfortably wet. The + place had to us a painful interest, from the fact that here + Dr. Crandall, a citizen of the free States, was confined + until his health was completely broken down, and was + finally released only to find a grave, for the crime of having + circulated a pamphlet on emancipation, written by one + of the friends who accompanied me.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_22"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_22"></a> On inquiry of the + <a name="p_116"></a> + keeper, he informed us that slaves were admitted into his + cells, and kept for their owners at the rate of thirty-four + cents per day, and that transfers of them from one master + to another sometimes took place during their confinement; + thus corroborating the testimony of the keeper of the + private jail before mentioned, that this city prison, the + property of the people of the United States, and for the + rebuilding of which, a large sum of your money has been + appropriated, is made use of by the dealers in human + beings as a place of deposit and market; and thus you, in + common with your fellow citizens, are made indirect participators + in a traffic equal in atrocity to that foreign trade, + the suppression of which, to use the words of your President + in his late message, 'is required by the public honor, + and the promptings of humanity.' + + </p> + <p><a name="NoteFN1_22"></a><a href="#FootFN1_22">A</a>: On being + released from prison, Dr. Crandall went to Kingston, + Jamaica, to recruit his health. A gentleman of that city, W. + Wemyss Anderson, found him in his lodgings, solitary and friendless, + and rapidly sinking under his disease. He took him, though + a perfect stranger, into his own house; and the last days of Dr. + Crandall were soothed by the kind sympathy and attentions of a + Christian family. It was also manifest, that he enjoyed the sunshine + of inward peace, and the rich consolations of the gospel. His kind + host, whom I count it a privilege to call my friend, obeyed, in this + instance, the apostolic injunction, and experienced the consequent + reward, "Be not forgetful to entertain strangers, for thereby some + have entertained angels unawares." + </p> + <p> + "As one who has devoted much of his humble labors to + the cause you wish to promote, I perhaps shall be excused + for thus stating these facts to you, as they all passed before + my personal observation in the course of a few hours. + I shall deem it right to publish them in Europe, where I + am about shortly to return. Recollect, they all occurred + and exist within the District of Columbia, and that those + who elect the legislators who uphold the slave system, are + justly responsible for it in the sight of God and man. Is + it not all the natural consequence of your electing slave-holders + <a name="p_117"></a> + and their abettors to the highest offices of your + State and nation? Some of your most intelligent citizens + have given it as their opinion that fully two-thirds of the + whole population of the United States are in favor of the + abolition of slavery; and my own observation, since I + landed on these shores, not only confirms this opinion, but + has convinced me that there is a very rapid accession to + their numbers daily taking place; and yet we have the + extraordinary fact exhibited to the world, that about two + hundred and fifty thousand slave-holders—a large proportion + of whom, bankrupt in fortune and reputation, have + involved many of the North in their disgrace and ruin—hold + in mental bondage the whole population of this great + republic, who permit themselves to be involved in the + common disgrace of presenting a spectacle of national inconsistency + altogether without a parallel. I confess that, + although an admirer of many of the institutions of your + country, and deeply lamenting the evils of my own government, + I find it difficult to reply to those who are + opposed to any extension of the political rights of Englishmen, + when they point to America and say, that where + all have a control over the legislation but those who are + guilty of a dark skin, slavery and the slave-trade remain + not only unmitigated, but continue to extend; and that + while there is an onward movement in favor of its extinction, + not only in England and France, but even in Cuba + and Brazil, American legislators cling to this enormous + evil, without attempting to relax or mitigate its horrors. + Allow me, therefore, to appeal to you by every motive + which attaches you to your country, seriously to consider + how far you are accountable for this state of things, by + want of a faithful discharge of those duties for which every + <a name="p_118"></a> + member of a republican government is so deeply responsible; + and may I not express the hope that, on all future + occasions, you will take care to promote the election of + none as your representatives who will not <em>practically</em> act + upon the principle that in every clime, and of every color, + 'all men are equal?' + + </p> + <p> + "Your sincere friend, + + </p> + <p> + "JOSEPH STURGE. + + </p> + <p> + "<i>Philadelphia, 6th Month 7th</i>, 1842." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + This letter was extensively reprinted, not only in the + anti-slavery but in pro-slavery newspapers, both in the + North and South. In the numerous angry comments + upon it, no attempt that has come to my knowledge was + made to deny any one of my statements. One of the + papers intimates that the vote by which the house soon + after refused to adopt a specific and exclusive rule against + abolition petitions, was brought about by "the sinister + influence of Mr. Sturge." I need not add how happy I + should have been to have possessed the influence with + which this writer has so liberally invested me, and that I + should have regarded it as a talent to be employed and + improved to the very utmost. + + </p> + <p> + I spent from the 5th to the 11th of the Sixth Month, + (June) in Philadelphia and the vicinity, during which + time, I made numerous calls, and met several large parties + in private. + + </p> + <p> + During this stay, in company with John G. Whittier, + I paid a visit to my excellent friend, Abraham L. Pennock, + at his residence in Haverford, Delaware county, + about ten miles from the city. He is an influential member + of the Society of Friends, and until recently he has + <a name="p_119"></a> + been a resident in the city. He has, for many years, + been an uncompromising abolitionist, and an active member + and officer of anti-slavery societies; yet he appears to + enjoy the respect and confidence not only of his anti-slavery + associates, but of the Society of Friends, and the + community generally. I found him a warm advocate, in + practice as well as theory, of entire abstinence from the + products of slave labor, as well as of independent political + action on the part of abolitionists. He expressed much + regret that he was unable to attend the General Anti-Slavery + Convention, in London, and gave his cordial + approbation to its proceedings.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_23"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_23"></a></p> + <p><a name="NoteFN1_23"></a><a href="#FootFN1_23">A</a>: See Appendix H. + </p> + <p> + We reluctantly bade farewell to our kind friend and + his interesting family, all the members of which appear to + share his zeal and untiring devotion to the cause of the + oppressed, and returned to our lodgings in the city. Even + now I look back to this visit as among the most grateful + recollections of my sojourn in the United States. + + </p> + <p> + I may mention, in this connection, that A.L. Pennock, + as well as others with whom I conversed on the subject, + spoke with much regret of the want of faithfulness on the + part of members of the Society of Friends, in maintaining + their testimony against slavery, while exercising their civil + rights as citizens and electors. From all I could learn, I + have been led to fear that "Friends" in the United States, + with few exceptions, are in the practice of voting for + public officers, without reference to their sentiments on the + important subject of slavery. At the late Presidential + election it is very evident that the great body of "Friends" + who took any part in it, voted for John Tyler, the slaveholder. + + </p><a name="p_120"></a><p> + Among the active friends of emancipation, who occupy + a high station in our society, I can scarcely omit mentioning + Enoch Lewis, of Chester county, Pennsylvania, whose + talents and literary acquirements, devoted as they are, to + the maintenance and promulgation of the principles and + Christian testimonies of our religious society, deservedly + command a high degree of respect. + + </p> + <p> + Among the members of the society which have separated + from "Friends" in Philadelphia and elsewhere, I met + with many warm and steady friends of emancipation, some + of whom have proved their sincerity by great sacrifices. + Amongst these I cannot omit mentioning James and Lucretia + Mott, James Wood, Dr. Isaac Parish, and Thomas + Earle, of this city. + + </p> + <p> + I republished in Philadelphia, with the permission of + the author, in two separate pamphlets, for distribution + amongst those to whom it was addressed, "A Letter to + the Clergy of various Denominations, and to the Slave-holding + Planters in the Southern parts of the United + States of America, by Thomas Clarkson." This remarkable + production was written after its venerable author had + attained his eightieth year, and has been pronounced by + a very competent judge the most vigorous production of + his pen. As its circulation had but just commenced when + I left the United States, I could not judge of the effect + produced by this energetic appeal from one whose name + must command respect, even from the slave-holders; but + I have since been informed it has been read with interest + and attention. + + </p> + <p> + I had several conferences with "Friends" who were + interested in the cause, to discuss the best mode of engaging + the members of the Society to unite their efforts on + <a name="p_121"></a> + behalf of the oppressed and suffering slaves; and though + no immediate steps were resolved on, yet I found so much + good feeling in many of them, that I cannot but entertain + a hope, that fruit will hereafter appear. I had spent + much of my time and labor in Philadelphia, particularly + among that numerous and influential body with whom I + am united in a common bond of religious belief, and I + trust of Christian affection. Of the kindness and hospitality + I experienced I shall ever retain a grateful recollection; + yet I finally took my leave of this city, under + feelings of sorrow and depression that so many of the very + class of Christian professors who once took the lead in + efforts for the abolition of slavery, efforts evidently attended + with the favor and sanction of the Most High, + should now be discouraging, and holding back their members + from taking part in so righteous a cause. Among + the warmest friends of the slave, sound both in feeling and + sentiment, are a few venerable individuals who are now + standing on the brink of the grave, and whose places, + among the present generation, I could not conceal from + myself, there were but few fully prepared to occupy. + I had found in many Friends much passive anti-slavery + feeling, and was to some extent cheered by the discovery. + May a due sense of their responsibility rest upon every + follower of Christ, to remember them that are in bonds, + and under affliction, not only with a passive, but with an + active and self-denying sympathy, a sympathy that makes + common cause with its object. + + </p> + <p> + Apart from the fact, that Philadelphia is one of the + most beautiful cities in the world, to a member of the Society + of Friends it must ever be an object of peculiar interest. + Here William Penn made his great experiment + <a name="p_122"></a> + of a Christian government. Here, to the annual assemblies + of Friends, came Warner Mifflin, and John Woolman, + and James Pemberton, and George Dillwyn, and + other worthies of the past, who have now gone from works + to rewards. A few miles distant, in Frankford, is still to + be seen the residence of the excellent Thomas Chalkley. + Here Benezet exemplified, in the simplicity, humility, and + untiring benevolence of his daily life, the lessons inculcated + in his writings. And here, at this day, are a larger + number of members of our religious society than can be + found congregated elsewhere, within an equal space of + territory. They are, in general, in easy circumstances, + many of them wealthy, and occupying a high rank in the + community. + + </p> + <p> + Who can recur, without a lively feeling of interest, to + the hopes and prayers of the benevolent founder of the + city, as expressed in affecting terms in his farewell letter, + written as he was about taking his final departure for + England. + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "And thou, Philadelphia, the virgin settlement of this + province, named before thou wert born, what love, what + care, what service, and what travail has there been to + bring thee forth, and preserve thee from such as would + defile thee! Oh, that thou mayest be kept from the evil + that would overwhelm thee! that faithful to the God of + Mercies, in a life of righteousness, thou mayest be preserved + to the end!" + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + On the 11th, with John G. Whittier, I left for New + York, and the next day we proceeded by steam packet to + Newport, on Rhode Island, to attend the New England + yearly meeting of the Society of Friends, which was to be + held the next week. We arrived about seven o'clock in + <a name="p_123"></a> + the morning. I found the change of climate particularly + refreshing and agreeable. During the last fortnight, the + range of the thermometer had frequently reached 94 degrees or + 96 degrees in the shade: a tropical heat, without those alleviations + which render the heat of the tropics not only tolerable, + but sometimes delightful. In Rhode Island, the climate, + while we were there, was almost as temperate as an + English summer. + + </p> + <p> + Some parts of the New England States are much resorted + to by southern families of wealth; and their annual + migrations have the effect of materially adding to the vast + amount of complicated pro-slavery interests which exist in + the free States, as well as of diffusing pro-slavery opinions + and feelings throughout the entire community. We may + hope this current will soon set in the opposite direction. + The season was too early for the arrival of these visitors, + and the hotels were generally filled with "Friends," collected + from near and distant places, to attend the yearly + meeting. There were upwards of a hundred boarding at + the same house with ourselves. Soon after our arrival I + addressed a letter, making the same application for the use + of the meeting house for my friend, John Candler, who + was also here, and myself, which had been complied with + at New York, forwarding at the same time my credentials. + My request, however, in this instance was not granted. + Yet there was plainly a willingness on the part of many to + receive information, and we caused it to be known that we + should be at home at our hotel, on the evening of the sixteenth. + About two hundred friends assembled, and appeared + interested in a brief outline of the state and prospects + of the cause in Europe which I endeavored to give + them. + + </p><a name="p_124"></a><p> + The subject of slavery was brought before the yearly + meeting by a proposition from one of its subordinate, or + "quarterly meetings," to encourage more action, on the + part of the society, for its abolition. A proposal was immediately + made, and assented to without discussion, that + the consideration of it should be referred to a committee. + On the reading of the address on slavery from the London + yearly meeting, it was, in like manner, immediately proposed + and agreed to, that it should be referred to the same + committee. At a subsequent sitting, this committee reported, + that they should recommend the whole subject to + be left under the care of their "Meeting for Sufferings," + which was adopted. With the exception of reading the + documents, and going through the necessary forms of business, + these proceedings passed almost in silence; yet, in + the several epistles drawn up to be forwarded to the other + yearly meetings, allusion was made to the deep exercise + of Friends at this meeting, on the subject of slavery, and + their strong desire and wish to encourage others to embrace + every right opening for promoting its abolition; with a + plain intimation, however, in their epistle to Great Britain, + of their disapproval of Friends uniting with any of the anti-slavery + associations of the day. These passages in the + epistles passed without remark or objection. The Meeting + for Sufferings, of Rhode Island, has thus virtually undertaken + to do, or at least to originate, all that is to be + done, during the present year, by Friends of New England, + to help the helpless, and to relieve the oppressed + slaves. Sincerely do I desire, that it may not incur the + responsibility of neglecting so solemn a charge. I subsequently + met, on board the steamer in which we left Newport, + many members of this body; with one of whom I + <a name="p_125"></a> + had some conversation, in the presence of other Friends, + to whom I felt it right to state, that the declarations of + sympathy for the slaves, in the epistles which had been + sent out, were stronger, in my judgment, than was justified + by any thing which had been expressed, or had been + manifested, in the Yearly Meeting. This conviction I yet + retain. I afterwards obtained some authentic extracts + from the laws of Rhode Island, affecting the people of + color, and under which slavery is very distinctly recognized + and sanctioned, even in this <em>free</em> State. I felt it my + duty to forward a copy of these to the "Meeting for Sufferings," + accompanied by the following letter:— + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "<i>To the Meeting for Sufferings of New England</i></p> + <p><i>Yearly Meeting of Friends.</i></p> + <p> + "On passing through Providence, from the Yearly + Meeting at Rhode Island, a solicitor of that place kindly + furnished me with the annexed extracts from the laws of + the State of Rhode Island. I thought it best to send a + copy to you, as it is probable some members of your meeting + may not be aware of their precise nature; and it is a + source of regret to me, and I know it will be so to my + friends in England, to know that in the State in which + your Yearly Meeting is held, slavery is fully legalized, if + the slaves are the property of persons not actually citizens + of that place;—the most odious distinctions of color also + remain on the statute book, including one (Section 10, + No. 2,) which is a disgrace to any civilized community. + I may add, that two very respectable solicitors in Providence + expressed their decided opinion, that if Friends + heartily promoted the repeal of these obnoxious laws, + which throw all the moral influence of the State on the + <a name="p_126"></a> + side of slavery, it might easily be accomplished. I cannot + but hope the subject will receive your prompt attention. + + </p> + <p> + "Truly your friend, + + </p> + <p> + "JOSEPH STURGE." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + To soften the impression which I fear the preceding + detail will give, I may remark, that I am convinced, from + extensive private communication with Friends in New + England, that there is yet among them much genuine + anti-slavery feeling, especially where the deadening commercial + intercourse with the South does not operate; + and though, at present, with some bright individual + exceptions, this is a talent for the most part hidden or + unemployed, I trust that many faithful laborers in this + great cause will yet be found among them. + + </p> + <p> + During our stay in Rhode Island, we twice visited Dr. + Channing, at his summer residence, a few miles from + Newport. The delicacy which ought ever to protect + unreserved social intercourse, forbids me to enrich my + narrative with any detail of his enlightened and comprehensive + sentiments; yet I cannot but add, that, widely + differing from him as I do, on many important points, I + was both deeply interested and instructed by his modest + candor and sincerity, and by the spirit of charity with + which he appeared habitually to regard those of opposite + opinions. Our conversation embraced various topics. I + may be allowed to mention, that he highly approved of + Judge Jay's suggestion for the promotion of permanent + international peace. He also made a practical suggestion + on the anti-slavery movement, which I trust will be acted + on—That petitions should be sent to Congress, praying + that the free States should be relieved from all direct or + <a name="p_127"></a> + indirect support of slavery. As the South has loudly + complained of Northern interference, this will be taking + the planters on their own ground. + + </p> + <p> + Sixth Month, (June) 19th.—We went on to New + Bedford, where, the next day, we called on a number of + persons friendly to abolition, and met a large party of + them the same evening, at the house of a Friend. A + public meeting for worship was appointed during our stay, + at the request of a minister of the Society of Friends + from Indiana, which we attended. I had the pleasure of + witnessing the colored part of the audience, placed on a + level, and sitting promiscuously with the white, the only + opportunity I had of making such an observation in the + United States; as, on ordinary occasions, the colored + people rarely attend Friends' meetings. One of the + waiters at our hotel told me he had escaped from slavery + some years before. The idea of running away had been + first suggested to his mind, by reflecting on his hard lot, + being over-worked, and kept without a sufficiency of food, + and cruelly beaten, while his owner was living in luxury + and idleness, on the fruits of his labor. He had been + flogged for merely speaking to one of his master's visitors, + in reply to a question, because it was suspected he had + divulged matter that his master did not wish the stranger + to know. + + </p> + <p> + On the 21st, we arrived at Boston, and stopped at the + Marlborough hotel. One of the first things noticed by a + visitor to the States is the number and extent of the + hotels, almost all of which are on the principle of the + English boarding houses. Besides the number of casual + visitors in a population which travels from place to place, + perhaps more than any other in the world, the hotels are + <a name="p_128"></a> + the permanent homes of a numerous and important class + of unmarried men, engaged in business, and often indeed + of young married persons, who choose to avoid expense + and the cares of housekeeping. At many, if not most of + the hotels, cleanliness, regularity, and order, pervade all + the arrangements, and as much comfort is to be found as + is compatible with throng and publicity. Still the domestic + charm of private life is wanting, and its absence renders + the system of constant residence most uncongenial to + English habits and feelings. An unsocial reserve lies on + the surface of English character, and the love of privacy, + or at least of a retirement which can be closed and + expanded at will, is an extensive and deep-seated feeling. + Yet the Anglo-American, even of the purest descent, has + early lost the latter characteristic, while he often retains + the first unimpaired. What law governs the hereditary + transmission of such traits? Several first rate hotels in + New England are strictly on the temperance plan, and + among them is the Marlborough, in Boston, the second in + extent of business in this important city, and which makes + up from one hundred to two hundred beds. No intoxicating + liquor of any kind can be had in the house. + Printed notices are also hung up in the bed rooms, that it + is the established rule to take in no fresh company and + to receive no accounts on the first day of the week, + and the cooking and other preparations are as much as + possible performed before hand, that the servants may + enjoy the day of rest, and partake of the moral and + Spiritual benefit of a weekly pause from the whirl and + turmoil of secular engagements. + + </p> + <p> + I had scarcely ventured to hope that I should ever + witness a large hotel like this, conducted on such principles; + <a name="p_129"></a> + but having now seen it, it adds additional strength + to my conviction, that in proportion as Christianity is + carried out in common life, in the same proportion is the + lost happiness of man recovered. Too many in the + present day, who are not behind-hand in profession, keep + their principles more for show than use. They acknowledge + the purity of them, and have some faint perception + of their moral beauty, but secretly believe, and sometimes, + openly avow them to be impracticable in the present state + of the world. They who exhibit proof of the contrary, + are benefactors to their fellow men; and among these, + justly deserves to be classed Nathaniel Rogers, the + proprietor of the Marlborough Hotel, in Boston. + + </p> + <p> + We called upon several of our anti-slavery friends on + the day of our arrival, and in the evening, took tea with a + number of those who approve of the proceedings of the + London Convention, and who concur in the principles of + the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. The + subjects discussed were the time and place of a future + convention of the friends of the slave of different nations. + London was unanimously approved as the place, and the + preponderance of sentiment was in favor of 1842 as the + time. + + </p> + <p> + On the 22d we went on to Lynn. Here are a very + considerable number of the Society of Friends, who are + desirous of taking part in active anti-slavery exertion, + when they can do so without compromise of principle. It + is greatly to be regretted that in this vicinity, a few + individuals, formerly members of our religious society, + have embraced, in connection with their abolition views, + the doctrines of non-resistance, or non-government, in + church and state, and thus greatly added to the difficulties + <a name="p_130"></a> + in the way of efficient action on the part of + consistent members; but whatever may be the errors + and indiscretions of these individuals, they furnish no + valid excuse for the apathy and inaction on the part + of "Friends," nor lessen, in the slightest degree, their + responsibility for the firm and faithful maintenance of + our Christian testimony against oppression. We proceeded, + the same evening, to Amesbury, where the + family of my friend and companion John G. Whittier + reside, in whose hospitable and tranquil retreat we + remained till the 25th. Here I found myself in a manufacturing + district, and paid a visit to a large woollen mill, + and was much pleased with the cleanliness and order + displayed, and with the evident comfort and prosperity of + the working people, who are chiefly young women, none + of whom are admitted under sixteen years of age. Any + person given to intoxication would be instantly discharged. + All the manufactories in this place are joint-stock companies, + and the mills are worked by water power, of which + there is an abundant supply. + + </p> + <p> + I had agreed, on my return to Boston, to meet my + abolition friends at a tea party, and found an entertainment + provided from the Marlborough Hotel, in a large room + adjoining one of the chapels, on a scale of great profusion, + a little to my disappointment, as I had anticipated one of + a social rather than of a public character, though I could + not but feel the kindness which it was intended to manifest. + Charles Stewart Renshaw, from Jamaica, was + opportunely present, and his information on the state of + that Island added much interest to the evening, the proceedings + of which, I hope, gave pretty general satisfaction. + In condescension to my wish, my valued friend, Nathaniel + <a name="p_131"></a> + Colver, suggested to the company to dispense with the + usual form of public prayer, and substitute an interval of + silence, after the reading of a portion of scripture, which + was kindly complied with. + + </p> + <p> + Before leaving Boston, I had a long interview with + William Lloyd Garrison. His view of "women's rights" + is so far a matter of conscience with him, as to be made + an indispensable term of union; yet though widely differing + on this, and other important points, we parted, I trust, + as we met, on personally friendly terms; and certainly on + my part with a desire to promote a spirit of forbearance, and + with a deeper and stronger conviction that the friends of + the bleeding and oppressed slave, should not spend their + strength in unprofitable contention upon points in regard + to which both parties claim to act conscientiously, while + the common cause requires their undivided energies. + + </p> + <p> + On the 28th I left Boston for the beautiful town of + Worcester, about forty miles distant, on the principal line + of railway to New York, where I had the pleasure of + visiting, at his own residence, my friend, Cyrus P. + Grosvenor, one of the delegates to the Anti-Slavery Convention + last year. There are here a considerable number + of sincere abolitionists, of whom we met a small company in + the evening, in a room used as the Friends' meeting house. + I gave them a brief account of the state of the anti-slavery + cause in other parts of the world. In company + with John M. Earle, editor of one of the Worcester + papers, with whom I had formed a previous acquaintance + at the Yearly Meeting, I also called on the Governor of + the State of Massachusetts, who resides in this place. We + had some friendly conversation, but he seemed cautious on + the subject of abolition. The temperance cause in Worcester + <a name="p_132"></a> + has made so much progress that at the three largest + and best hotels, which make up nearly one hundred beds + each, no intoxicating liquor of any kind is sold. A people + thus willing to carry out their convictions, to the sacrifice + of prejudice, appetite, and apparent self-interest, cannot + long remain a nation of slave-holders. In common with + the rest of New England, this town is remarkable for the + number, size, and beauty of its places of worship. I calculated, + with the aid of a well-informed inhabitant, that if + the entire population were to go to a place of worship, at + the same hour, in the same day, there would be ample accommodation, + and room to spare. Yet here there is no + compulsory tax to build churches, and maintain ministers. + By the efficacy of the voluntary principle alone is this + state of things produced. + + </p> + <p> + My dear friend, John G. Whittier returned home from + Worcester on account of increased indisposition, while I + proceeded alone to New York. The journey from Boston + to the latter city is a remarkably pleasant one. Leaving + Boston at four in the afternoon, we proceed on one of + the best railways in the States, at the rate of upwards of + twenty miles an hour, through a very beautiful and generally + well cultivated country, to the city of Norwich, in + the State of Connecticut, where the train arrives about + eight in the evening, and the passengers immediately + embark on a handsome steamer, for New York, enjoying, + as long as daylight lasts, the fine scenery on the banks of + the Thames. The night I went was moonlight; and, + after long enjoying the coolness of the evening on deck, + the company retired to their berths, and arrived at New + York at the seasonable hour of six the following morning. + + </p> + <p> + I remained in New York until the 7th of the Seventh + <a name="p_133"></a> + Month (July). My friends, William Shotwell and wife, + had left the city during the hot months, but very kindly + placed their town house at my service, and I found the + retirement thus at my command both refreshing and very + serviceable, in enabling me to bring up arrears of writing. + During this interval, I spent one very pleasant day with + Theodore and Angelina Grimke Weld, and their sister, + Sarah Grimke, who reside on a small farm, a few miles + from Newark. To the great majority of my readers these + names need no introduction; yet, for the benefit of the + few, I will briefly allude to their past history. When the + American Anti-Slavery Society was formed, in 1833, + Theodore D. Weld was at the Lane Seminary, near Cincinnati, + Ohio. He was unable to attend on that occasion, + but wrote a letter, declaring his entire sympathy with its + object. Soon after, through the influence and exertions of + himself and Henry B. Stanton, a large majority of the + students at Lane Seminary, comprising several slave-holders + and sons of slave-holders, became members of an Anti-Slavery + Society. The Faculty opposed the formation of + this society, and finally expelled its members from the + seminary. For two or three years after, Theodore Weld + was engaged in anti-slavery effort, principally in the States + of Ohio and New York. His voice failed at last, and for + several years he was unable to address a public assembly. + Angelina Grimke Weld, and her sister, Sarah Grimke, + were natives of South Carolina, the daughters of a distinguished + Judge of that State; for several years they resided + in Philadelphia. Having long felt a deep interest in + the condition of the slaves, in the year 1837 they, in accordance + with what they believed to be a sense of religious + duty, visited New York and New England, to plead the + <a name="p_134"></a> + cause of those, with whose sorrows, degradation, and cruel + sufferings, they had been familiar in their native State. + They are evidently women of superior endowments, kind-hearted + and energetic, and still retain something of the + warmth and fervor of character peculiar to the South. + + </p> + <p> + Few, even of the well informed abolitionists of England, + have an adequate idea of the extent, variety, and excellence + of the anti-slavery literature of the United States, + or of the amount of intellectual power which has been willingly + consecrated to this service. Of the cause itself, + with all its exigencies, we may adopt, in a yet more limited + sense, the sentiment of the Christian poet, on the transient + nature of all sublunary things, + + </p> + <div class="lg">"These, therefore, are occasional, and pass."<br><br></div> + <p> + The time approaches when the shackles of the slave + will fall off—when his suffering and despairing cry will + be no more heard. Slavery itself is a temporary exigency; + but its removal has called, and will yet call + forth, works bearing the impress of intellectual supremacy, + which will be embodied in the permanent literature of the + age, and will contribute to raise the character, and to extend + the reputation, of that literature. The names of + Channing, Jay, Child, Green, and Pierpont, are already + their own passport to fame. Other names might be mentioned; + but, one instance excepted, selection might be invidious. + That exception is Theodore D. Weld, whose + palm of superiority few would be disposed to contest. His + principal works are, "The Bible against Slavery;" + "Power of Congress over Slavery in the District of + Columbia;" and "Slavery as it is." + + </p> + <p> + All his writings are marked by varied excellence; yet + <a name="p_135"></a> + their chief characteristic is an irresistible and overwhelming + power of argument. Although brief and compressed + in style, he exhausts his subject; and his two principal + works, though on warmly controverted topics, have never + been replied to. He would be a bold antagonist who + should enter the lists against him: he would be a yet + bolder ally who should attempt to go over the same + ground, or to do better what has been done so well. + + </p> + <p> + One of the most voluminous and popular writers that + ever lived, observed to a friend, "that he was more proud + of his compositions for manure, than of any other compositions + with which he had any concern." My friend, has + the same love of rural occupations, and has found severe + manual labor essential for the recovery of health, broken + by labor of another kind. I found him at work on his + farm, driving his own wagon and oxen, with a load of + rails. When he had disposed of his freight, we mounted + the wagon, and drove to his home. Two or three of his + fellow-students at the Lane Seminary arrived about the + same time, and we spent the day in agreeable, and, I trust, + profitable intercourse. In the household arrangements of + this distinguished family, Dr. Graham's dietetic system is + rigidly adopted, which excludes meat, butter, coffee, tea, + and all intoxicating beverages. I can assure all who may + be interested to know, that this Roman simplicity of living + does not forbid enjoyment, when the guest can share with + it the affluence of such minds as daily meet at their table. + The "Graham system," as it is called, numbers many + adherents in America, who are decided in its praise. + + </p> + <p> + My friends, Theodore D. and Angelina Weld, and + Sarah Grimke, sympathize, to a considerable extent, with + the views on "women's rights," held by one section of + <a name="p_136"></a> + abolitionists; yet they deeply regret that this, or any other + extraneous doctrine, should have been made an apple of + discord; and, since the rise of these unhappy divisions, + they have held aloof from both the anti-slavery organizations, + though, as among the most able and successful + laborers in the field, they may justly be accounted allies + by each party. Difference of opinion on these points did + not, for a moment, interrupt the pleasure of our intercourse; + and I could not but wish, that those, of whatever + party, who are accustomed to judge harshly of all who + cannot pronounce their "shibboleth," might be instructed + by the candid, charitable, and peace-loving deportment of + Theodore D. Weld. + + </p> + <p> + During my visit to New York, I became acquainted + with many who were deeply interested in the abolition + cause, not a few of whom were members of my own + religious society. Among these, I may particularly + mention my venerable friends, Richard Mott and Samuel + Parsons. I paid a second visit to the residence of the + latter at Flushing, but regret to say, I found him too + unwell to enjoy company.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_24"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_24"></a> His sons are anxiously + <a name="p_137"></a> + desirous of furthering the abolition cause on every suitable + occasion. One evening I spent with a respectable + minister, who is a man of color, and who assured me that + most of the intelligent persons of his class in New York + approve of the course pursued by the late Convention in + London, and the Committee of the British and Foreign + Anti-Slavery Society. I saw at his house a man who had + purchased his freedom for twelve hundred dollars, intending + to remain in the same State, but, as in a precisely + similar case already noticed, he afterwards found he had + no alternative but to emigrate, leaving his still enslaved + family behind him, or to be again sold into slavery + himself, under the laws enacted to drive out free people + of color. He was trying to raise the large sum of fourteen + hundred dollars, to purchase his wife and four children. + + </p> + <p><a name="NoteFN1_24"></a><a href="#FootFN1_24">A</a>: This illness + terminated fatally. One of his intimate friends in this country, + has favored me with the following communication respecting him. + "Samuel Parsons had been from early life, a warm friend to the + African race; his love of peace rendered him at the first + accessible to prejudice against the American Anti-Slavery Society, + through the misrepresentations respecting its violent and rash + measures; which misrepresentations it was much more easy to believe + than to investigate. Yet his interest for the negro and colored + population of the United States continued, and he extended + acts of protection and kindness towards them, whenever opportunity + for it was afforded. In the Eleventh Month, last year, I find + the following paragraph in one of his letters to us, viz. 'Though + sensible that I am drawing towards the close of time, I cannot + avoid taking a deep interest in the moral reformation, relative to + slavery and intemperance, which is progressing in the earth; my + son Robert and I look at these publications as they appear, with + deep solicitude. The proceedings of the Anti-Slavery Convention + of the world, and its movements, are of great moment to the whole + civilized world. The anti-slavery cause, has not, I fear, advanced + much the last year; the separation in the National Society, and the + truckling to the South of the politicians of both sides, during the + late Presidential election, has for a time marred the work; but the + anti-slavery banner of a third party is still displayed, and it will + probably continue to nominate till it seriously influences the + elections. In the mean time, the individual States, one after another, + are freeing the colored people from part of their civil disabilities. + A hard battle is to be fought, but mighty is truth, and must + prevail.'" + </p> + <p> + "The fourth of July," the anniversary of the independence + of the United States, fell this year on the first day of + the week, and was therefore celebrated the day following. + It is still marked by extravagant demonstrations of joy, and + <a name="p_138"></a> + often disgraced by scenes of intemperance and demoralization. + The better part of the community wisely + counteract the evil, to a great extent, by holding, on the + same day, temperance meetings, school examinations, + opening their places of worship, et cet. I accompanied + my friend Lewis Tappan to attend an anti-slavery meeting + at Newark, in which Theodore Weld was expected to + take a part for the first time after an interval of five years' + discontinuance of public speaking. Several years before, + he had been carried away by the stream in crossing a + river, and had very narrowly escaped drowning. This + accident caused an affection of the throat, and eventually + disqualified him for public labor except with the pen, to + which, though deemed a great loss at the time by his + fellow-laborers in the anti-slavery cause, we probably owe + the invaluable works before referred to. It was on the + same anniversary, five years ago, that he had spoken last, + a circumstance to which he made a touching allusion: he + spoke very impressively for more than half an hour without + serious inconvenience, and I hope it may please + Providence to restore his ability to plead, as he was wont + to do with great power, for the cause of the oppressed. + + </p> + <p> + In the afternoon there was a public examination of the + scholars belonging to the place of worship in which the + preceding meeting was held, and in connection with this a + little incident occurred, which may serve to illustrate the + state of public feeling. Newark, from its extensive trade + with the south, is much under pro-slavery influence. But + the congregation of this chapel are generally anti-slavery, + and have several colored children in their school. One of + these, a little black girl, was qualified to take part in the + public examination; but this, in the estimation of some + <a name="p_139"></a> + of the parents of white scholars, and several even of the + trustees, could not be borne. Others, on the contrary, + resolved to battle with the prejudice of caste, and to call + for her, if she were not brought forward; and, finally, I + suppose, by way of compromise, she was brought on the + platform to recite alone, after the little scholars who could + rejoice in the aristocratic complexion had performed their + parts, without suffering the indignity of a public association + with a colored child. Even this was, however, + considered a victory by the anti-prejudice party. + + </p> + <p> + I left on the seventh for Niagara, being desirous to see + the celebrated Falls, and to visit some friends living in the + western part of this State, as well as to find relief from + the oppressive and tropical heat. I hoped also to fall in + with my friends and fellow laborers, J. and M. Candler, + who had gone with a party in the same direction. I need + not describe a route so often traversed by Europeans. + One of its agreeable incidents was an accidental meeting + with John Curtis, of Ohio, on his way, on a free trade + mission, to Great Britain, from motives which I believe to + be disinterested and philanthropic. His labors, which are + principally intended to show the evils of our taxes upon + food, will not be in vain; though he will find many in + England, as I found in America, who have no ear for + truth when it opposes their prejudices or imaginary self-interest. + He gave me a most cheering account of the + march of abolition in Ohio, and said he had lately attended + a meeting held at the invitation of the abolitionists, on + the 5th of July, at which there were three thousand + persons, who had come to the place of meeting in nine + hundred vehicles of different kinds. He said he had + never witnessed a more enthusiastic meeting. Another + <a name="p_140"></a> + gentleman and his wife made themselves known to me, in + the railway carriage, as warm abolitionists, and spoke + favorably of the prospects of the cause in this part of the + State of New York. The gentleman said he had lately + had a discussion with a deacon of a church he attended, + who defended the admission of slave-holders to the communion. + On being asked, however, whether he would + admit sheep-stealers, he acknowledged this was not so + great a crime as man-stealing, and pleaded no further in + favor of church-fellowship with slave-holders. + + </p> + <p> + The journey from New York to the Falls of Niagara, + a distance of 480 miles, is performed in about forty-eight + hours, and when the railway communication is further + completed, and the speed raised to the standard of the + best English lines, it will probably be accomplished in less + than thirty hours. The railway passed for many miles + through the original forest, in which I observed very lofty + trees, but none of an extraordinary girth. In many places + the ground was crowded with fallen trees, in every stage + of decay. I found my friends at the Eagle Hotel, at + Niagara, where I remained till the twelfth, enjoying with + them the views and scenery of "the Falls," a spectacle + of nature in her grandest aspect, which mocks the limited + capacity of man to conceive or to describe. + + </p> + <p> + On the eleventh, being the first day of the week, we + held a meeting for worship, at our hotel, and were joined + by an Irish lady and her three daughters, who had been + living here some months. This lady told me she was + present when M'Leod was arrested in this hotel. From + all I have been able to learn, there are a number of + reckless men on both sides the border line, who are + anxious to foment war for the sake of plunder; but the + <a name="p_141"></a> + great bulk of the American people, I am persuaded, are + for peace, and especially for peace with England, a feeling + which time is strengthening. + + </p> + <p> + On the twelfth, our whole party left for Buffalo, by + railway, getting a transient view of Lake Ontario before + entering the city. Here we parted company, they proceeding + to Toronto, by steam packet, and I to Syracuse + by coach. The American vehicle of this name, carries + nine inside passengers on three cross seats. It is hung on + leather springs, so as to be fitted to maintain the shocks of + a <i>corduroy</i> road. Wishing to see the + country, I mounted + the box, by the side of the coachman, but at times had + some difficulty in retaining my seat. The value of land + in this part of the country, when cleared and in cultivation, + I understood to be from thirty to fifty dollars per + acre. A large breadth of wheat is grown, of which the + yield is generally good; but this year there will be, in + many cases, a short crop, from the extreme drought in the + two preceding months. I went forward from Syracuse to + Rochester by railway, and thence, with the exception + of twelve miles by coach, by the same conveyance to + Auburn, where we arrived at two o'clock in the morning. + One of my fellow-passengers had been a soldier in the + so-called "patriot" army, which enlisted against Santa + Anna, in the revolt of Texas. He stated, that some + planters were emigrating from Mississippi, with as many + as two hundred "hands," (slaves,) and plainly said, it was + intended to plant the Anglo-Saxon flag on the walls of + Mexico. If half what he asserted was true, the worst + apprehensions of the abolitionists are too likely to be + realized by the Texian revolution, and the establishment + of a new slave-holding power on the vast territory + <a name="p_142"></a> + claimed by that piratical band of robbers, and forming the + South-western frontier of the United States. + + </p> + <p> + At Auburn I paid a visit to the celebrated State + Prison, and though, from want of time to call upon a + gentleman in the city for whom I had a letter, I was + unprovided with an introduction, I was politely admitted + by the superintendent, who refused to receive the fee + customarily paid by visitors, when he found, from the + entry of my name and address, I was an Englishman. I + passed through the different workshops, in which nearly + all handicraft trades are carried on, and very superior work + is frequently executed by the prisoners. Besides other + less complicated machines, one complete locomotive + engine has been constructed within these walls. As the + system of discipline adopted here is the same as at Sing + Sing, also in this State, I defer for the present, any + remarks upon its character and success. + + </p> + <p> + I left Auburn, in a hired carriage, for Skaneateles, to + pay a visit to my friend, James Cannings Fuller. He has + a rich farm of 156 acres, with a good house upon it, about + a quarter of a mile west of the large and flourishing village + of Skaneateles, which overlooks a beautiful lake of the + same name, sixteen miles in length, and in some places + two miles wide. James C. Fuller left England about + seven years ago, and has carried his abolition principles + with him to his adopted country. He told me that there + had been a great change for the better in the public mind + since his residence in this neighborhood. Abolitionism + was once so unpopular, that he has been mobbed four + times in his own otherwise quiet village. On one occasion + he was engaged in a public discussion on slavery, + and a mob so much disturbed the meeting, by the throwing + <a name="p_143"></a> + of shot, and yells the most discordant the human voice + could make, that his opponent moved an adjournment, + and afterwards accompanied him on his way to his own + house, with many other persons, as a body-guard. They + were followed by a large number of other persons, who + attempted to throw him down, and were very free in the + use of missiles and mud; the mob were so vociferous, + that their shoutings were heard two and a half miles + distant, many persons leaving their houses to endeavor to + ascertain the cause of such an uproar. On James C. + Fuller's entering his house, the mob surrounded his parlor + windows, and these would, most probably, have been + smashed in pieces, and the building defaced, had not one + of the assailants been seized with a fit, and in that state + conveyed into James C. Fuller's parlor, where he lay + insensible for three quarters of an hour. This sudden + seizure diverted the attention of the mob from my friend + and his property to their own companion. + + </p> + <p> + James C. Fuller informed me that mobs in America + are generally, if not always, instigated by "persons of + property and standing;" and the most blameable, in his + case, were not those who yelled, et cet., et cet., but others + who prompted the outrage. Happily this state of things + is now altered: as much order and decorum, with fixed + attention, is now witnessed at an abolition lecture as at + any other lecture; and a colored man can now collect a + larger meeting in Skaneateles than a white man, and the + behavior of the audience is attentive, kind, and respectful. + My friend, John Candler, who was here a fortnight before + me, collected a large assembly to hear his account of the + effects of emancipation in our West India Islands, and many + expressed themselves much gratified with his narrative. + + </p><a name="p_144"></a><p> + Being anxious to proceed to Peterboro', to visit Gerrit + Smith, I accepted James C. Fuller's kind offer to take me + in his carriage. The distance is nearly fifty miles, and the + roads were, in some parts, very rough; but they intersect + a fine country. Much wheat is grown in many places, + and here the crop appeared generally good. + + </p> + <p> + Having started rather late in the afternoon, we were + benighted before we reached Manlius Square, where we + lodged. Though my kind friend would not permit me + to pay my share of the bill, yet, to gratify my curiosity, + he communicated the particulars of the charge, as follows: + Half a bushel of oats for the horses, 25 cents; supper for + two persons, 25 cents; two beds, 25 cents; hay and + stable-room for the two horses, 25 cents; total, one dollar, + or about 4s. 2d. sterling. + + </p> + <p> + We arrived at Peterboro' early the following morning, + where I remained till the sixteenth, at the house of Gerrit + Smith. He was once a zealous supporter of the Colonization + Society, but when convinced of the evil character + and tendency of that scheme, he withdrew from it, and became + a warm and able advocate of the immediate abolition + of slavery. He is one of the few Americans who have + inherited large property from their parents, and he has contributed + to this cause with princely munificence. Gerrit + Smith and Arthur Tappan have, each on one or more occasions + given single donations of ten thousand dollars (upwards + of two thousand pounds sterling) to promote anti-slavery + objects. His wife, Ann Carroll Smith, who is a + native of Maryland, and his daughter, an only child, share + in my valued friend's ardent sympathy for the sufferings of + the slave. During my stay, he received a letter from + Samuel Worthington, of Mississippi, who held in slavery + <a name="p_145"></a> + Harriet Russell. Harriet was formerly the slave of Ann + Carroll Smith, having been given to her when they were + both children. Ann C. Smith was but twelve years old + when, with her father's family, she removed from Maryland + to New York. Harriet was left in Maryland. + Shortly after Ann C. Smith's marriage, and when she was + about eighteen years of age, her brother, James Fitzhugh, + of Maryland, wrote to ask her to give Harriet to him, + stating that she was, or was about to be, married to his + slave, Samuel Russell. She consented: and her brother + soon after emigrated to Kentucky, taking Samuel and + Harriet with him. After this Samuel and Harriet were + repeatedly sold. + + </p> + <p> + Some years ago, Gerrit and Ann C. Smith having become + deeply impressed with the great sin of slavery, were + anxious to learn what had become of Harriet. But they + did not succeed in ascertaining her residence, until the + letter received during my visit informed them of it, and + which also stated that Harriet and her husband were + living, and that they had several children. The price put + upon the family was four thousand dollars. + + </p> + <p> + James C. Fuller having kindly offered to go into Kentucky, + where Samuel Worthington then resided, to negotiate + with him for the purchase of the family, G. Smith + gladly accepted the offer of one so well qualified for this + undertaking. James C. Fuller succeeded in purchasing + the family for three thousand five hundred dollars, + exclusive of his travelling expenses, and those of the + slave family, which amounted to about two hundred + and eighty dollars. He has published a very interesting + account of his journey, in a letter addressed to myself, + from which some extracts are given in the + Appendix.