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diff --git a/old/11446.txt b/old/11446.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e063f22 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/11446.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1993 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and +Instruction, Vol. 14, Issue 400, November 21, 1829, by Various + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 14, +Issue 400, November 21, 1829 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: March 4, 2004 [eBook #11446] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: US-ASCII + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, +AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 14, ISSUE 400, NOVEMBER 21, 1829*** + + +E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Keith M Keckrich, David Garcia, and +the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team + + + +Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this + file which includes the original illustrations. + See 11446-h.htm or 11446-h.zip: + (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/4/4/11446/11446-h/11446-h.htm) + or + (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/4/4/11446/11446-h.zip) + + + + +THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION. + +VOL 14, NO. 400.] SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 21, 1829. [PRICE 2d. + + + + * * * * * + + + + +The Limoeiro, at Lisbon. + + +[Illustration: The Limoeiro, at Lisbon.] + + +Locks, bolts, and bars! what have we here?--a view of the _Limoeiro, or +common jail_, at Lisbon, whose horrors, without the fear of Don Miguel +in our hearts, we will endeavour to describe, though lightly--merely in +outline,--since nothing can be more disagreeable than the filling in. + +For this purpose we might quote ourselves, i.e. one of our +correspondents,[1] or a host of travellers and residents in the +Portuguese capital; but we give preference to Mr. W. Young, who has +borne much of the hard fare of the prison, and can accordingly speak +more fully of its accommodations and privations. Mr. Young is an +Englishman, who married a Portuguese lady in Leiria, and resided for +several years in that town. He was arrested in May, 1828, on suspicion +of disaffection towards Don Miguel's government: nothing appears to have +been proved against him, and after having suffered much disagreeable +treatment in different jails in Leiria and Lisbon, he was discharged +in the following September, on condition of leaving the country. He +returned to England, and lost no time in publishing a volume entitled +"Portugal in 1828;" with "A Narrative of the Author's Residence there +and of his persecution and confinement as a state prisoner." + + + [1] See "Portuguese Prisons," MIRROR, vol. xii, p. 99. + + +The prison, says Mr. Young, stands on the highest ground in St. George's +Castle, and is the first building on the south side toward the Tagus. +Near the entrance it is divided internally as follows below:--_Saletta_ +(the small hall;) _Salla Livre_ (free hall,) so called, because visiters +are allowed to go in to see their friends, except when the jailer or +intendant orders otherwise; _Salla Fechado_ (the hall shut,) so called, +because no communication is allowed with the prisoners in that hall; +_Enchovia_ (the common prison,) where thieves, murderers, and vagabonds +of every description are confined. This last receptacle is a horrid +place; and is often made use of as a punishment for prisoners from other +parts of the gaol. Hither they are sent when they commit any offence, +for as many days as the jailer may think proper, and are often put in +irons during that time. + +Besides these different prisons on the ground floor, there are eight +dungeons in a line, all nearly alike in shape and size; but some are +superior to others as to light and air: and in proportion to the degree +they wish to annoy the unfortunate victim, so are these dungeons used. +A few dollars never fail to procure a better light and air when properly +applied. + +Three of these dungeons are about six feet higher than the other five. +There is a corridor in the front of them, which is always shut up when +any one is confined in them, so that no one can ever approach the door +of a dungeon. And to make this a matter of certainty, whenever the +jailer or officers of the prison carry prisoners their food, they lock +the door of the corridor before they open that of the dungeon. + +The first of the lower five of these dungeons is in the passage leading +from, the _Salla Livre_, and next door to the privy of the prison; so +that it is never used as a secret dungeon. The lower four are enclosed +as those above, and are much darker than that in the passage. This +latter is claimed by the book-keeper as his property, and I hired it +of him to sleep in, and to be alone when I wished to be so. + +The dungeons are all bomb proof, and over them is a terrace thickly +formed of brick and stone; still I could distinctly hear the sentry +walking over my head when all was quiet at night. + +The walls of these cells are about six feet thick, with bars inside and +out; the bars in the windows are three inches square, making twelve +inches in circumference, and being crossed they form squares of about +eight inches; the windows differ very much in size, some not being half +so large as others. + +Besides these double bars, there is a shutter immensely strong and +close, so that when shut, light is totally excluded; the iron door has a +strong bolt and lock, and outside of this there is a strong wooden door; +in the front of the windows, and about six feet from them, there is a +high wall; so that in the best of these dungeons, there is only a +reflected light. + +These are all the prisons on the ground floor, and when full (which they +too often are) the wretched prisoners are forced to lie at night in two +rows, with their feet to the wall, and their heads to the middle of the +room; this position they adopt on account of the cold and damp of the +stone walls; they touch each other, and the floor is completely covered. +Nay, at times, so full is the gaol, that they are obliged to lie on the +corridors, and even on the steps. + +The Saletta will hold forty prisoners, the Salla Livre more than sixty, +the Salla Fechado one hundred, and the Enchovia, near one hundred and +forty. When one prison becomes too full, they remove some of the victims +to another, or send them to the forts, or on board the ships in the +river. + +The first floor is divided into two parts, officers' rooms, and the +Sallao, (saloon or large hall.) This hall will hold about 150 persons, +when full. Besides the Sallao and officers' rooms on the first floor, +there is a room set apart for questioning people who are in the +dungeons. This room has an entrance from the street, and another through +a passage from the dungeons, as well as one from the officers' rooms. + +The magistrate and his clerk enter from the street, and no one in the +prison sees them. The prisoner is taken up stairs from the dungeon, and +the jailer or book-keeper enters from the officers' apartments. Every +thing is done in the most secret manner. If they cannot cause the +prisoner to commit himself, by confessing to the offence with which he +is charged, they send him back again to the dungeon. + +The gaol of St. George's has a second floor tier of offices; but that +belongs to the governor and jailer; there are no prisoners above the +ground and the first floor. + +None of the authorities ever inquire whether he has any means of +subsistence; there is neither bed blanket, nor even straw, unless the +prisoner can buy it, and then he must pay the guards to let it pass to +him. + +Amongst the many thousands of unfortunate beings who are now confined +in Portugal, great numbers of them are without money or any other means +of subsistence; and were it not