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_25"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_25"></a> Eighteen + <a name="p_146"></a> + months ago, G. and A.C. Smith united + with other children of her father, the late Col. Fitzhugh, in + purchasing, at the cost of four thousand dollars, the liberty + of ten slaves, who, or their parents, were among the slaves + of Colonel Fitzhugh when he left Maryland. I have + recently learned that they are negotiating the purchase of + the liberty of other slaves, who formerly belonged to + Colonel Fitzhugh. It is nearly seven years since Gerrit + Smith and his family adopted the practice of total abstinence + from all slave produce, thus additionally manifesting + the sincerity of those convictions which have induced him + to contribute so largely of his wealth both to the anti-slavery + funds, and for the liberation of all slaves with + which his family property had the most remote connection. + + </p> + <p><a name="NoteFN1_25"></a><a href="#FootFN1_25">A</a>: See Appendix I. + </p> + <p> + Here, I had some expectation of again meeting my + friend, James G. Birney, who was gone on a journey to + Ohio, and is well known to English abolitionists, by his + able assistance at the great Anti-Slavery Convention, as + one of its vice-presidents, and by his subsequent labors, + which are thus acknowledged, on his return to America, + by the Committee of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery + Society:— + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "That this committee are deeply sensible of the services + rendered to the anti-slavery cause by their esteemed + friend and coadjutor, James Gillespie Birney, Esq., whilst + in this country, in a course of laborious efforts, in which + his accurate and extensive information, his wise and judicious + counsels, and his power of calm and convincing + statement, have become eminently conspicuous. + + </p> + <p> + "The committee also take the present occasion to + <a name="p_147"></a> + record their sense of his zealous and disinterested labors in + defence of the rights of outraged humanity in his own + country, during a period of great excitement and opposition: + and of the proof he has given of his sincerity, in + having twice manumitted the slaves that had come into his + possession; a noble example, which they trust others will + not be slow to follow." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + Whilst J.G. Birney was in this country, in addition to + his arduous labors, in addressing large assemblies in many + of the cities of the United Kingdom, he prepared and + published his excellent work, "The American Churches + the Bulwark of American Slavery," which is eminently + deserving of the attentive perusal of all Christian readers. + The estimation in which James G. Birney is held by + American abolitionists, is marked by his having been twice + unanimously selected by the "Liberty Party," as a candidate + for the Presidential chair. + + </p> + <p> + I found G. Smith as much interested in the subject of + temperance, as in that of slavery. No person in the + whole of the township in which he lives is licensed to sell + drams. For an innkeeper to sell a glass of spirits, or + even of strong beer, is illegal, and exposes him to a heavy + fine. + + </p> + <p> + The next morning I left early for Utica, where I had + the pleasure of again meeting the friends I had parted + from at Buffalo, with whom I paid a visit to the Oneida + Institute, about two miles from Utica. This college was + the first in the United States to throw open its doors to + students, irrespective of color. It was also one of the earliest + institutions to combine manual labor with instruction. + The principle is adopted partly from a motive of economy, + but principally because intellectual vigor is believed to depend + <a name="p_148"></a> + on bodily health, and that these can be best secured + and preserved by exercise and labor, especially out of door + and agricultural employments. The labor of the students + defrays a considerable part of the expense of their support, + but as the severe pressure of the times has limited + the means of many liberal benefactors of Oneida, the establishment, + which usually comprises one hundred young + men, is now limited to about one-third of the number. + Several of these are colored. The Oberlin Institute in + Ohio is on a much larger scale than this, and is on an + equally liberal footing with regard to color. I much regretted + being unable, from want of time, to comply with + the urgent request of my friend, Wm. Dawes and others, + to visit this important and interesting establishment. The + number of students at Oberlin last year was five hundred + and sixty, including those in the department for females. + + </p> + <p> + I was much pleased to have the opportunity of becoming + further acquainted with the President of Oneida, + Beriah Green, and with his friend, Wm. Goodell, who resides + in the neighborhood. Their names will be reverenced + by the abolitionists of America as long as the memory + of anti-slavery efforts shall survive. Before we left, + we had an opportunity of meeting the students together, + who appeared much interested with my friend John + Candler's details of the results of emancipation in Jamaica. + I was disappointed in not finding at home Alvan Stewart, + one of the ablest and most zealous friends of the Anti-Slavery + cause; but Beriah Green kindly accompanied me + to call upon several of their abolition friends in the city. + + </p> + <p> + My limited time prevented my paying a visit to Henry + B. Stanton, who was residing not far from Utica, and + whose acquaintance I had the pleasure of making in England. + <a name="p_149"></a> + He also will be remembered for his able assistance + at the Convention, and by his eloquent addresses at public + meetings in this country. The following record of his services + is made by the Committee of the British and + Foreign Anti-Slavery Society:— + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "That this Committee, in taking leave of their friend + and fellow-laborer in the cause of universal emancipation, + Henry Brewster Stanton, Esq., record their high estimate + of the valuable services rendered by him to that cause, + whilst in Great Britain, by his eloquent and powerful advocacy; + and, in tendering him their thanks, they express + their sincere desire for his success in the great work to + which he has devoted himself." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + The name of Henry B. Stanton previously occurs in + conjunction with that of Theodore D. Weld, as having left + Lane Seminary with many other students, rather than be + silent on the abolition question: becoming from that time + a strenuous and powerful anti-slavery advocate. + + </p> + <p> + I proceeded in the evening to Albany, and thence to + New York the next morning; where I remained from the + 17th to the 26th instant, and, during this time, I put in + circulation the following address:— + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "<i>To the Members of the Religious Society of Friends + in the United States of America</i>. + + </p> + <p> + "Dear Friends,—Having for many years believed + it my duty to devote a considerable portion of my time + and attention to the promotion of the abolition of slavery + and the slave-trade, I have acted in cordial co-operation + with the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society since + its formation. The principles of that Society may be + briefly explained by the following extract from its constitution: + <a name="p_150"></a> + 'That so long as slavery exists, there is no reasonable + prospect of the annihilation of the slave-trade, and + of extinguishing the sale and barter of human beings: + that the extinction of slavery and the slave-trade will be + attained most effectually by the employment of those + means which are of a moral, religious, and pacific character: + and that no measures be resorted to by this society + in the prosecution of their objects, but such as are in entire + accordance with these principles.' + + </p> + <p> + "My visit to this country had reference, in a great + measure, to the objects for which this society was established; + but, although I left my native land with the + general approbation and full unity of my friends, they + concurred with me in opinion, that any <em>official</em> document, + beyond a certificate from 'my monthly meeting,' + expressive of sympathy with my engagement, might + rather obstruct than promote the end I had in view. I + was desirous of a personal interchange of sentiment with + many of the abolitionists in this land, upon matters having + an important bearing upon our future exertions. The + warm attachment which I have ever felt to the religious + society with which I am connected, and the ready co-operation + of its members with their Christian neighbors in + promoting this cause in Great Britain, inclined me to + embrace every suitable opportunity to communicate with + Friends in this country. And I have been encouraged, + not only by the great personal kindness I have received + from them generally, but also by the lively interest + expressed by most, on the subject of emancipation, + wherever I have introduced it. + + </p> + <p> + "A further acquaintance with Friends in the compass + of the three or four 'Yearly Meetings,' in which my lot + <a name="p_151"></a> + has been cast, and my inquiries respecting the state of the + other Yearly Meetings, has convinced me that a large + number of their most consistent members, including many + aged and universally respected Friends, are desirous of + embracing every right opening, both individually and + collectively, for the promotion of the abolition cause. + And while they are fully aware that there are reasons + growing out of the existing state of things, which render + great circumspection necessary, they can see no good + ground for believing that the manner in which Friends of + this country, of a former generation, labored for the + liberation of the slave, was not under the guidance of + the Spirit of truth. + + </p> + <p> + "This is now the course pursued by Friends generally + in England. That there may be no misapprehension as + to the conduct of Friends, with regard to this subject, in + Great Britain, I may mention, that I am the bearer of a + document expressive of unity with my visit, signed by + William Allen, Josiah Forster, William Forster, George + Stacey, Samuel Fox, George W. Alexander, and Robert + Forster, who declare themselves fellow members with + myself of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Committee. + This committee is composed of persons of various + religious denominations, amongst whom it will be seen are + many of the prominent members of our meeting for sufferings. + Upon the list of delegates to the late Anti-Slavery + Convention, in London, are the names of nearly one hundred + well known Friends, including those of four who are, + or have been clerks of the yearly meeting; and the present + clerk of that meeting, my esteemed friend, George Stacey, + took an active part, and rendered essential service in the + Convention. The meeting house in Gracechurch Street + <a name="p_152"></a> + was freely granted by Friends in London, who have + charge of it, for the use of the Convention, and the + concluding sittings of that body were held in it. + + </p> + <p> + "In fact, Friends generally in England think it their + duty to render every aid in their power to the anti-slavery + cause, whether in their collective capacity, or individually + uniting with their fellow-citizens, when they can do so + without any compromise of our religious principles and + testimonies. I speak more explicitly on this point, because + I have ascertained with much concern, that there is an + influential portion of the Society, including, I have no + doubt, some sincere abolitionists, who have been so fearful + that the testimonies of the Society might suffer by any + union with others, that they have not only avoided such + a co-operation themselves, but have dissuaded those of + their brethren, who have believed it incumbent upon them + to act otherwise; and in one 'Yearly Meeting,' at least, + I have too much reason to fear they have tacitly, if not + actively sanctioned the omission of the names of Friends + on meeting appointments,—however consistent in their + conduct, and concerned for the welfare of the society—simply + because they have felt it their duty to act with + persons of other denominations in promoting the abolition + of slavery; thus, in appearance at least, throwing the + whole weight and influence of the society, in its collective + capacity, against a movement, which, although doubtless + partaking of the imperfections attendant upon all human + instrumentality, has already aroused the whole country to + a sense of the wrongs of the slave, and secured to the + nominally free colored citizens, in many of the States, + rights of which they have been so long and so unjustly + deprived. + + </p> + <p><a name="p_153"></a> + "Though I can hardly expect that any thing from + one entertaining my view of the subject, can have much + weight with those Friends, who, with a full understanding + of the heavy responsibility they were assuming, have + discountenanced anti-slavery exertions, and the use of our + meeting houses, even by consistent members, for the + purpose of giving information on the + subject:<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_26"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_26"></a> yet, as it + has occasioned me no small degree of anxiety, both in + reference to the anti-slavery cause, and the Society of + Friends itself, I believe I cannot return to my native + land with peace of mind, without earnestly and affectionately + pressing upon such Friends, the great importance + of a careful examination of the ground which they have + taken. Our unwearied adversary is sometimes permitted + to lead us into the most fearful errors, when he assumes + the appearance of an angel of light. And is there not + great danger, in encouraging the young and inexperienced + to suppose that the maintenance of any of our testimonies + may be neglected, except when we feel a Divine intimation + to uphold them, and may it not open the door to + great laxity in our practice? While I fully believe that + the true disciple of Christ will be favored with the immediate + guidance of the Holy Spirit whenever it is needful + to direct his steps; it appears to me especially important, + that, in matters of self-sacrifice and conflicting with our + <a name="p_154"></a> + worldly interest or reputation, we should guard against + being deluded into a neglect of duty, by waiting for this + direct Divine intimation, where the path of duty is obvious + and clearly understood, and when testimonies are concerned, + which we have long considered it our duty, on all + occasions, to support. If, under such a view of the subject, + we do believe it our duty to cease to act ourselves, + and discourage our brethren from laboring in the cause of + the slave; a close self-examination surely is needful, in + order to ascertain if we are consistently carrying out the + same principle in our daily walk in life—in our mercantile + transactions—our investments of property—in our connection + with public institutions,—and with political + parties. + + </p> + <p><a name="NoteFN1_26"></a><a href="#FootFN1_26">A</a>: "It is right to state, that I was + much encouraged by the + lively expression of sympathy in the anti-slavery cause in the + Yearly Meetings of Philadelphia and New York: that at the former + place Friends opened a room at the meeting house for my friend + John Candler to give some information on the subject, and at New + York the large meeting house was not only readily granted to him + and me for the same purpose, but the clerks of the Yearly Meeting + kindly gave notice and invited Friends to attend." + </p> + <p> + "It should be borne in perpetual recollection, that + we are in no small danger of shrinking from a faithful + maintenance of those testimonies which are unpopular + with the world, as well as of not seeing our own neglect + of duty, while censuring the zeal or supposed indiscretion + of others. Besides, if this good cause be really endangered + by popular excitement, and the indiscretion of its + imprudent advocates, the obligation of consistent Friends + to be found at their posts, faithfully maintaining the testimony + of truth on its behalf, is greatly increased; and it + is under such circumstances that I think I have seen the + peculiar advantage and protection to our young friends in + England, of having their elder brethren with them, aiding + them by their sympathy, as well as by their advice and + counsel. I am persuaded that those who are called to + occupy the foremost ranks in society cannot be too careful + not to impose a burden upon tender consciences, by discouraging, + either directly or indirectly, a course of conduct + <a name="p_155"></a> + which is sanctioned by the precepts and examples of our + Divine Master, lest they alienate from us some of His + disciples, and thereby greatly injure the society they are + so laudably anxious to 'keep unspotted from the world.' + + </p> + <p> + "We are told, on the highest authority, that 'by their + fruits' we are to judge of the laborers in the Christian + vineyard; and, while I am fully aware of the greater + difficulties in the way of emancipation <em>here</em>, as compared + with Great Britain, I have been almost irresistibly led to + contrast the difference in the results of the course pursued + by Friends in the two countries. In America, during the + last twenty-five years, it is evident that slavery and the + slave-trade have greatly increased; and even where the + members of our society are the most numerous and influential, + the prejudice against color is as strong as in any + part of the world,<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_27"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_27"></a> and Friends themselves, in many + places, are by no means free from this prejudice. In + Great Britain, Friends, by society action, and by uniting + with their fellow-countrymen, not only contributed, under + Providence, in no small degree, to the passage of the act + of 1834, for the abolition of slavery in the British West + Indies; but, when it was found that the system of + apprenticeship which this act introduced, was made an + instrument of cruel oppression to the slaves, a renewal of + similar labors for about twelve months, resulted in the + <em>complete</em> emancipation of our colored brethren in those + colonies. + + </p> + <p><a name="NoteFN1_27"></a><a href="#FootFN1_27">A</a>: "I should, I believe, + do wrong to conceal the sorrow which I + have felt that the scheme of African colonization, the great support + of which, at the present time, appears to be hostility to anti-slavery + efforts and an unchristian prejudice against color, still has the + sympathy and the active aid of some members of our + society." + </p> + <p><a name="p_156"></a> + "In closing this letter, I wish to address a few words to + that numerous and valuable class of Friends, previously + alluded to, with whom I deeply sympathize, who are only + deterred from more active exertion by their reluctance to + give dissatisfaction to those whom they respect. The + sorrow which I feel, under the consideration that, in parting + with many of you, we never probably shall meet again + in mutability, is softened by the persuasion, that the + difficulties by which you are surrounded are lessening, and + that some who are now opposing you, will, ere long, join + you in efforts, which shall remove from the minds, both of + abolitionists and slave-holders, the belief so generally entertained, + that the Society of Friends in this country are not + earnestly engaged for the <em>total and immediate</em> + abolition of slavery. No one regrets more than myself that any friends + to the cause of abolition should connect other topics with + it, which, however suitable to be discussed on their own + merits, must necessarily interfere with this simple and momentous + object. You are aware of some of the circumstances + which may have led to the state of feeling, with + many in our society, which we so much deplore. And it + is my fervent desire that none of you, in any steps you + may consider it your duty to take, may afford just cause + of uneasiness, by any compromise of Christian principle, + any improper harshness of language, or by the introduction + of any subject not strictly belonging to the anti-slavery + cause. Your situation is one of peculiar difficulty and + delicacy. Both from a regard to your own religious + society and the suffering slave, you have need to exercise + great watchfulness, and to cultivate feelings of brotherly + love and that 'charity which suffereth long, and is kind.' + The beautiful example of John Woolman, in this respect, + <a name="p_157"></a> + is worthy of your imitation. His labors were, for years, + far less encouraged by the leading influences of society + than your own at the present time; yet we find, in reading + his invaluable journal, no traces of bitterness or + uncharitable feeling. + + </p> + <p> + "Finally, dear friends of all classes,—In thus freely + addressing you, I have written, not only with a strong + attachment to our religious society, but, I trust, under a + feeling of a degree of that love, which is not confined to + geographical boundaries, or affected by color or by clime. + The prayer of my heart is, that each of you may be willing + to be made instrumental, in the Divine Hand, in faithfully + maintaining our Christian testimony against slavery; + bearing in mind, that the labors of your ancestors have + greatly increased your responsibility, by separating you + from those influences which so deaden the feelings and + harden the heart against the claims of our brethren in + bonds. May these considerations, viewed in connection + with the difficulties which obstruct the progress of emancipation + in this land, stimulate you to increased exertion; + and when you are summoned to the bar of that final tribunal, + towards which we are all hastening, may you have + the inexpressible consolation of reflecting, that you have + performed all you could towards 'undoing the heavy + burden and letting the oppressed go free.' + + </p> + <p> + "I am, very sincerely, + + </p> + <p> + "Your friend, + <br> + "JOSEPH STURGE." + + </p> + <p>"New York, Seventh Month 17th, 1841."</p> + </blockquote> + <p> + The above letter so fully embodies my view of the + state of the Society in reference to the anti-slavery cause, + <a name="p_158"></a> + that I shall think it needless, after a few general observations, + again recur to this subject. I feel bound to acknowledge + that this public mode of making my sentiments + known was disapproved by some Friends; yet of all the + objections that were made to the proceeding, none tended + to impugn the accuracy of my representation of the existing + state of things. This is approved by some, and + deplored by others, but my statement has not been denied + by any. In consequence of a remonstrance made to me + on special grounds in the kindest and most Christian manner + by two beloved friends, I felt called upon to subject + my motives and conduct, in issuing such an address, to + deliberate reconsideration; and the result was, that I not + only felt myself clear of just censure, but that in no other + way could I have discharged my duty according to my + own interpretation of its dictates. Of other objectors, I + may add, that simply to enumerate their reasons, stated to + me in private conference, would be the severest public + animadversion that could be made, either on the individuals + themselves, or on the Society whose views they professed + to represent. + + </p> + <p> + In the present state of this great controversy, the abolitionists + may justly say, "he that is not with us, is + against us," while the pro-slavery party can witness, "he + that is not against us, is on our side." Hence the praise + bestowed on the neutrality of the Society of Friends by + the great slave-holding senator, Henry Clay. Hence also + the suspicious compliments of the late President Van + Buren, the first act of whose administration was a pledge + to refuse his signature to any bill for the abolition of + slavery in the District of Columbia. I fear it is undeniable + that in the last eight years the collective influence + <a name="p_159"></a> + of the Society has been thrown into the pro-slavery scale, + and this notwithstanding the existence of much diffused + and passive sympathy and right feeling on behalf of the + slave, in the breasts of probably a large majority of individual + members. The abolitionists of the United States + have been treated by too many influential Friends, as well + as by the leading professors of other denominations, as a + party whose contact is contamination; yet to a bystander + it is plainly obvious that the true grounds of + offence are not always those ostensibly alleged, but the + activity, zeal, and success with which they have cleared + themselves of participation in other men's sins, and by + which they have condemned the passive acquiescence of + a society making a high profession of anti-slavery principles. + I do not intend to defend all the proceedings of + the anti-slavery societies. That they have sometimes + erred in judgment and action,—that they have had unworthy + men among their members, I have little doubt. + But, the same objections might have been raised to the + old anti-slavery societies, in which the leading Friends of + the United States took an active part with their neighbors + of other denominations, and, with far greater force against + the Colonization Society, which is patronized, even to + this day, both by individual members and by at least one + Meeting of Sufferings.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_28"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_28"></a> The causes that have produced + the state of things I have attempted to describe, derive + their origin, I believe, from one source—inaction. After + the Society of Friends had purified itself from slave-holding, + it gradually subsided into a state of rest, and + finally lapsed into lethargy and indifference on this + <a name="p_160"></a> + question. In the world we live in, evil is the quick and + spontaneous growth, while good is the forced and difficult + culture. Good principles can only be preserved bright, + pure, and efficient, by watchful care and constant use; if + laid aside, they rust and perish. These are the necessary + effects of the fall of man by disobedience from that state + of happiness and holiness in which he was formed by a + beneficent Creator. In a state of inaction, Friends have + been exposed to the influences of a corrupt public sentiment; + they have, to a considerable extent, imbibed the + prejudice against color, while some of them have been + caught by the gilded bait of southern commerce. + + </p> + <p><a name="NoteFN1_28"></a><a href="#FootFN1_28">A</a>: See Appendix + K. + </p> + <p> + In a former part of this work I have briefly alluded to + that memorable reformation, which, in the latter part of + the preceding century, purged the Society of Friends + from the heinous sins of slave trading and holding slaves. + This reformation in Great Britain, with perhaps a few individual + exceptions, consisted merely in the adoption of + new convictions, and the abandonment of lax opinions; + but, on the American continent, it was sealed by the + willing sacrifice of an immense amount of property. One + can scarcely avoid looking back with regret to times when + convictions of duty had such power, when Christian principle + was carried out, whatever the cost. Then, indeed, + was exhibited, by the American Friends, the fruit of a + world-overcoming faith. It must be confessed that the + present position of their descendants presents an unpleasing + contrast; yet I trust, that from all I have written, the + conclusion will be drawn, that I look forward to the future + with hope; though it is a hope chastened with fear. + Next to a fervent desire that slavery may be speedily + abolished, it is one of the warmest wishes of my heart, + <a name="p_161"></a> + that the "Society of Friends" in America, may be among + the chiefly honored agents in accomplishing, in the wisdom + and power of Jesus Christ, so great a work, thereby contributing + to the fulfilment of the angelic prophecy of + "Glory to God, and good will to man." + + </p> + <p> + I subsequently visited, in company with a colored + gentleman, one of the principal colored schools in New + York, in which there were upwards of three hundred + children present. All the departments appeared to be + conducted, under colored teachers, with great order and + efficiency, and the attainments of the higher classes were + very considerable. On the whole, this school would bear + comparison with any similar school for white children + which I ever visited. + + </p> + <p> + Having received from Great Britain the minutes of a + special meeting of the Anti-Slavery Society, called to consider + the time of holding a second General Convention, + I met some of the friends of the cause in New York, + together with John G. Whittier and Elizur Wright, of + Boston, to obtain an interchange of their sentiments on + the same subject. After considerable discussion, they + unanimously concluded to leave the decision as to the + time of holding a future Convention to the London Committee—the + question of time being the summer of 1842 + or 1843. + + </p> + <p> + The numerous persons on whom I called, before + leaving New York, concurred uniformly in the belief that + public opinion was steadily, and somewhat rapidly advancing, + in favor of emancipation, and that the prejudice + against color was lessening. + + </p> + <p> + The unanimity I found in the opinion that public + feeling in favor of peace was continually strengthening, + <a name="p_162"></a> + was very encouraging. All whom I consulted, approved + of the suggestion of Judge Jay, already mentioned, though + I had no suitable opportunity of obtaining the collective + sentiments of the friends of peace in New York upon it. + + </p> + <p> + The Secretary of the Vigilance Committee, an association + existing in several of the Northern cities, formed to + aid runaway slaves in escaping to a place of safety, as well + as to protect the free colored people from kidnappers, + informed me that the number of slaves who applied for + assistance was constantly on the increase. He said that, + only a few days before, a man, who was a preacher of the + gospel, who was escaping to Canada, called upon him; + and on being asked why he was fleeing from slavery, he + exposed his naked back, lacerated with a recent flogging, + and said that he had received that punishment for going to + his place of worship. + + </p> + <p> + On the evening of the 24th I went up the river Hudson + to Sing Sing, in company with Lewis Tappan. Our + object was to spend the next day, which was the first day + of the week, in this celebrated state prison. We lodged + at a quiet hotel, on an eminence above the village; and + next morning, about eight o'clock, we went to the prison, + where we were very kindly received by the superintendent, + J.G. Seymour, and by the chaplain. Soon afterwards, + we had the opportunity of seeing all the male + prisoners, about seven hundred and fifty, in the chapel, when + they were addressed by a minister of the Presbyterian + persuasion, whom we had met on board the steamer, and + whom Lewis Tappan had invited to be there. We were + informed that about one-third of the prisoners were colored: + these did not sit separate, but were intermixed with the + rest. In general, however, the striking language of De + <a name="p_163"></a> + Beaumont, a late French traveller in the United States, + will be found true. "The prejudice against color haunts + its victim wherever he goes,—in the hospitals where humanity + suffers,—in the churches where it kneels to + God,—<em>in the prisons where it expiates its + offences</em>,—in the + grave-yards where it sleeps the last sleep." + + </p> + <p> + From hence we proceeded to the female department, + where about eighty were assembled, some of whom + seemed much affected by an address from my friend, + Lewis Tappan. He told them he saw at least one + present who had been a scholar in his colored Sabbath + School at New York. The white women were placed + in the front seats, and the colored behind them. We + next went to the Sabbath School for the male prisoners, + held in the chapel, where the attendance is general, + though perfectly voluntary. Twenty-five of the best + educated and most orderly prisoners are allowed to teach + classes: the other teachers were officers of the prison, and + other persons attracted hither by benevolent motives; and + I was told the teachers selected among the convicts had + not once been detected in the abuse of this privilege, by + entering into conversation on other topics. On the + breaking up of the school, Lewis Tappan addressed them, + and I added a few words. We were kindly invited to + dine with the matron. She mentioned one instance of + complete reformation in a female, which was to be attributed + she believed, under the Divine blessing, to the + ministry of Joseph J. Gurney, who visited Sing Sing, in + the course of his religious labors in the United States. + + </p> + <p> + After dinner we were permitted to visit the male + prisoners at their cells, list shoes being provided for us + that we might walk along the galleries without noise. + <a name="p_164"></a> + Those who wished to do so, were suffered to speak to us + through their grated doors, in a low voice. A number + embraced this opportunity; of the sincere repentance and + reformation of some of whom, I could scarcely doubt. + One prisoner, a man of color, appeared to enjoy a state of + perfect happiness, under a sense of being at peace with + his Maker. Another manifested such a feeling of his + spiritual blessings, and especially of that change of heart + he had been favored to experience, as scarcely to have a + desire for his liberation, though his health was visibly + sinking under the confinement, and there appeared little + other prospect but that of his dying in the prison, as he + had been condemned for ten years, of which three yet + remained. Several were Englishmen, who were mostly + under feigned names, keeping their real names secret, + from a natural unwillingness to disgrace their families. + Some of these were men of education, and communicated + to me in confidence their family names. One referred to + gentlemen standing deservedly high in the estimation of + the British public, as well knowing him. Two or three + of this class wept much, when speaking of their situation, + and of the offences that had brought them there. + + </p> + <p> + I gathered from the prisoners themselves that a great + change had been introduced, both in the affairs and in the + management of the prison, within the last eighteen months, + by the present excellent superintendent and chaplain and + their coadjutors, and with the happiest effects. The + former system was one of brutal severity; now, without + any relaxation of discipline, needless severity is discarded, + and the floggings have been reduced nine-tenths, the great + object being the reformation of the prisoners. One of + these, speaking of the superintendent and chaplain, said: + <a name="p_165"></a> + "there was not a prisoner in the jail, but rejoiced to hear + the sound of their feet." + + </p> + <p> + J.G. Seymour mentioned one of the English prisoners + to me, whose heart had been softened, and his reformation + commenced, through the kindness of his prosecutor, + who had spent both time and money in endeavoring to + procure his release. This statement was fully confirmed + in an interesting conversation I had with the individual + himself, who was subsequently permitted, as well as + another Englishman, to send letters by me to their relations + in this country. + + </p> + <p> + An extract from the correspondence of one of my + unfortunate fellow-countrymen, which I am permitted to + make, will afford an interesting view of the internal administration + of the Sing Sing prison, by one of its inmates. + After alluding to the absolute monotony of prison life, he + gives one day as a specimen of every day. "Monday + morning, the large prison bell rings at five o'clock, when + we all rise; half an hour after, we all go out to work, to + our respective shops, till breakfast, the keepers all the time + seated upon a high seat, overlooking—seeing that everything + is ordered and going on in a proper manner: no + talking allowed upon any occasion, or under any pretence + whatever. When the breakfast-bell rings, we all go in to + breakfast, each one to a separate room, (which are all + numbered, one thousand in all;) every man's breakfast is + ready for him in his room,—one pint of coffee, with + plenty of meat, potatoes, and rye bread. After one hour, + the prison opens again, and we work in a similar manner + till twelve—dinner hour—when we go in again. Dinner + is set ready as before,—an ample quantity of meat, + potatoes, and bread, with a cup of water, (the best beverage + <a name="p_166"></a> + in the world—would to God I had never drank any + thing else, and I should not have been here;) one hour + allowed for dinner, when we go out and work again till six + o'clock, when we come in and are locked up for the night, + with a large bowl of mush, (hasty pudding with molasses,) + the finest food in the world, made from Indian meal. + Thus passes each day of the week. Sundays we rise at + the same hour; each man has a clean shirt given him in + his room, then goes to the kitchen, brings his breakfast in + with him, the same as before, and is locked up till eight, + when Divine service is performed by a most worthy and + able chaplain. After service, through the pious and + benevolent efforts of Mr. Seymour, we have an excellent + Sabbath School. Bible classes, where from three to four + hundred attend, about half to learn to read, and the others + to receive instruction in the way to attain everlasting life, + under the immediate inspection of Mr. Seymour; and I + am happy to say, that the greatest attention is paid by + scholars of both classes: many, very many, know how to + appreciate the value of these privileges, and benefit by + them accordingly. Mr. Seymour has obtained a large + library for us, and one of the prisoners is librarian. At + eleven o'clock we are locked up for the day, with an extra + allowance of food and water sufficient. The librarian and + an assistant are left open, to distribute the books; that is + to go to each man's cell, get the book he had the previous + Sunday, and give him another in exchange, generally supplying + them with a small tract, of which we mostly have + a great plenty." + + </p> + <p> + A large proportion of the prisoners work in a stone + quarry without the walls; and the most painful sight + I saw at Sing Sing were the sentinels placed on prominent + <a name="p_167"></a> + points commanding the prison, with loaded muskets and + fixed bayonets, who have orders at once to shoot a convict + who may attempt to escape, if he does not obey the order + to return. I was told, however, an occurrence of the kind + had not happened for years. + + </p> + <p> + A number of the female domestics in different families + in the village of Sing Sing, have been prisoners, and are + now reformed and generally conducting themselves to the + entire satisfaction of their employers. + + </p> + <p> + There are few subjects more interesting to a civilized + and Christian community, than that of prison discipline. + It will scarcely, at the present day, be denied that the + only motives on which, in such a government, criminal + law can be administered, are the public safety, and the + reformation of the criminal himself. Vengeance has not + been delegated to man under the Christian dispensation. + It is too evident, nevertheless, that the principle of retaliatory + punishment, irrespective of any considerations of + public safety, or the benefit of the offender, pervades our + criminal jurisprudence, both in theory and practice, and + just so far as this is the case, is the last great object + defeated, for his feelings are deadened, and his heart hardened + by it. The most depraved wretch has that within + him which testifies that his fellow worm has no right to + inflict pain upon him solely as a <em>punishment</em>, and his + heart + rebels against what he feels to be oppression. On the + more enlightened, the effect is equally unfavorable, for + he contrasts the practice of his persecutors with their profession, + and is perhaps conducted thereby to infidelity and + despair. One of the prisoners at Sing Sing, while contrasting + the former with the present management, said, + "We used to hear the gospel preached to us on the Sabbath, + <a name="p_168"></a> + but see its doctrines trampled upon in all the conduct + pursued towards us the whole week besides." How + different the result where the law of love reigns! At + Sing Sing there are numerous recent instances where conviction + on the minds of the prisoners that the authorities + of the prison have no other object than their temporal and + spiritual benefit, has softened their hearts, and thereby + disposed them to the reception of that consoling faith in a + crucified Saviour, which is the only foundation of true + amendment of life. How important is it that all the offices + in a prison should be filled by persons of true piety; and + where can such be more usefully employed? + + </p> + <p> + In a former part of this work, I have expressed a + somewhat unfavorable opinion on "the separate system," + adopted in the Philadelphia Penitentiary. One of my + objections to this system is this, that to deprive man so + entirely of human society, is to do violence to the strongest + instinct of his nature, and thereby to inflict suffering + far more severe than corporeal pain or privation. If the + severity of this system does not obviously tend to carry + out the legitimate objects of prison discipline, it cannot be + defended. The small number of recommittals is no proof + of the efficacy of this system; since, in a country like + the United States, a liberated felon may very easily + choose another locality for his sphere of action. In favor + of the "separate system," it is occasionally pleaded that + the prisoner is under a veil of secresy; and that when he + goes forth, neither the censorious public, nor his fellow-prisoners, + can point him out; and thus, his character + being comparatively unblemished, he can, with less difficulty, + procure employment. It is obvious that this would + induce, in many cases, a degree of dishonest concealment + <a name="p_169"></a> + from an employer, and encourage dissimulation. It would + be much better that the prisoner should depend for a + situation on the good character which the superintendent + would give him if reformed; and I was glad to find at + Sing Sing guarded situations had been procured, in + numerous instances, for the liberated prisoners, and that + their employers, with very little exception, represented + them to be most valuable servants. I could hear of no + case, in either of the prisons I visited, of any permanent + injury to the health of a prisoner from the entire disuse of + intoxicating drinks, however intemperate their previous + habits might have been. The same remark is true with + regard to tobacco. I will only add, that it is notorious + that the prison discipline of Great Britain, notwithstanding + all its recent improvements, is yet lamentably deficient; + and that though the United States justly claim precedence + of us in this respect, they have, by no means reached + perfection. The greatest deficiency of all, however, in + each nation, is that of institutions like the Philadelphia + Refuge, co-extensive with the wants of the community, + for the reformation of juvenile delinquency; thus suppressing + crime in its small beginnings. So long as this want + is unsupplied, and the juvenile offender is contaminated by + contact with the hardened criminal, the statesmen and + those who control the legislatures of both countries, dishonor + their profession of Christianity. + + </p> + <p> + On the 26th, I accompanied my friends, J. and M. + Candler, to the steamer which was to convey them on + board the "Roscius" packet, to sail for Liverpool this + afternoon. I afterwards called upon Charles Collins, + who, for many years past, has dealt exclusively in articles + of free labor produce, and for which he said he had found + <a name="p_170"></a> + the demand to increase of late. I am more and more + convinced that this branch of the abolition question has + not received the attention it deserves from the friends of + the cause. Before leaving New York, I ought not to + omit to record a visit that was on a previous occasion + paid us at our hotel, by William Cullen Bryant, whose + name on this side of the water is associated with some of + the most beautiful productions of American literature. + He is the editor of the <em>New York Evening Post</em>, a + leading democratic paper, and, to his credit be it said, he has + always advocated the rights of the abolitionists. He has + a thin, pale, thought-worn countenance, and his manner + is quiet and unassuming. I also formed an agreeable + acquaintance with Lydia Maria Child, known in both + hemispheres as one of the most pleasing of American + writers. She is editor of the <em>National Anti-Slavery + Standard</em>. + Her services in the cause of the slave have + been of great value, and have been given at the risk of + destroying her interests and popularity as an author. + + </p> + <p> + I finally quitted this city, in the steamer, for Boston, + on the 24th, accompanied by John G. Whittier. + + </p> + <p> + I remained in Boston till the first of the Eighth + Month, (August) when I embarked on board the "Caledonia" + steamer for England.—During the interval, I + made a number of calls upon the abolitionists in Boston; + and, among others, saw Henry and Maria Chapman and + Wendell Phillips; the former of whom had just returned + from a visit to Hayti, and the latter from Europe. I + had several interviews with Martha V. and Lucy M. + Ball, secretaries of the Boston Female Emancipation + Society, who have long been faithful and laborious abolitionists. + I also met, as at New York, a number of the + <a name="p_171"></a> + friends of the cause, again to consider the best time for + calling a second general Convention, to whom I read the + London minutes on that subject. A resolution was + unanimously passed, of the same tenor as those of New York, + lately noticed. While in this city, I had not only + the pleasure of renewing my intimacy with my friend, + Nathaniel Colver, who is known to many of the English + abolitionists as their valuable and cordial coadjutor at the + great Convention in London, but of becoming acquainted + with many zealous and able friends of the slave. One of + these was Amos A. Phelps, one of those who signed the + original declaration issued by the American Anti-Slavery + Society, on its foundation at Philadelphia, in 1833. + + </p> + <p> + We also went to Salem, and met a number of + "Friends" who were abolitionists, and who appeared + desirous to embrace every suitable opportunity of promoting + the cause. + + </p> + <p> + Salem is a city of about fourteen thousand inhabitants, + and I was told that the number of its population who + went and returned to and from Boston, a distance of + fourteen miles, weekly, was about five hundred—a striking + proof of the locomotive energy of the Americans. + Their gratification, in this respect, has been much facilitated + of late by the rapid extension of railways. These, + with few exceptions, are by no means so completely + constructed as in England; but, owing to the cheapness + of land, timber, et cet., and by making the lines generally + single, and, on the average, the speed of travelling being + about one-fourth less than is common in England, they + answer the purpose of rapid transit, while the outlay is + about as many dollars per mile as it is sovereigns with us. + On this railway, and some others in New England, the + <a name="p_172"></a> + lines are double, and the construction and speed are + nearly equal to ours. + + </p> + <p> + I was informed, the proportion of severe accidents is + not larger than in Great Britain. The carriages are + generally built to hold sixty or seventy persons, who are + seated two by two, one behind another, on double rows + of seats, ranged across the carriage, with room to walk + between, along the centre. The carriage in which we + returned from Salem had twenty-two seats on each side, + to contain two each, or, in the whole, eighty-eight + passengers. Yet the weight of this machine would be + little more than that of an English first-class carriage, to + hold eighteen persons, and it cost probably less. Their + carriages are well ventilated in summer, and warmed by + a stove in winter. Locomotive engines approach Boston + near enough to prevent the use of horses; but, on arriving + at the distance of a mile or two from New York, + Philadelphia, and Baltimore, the carriages and passengers + are drawn in by horses. One carriage is often specially + reserved for the ladies on the principal lines, into which + gentlemen do not usually intrude, unless they have ladies + under their care. It is common, however, for the latter + to take their seats in any of the carriages. There is no + distinction of price, and none of accommodation, except + that an inferior and more exposed carriage, at the same + fare, is purposely provided for persons of color; but this + disgraceful relic of past times cannot survive long. The + principal disadvantage that I observed on the American, + as compared with the English railways, was the delay on + meeting other trains, and on stopping for them at places + where they could pass, and also the sparks from the + wood, used for fuel instead of coke. On one occasion, + <a name="p_173"></a> + my coat was set on fire in this way, though I was seated + in a covered carriage. Very efficient locomotive engines + are made in the United States. I visited a celebrated + manufactory at Philadelphia, which has sent ten to + England, for the use of the Birmingham and Gloucester + Railway. At the time of my visit, they had many + orders unexecuted from several European governments. + As far as my inquiries went, the cost of making them is, + upon the whole, about the same as in England. + + </p> + <p> + Having been, for several years, a director on the + Birmingham and London Railway, I felt some interest + in these inquiries, and came to the conclusion, that there + are several arrangements of economy, and some of convenience, + in the construction and working of railways, + which the English might borrow with advantage from the + United States. + + </p> + <p> + On the 29th instant, the secretary of the Peace + Society convened a meeting of the members of that + society, and of other influential gentlemen, including + Alden Bradford, late secretary of the State of Massachusetts; + Robert Rantoul, an eloquent and prominent member + of the legislature, and S.E. Coues, of New + Hampshire,<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_29"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_29"></a> to take into consideration the best + means of securing permanent international peace. A very harmonious + and satisfactory discussion took place, and the + following statement of the proceedings was subsequently + handed to me by the gentleman who officiated as secretary + to the meeting: + + </p> + <p><a name="NoteFN1_29"></a><a href="#FootFN1_29">A</a>: Since elected President of the + American Peace Society. + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "A meeting of the friends of peace was held in the + city of Boston, on the evening of the 29th day of July, + 1841. + + </p> + <p><a name="p_174"></a> + "The meeting was called for the purpose of meeting + Mr. Joseph Sturge, from England, and there were present + most of the active members of the American Peace Society. + + </p> + <p> + "Amasa Walker, Esq., was chosen chairman; and J.P. + Blanchard, secretary. + + </p> + <p> + "Mr. Sturge addressed the meeting, and suggested the + expediency of calling, at some future time, a Convention + of the friends of peace, of different nations, to deliberate + upon the best method of adjusting international disputes; + and, offered, for the consideration of the meeting, a plan + proposed by Judge Jay, in which all the friends of peace + could unite. + + </p> + <p> + "The meeting was then addressed by several gentlemen, + who cordially approved the plan proposed, and, + subsequently, the following resolutions were unanimously + adopted. + + </p> + <p> + "Resolved,—That this meeting receives with great + pleasure the suggestion of our friend Joseph Sturge, of + England, of a general conference of the friends of peace, + at the earliest practical opportunity, at London, to consult + on the measures which are best adapted to promote universal + peace among the nations of the earth; and they + respectfully refer the subject to the executive committee + of the American Peace Society, for their decision, on + correspondence and consultation with the friends of the + cause in this and other countries. + + </p> + <p> + "Resolved,—That the suggestion by Judge Jay, of + the insertion of a clause in all conventional treaties + between nations, mutually binding the parties to submit all + international disputes, during the continuance of such + treaties, to the arbitration of some one or more friendly + <a name="p_175"></a> + powers, presents a definite and practicable object of effort, + worthy of the serious attention of the friends of peace. + And this meeting recommends to the friends of the cause, + in different countries, to petition their respective Governments + in favor of the measure." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + On the 30th, in company with John G. Whittier and + C. Stewart Renshaw, I went over to Lowell, the chief + seat of the woollen and cotton manufacture in America. + Less than twenty years ago, there were not more than + forty or fifty houses on the site of this flourishing city, + which now contains upwards of twenty thousand inhabitants. + Its numerous mills are all worked by water power, + and belong to incorporated joint-stock companies. We + were obligingly shown over two of the largest woollen + and cotton factories, where every stage of the manufacture + was in process, from the cotton, or sheep's wool, to the + finished fabric. We also visited works, where the printing + of cottons is executed in a superior style, besides a + new process for dyeing cotton in the thread, invented by + an Englishman, now in the establishment. The following + abstract of the manufacturing statistics of Lowell, on + the first of January, 1841, will show the great importance + to which this new branch of industry has attained with + such unprecedented rapidity. + + </p> + <p> + Ten joint-stock companies, with a capital of ten millions + of dollars, having thirty-two woollen and cotton factories, + besides print works, et cet., with one hundred and + seventy-eight thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight + spindles, and five thousand five hundred and eighty-eight + looms, employing two thousand one hundred and seventy-two + males, and six thousand nine hundred and twenty + females, who made, in 1840, sixty-five millions eight + <a name="p_176"></a> + hundred and two thousand four hundred yards of cotton + and woollen cloths, in which were consumed twenty-one + millions four hundred and twenty-four thousand pounds of + cotton alone. + + </p> + <p> + The average amount earned by the male hands employed, + exclusive of their board, is four dollars and eighty + cents, or about twenty shillings sterling per week, and of + the females two dollars, or about eight shillings and sixpence + per week. + + </p> + <p> + But the most striking and gratifying feature of Lowell, + is the high moral and intellectual condition of its working + population. In looking over the books of the mills we + visited, where the operatives entered their names, I + observed very few that were not written by themselves; + certainly not five per cent. of the whole number were + signed with a mark, and many of these were evidently + Irish. It was impossible to go through the mills, and + notice the respectable appearance and becoming and modest + deportment of the "factory girls," without forming a + very favorable estimate of their character and position in + society. But it would be difficult indeed for a passing + observer to rate them so high as they are proved to be + by the statistics of the place. The female operatives are + generally boarded in houses built and owned by the "corporation" + for whom they work, and which are placed + under the superintendence of matrons of exemplary + character, and skilled in housewifery, who pay a low rent + for the houses, and provide all necessaries for their inmates, + over whom they exercise a general oversight, receiving + about one dollar and one-third from each per week. + Each of these houses accommodates from thirty to fifty + young women, and there is a wholesome rivalry among + <a name="p_177"></a> + the mistresses which shall make their inmates most comfortable. + We visited one of the hoarding houses, and + were highly pleased with its arrangement. A considerable + number of the factory girls are farmers' daughters, and + come hither from Vermont, New Hampshire, and other + distant States, to work for two, three, or four years, when + they return to their native hills, dowered with a little + capital of their own earnings. The factory operatives at + Lowell form a community that commands the respect of + the neighborhood, and of all under whose observation they + come. No female of an immoral character could remain + a week in any of the mills. The superintendent of the + Boott Corporation informed me, that, during the five and + a half years of his superintendence of that factory, + employing about nine hundred and fifty young women, he + had known of but one case of an illegitimate birth—and + the mother was an Irish "immigrant." Any male or + female employed, who was known to be in a state of + inebriety, would be at once dismissed. + + </p> + <p> + At the suggestion of the benevolent and intelligent + superintendent of the Boott Company, we waited to see + the people turn out to dinner, at half-past twelve o'clock. + We stood in a position where many hundreds passed + under our review, whose dress, and quiet and orderly + demeanor would have done credit to any congregation + breaking up from their place of worship. One of the + gentlemen with me, who is from a slave State, where all + labor is considered degrading, remarked, with emotion, + "What would I give if, (naming a near relative in + the slave States,) could witness this only for a quarter of + an hour!" We dined with one of our abolition friends + at Lowell, who informed us that many hundreds of the + <a name="p_178"></a> + factory girls were members of the Anti-Slavery Society; + and that, although activity in this cause has been pretty + much suspended by the division in the ranks of its friends, + yet there is no diminution of good feeling on the subject. + The following extracts, from a pamphlet published by a + respectable citizen of Lowell, will further illustrate the + moral statistics of the place, which, I believe, can be + paralleled by no other manufacturing town in the world. + The work is dated July, 1839:— + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "There are now in the city fourteen regularly organized + religious societies, besides one or two others quite + recently established. Ten of these societies constitute a + Sabbath School Union. Their third annual report was + made on the fourth of the present month, and it has been + published within a few days. I derive from it the following + facts. The number of scholars connected with + the ten schools at the time of making the report, was four + thousand nine hundred and thirty-six, and the number of + teachers was four hundred and thirty-three, making an + aggregate of five thousand three hundred and sixty-nine. + The number who joined the schools during the year, was + three thousand seven hundred and seventy, the number + who left was three thousand one hundred and twenty-nine. + About three-fourths of the scholars are females. + A large proportion of the latter are over fifteen years of + age, and consist of girls employed in the mills. More + than five hundred of these scholars have, during the last + year, become personally interested in practical piety, and + more than six hundred have joined themselves to the + several churches. Now let it be borne in mind, that + there are four or five Sunday Schools in the city, some of + which are large and flourishing, not included in this + <a name="p_179"></a> + statement. Let it be borne in mind, too, that a great + proportion of these scholars are the factory girls, and + furthermore, that these most gratifying results just given, + have nothing in them extraordinary—they are only the + common, ordinary results of several of the past years. + There has been no unusual excitement; no noise, no + commotion. Silently, quietly, unobtrusively, from Sabbath + to Sabbath, in these little nurseries of truth, duty + and religion, has the good seed been sowing and springing + up—watered by the dews, and warmed by the smiles of + heaven—to everlasting life.... + + </p> + <p> + "I shall now proceed to enumerate some of the + influences which have been most powerful in bringing + about these results. Among these are the example and + watchful care and oversight of the boarding house keepers, + the superintendents, and the overseers.... But + a power vastly more active, all pervading and efficient, + than any and all of these, is to be found in the jealous + and sleepless watchfulness, over each other, of the girls + themselves.... The strongest guardianship of + their own character, as a class, is in their own hands, and + they will not suffer either overseer or superintendent to + be indifferent to this character with impunity. + + </p> + <p> + "The relationship which is here established between + the Sunday school scholar and her teacher—between the + member of the church and her pastor—the attachments + which spring up between them, are rendered close and + strong by the very circumstances in which these girls are + placed. These relationships and these attachments take + the place of the domestic ties and the home affections, + and they have something of the strength and fervency of + these." + + </p> + </blockquote><a name="p_180"></a><p> + The next extract shows their prosperity in a pecuniary + point. + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "The average wages, clear of board, amount to about + two dollars a week. Many an aged father or mother, in + the country, is made happy and comfortable, by the self-sacrificing + contributions from the affectionate and dutiful + daughter here. Many an old homestead has been cleared + of its incumbrances, and thus saved to the family by these + liberal and honest earnings. To the many and most + gratifying and cheering facts, which, in the course of this + examination I have had occasion to state, I here add a + few others relating to the matter now under discussion, + furnished me by Mr. Carney, the treasurer of the Lowell + Institution for Savings. The whole number of depositors + in this institution, on the 23d July, was nineteen + hundred and seventy-six; the whole number of deposits + was three hundred and five thousand seven hundred and + ninety-six dollars and seventy cents, (about £60,000.) + Of these depositors, nine hundred and seventy-eight are + factory girls, and the amount of their funds now in the + bank, is estimated by Mr. Carney, in round numbers, at + one hundred thousand dollars, (about £20,000.) It is a + common thing for one of these girls to have five hundred + dollars (about £100 sterling) in deposit, and the only + reason why she does not exceed this sum is the fact, that + the institution pays no interest on any larger sum than + this. After reaching this amount, she invests her remaining + funds elsewhere." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + In confirmation of this description of the state of the + Lowell population, I have obtained, through the kindness + of a friend in Massachusetts, the following parallel statistics + to a recent date:— + + </p><a name="p_181"></a><blockquote> + <p> + "PUBLIC SCHOOLS.—By the report of the school + committee for the year ending on the 5th of Fourth + Month (April) 1841, it appears that the whole number + of pupils in the schools, who attended during the whole + or part of the year, was 5,830. The whole amount expended + by the city for these schools, during the year, + was 18,106 dollars, 51 cents. + + </p> + <p> + "SABBATH SCHOOLS.—The number of scholars and + teachers in the Sabbath Schools, connected with the + various religious societies in Lowell, during the year + ending on the 5th of Seventh Month (July) 1841, was + 5,493. + + </p> + <p> + "SAVINGS BANK.—The Lowell Institution for Savings, + in its report of Fifth Month (May), 1840, acknowledges + 328,395 dollars, 55 cents, deposits, from 2,137 + persons; together with 16,093 dollars, 29 cents, nett + amount received for interest on loans and dividends in + stocks, less expense and dividends paid—making in all, + 344,488 dollars, 84 cents; nett amount of interest, 24,714 + dollars, 61 cents. Within the year, 120,175 dollars, 69 + cents, had been deposited, and 70,384 dollars, 24 cents, + drawn out. + + </p> + <p> + "PAUPERS.—The whole expense of the city for the + support of the poor, during the year ending on the 31st + of Twelfth Month (December) 1840, was 2,698 dollars, + 61 cents." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + As a proof, slight yet significant, of the spread of intellectual + cultivation, I ought not to omit a notice of the + "Lowell Offering," a little monthly magazine, of original + articles, written exclusively by the factory girls. The + editor of the <em>Boston Christian Examiner</em> commends this + little periodical to those who consider the factory system + <a name="p_182"></a> + to be degrading and demoralizing; and expresses a doubt + "whether a committee of young ladies, selected from the + most refined and best educated families in any of our + towns and cities, could make a fairer appearance in type + than these hard-working factory girls." + + </p> + <p> + The city of Lowell has been distinguished by British + tourists as the Manchester of the United States; but, in + view of the facts above related, an American has declared + it to be "<em>not</em> the Manchester of the United States." + + </p> + <p> + Besides the general prosperity of the operatives, the + shareholders in the different corporations divide from + eight to fifteen per cent, per annum on their capital. + + </p> + <p> + The inquiry naturally suggests itself, why the state + of things in the manufacturing districts of Great Britain + should be so widely different from this? Some may + satisfy themselves by recollecting that England is an old + and America a young country; though, to my mind, this + affords no reasonable explanation of the contrast—since, + from the possession of surplus capital, complete machinery, + and facility of communication, et cet., the advantages + for <em>commerce and manufactures</em>, under a system of + perfectly unrestricted exchange, must preponderate greatly + in favor of the former. But whatever the solution of the + difficulty, it is quite evident that the statesman who would + elevate the moral standard of our working population, + must begin by removing the physical depression and destitution + in which a large proportion of them, without any + fault of their own, are compelled to drag out a weary and + almost hopeless existence. To some peculiarly constituted + minds, "over-production" is the explanation of the present + appalling distresses of this country; and what they are + pleased to consider a healthy state of things, is to be restored + <a name="p_183"></a> + by a diminution of production;—yet nothing is + more certain, than that the largest amount of production + which has ever been reached, is not more than adequate + to supply our increasing population with the necessaries of + life, on even a very limited scale of comfort. A diminished + production implies the starving down of the population to + such a diminished number as may obtain leave to toil, and + leave to subsist, from legislators, who, either in ignorance + or selfishness, set aside nature's laws, and disregard the + plainly legible ordinances of Divine Providence. If we + reflect on the part which commerce is made to perform in + the moral government of the world, on the one hand as the + bond of peace between powerful nations, by creating a + perpetual interchange of temporal benefits; and, on the + other, as the channel for the diffusion of blessings of an + intellectual and spiritual kind; we are conducted irresistibly + to the conclusion, that any arbitrary interruption of + its free course must draw down its own punishment. + + </p> + <p> + Though the laws of nature may not permit the limited + soil of this country to grow food enough for its teeming + population, yet while Great Britain possesses mineral + wealth, abundant capital, and the largest amount of skilled + industry of any nation in the world, the tributary supplies + of other countries would not only satisfy our present + wants, but would, I firmly believe, with an unfettered + commerce, raise our working population, the most numerous, + and by far the most important part of the community, + to the same level of prosperity as the same class in the + United States. Then would there be more hope for the + success of efforts to elevate the standard of moral and + intellectual cultivation among them, for as an improvable + material they are no way inferior to any population upon + <a name="p_184"></a> + earth. John Curtis of Ohio, a free trade missionary to + this country, has published a pamphlet full of important + statistical facts, illustrating the suicidal policy of Great + Britain, from which I venture to take the following + extracts: + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "England already obtains luxuries in superabundance; + but these can never supply the wants of her artizans—they + demand substantial bread and meat, and a market + where their labor can procure these necessaries. Tropical + climates are not adapted to supply their wants. For this + reason trade either with the East or West Indies cannot + give effectual relief: it may furnish luxuries, but England + is overstocked with them already. The food of tropical + climates, with the exception of rice, is not calculated for + export. The people of England, if they are to import + food, need the production of a climate similar to their own. + In this respect America is well adapted to supply them. + + </p> + <p> + "All parts of the United States between thirty-seven + and forty-four degrees of north latitude will produce + wheat. But that part of the country best adapted to + furnish an abundant supply is, beyond all question, the + northern part of the Mississippi valley, and the contiguous + country south of the great lakes. It has been styled + <i>par excellence</i> the wheat-growing region + of America. Within + its limits lie the six north-western States of the American + Union, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Iowa, and Wiskonsan + (including as States the two territories of Iowa + and Wiskonsan, about to be admitted into the Union.) + These States, exclusive of two hundred thousand square + miles, the title to which is yet mostly in the Indian tribes, + cover an area of two hundred and thirty-six thousand and + eleven square miles. The country is, generally, an undulating + <a name="p_185"></a> + prairie, interspersed with groves of trees, and + unbroken by hill or mountain. The soil commonly rests + upon a strata of limestone, is fertile beyond description, + and abundantly watered by the finest springs and streams. + Its climate is clear and salubrious, and the country as well + calculated as any other on the globe to minister to the + support and happiness of civilized man. As already + explained, for an inland country, it possesses unequalled + facilities for foreign intercourse and commerce, by means + of its great lakes and rivers. The most distant parts of + it are now reached in twenty days from Liverpool. The + energies of the American people have been chiefly + expended, during the last few years, in opening and taking + possession of this region, which they consider destined to + become the future seat of American wealth and greatness. + + </p> + <p> + "Wheat once formed a leading article in the exports + of the United States. The trade of that country with + Great Britain was then double the present amount in + proportion to the number of the population. Had the + trade of the two countries continued free, it would have + increased with the increase of population and capital. + The legitimate exchange trade has decreased between + England and America for thirty years. What part has + the restrictive system had in producing this result? A + few facts may enable us not only to answer this question, + but to anticipate the consequences of a continuance of the + same policy. From the time of the revolutionary war in + America until 1812, the trade between the two countries + regularly increased with the increase of the population. + The average annual consumption of foreign merchandise + in the United States for each inhabitant was, + + </p> + <table summary="annual consumption"> + <tr> + <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">From 1790 to 1800,</td> + <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">39s. 4d.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> " 1800 to 1810,</td> + <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">41s. 8d.</td> + </tr> + </table> + <p><a name="p_186"></a> + "In 1812 came the second American war, and in 1815 the + British corn law, which was promptly followed by the + high American tariff of 1816. For ten years prior to + 1830, the annual average consumption of merchandize + had fallen to 22s. 6d., while the population of the States + was nearly double, and their capital treble that of the ten + years preceding 1810. Soon after 1830 followed the + modification of the American tariff, and the importations + based on the great transatlantic loans of that period. But, + notwithstanding the stimulation and extravagance of the + time, the average annual consumption amounted to only + 31s. per head of foreign produce during the ten years prior + to 1840. Abating the importation based on the loans of + the last few years, and the trade of England with the + United States has not increased in amount for the last + thirty years, while the population of England has increased + from eighteen to twenty-seven millions, and that of the + States from seven to seventeen millions. + + </p> + <p> + "Let the reader observe this, that in the Eastern + States, in that of Massachusetts, for instance, in which + State Boston is situated, the people bring a large part of + their food from the Western States, where they obtain it + in exchange for their manufactures. If free trade were + allowed, is it possible for any man to give a reason why + the manufacturer and laborer of Manchester would not be + able to do as well as the manufacturer and laborer of + Boston now does, abating the difference of transporting + goods and grain across the Atlantic? At least, the consequence + would be an extension of trade, and employment + equal to the amount of food which would, in such case, + be brought from America; and the limit to this quantity + will be found only when the wants of Englishmen are + <a name="p_187"></a> + supplied, and their ability to pay exhausted. The ability + of America to supply any required quantity of food has + already been shown. There lie the broad lands, ready + for cultivation as soon as there shall be a demand for the + produce. And if seventeen millions of people, sent chiefly + from England, or descended from those who have been + sent, are not sufficient to raise the requisite quantity of + provisions demanded of them by those who remain in the + parent country, then let more be sent, for the land lies + equally open to the people of all nations. + + </p> + <p> + "Then, as to the ability of Englishmen to pay for all + they want, let us ask, what those who produce the food, + or those who bring it, can want in exchange that England + cannot furnish? Gold, it is said.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_30"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_30"></a> But for what do they + want gold but to purchase other supplies than food? and + as they would then have the means to pay, England + would be the very country which, of all others, could supply + them to advantage. Whatever was wanted which her + own artizans do not produce themselves, they could still + supply. Englishmen would not at all be confined to a + direct sale or exchange of their goods with the wheat + grower, but can give him the merchandize of India and + China, and the fruits of the tropics, for which English + manufactures would pay. If the idle mills and idle + laborers of England could at once be set at work to produce + <a name="p_188"></a> + food for the people, new activity would be imparted + to trade in every part of the world—from India to the + frozen regions of Greenland and Labrador. But, on the + other hand, how is it possible for England to extend her + foreign trade while the present restrictions continue? + Even with such a country as India, reduced under British + sway, it cannot be done except by diminishing the commerce + with other countries to the same extent. England + cannot, in her present condition, greatly increase her consumption + of such merchandize as India can furnish, or + dispose of such merchandize abroad, to any great extent, + for the reasons already given. + + </p> + <p><a name="NoteFN1_30"></a><a href="#FootFN1_30">A</a>: "Englishmen, + reasoning from a restricted course of trade, are + constantly prone to the belief that the purchase of foreign corn, + from some unexplained necessity, must take away their gold. + Americans, from the same cause, reason in the same manner + respecting the purchase of foreign goods. Under the action of the + restrictive system, there may be some truth in the reasonings of + each party, but they certainly form a beautiful running commentary + upon each other." + </p> + <p> + "As to any proposed gain by the Colonial trade, it is + the very thing rejected by the restrictions on the trade + with the United States. What are these States but the + greatest colonies ever planted by Great Britain? and their + independence does not at all prevent England from deriving + all the advantage from them ever to be derived from + colonies. The only good which England can derive from + her extensive colonization is not to be gained by swaying + a barren sceptre over distant colonies, but by spreading + abroad her race, her language, her civilization, and thus + enlarging the sphere of her commerce. Under a free + system of intercourse England would not derive less + benefit, at present, from the United States than if they had + remained a part of the British dominions, for if trade were + free, they would not trade the less because of their independence, + or furnish less food, or at higher prices. England, + however, seems determined to sacrifice all the + advantages which naturally accrue to her from having + colonized the finest part of the New World, and to refuse + the abundance and relief thus providentially prepared by + her own offspring." + + </p> + <p><a name="p_189"></a> + The great importance of these extracts is the best + apology for their length—but there is yet another branch + of the subject. A country whose population is beyond + its means of supply from its own soil, has no resources but + that of her manufactures and foreign trade; if these be + dried up, her people must emigrate or starve. But the + United States has an alternative;—her first and best + resource,—and the most profitable application of her + industry is in her broad and fertile lands, the superabundant + produce of which would not only feed, but, by exchange, + clothe her population, and supply them with all the comforts + of civilized life. She cannot avail herself of this to + its full extent without our aid. But, if we refuse to trade + on equal terms, her wants will not, therefore, go unsupplied. + She can manufacture for herself—her resources + for manufactures and commerce are, at least, equal to our + own, with the exception of capital and population, which + the lapse of a few more years will supply. + + </p> + <p> + "The present may justly be considered a crisis in the + commercial policy of America. If it be decided that + foreign markets are to continue closed against American + corn—if England, which is the principal corn market of + the world, refuse to exchange the produce of her mills + and workshops for that of the fields of the Americans, + they have no other alternative than to erect mills and + workshops from which to supply themselves. The effect + of such a course would prove decisive on the trade with + England, and go far to complete the ruin so effectually begun + by the British corn law and corresponding restrictions. + If forced from employment on the land, which an abundant + and fertile soil has naturally made their most profitable + one, it will be found that the Americans lack neither the + <a name="p_190"></a> + talent, the energy, nor the means, at once to extend their + present manufactures to the full supply of their own + wants. They have water-power, coal, and iron, in greater + natural abundance and perfection than any other part of + the world."<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_31"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_31"></a></p> + <p><a name="NoteFN1_31"></a><a href="#FootFN1_31">A</a>: "The United States are computed + to contain not less than + eighty thousand square miles of coal, or sixteen times as much as + Europe. One of these coal fields extends nine hundred miles in + length. The State of Pennsylvania has ten thousand square miles + of coal and iron. Great Britain and Ireland have two thousand. + All the north-western States of America contain large quantities + of coal. The coal strata of the States generally lie above the level + of the streams, and the coal is taken from the hill sides. The beds + of coal and iron are to a great extent contiguous." + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + This is not mere theory. The developement is actually + begun: + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "A few years since, the country smiths, and the + matrons with their daughters at the household wheel and + loom, were the principal manufacturers of America. + Now the cotton mills alone are computed at one thousand, + and the capital invested in manufacturing machinery at + £23,500,000. The estimated value of some of the principal + articles of manufacture is as follows: + + </p> + <table summary="estimated values"> + <tr> + <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Woollens,</td> + <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">£15,750,000</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Cotton,</td> + <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> 11,250,000</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Leather,</td> + <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> 9,000,000</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Hats and Caps,</td> + <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> 3,575,000</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Linen,</td> + <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> 1,350,000</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Paper,</td> + <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> 1,350,000</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Glass,</td> + <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> 1,125,000</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Iron and Steel,</td> + <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> 11,250,000</td> + </tr> + </table> + <p> + "Some idea of the rapidity with which the American + manufactures are now capable of being extended, may be + <a name="p_191"></a> + formed from the past progress of the cotton manufacture. + The consumption of raw cotton was, + + </p> + <table summary="consumption of raw cotton"> + <tr> + <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">In 1833,</td> + <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">196,000 bales.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> 1835,</td> + <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">236,700 "</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> 1837,</td> + <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">246,000 "</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> 1839,</td> + <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">276,000 "</td> + </tr> + </table> + <p> + "The United States already supply two-thirds of + their own consumption of cottons. At the above rate of + increase—of nearly fifty per cent, in five years—America + will much more than supply its own market in five + years to come. Never has the manufacturing interest of + the United States been in as prosperous and sound a condition + as at present. They need no high tariff to protect + them against British competition. <em>The English corn + law is their best protection</em>." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + It is the restrictive policy of Great Britain that has + called into existence Lowell and the manufacturing cities + of the United States, producing an immense amount of + articles which were once the sole products of British + industry and skill. If the same policy is continued, the + prosperity of the United States will be impeded, but that + of England will be destroyed. + + </p> + <p> + The following is an extract from the memorial of + Joshua Leavitt to Congress, on the wheat interests of the + North Western States: + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "Should it, indeed, come to be settled that there is to be no + foreign market for these products, the fine country under contemplation + is not, therefore, to be despaired of. Let the necessity once + become apparent, and there will be but one mind among the people + of the North-west. The same patriotism which carried our fathers + through the self-denying non-importation agreements of the + revolution, will produce a fixed determination to build up a home + <a name="p_192"></a> + market, at every sacrifice. And it can be done. What has been + done already in the way of manufactures, shows that it can be done. + The recent application of the hot-blast with anthracite coal to the + making of iron, and the discovery of a mine of natural steel, would + be auxiliaries of immense value. We could draw to our factories + the best workmen of Europe, attracted less by the temptation of + wages, than by the desire to leave liberty and land as the inheritance + of their children. But it would take a long time to build up a + manufacturing interest adequate to supply the wants of the Northwest, + or to consume the produce of these wide fields; and the + burden of taxation for internal improvements, uncompleted and + unproductive, would be very heavy and hard to bear: and all the + population that is concentrated upon manufactures, is so much kept + back from the occupation of that noble domain; and the national + treasury would feel the effects of the curtailment of imports and + the cessation of land sales; and the amount of misery which the + loss of the American market would occasion to the starving + operatives and factory children on the other side of the Atlantic, + is worthy to be taken into the account, by every statesman who + has not forgotten that he is a man." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + If we refuse the Americans as customers, we compel + them to become our rivals; and, after supplying their own + wants, they will compete with us for the trade of the + world, on more than equal terms. Our statesmen may + yet employ America to build up the prosperity of our + country whilst increasing her own, or they may suffer its + rapidly developing and gigantic resources to work out + our ruin: the alternative is before them and before the + country—but decision must be prompt, for there is no + pause in the march of events. However unwise the + policy, we cannot be surprised that the American and + Continental manufacturer are each applying to his government + to follow our example, and protect home trade by + fiscal regulations. + + </p> + <p> + This question of trade with America has also most + <a name="p_193"></a> + important anti-slavery bearings—and here, again, I find + my own views anticipated by the able writer already + quoted: + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "The present policy of restricting the traffic with + America so closely to cotton, gives a deceitful appearance + to the stated imports and exports. From these statements + there should, in fairness, be deducted the value of all the + raw cotton which is returned to America; and, in fact, + if the true exchange trade would be seen, all should be + deducted that is exported from England. That portion + of cotton goods which is of English origin, that is, their + value above the raw material out of which they were + made, is, in fact, the only real part of English export. + Before exclusive importance was bestowed on cotton, the + exchange with America was in a large proportion of articles + not to be returned. It would be so again if trade + were free." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + Again: + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "To one effect which would be produced in America + by the repeal of the corn and provision laws, no party or + class in England can profess indifference, and that is, <em>its + effect on slavery in the United States</em>. At the present + time, England gives a premium to American slavery by + admitting, at low duties, the cotton of the slave-holder, + which is his staple production, and refusing corn, which + is mostly the produce of free labor. The slave-holding + States, to the productions of which Great Britain confines + her American trade, are less populous and less wealthy than + the free; yet of their produce England received in 1839, according + to the American estimates, £11,600,000, while of + that of the free States she received less than £500,000." + + </p> + <p> + "It should be remembered that the labor of the slave + <a name="p_194"></a> + States, is almost wholly expended in agriculture, under + the stimulus of a good market, while a large part of that + of the free States is otherwise employed, for the want of + such market. The effective laborers of the free States + are double the number of those in the slave States; and + were an opportunity given them, they would export in + as great a proportion. Thus England, by her laws, fosters + an odious institution abroad, which, in words, she loudly + condemns, and spends millions to rid the world of; whilst + she rejects more honorable, profitable, and wealthy customers, + the fruits of whose free and active industry are + in effect made contraband in England by law. + + </p> + <p> + "Not only would England escape this inconsistency + and reproach, by repealing the corn law, but she would + strike a most effectual blow at the existence of slavery in + the United States. Cotton, at present, from being made + by the corn law the principal exchangeable article in the + American trade, assumes an undue and unnatural importance + in American commerce, legislation, and home industry. + The slave-owner drives his slaves in its production, + and purchases supplies of the northern freeman, whose + interests are thus identified with those of the cotton + grower, and the slave-holding interest becomes predominant + in the country. From their habits, the people of the + slave-holding States are constantly contracting more debts + in the free States than they have the means of paying; so + that, under the present system of intercourse, the slaveholders + exercise over the free population of the north, the + same control which an insolvent debtor frequently has over + his creditor, by threatening to break and ruin him, if not + allowed his own way. A repeal of the corn laws would + release the free States from their present commercial and + consequent political vassalage to the southern slave-holders, + <a name="p_195"></a> + and thereby take from American slavery, the great citadel + of its strength, and insure its overthrow by the influences + which would arise to assail it from all quarters. + + </p> + <p> + "But as free trade, in destroying the odious monopoly + of the haughty slave-holder, would benefit and not injure + him, so would its effects be found universally. It would + give peace and plenty to England and the world,—it + would enlarge and secure trade, bind the spreading + branches of the Anglo-saxon race by natural affinity to + England as their acknowledged head, and promote the + liberty and civilization of the human family at large." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + In view of the whole spirit of this discussion of one of + the most important questions bearing upon human interests, + I would simply add, that a wise Providence has + bound the duty and the interest, both of individual and + social man, firmly together, but for the trial of his virtue + the bands are concealed. + + </p> + <p> + On the 31st, I took my luggage on board the steam + packet "Caledonia," for Liverpool, via Halifax, which + was to sail the day following, although it was the first + day of the week. The proprietors of the packets are + bound in a heavy fine to sail on the appointed days, + whether those fall on the first day of the week or not. By + this arrangement the religious feelings of the people of + Boston are offended, which is the more inexcusable, on + the part of the British Government, as it does not suffer + its own mails to depart, either from London or Halifax, + on that day. Some gentlemen, who were interested in + the subject, placed in my hands a memorial addressed to + the Lords of the Admiralty in Great Britain, praying for + such an alteration of the arrangements as would prevent + this periodical violation of the first day of the week. A + <a name="p_196"></a> + gentleman, who was active in getting it signed, assured + me it was received with universal favor. The signatures, + obtained on very short notice, are those of the most influential + men in their respective stations in the city of Boston, + and include the names of the mayor of the city, an ex-lieutenant + governor of the State of Massachusetts, one + bishop, upwards of forty ministers of religion, of different + denominations, nine gentleman, upwards of one hundred + and twenty merchants, seventeen presidents of insurance + companies, the post-master of Boston, five physicians, + seven members of the legal profession, and two editors of + newspapers. After my arrival in this country, I presented + this document, through the Secretary of the Admiralty, + to the authorities to whom it is addressed, but regret to + state that the request was not complied with. The + memorial, and the reply of the Lords of the Admiralty + are given in the Appendix<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_32"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_32"></a></p> + <p><a name="NoteFN1_32"></a><a href="#FootFN1_32">A</a>: .See Appendix L. + </p> + <p> + On leaving the shores of the United States, I left the + following letter for publication:— + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "<i>To the Friends of Immediate Emancipation in the + United States</i>. + + </p> + <p> + "Having visited your country as an humble fellow-laborer + in the great cause in which you are engaged, and + which, through trials and difficulties a stranger can + scarcely appreciate, you have so zealously maintained, + I have had a pleasing and satisfactory interview with + many of you, with reference to future exertions, in cooperation + with those of other lands, who unite with you in + regarding slave-holding and slave-trading as a heinous sin + <a name="p_197"></a> + in the sight of God, which should be immediately abolished. + It is the especial privilege of those who are laboring in + such a cause, to feel that 'every country is their country, + and every man their brother,' and to live above the atmosphere + of sectional jealousy and national hostility; and + hence I feel an assurance, that you will receive with + kindness a few lines from me on the eve of my departure + to my native land. + + </p> + <p> + "You concur generally in opinion, that in endeavoring + to obtain the great object we have in view, it is very important + that the friends of the cause should be united, not + only in principle, but, as far as may be, in the character of + the measures which they pursue; and I have been much + encouraged in finding that you have generally adopted the + sentiment so rapidly spreading on the other side of the + Atlantic,—'That there is no reasonable hope of abolishing + the slave-trade, but, by the abolition of slavery, and that + no measures should be pursued for its attainment, but those + which are of a moral, religious, and pacific character.' + The progress of emancipation in Europe has been, beyond + a doubt, greatly retarded by leaving slavery and the slave-holder + unmarked by public reprobation, and concentrating + all the energies of philanthropy upon a fruitless effort to + abolish the slave-trade. And in this country the Colonization + scheme, with its delusive promise of good to + Africa, and its vague anticipations of putting an end to the + slave-trade by armed colonies on the coast of that ill-fated + continent, has been the means of obstructing emancipation + at home, of unprofitably absorbing the energies and + blinding the judgment of many sincere friends of the slave, + and of strengthening the unchristian prejudice against + color. The abolitionists of Europe, with few exceptions, + <a name="p_198"></a> + have seen the error of their former course of action, and + are now striking directly at the root, instead of lopping + the branches of slavery; and if further evidence of the + evil tendency and character of colonization is needed in + the United States, the recent proceeding of a meeting of + the Maryland Society at Baltimore, must convince all who + are friendly to the true interests of the people of color, that + it is a scheme deserving only the support of the enemies + of freedom.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_33"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_33"></a></p> + <p><a name="NoteFN1_33"></a><a href="#FootFN1_33">A</a>: + "The following resolution was passed at + the meeting of the Maryland Society above alluded to:—'That while it is + most earnestly hoped that the free colored people of Maryland may see + that their best and most permanent interests will be consulted by + their emigration from this State; and while this Convention would + deprecate any departure from the principle which makes colonization + dependent upon the voluntary action of the free colored people + themselves—yet, if, regardless of what has been done to provide + them with an asylum, they continue to persist in remaining in + Maryland, in the hope of enjoying here an equality of social and + political rights, they ought to be solemnly warned, that, in the + opinion of this Convention, a day must arrive when circumstances + that cannot be controlled, and which are now maturing, will + deprive them of choice, and leave them no alternative but + removal,'" + </p> + <p> + "The rapid progress of public opinion, as to the + iniquity of slavery, and the entire safety, as well as advantage, + of its immediate abolition—the attention which has + been awakened to it in all parts of the civilized world—the + movements in France, Spain, Brazil, and Denmark, + and other countries with slave-holding dependencies, all + indicating that the days of slavery are numbered, should + serve to encourage and stimulate us to increased exertions; + and while it is a cause of profound regret, that any thing + should have disturbed the harmony and unity of the real + <a name="p_199"></a> + friends of emancipation in this country—the hardest battle + field of our moral warfare—I am not without hope, that, + in future, those who,—from a conscientious difference of + opinion, not as to the object, but the precise mode of obtaining + it,—cannot act in one united band, will laudably + emulate each other in the promotion of our common + cause, and in Christian forbearance upon points of disagreement; + and that, where they cannot praise, they will + be careful not to censure those, who, by a different road, + are earnestly pursuing the same end. Without entering + into the controversies which have divided our friends on + this side the water, I believe it would be nothing more + than a simple act of justice for me to state, on my return + to Europe, my conviction that a large portion of the abolitionists + of the United States, who approve of the proceedings + of the late General Anti-Slavery Convention, + and are desirous of acting in unity with the British and + Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, from the general identity of + their practice, as well as principles, with those of the + British and Foreign Society, are entitled to the sympathies, + and deserving of the confidence and co-operation of + the abolitionists of Great Britain. It has been my pleasure + to meet, in a kindly interchange of opinion, many valuable + and devoted friends of emancipation; who, while dissenting + from the class above-mentioned in some respects, are + nevertheless disposed to cultivate feelings of charity and + good will towards all who are sincerely laboring for the + slaves. And in this connection I may state, that neither + on behalf of myself, or of my esteemed coadjutors in Great + Britain, am I disposed to recriminate upon another class + of abolitionists, who, on some points, have so far differed + from the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Committee, + <a name="p_200"></a> + and the great majority of the Convention above mentioned, + as to sustain their representatives in refusing to act with + that Convention, and in protesting against its proceedings; + and who have seen fit to censure the committee in their + public meetings and newspapers in this country, as 'arbitrary + and despotic,' and their conduct as 'unworthy of + men claiming the character of abolitionists.' + + </p> + <p> + "As a corresponding member of the British and + Foreign Anti-Slavery Committee, and intimately acquainted + with its proceedings, I am persuaded that its + members have acted wisely, and consulted the best + interest of the cause in which they were engaged, in + generally leaving unnoticed any censures that have been + cast upon them while in the prosecution of their labors. + Yet, before leaving this country, I deem it right to bear + my testimony to the great anxiety of that committee + faithfully to discharge the duties committed to their trust; + and to state that it has never been my privilege to be + united to any body more desirous of keeping simply to the + one great object of their association—the total and immediate + abolition of slavery and the slave-trade. I am persuaded + that all candid minds, making due allowance for + the imperfection pertaining to human associations, will feel + their confidence in the future integrity of that committee + increased in proportion as they closely investigate their + past acts; and that, even when the wisdom of their course + may have been questioned, they will accord to them a + scrupulous honesty of purpose. + + </p> + <p> + "The first public suggestion of a General Anti-Slavery + Convention, like the one held last year in London, + originated, I believe, on this side of the Atlantic, although + the Committee of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery + <a name="p_201"></a> + Society took upon themselves the heavy responsibility of + convening it. At its close, they invited an expression of + the opinion of the delegates, as to the desirableness of + again summoning such an assembly. The expression was + generally in the affirmative; and, after discussion, a resolution + was passed, leaving it to the Committee of the British + and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, after consulting + with the friends of the cause in other parts of the world, + to decide this important question, as well as the time and + place of its meeting, should another Convention be + resolved upon. + + </p> + <p> + "Since I have been in the United States, I have + found those abolitionists who approved the principles and + proceedings of the late Convention so generally in favor + of another, and of London as its place of meeting, that the + only question seemed to be whether it should be held in + 1842 or 1843. This expression of opinion is, I know, + so generally in accordance with the views of the British + and Foreign Anti-Slavery Committee, and of many other + prominent abolitionists in Europe, that I have little doubt + they will feel encouraged to act upon it, probably at the + latter period. There is abundant and increasing evidence + of the powerfully beneficial influence of the late Convention + upon almost every part of the world where slavery is + still tolerated; and we are encouraged to hope that the + one in anticipation will be still more efficient for the + promotion of universal liberty. + + </p> + <p> + "Painful as has been to me the spectacle of many of + the leading influences of the ecclesiastical bodies in this + country, either placed in direct hostility to, or acting as a + drag upon, the wheel of the anti-slavery enterprise—and + of the manifest preponderance of a slave-holding influence + <a name="p_202"></a> + in the councils of the State—I am not one of those who + despair of a healthful renovation of public sentiment which + shall purify Church as well as State from this abomination. + There are decided indications that all efforts of + councils and synods to unite 'pure religion and undefiled,' + with a slave-trading and slave-holding counterfeit of Christianity, + must ere long utterly fail. And it is to me a + matter of joy, as it must be to every friend of impartial + liberty and free institutions, that the citizens of this republic + are more and more feeling that the plague-spot of slavery, + as with the increased facilities of communication its horrors + and deformity become more apparent in the eyes of the + world, is fixing a deep disgrace upon the character of their + country, and paralyzing the beneficial influence which + might otherwise flow from it as an example of a well-regulated + free government. May each American citizen + who is desirous of washing away this disgrace, to whatever + division of the anti-slavery host he may attach himself, + ever bear in mind that the cause is of too tremendous and + pressing a nature to admit of his wasting his time in censuring + and impeding the progress of those who may array + themselves under a somewhat different standard from his + own; and that any energies thus wasted, which belong to + the one great object, so far as human instrumentality is + concerned, is not only deferring the day of freedom to two + and a half millions of his countrymen, but inasmuch as the + fall of American slavery must be the death-blow to the + horrid system, wherever it exists, the result of the struggle + here involves the slavery or freedom of millions in other + parts of the world, as well as the continuance or suppression + of that slave-trade, to the foreign branch of which + alone more than <em>one thousand victims are daily sacrificed</em>; + <a name="p_203"></a> + and in reference to which it has justly been said, 'that all + that has been borne to Africa of the boasted improvements + of civilized life, is a masterly skill in the contrivance, and + an unhesitating daring in the commission of crimes, which + the mind of the savage was too simple to devise, and his + heart too gentle to execute.' There are no doubtful indications + that it is the will of Him, who has the hearts of + all at His disposal, that, either in judgment or in mercy, + this dreadful system shall ere long cease. It is not for us + to say why, in His inscrutable wisdom, He has thus far + permitted one portion of His creatures so cruelly to oppress + another; or by what instrumentality He will at length + redress the wrongs of the poor, and the oppression of the + needy; but should the worst fears of one of your most + distinguished citizens, who in view of this subject, acknowledged + that he 'trembled for his country, when he + remembered that God was just,' be finally realized, may + each one of you feel that no exertions on his part have + been wanting to avert the Divine displeasure, and preserve + your land from those calamities which, in all ages, have + rebuked the crimes of nations. + + </p> + <p> + "Your sincere friend, + + </p> + <p> + "JOSEPH STURGE. + + </p> + <p> + "Boston, Seventh Month 31st, 1841." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + My dear friend John G. Whittier, whose pleasant + company and invaluable aid I had enjoyed, as much as his + health would permit, during my stay in the United States, + kindly accompanied me on board. Had he been less + closely identified with the transactions of which the present + volume is a record, I should have felt it due to his + station among the earliest and most distinguished advocates + <a name="p_204"></a> + of the anti-slavery cause in America, to attempt some delineation, + however imperfect, of that rare and consecrated + union of consistent Christian character, fine talents, and + sound and impartial judgment, which give him so much + weight in the councils of his fellow-laborers. We set sail + about noon on the 1st of the Eighth month, (August,) and + arrived off Liverpool about eleven o'clock, P.M. on the + 13th, which interval included ten hours delay at Halifax. + We had about ninety passengers from Halifax to Liverpool, + and with the exception of a severe gale on the 10th, + almost amounting to a hurricane, we had a very favorable + voyage. The time from Halifax to within sight of the + light house off the south coast of Ireland was announced + to be only nine days and thirteen minutes. + + </p> + <p> + One of my fellow passengers had recently been traveling + in the southern States, and showed me a letter given + to him as a curiosity at the post office at Charleston, South + Carolina, which was addressed by a slave to her husband, + but from insufficient direction had never reached its destination. + It was to convey the tidings that she was about + to be sold to the South, and begging him, in simple and + affecting terms, to come and see her, as they would never + meet again. Another of the passengers, who had also + been a fellow voyager with my friend Joseph John Gurney, + had recently travelled in Texas. He was strongly + impressed with the evils likely to result from the proposed + recognition of that government by Great Britain. In consequence + of the promising aspect of these negotiations + between General Hamilton and Lord Palmerston in favor + of Texas, the paper money issued by that piratical government, + and which had not been previously negotiable + for more than one tenth of its nominal value, rapidly rose. + <a name="p_205"></a> + The Texas republic, in his opinion, could not secure a + permanence without British recognition. + + </p> + <p> + Many planters, with their slaves, have emigrated thither + to escape their creditors from the border States, and + the republic has been lavish of grants of land to men of + capital and influence, to induce them to settle within its + limits. My informant considered the state of society to + be as bad as it well could be, and continue to exist. The + white inhabitants are living not only in fear of hostile Indians, + but in fear of each other. + + </p> + <p> + From a late letter of a friend in America, I make the + following extract relative to the present condition of Texas. + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "To give thee some adequate idea of the importance + of that beautiful republic of Texas, which Lord Palmerston + and the late Whig government of England took under + their especial protection, I will just refer to the statistics + of the late election of its President. The successful + candidate, General Houston, a man notorious for his open + contempt for all the decencies of civilized society,—brutal, + brawling, profane, and licentious,—received somewhat + rising five thousand votes: his competitor, Judge Burnet, + between two and three thousand,—a vote smaller by thousands + than that of our little county of Essex, in Massachusetts. + Late accounts from Texas inform us that gangs + of organized desperadoes, under the names of moderators + and regulators, are traversing its territory, perpetrating + the most brutal outrages. In one instance they seized + a respectable citizen who dared to express his dissatisfaction + with their proceedings, hurried him into the forest, + and deliberately dug his grave before his eyes, <em>intending + to bury him alive</em>! The miserable victim, horrified by + the prospect of such a fate, broke away from his tormentors, + <a name="p_206"></a> + and attempted to escape, but was shot down and + instantly killed! Such a congregation as Texas presents + was never, I suspect, known, save in that city into which + the Macedonian monarch gathered and garnered, in + one scoundrel community, the vagabond rascality of his + kingdom. + + </p> + <p> + "Thou would'st be amused to read an article, which has + made its appearance in the <em>Houston Telegraph</em>—a Texian + paper—in which the editor says, 'that while we deeply + commiserate the situation of our sister republic, in regard + to the political scourge of abolitionism, it is pleasing + to reflect that our country enjoys a <em>complete immunity + from its effects</em>. Indeed we may with safety declare, + that throughout the whole extent of our country, not a + single abolitionist can be found.' He goes on to say that + this induces many of the southern planters to emigrate to + Texas, who, he remarks, '<em>will necessarily look to Texas, + as the Hebrews did to the promised land, for a refuge + and home</em>.' It will thus be seen that Texas is the promised + land of the patriarchal slave-holders of the southern + States. When hunted from every other quarter of the + globe by the inexorable spirit of abolition, when even + Cuba and Brazil cease to afford them an asylum—when + slave-holding shall be every where else as odious and detestable + as midnight larceny, or highway robbery,—Texas + alone, uninfected and secure, is to open its gates of refuge + to the persecuted Calhouns and McDuffies, and their + northern allies in church and state—the San Marino of + slavery, dissevered from the world's fanaticism—isolated + and apart, like the floating air-island of Dean Swift." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + The following extract from a recent New York paper + gives an equally deplorable representation of the society + in Texas. + + </p><a name="p_207"></a><blockquote> + <p> + "The pestilent influence of the recent horrible murders + on the Arkansas, and other United States' rivers, has + caused the practice of lynching to break forth with renewed + fury in Texas, where it had apparently slept for the + previous year. And we find recorded in the Texas papers + nearly a dozen of these murders that have occurred, + and undoubtedly there have been more than as many more. + In Shelby county two citizens have been shot down, and + several houses burned by a party of outlaws. In Red + River two men have been hanged as horse-thieves, without + judge or jury. In Washington county one man has + been shot down, under the pretence that he was a murderer. + In Austin county two men were killed, and two + hostile parties were in arms for several days, taking the + law into their own hands. In Jefferson county two men + have been killed, and the house of one of them burnt to + the ground by a party of self-styled 'regulators.' And + all this in the space of a year." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + Several of my fellow-passengers were from Cuba, and + some of them slave-holders by their own admission. With + one or two of those who could speak English, I had + much conversation on the abolition of slavery. They + concurred with apparent sincerity in the desire that the + slave trade might be effectually suppressed. They seemed + to consider that this trade was promoted by the mother + country as one means of preventing the colony from + aspiring to independence. They admitted the abstract + injustice of slavery, and one remarked, that a difference + of the color of the skin was a misfortune, not a crime. + They were not, however, disposed to entertain a thought + of emancipation, without being fully compensated for + their slaves. + + </p><a name="p_208"></a><p> + I had again the pleasure of observing on this voyage, + the benefits of the change of system with regard to the + supply of wines and spirits, each passenger paying for + what he consumes, instead of his fare including the privilege + of drinking <i>ad libitum</i>. One of the + stewards told me the quantity consumed was little more than one-tenth + as much as under the former system. + + </p> + <p> + I cannot conclude my narrative more gratefully to my + own feelings than by a tribute to the upright and conscientious + officer who commanded the vessel. On the first day + of the week, the only one we spent at sea, the passengers, + and as many of the servants as could conveniently attend, + assembled morning and evening in the saloon, for the purpose + of religious worship. Lord Frederick Fitzclarence, + one of the passengers, officiating as a minister of the English + Establishment; and every evening a similar opportunity + was offered in the fore cabin to all who were inclined + to be present. The captain firmly resisted the introduction + of cards on the first day of the week, and in his + whole conduct manifested an anxiety not only for the temporal + comfort and safety, but for the spiritual interests of + those under his care. Would that all captains of vessels, + invested as they are with such authority and influence over + the passengers and crews, were like-minded with my friend + Captain McKellar. + + </p> + <p> + I disembarked at Liverpool early in the morning on the + 14th of Eighth month, (August,) 1841. + + </p> + </div> + <div class="teidiv"> + <h2><a name="genobs"></a> + GENERAL OBSERVATIONS + + </h2><a name="p_209"></a><p> + The reader who has accompanied me thus far, will + not need to be informed that I have designedly omitted + many of those remarks on scenery, manners, and institutions, + which were naturally suggested to my own mind + by a retrospect of my sojourn in the United States. On + various subjects of great interest and importance, it + would be difficult for me to add anything new or valuable + to the information contained in other and well + known works; while on those points to which my attention + was chiefly directed, I have endeavored, as far as + practicable, to incorporate the results of my inquiries in + the preceding narrative. There remain, however, a few + observations, for which, having found no appropriate + place, I would bespeak attention in a concluding chapter. + + </p> + <p> + In the Northern States, education, in the common acceptation + of the term, may be considered as universal; in + illustration of which it may be mentioned, that on the + occasion of the late census, not a single American adult + in the State of Connecticut, was returned as unable to + read or write. Funds for education are raised by municipal + taxation in each town or district, to such an amount + as the male adults may decide. Their public schools are + universally admitted to be well conducted and efficient, + and combine every requisite for affording a sound, practical, + elementary education to the children of the less affluent + portion of the community. I need scarcely add + that in a republican government, this important advantage + <a name="p_210"></a> + being conceded, the road to wealth and distinction, + or to eminence of whatever kind, is thrown open to all of + every class without partiality—the colored alone excepted. + + </p> + <p> + The following extract from a letter received since my + return from a respected member of the Society of + Friends, residing in Worcester, Massachusetts, will give + a lively idea of the general diffusion and practical character + of education in the New England States. + + </p> + <p> + "The public schools of the place, like those throughout + the State, are supported by a tax, levied on the people + by themselves, in their primary assemblies or town + meetings, and they are of so excellent a character as to + have driven other schools almost entirely out from among + us. They are so numerous as to accommodate amply all + the children, of suitable age to attend. They are graduated + from the infant school, where the A B C is + taught, up to the high school for the languages and mathematics, + where boys are fitted for the University, and advanced + so far, if they choose, as to enter the University + one or two years ahead. These schools are attended by + the children of the whole population promiscuously; and, + in the same class we find the children of the governor + and ex-governor of the State, and those of their day-laborers, + and of parents who are so poor that their children + are provided with books and stationery from the + school fund. Under this system, we have no children + who do not acquire sufficient school learning to qualify + them for transacting all the business which is necessary + in the ordinary pursuits of life. A child growing up without + school learning would be an anomaly with us. All + standing thus on a level, as to advantages, talent is developed, + <a name="p_211"></a> + wherever it happens to be; and neither wealth + nor ancestral honors give any advantage in the even-handed + contest which may here be waged for distinction. + It is thus that we find, almost uniformly, that our first + men, either in government or the professions, are the sons + of comparatively poor and obscure persons. In places + where the wealthier portion of the community have + placed their children in select schools, they are found + much less likely to excel, than when placed in contact + and collision with the mass, where they are compelled to + come in competition with those whose physical condition + prepares them for mental labor, and whose situation in + society holds forth every inducement to their exertions. + To this system, which is co-eval with the foundation of + the State, I attribute, in a great degree, that wonderful + energy of character which distinguishes the people of + New England, and which has filled the world with the + evidences of their enterprise." + + </p> + <p> + The preceding statements refer to New England, the + oldest portion of the free States. The more recently settled + Northern and Western States are necessarily less + advanced, yet their educational statistics would probably + bear comparison with any country in the world, except + the most favored portion of their own. In the slave + States the aspect of things affords a striking contrast. + Not only is the slave population, with but few exceptions, + in a condition of heathen barbarism, a condition + which it is the express object of those laws of the slave + States, forbidding, under the heaviest penalties, the instruction + of the slaves, to perpetuate; but the want of + common elementary education among large numbers of + the privileged class is notorious. Compare Virginia with + <a name="p_212"></a> + Massachusetts,—"The American Almanac for the year + 1841, states, (page 210) there are supposed to be hardly + fewer than 30,000 adult white persons in Virginia who + cannot read and write!" An able writer gives the following + facts. + + </p> + <p> + "No one of the slave States has probably so much + general education as Virginia. It is the oldest of them—has + furnished one half of the Presidents of the United + States—has expended more upon her University than + any State in the Union has done during the same time + upon its colleges—sent to Europe nearly twenty years + since for her most learned professors; and in fine, has far + surpassed every other slave State in her efforts to disseminate + education among her citizens; and yet, the + Governor of Virginia in his message to the legislature, + (Jan. 7, 1839) says, that of four thousand six hundred + and fourteen adult males in that State, who applied to + the county clerks for marriage licences in the year 1837, + one thousand and forty seven were unable to write their + names." The governor adds, "these statements, it will + be remembered are confined to one sex: the education + of females, it is to be feared, is in a condition of <em>much + greater neglect</em>."—The editor of the Virginia Times + published at Wheeling, in his paper of January 23d, + 1839, says,—"We have every reason to suppose that + one fourth of the people of the State cannot write their + names, and they have not of course any other species of + education."<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_34"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_34"></a></p> + <p><a name="NoteFN1_34"></a><a href="#FootFN1_34">A</a>: "American Slavery as it is," page + 187. + </p> + <p> + The destitution of the means of moral and religious + improvement is in like manner very great. A recent + number of the "Monthly Extracts from the correspondence + <a name="p_213"></a> + of the American Bible Society," contains the following + extract from the 28th annual report of the Virginia + Bible Society: "The sub-sheriff of one of our + Western Counties stated the following fact to your agent. + A jury was to be empannelled in a remote settlement of + this country—he happened to have left his home without + a Bible—there was no Bible in the house where the + jury was to sit, and the sheriff travelled fourteen miles + calling at every house, before he found a Bible. Pious + surveyors stated to your agent that they had traversed + every settlement in a remote section of one or two of our + south western counties, that they had frequently inquired + among the settlers for a Bible, but had never seen or + heard of one in a region, say sixty miles by fifty." + + </p> + <p> + There are few things more striking in the free States + than the number and commodiousness of the places of + worship. In the New England States, however general + the attendance might be, none would be excluded for + want of room. The other means or accompaniments of + religious instruction are in the same abundance. How is + it possible to evade the conclusion that Christianity flourishes + most, when it is unencumbered and uncorrupted by + state patronage? What favored portion of the United + Kingdom could compare its religious statistics with New + England? + + </p> + <p> + Religion and morality, viewed on the broad scale, are + cause and effect—a remark which is fully borne out in + the Northern States, and in no instance more remarkably + exemplified than in the spread of temperance. A few + years ago the consumption of ardent spirits, and other intoxicating + drinks, was as general as in England, and the + effects even more conspicuous and debasing. It is now + <a name="p_214"></a> + very rare, in the free States, to see a drunken person, even + in the most populous cities. At the large hotels, as far as + my observation extended, it is the exception, not the rule, + to take any spirituous or fermented beverage at or after + dinner; and no case of inebriety came under my notice in + any of these establishments. I have already remarked, + that some of the first hotels in the principal cities are established + on the strictest temperance principles. I believe, + in private hospitality, intoxicating drinks are, in like + manner, very much discarded. At the tables of members + of the Society of Friends, it is very rare to see either + wine or malt liquor introduced; while, as already noticed, + the selling, using, or giving ardent spirits is so great an + offence as to be made the subject of church discipline. + This is, by no means, one of the "peculiarities" of + "Friends," as I believe it may be generally stated that + the same practices, in most other Christian communities, + would be considered as quite incompatible with a profession + of religion. + + </p> + <p> + The effects of this great reformation are not confined to + the United States, although the change hitherto has been + much more gradual in my native country; not so, however, + in Ireland, now, by a happy reverse, a scene of light + and promise, amidst surrounding gloom and depression. + Of the American facts I have to record, connected with + the temperance movement, the most grateful is the striking + contrast that is exhibited in the Irish emigrants. + By the divine blessing on Theobald Mathew's benevolent + labors, they have generally forsaken their besetting sin of + drunkenness in their native land, and if compelled to seek + the means of subsistence in another country, they now at + least do not carry with them habits that tend irresistibly to + <a name="p_215"></a> + destitution and degradation. The Irish movement is likewise + re-acting most beneficially on the native Irish, who + have long been settled in America, and who are joining + the total abstinence societies in great number, though + hitherto the most intemperate part of the community. + + </p> + <p> + In short, whether I consider the religious, the benevolent, + or the literary institutions of the Northern States—whether + I contemplate the beauty of their cities, or the + general aspect of their fine country, in which nature every + where is seen rendering her rich and free tribute to industry + and skill—or whether I regard the general comfort + and prosperity of the laboring population,—my admiration + is strongly excited, and, to do justice to my feelings, + must be strongly expressed. Probably there is no country + where the means of temporal happiness are so generally + diffused, notwithstanding the constant flow of emigrants + from the old world; and, I believe there is no country + where the means of religious and moral improvement are + so abundantly provided—where facilities of education + are more within the reach of all—or where there is less + of extreme poverty and destitution. + + </p> + <p> + As morals have an intimate connection with politics, I + do not think it out of place here to record my conviction, + that the great principle of popular control, which is carried + out almost to its full extent in the free states, is not only + beautiful in theory, but that it is found to work well in + practice. It is true that disgraceful scenes of mob violence + and lynch-law have occurred; but perhaps not more frequently + than popular outbreaks in Great Britain; while, + generally, the supremacy of law and order have been restored, + without troops, or special commissions, or capital + punishments. It is also true, that these occurrences are, + <a name="p_216"></a> + for the most part, directly traceable, not to the celebrated + declaration of the equal and inalienable right of all men to + life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, which is the fundamental + principle of the constitution; but to the flagrant violation + of that principle in the persons of the colored population, + of whom those in most of the free states are actually or + virtually deprived of political rights; and the rest, constituting + a majority of the population in some of the Southern + States, are held in abject slavery. The corruptions + and disorders that obscure the bright example of the American + people, and detract from the estimation in which their + institutions and policy would otherwise be held, generally + spring from this source. So long as slavery and distinction + of color exist, America will always be pointed at with the + finger of scorn, for her flagrant violation of all truth and + consistency. But let us not forget that this odious institution + is the disgraceful legacy of a monarchy—that it is no + necessary effect of republican institutions, but the reverse. + Our quarrel, therefore, is not with the declaration of rights, + but that this celebrated declaration should be regarded, + in the instance of one class in the community, as a mere + rhetorical flourish, and should thus be deprived of its legitimate + practical effect. + + </p> + <p> + The great feature of the political arrangements of the + free States is, the absence of the aristocratic element. A + pure despotism in the hands of one man has seldom been + seen, except in the instances of those renowned military + chiefs, whom a retributive Providence has at intervals employed + as the scourge of guilty nations. An aristocracy + under various forms and names, has usually been the governing + power, and as the too frequent result, laws have + been made and administered for the benefit of the few, + <a name="p_217"></a> + and not for the many. Yet the United States of North + America exhibit, however, notwithstanding their political + theory to the contrary, an aristocracy of the worst kind, + <em>an aristocracy of color</em>; in the free States of the many + against the few, in affirming these to be a degraded + race, as long as African blood runs in their veins; and in + the slave States, for a no better reason, reducing them even + when they are the majority; to the condition of brute beasts, + to be held and sold as goods and chattels. And this leads + me to observe that the writer who mistakes the general + government of the confederacy, with its limited scope and + powers, for the chief source of laws and administration in + the separate States will unavoidably present a confused + and distorted representation of existing facts. Each State + constitutes within itself a distinct republic, virtually independent + of the general government, so long as its legislation + does not conflict with the specific articles of the constitutional + compact; all the rights and powers of sovereignty, + not specifically delegated to the Government in that + instrument, being retained by the States. Hence nothing + can present a wider contrast than the slavery-blackened + code of South Carolina, and the statutes of Massachusetts, + characterized by republican simplicity and equality. + + </p> + <p> + The preceding observations in favor of the democratic + institutions of the northern States, are therefore to be understood + as of local application; and I would explicitly + admit that a well-ordered and a well-working government + on such principles must in a great measure depend upon + the amount of virtue and intelligence in the community: + but while a government which is based upon the principles + of impartial justice requires a virtuous people properly + to administer it, it has, I believe, within itself one of the + <a name="p_218"></a> + most powerful elements for the formation of such a community. + + </p> + <p> + On the subject of peace my inquiries elicited an almost + uniformly favorable response. If we except those who + would encourage the war spirit, from hopes of sharing + in the plunder, or those to whom it would open up + the path to distinction and emolument, there are comparatively + few who do not desire the maintenance of peace. + In the religious part of the community, there is a rapidly + spreading conviction of the unchristian character of war, + in every shape; and the President, in his late message to + Congress, in stating that "the time ought to be regarded + as having gone by when a resort to arms is to be esteemed + as the only proper arbiter of national differences", has + expressed the sentiments of the great bulk of the intelligent + citizens of the United States. I believe also that + the majority would be found willing to assent to any reasonable + and practical measure that should preclude the + probability of an appeal to arms, or of keeping up what + are absurdly called "peace establishments" of standing + armies and appointed fleets for the protection of national + safety or honor. The late excitements on the Boundary + and McLeod questions were confined to comparatively + few of the population, and the report of them was magnified + by distance. + + </p> + <p> + But a far stronger guaranty for the permanence of international + peace than any treaties, will be found in the + interchange of mutual benefits by commerce. For this + reason he who is successful in promoting a free and unchecked + commerce, is the benefactor, not of his own country + alone, but of the world at large. There are few + countries where in practice free trade is more fully carried + <a name="p_219"></a> + out than in the United States, but in theory the true doctrine + of this subject is only in part adopted by her statesmen + and leading minds. They are willing to trade on + equal terms, but will meet prohibition with prohibition. + Here undoubtedly they mistake their real interests, but + though such a policy will not advance the prosperity of + America, it will inflict tremendous and lasting injury on + Great Britain. Whatever the event, <em>we</em> cannot complain. + The terms offered by the United States, though not wise, on + an enlarged view of her own interests, are yet <em>reciprocal</em>, + and therefore fair between nation and nation. If, however, + I possessed any influence with the enlightened citizens of + North America, I should be in no common degree anxious + to exert it against those false views of trade and commerce + which distort alike the maxims and the policy of her rulers. + Their manufactures flourish, not in consequence of + protection, but in defiance of it. With such an extended + coast, and such facilities of internal communication, prohibition + is impossible. The manufactures of England are + excluded, not by the revenue laws of the States, but by + the corn laws of Great Britain, which forbid the British + manufacturer to take in exchange the only article of value + his American customer has to spare; a prohibition which, + unhappily for the people of this country, our government + has power to enforce. The prohibitory system + is, to a great extent, impracticable in the United States; + and just so far as it should be found practicable, it would + prove injurious, by creating fictitious and dependent interests, + which, in the course of time, would become insupportably + burdensome to the commonwealth, and eventually + would have to be relinquished at the cost of a fearful + amount of individual distress and national suffering. Legitimate + <a name="p_220"></a> + commerce is that department of the national welfare, + in which it is the business of statesmanship to do + nothing but remove the impediments of its own creating + in past times. In all other respects, commercial legislation + is a nuisance; and if under some circumstances trade + is found to flourish concurrently with such interference, the + fact is due either to the restrictions and regulations being + practically inoperative, or more frequently, to the high + profits arising from unexhausted resources, in the absence + of competition, enabling commerce to advance in spite of + impediments; in the same way as cultivation by slave + labor, notwithstanding its expensiveness and inordinate + waste, enables the first planter on a virgin soil, and with + an open market for his produce, to roll in his carriage, + though beggary is to be the fate of the second or third + generation of his descendants. + + </p> + <p> + In giving the preceding representation of the religious, + the moral, and the intellectual elevation of the population + of the Northern States of the Union, I have indicated the + source we must look to for the abolition of slavery, to + which it is now time to turn our attention, for no American + question can be discussed, into which this important subject + does not largely enter. + + </p> + <p> + Light and darkness, truth and falsehood, are not more + in opposition than Christianity and slavery. If the religion + that is professed in the free States be not wholly a dead + letter,—if the moral and intellectual light which they + appear to enjoy be indeed light, and not darkness,—then + the abolition of slavery is certain, and cannot be long + delayed. In order to make this apparent, as well as to + vindicate my own proceedings in the United States, it is + incumbent on me to show, that the great contest, for the + <a name="p_221"></a> + abolition of American slavery, is to be decided in the <em>free</em> + States, by the power of public opinion. I have distinctly + admitted, that the confederated republics have each their + independent sovereignty. Neither the free States, nor the + general Government, can perhaps constitutionally abolish + slavery in any one of the existing slave States. Yet there + are certain objects clearly within the limits of the constitutional + power of the general Government, such as the + suppression of the internal slave-trade, and the abolition + of slavery in the district of Columbia, for which it is undeniably + lawful and constitutional for every American citizen + to strive; and the attainment of which would suffice to + cripple, and ultimately destroy slavery in every part of + the Union. The slave-holding power is so sensible of + this, that all its united strength is employed to retain that + control over the general Government, which it has exercised + from the date of the independence, and never more + despotically than at the present time. Amidst the difficulties + which beset, and the dangers which threatened the + country, at the period of the formation of the constitution, + the southern States dictated such a compromise as they + thought fit; and, with the great principles of liberty paraded + on the face of the declaration of independence, came + into the Union on the express understanding that those + principles should be perpetually violated in their favor. + Of the details of this compromise, by far the most important, + and one which has mainly contributed to consolidate + the political supremacy of the south, is the investiture of + the slave masters with political rights, in proportion to the + amount of their slave property. Every five slaves confer + three votes on their owner; though, in other points of + view, a slave is a mere chattel—an article of property + <a name="p_222"></a> + and merchandize,—yet, in this instance, and in <em>criminal + proceedings against him</em>, his <em>personality</em> is recognized, + for the express object of adding to the weight of his chains, + and increasing the power of his oppressor. + + </p> + <p> + The North, in voting away the rights and freedom of + the laboring population of the South, surrendered its own + liberty. The haughty slave-holding masters of the great + confederacy have from the beginning chosen the Presidents, + and the high officers of state, and have controlled + the policy of the Government, from a question of peace or + war, to the establishment of a tariff or a bank. In the + executive department they have dictated all appointments, + from a letter-carrier to an ambassador; an amusing + illustration of which I find in my recent correspondence. + A late member of the Massachusetts legislature, + writes on the Eighth Month (August) 26, 1841: + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "One instance of the all-pervading <i>espionage</i> of the + slave power I may mention. The newly appointed postmaster + of Philadelphia employed, among his numerous + clerks and letter-carriers, Joshua Coffin, who, some three + years ago, aided in restoring to liberty a free colored citizen + of New York, who had been kidnapped and sold + into slavery. The appointment of the postmaster not being + confirmed, he wrote to his friends in Congress to inquire + the reason, and was told that the delay was occasioned + by the fact that he had employed Coffin as one of + his letter-carriers! Coffin was immediately dismissed, + and the senate in a few days confirmed the appointment! + Is not this a pitiful business?" + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + If the reader, who wishes further information, will consult + William Jay's work, entitled "A View of the Action + of the Federal Government in behalf of Slavery," he + <a name="p_223"></a> + will find ample historical proof that the internal and external + administration of the Union—legislative, executive, + and diplomatic—has been employed, without any + deviation from consistency, to subserve the interests of + the slave-holding States. Yet these States are, in population, + numerically weaker than those of the North, and + inferior, to a far greater degree, in wealth, intelligence, + and the other elements of political power. They are + strong only in the compactness of their union, while the + citizens of the free States are divided in interest and + opinion. Here, then, is presented a distinct and legitimate + object for those of the abolitionists who regard their + political rights as a trust for the benefit of the oppressed + and helpless, to combine the scattered and divided + power of the North into a united phalanx, which shall + wrest the administration of the Federal Union from the + slave-holding interest, and shall purify the general Government + from the contamination of slavery, by reversing + its general policy on that subject, and by the adoption of + the specific measures before mentioned; while, in the + States in which they respectively reside, the abolitionists + feel it to be their duty to exert themselves, to wipe away + from the statute book every vestige of that barbarism + which makes political, civil, or religious rights depend + upon the color of the skin. + + </p> + <p> + Yet more important is it, however, to bring the moral + force of the North to bear against slavery, by reforming + the prevailing public sentiment of the religious, moral, + and intelligent portion of the community. Here again, + one of the most sagacious leaders of the pro-slavery party, + J.C. Calhoun, has descried the danger from afar, and + has publicly proclaimed it in the senate of the United + <a name="p_224"></a> + States, by vehemently deprecating the anti-slavery proceedings, + not as intended to provoke the slaves to a servile + war, but as a crusade against the <em>character</em> of the + slave-holders. + + </p> + <p> + Although the different States are distinct governments, + their geographical boundaries are mere lines upon the + map; their inhabitants speak the same language, and enjoy + a communion of citizenship all over the Union. The + North Eastern States have by far the greater part of the + whole commerce of the Union, and are the medium + through which the planter exchanges his cotton for provisions + and clothing for his slaves, implements for his agriculture, + and his own family supplies. These commercial + ties create a direct and extensive pro-slavery interest + in the North. Again, the planter is yet more dependent + on the North for education for his children, and for the + gratification of his own intellectual wants, as the slave-holding + region has few colleges, and those of secondary + reputation; while I believe it has no periodical of higher + pretension than the political newspapers. The pro-slavery + re-action in this way, on the seminaries of the + North, and on the literature of the United States, is most + sensibly felt. + + </p> + <p> + Another powerful cause that contributes to leaven the + entire population into one mind on the subject of slavery, + is the double migration that annually takes place of people + of the Southern States to the North, in summer, and of the + inhabitants of the free States to the South in winter. + Hence follow family alliances, the interchange of hospitalities, + and a fusion of sentiments, so that the slavery + interest spreads its countless ramifications through every + corner of the free north. + + </p><a name="p_225"></a><p> + Another cause, and perhaps the most powerful of all, + is the community of religious fellowship in leading denominations. + The Episcopalians, the Methodists, the Baptists, + and the Presbyterians of two schools, are severally + but one body, all over the Union, and as a matter of + course, all are tainted with slavery, and for consistency's + sake, make common cause against abolition. The + pamphlet of James G. Birney, entitled "The American + Churches the Bulwarks of American Slavery,"<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_35"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_35"></a> offers + the amplest proof that the Methodist Episcopal, the + Baptist, the Presbyterian, and the Anglican Episcopal + Churches are committed, both in the persons of their + eminent ministers, and by resolutions passed in a church + capacity, to the monstrous assertion that slavery, so far + from being a moral evil, which it is the duty of the church + to seek to remove, is a Christian institution resting on a + scriptural basis; this assertion is repeated in the numerous + quotations of the pamphlet, in a variety and force of expression + that show the utterers were resolved not to leave + their meaning in the smallest doubt. Indeed, it might be + supposed, from the perusal of this pamphlet, that the + suppression of abolitionism, if not the maintenance of + slavery, was one of the first duties of the Christian + churches in America. + + </p> + <p><a name="NoteFN1_35"></a><a href="#FootFN1_35">A</a>: Published + by Ward & Co., Paternoster-row, London. + </p> + <p> + The following extracts are offered in illustration:— + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH.—"Resolved, + That it is the sense of the Georgia Annual Conference, + that slavery, as it exists in the United States, <em>is not a + moral evil</em>." + + </p> + <p> + "The Rev. Wilbur Fisk, D.D., late President of the + <a name="p_226"></a> + (Methodist) Wesleyan University in Connecticut—'The + New Testament enjoins obedience upon the slave as an + obligation <em>due</em> to a present <em>rightful</em> authority.'" + + </p> + <p> + "Rev. E.D. Simms, Professor in Randolph Macon + College, a Methodist Institution—'Thus we see, that + the slavery which exists in America, <em>was founded in right</em>.'" + + </p> + <p> + "The Rev. William Winans, of Mississippi, in the + General Conference, in 1836—'Yes, sir, Presbyterians, + Baptists, Methodists, should be slaveholders,—yes, he + repeated it boldly—there should be members, and + <em>deacons</em>, and ELDERS and BISHOPS, too, who were slave-holders.'" + + </p> + <p> + "The Rev. J.H. Thornwell, at a public meeting, + held in South Carolina, supported the following resolution—'That + slavery, as it exists in the South, is no evil, + and is consistent with the principles of revealed religion; + and that all opposition to it arises from a misguided and + fiendish fanaticism, which we are bound to resist in the + very threshold.'" + + </p> + <p> + "Rev. Mr. Crowder, of Virginia, at the Annual + Conference in Baltimore, 1840—'In its <em>moral</em> aspect, + slavery was not only countenanced, permitted, and + regulated by the Bible, but it was positively <em>instituted</em> + by GOD HIMSELF—he had, in so many words, ENJOINED + IT.'" + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + THE BAPTIST CHURCH—"Memorial of the Charleston + Baptist Association, to the Legislature of South Carolina: + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "'<em>The right of masters to dispose of the time of their + slaves has been distinctly recognized by the Creator of + all things</em>, who is surely at liberty to vest the right of + property over any object in whomsoever he pleases.'" + + </p> + <p><a name="p_227"></a> + "Rev. R. Furman, D.D., of South Carolina—'The + right of holding slaves is clearly established in the Holy + Scriptures, both by precept and example.'" + + </p> + <p> + "The late Rev. Lucius Bolles, D.D., of Massachusetts, + Cor. Sec. Am. Bap. Board for Foreign Missions, + (1834.)—'There is a pleasing degree of union among + the multiplying thousands of Baptists throughout the land.... + Our Southern brethren are generally, both ministers + and people, slave-holders.'" + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH.—"Resolution of Charleston + Union Presbytery—'That, in the opinion of this Presbytery, + the holding of slaves, so far from being a SIN in + the sight of God, is no where condemned in his holy + word.'" + + </p> + <p> + "Rev. Thomas S. Witherspoon, of Alabama, writing + to the Editor of the <em>Emancipator</em>, says—'I + draw my warrant from the Scriptures of the Old and New Testament, + to hold the slave in bondage. The principle of + holding the heathen in bondage is recognized by God.... + When the tardy process of the law is too long in + redressing our grievances, we of the South have adopted + the summary remedy of Judge Lynch—and really, I + think it one of the most wholesome and salutary remedies + for the malady of Northern fanaticism, that can be + applied.'" + + </p> + <p> + "Rev. Robert N. Anderson, of Virginia—'Now + <em>dear Christian brethren</em>, I humbly express it as my earnest + wish, that you <em>quit yourselves like men</em>. If there be any + stray goat of a minister among you, tainted with the bloodhound + principles of abolitionism, let him be ferreted out, + silenced, excommunicated, and left to the <em>public to dispose + of him in other respects</em>.'" + + </p><a name="p_228"></a><p> + THE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH.—"John Jay, + himself an Episcopalian—'She has not merely remained a + mute and careless spectator of this great conflict of truth + and justice with hypocrisy and cruelty, but her very + <em>priests and deacons may be seen ministering at the altar + of slavery</em>, offering their talents and influence at its unholy + shrine, and openly repeating the awful blasphemy, <em>that + the precepts of our Savior sanction the system of American + slavery</em>.'" + + </p> + <p> + In page 25 is the following:— + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "The Rev. James Smylie, A.M., of the Amite Presbytery, + Mississippi, in a pamphlet, published by him a + short time ago, <em>in favor</em> of American slavery, says:—'If + slavery be a sin, and advertising and apprehending slaves, + with a view to restore them to their masters, is a direct + violation of the Divine law; and if <em>the buying, selling, or + holding a slave, for the sake of gain</em>, is a heinous sin and + scandal; then, verily, <em>three-fourths of all the Episcopalians, + Methodists, Baptists</em>, and <em>Presbyterians</em>, in + <em>eleven States of the Union</em>, are of the devil. They 'hold,' if + they do not buy and sell slaves, and, <em>with few exceptions</em>, + they hesitate not to 'apprehend and restore' runaway + slaves, when in their power.'" + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + Yet, in the face of evidence so overwhelming as this, + showing how the whole moral atmosphere of the Northern + States is tainted with pro-slavery corruption, the abolitionists + are frequently taunted with the question, what has + the North to do with slavery? It is, however, a part of + their vocation to bear contempt and reproach. They + know they are at the right end of the lever, though at + some apparent distance from the object to be moved. + <em>Their mission is to correct public opinion in the free + <a name="p_229"></a> + States</em>. Let us suppose, for a moment, this object attained—the + whole slave-holding portion of the churches + cut off, as a diseased and corrupt excrescence; the national + literature purified, and the entire community pervaded by + sound Christian feeling—a feeling which should abhor all + participation, in word or deed, with the guilt of slavery; + and how could the South maintain, for a single day, the + perpetual warfare, which would be thus waged against + her from without, and seconded by alarmed consciences in + her own citadel? + + </p> + <p> + The rise of the present abolition movement dates from + the year 1832, when a few persons met at Philadelphia, + and adopted and signed a declaration of their sentiments. + He, however, who would trace anti-slavery sentiments to + their source, must go back to the first era of Christianity, + and to the authoritative promulgation of the Divine law of + love by the lips of the Savior of mankind himself. In + the darkest times, since that period, the true doctrine of + the unlawfulness of slavery has never been wholly lost, + being in fact a part of the imperishable substance of vital + Christianity. + + </p> + <p> + From 1832 until the division referred to in an early + portion of this work, the anti-slavery societies multiplied + with extraordinary rapidity. The following account of + the present state of the cause is furnished by my friend, + John G. Whittier. + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "He who, at the present time, judges of the progress + of the anti-slavery cause in the United States, by statistics + of the formation of new societies, or the activity and + efficiency of the old, will obtain no adequate idea of the + truth. The unfortunate divisions among the American + abolitionists, and, the difficulty of uniting, for any continuous + <a name="p_230"></a> + effort, those who differ widely as to the proper + means to be used, and measures to be pursued, have, in a + great measure, changed the direction and manifestation of + anti-slavery feeling and action. Thus, while public + opinion, in all the free States, is manifestly approximating + to abolition, and new converts to its principles are daily + avowing themselves, it is exceedingly rare to hear of the + formation of a new anti-slavery society, and there are few + accessions to those which are already in existence. Yet + the fresh recipients of the truths of anti-slavery doctrine + find abundant work for their hands to do, even without the + pale of organized societies, in purifying the churches with + which they are connected, and in counteracting the pro-slavery + politics of the country. + + </p> + <p> + "The two great political parties in the United States, + radically disagreeing in almost all other points, are of one + heart and mind, in opposing emancipation; not, I suppose, + from any real affinity to, or love for the 'peculiar + institution,' but for the purpose of securing the votes of + the slave-holders, who, more consistent than the Northern + abolitionists, refuse to support any man for office, who is + not willing to do homage to slavery. The competition + between these two parties for Southern favor is one of the + most painful and disgusting spectacles which presents itself + to the view of a stranger in the United States. To every + well wisher of America it must be a matter of interest and + satisfaction to know, that there is a growing determination + in the free States to meet the combination of slave-holders + in behalf of slavery, by one of freemen in behalf of liberty; + and thus compel the party politicians, on the ground of + expediency, if not of principle, to break from the thraldom + of the slave power, and array themselves on the side + of freedom. + + </p> + <p><a name="p_231"></a> + "It is an undoubted fact, that, at the present time, + the various denominations of professing Christians in the + United States are more deeply agitated by this question + than at any former period. The publication of such books + as Weld's 'Slavery as it is,' has unveiled the monstrous + features of slavery to the Christian public in the Northern + States. The blasphemous attempts of Southern professors + and ministers, to defend their abominable practices upon + Christian grounds, have powerfully re-acted against them + at the North; and church after church, especially in New + England, is taking the high stand of the late General + Convention in London, in withholding its fellowship from + slave-holders, and closing its pulpit against their preachers. + + </p> + <p> + "Recent movements in the slave States themselves + encourage the friends of freedom. In Kentucky, at the + late election for state officers, one of the candidates, + Cassius M. Clay, nephew of Henry Clay, avowed his + opposition to pro-slavery principles in the strongest terms, + and staked his election upon this avowal. He was + warmly supported, and his opponent only succeeded by a + small majority. Tennessee, in her mountain region, has + many decided, uncompromising abolitionists, whose encouraging + letters and statements have been published + within the last year, in the Northern anti-slavery papers. + The excellent work of Joseph John Gurney, on the West + Indies, and Dr. Channing's late pamphlet, entitled + "Emancipation," have been very widely circulated in + many of the slave States; and, so far as can be ascertained, + have been read with interest by the planters. + The movements of English and French abolitionists have + attracted general attention, and, in the Southern States, + have awakened no small degree of solicitude. + + </p> + <p><a name="p_232"></a> + "That baleful American peculiarity, prejudice against + color, is evidently diminishing, under the influence of + anti-slavery principles and practice; and the laws which + have oppressed the free colored citizen are rapidly yielding + to the persevering action of the abolitionists. Dr. + Channing has not over-stated the fact, that the provision + in the Federal Constitution, relative to the reclaiming of + fugitive slaves, has been silently but effectually repealed + by the force of public opinion, and the interposition of + jury trial, in many of the free States. In Massachusetts, + Vermont, Maine, and New York, with the exception of + its slavery-ridden commercial emporium, the recovery of a + slave by legalized kidnappers is entirely out of the question. + In any one of these States, it would, to use the + language of a New York mechanic, be exceedingly difficult + to prove, to the satisfaction of a jury of honest freemen, + that a man had been born 'contrary to the Declaration + of Independence.' The frontiers of slavery are every + where very much exposed, and all along the line of + Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Virginia, and Missouri, + the tide of self-emancipated men and women is pouring in + upon the free States. I cannot give a better idea of the + extent of this peculiar emigration, than by copying extracts + from the <em>Centreville Times</em>, a paper published in + Maryland:— + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "'<em>Free Negroes and Slaves</em>.—When it is too late, + the people of Maryland will begin to look for the means + of protection in their slave property. We still say slave + property; although, notwithstanding slaves are recognized + as property by the constitution, without which recognition + this confederation never would have been formed: yet + such has been the effect of fanaticism and emancipation, + <a name="p_233"></a> + of the intermeddling machinations of abolitionists, and the + mischievous agency of free negroes—that <em>the very owners + of this species of property seem to begin to doubt + whether slaves are property or not</em>; and so much has its + value become impaired, in the possession of those who + reside contiguous to the non-slaveholding States, that the + question has been raised, whether they are, in fact, worth + keeping. Either discipline must be so much relaxed, as + that the labor of the slave will scarcely pay for his support; + or, if forced to labor no more than is even necessary + to health and contentment, they abscond, and passing + over the lines into a non-slaveholding State, are there + concealed and protected. The number and the success + of elopements leave no doubt of the establishment of a + regular chain of posts, accessary to, and of systematic + plans, deliberately organized, for their seduction and concealment. + In these escapes, the free negroes are, for the + most part, undoubtedly instrumental, as they are to most + of the robberies committed by slaves. While at Easton, + two weeks since, the slaves of two gentlemen made their + escape, being each, if not recovered, a loss of one thousand + dollars; and the firm persuasion was, that, in both + cases, the runaways were furnished with passes by a free + negro barber. Even if apprehended, these gentlemen will + have been put to an expense of not less than three hundred + dollars, and this without the slightest pretext of ill + usage or unkindness. + + </p> + <p> + "'The usual process is, when the owner is supposed + to have despaired of his recovery, for some abolition or + free negro lawyer to open a correspondence with the + owner, representing the runaway to be in Canada, or otherwise + beyond apprehension—coolly adding, with a highwayman's + <a name="p_234"></a> + impudence, "take that or nothing;" and the + owner has to put up with a total loss, or compromise for + a third of the value of his property—the result in either + case, proving an incentive to others to be off in like manner"' + + </p> + <p><br> + * * * * * + <br></p> + <p> + "'There is not an interest that is not impaired, by the + proximity of the free States, and the protection there + afforded to slaves, and by the presence and intercommunion + of the free with the slave negro. Even the value + of land is diminished by it. Maryland suffers the disadvantages, + without the advantages of a slave State. The + disadvantage consists in the reputation, (the odium, north + of the Delaware,) of being a slave State. <em>The capitalists + of the North refuse, on that account, to invest in + Maryland lands, though they could buy land in Maryland + for twenty dollars an acre, which is intrinsically + worth more than theirs, which they could sell for an hundred.</em> + Our condition is, in fact, that of neither the one + or the other; and, unless something can be done to counteract + the progress of fanaticism on this subject, and that + abuse of strength and heedless injustice which always follows + irresponsible power, <em>slavery in Maryland must cease, + either by sale, while that right remains to the slave-holder, + or ere long, by forced emancipation</em>. + + </p> + <p> + "'Virginia—once proud and independent Virginia, + already half captive to the North—will soon take her + place as the frontier slave State;—Maryland, with her + Southern principles, eaten out by Northern men, will then + assume to her the relation that Pennsylvania now bears to + Maryland;—nay, it is but too obvious that, as things are + now working, in process of time, and that not slowly, + <a name="p_235"></a><em>slavery must cease to exist in all the provision-growing + States</em>,—its northernmost line will be the line of the + sugar, the rice, and the cotton culture,—the climate alone + affording to the slave-holder that shelter which justice + could not offer from the rapacity of his pursuers. Will + the Southern still accept the shadow without the substance + of equal and confederate powers? Be his relation, then, + what it may—independent, confederate, or colonial—for + one, we say, let it be defined. To the misery of the + slave, let him not add the meanness of the dupe. Let + him remember, that time and corruption have often + achieved what would have defied the power of the sword;—in + a word, let the slave-holder think, while yet, if yet, + he has power to act.'" + + </p> + </blockquote> + </blockquote> + <p> + I have now concluded an imperfect attempt to delineate + the present state of the anti-slavery cause, on the + North American continent, with incidental notices of the + past history of the efforts of its friends. In regard to the + future, my hopes are built on the continuance of these + efforts, and on the concurrent aid afforded by the march + of events, both in the United States and in the world at + large, under the manifestly over-ruling power of that gracious + Being, who sometimes employs human instrumentality + to accomplish His purposes of mercy; but who + works also Himself, by His immutable laws, and by the + dispensations of His providence. + + </p> + THE END. + <a name="p_236"></a><a name="A_i"></a></div> + <div class="teidiv"> + <h2><a name="APPs"></a> + APPENDIX. + + </h2> + <div class="teidiv"> + <h3><a name="A"></a>APPENDIX A. p. 30.<br><br><br>ANTI-SLAVERY EPISTLE OF "FRIENDS" IN GREAT BRITAIN.<br></h3> + <blockquote> + <p> + "From our Yearly Meeting held in London, by adjournment from the 20th + of the 5th Month to the 29th of the same inclusive, 1840. + + </p> + <p> + "<i>To the Yearly Meetings of Friends on the Continent of North America</i>. + + </p> + <p> + "DEAR FRIENDS,—We think it a favor to us, and we accept + it as an evidence that our Lord is mindful of us, that from one + time to another, when thus assembled for mutual edification, and + the renewing of our spiritual strength, we are in any small measure + brought afresh to the enjoyment of that love which flows from + God to man, through Jesus Christ our Savior; and under its + blessed influence quickened to exercise of mind, not only for the + health and prosperity of all those professing the same faith with + ourselves, but for the coming of the kingdom of God upon earth, + and the universal prevalence of righteousness and truth among + men. This love has often brought us in Christian compassion + and tenderness of spirit, deeply to feel for that portion of the + great family of man subjected to the degradation and cruelty of + slavery. + + </p> + <p> + "We do not cease to rejoice with reverent thanksgiving to + Almighty God, for the termination of this system of iniquity in + the British Colonies. It was an act of justice on the part of our + Legislature, and it has removed an enormous load of guilt from + our beloved country; but in our rejoicing, we cannot, nor would + we wish, to forget the hundreds of thousands of our brethren and + sisters on the continent of America, and elsewhere, still detained + in this abject condition, and liable to all the misery and oppression + which it entails upon its victims. + + </p> + <p><a name="A_ii"></a> + "We have a strong conviction of the guilt and sinfulness of + slavery, and its pernicious effects upon both the oppressed and + the oppressor. That man should claim a right of property in the + person of his fellow—that man should buy and sell his brother—that + civil governments in their legislative enactments, should so + far forget that 'God who giveth to all, life, and breath, and all + things, and hath made of one blood all nations of men, for to + dwell on all the face of the earth,' as to treat those who differ + from them in the color of their skin, or any other external peculiarity, + as beasts that perish, as chattels and articles of merchandise,—is + in such direct violation of the whole moral law, and + of the righteousness of the New Testament, and that in a day in + which the principles of civil and religious liberty are so fully + acknowledged in many of the nations of Christendom, may well + excite both indignation and sorrow. And we cannot but regard + it as such proof of hardness of heart, and perverted understanding, + that we think it can be attributed to nothing short of the + deceivableness of Satan working upon the fallen nature of man. + + </p> + <p> + "It was, dear friends, in the gradual unfolding of that light in + which the things that are reproved are made manifest, that your + forefathers and ours, were brought to see the criminality of + slavery. Thus enlightened, they could find no peace with God, + until they had put away this evil of their doings from before his + eyes—until by a conscientious discharge of their individual + religious duty, they had restored those whom they held in bondage, + to the full enjoyment of unqualified freedom. Under the + influence of Divine wisdom, and by this faithfulness on the part + of upright Friends, our religious society were brought to a united + and settled judgment as a body, that personal slavery, both in its + origin and its results, was so great an evil, that it could be tolerated + by no mitigation of its hardship; and they felt the demands + of equity to be so urgent upon them, that they were concerned to + enjoin it upon Friends every where, by a ready compliance with + such reasonable duty, to cease to do evil, by immediately releasing + those they held as slaves. Their own hands being cleansed + from this pollution, they felt it to be laid upon them, plainly and + faithfully, to labor with their countrymen to bring them to a full + understanding of the requiring of the Divine law, and to press it + upon them to act up to its commandments. In the love of God, + <a name="A_iii"></a> + they were bold, both in your country and in ours, to plead the + cause of the oppressed with those in power. We believe, and + we would wish to speak of it with modesty and humility, that + their faithfulness, in connection with the exertions of humane and + devoted men of other Christian communities, were instrumental + to bring about the abolition of the slave trade, as well as the + extinction of slavery. + + </p> + <p> + "We are reverently impressed with a sense of the prerogatives + of the Great Head of the Church, to dispose of his servants, and + to employ their time, and every talent which he has intrusted + them, in such a way and manner as may consist with the purposes + of his wisdom and love. It is the concern of this Meeting, + that all our dear friends may carefully seek each to know his + Lord's will, and to ascertain his individual path of duty; at the + same time we desire to encourage one another to simple obedience + to that which in the true light may be made manifest to + them; and each to an unflinching and uncompromising avowal of + his allegiance to his Lord in all things. + + </p> + <p> + "We observe with satisfaction and comfort, in the epistles + from your Yearly Meetings, which have been read in this Meeting, + that there is a very general acknowledgment of concern on this + important subject. It has often been a prominent feature in the + brotherly correspondence which subsists between us. The expression + of your encouragement in times past, has been helpful + to us, and in the trials and difficulties you have had to endure, + our hearts have been brought into fellow feeling with you. In + this work of justice and love, we have long labored together. It + has helped to strengthen the bond of our union; and in the fresh + sense of this Christian fellowship, as it is now renewed amongst + us, we offer you, beloved friends, the warm expression of our + sympathy, and our strong desire for your help and encouragement. + So far removed as we are from the scene of slavery, we + are aware that we can but imperfectly appreciate either the sufferings + of the slave, or the trials of those who live in the midst of + such oppression; nor do we believe that we can fully appreciate + either the labors of faithful Friends in your land, or the obstacles + and discouragements which have been thrown in their way. + + </p> + <p> + "The brief review we have taken of the history of our Society, + in reference to this deeply interesting subject, and the feeling + <a name="A_iv"></a> + which prevails with us, under a sense of the enormity of the evil, + urges us, and we desire that it may have the same effect upon + you, still to persevere; and in every way that may be pointed out + to us of the Lord, that we may continue to expose the evil of this + unjust interference with the natural and social rights of man. + Time is short, the day is spending fast with every one of us, and + we had need to use diligence in the work of our day. We know + the high authority under which we are commanded to 'love our + neighbor as ourselves.' It is our desire on our own account, and + in this exercise of mind we believe, dear friends, that you are one + with us, that in our efforts to discharge the duties laid upon us, + we may watch against a hopeless and distrustful spirit in times of + discouragement. And O that in his great mercy and love towards + his poor afflicted and helpless children, it might please Him + to hasten the coming of that day, even to this generation of the + enslaved in your land, in which every yoke shall be broken and + the oppressed go free. + + </p> + <p> + "If, in this righteous cause, we move in the leading of our + Lord, we may humbly trust that he, with whom there is no respect + of persons, who careth for the sparrows and feedeth the ravens, + will grant to his dependent ones the help and support of his + Holy Spirit, and enable them, in the face of every opposition, to + do that which is made known to them as his will. + + </p> + <p> + "With the enlarged views entertained by Friends of the + mercy and love of our heavenly Father towards his children of + every nation and tongue all the world over, we desire to press it + upon you still to labor for the removal of all those unjust laws + and limitations of right and privilege consequent upon the unwarrantable + distinction of color—a distinction which has brought + so much suffering upon those settled in different parts of the + Union, and which we think must conduce to the strengthening + of the prejudices of former years, and to retard the work of emancipation. + + </p> + <p> + "It is affecting to us to think with what astonishing rapidity + slavery is extending itself upon the Continent of North America, + and how from year to year the slave population is increasing + among you. Our spirits are oppressed with a sense of the magnitude + of the evil; we tremble at the awful consequence which, + in the justice and wisdom of Almighty God, may ensue to those + <a name="A_v"></a> + who persist in the upholding of it. We commend the whole subject + to your most serious attention, and desiring that divine wisdom + may be near to help in your deliberations upon it, + + </p> + <p> + "We bid you, affectionately, farewell. + + </p> + <p> + "Signed in and on behalf of the Meeting, by + <br><br> + "GEORGE STACEY, + <br><br> + "<i>Clerk to the Meeting this year</i>." + + </p> + </blockquote> + </div> + <div class="teidiv"> + <h3><a name="B"></a>APPENDIX B. p. 30.<br><br><br>EARLY EFFORTS OF "FRIENDS" IN BEHALF OF NEGRO + SLAVES.<br></h3> + <p> + The following extract from Clarkson's "Memoirs of the Public + and Private Life of William Penn," will show how the society + of Friends, at a very early period, became unwarily entangled + with the practice of slave holding; and also that the unchristian + nature of it was immediately perceived by the more spiritual + minded among them. It will serve also to prove that the testimony + of Friends against slavery is no novelty, but is coeval with + its rise as a distinct religious body. The measures proposed by + William Penn on this subject, are an honorable testimony to the + comprehensive benevolence of that truly great and magnanimous + legislator, yet they fell short of the exigencies of the case, and of + what Christian people required; consequently what good they + directly effected was local and temporary. Viewed as the germ + of subsequent anti-slavery enterprises of the last century, in Europe + and America, their interest and importance cannot be too + highly estimated. + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "I must observe, that soon after the colony (Pennsylvania) + had been planted, that is, in the year 1682, when William Penn + was first resident in it, some few Africans had been imported, but + that more had followed. At this time the traffic in slaves was not + branded with infamy, as at the present day. It was considered, + on the other hand, as favorable to both parties: to the American + planters, because they had but few laborers, in comparison with + the extent of their lands; and to the poor Africans themselves, + <a name="A_vi"></a> + because they were looked upon as persons redeemed out of superstition, + idolatry, and heathenism. But though the purchase + and sale of them had been admitted with less caution upon this + principle, there were not wanting among the Quakers of Pennsylvania + those who, soon after the introduction of them there, began + to question the moral licitness of the traffic. Accordingly, + at the Yearly Meeting for Pennsylvania, held in 1688, it had been + resolved, on the suggestion of emigrants from Crisheim, who had + adopted the principles of William Penn, that the buying, selling, + and holding men in slavery, was inconsistent with the tenets of + the Christian religion. In 1696, a similar resolution had been + passed at the Yearly Meeting of the same religious society for + the same province. In consequence, then, of these noble resolutions, + the Quakers had begun to treat their slaves in a different + manner from that of other people. They had begun to consider + them as children of the same great Parent, to whom fraternal offices + were due; and hence, in 1698, there were instances where + they had admitted them into their meeting houses to worship in + common with themselves.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteAppB_FN1"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootAppB_FN1"></a></p> + <p><a name="NoteAppB_FN1"></a><a href="#FootAppB_FN1">A</a>: "I cannot help copying into a + note an anecdote from Thomas Story's + Journal for this year (1698). 'On the 13th,' says he, 'we had a pretty large + meeting, where several were tendered, among whom were some negroes. + And here I shall observe, that Thomas Simons having several negroes, one + of them, as also several belonging to Henry White, had of late come to + meetings, and having a sense of truth, several others thereway were likewise + convinced, and like to do well. And the morning that we came from + Thomas Simons's, my companion speaking some words of truth to his negro + woman, she was tendered; and as I passed on horseback by the place where + she stood weeping, I gave her my hand, and then she was much more broken: + and finding the day of the Lord's tender visitation and mercy upon + her, I spake encouragingly to her, and was glad to find the poor blacks so + near the truth and reachable.' She stood there, looking after us and weeping, + as long as we could see her. I had inquired of one of the black men + how long they had come to meetings, and he said 'they had always been + kept in ignorance, and disregarded as persons who were not to expect any + thing from the Lord, till Jonathan Taylor, who had been there the year before, + discoursing with them, had informed them that the grace of God, + through Christ, was given also to them; and that they ought to believe in + and be led and taught by it, and so might come to be good Friends, and + saved as well as others. And on the next occasion, which was when William + Ellis and Aaron Atkinson were there, they went to meetings, and + several of them were convinced.' Thus one planteth and another watereth, + but God giveth the increase." + </p> + <p><a name="A_vii"></a> + "William Penn was highly gratified by the consideration of + what has been done on this important subject. From the very + first introduction of enslaved Africans into this province, he had + been solicitous about their temporal and eternal welfare. He + had always considered them as persons of the like nature with + himself; as having the same desire of pleasure and the same + aversion from pain; as children of the same Father, and heirs of + the same promises. Knowing how naturally the human heart + became corrupted and hardened by the use of power, he was fearful + lest, in time, these friendless strangers should become an oppressed + people. Accordingly, as his predecessor, George Fox, + when he first visited the British West Indies, exhorted all those + who attended his meetings for worship there, to consider their + slaves as branches of their own families, for whose spiritual instruction + they would one day or other be required to give an account, + so William Penn had, on his first arrival in America, inculcated + the same notion. It lay, therefore, now upon his mind + to endeavor to bring into practice what had appeared to him to + be right in principle. One of them was to try to incorporate the + treatment of slaves, as a matter of Christian duty, into <em>the discipline + of his own religious society</em>; and the other, to secure it + among others in the colony of a different religious description, + <em>by a legislative act</em>. Both of these were necessary. The former, + however, he resolved to attempt first. The Society itself had + already afforded him a precedent, by its resolutions in 1688 and + in 1696, as before mentioned, and had thereby done something + material in the progress of the work. It was only to get a + minute passed upon their books to the intended effect. Accordingly, + at the very first Monthly Meeting of the Society, which + took place in Philadelphia in the present year, he proposed the + subject. He laid before them the concern which had been so + long upon his mind, relative to these unfortunate people; he + pressed upon them the duty of allowing them as frequently as + possible to attend their Meetings for worship, and the benefit + that would accrue to both, by the instruction of them in the principles + of the Christian religion. The result was, that a Meeting + was appointed more particularly for the negroes, once every + month; so that besides the common opportunities they had of + collecting religious knowledge, by frequenting the places of + <a name="A_viii"></a> + worship, there was one day in the month, in which, as far as the + influence of the Monthly Meeting extended, they could neither + be temporally nor spiritually overlooked. At this Meeting also, + he proposed means, which were acceded to, for a more frequent + intercourse between Friends and the Indians; he (William + Penn,) taking upon himself the charge of procuring interpreters, + as well as of forwarding the means proposed."—Vol. II. pp. 218-222. + + </p> + </blockquote> + </div> + <div class="teidiv"> + <h3><a name="C"></a>APPENDIX C. p. 34.<br><br><br>Report of the Committee of the Yearly Meeting of Friends, + held in + Philadelphia, appointed for the Gradual Civilization, &c., of the Indian + Natives, presented to the meeting, Fourth Month 21st, 1841, and directed to + be printed for the use of the members.<br></h3> + <blockquote> + <p> + "TO THE YEARLY MEETING. + + </p> + <p> + "The Committee charged with promoting the Gradual + Improvement and Civilization of the Indian Natives, report:— + + </p> + <p> + "That although they have given attention to this interesting + concern, there are but few subjects in their operations, since the + last report, which require notice. The Indians have been in a + very unsettled condition during the past year, in consequence of + the embarrassment and distress produced by the ratification of + the treaty, and their uncertainty as to the best course to be pursued + by them in their trying and perplexing circumstances. + They still cling to the hope that they shall be able to ward off + the calamity which threatens them, either through the favorable + disposition of the new Administration and Senate, to give their + case a re-hearing, or by an Appeal to the Supreme Court of the + United States. Small as the hope afforded by these sources may + appear to a disinterested observer, they are buoyed up by it, and + seem as unwilling as ever, to look toward relinquishing their + present homes. + + </p> + <p> + "In a communication addressed to the committee, dated + Tunesassah, Fifth Month 24th, 1840, signed by ten chiefs, they + say, 'Although, the information of the ratification of the treaty is + distressing to us, yet it is a satisfaction to hear from you, and to + <a name="A_ix"></a> + learn that you still remember us in our troubles, and are disposed + to advise and assist us. The intelligence of the confirmation of + the treaty caused many of our women to shed tears of sorrow. + We are sensible that we stand in need of the advice of our + friends. Our minds are unaltered on the subject of emigration.' + Another dated Cold Spring, Twelfth Month 8th, 1840, holds this + language: 'Brothers, we continue to feel relative to the treaty as + we have ever felt. We cannot regard it as an act of our nation, + or hold it to be binding on us. We still consider, that in justice, + the land is at this time as much our own as ever it was. We + have done nothing to forfeit our right to it; and have come to a + conclusion to remain upon it as long as we can enjoy it in peace.' + 'We trust in the Great Spirit: to Him we submit our cause.' + + </p> + <p> + "A letter from the Senecas, residing at Tonawanda, was + addressed to the Committee, from which the following extracts + are taken: + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "'By the help of the Great Spirit we have met in open council + this 23d day of the Fifth Month, 1840, for the purpose of + deliberating on the right course for us to pursue under the late + act of the government of the United States relating to our lands. + Brothers, we are in trouble; we have been told that the President + has ratified a treaty, by which these lands are sold from our + possession. We look to you and solicit your advice and your + sympathy under the accumulating difficulties that now surround + us. We feel more than ever, our need of the help of the great + and good Spirit, to guide us aright. May his council ever + preserve and direct us all in true wisdom. + + </p> + <p> + "'It is known to you, brothers, that at different times our + people have been induced to cede, by stipulated treaties, to the + government of the United States, various tracts of our territory, + until it is so reduced that it barely affords us a home. We had + hoped by these liberal concessions to secure the quiet and unmolested + possession of this small residue, but we have abundant + reason to fear that we have been mistaken. The agent and + surveyor of a company of land speculators, known as the Ogden + Company, have been on here to lay out our land into lots, to be + sold from us to the whites. We have protested against it, and + have forbidden their proceeding. + + </p> + <p> + "'Brothers, what we want, is that you should intercede with + <a name="A_x"></a> + the United States government on our behalf. We do not want + to leave our lands. We are willing that the emigrating party + should sell out their rights, but we are not willing that they + should sell ours. + + </p> + <p> + "'Brothers, we want the President of the United States to + know that we are for peace; that we only ask the possession of + our just rights. We have kept in good faith all our agreements + with the government. In our innocence of any violation we ask + its protection. In our weakness we look to it for justice and + mercy. We desire to live upon our lands in peace and harmony. + We love Tonawanda. It is the residue left us of the land of our + forefathers. We have no wish to leave it. Here are our cultivated + fields, our houses, our wives and children, and our firesides—and + here we wish to lay our bones in peace. + + </p> + <p> + "'Brothers, in conclusion, we desire to express our sincere + thanks to you for your friendly assistance in times past, and at + the same time earnestly solicit your further attention and advice. + Brothers, may the Great Spirit befriend you all—farewell.' + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + "Desirous of rendering such aid as might be in our power, a + correspondence has been held with some members of Congress, + on the subject of the treaty, and other matters connected with it; + and recently, two of our number visited Washington, and were + assured by the present Secretary of War, under whose immediate + charge the Indian affairs are placed, that it was his determination, + and that of the other officers of the government, to give to + the treaty, and the circumstances attending its procurement, a + thorough examination; and to adopt such a course respecting it, + as justice and humanity to the Indians would dictate. + + </p> + <p> + "The friends who have for several years resided at Tunesassah + still continue to occupy the farm, and have charge of the saw + and grist mills and other improvements. The farm, during the + past year, has yielded about thirty-five tons of hay, two hundred + bushels of potatoes, one hundred bushels of oats, and one hundred + bushels of apples. Notwithstanding the unsettlement produced + by the treaty during the past season, the Indians have + raised an adequate supply of provisions to keep them comfortably + during the year; and they manifest an increased desire to avoid + the use of ardent spirits, and to have their children educated. In + their letter of the Twelfth Month last, the chiefs say, 'We are + <a name="A_xi"></a> + more engaged to have our children educated than we have heretofore + been. There are at this time three schools in operation on + this reservation, for the instruction of our youth.' + + </p> + <p> + "Our friend, Joseph Batty, in a letter dated 28th of Second + Month last, says, 'The Indians have held several temperance + councils this winter. The chiefs—with the exception of two, + who were not present—have all signed a pledge to abstain from + the use of all intoxicating liquors, and appear engaged to bring + about a reform among their people; but the influence of the + whites among them is prejudicial to their improvement in this + and other respects.' + + </p> + <p> + "By direction of the Committee, + + </p> + <p> + "THOMAS WISTAR, <i>Clerk</i>. + + </p> + <p> + "<i>Philadelphia, 4th Month 15th, 1841</i>." + + </p> + </blockquote> + </div> + <div class="teidiv"> + <h3><a name="D"></a>APPENDIX D. p. 44.<br><br><br>ELISHA TYSON.<br></h3> + <p> + The following particulars of this memorable person are chiefly + taken from a work, now very scarce, entitled "The Life of Elisha + Tyson, the Philanthropist, by a Citizen of Baltimore." + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "The eldest known ancestor of Mr. Tyson was a German + Quaker, converted to the faith of Fox by the preaching of William + Penn. Persecuted by the government of his native country + for his religion, he gathered up his all and followed Penn to England; + with whom, and at whose request, he afterwards embarked + for America, and was among the first settlers of Pennsylvania. + He established himself within what are now called the environs + of Philadelphia, married the daughter of an English settler, and + became the happy father of sons and daughters. From these, + many descendants have been derived. + + </p> + <p> + "Elisha Tyson was one of the great grandsons in direct + descent of the German Quaker, and was born on the spot which + he had chosen for his residence. The religion and virtues of this + ancestor were instilled into the minds of his children and children's + children, to the third and fourth generation—not by transmission + <a name="A_xii"></a> + of blood, but by the force of a guarded and a Christian + education. In the subject of this memoir, they blazed forth with + superior lustre. From his infancy he was conspicuous in his + neighborhood for that benevolence of heart and intrepidity of + soul, which so highly distinguished him in after life." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + In his early manhood he removed to Baltimore, in the slave + State of Maryland. Here, from his first residence, he took an + active part in various benevolent and public spirited enterprises, + although he had to struggle with early difficulties, having no resources + for his support but honesty, industry, and perseverance. + The cause of the oppressed slaves very soon engaged his attention, + and his unwearied exertions in their behalf ceased not till + the close of a long and energetic life. In the following quotation, + describing the American slave trade, although the past tense + is employed by his biographer, yet if Louisiana be substituted for + Georgia, the whole representation is true of the present time. + That dreadful traffic has increased many fold since the date here + alluded to, at which E. Tyson's career of benevolence commenced. + + </p> + <p> + "Even the most creditable merchants felt no compunction in + speculating in the flesh and blood of their own species. These + articles of merchandize were as common as wheat and tobacco, + and ranked with these as a staple of Maryland. This state of + things was naturally productive of scenes of cruelty. Georgia + was then the great receptacle of that portion of these unfortunate + beings, who were exported beyond the limits of their native soil; + and the worst name given to Tartarus itself could not be more + appalling to their imaginations than the name of that sister State. + And when we consider the dreadful consequences suffered by the + victims of this traffic; a separation like that of death between + the nearest and dearest relatives; a banishment for ever from the + land of their nativity and the scenes of their youth; the painful + inflictions by the hands of slave drivers, to whom cruelty was + rendered delightful by its frequent exercise; with many other + sufferings too numerous to mention, we cannot wonder at this + horror on the part of these unfortunate beings, and that it should + cause them to use all the means in their power to avoid so terrible + a destiny. The slave-trader, aware of all this, and fearful lest + his victims might seek safety by flight, became increasingly + <a name="A_xiii"></a> + careful of his property. With these men, and upon such subjects, + care is cruelty; and thus the apparent necessity of the case came + in aid of the favorite disposition of their minds. They charged + their victims with being the authors of that cruelty, which had its + true origin in their own remorseless hearts. Their plea for additional + rigor, being plausibly urged, was favorably received by a + community darkened by prejudice. Few regarded with pity, + and most with stoical indifference, this barbarous correction for + crimes anticipated, and rigorous penance for offences existing + only in the diabolical fancies of their tormentors. The truth is, + it was the love these poor wretches bore their wives, children, + and native soil, for which they were punished. They were commonly + bound two and two by chains, riveted to iron collars + fastened around their necks, more and more closely, as their + drivers had more and more reason to suspect a desire to escape. + If they were conveyed in wagons, as they sometimes were, additional + chains were so fixed, as to connect the right ancle of one + with the left ancle of another, so that they were fastened foot to + foot, and neck to neck. If a disposition to complain, or to grieve, + was manifested by any of them, the mouths of such were instantly + stopped with a gag. If, notwithstanding this, the overflowings + of sorrow found a passage through other channels, they were + checked by the 'scourge inexorable;'—the cruel monsters thus + endeavoring to lessen the appearance of pain, by increasing its + reality. These were scenes of ordinary occurrence; troops of + these poor slaves were continually seen fettered as before + described, marching two and two, with commanders before and + behind, swords by their sides, and pistols in their belts—the triumphant + victors over unarmed women and children. The sufferings + of their victims, were, if possible, increased, when they were + compelled to stop for the night. They were crowded in cellars, + and loaded with an additional number of fetters. On those + routes usually taken by them to the South, stated taverns were + selected as their resting places for the night. In these, dungeons + under ground were specially contrived for their reception. Iron + staples, with rings in them, were fixed at proper places in the + walls; to these, chains were welded; and to these chains the + fetters of the prisoners were locked, as the means of certain + safety. It was usual every day for these slave-drivers to keep a + <a name="A_xiv"></a> + strict record of the imagined offences of their slaves; which, if + not to their satisfaction expiated by suffering during the day, + remained upon the register until its close; when, in the midst of + midnight dungeon horrors, goaded with a weight of fetters, in + addition to those which had galled them during their weary + march, these reputed sins were atoned by their blood, which was + made to trickle down 'the scourge with triple thongs.'" + + </p> + <p> + Such was the evil with which Elisha Tyson, when "young, + solitary, and friendless," undertook to grapple; the means he + chiefly employed, were such as tended to purify and enlighten + public opinion. + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "He had two principal modes of operating upon the public + mind; by conversation in public and private places, and by the + press. Through the means of the first, he worked upon the feelings + and sentiments of the higher and more influential classes; + by means of the latter, he influenced in a great degree, the mass + of the community. In private conversation, his arguments were + so cogent, his appeals so energetic, and his manner so sincere + and disinterested, that few could avoid conviction. It is true, + indeed, as it regards the press, that he did not publish very + much of his own composing; but he procured the publication of a + vast deal of his own dictating. By his arguments and entreaties, + he aroused the zeal of many individuals, each of whom enlisted + himself as a kind of voluntary amanuensis, who wrote and published + his dictations. Many important essays have in this way + been communicated to the public." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + But he undertook also, services requiring a yet sterner resolution, + and more heroic perseverance, services which demanded + that he himself should be in bondage neither to riches, honor, nor + reputation, since his exertions endangered all his personal interests + in such a community as that by which he was surrounded. + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "Of those held in servitude, two classes of beings felt in a + peculiar manner the kindness and sympathy of Mr. Tyson—those entitled + to their freedom, and illegally held in slavery—and + those, who, though not illegally kept in bondage, yet were treated + with inhumanity by their masters. + + </p> + <p> + "Where he had reason to believe that a person claimed as a + slave was entitled to his freedom, he would, in the first place, in + order to avoid litigation, lay before the reputed owner, the + <a name="A_xv"></a> + grounds of his belief. If these were disregarded, he then proceeded + to employ counsel, by whom a petition for freedom was + filed in the proper court, and the case prosecuted to a final determination. + What excited most astonishment in these trials, was + the extraordinary success which attended him. Very few were + the cases in which he was defeated; and his failure even in these, + was more generally owing to the want of testimony, than to the + want of justice on his side. To enumerate his successes, would + be as impossible, on account of their vast number, as it would be + tedious on account of their similarity to each other. Whole families + were often liberated by a single verdict, the fate of one + relative deciding the fate of many. And often ancestors, after + passing a long life in illegal slavery, sprung at last, like the + chrysalis in autumn, into new existence, beneath the genial rays + of the sun of liberty, which shed at the same time its benign + influence upon their children, and children's children. + + </p> + <p> + "The titles of the individuals, thus liberated, to their freedom, + were variously derived. Sometimes from deeds of manumission, + long suppressed, and at last brought to light, by the searching + scrutiny of Tyson—sometimes from the genealogy of the petitioner, + traced by him to some Indian or white maternal ancestor—sometimes from + the right to freedom, claimed by birth, but + attempted to be destroyed by the rapacity of some vile kidnapper, + and sometimes from the violation of those of our laws which + manumitted slaves imported from foreign parts. + + </p> + <p> + "The labors of Mr. Tyson, were not confined to a single + district—they extended over the whole of Maryland. There is + not a county in it, which has not felt his influence, or a court of + justice, whose records do not bear proud testimonials of his triumphs + over tyranny. Throwing out of calculation the many + liberations indirectly resulting from his efforts, we speak more + than barely within bounds, when we say, that he has been the + means, under Providence, of rescuing at least two thousand + human beings from the galling yoke of a slavery, which, but for + him, would have been perpetual. + + </p> + <p> + "And here let me join my readers in expressions of wonder + and astonishment at this extraordinary display of human benevolence, + in the person of a single individual—unsupported by + <a name="A_xvi"></a> + power, wealth, or title, beneath the frowns of society, and against + a torrent of prejudice." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + In the year 1789 an "Abolition Society," (see antecedent + pages 23 and 24,) was formed in Baltimore, of which Elisha + Tyson was a member until its dissolution, seven years afterwards. + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "From that time, Mr. Tyson supported alone the cause of + emancipation in Maryland. Alone, I mean, as the sole director + and prime mover of the machinery by which that cause was + maintained. Assisted, he was, no doubt, from time to time; but + that assistance was procured through his influence, or rendered + effectual under his inspection and advice.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteAppD_FN1"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootAppD_FN1"></a></p> + <p><a name="NoteAppD_FN1"></a><a href="#FootAppD_FN1">A</a>: "One of the + most active assistants was his brother Jesse, much younger + than Elisha. He followed him to this State a few years after the arrival of + the latter, was an active member of the Abolition Society, and continued, + to the day of his death, to co-operate with Elisha." + </p> + <p> + "The slave traffic gave rise to an evil still greater—I mean + the crime of <em>kidnapping</em>. If the horrors arising from the first + were so great as I have described them, how shall I depict those + of the other! Slaves only were the victims of the slave trade. + In passing from hand to hand, they merely exchanged one condition + of slavery for another. And though on such occasions they + fell from a less degree of misery into a greater, they could not + number among their privations any thing so bitter as the loss of + liberty. It was this that made the difference between them and + the victims of the kidnapper; not that they laid their hands exclusively + upon the freeman, for sometimes their rapacity seized + upon a slave. But this was very seldom, for the vigilance of + slave owners was always alive to detect, and their vengeance to + punish such daring felony. In almost all cases of man stealing, + the stolen beings were of those who had tasted the sweets of liberty. + To the kidnapper, who made these his prey, there were + great facilities for escaping with impunity; not only because, in + the depth and darkness of a dungeon, his limbs loaded with fetters, + and utterance choked with a gag, his suffering could not be + made visible or audible, but also because the deadness of sensibility + on this subject, which still pervaded the public, though in a + less degree than formerly, seemed to have unnerved every eye + <a name="A_xvii"></a> + and palsied every ear. Sights of misery passed darkly before the + one and sounds of wo fell lifeless on the other. + + </p> + <p> + "On one occasion Mr. Tyson received intelligence that three + colored persons, supposed to have been kidnapped, had been seen + under suspicious circumstances, late in the evening, with a notorious + slave-trader, in a carriage, which was then moving rapidly + towards a quarter of the precincts of Baltimore in which there + was a den of man-hunters. It was late in the day when he received + the information, which was immediately communicated to + the proper authorities. As the testimony offered to these was + not, in their opinion, sufficiently strong to induce them to act + instantaneously, Mr. Tyson was obliged to seek for aid in other + quarters. He accordingly requested certain individuals, who had + sometimes lent him their assistance, to accompany him to the + scene of suspicion, in order to obtain, if possible, additional proof. + One after another made excuse, (some telling him that the evidence + was too weak to justify any effort, and others saying that + it would be better to postpone the business for the next morning,) + until Mr. Tyson saw himself without the hope of foreign assistance. + But he did not yield or despair—one hope yet remained, + and that rested on himself. Alone he determined to search out + the den of thieves, to see and judge for himself. If there was no + foundation for his suspicions, to dismiss them; if they were true, + to call in the aid of the civil power, for the punishment of guilt + and the rescue of innocence. + + </p> + <p> + "So much time had been spent in receiving the excuses of his + friends, that it was late at night when he set out, on foot and + without a single weapon of defence. In the midst of silence and + darkness, he marched along until he arrived at the place of destination. + It was situated in the very skirts of the city—a public + tavern in appearance, but almost exclusively appropriated to a + band of slave-traders. Here they conveyed their prey, whether + stolen or purchased; here they held their midnight orgies, and + revelled in the midst of misery. The keeper of this place was + himself one of the party, and therefore not very scrupulous about + the sort of victims his companions chose to place beneath his + care. Mr. Tyson ascended the door-sill, and, for a moment, listened, + if perchance he might hear the sounds of wo. Suddenly a + loud laugh broke upon his ears, which was soon lost in a chorus + <a name="A_xviii"></a> + of laughter. Indignant at the sound, he reached forth his hand + and rapped with his whole might. No answer was received. He + rapped again—all was silence. He then applied himself to the + fastening of the door, and finding it unlocked, opened it and entered. + Suddenly four men made their appearance. They had + been carousing around a table which stood in the centre of a + room, and when a little alarmed by the rapping at the door, they + had gone in different directions to seize their weapons. Mr. + Tyson immediately recognised in the countenance of one of + these, who appeared to be their leader, the slave-trader whose + conduct had given rise to the suspicions that had brought him + thither. Nor was it many moments before the person and character + of Mr. Tyson became known. + + </p> + <p> + "'I understand,' said he, 'that there are persons confined in + this place entitled to their freedom?' + + </p> + <p> + "'You have been wrongly informed,' said the leader of the + quartette; 'and, besides, what business is it of yours?' + + </p> + <p> + "'Whether I am wrongly informed,' said Mr. Tyson, calmly, + 'can be soon made to appear; and I hold it my business, as it is + the business of every good man in the community, to see that all + doubts of this kind are settled!' + + </p> + <p> + "'You shall advance no further,' rejoined the leader, swearing + a tremendous oath, and putting himself in a menacing attitude. + + </p> + <p> + "With the rapidity of lightning, and with a strength that + seemed to have been lent him for the occasion, Mr. Tyson broke + through the arms of his opponent. As he had been repeatedly at + this house on similar errands, he knew the course he should steer, + and made directly for the door of the dungeon. There he met + another of the band, with a candle in one hand, and in the other, + a pistol, which, having cocked, he presented full against the + breast of Mr. Tyson, swearing that he would shoot him if he + advanced a step further. + + </p> + <p> + "'Shoot if thee dare,' said Mr. Tyson, in a voice of thunder, + 'but thee dare not, coward as thou art, for well does thee know, + that the gallows would be thy portion.' + + </p> + <p> + "Whether it was the voice and countenance of Mr. Tyson, or + the terror of the word gallows, that affected the miscreant, his + arm suddenly fell, and he stood as if struck dumb with amazement. + Mr. Tyson taking advantage of the moment, in the twinkling + <a name="A_xix"></a> + of an eye, snatched the candle from the hand of the kidnapper, + entered the dungeon door, which was providentially unlocked, + and descended into the vault below. + + </p> + <p> + "There he beheld a dismal sight; six poor creatures chained + to each other by links connected with the prison wall! The + prisoners shrunk within themselves at the sight of a man, and one + of them uttered a shriek of terror, mistaking the character of + their visitor. He told them that he was their friend; and his + name was Elisha Tyson. That name was enough for them, for + their whole race had been long taught to utter it. He inquired, + 'if any of them were entitled to their freedom?' 'Yes,' said one, + 'these two boys say that they and their, mother here are free, but + she can't speak to you, for she is gagged.' Mr. Tyson approached + this woman, and found that she was really deprived of her utterance. + He instantly cut away the band that held in the gag, and + thus gave speech to the dumb. She told her tale; 'she was + manumitted by a gentleman on the eastern shore of Maryland; + her sons were born after her emancipation, and of course + free. She referred to persons and papers. She had come over + the Chesapeake in a packet, for the purpose of getting employment; + and was, with her children, decoyed away immediately on + her arrival, by a person who brought her to that house. Mr. + Tyson told her to be of good comfort, for he would immediately + provide the means of her rescue. He then left the dungeon and + ascended the stair way, when he reached the scene of his preceding + contest; he, looked around, but saw no one save the + keeper of the tavern. Fearing that the others had escaped, or + were about to escape, he hastened out of the house, and proceeded + with rapid strides in pursuit of a constable. He soon found + one and entreated his assistance. But the officer refused, unless + Mr. Tyson would give him a bond of indemnity against all loss + which he might suffer by his interference. Mr. Tyson complied + without hesitation. The officer, after summoning assistance, proceeded + with Mr. Tyson to the scene of cruelty. There meeting + with the tavern keeper, they compelled him to unlock the fetters + of the three individuals claiming their freedom. They then + searched the house for the supposed kidnappers, and found two + of them; in, bed, whom, together with the women, and children, + they conveyed that night to the jail of Baltimore county, to await + <a name="A_xx"></a> + the decision of a court of justice. The final consequence was, + the mother and children were adjudged free. One of the two + slave-traders, taken as afore-mentioned in custody, was found + guilty of having kidnapped them, and was sentenced to the + Maryland penitentiary, for a term of years. + + </p> + <p> + "On another occasion, Mr. Tyson having received satisfactory + evidence that a colored person, on board a vessel about to sail for + New Orleans, in Louisiana, was entitled to his freedom, hastened + to his assistance. On reaching the wharf, where the vessel had + lain, he learned that she had cleared out the day before, and was + then lying at anchor, a mile down the river. He immediately + procured two officers of the peace, with whom he proceeded in a + batteau, with a full determination to board the suspected ship. + + </p> + <p> + "When he arrived alongside, he hailed the captain and asked + him 'whether such a person, (naming him,) having on board negroes + destined for the New Orleans market, was not among the + number of passengers.' Before the captain had time to reply, the + passenger alluded to, who had overheard the question, stepped to + the side of the vessel, and recognising Mr. Tyson, asked what + business <em>he</em> had with him. 'I understand,' said Mr. Tyson, + 'that a colored person,' describing him, 'now in thy possession, is entitled + to his freedom.' 'He is my slave,' said the trader; 'I have + purchased him by a fair title, and no man shall interfere between + him and me.' + + </p> + <p> + "'If these documents speak the truth,' said Mr. Tyson, holding + certain papers in his hand, 'however fairly you have purchased + him he is not your slave.' He then proceeded to read the + documents. At the same time a light breeze springing up, the + captain ordered all hands to hoist sail and be off. Mr. Tyson + seeing that there was not a minute to be lost, requested the constables + to go on board with him for the purpose of rescuing the + free man who had been deprived of his rights. The trader immediately + drew a dagger from his belt, (for this sort of men went + always armed,) and swore that 'the first man that dared set his + foot upon the deck of that ship was a dead man.' 'Then I will + be that man,' said Mr. Tyson, with a firm voice and intrepid + countenance, and sprang upon the deck. The trader stepped + back aghast. The officers followed, and descended the hold of + the ship. There they soon saw the object of their search. + <a name="A_xxi"></a> + Without any resistance being made on the part of a single person + on board, they led their rescued prisoner along and safely + lodged him in the boat below. Then Mr. Tyson, addressing the + trader, said, 'If you have any lawful claim to this man, come along + and try your title; if you cannot come, name your agent, and I + will see that justice is done to all parties.' The trader, who + seemed dumb with confusion, made no answer; and Mr. Tyson + requested his boatmen to row off. Ere they had proceeded half + their distance from the ship, her sails were spread and she began + to ride down the stream. Had Mr. Tyson's visit been delayed + half an hour longer, his benevolent exertions would have been in + vain. + + </p> + <p> + "No one appearing to dispute the right of the colored man to + freedom, his freedom papers were given him and he was set at + liberty. + + </p> + <p> + "The whole life of Mr. Tyson was diversified by acts such as + we have just described. Those I have given to the reader may + be considered as specimens merely, a few examples out of a vast + many, which, if they were all repeated, would satiate by their + number and tire by their uniformity. + + </p> + <p> + "The joy manifested by the poor creatures whom he thus rescued + from misery, on their deliverance, may be imagined, but cannot + well be described. Sometimes it broke forth in loud and + wild demonstrations; sometimes it was deep and inexpressible, + or expressed only by mingled tears of gratitude and ecstacy, rolling + silently but profusely down their wo-worn cheeks. + + </p> + <p> + "Mr. Tyson, it is remarkable, would always turn his eyes from + these manifestations. He would listen to no declarations of + thanks. When these were strongly pressed upon him, he would + usually exclaim, 'Well, that will do now; that is enough for this + time.' And once when one of these creatures, fearful that Mr. + Tyson would not consider him sufficiently grateful, cried out, + 'Indeed, master, I am very thankful, I would die to serve you,' + Mr. Tyson exclaimed, 'Why, man, I have only done my duty; I + don't want thy thanks;' and turned abruptly away. + + </p> + <p> + "Equalled only by the delight of the rescued victims, was the + chagrin and vexation of the slave-traders, when they saw their + prey torn from their grasp. They cursed the law; they cursed + <a name="A_xxii"></a> + its ministers; but above all, they invoked imprecations upon the + head of Tyson. + + </p> + <p> + "They swore that they would murder him, that they would + fire his dwelling over his head, that they would do a thousand + things, all full of vengeance. None of these threats were ever + put into execution; for though a plot was once laid to take away + his life, fear dispersed the actors long before the day of performance. + Thus does it always happen that the wickedest of men + are also the meanest, and therefore the most dastardly. And + thus did the cowardice of Mr. Tyson's enemies shield him from + the effects of their enmity. Nor did he profit less by that individual + fear of him which these slave-traders were made to feel. + They feared him because they deprecated his hostility. In order, + if possible, to lessen this hostility, they frequently became + informers on others engaged in the same traffic. This they were + further inclined to do, in consequence of the jealousy that subsisted + between them—a jealousy very natural to competitors in + the same line of business. It was always a time of exultation + with them when one of their number found his way into the penitentiary. + + </p> + <p> + "It sometimes happened that Mr. Tyson extracted from the + mouths of these monsters, evidence which afterwards went to + criminate those who had uttered it. It was usual with him when + he could not obtain testimony against a suspected person, to send + for such person and interrogate him. No one refused his summons—fear + forbade the refusal; and after they had come, the + very fear which brought them there sacrificed them to injured + humanity. Sometimes those who came voluntarily for the purpose + of criminating others, involved themselves in toils of their + own weaving; where they were no sooner seen, by the penetrating + eye of Tyson, than he reached forth his hands and secured + his astonished prisoner, before he had a suspicion of his danger. + + </p> + <p> + "Mr. Tyson's knowledge of the sort of people with whom he + had principally to deal was perfect. His quickness of perception + and self-command were also remarkable. These qualifications + gave him an extraordinary power in the examinations just alluded + to. + + </p> + <p> + "One evening the servant announced a stranger at the door, + <a name="A_xxiii"></a> + who wished to see Mr. Tyson privately. Mr. Tyson requested + that he might be asked into the room where we were then sitting, + and if further privacy were necessary he should have it. + + </p> + <p> + "When the door opened and the stranger appeared, he was no + other than the slave-trader we have just alluded to. + + </p> + <p> + "'Your humble servant,' said the man, casting off his hat and + bowing profoundly; 'I hope you are well, sir; I have a few + words for your private ear.' + + </p> + <p> + "'Every one present may be safely trusted,' said Mr. Tyson; + 'but sit down.' + + </p> + <p> + "The man seated himself. 'Well,' said Mr. Tyson, 'what is + there new in thy way of business; I suppose it continues as usual + to be a good business?' + + </p> + <p> + "'Ah! sir,' said the man, 'I believe it to be a bad business in + more ways than one. I am resolved to quit it.' + + </p> + <p> + "'Not while thee can get two hundred dollars profit per man,' + said Mr. Tyson. + + </p> + <p> + "'Notwithstanding that,' said the trader, 'it's a bad business; + it's a hard business; I must quit it, and that very soon.' + + </p> + <p> + "'Hast thou heard of the old saying,' said Mr. Tyson, 'Hell + is paved with good intentions? I fear,' said he, 'when thee goes + there thee will find thine among the number.' + + </p> + <p> + "'I know,' said the trader, 'you think me very bad; but when + you hear what I have to communicate, perhaps your opinion will + alter a little.' + + </p> + <p> + "'I wish it may; but,' said Mr. Tyson, 'thy progress down + hill has been so rapid, and thou hast got so far, that thee will find + it rather hard to turn about and ascend.' + + </p> + <p> + "These doubtings, attended with a shrewd, suspicious, yet + satirical look, had the effect intended; for the man became doubly + anxious to do what he had come to do, and what he thought would + be esteemed a great favor by Mr. Tyson. Accordingly, after a + word or two of preface, he stated that he 'had reason to believe + that ----', naming a certain trader, 'had kidnapped two free + blacks.' + + </p> + <p> + "'Thee is certainly mistaken,' said Mr. Tyson, affecting great + surprise; 'it is hardly possible that so worthy a man could have + been guilty of so great a crime.' + + </p> + <p><a name="A_xxiv"></a> + "This apparent doubt on the part of Mr. Tyson, made the + man more anxious to bring out all his testimony. + + </p> + <p> + "'But who told thee this piece of news?' said Mr. Tyson. + There was a breach at once into the man's order and arrangement + and he hesitated for a reply. 'Mr. ----, Mr. ----, + Mr. ----, what do ye call him, spoke to me about it.' 'Who?' + said Mr. Tyson. 'Mr. ----,' said the man; mentioning the + name of a veteran dealer in human flesh. + + </p> + <p> + "'Is he engaged in the traffic now?' asked Mr. Tyson. + + </p> + <p> + "'Yes, sir; very deep in it.' + + </p> + <p> + "'By himself, or in partnership?' asked Mr. Tyson carelessly. + + </p> + <p> + "'Why, I believe he is in partnership with some body.' + + </p> + <p> + "'Is he not in partnership,' said Mr. Tyson, 'with ----?' + naming the person whom the man was anxious to inculpate. + + </p> + <p> + "'I believe he was, but I don't know that he is now.' + + </p> + <p> + "'Thee don't know of their having dissolved?' asked Mr. + Tyson at the same time, as if thoughtlessly lighting his pipe. + + </p> + <p> + "'No, I do not. But as I was going to say,' said the trader— + + </p> + <p> + "'Ah, true,' said Mr. Tyson, 'we must not forget. Thee was + talking about a case of kidnapping; well?' + + </p> + <p> + "'Last night,' said the trader, 'a hack drove up to the tavern + where I lodge. The hackman inquired the way to ----'s + tavern, which is the place of rendezvous for ---- and his gang;' + naming the person whose guilt <em>seemed</em> to be the principal object + of inquiry. 'I looked into the carriage, and saw two boys.' + + </p> + <p> + "'Did thee speak to them?' + + </p> + <p> + "'No, they were gagged, and that made me think they were + kidnapped.' + + </p> + <p> + "'Was any body with them?' + + </p> + <p> + "'Nobody but the driver, and he was black.' + + </p> + <p> + "'Did thee direct him as he requested?' asked Mr. Tyson. + + </p> + <p> + "'Yes.' + + </p> + <p> + "'And they arrived accordingly?' + + </p> + <p> + "'Yes.' + + </p> + <p> + "'Did thee follow them?' + + </p> + <p> + "'No sir, not immediately—but I went this morning, and + inquired whether a hack with two boys and a black driver, had + not arrived late last night, and they said there had.' + + </p> + <p><a name="A_xxv"></a> + "'What o'clock last night was it when thee saw the carriage?' + + </p> + <p> + "'About ten, sir.' + + </p> + <p> + "'Was the hack close, or were the curtains down?' + + </p> + <p> + "'The curtains were down, and that increased my suspicion.' + + </p> + <p> + "Mr. Tyson had now heard enough to convince him that if + there was any kidnapping in this case, the trader who stood before + him had a much nearer connection with it than that of a + mere spectator. + + </p> + <p> + "He had said in the first place that he obtained his knowledge + from a trader who had been partner with the party implicated. + He then stated that he derived it from seeing the kidnapped + persons in a hack. And though it was ten o'clock at + night, (at a time, too, as Mr. Tyson knew, when there was no + moon,) yet he could not only see that these two persons were in + the hack, but that they were gagged. He could not have done + this by the light of a candle or the moon, because 'the hack + was tight, and the curtains were down.' + + </p> + <p> + "Fearing lest the suspicions of the trader might be excited as + to the sentiments of Mr. Tyson towards him, an end was put to + the part of the dialogue which related to the kidnapping, by saying, + 'Well, I am much obliged to thee for thy information; we'll + see this ----, and settle the matter with him;' and then turned + the tide of conversation into a different direction. + + </p> + <p> + "The same day Mr. Tyson sent for the person who was first + mentioned as the person communicating the knowledge of the + transaction, and asked him as to the fact of such communication. + It was positively denied. He had 'not seen the informer for six + weeks, except the last evening, when he brought a hack load of + negroes to the tavern where he and his partner were lodgers.' + + </p> + <p> + "'Were two boys among the number?' + + </p> + <p> + "'Yes.' + + </p> + <p> + "'Were they gagged?' + + </p> + <p> + "'Yes.' + + </p> + <p> + "The moment this man left his house, Mr. Tyson went in + search of bailiffs and civil process. With these he proceeded to + the place where the two boys were confined, and had them and + all three of the traders taken into custody. + + </p> + <p> + "It turned out afterwards, in the further prosecution of this + investigation, (by what testimony we do not distinctly recollect,) + <a name="A_xxvi"></a> + that the informer who first came to Mr. Tyson had himself kidnapped + the two boys. He sold them to the person upon whom + he had endeavored, in the manner we have detailed, to affix the + whole crime; who, refusing afterward to pay their price, and yet + determined to retain them, exasperated the seller to such a degree + that he resolved to sacrifice him; in attempting which he + sacrificed himself, for he was afterward convicted and sentenced + to the penitentiary. + + </p> + <p> + "During the progress of any investigation originated by Mr. + Tyson in behalf of individual freedom, his anxiety about the final + issue, though concealed from the world, burned with intensity. + His days were restless, his nights were sleepless, and himself, + except when in company, which he avoided at those times, lost in + the abstractions of hope or of despondency. + + </p> + <p> + "When he succeeded, his joy was strong, but invisible or inaudible, + save to the Father of all mercies. To him he never + failed 'to pour out his soul' in pious thanksgivings for that he + made him a humble instrument in the restoration of a fellow + being to light and liberty. + + </p> + <p> + "When he failed, which was seldom, after he had seriously + undertaken a case, his sorrow was equally great, and as inscrutable + to human observation, excepting that of the unfortunate objects + of his care, who saw him mingling tears of sympathy with + theirs of suffering. + + </p> + <p> + "Though Mr. Tyson seldom failed in those cases which he + had commenced in legal form, yet very many persons were turned + hopelessly away whose cases were too groundless for adjudication; + and often those who knew they had no cause for hope,—condemned + to be torn from their connections and sold, as if to + death, never to be heard of more,—would call merely to obtain + his sympathies, as if the universe had no other friend for them. + + </p> + <p> + "A man who lived with his master, in Anne Arundel county, + came late one evening to Mr. Tyson, and begged that he would + listen to his case. His master had promised him his freedom, + provided he would raise and pay him the sum of five hundred + dollars in six years; and he had earned half of the money, which + he had given his master. The six years were not expired, yet he + was about to be sold to Georgia. Mr. Tyson asked if 'there was + any receipt for the money.' 'No.' 'Was there any witness who + <a name="A_xxvii"></a> + could prove its payment?' 'Nobody but his master's wife.' + 'Then,' said Mr. Tyson, 'the law is against thee, and thou must + submit. I can do nothing for thee.' Never, said Mr. Tyson, + when relating this story, shall I forget the desperate resolution + which showed itself in the countenance and manner of this man + when he said, with clenched fist, his eyes raised to Heaven, his + whole frame bursting with the purpose of his soul, while a smile + of triumph played around his lips, 'I will die before the Georgia + man shall have me.' And then suddenly melting into a flood of + tears, he said, 'I cannot live away from my wife and children.' + After this poor fellow had left me, said Mr. Tyson, I said to a + person present, 'That is no common man; he will do what he + has resolved.' + + </p> + <p> + "A short time afterwards, the remains of a colored person who + had been drowned in the basin at Baltimore were discovered. + The fact coming to the knowledge of Mr. Tyson, he went to see + the body, and recognized in its features and from its dress, the + remains of the unfortunate man who, a short time before, had + breathed the dreadful resolution in his presence." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + Such are a few of the memorials which this friend of the human + race has left behind him. He was not less persevering, and + scarcely less successful in his endeavors to obtain the mitigation + of the slave laws in Maryland. Some of the most repulsive of + these were repealed or altered, particularly those restricting manumissions. + Thus the condition and the prospects of the whole + body of slaves was improved, in addition to <em>more than two + thousand</em> delivered by his immediate instrumentality from illegal + bondage. Hundreds of free and happy families have cause at + this day to bless the memory of "Father Tyson." + + </p> + <p> + He also deeply interested himself on behalf of the Indian + tribes; and once in company with another individual, as a deputation + from the Society of Friends in Baltimore, undertook a dangerous + journey to visit several tribes 1000 miles distant, to the + north-west of the Ohio. The main object of the mission was to + induce the Indians to refrain from the use of ardent spirits—of + whose destructive effects the chiefs were themselves fully sensible. + The following affecting address was made to an assembly + of "Friends" in Baltimore, by Little Turtle, a chief famous for + courage, sagacity and eloquence: + + </p><a name="A_xxviii"></a><blockquote> + <p> + "Brothers and Friends:—When our forefathers first met on + this great Island, your red brethren were very numerous! But + since the introduction among us of what you call spirituous + liquors, and what we think may justly be called poison, our numbers + are greatly diminished. It has destroyed a great part of + your red brethren. + + </p> + <p> + "My Brothers and Friends:—We plainly perceive, that you + see the very evil which destroyed your red brethren; it is not an + evil of our own making; we have not placed it among ourselves; + it is an evil placed among us by the white people; we look to + them to remove it out of our country. We tell them, 'Brethren, + bring us useful things; bring goods that will clothe us, our women + and our children; and not this evil liquor, that destroys our + reason, that destroys our health, and destroys our lives.' But all + we can say on this subject is of no service, nor gives relief to + your red brethren. + + </p> + <p> + "My Brother and Friends:—I rejoice to find that you agree in + opinion with us, and express an anxiety to be, if possible, of service + to us, in removing this great evil out of our country; an evil + which has had so much room in it; and has destroyed so many of + our lives, that it causes our young men to say, 'we had better be + at war with the white people.' This liquor, which they introduce + into our country, is more to be feared than the gun and the tomahawk. + There are more of us dead, since the treaty of Greenville, + than we lost by the six years war before. It is all owing to the + introduction of this liquor amongst us. + + </p> + <p> + "Brothers:—When our young men have been out hunting, + and are returning home, loaded with skins and furs, on their way + if it happens that they come along where some of this whiskey + is deposited, the white man who sells it, tells them to take a little + drink; some of them will say 'no, I do not want it;' they go on + till they come to another house, where they find more of the same + kind of drink; it is there offered again; they refuse; and again + the third time. But finally, the fourth or fifth time, one accepts + of it and takes a drink; and getting one, he wants another; and + then a third, and a fourth, till his senses have left him. After his + reason comes back to him again, when he gets up and finds where + he is, he asks for his peltry. The answer is, 'You have drank + them,' 'Where is my gun?' 'It is gone?' 'Where is my + <a name="A_xxix"></a> + blanket?' 'It is gone.' 'Where is my shirt?' 'You have sold + it for whiskey!!' Now, Brothers, figure to yourselves, the condition + of this man. He has a family at home; a wife and children, + who stand in need of the profits of his hunting. What + must be their wants, when he himself is even without a shirt?" + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + The journey of Elisha Tyson and his companion, James Gillingham, + occurred a few years subsequent to the interview at + which the preceding speech was made. They met a council of + the Indians at Fort Wayne, whom Elisha Tyson addressed to the + following effect: + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "He painted in glowing colors the dreadful effects of intemperance—both + upon civilized and savage life—told them that + they must resolve to abstain entirely from it. If they admitted it + at all among them, it would soon conquer them, and reduce them + to a condition worse than that of the brute creation. That not + until they abandoned altogether the use of ardent spirits would + they be fit subjects for civilization. If they were ready to do this + he would then unfold to them the blessings of civilization—the + superiority of such a condition over the one in which they then + subsisted. He traced their history from the earliest period to the + present time—shewed them how, as the white population had expanded + itself, they had retreated into the western wilderness—that + if they did not remain, but continued to retreat, in a few + years they would have no territory upon this continent. In order, + therefore, to their permanent establishment, he recommended to + them the practice of agriculture, as a substitute for hunting. + He advised them to mark out their lands, and ask advice of the + agents established by the Society of Friends among them, with + respect to their cultivation. They stood ready, not only with their + advice, but with their assistance; they were furnished for their + use with all the necessary implements of husbandry, with beasts + of the plough also, and beasts of burden. + + </p> + <p> + "They had come a great distance, endured much privation + and fatigue in order to see them, and must endure a great deal + more before they could again behold their wives and their children. + But they could bear it all with patience, nay with joy, if + they could only have the satisfaction of seeing them adopt the + disinterested advice which he had thus given them." + + </p> + </blockquote><a name="A_xxx"></a><p> + The following is one of the speeches made in reply, by White + Loon, an influential chief: + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "Brothers:—Ever since your great father Onas, (William + Penn,) came upon this great island, the Quakers have been the + friends of red men. They have proved themselves worthy of + being the descendants of their great father. And now, when all + the whites have forgotten that they owe any thing to us, the Quakers + of Baltimore, though so far distant from us, have remembered + the distressed condition of their red brethren, and interceded + with the Great Spirit in our behalf. + + </p> + <p> + "Brothers:—You have travelled very far to see us—you + have climbed over mountains—you have swam over deep and + rapid torrents—you have endured cold, and hunger, and fatigue, + in order that you might have an opportunity of seeing your red + brethren. For this, so long as life exists within us, we shall be + very grateful. + + </p> + <p> + "Brothers:—That wide region of country over which you + have passed, was once filled with red men. Then was there a + plenty of deer and buffalo, and all kinds of game. But the white + people came from beyond the great water; they landed in multitudes + on our shores; they cut down our forests; they drove our + warriors before them, and frightened the wild herds, so that they + sought security in the deep shades of the west. + + </p> + <p> + "Brothers:—These white men were not your grandfathers; + for, as I said before, the sons of Onas were always the friends of + red men. + + </p> + <p> + "Brothers:—The whites are still advancing upon us. They + have reached our territory, and have built their wigwams within + our very hunting grounds. Our game is vanishing away. + + </p> + <p> + "Brothers:—Formerly our hunters pursued the wild deer, + and the buffalo, and the bear; and when they killed them they + ate their flesh for food, and used their skins as covering for themselves, + their old men, their women, and their children. But now, + they kill them that they may have plenty of skins and furs to sell + to the white men. The consequence of this is, the game is destroyed + wantonly, and faster than our necessities require. + + </p> + <p> + "Brothers:—We would not mind all this, provided these + skins and furs were exchanged for useful articles—for implements + of husbandry, or clothes for our old men, our women, and + <a name="A_xxxi"></a> + our children. But they are too often bartered away for whiskey, + that vile poison, which has sunk even Wapakee into the dust. + + </p> + <p> + "Brothers:—We shall soon be under the necessity either of + leaving our hunting grounds or of converting them into pastures + and fields of corn. Under the kind assistance of our brothers, the + Quakers, we have already proceeded a great way. You have + witnessed, as you have passed among us, the good effects of the + kindness of our brothers. We are disposed to go on as we have + begun, until our habits and manners, as well as the face of our + country, shall be changed and look like those of the white people. + + </p> + <p> + "Brothers:—Accept from us this belt of wampum and pipe + of peace. And may the Great Sasteretsy, who conducted you + here in safety, still go with you and restore you in peace and + happiness to the arms of your women and children." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + After this, with ceremonies such as those already described, + but, if possible, accompanied with more solemnity, the chiefs dissolved + the council. + + </p> + <p> + It is a melancholy reflection, that soon such memorials as + these will be the only remains of that noble but unfortunate race + who once peopled the continent of North America. <em>War</em> has + slain its thousands, but <em>alcohol</em> its tens of thousands; and the + fortitude which could bear without shrinking the most cruel inflictions + of torture, has proved powerless to resist the seductions of + strong drink. It is to be feared a heavy retribution awaits the + white man, the pitiless author of their extermination. + + </p> + <p> + The biographer of E. Tyson has taken great pains to represent + him as a friend to the Colonization Society, but in this + respect I am informed, by one who well knew him, he has done + him great injustice. It is confessed, indeed, that for a long period + E. Tyson viewed this scheme with great jealousy. "When we + saw," remarks this writer, "domestic tyrants, and men who had + actually, in the southern slave-trade, speculated in the flesh and + blood of their fellow creatures, united with their betters in a society, + the professed object of which was the peopling of a continent + with freemen by the depopulation of a continent of slaves, + he argued, as he had a right to argue, mischief to the cause." + No evidence is adduced to show that this same distrust of the + Colonization Society was ever removed, beyond the fact that, + having been the means of liberating eleven native Africans from + <a name="A_xxxii"></a> + a slave-ship, he cooperated with Gen. Harper, an influential colonizationist, + in restoring them to their native country, which bordered + upon the colony of Liberia. This was the last public act + of his life. + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "The great concern in which he had spent his life was the + constant topic of his conversation; and he continued with his + latest breath to enforce the claims of the unhappy sons of slavery + upon the humanity of their brethren. It was natural that he + should feel a strong anxiety about the fate of those who, through + his exertions, had been restored to their friends in Africa. He + was on the alert to hear intelligence of their fate—his spirit + seemed to follow them across the mighty waters. On one occasion + he was heard to say, 'If I could only hear of their safe arrival + I should die content;' and on another, that he 'had prayed + to the Father of Mercies that he would be pleased to spare his + life until he could receive the pleasing intelligence.' His prayer + was heard. The news reached his ears amid the last lingerings + of life. He shed tears of joy on the occasion; and when he had + sufficiently yielded to the first burst of feeling, exclaimed, like + one satiated with earthly happiness, 'Now I am ready to die; my + work is done.' His expressions were prophetic; for in the short + space of forty-eight hours, on the 16th of February, 1824, at the + age of 75 years, he breathed his soul into the hands of God Almighty." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + The following are some notices of his personal appearance + and mental characteristics: + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "The person of Mr. Tyson was about six feet in height, + though the habit of leaning forward as he walked, gave a less + appearance to his stature. The rest of his frame was suited to + his height. + + </p> + <p> + "The features of his countenance were strong. His forehead + was high; his nose large, and of the Roman order; his eyes + were dark and piercing; his lips so singularly expressive, that + even in their stillest mood they would almost seem to be uttering + the purposes of his mind. Indeed his whole face was indicative, + to a striking degree, of the passions and feelings of his soul. + + </p> + <p> + "The mind of Mr. Tyson was strong, rather than brilliant. + With scarcely any imagination, he possessed a judgment almost + infallible in its decisions; great powers of reason, which were + <a name="A_xxxiii"></a> + more conspicuous for the certainty of its conclusions than remarkable + for displaying the train of inferences by which it arrived at + them. He possessed wonderful acuteness of understanding, + quickness of perception, and readiness of reply. + + </p> + <p> + "For these qualities he was indebted more to nature than to + art. He was not educated for the exalted station of a philanthropist, + but for the business of the world; and yet he seemed fitted + exactly for the part he acted. He possessed not the refinements + of education; he had not learned to soar into the regions of fancy, + his destiny was upon the earth; and he knew no flight but + that which bears the soul to heaven." + + </p> + </blockquote> + </div> + <div class="teidiv"> + <h3><a name="E"></a>APPENDIX E. p. 68. + <br><br><br> + THE "AMISTAD CAPTIVES."<br></h3> + <p> + The following statements are drawn from a "History of the + Amistad Captives, &c., by John W. Barber, member of the Connecticut + Historical Society;" from the authentic reports of the + proceedings in the courts of law, and from a letter of my friend, + Lewis Tappan, to the public papers. + + </p> + <p> + "During the month of August, 1839, the public attention was + somewhat excited by several reports stating that a vessel of suspicious + and piratical character had been seen near the coast of + the United States, in the vicinity of New York. This vessel was + represented as a 'long, low, black schooner,' and manned by + blacks. The United States steamer Fulton and several revenue + cutters were despatched after her, and notice was given to the + collectors at various sea ports." + + </p> + <p> + This suspicious looking schooner proved to be the "Amistad," + which was eventually captured off Culloden Point, by Lieut. Gedney, + of the U.S. brig "Washington." At this time, however, + the Africans, who were in possession of the vessel, were in communication + with the shore, and peaceably trafficking with the inhabitants + for a supply of water for their intended voyage to their + own country. They had spontaneously submitted to the command + of one of their number, Cinque, a man of extraordinary + <a name="A_xxxiv"></a> + natural capacity. When they were taken, he was separated from + his companions and conveyed on board the brig. + + </p> + <p> + "Cinque having been put on board of the 'Washington,' displayed + much uneasiness, and seemed so very anxious to get on + board the schooner that his keepers allowed him to return. Once + more on the deck of the 'Amistad,' the blacks clustered around + him, laughing, screaming, and making other extravagant demonstrations + of joy. When the noise had subsided, he made an address, + which raised their excitement to such a pitch, that the + officer in command had Cinque led away by force. He was + returned to the 'Washington,' and was manacled to prevent his + leaping overboard. On Wednesday, he signified by motions that + if they would take him on board the schooner again, he would + show them a handkerchief full of doubloons. He was accordingly + sent on board. His fetters were taken off, and he once + more went below, where he was received by the Africans in a + still more wild and enthusiastic manner than he was the day previous. + Instead of finding the doubloons, he again made an address + to the blacks, by which they were very much excited. + Dangerous consequences were apprehended. Cinque was seized, + taken from the hold, and again fettered. While making his + speech, his eye was often turned to the sailors in charge: the + blacks yelled, leapt about, and seemed to be animated with the + same spirit and determination of their leader. Cinque, when + taken back to the 'Washington,' evinced little or no emotion, but + kept his eye steadily fixed on the schooner." + + </p> + <p> + An event so extraordinary and unprecedented as the capture + of the "Amistad," excited the most lively interest among all + classes. The Africans, forty-four in number, were brought to + New Haven and secured in the county jail. A number of gentlemen + formed themselves into a committee to watch over their + interests, and immediately there was begun a long and complicated + series of judicial proceedings, to determine how they + should be disposed of. Ruiz and Montez, the two white men, + late the prisoners, but claiming to be the owners of the Africans, + caused them to be indicted for piracy and murder. This was + almost immediately disposed of, on the ground that the charges, + if true, were not cognizable in the American courts, the alleged + offences having been perpetrated on board a Spanish vessel. + <a name="A_xxxv"></a> + The Africans therefore were in no immediate danger of capital + punishment. Ruiz and Montez on their part seem to have met + with sympathy and kindness, and to testify their gratitude caused + the following to be inserted in the New York papers: + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "A CARD. + + </p> + <p> + "NEW LONDON, AUGUST 29, 1839. + + </p> + <p> + "The subscribers, Don Jose Ruiz, and Don Pedro Montez, in + gratitude for their most unhoped for and providential rescue from + the hands of a ruthless gang of African bucaneers and an awful + death, would take this means of expressing, in some slight degree, + their thankfulness and obligation to Lieut. Com. T.R. Gedney, + and the officers and crew of the U.S. surveying brig Washington, + for their decision in seizing the Amistad, and their unremitting + kindness and hospitality in providing for their comfort on + board their vessel, as well as the means they have taken for the + protection of their property. + + </p> + <p> + "We also must express our indebtedness to that nation whose + flag they so worthily bear, with an assurance that this act will be + duly appreciated by our most gracious sovereign, her Majesty + the Queen of Spain. + + </p> + <p> + DON JOSE, RUIZ, + <br> + DON PEDRO MONTEZ." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + Ruiz and Montez are thus described by a correspondent of the + New London Gazette, who visited the Amistad immediately after + its capture: + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "Jose Ruiz, is a very gentlemanly and intelligent young man, + and speaks English fluently. He was the owner of most of the + slaves and cargo, which he was conveying to his estate on the + Island of Cuba. The other, Pedro Montez, is about fifty years of + age, and is the owner of three of the slaves. He was formerly a + ship master, and has navigated the vessel since her seizure by the + blacks. Both of them, as may be naturally supposed, are most + unfeignedly thankful for their deliverance. Pedro is the most + striking instance of complacency and unalloyed delight we have + ever witnessed, and it is not strange, since only yesterday his + sentence was pronounced by the chief of the bucaneers, and his + death song chanted by the grim crew, who gathered with uplifted + sabres around his devoted head, which, as well as his arms, bear + <a name="A_xxxvi"></a> + the scars of several wounds inflicted at the time of the murder of + the ill-fated captain and crew. He sat smoking his Havana on + the deck, and to judge from the martyr-like serenity of his countenance, + his emotions are such as rarely stir the heart of man. + When Mr. Porter, the prize master, assured him of his safety, he + threw his arms around his neck, while gushing tears coursing + down his furrowed cheek, bespoke the overflowing transport of his + soul. Every now and then he clasped his hands, and with uplifted + eyes, gave thanks to 'the Holy Virgin' who had led him out + of his troubles." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + It will be necessary to contrast the deeds of these "gentlemanly + and intelligent" <em>Christians</em> with that of the "ruthless gang + of African bucaneers," from whose grasp they were so providentially + rescued. In giving the subsequent detail, I would not be + understood as compromising for a single instant my belief in the + inviolability of human life, though it must I think be confessed + that in the instance related below, the heathen and barbarous negroes + contrast very favorably with the civilized and Christian + Spaniards. + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "The following communication from Mr. Day, of New Haven, + gives a summary account of the African captives, as stated + by themselves, from the time they left Africa, till the time they + obtained possession of the Amistad: + + </p> + <p> + "NEW HAVEN, OCT. 8, 1839. + + </p> + <p> + [To the Editor of the Journal of Commerce.] + + </p> + <p> + "Gentlemen—The following short and plain narrative of one + or two of the African captives, in whose history and prospects + such anxious interest is felt, has been taken at the earliest opportunity + possible, consistently with more important examinations. + It may be stated in general terms, as the result of the investigations + thus far made, that the Africans all testify that they left Africa + about six months since; were landed under cover of the night + at a small village or hamlet near Havana, and after ten or twelve + days were taken through Havana by night by the man who had + bought them, named Pipi, who has since been satisfactorily proved + to be Ruiz; were cruelly treated on the passage, being beaten + and flogged, and in some instances having vinegar and gunpowder + rubbed into their wounds; and that they suffered intensely + <a name="A_xxxvii"></a> + from hunger and thirst. The perfect coincidence in the testimony + of the prisoners, examined as they have been separately, + is felt by all who are acquainted with the minutes of the examination, + to carry with it overwhelming evidence of the truth of their + story. + + </p> + <p> + Yours respectfully, + + </p> + <p> + "GEORGE E. DAY." + + </p> + <p> + "MONDAY, OCT. 7. + + </p> + <p> + "This afternoon, almost the first time in which the two interpreters, + Covey and Pratt, have not been engaged with special reference + to the trial to take place in November, one of the captives + named Grabeau, was requested to give a narrative of himself + since leaving Africa, for publication in the papers. The interpreters, + who are considerably exhausted by the examinations + which have already taken place, only gave the substance of what + he said, without going into details, and it was not thought advisable + to press the matter. Grabeau first gave an account of the + passage from Africa to Havana. On board the vessel there was + a large number of men, but the women and children were far the + most numerous. They were fastened together in couples by the + wrists and legs, and kept in that situation day and night. Here + Grabeau and another of the Africans named Kimbo, lay down + upon the floor, to show the painful position in which they were + obliged to sleep. By day it was no better. The space between + decks was so small,—according to their account not exceeding + four feet,—that they were obliged, if they attempted to stand, to + keep a crouching posture. The decks fore and aft were crowded + to overflowing. They suffered (Grabeau said) terribly. They + had rice enough to eat, but had very little to drink. If they left + any of the rice that was given to them uneaten, either from sickness + or any other cause, they were whipped. It was a common + thing for them to be forced to eat so much as to vomit. Many of + the men, women, and children died on the passage. + + </p> + <p> + "They were landed by night at a small village near Havana. + Soon several white men came to buy them, and among them was + the one claiming to be their master, whom they call Pipi, said to + be a Spanish nick-name for Jose. Pipi, or Ruiz, selected such + as he liked, and made them stand in a row. He then felt each of + them in every part of the body; made them open their mouths + <a name="A_xxxviii"></a> + to see if their teeth were sound, and carried the examinations to + a degree of minuteness of which only a slave dealer would be + guilty. + + </p> + <p> + "When they were separated from their companions who had + come with them from Africa, there was weeping among the women + and children, but Grabeau did not weep, 'because he is a + man.' Kimbo, who sat by, said that he also shed no tears—but + he thought of his home in Africa, and of friends left there whom + he should never see again. + + </p> + <p> + "The men bought by Ruiz were taken on foot through Havana + in the night, and put on board a vessel. During the night they + were kept in irons, placed about the hands, feet and neck. They + were treated during the day in a somewhat milder manner, though + all the irons were never taken off at once. Their allowance of + food was very scant, and of water still more so. They were very + hungry, and suffered much in the hot days and nights from thirst. + In addition to this there was much whipping, and the cook told + them that when they reached land they would all be eaten. This + 'made their hearts burn.' To avoid being eaten, and to escape + the bad treatment they experienced, they rose upon the crew with + the design of returning to Africa. + + </p> + <p> + "Such is the substance of Grabeau's story, confirmed by Kimbo, + who was present most of the time. He says he likes the + people of this country, because, to use his own expression, 'they + are good people—they believe in God, and there is no slavery + here.' + + </p> + <p> + "The story of Grabeau was then read and interpreted to + Cinque, while a number of the other Africans were standing + about, and confirmed by all of them in every particular. When + the part relating to the crowded state of the vessel from Africa to + Havana was read, Cinque added that there was scarcely room + enough to sit or lie down. Another showed the marks of the + irons on his wrists, which must at the time have been terribly + lacerated. On their separation at Havana, Cinque remarked that + almost all of them were in tears, and himself among the rest, 'because + they had come from the same country, and were now to be + parted for ever.' To the question, how it was possible for the + Africans when chained in the manner he described, to rise upon + the crew, he replied that the chain which connected the iron collars + <a name="A_xxxix"></a> + about their necks was fastened at the end by a padlock, and + that this was first broken, and afterwards the other irons. Their + object, he said, in the affray, was to make themselves free. He + then requested it to be added to the above, that 'if he tells a lie, + God sees him by day and by night.'" + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + The interpreters alluded to in the preceding extract were two + Africans belonging to the crew of the British brig of war Buzzard, + which providentially arrived at New York, from a cruise on + the coast of Africa. They were found to speak the same language + as the prisoners, and with the consent of Captain Fitzgerald, + their services were immediately secured by the indefatigable + committee for the African captives. By their aid much information + was elicited respecting the native country and previous history + of these negroes, with many incidental particulars of great + interest, some of which will appear in the following account. + The criminal proceedings against the Mendians being quashed, + there remained the claim of Ruiz and Montez to have the negroes + returned to them as their property. To sustain this claim they + produced the license, signed by the proper authorities at Havana, + permitting the removal of these negroes from that port to Principe, + in the same island. This document is signed by General + Espelata, Captain-General of Cuba, and countersigned by Martinez, + one of the most extensive slave-traders in the known world. + This pass or license described the negroes as + <i>ladinos</i>, a term used to designate Africans who have + been long settled in Cuba. It was proved, however, that they were + <i>Bozal</i> negroes, that is, such as + had been very lately introduced, and the testimony on both sides, + on this point, established a fact that is but too notorious, that the + slave trade to Cuba is openly carried on with the connivance, and + even with the corrupt participation of the authorities. One of the + witnesses, D. Francis Bacon, gives the following account of the + slave trade:— + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "Mr. Bacon stated that he left the coast of Africa on the 13th + of July, 1839. He knew a place called Dumbokoro [Lomboko] + by the Spaniards: it was an island in the river or lagoon of Gallinas. + There is a large slave factory or depot at this place, + which is said to belong to the house of Martinez in Havana; + there are also different establishments on different islands. Mr. + <a name="A_xl"></a> + Bacon stated that he had seen American, Russian, Spanish, and + Portuguese vessels at Gallinas. The American flag was a complete + shelter; no man-of-war daring to capture an American vessel. + The slave trade on that part of the coast is the universal + business of the country, and by far the most profitable, and all + engaged in it who could raise the means. Extensive wars take + place in Africa, for obtaining slaves from the vanquished. Different + towns and villages make war upon each other for this purpose. + Some are sold on account of their crimes, others for debts. + The slaves are all brought on to the coast by other blacks, and + sold at the slave factories, as no white man dare penetrate into + the interior. Some of the blacks who have been educated at + Sierra Leone, have been principal dealers in the slave trade." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + The decision of the District Court of Connecticut on this + question of property, was to the effect that since their original + introduction into Cuba was plainly illegal, they were free by the + law of Spain, and of course could not be the property of Spanish + subjects. + + </p> + <p> + The subsequent proceedings were undertaken on behalf of + the United States' Government. "The District Attorney, Mr. + Holabird, filed his claim under Lieut. Gedney's libel, on two distinct + grounds; one that these Africans had been claimed by the + Government of Spain, and ought to be retained till the pleasure + of the Executive might be known, as to that demand; and the + other, that they should be held subject to the disposition of the + President, to be re-transported to Africa, under the act of 1819." + The Court finally decreed that the Africans should be delivered + to the President of the United States, to be transported to Africa, + there to be delivered to an agent appointed to receive and conduct + them home. Against this decision, though it is what he had + asked for, Holabird appealed on behalf of the United States' + Government, and through a protracted series of law proceedings, + it was finally carried before the Supreme Court of the United + States, the highest tribunal in the nation. The counsel employed + on both sides, in the different stages, were of the highest + reputation; and finally the venerable John Quincy Adams, after + an absence from the Courts of nearly forty years, during which + interval he had filled the highest offices of state, at home and + <a name="A_xli"></a> + abroad, in the service of his country, did not think it beneath him + to defend the Mendians before the Supreme Court, against the + <em>conspiracies</em> of Forsyth, the Secretary of State, and the Spanish + Ambassador. In his first communication to the latter, Forsyth + says: + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "All the proceedings in the matter, on the part of both the + executive and judicial branches of the government, have had their + foundation in the assumption that Montez and Ruiz alone were + the parties aggrieved; and that their claim to the surrender of the + property was founded in fact and in justice." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + The Spanish minister and his successor, complained bitterly, + in the course of a long correspondence, of the delay in giving up + the Africans, on the ground, as emphatically stated in one of their + letters to the Department of State, that "the public vengeance + had not been satisfied; for be it recollected that the legation of + Spain does not demand the delivery of slaves, but of assassins." + In a previous communication it was intimated that "the infliction + of capital punishment in this case (in the United States,) would + not be attended with the salutary effects had in view by the law, + when it resorts to this painful and terrible alternative, namely, to + prevent the commission of similar offences." Notwithstanding + these dreadful intimations of the fate awaiting the Africans in + Cuba, the American Government deliberately adopted the design + of delivering them up, either as <i>property</i> or as + assassins. That Government found willing agents in the United States' Marshal, + and the District Attorney of Connecticut. The following extracts + from the argument of John Quincy Adams, will explain + these disgraceful transactions: + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "On the 7th of January, the Secretary of State writes to the + Secretary of the Navy, acknowledging the receipt of his letter of + the 3d, informing him that the schooner Grampus would receive + the negroes of the Amistad, 'for the purpose of conveying + them to Cuba, in the event of their delivery being adjudged by + the Circuit Court, before whom the case is pending.' This singular + blunder, in naming the Court, shows in what manner and + with how little care the Department of State allowed itself to + conduct an affair, involving no less than the liberties and lives of + every one of my clients. This letter enclosed the order of the + <a name="A_xlii"></a> + President to the Marshal of Connecticut for the delivery of the + negroes to Lieut. Paine. Although disposing of the lives of forty + human beings, it has not the form or solemnity of a warrant, and + is not even signed by the President in his official capacity. It is + a mere order. + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "'The Marshal of the United States for the District of Connecticut + will deliver over to Lieut. John S. Paine, of the United + States Navy, and aid in conveying on board the schooner Grampus, + under his command, all the negroes, late of the Spanish + schooner Amistad, in his custody, under process now pending + before the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of + Connecticut. For so doing, this order will be his warrant. + + </p> + <p> + "'Given under my hand, at the city of Washington, this 7th + day of January, A.D. 1840. + + </p> + <p> + "'M. VAN BUREN. + + </p> + <p> + "'By the President: + + </p> + <p> + "'JOHN FORSYTH, Sec. of State.' + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + "That order is good for nothing at all. It did not even describe + the Court correctly, under whose protection those unfortunate + people were. And on the 11th of January, the District Attorney + had to send a special messenger, who came, it appears, all + the way to Washington in one day, to inform the Secretary + that the negroes were not holden under the order of the Circuit + Court, but of the District Court. And he says, 'Should the pretended + friends of the negroes'—the pretended friends!—'obtain + a writ of Habeas Corpus, the Marshal could not justify under that + warrant.' And he says, 'the Marshal wishes me to inquire'—a + most amiable and benevolent inquiry—'whether in the event of + a decree requiring him to release the negroes, or in case of an + appeal by the adverse party, it is expected the Executive warrant + will be executed'—that is, whether he is to carry the negroes + on board of the Grampus in the face of a decree of the Court. + And he requests instructions on the point." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + On the 12th of January, the very next day after the letter of + the District Attorney was written at New Haven, the Secretary + of State replies in a despatch which is marked 'confidential.' + + </p><a name="A_xliii"></a><blockquote> + <p> + "'[CONFIDENTIAL.] + + </p> + <p> + "'DEPARTMENT OF STATE, Jan. 12,1840. + + </p> + <p> + "'SIR,—Your letter of the 11th inst. has just been received. + The order for the delivery of the negroes of the Amistad is herewith + returned, corrected agreeably to your suggestion. With + reference to the inquiry from the Marshal, to which you allude, + I have to state, by direction of the President, that if the decision + of the Court is such as is anticipated, the order of the President + is to be carried into execution, unless an appeal shall actually + have been interposed. YOU ARE NOT TO TAKE IT FOR GRANTED + THAT IT WILL BE INTERPOSED. And if, on the contrary, the decision + of the Court is different, you are to take out an appeal, and + allow things to remain as they are until the appeal shall have + been decided. + + </p> + <p> + I am, sir, your obedient servant + + </p> + <p> + "'JOHN FORSYTH. + + </p> + <p> + "'W.S. HOLABIRD, Esq., + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "'<i>Attorney U.S. for District of Conn.</i>' + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + "But after all the order did not avail. The District Judge, + contrary to all these anticipations of the Executive, decided that + the thirty-six negroes taken by Lieut. Gedney and brought before + the Court on the certificate of the Governor-General of Cuba, + were FREEMEN; that they had been kidnapped in Africa; that they + did not own these Spanish names; that they were not + <i>ladinos</i>; + and were not correctly described in the passport, but were new + negroes bought by Ruiz in the depot of Havana, and fully entitled + to their liberty." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + At a public meeting held subsequent to their liberation, the + teacher of the Africans made a statement as follows:—Their + ruling passion was a love for home; and their desire to return + thither was constantly manifesting itself. One day, a short time + ago, Fohlee came to his teacher, with his cap in his hand, and + said, "If Merican men offer me as much gold as fill this cap full + up, and give me houses, land and every ting, so dat I stay in dis + country, I say no! Is dat like my father? Is dat like my mother? + Is dat like my sister? Is dat like my brother? No! I + want to see my father, my mother, my brother and sister." This + feeling manifested itself in many ways; and they expressed + themselves willing to undergo any thing short of losing their + <a name="A_xliv"></a> + lives, if by so doing they could be at liberty to return to the + Mendi country. + + </p> + <p> + I now introduce the lively narrative of my friend Lewis + Tappan: + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "EXCURSION WITH THE AMISTAD AFRICANS. + + </p> + <p> + "<i>On board Steam Boat, L.I. Sound, Nov</i>. 15, 1841. + + </p> + <p> + "BROTHER LEAVITT:—As the committee had chartered a + ship to take the Mendians to Sierra Leone about the middle of + this month, and as the funds contributed by a benevolent public + were about all expended, it appeared necessary, in addition to an + appeal published in the newspapers, to take some prompt and + efficient measures to procure funds sufficient to pay for their outfit + and passages, and, if possible, something to sustain the contemplated + mission in Mendi. One of the committee being sick and + another absent, it devolved upon me to perform the excursion. I + was assisted essentially by Mr. Samuel Deming, one of the committee + at Farmington, and by Mr. William Raymond and Mr. + Needham. On arriving at Hartford, the third instant, I learned + that Mr. Deming had proceeded to Boston, accompanied by ten + of the Mendians, viz., Cinque, Banna, Si-si, Su-ma, Fu-li, Ya-bo-i, + So-ko-ma, Kin-na, Ka-li and Mar-gru. These were selected not + on account of being the best scholars, but with reference to their + being the best singers, although some of them are among the + best scholars. None of them, however, have had instruction in + music. Arriving in Boston, the city was, as I anticipated, full of + excitement, on account of the approaching election,—a circumstance + unknown to the committee at Farmington, who had sent + off the Mendians sooner than we had calculated,—and it seemed + almost impossible to procure a suitable place in which to hold + meetings, or to arrest the attention of the people, as the + whole—democrats, whigs and abolitionists—had every nerve strained + for the political contest. However, preparation had been made for a + meeting at the Melodeon, late Lion Theatre, on Thursday evening. + A few hundreds assembled, and appeared to be highly gratified + with the performances. It seemed to them marvellous that + these men and children, who, less than three years since, were + almost naked savages in the interior of Africa, should, under the + <a name="A_xlv"></a> + untoward circumstances in which they have been placed for the + largest part of the time since they have been in a civilized and + Christian country, appear so far advanced in civilization and + knowledge. Only forty-six dollars were received, the proceeds + of tickets and a collection, but a strong desire was expressed that + there should be another meeting. + + </p> + <p> + "Saturday evening was the only evening we could have + Marlboro' Chapel, the largest church in the city. Preliminary + to this meeting, a private meeting of invited gentlemen was held + during the afternoon, at the Marlboro' Hotel, the Mendians being + present. The meeting was well attended and a good impression + was made. In the evening there was a large meeting in the + Chapel; Rev. Dr. Anderson opened it with prayer, concluding + with the Lord's prayer, each sentence being repeated in our language + by the Mendians. A statement was then made of their + past and present condition, of their good conduct, their proficiency, + of their ardent desire to return to Mendi, and the favorable + prospects of establishing a mission in their country. Three or + four of the best readers were then called upon to read a passage + in the New Testament. They then read and spelled a passage + named by the audience. One of the Africans next related, in + 'Merica language,' their condition in their own country, their + being kidnapped, the sufferings of the middle passage, their stay + at Havana, the transactions on board the Amistad, &c. The + story was intelligible to the audience, with occasional explanations. + They were next requested to sing two or three of their + native songs. The performance afforded great delight to the audience. + As a pleasing contrast, however, they sang immediately + after, one of the songs of Zion: + + </p> + <div class="lg">"'When I can read my title clear<br>To mansions in. the skies,<br>I'll bid farewell to every fear,<br>And wipe my weeping eyes.'<br><br></div> + <p> + "This produced a deep impression upon the audience; and + while these late pagans were singing so correctly and impressively + a hymn in a Christian church, many 'weeping eyes,' bore + testimony that the act and its associations touched a chord that + vibrated in many hearts. Cinque was then introduced to the + audience, and addressed them in his native tongue. It is impossible + <a name="A_xlvi"></a> + to describe the novel and deeply interesting manner in + which he acquitted himself. The subject of his speech was similar + to that of his countryman who had addressed the audience in + English, but he related more minutely and graphically the occurrences + on board the Amistad. The easy manner of Cinque, his + natural, graceful and energetic action, the rapidity of his utterance, + and the remarkable and various expressions of his countenance, + excited the admiration and applause of the audience. He + was pronounced a powerful natural orator, and one born to sway + the minds of his fellow men. Should he be converted and become + a preacher of the cross in Africa, what delightful results + may be anticipated! + + </p> + <p> + "The amount of the statements made by Kin-na, Fu-li and + Cinque, and the facts in the case, are as follows:—These Mendians + belong to six different tribes, although their dialects are not + so dissimilar as to prevent them from conversing together very + readily. Most of them belong to a country which they call Mendi, + but which is known to geographers and travellers as Kos-sa, + and lies south-east of Sierra Leone; as we suppose, from sixty to + one hundred and twenty miles. With one or two exceptions, + these Mendians are not related to each other; nor did they know + each other until they met at the slave factory of Pedro Blanco, + the wholesale trafficker in men, at Lomboko, on the coast of Africa. + They were stolen separately, many of them by black men, + some of whom were accompanied by Spaniards, as they were + going from one village to another, or were at a distance from + their abodes. The whole came to Havana in the same ship, a + Portuguese vessel named Tecora, except the four children, whom + they saw, for the first time, on board the Amistad. It seems that + they remained at Lomboko several weeks, until six or seven hundred + were collected, when they were put in irons and placed in + the hold of a ship, which soon put to sea. Being chased by a + British cruiser, she returned, landed the cargo of human beings, + and the vessel was seized and taken to Sierra Leone for adjudication. + After some time, the Africans were put on board the + Tecora. After suffering the horrors of the middle passage, they + arrived at Havana. Here they were put into a barracoon, one of + the oblong enclosures, without a roof, where human beings are + kept, as they keep sheep and oxen near the cattle markets, in the + <a name="A_xlvii"></a> + vicinity of our large cities, until purchasers are found, for ten + days, when they were sold to Jose Ruiz, and shipped on board + the Amistad, together with the three girls and a little boy who + came on board with Pedro Montez. The Amistad was a coaster, + bound to Principe, in Cuba, distant some two or three hundred + miles. The Africans were kept in chains and fetters, and were + supplied with but a small quantity of food or water. A single + banana, they say, was served out as food for a day or two, and + only a small cup of water for each daily. When any of them + took a little water from the cask, they were severely flogged. + The Spaniards took Antonio, the cabin-boy and slave to Captain + Ferrer, and stamped him on the shoulder with a hot iron; then + put powder, palm oil, &c. upon the wound, so that they 'could + know him for their slave.' The cook, a colored Spaniard, told + them that on their arrival at Principe, in three days, they would + have their throats cut, be chopped in pieces, and salted down for + meat for the Spaniards. He pointed to some barrels of beef on + the deck, then to an empty barrel, and by significant + gestures,—as the Mendians say, by 'talking with his + fingers,'—he made + them understand that they were to be slain, &c. At four o'clock + that day, when they were called on deck to eat, Cinque found a + nail, which he secreted under his arm. In the night they held a + counsel as to what was best to be done. 'We feel bad,' said Kin-na, + 'and we ask Cinque what we had best do. Cinque say, "Me + think, and by and by I tell you."' He then said, 'If we do nothing, + we be killed. We may as well die in trying to be free as to + be killed and eaten.' Cinque afterwards told them what he would + do. With the aid of the nail and the assistance of Grabeau, he + freed himself from the irons on his wrists and ancles, and from + the chain on his neck. He then, with his own hands, wrested + the irons from the limbs and necks of his countrymen. It is not + in my power to give an adequate description of Cinque when he + showed how he did this and led his comrades to the conflict and + achieved their freedom. In my younger years I saw Kemble and + Siddons, and the representation of Othello, at Covent Garden, but + no acting that I ever witnessed came near that to which I allude. + When delivered from their irons, the Mendians, with the exception + of the children, who were asleep, about four or five o'clock + in the morning, armed with cane-knives, some boxes of which + <a name="A_xlviii"></a> + they found in the hold, leaped upon the deck. Cinque killed the + cook. The captain fought desperately. He inflicted wounds on + two of the Africans, who soon after died, and cut severely one or + two of those who now survive. Two sailors leaped over the side + of the vessel. The Mendians say 'they could not catch land—they + must have swum to the bottom of the sea,' but Ruiz and + Montez supposed they reached the island in a boat. Cinque now + took command of the vessel; placed Si-si at the helm; gave his + people plenty to eat and drink. Ruiz and Montez had fled to the + hold. They were dragged out, and Cinque ordered them to be + put in irons. They cried and begged not to be put in chains, + but Cinque replied, 'You say fetters good for negro—if good for + negro good for Spanish man too: you try them two days, and see + how you feel.' The Spaniards asked for water, and it was dealt + out to them in the same little cup with which they had dealt it + out to the Africans. They complained bitterly of being thirsty. + Cinque said, 'You say little water enough for nigger. If little + water do for him, a little do for you too.' Cinque said the Spaniards + cried a great deal; he felt very sorry; only meant to let + them see how good it was to be treated like the poor slaves. In + two days the irons were removed; and then, said Cinque, we give + them plenty water and food, and treat them very well. Kin-na + stated that as the water fell short, Cinque would not drink any, + nor allow any of the rest to drink any thing but salt water, but + dealt out daily a little to each of the four children, and the same + quantity to each of the two Spaniards! In a day or two Ruiz + and Montez wrote a letter, and told Cinque that when they spoke + a vessel, if he would give it to them, the people would take them + to Sierra Leone. Cinque took the letter and said, 'Very well;' + but afterwards told his brethren, 'We have no letter in Mendi. + I don't know what is in that letter—there may be death in it. + So we will take some iron and a string, bind them about the + letter, and send it to the bottom of the sea.' + + </p> + <p> + "When any vessel came in sight, the Spaniards were shut + down in the hold, and forbidden to come on deck on pain of death. + One of the Africans, who could talk a little English, answered + questions when they were hailed from other vessels. + + </p> + <p> + "It is unnecessary to narrate here subsequent facts, as they + have been published throughout the country. After Cinque's + <a name="A_xlix"></a> + address a collection was taken, and the services were concluded + by the Mendians singing Bishop Heber's missionary hymn: + + </p> + <p> + "'From Greenland's icy mountains.' + + </p> + <p> + "At the conclusion of the meeting some linen and cotton table + cloths and napkins, manufactured by the Africans, were exhibited, + and eagerly purchased of them by persons present, at liberal + prices. They are in the habit of purchasing linen and cotton at the + shops, unravelling the edges about six to ten inches, and making, + with their fingers, neat fringes, in imitation, they say, of 'Mendi + fashion.' Large numbers of the audience advanced, and took + Cinque and the rest by the hand. The transactions of this meeting + have thus been stated at length, and the account will serve to + show how the subsequent meetings were conducted, as the services + in other places were similar. + + </p> + <p> + "These Africans, while in prison, (which was the largest part + of the time they have been in this country) learned but little comparatively, + but since they have been liberated, they have been + anxious to learn, as they said 'it would be good for us in our own + country.' Many of them write well, read, spell and sing well, and + have attended to arithmetic. The younger ones have made great + progress in study. Most of them have much fondness for arithmetic. + They have also cultivated as a garden fifteen acres of + land, and have raised a large quantity of corn, potatoes, onions, + beets, et cet., which will be useful to them at sea. In some + places we visited, the audience were astonished at the performance + of Kali, who is only eleven years of age. He would not + only spell any word in either of the Gospels, but spell sentences, + without any mistake, such sentences as 'Blessed are the meek, + for they shall inherit the earth,' naming each letter and syllable, + and recapitulating as he went along, until he pronounced the + whole sentence. Two hundred and seven dollars were received + at this meeting. + + </p> + <p> + "'On Sabbath evening a meeting was attended in Rev. Mr. + Beman's Church, (colored.) It was impossible for all to gain + admittance--collected sixteen dollars and fifty-one cents. The + same evening a meeting was held at Elder N. Colver's. A very + warm interest was manifested by this congregation, and the sum + of ninety dollars was contributed. The next morning a respectable + <a name="A_l"></a> + mechanic, a member of this church, offered to go to Mendi + with his wife and child, to take up their permanent abode there. + On Monday we proceeded to Haverhill. It was a rainy day, and + town meeting was held at the same hour. The audience was + small, but a deep interest was felt, and fifty-six dollars contributed. + Rev. Charles Fitch opened the meeting with prayer. + The Mendians and their friends will long remember the hospitality + and generosity of their friends in this place. After a stay of + two hours, we proceeded to Lowell. The heavy rain prevented a + general attendance. Only thirty-one dollars was collected, beside + some private donations. Mr. John Levi, a colored citizen, + rendered important services to us, and several of the clergymen + and other inhabitants rendered efficient aid. On Tuesday we + went to Nashua, N.H., and remained two hours. Owing to some + untoward circumstances, the inhabitants generally had not been + notified of the meeting. A small number only attended. The + collection was twenty-seven dollars. In the evening at Lowell, + the large Methodist Church, St. Paul's, was crowded, one thousand + five hundred people being present, it was said, and many + hundreds unable to get admission. The meeting was opened + with an appropriate prayer by Rev. Luther Lee. In order to give + an opportunity to the audience to see and hear Cinque, he was + invited into the pulpit, where he made an energetic address. One + hundred and six dollars were collected. At the close of the services, + nearly the whole congregation came forward and took the + Mendians by the hand, with kind words and many presents. The + ministers of all denominations attended the meeting, with many of + the most respectable citizens. During the day the Africans were + invited to visit the 'Boott Corporation,' and were conducted over + the whole establishment (cotton mills,) by the agent, Mr. French. + As might be supposed, they were astonished beyond measure. + After inspecting the machinery, the fabrics, and the great wheel, + one of them turned to me and said, 'Did man make this?' On + receiving a reply, he said, 'He no live now—he live a great + while ago.' Afterwards they visited the carpet factory, and expressed + great delight at the beauty and excellence of the carpets + and rugs. Cinque wished to purchase a miniature hearth rug, + but the agent allowed him to select one of the large and beautiful + rugs to take to Mendi, which he generously presented to him. + The workmen here—chiefly Englishmen—made a collection of + <a name="A_li"></a> + fifty-eight dollars and fifty cents on the spot, and presented it to + the Mendi Fund. + + </p> + <p> + "In pursuance of previous arrangements, we turned aside, + Wednesday, November 12, to attend a meeting in the large South + Church in Andover, at 9 o'clock, A.M. The house was crowded + in every part. Dr. Edwards led in prayer, and Dr. Woods interrogated + some of the Mendians. After a stay of two hours we + returned to the cars, followed by a large multitude. Collected + eighty-four dollars. It was remarked at the meeting here, as in + other places, that the contemplated mission to Mendi was to be + an anti-slavery mission; that no money would be solicited or received + of slave holders; that the committee were not connected + with any other missionary associations, and would not assume a + hostile attitude towards any. A young gentleman here offered to + go to Mendi as a teacher. + + </p> + <p> + "In the afternoon a meeting was held in Boston, at the Marlboro' + Chapel. The scholars in the Sabbath and week-day schools + had been notified of it and attended in large numbers, together + with several respectable inhabitants of Boston and the neighboring + towns. The meeting was opened with prayer by Rev. W.B. + Tappan. The collection was one hundred and ten dollars. In + the evening a meeting was held at the Melodeon, and was attended + by a large number of persons. Collection one hundred and + thirty-three dollars. The next day, Thursday the 11th, we left + for Springfield. The meeting was held in the evening, at the + Town Hall, as some of the Parish committee objected to its being + held in the church, fearing it would desecrate the place. The + Hall was crowded, and many could not gain admittance. Dr. Osgood + opened the meeting with prayer, took several of the Mendians + to his own house, and manifested a deep interest on their + behalf, as did many of the other inhabitants. The Mendians + were all hospitably entertained in this place without expense. + Some 'fellows of the baser sort' insulted Kin-na and others as + they went to the Hall; and in the introduction of his speech, + Kin-na spoke of the treatment he had received. But there are + many warm-hearted and generous friends of the colored race in + this town. 'We said nothing to them,' said Kin-na; 'why did + they treat us so? What can we do? We are few and feeble. + What can the dog do when the lion attacks him; or what can be + <a name="A_lii"></a> + done when the cat and the mouse come together!' Collection + seventy-three dollars. The Mendians were invited by Mr. Burleigh + to see a large picture exhibiting here—'The Descent of + Christ from the Cross,' copied from Rubens—and were highly + gratified. + + </p> + <p> + "Here we received a cordial invitation from two of the ministers + of Northampton and several of their people to visit that place, + with the assurance that the First Church, the largest in the county, + should be opened for the Mendians. On the 12th we rode to + N. in the rain. Mount Tom and the Connecticut River were + pointed out to Cinque, who said, 'In my country we have very + great mountain—much bigger than that—and river about so + wide, but very deep.' The weather cleared away towards night, + and the church was nearly filled. Rev. Mr. Pennington, colored + minister of Hartford, opened the meeting with prayer. Collection + seventy-five dollars, in addition to seventeen dollars from the + Female Abolition Society; fifty-three dollars collected before we + arrived, and eighty-five contributed by 'a friend,' a short time + since. The reception here was warm-hearted. Mr. Warner, + keeper of the principal hotel in that place, furnished the Mendians + with one of his best rooms, seated them at the table with his + family and boarders, and, on being asked for his bill the next day, + he replied, 'There is nothing to pay!' The agents of the Nashua + and Andover rail roads also declined taking pay for the passages + of the Mendians. On Saturday, we rose at 3 o'clock, P.M., + and returned to Springfield. Here we took the steam boat for + Hartford. On arriving, application was made to Mr. Colton, + keeper of the Temperance Hotel, to accommodate the Mendians. + He demurred. Mr. Warner's noble treatment of them was mentioned. + Mr. C. said he could not place them at his table. He + was told that this was not insisted upon; that if he would furnish + me a room they could eat there, and sleep wherever it was convenient + to Mr. C. But he absolutely refused to entertain them + any how. As this house has been patronized by abolitionists, + they ought to know this fact. After remaining in the cold on the + wharf about an hour, the Mendians were received and hospitably + entertained by several families without charge. + + </p> + <p> + "On the Sabbath, November 14, they attended public worship + in Rev. Mr. Pennington's church. In the afternoon the church + <a name="A_liii"></a> + was filled. An address was made by the writer, and the Mendians + read in the Testament and sang a hymn. Collection eight + dollars. In the evening a meeting was held in the Centre Church, + Rev. Dr. Hawes's. Notices were read in the other churches, and + handbills had been posted the previous day. The church, in every + part, was crowded, and large numbers were unable to obtain admittance. + Dr. Hawes opened the meeting with prayer. The + services were of an interesting character. Collection eighty + dollars. Dr. Hawes interrogated Kin-na. He said, 'The Mendi + people believe in a Great Spirit, although they do not worship + him. They know they have souls. We think,' said Kin-na, 'we + make clothes. Dog can't do this. He no soul, but we have.' + He said on another occasion, when asked if his people believed + in a future state, 'The Mendi people all Sadducees.' Kin-na + said that they 'owe every thing to God. He keep them alive, + and give them free. When he go home to Mendi, they tell their + brethren about God, Jesus Christ, and heaven.' Fu-li, on a former + evening, being asked, 'What is faith?' replied, 'Believing in + Jesus Christ, and trusting in him.' Their answers to questions + show that they have read and that they understand the Scriptures, + and hopes are entertained that one or two at least know experimentally + the value of religion. The fact that there is no system + of idolatry in Mendi for missionaries to oppose and the natives + technically to adhere to, is an encouraging fact with regard to + the contemplated mission. Another pleasing and remarkable fact + exists: labor is suspended every seventh day, and has been from + time immemorial. They do not engage in any religious services, + but dress in their best apparel, feast on that day,—as some do + here,—visit, &c. This day, 15th, Rev. Mr. Gallaudet and Mr. + Brigham have invited the Mendians to visit the Deaf and Dumb + Asylum and the Insane Institution. On a person's giving, by + signs, the deaf and dumb alphabet to Mar-gru, one of the girls, + she, in a few minutes, repeated nearly the whole. They told Mr. + Brigham that there were insane people and idiots in Mendi, and described + their actions and the treatment of them. Two of the Mendians + will be detained as witnesses in Hartford this day, in a + cause appealed from a lower court. Some of the Mendians were + grossly assaulted at Farmington some time since, on a training + day; and those who committed the assault and battery were convicted + <a name="A_liv"></a> + and fined. An appeal was taken. When thus assailed, + the Mendians, as usual, exhibited their peaceful disposition, and + said, 'We no fight.' On Wednesday there is to be a large fare + meeting at Farmington—on which occasion Dr. Hawes is + to preach. In a few days the Mendians will embark from New + York. May the Lord preserve them, and carry them safely to + their native land, to their kindred and homes. Su-ma, the eldest, + has a wife and five children. Cinque has a wife and three children. + They all have parents or wives, or brothers and sisters. + What a meeting it will be with these relations and friends, when + they are descried on the hills of Mendi! We were invited to + visit other places, but time did not allow of longer absence. I + must not forget to mention that the whole band of these Mendi + are teetotallers. At a tavern where we stopped, Ban-na took + me aside, and with a sorrowful countenance, said, 'This bad + house—bar house—no good.' But the steam boat is at the + wharf, and I must close. The collections in money, on this excursion + of twelve days, is about one thousand dollars, after deducting + travelling expenses. More money is needed to defray the expenses + of the Mendians to their native land, and to sustain their religious + teachers. Very truly yours, + + </p> + <p> + "LEWIS TAPPAN." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + But to conclude the narrative of these interesting Africans. + After all the trickery on the part of the U.S. government, it was + finally decreed by the Supreme Court, that the Mendians were + free persons, and might go whither they pleased. They were + unanimous for returning to their native country. The Mendian + negroes, thirty-five in number, embarked from New York for + Sierra Leone, on the 27th of the 11th month, (November,) 1841, + on board the barque Gentleman, Captain Morris, accompanied by + five missionaries and teachers. The British government has + manifested a praiseworthy interest in their welfare, and will assist + them to reach their own country from Sierra Leone. Their stay + in the United States has been of immense service to the anti-slavery + cause, and there is reason to hope that under their auspices, + Christianity and civilization may be introduced into their + native country. + + </p> + </div><a name="A_lv"></a><div class="teidiv"> + <h3><a name="F"></a>APPENDIX F. p. 76.<br><br><br>Extract from an Essay by WILLIAM JAY, "On the + Folly and Evils of War, and the Means of Preserving Peace." + <br></h3> + <blockquote> + <p> + "But, after all that can be said against war, and after the + fullest admission of its folly, cruelty, and wickedness, still the + question recurs, how can it be prevented? It would be an impeachment + of the Divine economy to suppose that an evil so + dreadful was inseparably and inevitably connected with human + society. We are informed, by Divine authority, that wars proceed + from our lusts; but our lusts, although natural to us, are not + invincible. He who admits the free agency of man, will not + readily allow that either individuals or nations are compelled to + do evil. The universal prevalence of Christian principles must, + of necessity, exterminate wars; and hence we are informed, by + revelation, that when righteousness shall cover the earth, 'the + nations shall learn war no more.' + + </p> + <p> + "And are we to wait, it will be inquired, till this distant and + uncertain period for the extinction of war? We answer, that + revelation affords us no ground to expect that all mankind will + previously be governed by the precepts of justice and humanity; + but that experience, reason, and revelation, all unite in leading + us to believe that the regeneration of the world will be a gradual + and progressive work. Civilization and Christianity are diffusing + their influence throughout the globe, mitigating the sufferings + and multiplying the enjoyments of the human family. Free institutions + are taking the place of feudal oppressions—education + is pouring its light on minds hitherto enveloped in all the darkness + of ignorance—the whole system of slavery, both personal + and political, is undermined by public opinion, and must soon be + prostrated; and the signs of the times assure us that the enormous + mass of crime and wretchedness, which is the fruit of + drunkenness, will, at no very remote period, disappear from the + earth. + + </p> + <p> + "And can it be possible, that, of all the evils under which humanity + groans, war is the only one which religion and civilization, + and the active philanthropy of the present day, can neither remove + <a name="A_lvi"></a> + nor mitigate? Such an opinion, if general, would be most + disastrous to the world, and it will now be our endeavor to prove + that it is utterly + groundless. * * * * + + </p> + <p> + "We have often seen extensive national alliances for the + prosecution of war, and no sufficient reason can be assigned why + such alliances might not be formed for the preservation of peace. + It is obvious that war might instantly be banished from Europe, + would its nations regard themselves as members of one great Society, + and erect a court for the trial and decision of their respective + differences. + + </p> + <p> + "But we are told that such an agreement among the nations + is impossible. It is unquestionably so at present, for the obvious + reason, that time is necessary to enlighten and direct public + opinion, and produce a general acquiescence in the plan, as well + as to arrange the various stipulations and guaranties that would + be requisite. It is certainly not surprising, that those who suppose + a congress of nations for the maintenance of peace, can only + be brought about by a simultaneous movement of the various + states and kingdoms of the earth, who are to continue to battle + with each other till the signal is given for universal peace and + harmony, should be startled at the boldness and absurdity of the + project. But this boldness and absurdity belong not to the project + we advocate. We have no expectation whatever of any general, + much less simultaneous effort of mankind in behalf of peace. + A congress for the decision of national differences, instead of + arising in the midst of the present military policy of Europe, must + be preceded by an extensive, although partial abandonment of + war, and will be the <em>effect</em> and not the cause of the general + diffusion of pacific sentiments. + + </p> + <p> + "Hence it is in vain to look for a sudden and universal cessation + of war, even among civilized and Christian nations. But reason + and experience warrant the hope that some one State may be + led to adopt a pacific policy, and thus set an example which + through the blessing of Providence, and the prevalence of Christian + principles, may usher in the reign of universal peace. + + </p> + <p> + "But by whom, and in what way it will be asked, is this example + to be set? It may be a feeling of national vanity, and it + may be a reference to the peculiarities of our local, social, and + <a name="A_lvii"></a> + political condition, that inspires the hope, that to the United + States is to be reserved the glory of teaching to mankind the + blessings of peace, and the means of preserving them. * * + + </p> + <p> + "But in <em>what way</em> are we to make the experiment? Certainly + in the way least likely to excite alarm and opposition. In every + effort to promote the temporal or spiritual welfare of others, we + should consider things as they really are, and not merely as they + ought to be, and we should consult expediency as far as we can + do so, without compromising principle. * * * + + </p> + <p> + "Of all the nations with whom we have relations, none probably + enjoy in an equal degree our good will, as France. No spirit + of rivalry in commerce or manufactures exists between us, no adjacent + territory furnishes occasion for border aggressions and mutual + criminations, while our past relations afford subjects of pleasing + and grateful recollection, and at present we see no prospect + of the interruption of that harmony which has so long subsisted + between the two nations. + + </p> + <p> + "Let us suppose that under these propitious circumstances, a + convention should now be concluded between the two governments, + by which it should be agreed, that if unhappily any difference + should hereafter arise between us, that could not be adjusted + by negociation, neither party should resort to arms, but that they + should agree on some friendly power, to whom the matter in difference + should be referred, and whose decision should be final; + or that if it should so happen that the parties could not concur in + selecting an umpire, that then each party should select a friendly + power, and that the sovereigns or states thus selected, should, if + necessary, call to their aid the assistance of a third. + + </p> + <p> + "To what well founded objections would such a treaty be + subject? It is true that treaties of this kind have been of rare + occurrence, but all experience is in their favor. Vattel remarks + (Law of Nations, book II., chap. 18,) 'Arbitration is a method + very reasonable, very conformable to the law of nature, in determining + differences that do not directly interest the safety of the + nation. Though the strict right may be mistaken by the arbitrator, + <em>it is still more to be feared that it will be overwhelmed by the + fate of arms</em>. The Swiss have had the precaution in all their alliances + among themselves, and even in those they have contracted + with the neighboring powers, to agree beforehand on the + <a name="A_lviii"></a> + manner in which their disputes were to be submitted to arbitrators, + in case they could not adjust them in an amicable manner. + <em>This wise precaution has not a little contributed to maintain the + Helvetic Republic in that flourishing state which secures its liberty, + and renders it respectable throughout Europe</em>.' + + </p> + <p> + "But it may be said, a nation ought not to permit others to + decide on her rights and claims. Why not? Will the decision + be less consistent with justice, from being impartial and disinterested? + It is a maxim confirmed by universal experience, that no + man should be judge in his own cause; and are nations less under + the influence of interest and of passion than individuals? Are + they not, in fact, still less under the control of moral obligation? + Treaties have often been violated by statesmen and senators, who + would have shrunk from being equally faithless in their private + contracts. Is it to be supposed that the government of a friendly + power, in a controversy between us and France, in which it had + no interest, and with the observation of the civilized world directed + to its decision, would be less likely to pronounce a fair and + impartial judgment than either France or ourselves? + + </p> + <p> + "But we can decide our own controversies for ourselves, it is + said; that is, we can go to war and take our chance for the result. + Alas, 'it is an error,' says Vattel, 'no less absurd than pernicious, + to say that war is to <em>decide</em> controversies between those who, as + in the case of nations, acknowledge no judge. It is <em>power</em> or + <em>prudence</em> rather than right that victory usually declares + for.'—Book III. Chap. 3. + + </p> + <p> + "The United States chose to decide for themselves the controversy + about impressment, by appealing to the sword. In this + appeal they of course placed no reliance on the propriety and justice + of their claims, since such considerations could have no influence + on the fate of battle; but they depended solely on their + capacity to inflict more injury than they would receive themselves, + and this difference in the amount of injury was to turn the + scale in our favor. Our expectations, however, were disappointed. + Our commerce was annihilated, our frontier towns were laid in + ashes, our capital taken, our attempts upon Canada were repulsed, + with loss and disgrace; our people became burthened with taxes, + and we were at last glad to accept a treaty of peace which, instead + of containing, as we had fondly hoped, a formal surrender + <a name="A_lix"></a> + on the part of Great Britain of the right of impressment, made not + the slightest allusion to the subject. + + </p> + <p> + "Let us now suppose that a treaty similar to the one we have + proposed with France had, in 1812, existed between Great Britain + and the United States; the question of impressment would then + have been submitted to one or more friendly powers. + + </p> + <p> + "It is scarcely possible that the umpires could have given + any decision of this question that would have been as injurious to + either party as was the prosecution of the war. Had the claims + of Great Britain been sanctioned, some American seamen would, + no doubt, have been occasionally compelled to serve in the British + navy; but how very small would have been their number compared + with the thousands who perished in the war; and how + utterly insignificant would have been their sufferings resulting + from serving on board a British instead of an American vessel, + when weighed against the burdens, the slaughters, the conflagrations, + inflicted on their country in the contest? If, on the other + hand, the decision had been in our favor, Great Britain would + have lost a few seamen from her navy, but she would have saved + the lives of a far greater number, and she would have been spared + an amount of treasure which would have commanded the services + of ten times as many sailors as she could ever hope to recover by + impressment. + + </p> + <p> + "It is not, however, probable, that the umpires, anxious to do + right, and having no motive to do wrong, would have sanctioned, + without qualification, the claims of either party. + + </p> + <p> + "We can scarcely anticipate any future national difference + which it would not be more prudent and expedient to submit to + arbitration than to the chance of war. However just may be our + cause, however united our people, we cannot foresee the issue of + the contest, nor tell what new enemies we may be called to encounter, + what sacrifices to bear, what concessions to make. + + </p> + <p> + "We have already partially commenced the experiment of + arbitrament, by referring no less than three of our disputes to the + determination of as many friendly powers. A difference as to the + meaning of an article, in our last treaty of peace with Great Britain, + was referred to the Emperor of Russia, who decided it in + our favor. The question of our northern boundary was referred + to the King of the Netherlands; and although the line he assigned + <a name="A_lx"></a> + was not the one claimed by either party, it was vastly less + injurious to each, than would have been one month's hostility on + account of it. Our disputes with Mexico were verging rapidly + to open war, when they were happily submitted to the King of + Prussia, and are now in the course of satisfactory adjustment. + + </p> + <p> + "A treaty with France of the character proposed, would + greatly increase our importance in the estimation of all Europe—as + it would permanently secure us from her hostility. It would + be seen and felt, that whatever other nation might enter into collision + with us, it could not expect the aid of France, but that under + all circumstances we should enjoy the friendship and commerce + of our ancient ally. These considerations would not be + without their influence on England. She has colonies near us + which we may capture, or essentially injure, and which cannot + be defended by her, but at very inconvenient expense. A war + with us must ever be undesired by her, for the obvious reason + that in such a contest she has little to gain and much to lose. + Our treaty also with France would deprive England of the aid of + the only nation that could afford her effectual assistance in a war + against us. She would therefore, find it her interest to avail herself + of a similar treaty, and thus to secure herself from hostilities + which on many accounts she must wish to avoid. Once assured + by such treaties of permanent peace with France and England, + we should find our alliance courted by the other powers of Europe, + who would not readily consent that those two nations should + have exclusively the uninterrupted enjoyment of our great and + growing commerce. They would think it a matter of prudence + also, to avoid the risk of collision with a powerful republic, that + had already secured the permanent friendship of France and + England; and they would hasten to contract similar treaties. + Under such circumstances, every consideration of policy would + prompt our South American neighbors to desire that their amicable + relations with us might remain uninterrupted; and to them + we might offer the same stipulations with full confidence of their + cordial acceptance. + + </p> + <p> + "And will it be said that all this is visionary and impossible? + The plan we propose rests on no supposed reformation in the passions + and propensities of mankind; but upon obvious principles + of national interest, deduced from reason and experience, and + <a name="A_lxi"></a> + susceptible of the plainest demonstration. It is a plan adapted to + the existing state of civilized society, and accommodated to the + passions and prejudices by which that society is influenced. It + is indeed perfectly consistent with the precepts of Christianity, + but it is also in accordance with the selfish dictates of worldly + policy. + + </p> + <p> + "To this plan we can imagine only one plausible objection, + which is, that the treaties would not be observed. It is readily + admitted that if the only guaranty for the faithful observance of + these treaties consisted in the virtue and integrity of those who + signed them, the confidence to be reposed in them would be faint + indeed. Happily, however, we have a far stronger guaranty in + national interest and in public opinion. * * * + + </p> + <p> + "Dismissing then all idle fears that these treaties, honestly + contracted and obviously conducive to the highest interests of the + parties, would not be observed, let us contemplate the rich and + splendid blessings they would confer on our country. Protected + from hostile violence and invasion by a moral defence, more powerful + than armies and navies, we might indeed beat our swords + into ploughshares and our spears into pruning hooks. The millions + now expended in our military establishments could be applied + to objects directly ministering to human convenience and + happiness. Our whole militia system, with its long train of vices + and its vexatious interruptions of labor, would be swept away. + The arts of peace would alone be cultivated, and would yield + comforts and enjoyments in a profusion and perfection of which + mankind have witnessed no example. In the expressive language + of Scripture, our citizens would each 'sit under his own vine and + under his own fig tree, with none to make him afraid,' and our + peaceful and happy republic would be the praise and glory of all + lands. * * * * * + + </p> + <p> + "It is impossible that a scene so bright and lovely should not + attract the admiration and attention of the world. The extension + of education in Europe, and the growing freedom of her institutions, + are leading her population to think, and to express their + thoughts. The governments of the eastern continent, whatever + may be their form, are daily becoming more and more sensitive + to public opinion. The people already restive under their burdens, + would soon discover that those burdens would be greatly + <a name="A_lxii"></a> + diminished by the adoption of the American policy. Before long, + some state would commence the experiment on a small scale, and + its example would be followed by others. In time these conventions + would give way to more extended pacific alliances, and a + greater number of umpires would be selected; nor is it the vain + hope of idle credulity, that at last a union might be formed, embracing + every Christian nation, for guarantying the peace of + Christendom, by establishing a tribunal for the adjustment of national + differences, and by preventing all forcible resistance to its + decrees. + + </p> + <p> + "It is unnecessary to discuss, at this time, the character and + powers with which such a tribunal should be invested. Whenever + it shall be desired, little difficulty will be experienced in devising + for it a satisfactory organization; that it is possible to + form such a court, and that next to Christianity it would be the + richest gift ever bestowed by Heaven upon our suffering world, + will be doubted by few who have patiently and candidly investigated + the subject. + + </p> + <p> + "But many who admit the advantages and practicability of + the plan we have proposed, will be tempted to despair of success, + by the apparent difficulty of inducing an effort for its accomplishment. + Similar difficulties, however, have been experienced and + overcome. The abolition of the slave trade, and the suppression + of intemperance were once as apparently hopeless as the cessation + of war. Let us again recur for instruction and encouragement + to the course pursued by the friends of freedom and temperance. + Had the British abolitionists employed themselves in addressing + memorials to the various courts of Europe, soliciting + them to unite in a general agreement to abandon the traffic, they + would unquestionably have labored in vain, and spent their + strength for nought. They adopted another and a wiser course. + They labored to awaken the consciences of their own countrymen, + and to persuade them to do justice and to love mercy; and + thus to set an example to the rest of Europe, infinitely more efficacious + than all the arguments and remonstrances which reason + and eloquence could dictate. + + </p> + <p> + "In vain might moralists and philanthropists have declaimed + for ages on the evils of drunkenness, had no temperance society + been formed till all mankind were ready to adopt a pledge of total + <a name="A_lxiii"></a> + abstinence. The authors of the temperance reformation did not + lavish their strength and resources in attempting to convince the + world of the blessings of temperance, but forming themselves into + a temperance society, gave a visible and tangible proof that the + principle they recommended was not merely expedient but practicable. + And surely if we desire to persuade mankind that war + is an unnecessary evil, it is indispensable that we should be able + to point them to some instance in which it has been safely dispensed + with; nor can we hope to effect a change in the opinion + of Europe, while our own people remain unaffected by our assertions + and arguments. + + </p> + <p> + "Here then must be the field of our labors; and let those + labors be quickened by the reflection, that while they are aimed + at the happiness of the human race, they are calculated to confer + on our beloved country a moral sublimity which no worldly glory + can approach. + + </p> + <p> + "But what are the means we shall use? The same by which + the commerce in human beings was destroyed, and which are now + driving intemperance from the earth—<em>voluntary associations and + the press</em>. + + </p> + <p> + "Let the friends of peace concentrate their exertions in Peace + Societies; and let the press proclaim throughout our land, in all + its length and breadth, the folly, the wickedness, and the horrors + of war; and call on our rulers to provide for the amicable adjustment + of national differences. In the first treaty that shall be + formed for this purpose we shall behold the dawn of that glorious + day, the theme of prophets and the aspirations of saints, when nation + shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn + war any more. + + </p> + <p> + "The present age is propitious to the enterprise. It is an age + of energy and of freedom. All the powers of mind are in full activity, + and every eye and every ear is open to the reception of + new truths. Science and philanthropy are daily achieving triumphs + which the past century dared not imagine. The world is + no longer governed by princes and senates, but by public opinion, + and at the fiat of this mighty potentate, ancient institutions are + levelled in the dust. Let this despot wield only a delegated authority, + and each individual, however humble, can enhance or + <a name="A_lxiv"></a> + diminish his power. Who, then, will refuse to lend his assistance + to enable public opinion to say to the troubled nations, 'peace—be + still;' and to compel the rulers of the earth to refer their disputes + to another tribunal than the sword. + + </p> + <p> + "In this cause every man can labor, and it is a cause in which + every man is called to labor, by interest and by duty. But it is a + cause that peculiarly claims the zeal and devotion of Christians. + They are the servants of Him who is not only the mighty God + and the everlasting Father, but the Prince of Peace. They know + that war is opposed to all his attributes, and contradicts the precepts + of his word. Conscience gives her sanction to the means + we have proposed, and prophecy assures us of the accomplishment + of the object to which they are directed. Why, then, will + not Christians use the talents and influence given them from + above to effect this consummation? Let them not plead, in excuse + for listlessness and indifference, that it is God alone who 'maketh + wars to cease to the end of the earth.' In the moral government + of the world, the purposes of its Almighty Ruler are accomplished + by his blessing upon human means. He has promised that righteousness + shall cover the whole earth; and in reliance on this + promise, his servants are now bearing the everlasting Gospel to + every nation and kindred, and tongue and people. He has also + promised that nations shall learn war no more, and in his faithfulness + we have all the incentive which certainty of ultimate success + can give to human exertion. And in what cause can the energies + of Christian benevolence be more appropriately exercised? To + prevent war is to avoid the effusion of human blood, and the commission + of innumerable crimes and atrocities;—it is to diffuse + peace, and comfort, and happiness, through the great family of + man,—it is to foster the arts and sciences which minister to the + wants of society,—it is to check the progress of vice,—to speed + the advance of the gospel,—to rescue immortal souls from endless + misery,—and to secure to them a felicity as durable as it is + inconceivable. + + </p> + <p> + "To him who in faith and zeal labors in this great and holy + cause a rich reward is secured. While doing good to others, he + is himself a sharer in the blessing he bestows. The very exercise + of his benevolent affections affords a pure and exquisite delight, + <a name="A_lxv"></a> + and when he enters the world of peace and love, he shall + experience the full import of those cheering, but mysterious + words—Blessed are the peace makers, for they shall be called + the children of God."' + + </p> + </blockquote> + </div> + <div class="teidiv"> + <h3><a name="G"></a>APPENDIX G. p. 89.<br><br><br>OPIUM WAR WITH CHINA.<br></h3> + <p><b>"TO THE CHRISTIAN PUBLIC OF GREAT BRITAIN.</b></p> + <p> + "In again appealing to you in reference to the opium war in + China, I will begin by quoting the following extracts from a letter + which I addressed to you on the 19th of the Third Month, 1840. + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "'It is now too notorious to render needful entering at large + into the subject, that the guilty traffic in opium, grown by the + East India Company, to be smuggled into China, at length compelled + the Chinese Government to vindicate the laws of the Empire, + which prohibit its introduction, and to take decisive measures + for the suppression of the traffic, by the arrest of the parties concerned + in it at Canton, and the seizure and destruction of the + opium found in the Chinese waters.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteAppG_FN1"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootAppG_FN1"></a> It is also + well known that + the superintendent of the British trade, (Capt. Elliott) so far compromised + his official character and duty, as to take under his protection + one of the most extensive opium smugglers, and thus rendered + himself justly liable to the penalties to which they were + obnoxious; and at the same time gave, as far as was in his power, + the sanction of the British nation to this unrighteous violation of + the Chinese laws. + + </p> + <p><a name="NoteAppG_FN1"></a><a href="#FootAppG_FN1">A</a>: "See 'Thelwall's + Iniquities of the Opium Trade,' and 'King's Opium Crisis,'" + </p> + <p> + "'The following fact is, however, not so generally known. + An individual,<a class="notelink" href="#NoteAppG_FN2"><sup>B</sup></a><a name="FootAppG_FN2"></a> now in this country, who has acquired immense + wealth by this unlawful trade, has been in communication with + the Government, and his advice, it is presumed, has in no small + <a name="A_lxvi"></a> + degree influenced the measures they have adopted; though a + leading partner in a firm to which a large proportion of the opium + that was destroyed belonged; and at the very time he was claiming + compensation, or urging a war with China, his house in India + was sending armed vessels loaded with opium, along the coast of + China, and selling it in open defiance of the laws of that Empire. + This information, with the names of the vessels and the parties + concerned, the number of chests of opium on board, the enormous + profits they were realizing, et cet., was some time ago communicated + to the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, on authority + which he did not and could not dispute.' + + </p> + <p><a name="NoteAppG_FN2"></a><a href="#FootAppG_FN2">B</a>: "This individual is in the new House + of Commons, professedly as a reformer, and represents a borough which + formerly sent to that House one of its most upright members, who has now + retired from public life. + </p> + <p> + "On the 7th of April, Sir James Graham brought forward a + motion in the House of Commons, in reference to this subject, + but in a manner which gave it so much of a party character, that + our cruel injustice to the Chinese, and the disgraceful conduct of + our Government in attacking them, was lost sight of by many, + whose professed principles ought to have made them foremost in + condemning these proceedings. The Whig Ministry having intimated + they would resign if Sir J. Graham carried his motion, + every other consideration was forgotten in anxiety lest a political + party should be injured or lose office. + + </p> + <p> + "This feeling not only pervaded the supporters of the Government + in the House of Commons, but also extended to many leading + religious professors of various denominations; and thus no + public feeling sufficiently strong could be raised to counteract in + Downing-street, the combined and powerful influence of the East + India Company and the wealthy opium smugglers; though public + meetings were held in London and many places in the country, + and petitions forwarded justly deprecating this war, as one of + almost unparalleled iniquity. At the meeting in the metropolis, + which was held at Freemason's Hall, and at which the Earl of + Stanhope presided, the following resolutions were passed:— + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "'1. That this meeting, whilst it most distinctly disavows any + party or political objects, and deprecates most strongly any such + construction being put upon its efforts, deeply laments that the + moral and religious feeling of the country should be outraged—the + character of Christianity disgraced in the eyes of the world—and + this kingdom involved in war with upwards of three hundred + and fifty millions of people, in consequence of British subjects introducing + <a name="A_lxvii"></a> + Opium into China, in direct and known violation of the + laws of that Empire. + + </p> + <p> + "'2. That, although the Chinese have not been heard in their + defence, the statements adduced by the advocates of the war, + clearly establish the fact, that the East India Company, the + growers of and traffickers in opium, and British subjects who received + the protection of the laws of China, have been, throughout, + the wrong doers; therefore this meeting (without reference to the + conviction of many, that all war is opposed to the spirit and precepts + of the gospel,) holds it to be the bounden duty of the government + immediately to effect an equitable and pacific settlement + of the existing differences with China. + + </p> + <p> + "'3. That all traffic in opium with the Chinese being contraband, + the opium which was surrendered to their government was + justly confiscated; and that to demand payment from the Chinese, + to make reprisals upon them, or, for this country to give compensation + to the British merchants thus engaged in smuggling, would + be to sanction and even grant a premium on crime. + + </p> + <p> + "'4. That the petition now read be adopted by this meeting, + and presented to both Houses of Parliament; and that the Right + Honorable Earl Stanhope be requested to present the same to + the House of Lords, and Lord Sandon to the House of Commons. + + </p> + <p> + "'5. That the resolutions of this meeting be published at the + discretion of the Committee; and that a copy of them in the Chinese + language be transmitted, through the High Commissioner + Lin, to the Emperor of China.' + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + "Since this period, I have been in company with several Englishmen + who were at Canton at the time of the seizure of the opium; + and though some of them were concerned in the trade themselves, + and were naturally biassed in favor of their own country, + they all agreed in condemning the proceedings of the English. + I have recently spent some time in the United States, whose intercourse + with China is extensive and frequent, and where the + merits of this case are clearly understood by many of the most + intelligent and candid-minded citizens; and these, without any + exception, considered the acts of the British government in this + matter as some of the most flagrant that ever disgraced a civilized, + much less a Christian people. + + </p> + <p><a name="A_lxviii"></a> + "On my return to this country I found a new administration + entering upon office; the members of which have, for the most + part, condemned the conduct of their predecessors in relation to + this war; and I again, therefore, venture to appeal to the + <em>Christian</em> + public of my country that they may, without delay, forward + petitions, or memorials, strongly urging a reference of the existing + differences with China to commissioners mutually appointed, + who shall be authorized to adjust them, and also to determine + upon the best means of entirely suppressing the guilty traffic in + opium. The present government are not yet committed to this + cruel war; and may no difference of political views deter you + from the faithful discharge of this Christian duty! Even should + you not succeed in inducing our rulers to adopt this course, or + the overtures of this country be rejected by the Chinese, you will + have satisfaction in having made the attempt. + + </p> + <p> + "One-third of the human race are now receiving their impressions + of the Christian religion, by its professors waging a murderous + war to compel them to make restitution to the contraband + opium dealers, for the destruction of this deadly poison, which + continues to be grown by the East India Company, and poured + into China in defiance of all laws, human and divine. Besides + the loss of life sustained by the Chinese, and the fearful mortality + amongst the British troops, from the unhealthiness of the climate, + it is probable that little short of ten millions sterling has already + been expended in naval and military armaments, and the enhanced + price of tea and sugar,<a class="notelink" href="#NoteAppG_FN3"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootAppG_FN3"></a> in the monstrous attempt to + force the Chinese to pay about two millions to those opium smugglers. + All this, be it remembered, is added to the burdens upon the industry + of our own oppressed population. + + </p> + <p><a name="NoteAppG_FN3"></a><a href="#FootAppG_FN3">A</a>: It is well known that + the high rate of freights from Calcutta, in consequence + of the shipping required for the Chinese expedition, greatly contributed + to the late extravagant price of sugar. + </p> + <p> + "Earnestly desiring that you may be induced to discharge + your duty as Christians, and whatever may be the result, acquit + yourselves of your share of the national guilt, I conclude with the + words of a friend: 'For my own part, I think the present distress + of the nation may be the retributive chastisement of our recent + atrocious war in China and the East. * * * All history, and + <a name="A_lxix"></a> + the daily march of events, demonstrate the perpetual retributive + interference of an overruling providence. Yet this doctrine, + proclaimed as loudly by experience as by revelation, and as legibly + written on the page of history as in the Bible, appears to have + not the smallest practical influence on the most enlightened statesmen, + and the most Christian and enlightened nation in the world.' + + </p> + <p> + "Very respectfully, + + </p> + <p> + "JOSEPH STURGE. + + </p> + <p> + "<i>Birmingham, 9th Month 30th</i>, 1841." + <br> + "<i>10th Month 9th</i>, 1841. + + </p> + <p> + "Since writing the foregoing, the intelligence has arrived that + Canton has been seized; that 'Gen. Sir Hugh Gough calculates + the loss of the Chinese, in the different attacks, at one thousand + killed and three thousand wounded;' that the British have extracted + six millions of dollars as a ransom for evacuating the city, + which the Chinese call 'opium compensation;' and it is but too + evident that the work of the wholesale murder of this unoffending + people has but begun, for Capt. Elliot, who appears to have been + too tender of shedding human blood to please his employers, is + recalled, and is succeeded by Sir H. Pottenger, who, it is reported, + has instructions from Lord Palmerston to demand <em>fifteen millions</em> + of dollars for the opium smugglers, and the whole of the expenses + of the war, and to secure the right to the British of planting + armed factories in the different Chinese ports. + + </p> + <p> + "Shall history record that no voice was raised by the Christians + of Britain against the employment of their money, and that of + their starving countrymen, in deeds like these!!" + + </p> + </blockquote> + </div> + <div class="teidiv"> + <h3><a name="H"></a>APPENDIX H. p. 119. + <br><br><br> + LETTER OF A.L. PENNOCK.<br></h3> + <p> + The following letter was addressed by Abraham L. Pennock, + conveying his resignation of the office of Vice President of the + American Anti-Slavery Society, (old organization,) after the occurrence + of the painful divisions in the anti-slavery body, which + <a name="A_lxx"></a> + have been already noticed. This letter is written in an excellent + spirit, and clearly developes the cause of the separation. + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "TO THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN ANTI-SLAVERY + SOCIETY. + + </p> + <p> + "Other reasons than those which will be presented in this letter, + made it desirable to me to be released from any official connection + with the Anti-Slavery Society. I thought those reasons + so well known to some of the delegates from the Pennsylvania + Society, and withal they were deemed by me of so much value, + that I felt both surprise and regret at understanding that my + name was continued as one of the vice presidents of the Parent + Society. Thus saying, I am, nevertheless, bound to express my + indebtedness for the kind feeling toward me, and confidence in + my love for the slave, which, doubtless, induced the appointment. + + </p> + <p> + "By an accident to my anti-slavery newspapers, I have just + received the proceedings of the society at the above meeting. I + am sorry to find in them superadded reasons for regret at my appointment, + as that appointment seems to place me in the false + position of appearing to be in favor of its leading measures; some + of which, denunciatory of co-laborers in the abolition cause, have + not my unity. + + </p> + <p> + "In the heavy responsibilities of the former Executive Committee, + I find a sufficient reason for their transfer of the 'Emancipator' + and other property for which they stood personally engaged; + and I therefore cannot join in affirming such transfer to + be 'a flagrant breach of trust;' and their answer in justification + of their course, 'an attempt to defend which betrays an utter disregard + of the rights of abolitionists.' + + </p> + <p> + "Believing in the intellectual equality of the sexes, I go fully + for women's rights and duties. They possess a moral force of + immense power, which they are bound to exert for the good of + mankind; including emphatically so, those who are in the hopeless + and most wretched condition of slaves. The belief of the + value of female co-operation is common to the anti-slavery community; + and the only question regarding it which has arisen, is, + whether it shall be exerted in societies and conventions of women, + or in societies and conventions of men and women, irrespective + <a name="A_lxxi"></a> + of sex. The question is of recent date, not even coeval + with the modern anti-slavery enterprise; and the practice, at the + origination of this enterprise, that of separate action. We can + all bear testimony to the powerful impression upon the public + mind, made by women, acting singly or in societies and conventions, + before it was thought of merging their influence in a joint + stock community with their brethren. Where can we find an + anti-slavery organization more potential, and so dignified, as was + the convention of American women? Is it therefore surprising + that the question has not been conclusively settled by American + abolitionists, that women ought to act identically on the same + platform and in the same society with men; and that the practice, + founded on this plan, still remains measurably local, and, by many + conforming to it, is deemed experimental? + + </p> + <p> + "In convening a World's Convention, no innovation upon the + general social usages was contemplated by our brethren in England + who called it. The convention was meant to be a convention + of men; and what was deficient of explicitness in the first + notice was amply made up in the reiteration of the call. It was + fully known before the appointment of delegates by the American + Anti-Slavery Society that the intention of the committee of the + British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society was such as is above + explained. The views of the inviting party being known, it was + competent to the invited to accept or reject the invitation, but not + to modify its terms. The American Society, however, in face of + the invitation, with a knowledge of the extreme sensitiveness of + that portion of the British people whom the Convention would + deem it important to conciliate, to any innovation upon established + forms, and itself not united in discarding the distinctions of sex, + resolved to send female delegates to the Convention, and thus, in + effect, to appeal from the Committee to the paramount authority + of the Convention, and with it to settle the American question. + + </p> + <p> + "In exercising this authority we are to suppose, from the high + moral, intellectual, and philanthropic standing of its members, the + Convention, in adhering to the general usages of society, meant + to perpetuate no injustice; and we know, from their very respectful + attention to the rejected delegates, that they were influenced + by no want of courtesy—I am satisfied that they acted according + to their best impressions of duty, the carrying out of which was + <a name="A_lxxii"></a> + their high aim; and that the Convention was not the less a + World's Convention because it did not embrace both sexes as its + members, or any reforms without the scope of its call. I cannot + unite, therefore, in the resolutions declaring the proceedings of + the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society 'arbitrary and despotic;' + or the act of the London Conference, excluding the female + delegates of the American Society appointed in contradiction + to the terms of the invitation, as 'highly disrespectful to the + delegates, and to us, their constituents, tyrannical in its nature, + mischievous in its tendencies, and unworthy of men claiming the + character of abolitionists.' + + </p> + <p> + "Thus my views not being in harmony with the action of the + society, in the particulars above referred to, my duty to it and + myself is, to tender you this as my resignation of the office of + Vice President for Pennsylvania, and not to await another election + for withdrawing from it. + + </p> + <p> + "With no heart for the controversies which have got in among + my brethren, the common friends of the enslaved, and which are + sadly wasting their anti-slavery strength, but with a warm heart + for the legitimate objects of the American Anti-Slavery Society, + I shall not cease anxiously to desire its prosperity and speedy + triumph with these just limitations. + + </p> + <p> + "Your friend, + + </p> + <p> + "(Signed) ABRAHAM L. PENNOCK. + + </p> + <p> + "<i>Haverford, 6th Month 28th</i>, 1841." + + </p> + </blockquote> + </div> + <div class="teidiv"> + <h3><a name="I"></a>APPENDIX I. p. 146.<br><br><br>GERRIT SMITH'S SLAVES.<br></h3> + <p><i>Extract of a Letter from James Cannings Fuller to Joseph + Sturge</i>. + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "DEAR FRIEND,—Doubtless thou hast often thought of the + visit to our mutual friend, Gerrit Smith, and dwelt on the recollection + with pleasure. As thou requested me to furnish thee with + the result of the case which was brought under our notice from + the correspondence in the case of Sam and Harriet, I cheerfully + comply, by giving thee a somewhat detailed account, believing + <a name="A_lxxiii"></a> + it may be interesting to thee, and not unproductive of benefit to + others. + + </p> + <p> + "There are in America no small number of individuals whose + circumstances, by parental gift or marriage endowments, are + similar to those of our dear friend, Ann Carroll Smith. I would + there were a host prepared, like her and her noble husband, to do + sacrifice of their substance on the altar of human rights. + + </p> + <p> + "Ann Carroll Fitzhugh is the daughter of the late Col. Wm. + Fitzhugh, a slaveholder, who formerly resided in Hagerstown, + Maryland. About twenty-three years ago, he removed to Geneseo, + New York. Twenty human chattels, whom he brought with + him, became free by the law of 1817; the remainder were left + on his plantation, in Maryland. Mammy Rachael, who nursed + the Colonel's wife, on the births of James Fitzhugh and his sister + Ann, gave to the former a boy, who was named Sam; and to the + latter a girl, called Harriet. They grew up together, and ultimately + formed a strong attachment. When Ann Fitzhugh was + about eighteen years old, her brother wrote to inquire if she + would give him Harriet, that she might become Sam's wife. + When it is considered that Ann was young and inexperienced; + that she had been educated to consider slavery right; that the + doctrine of inalienable personal ownership had not then been + urged; and that the idea of bestowing a wife on her brother's + slave was naturally pleasing, it is no marvel that she cheerfully + granted the request. + + </p> + <p> + "James Fitzhugh removed from Maryland to Kentucky. In + the course of events, his pecuniary affairs became embarrassed, + and creditors grew clamorous for the adjustment of their claims. + His effects were likely to be sold by the sheriff, and it was reported + he had no legal title to Harriet. Under these circumstances, + Gabriel Jackson prevailed on him to transfer Sam, his + wife, and first-born child, to him, in payment of his debt. This + man afterwards sold them to Samuel Worthington, a cotton + planter of Mississippi; whose letter, in reply to Gerrit Smith, arrived + the day we were at his house; and he being in doubt how + to effect the redemption of the family, and their safe transportation, + thou wilt remember that I agreed to effect both, to what I + shall call the Elysian Fields, or, more properly, Eden. I started + on the 26th of Seventh Month, via Lake Erie and the Erie Canal, + <a name="A_lxxiv"></a> + which extends from north to south three hundred and nine miles + through the State of Ohio. From the canal I took steam-boat + down the Ohio, to Maysville, Kentucky. The mistress of the + Eagle Hotel sat at her table as a queen, surrounded by many + slaves. There seemed to be twice as many hands to do the work + as were needful. + + </p> + <p> + "From Maysville to Lexington (sixty-five miles) is the best + road I ever travelled, not excepting the English roads. It is + made and repaired with whitish limestone, from beginning to end. + They told me the repairs were principally made by Irishmen, as + slaves were not to be trusted to do the work. At starting, I observed + that the mail bags were nearly empty; and the driver + being questioned, informed me, that I could carry the whole mail + in my coat pockets. When he told me he was a Pennsylvanian, + I asked whether he could not earn as much in a free, as in a slave + State. He said that eighteen dollars a month was the most he + ever received for driving a team in a free State, and that now he + received thirty dollars a month. This opened the way for a little + anti-slavery talk. 'Last Sunday night,' said he, 'I saw a big + black man making the best of his way for Canada; I might have + stopped him, and had the reward of two hundred dollars, which + was offered.' + + </p> + <p> + "I asked him whether it was best to have God's blessing, + with the fruits of his honest industry, or his curse, with two hundred + dollars blood money. He answered, with moistened eyes, + 'I wish all the slaves were free,' to which I responded, 'Amen.' + + </p> + <p> + "Some incidents connected with the escape of this negro, go + to prove that slaves can 'take care of themselves,' by a little ingenuity, + when occasion requires. Thinking it would be more + expeditious, as well as more agreeable, to ride from slavery than + to run from it, he took a horse; whether his master's or not, I did + not ascertain. The turnpike gates were a great hindrance, and + greatly increased the risk of apprehension. To avoid this, just + before reaching a turnpike gate, he let down a fence, carefully put + it up again, to avoid pursuit, passed round the back of the keeper's + house, and came out through the fence beyond. As he was remounting + his horse on one of these occasions, the driver came up + with him. Supposing him to be one of the keeper's family, he + wished him good night, but instantly discovered by his voice that + <a name="A_lxxv"></a> + he was a colored man, putting his horse to full speed. When he + returned to Paynestown, he heard people talking about a runaway, + and told Dr. Whitehead he believed he had seen the man + the night before: 'I hope that he'll get safe into Canada,' was + the reply. + + </p> + <p> + "'How can you say that, and be a slave-holder?' asked the + coachman. + + </p> + <p> + "'I wish there were no slaves,' replied he; 'and as soon as + others will liberate theirs, mine shall go free.' + + </p> + <p> + "Stage coaches afford no facilities to the poor fugitives. By + the law of the United States' Government, no colored man can + drive a mail stage; neither can any colored man ride on one, + unless he is known to be free, or is a slave travelling with his + master. Stage owners incur heavy penalties if they infringe + these rules. A verdict of one thousand six hundred dollars was + lately recovered by a slave-master against the company. + + </p> + <p> + "At Washington the stage was stopped to know if a colored + boy could be put on. 'Yes; where is he?' 'Up at the jail + yonder.' The querist took a seat inside; and soon after I spied + a colored man on the outside, with keepers. He was a re-captured + runaway, who had taken a horse with him, and imitated the + Israelites, in borrowing various other articles, when he escaped + from bondage. He assumed false whiskers and a pair of spectacles; + and on reaching the Ohio river, produced free papers duly + stamped with the county seal. But, unfortunately, when questioned + where he had staid the preceding night, he foolishly attempted + to describe the place, and was thus detected; two hundred + dollars had been offered for him if taken out of the State, + and one hundred dollars if taken in the State. To ride in a stage, + with a man behind, whose legs and arms were fastened together + with rivetted chains and padlocks, was enough to make one feel + the force of Patrick Henry's exclamation, 'Give me liberty, or + give me death!' It was a poor consolation to administer to the + gnawings of his hunger, while beholding his manly frame thus + manacled: but I thought he seemed to eat my gingerbread with + a better relish, when I told him it was made where colored men + were free. At Payne's tavern, in Fairview, the poor fellow had + to undergo an examination from the landlord, and listen to a + homily about truth-telling; so little do slave-holders seem aware + <a name="A_lxxvi"></a> + that stealing and lying are constituent parts of their own system. + In the stage office at Lexington, we encountered the man who + claimed this poor fugitive. The driver, who had come with us + the two last stages, was a native of Duchess Co., N.Y.; and he + began to plead with the slave-holder in behalf of the slave. I + heard of another case where the angry master threatened to flog + and sell a recovered runaway, whom he had with him; but the + stage driver remonstrated with him so effectually, that he wept + like a child, and promised forgiveness to his slave. + + </p> + <p> + "Having a great desire to see the imported cattle on Henry + Clay's plantation, I went thither. On approaching the house I + saw a colored man, to whom I said, 'Where wert thou raised?' + 'In Washington.' 'Did Henry Clay buy thee there?' 'Wilt + thou shew me his improved cattle?' He pointed to the orchard, + and said the man who had charge of them was there. As I followed + his direction, I encountered a very intelligent-looking boy, + apparently eight or nine years old. I said to him, 'Canst thou + read?' 'No.' 'Is there a school for colored people on Henry + Clay's plantation?' 'No.' 'How old art thou?' 'Don't know.' + In the orchard I found a woman at work with her needle. I + asked 'How old art thou?' 'A big fifty.' 'How old is that?' + 'Near sixty.' 'How many children hast thou?' 'Fifteen or sixteen.' + 'Where are they?' 'Colored folks don't know where + their children is; they are sent all over the country.' 'Where + wert thou raised?' 'Washington.' 'Did Henry Clay buy thee + there?' 'Yes.' 'How many children hadst thou then?' 'Four.' + 'Where are they?' 'I don't know. They tell me they are + dead.' The hut, in which this '<em>source of wealth</em>' lives, was + neither as good, nor as well floored as my stable. Several slaves + were picking fruit in the orchard. I asked one of the young men + whether they were taught to read on this plantation, and he + answered, 'No.' I found the overseer of the cattle with a short + handled stout whip, which had been broken. He said it answered + both for a riding whip, and occasionally 'to whip off the slaves.' + + </p> + <p> + "What, my friend, is to be learned from these gleanings at + Ashland?—from the doings of our mutual friend, Joseph John Gurney's + 'dear friend,' Henry Clay: the man who boasts that 'every + pulsation of his heart beats high for liberty,' yet is not ashamed + to buy men and women at the Capitol!—that place which, above + <a name="A_lxxvii"></a> + all others, ought not to be cursed by the footsteps of a slave. + Yet I fear there are not wanting in the abolition ranks men so + wedded to political party, that they may be tempted to vote for + Henry Clay; serving their party and themselves thereby, and + perchance thinking they serve their country. + + </p> + <p> + "Do not think Clay a sinner above all other men. His + slaves appeared to be well fed and well clothed. Indeed, the + general superiority of condition in Kentucky slaves, over those of + Maryland and Virginia, cannot fail to strike the most superficial + observer. + + </p> + <p> + "Pursuing my journey, I came to Blue Lick, whose waters + are celebrated throughout the United States. At the spring I + found several men, white and colored. I asked if I could have a + drink. A white man said the waters were free to all. I asked, + 'Will they make all free?' They again replied that the spring + was free to all. 'I perceive thou dost not understand my question,' + said I. But the countenances of the colored men brightened, + and, with a cheerful tone, they answered significantly, 'We + know what you mean.' + + </p> + <p> + "I found Samuel Worthington quite a different person than + his letters had led me to imagine. When I introduced myself he + appeared nervous and embarrassed. He was a Kentuckian by + birth, but having met with reverses in fortune he went to Mississippi, + and became an overseer; first on a salary of six hundred + dollars, and afterwards two thousand dollars. He now owns a + cotton plantation, with about one hundred and twenty slaves, and + is reputed wealthy. He is considered an accomplished gentleman, + of sound, discriminating, and feeling mind. I believe he is + a kind master, in the common acceptation of the term; that is, he + feeds and clothes his slaves well, and does not overwork them, + though the overseer's whip is the stimulus to labor. He gave me + some account of provision; but the only item I remember is, that + he cured twenty-five thousand pounds of pork annually, for his + slaves. Far be it from me to say any thing disrespectful of him, + except that he is a slave-holder; a word which, in my view, comprises + 'the sum of all villany,' In my transactions with him, I + found him fair and honorable, as far as it can be honorable to sell + human flesh. + + </p> + <p> + "He said he had long since received a letter from J. Fitzhugh, + <a name="A_lxxviii"></a> + concerning Sam's family; but as he knew their situation + would not be bettered by being transferred to him, he had taken + no notice of the application. When Gerrit Smith's letter came, + he supposed that the writer was not in earnest, 'that it was all + done for effect, and would end in smoke.' He was surprised to + learn, by G. Smith's reply to him, that it was my intention to + come to Harrodsburg; he regretted that it was so, as it disturbed + him, and might break up his family arrangements. His wife had + three small children, one of them a babe, and the proposed arrangements + would leave her without assistance. He told me he + was not a man to be driven; and I answered that we were well + matched on that point, it would, however, be better for us both + to ascertain coolly how far we could agree. He began by saying + that he did not feel bound to sell the family, in consequence of + what he had written to G. Smith; for he had only said that he + might be induced to take four thousand dollars for them. After + some preliminaries, he proposed that I should have a conversation + with Sam; for he did not think he could be prevailed upon to + leave him. I assured him I should do no such thing, until he and + I had settled the question of dollars and cents. I had no idea of + presenting the cup of freedom to Sam's lips, and then having it + dashed to the ground. 'I do not believe,' said I, 'that there is a + man on these grounds whom I could not induce to go with me + from slavery; but if Sam has objections, let me talk with his wife.' + + </p> + <p> + "'No, that will not do,' replied he; 'she would go with you.' + 'Yes,' said I, 'let me talk to your women of a mother's right to + herself and her offspring, and then see how many of them you + would find willing to remain in bondage!' + + </p> + <p> + "After various pros and cons, we concluded a bargain, subject + of course to the parties being <em>willing</em> to leave the 'patriarchal + institution.' Three thousand five hundred dollars were to be + paid, and both of us together were to have an opportunity of conversing + with Sam and his wife. The master probably felt so + confident that his slave would not leave him, that he had not patience + to wait the promised interview; for he popped the delicate + question to him alone. Sam had been informed of the whole + progress of the affair, from the time of G. Smith's first letter; + and he answered promptly that he would go so that before I + met him, that <em>difficult</em> part of the business had 'ended in + smoke.' + + </p> + <p><a name="A_lxxix"></a> + "S. Worthington's disappointment was the greater because I + had told him that I had felt like one of old: 'If the woman will + not be <em>willing</em> to follow thee, then thou shalt be clear from + this;' that I could go back with a quiet mind; and that the consciences + of my friends in Peterboro' would doubtless be satisfied, having + given Harriet and her family the liberty of choice, and thus made + all the reparation in their power for having ever held her in + slavery. + + </p> + <p> + "The large price paid for the redemption of this family may + surprise thee, especially if thou hast not forgotten that passage in + Worthington's letter where he says, 'I am, to some extent, opposed + to slavery; nor do I object to the efforts of abolitionists + when done in a good spirit.' It is, however, but justice to say + that the description he gave of the family is strictly correct + 'They are all sprightly, remarkable for good character, and of + course most valuable for house servants.' He said he had repeatedly + been offered two thousand dollars for Sam, and he believed + he would command that sum any day from those who knew his + worth; that his old master prised him very highly, particularly + for his moral excellence; and, speaking of his conduct, described + him as a 'gentleman.' Yet he talked as if he were certain that + Sam and his family would be reduced to beggary if left to themselves + at the North! The children, it is true, have had little + preparation in slavery for self reliance; for the most favored of + them cannot spell their own names. + + </p> + <p> + "S. Worthington said many had inquired of him what business + brought me there; and being informed of the object of my + mission, they advised him to have nothing to do with me. 'But,' + said he, 'though I am certain the condition of Sam and his wife + cannot be bettered, I do not think the same with regard to their + children; and as Mr. Smith seems disposed to do a kind action, I + cannot, in conscience, attempt to frustrate it. If I were to send + you home without this family, I should have a troubled mind.' + + </p> + <p> + "One of Worthington's greatest difficulties in parting with + these slaves was, that it would leave his wife destitute of servants. + I pitied her, and felt it right to express my sympathy. I told her + my compassion was increased, because I apprehended there was + a struggle in her own breast between duty and interest; and I + appealed to her whether she did not know it was a duty to let + <a name="A_lxxx"></a> + them go, though personal interest would induce her to keep them + in her service. I was glad to perceive that these remarks enabled + her to relieve herself of a weight—her countenance brightened + up, and she appeared quite willing I should take them away. She + showed great kindness to Harriet and her children, and evidently + felt deeply moved at parting with the nurse, who had thrice been + with her through nature's sorest trials. She appeared to me to be + a nice lady-like person; and, if I judge aright, she knows what + estimate ought to be placed upon slavery in a woman's mind. + + </p> + <p> + "Those who know me will not suspect that I sought to conceal + my abolition, even in the hot-bed of slavery. Yet I assure + thee I had no intention of making it a common topic of conversation, + unless the way appeared to open; but thy experience, I + doubt not, as well as mine, proves that it is ever opening. The + most we need to do is to embrace opportunities, without seeking + to make them. I had not expected to say as much as I did, but + it was such a curiosity for a Quaker to be seen in such company, + that it was soon universally known why I had come and what I + had done. This gave rise to many conversations with slave holders, + which I trust did some good. I was astonished at their extreme + ignorance concerning the laboring population of the North. + Thou wilt perhaps be surprised to hear me assert that slave holders + do not know what slavery is. Still more strange will it seem + when I tell thee that thy old friend was highly complimented by + them for his prudence and discretion! The story had become + current that I would not talk to Sam till I had settled the business + with his master; and as they generally professed to believe + that abolitionists wished to incite the slave against their master, + by every mischievous incentive they could devise, my conduct + naturally enough seemed to them remarkable. I told them I + must honestly abjure such complimentary language; for, so far + from being what they would consider discreet, I was in fact an + abolitionist of the most ultra school. I assured them that most of + my associates at the North would have proceeded as I had done, + and some of them probably with more discretion. I like much + better to talk to a southerner on slavery than with a northern + apologist. I regard him as far less mean. There is a mind to be + appealed to for <em>facts</em>, and there is a feeling that can be reached + by a simple testimony of republican truth. In this, the slave + <a name="A_lxxxi"></a> + holder sometimes 'sees his face as in a glass; but he goeth away + and forgetteth what manner of man he is.' + + </p> + <p> + "As my prudence and discretion had excited observation, I + ventured to remark that it would be a great gratification to me, if + the slave holders would meet together and let me occupy an hour + or so in defining the true position and principles of the abolitionists; + but this, as I had expected, was declined. + + </p> + <p> + "When I paid the money, I felt constrained to testify that I + could in no degree sanction the principle that man could hold + property in man; that the slaves were our equals by creation, and + for their salvation, equally with ours, did Christ leave the right + hand of the Father to suffer on the cross. I told them that contradictory + as it might seem to them, the man who was now paying + money for slaves, had such a detestation of the system, that he + deemed it a duty to abstain from eating or wearing any of the + products of slavery. This seemed to them wondrous strange, and + they inquired if there were many at the North who agreed with + me in this scruple. I told them yes; that the number was increasing, + and that my friend, Gerrit Smith, had abstained from + slave produce for many years. + + </p> + <p> + "A few hours previous to my final departure one after another + gathered around me, and as we stood in the open piazza, I said + what I could to explain the principles and practice of abolitionists. + I think S. Worthington felt a little hurt at my being thus engaged, + for when the stage drove up, he came in great haste to + inform me that it was ready. I found it surrounded by many persons, + principally colored, who had assembled to bid farewell to + the objects of my charge. Their master shook each slave by the + hand and bade them farewell. I observed him as we moved + away, and thought he seemed to be a good deal moved from some + cause or other. + + </p> + <p> + "I took care that coachman and passengers should be informed + of the history of Sam and his wife; and some one or other + of them was sure to make it a subject of conversation wherever + we stopped. At Lawrenceburg, where we put up for the night, + the landlord was also stage proprietor and a slave holder. He + tried to make me believe that his slaves were much better off than + himself. He enumerated his troubles and perplexities in contrast + with the blessed freedom from care enjoyed by his slaves. I told + <a name="A_lxxxii"></a> + him he had made out his case very well; but to test his sincerity, + I merely wished him to declare candidly, whether he should be + altogether willing that himself and family should exchange places + with a slave family. The test was too severe, and he walked off. + Two young men at table then took up the conversation. The + tyranny which slavery exercises over the entire community, was + illustrated by the assertion that the head of a certain college did + not dare to acknowledge himself an abolitionist; for if he did he + would lose his office, which brought him in a good salary; and, + moreover, the people of D---- would dismiss him from his pastoral + charge. I of course took the ground that he could not be a + truly Christian minister, who would purchase his bread and + cheese at the expense of denying his own belief, or suppressing + his own convictions. + + </p> + <p> + "My host inquired whether I would sit at table with colored + people; and he seemed much surprised when I answered, 'I do + not judge persons by their complexion, but by moral worth. At + my own table I sit with colored people, and I shall with these.' + + </p> + <p> + "The South, however, is much more free from prejudice + against color than the north; provided the distinction between + the classes is understood.—A gentleman may seat his slave beside + him in a stage coach, and a lady makes no objection to ride next + a fat negro woman, even when the thermometer is at ninety + degrees; provided always that her fellow travellers understand + she is her <em>property</em>. + + </p> + <p> + "At Shelbyville the stage was likely to be crowded with new + passengers, when I said to some young men who were about to + get in, that I had a family with me who must not be turned out of + the seats they had occupied. Samuel and his family took their + accustomed seats, and those who could not find room rode on the + roof of the coach; among them was a member elect of the + Legislature. As we started, a well dressed man, among the + crowd at the tavern-door, called out, 'Go it abolition!' + + </p> + <p> + "A crowd at this place attracted my attention, and I found it + was an executor's sale; comprising 'lands, houses, furniture, + horses, cows, hogs, and twenty likely negroes.' Slaves must, + however, be more of a cash article than other commodities; for + they were to be sold on four months' credit; real estate, on twelve + and twenty four months, and all other property, six months'. + + </p> + <p><a name="A_lxxxiii"></a> + "At Louisville, we fell in with Elisha, brother of Samuel + Worthington, on his return to Arkansas, where he had a cotton + plantation. He manifested much openness and good will, and + pressingly invited me to visit him, should I ever go down the + Mississippi. After considerable conversation on slavery, he + asked me what I thought would be the effect of my late visit. I + replied, it was a subject I had often contemplated myself, but I + did not know whether it had entered the heads of others. For my + own part, I thought I had taught the slaveholders a lesson. + They maintained that the slaves did not want their freedom; yet + here was one, well fed and well clothed, and in fact living in + clover, as far as a slave could do so, ready, without my asking + him, to go with me among strangers. If he would leave such a + kind master, what might not be expected of the oppressed + field hand? + + </p> + <p> + "'Perhaps a quotation from Latimer would furnish you with a + more direct reply to your question,' said I, 'You know he said at + the stake—"We shall this day light such a fire in England, as I + trust, by God's grace, will never be put out." And I believe my + visit has kindled a flame of liberty in Harrodsburg, that shall burn + for years to come; and, by its light, I trust, that many will find + their way into Canada.' + + </p> + <p> + "I told him, too, I had a question to ask, and I wanted a + direct answer—yes, or no. 'Were the slaves any worse off, + since the question of abolition has been agitated?' + + </p> + <p> + "He said they were not, excepting in one respect. Formerly, + when a preacher came among them to hold meetings with the + slaves, they had no objection; but now, they feared that slaves + from different plantations might thus congregate together and + plot mischief. I asked him if slaves in Mississippi were aware + of abolition efforts in the North; and he said he believed they + were. + + </p> + <p> + "We parted with Samuel at Louisville, we taking the steam + boat for Cincinnati, and leaving him to proceed to Worthington + plantation for his boys. He stood and watched the departure of + our boat with a soul full of emotion. He felt himself a connecting + link between his sons in distant Mississippi, and his wife and + daughters on their way to Peterboro'; and I was glad to see + nature and affection gush forth in tears. They say colored + <a name="A_lxxxiv"></a> + people cannot take care of themselves, but I assure thee I had + hard work to make these people move a step, till a safe plan was + arranged for their absent children. + + </p> + <p> + "When I went to pay the captain my fare, he asked whether + the colored woman and girls were my property. I answered yes; + but explained to him my peculiar situation, and I told him I + detested the very name of slavery. He said they usually asked + for a reference, but he felt sure that a person of my appearance + would not tell him a falsehood. I told him I would show him my + bill of sale, as soon as the hurry had subsided; not because I + acknowledged his right to demand it, but because he was civil + and polite, and I was willing to satisfy him. When I showed him + the bill, he knew both the seller and the witness, as I had expected. + I asked him whether, if I had brought a barrel of lard on + board, he would have troubled me to prove property? He apologized + by saying, that they had been imposed on by white men, + who put slaves on board, under the pretence that they were free; + and that the owners of the line had been obliged to pay six thousand + dollars for fugitive slaves. I noticed there were no colored + hands on board. + + </p> + <p> + "On arriving at Buffalo, we put up at the Mansion House; + and the first object that caught my eye was an advertisement, dated + LIBERTY, in Missouri, offering three hundred dollars reward + for three fugitive slaves. This is a free state with a vengeance! + No stage riding for colored people here; moreover, it was with + great difficulty I could obtain breakfast for my companions, though + I had paid for it. I hope abolitionists will keep clear of such a + pro-slavery atmosphere as surrounds the Mansion House. + + </p> + <p> + "On board the cars, Colorophobia again began to rage; but + the agent soon quelled it, by finding other seats for two persons, + who thought better of themselves than others did of them. In + the stage to Auburn, difficulty again occurred, and the driver wanted + to return my money, when some of the passengers objected + to the complexion of some of my companions. I told him the + stage was too crowded to hold us at any event; but unless he + sent us on to Auburn in good season, I should teach the company + a lesson they would not soon forget. He did so; and I arrived + safely at my own house, after an absence of twenty-six days, and + a travel of one thousand eight hundred and sixty-five miles. The + <a name="A_lxxxv"></a> + whole cost of redemption, including our travelling expenses, was + three thousand five hundred and eighty-three dollars and eighty-one + cents. (£807.) + + </p> + <p> + "We had not been long there before Harriet said to my wife, + 'Madam, I return you a thousand thanks for letting your gentleman + fetch us;' and I believe she said no more than she felt, and I + felt the force of her grateful acknowledgments. + + </p> + <p> + "After two days' rest, we proceeded to Gerrit Smith's; where, + as thou mayest well believe, we received the friendly welcome + which those are wont to receive who visit his house. + + </p> + <p> + "<i>Skaneateles, 9th Month 14th, 1841.</i>" + + </p> + </blockquote> + </div> + <div class="teidiv"> + <h3><a name="K"></a>APPENDIX K. Page 159.<br><br><br>The Society of Friends in America and the Colonization + Society. + <br></h3> + <p> + The "Friends" alluded to in the text as supporting the Colonization + Society in a collective capacity, are those of North Carolina. + In 1832 two influential "Friends" appeared at the Annual + Meeting of the Colonization Society, as delegates from the Society + of Friends in North Carolina. One of the resolutions + passed at the time, is as follows:—"That the thanks of this + Meeting be presented to the Society of Friends in North Carolina, + for the aid they have liberally bestowed and repeatedly rendered + to the cause of African Colonization." The Yearly meeting + of Friends in North Carolina stands among the donors of that + year, as having contributed five hundred dollars to the Colonization + Society. I fear no change has since taken place in the favorable + disposition of "Friends" of that region towards this institution, + for during one of my visits to Philadelphia, I was informed + by a "Friend," just returned from North Carolina, that an agent + of the Colonization Society had been recently permitted to make + an appeal before the members of the "Meeting of Sufferings" + of that Yearly Meeting, which had afterwards granted him two + hundred dollars out of the common stock of the Society. Nothing + is more certain than that approbation of the principles and + measures of the Colonization Society, cannot co-exist with any + <a name="A_lxxxvi"></a> + lively desires for the extinction of slavery, by the only practical + means—<em>emancipation</em>; and accordingly I was not surprised to + find it urged by some prominent individuals as a reason for their + own inactivity, and that of the Society at large, on this subject, + that "Friends" living within the slave States, urged their brethren + at the North not to unite with the Anti-slavery Societies. It + appears, however, that "Friends" of North Carolina do not, at + all events, object to uniting or co-operating with those of other + denominations, in promoting an object which they approve. Their + objection to abolition societies evidently rests on quite different + grounds. + + </p> + <p> + I must here be permitted to say a few words, respecting the + character and objects of the society, thus officially patronized by + the Friends of North Carolina. + + </p> + <p> + The greatest objection to this society, is its representing slavery, + and the prejudice against color, as necessary and incurable + evils, for which its own mockery of a remedy is the only palliative; + and thus administering an opiate to the consciences, not + only of slave-holders, but of others who are unwilling to part + with their sinful prejudices, and to enter into that fellowship of + suffering with the enslaved, without which no efforts for the removal + of slavery will be effectual. + + </p> + <p> + The following extracts, elucidating this subject, are from a + printed letter written by a friend of high station and extensive + influence, then residing in North Carolina, but now of the State + of Indiana, in defence of the Colonization Society. It is dated + "Third Month 4th, 1834," and I suppress his name, because + time and reflection have, I believe, in some degree modified his + views. + + </p> + <p> + Speaking of the opposition of Friends in England to the Colonization + Society, he says, "I have supposed that they would + think it more consistent with Christian principles to emancipate + them in the Southern States, and let them remain there, as they + have done in the Northern States. I apprehend that Friends in + England are not fully apprised of some important circumstances, + which place the Southern States in a very different situation + from the Northern. In the first place, there never were so many + people of color in the Northern States, as there are in the Southern; + and another circumstance that diminished them there, and + <a name="A_lxxxvii"></a> + increased them greatly here, was while the Northern States were + legislating on the subject of gradual emancipation, avaricious + masters sent them by thousands to the Southern markets, before + the emancipating laws were actually passed, which left a small + proportion in those States, in comparison to the whites; not + many more, perhaps, than they were willing to have for laborers, + waiting men, waiting women, et cet. And notwithstanding they + have freed their slaves, for which they are entitled to applause, + yet they never dreamed of raising them to equal citizenship and + privileges with the white people. No, my friend, they can no + more reconcile to themselves the idea of sitting down by the side + of a colored African, (American?) in any legislative or judiciary + department, than the high spirited Southern slaveholder; <em>and not + only so, they never intend to admit them to these privileges, while + the State Government, and the United States' Government continue + in existence</em>." Again, after stating various objections to emancipation, + he goes on to say, "I need not dwell much upon the subject + of universal emancipation, in stating the best, or the worst, + or most probable results of such a measure, because the Southern + people have no more idea of the general emancipation of + slaves, without colonizing them, than the Northern people have + of admitting the few among <em>them</em> to equal rights and privileges. + Not even the friends of humanity here, think that a general + emancipation, to remain here, would better their condition," et cet. + + </p> + <p> + The inferences plainly to be drawn from all this, and from + much besides to the same purport, are, that the wicked determination + of the white people to retain their sinful prejudices, is, + like the laws of the Medes and Persians, immutable; and must, + therefore, be accommodated by the transportation of the unoffending + objects of their intense dislike. On this point I will + observe that, if it be so, the remedy is worse than the disease; + but that Christian principle is powerful enough, as daily experience + testifies, to combat and destroy this unholy prejudice. The + next inference is, that because the slave population in the Southern + States is much more numerous than it was in the Northern, + <em>therefore</em> the same reasons for emancipation do not exist. Is not + the true conclusion from such premises, the very reverse of this? + The motives to abolition increase, both in weight and number, in + proportion to the absolute and relative increase of the slave population. + <a name="A_lxxxviii"></a> + The British West Indies present an example of the + safety and advantages of the measure in a community, where + the whites are a mere handful compared to the colored population. + + </p> + <p> + That state of feeling from which the Colonization Society + sprung, is well illustrated by this writer, in giving, in natural + language, a picture of his own mind. After again repeating his + statement of the vast proportion which the colored population + bears to the white, in the Slave States, he says, "Now, my + friend, the general emancipation of such a number of these poor, + degraded creatures, say more than two millions, always to remain + here with the white people, even if the Government should take + the necessary care for their education and preparation for freedom + and civilized life, which to be sure it ought, they must or + will be a degraded people, while the reins of government remain + in the hands of the whites. Supposing the very best consequences + that could follow such a measure, even that both classes + should generally exercise Christian feelings towards each other, + which is very improbable, if not morally impossible, the peculiarly + marked difference of features and color, will be always an insurmountable + barrier to general amalgamation." Again, "Were + they of the same color and features that we are, in an elective + republican government like this, where talents and merit are the + common footsteps to esteem and preferment, there would be no + difficulty in universal emancipation, without a separation. I have + no idea that they are at all inferior to the white people in intellect; + give them the same opportunity for enterprise and improvement." + Their only sin, it appears, after all, is being "guilty of + a skin not colored like our own." I may observe, in passing, + that amalgamation, the bugbear of anti-abolitionists, is the necessary + result of slavery, not of emancipation. + + </p> + <p> + The preceding extracts present a faithful picture of colonization + principles, though it is not every colonizationist who would + avow them with so much simplicity. The writer notwithstanding, + manifests some benevolent feeling towards the slaves. His + conscience cannot be satisfied with the present state of things, + and he, like too many others, takes refuge in the pleasing delusion + that it would be practicable to convey these colored Americans + across the Atlantic and make them comfortable in Africa, because + their ancestors were born there. As reasonably and as + <a name="A_lxxxix"></a> + justly might he talk of transporting the white Americans to England + because their ancestors removed from this country. + + </p> + <p> + It is very easily demonstrable, that this could not possibly be + accomplished—that neither the means of transport could be + found, nor the means of settlement provided; and were these + impossibilities removed, it might also be shown, very easily, that + it would be suicidal policy to remove the entire laboring population + of the Southern States from a soil and climate for which + they only are adapted. Yet emancipation by removal is the + theory of the Colonization Society, and in this point of view that + Society must be characterized as a grand imposture. What + must be the power of that delusion which can render intelligent + and philanthropic men the victims of such a fallacy? If the + whites, who hold the reins of government, could but be brought + to exercise Christian feelings towards the people of color, which + this worthy friend thinks is perhaps "morally impossible," how + rapidly would all difficulties vanish? To accomplish this desirable + end is the object of the abolitionists; they feel it to be difficult, + but they know it to be not impossible. + + </p> + <p> + The writer of this pamphlet uniformly couples "ultra slaveholders" + and "northern manumissionists" in the same censure. + They are the two objectionable extremes; colonizationists and + moderate slave-holders being, I suppose, the golden mean. One + illustration more of the animus with which he regards a black + population. + + </p> + <p> + "And so it is with the New England immediate manumissionists; + they have so few people of color that they do not consider + them an evil; and hence they conclude that the Southern + States may do as they have done—free them at once; but I have + no doubt at all, if there was as large a proportion of colored + people in the New England States as in the Southern, there + would be but one voice, and that would be for colonizing them + somewhere." + + </p> + <p> + The following passage is historically interesting: + + </p> + <p> + "The Yearly Meeting of Friends of North Carolina have sent + several hundreds of those they have had under their care to + Liberia, for whose emancipation in this State they could never + obtain a law, though they petitioned for it oftentimes for the space + <a name="A_xc"></a> + of fifty years, always finding the chief objection of the legislature + to be that of the great number and degraded and low character + of the free persons of color already in the State. We prefer + sending them to Africa rather than to any of the free States or to + Canada—because we believe <em>that</em> is their proper home. We + sent some to the State of Ohio; and since then hundreds of + blacks have been in a manner compelled, by the laws of that + State, or the prejudices of some of its citizens, to leave it and go + to Canada. We have sent some to Indiana, but that State has + passed laws, we hear, to prevent any more coming. We have + sent some to Pennsylvania, but, about two years ago, we shipped + near one hundred from Newbern and Beaufort to Chester; they + were not suffered to land, neither there nor at Philadelphia, nor + yet on the Jersey shore opposite, but had to float on the Delaware + river until the Colonization Society took them into possession; + then they were landed in Jersey, ten miles below Philadelphia, + and re-shipped for Africa. North Carolina Yearly Meeting has + contributed thousands of dollars to the Colonization Society; it + has probably done more for it than any other religious community + has in America, not merely because it has provided us an asylum + for the people of color under our care, but upon the ground of our + belief that it is a great, humane, and benevolent institution. I + am not informed of a single member of the Society of Friends in + this country, not even in any of the slave States, who is not in favor + of colonizing them in Africa. We believe generally that colonizing + them there gradually is the most likely way to put a peaceful + end to slavery, and place them in the great scale of equality + with the rest of the civilized world." + + </p> + <p> + I have devoted a space to this letter for several reasons; first, + because the writer is a man of note and influence in his own + country, and has plainly uttered what many of the Society of + Friends even now feel, secondly, he has shown what was the + prevalent sentiment among Friends not longer than seven years + since, though I hope and believe a considerable change has taken + place in the interval; and lastly, because, within a few months + past, a well-known American, a zealous agent of the Colonization + Society, has privately employed this very letter to induce abolitionists + in England to look favorably on that Society. + + </p><a name="A_xci"></a><p> + I would add, also, that I learn, on the authority of an English + "Friend," who has lately visited the various Yearly Meetings in + America, that in those parts of the slave States in which + "Friends" chiefly reside, their influence is very perceptible in + mitigating the treatment of the slaves in their neighborhood. + This, I willingly believe; indeed the example of a body who + refuse to hold slaves, cannot but be highly beneficial. + + </p> + </div> + <div class="teidiv"> + <h3><a name="L"></a> + APPENDIX L.—Page 96. + <br><br><br> + "Memorial of citizens of Boston, United States, to the + Lords of the Admiralty, Great Britain. + <br></h3> + <blockquote> + <p> + "To the Right Honorable the Lords of the Admiralty of + Great Britain. + + </p> + <p> + "The undersigned, the citizens of Boston, in the United States + of America, of different religious denominations, respectfully + represent— + + </p> + <p> + "That by existing arrangements for the sailing of the Cunard + line of steamers between Boston and Liverpool, it becomes necessary + for them to leave this port on the Sabbath, whenever that + happens to be the regular day appointed for sailing; and that this + occurs a number of times in the course of a year. That the sailing + of a steamer on that day is a source of deep regret to many good + citizens, who are compelled, whenever the event happens, either + to defer their departure to a future day, or to yield to an arrangement + which violates their Christian feelings. And what is still + more to be lamented, as a consequence growing out of the present + regulation, is that aside from the tumult necessarily attendant on + the sailing of these vessels on the Lord's day, it furnishes an + occasion for the needless profanation of the day by thousands + who assemble as spectators on our wharves to witness their + departure. + + </p> + <p> + "The undersigned regard a proper observance of the Sabbath + as vital to the general peace, good order, and welfare of society; + and they are deeply impressed with the belief that nothing of a + secular or worldly nature should be done on that day by individuals, + <a name="A_xcii"></a> + by governments, or by any of their departments, Which is + not in the strictest sense a work of necessity or mercy; and they + most respectfully represent, that they are unable to perceive any + reasons which render the sailing of steamers from this port on the + Lord's day such a work. And believing as they do, that it will + be the pleasure of your lordships at all times to cherish and promote, + so far as you may be able, a due observance of the Sabbath, + they respectfully and earnestly request your lordships so to vary + the present arrangements as to the times for the sailing of these + steamers, that their departure from this port shall be changed to + another day, whenever the appointed day for sailing shall fall + upon the Christian Sabbath. And they venture to express their + confident belief that not only the public welfare, but also the + private advantage of individuals concerned in the enterprize, + would be ultimately promoted by the arrangements here prayed + for. + + </p> + <p> + "The undersigned cannot conclude their memorial without + adverting to the high and responsible station that has been + assigned by Providence to the English and American people, in + the great work which they and we rejoice to know is now so + rapidly progressing, of improving the moral and religious character + and condition of the world; nor can they be unmindful of the + fact, that to the same extent as their standing before the world in + this respect is permanent, so will be the influence of their example + on the nations around them, whether it be good or bad. + + </p> + <p> + "That the subject here presented may receive your Lordship's + favorable and Christian consideration is the sincere and earnest + desire of your Lordships' most respectful memorialists." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + The signatures to this document included the late mayor and + one of the former ones, who was also Lieutenant-Governor of the + State of Massachusetts, one bishop, upwards of forty clergymen + of different denominations, nine gentlemen, upwards of one + hundred and twenty merchants, seventeen presidents of insurance + companies, the postmaster of Boston, five physicians, seven members + of the legal profession, two editors of newspapers; and it + was accompanied by the following memorandum from one of the + gentlemen who had taken it round for signature. + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "The undersigned having been personally engaged in obtaining + the signatures to the memorial, asking a change in the sailing + <a name="A_xciii"></a> + of the Cunard steamers, when the regular sailing day occurs on + the Sabbath, hereby certifies that the memorialists are among the + most respectable and influential of their respective professions, + that the memorial was received with almost universal favor, and + that, had time been allowed, and had it been deemed necessary + to do it, thousands of names might have been obtained. + + </p> + <p> + "AMOS A. PHELPS." + + </p> + <p> + "Boston, July 31, 1841." + + </p> + </blockquote> + <p> + On my arrival in this country, I found that Lord Melbourne's + administration was about to resign; I therefore deferred forwarding + the memorial until the present ministers had entered upon the + duties of their respective offices; when I called at the Admiralty, + and placed it in the hands of the Secretary, having little doubt + the application would have been at once granted; but a few days + after it was presented I received the following reply:— + + </p> + <blockquote> + <p> + "Admiralty, September 21, 1841. + + </p> + <p> + "Sir,—Having laid before my Lords Commissioners of the + Admiralty the communications of the citizens of Boston, United + States, representing their wish that the departure of Mr. Cunard's + steamers on a Sunday, from their port, should, for the future be + discontinued; I am commanded by their lordships to acquaint + you, that after having given that attention to the subject, which + their respect for the citizens of Boston, and for the religious + opinions expressed by them, could not fail to dictate, my lords + have, upon mature consideration, come to the conclusion, that, + with a due regard to the exigencies of the public service, the + proposed alteration cannot be carried into effect. My lords, + therefore, beg you will have the goodness to convey their + decision to the citizens of Boston, together with the assurance of + their respect for the opinions they have expressed, and their consequent + regret at being unable to comply with their request. + + </p> + <p> + "I am, Sir, + <br><br> + "Your most obedient humble servant, + + </p> + <p> + "JOHN BARROW. + + </p> + <p> + "Joseph Sturge, Esq., Birmingham." + + </p> + </blockquote><a name="A_xciv"></a></div> + </div> + <hr> + <address> 1842 By JOSEPH STURGE. + <br> + <!-- +Generated from projectID3fc794869927c using an XSLT version 1 stylesheet +based on c:\downloads\saxon6_5_3teihtml.xsl +processed using SAXON 6.5.3 from Michael Kay +on 2004-03-03T20:31:42-06:00--></address> + + <div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11454 ***</div> +</body> |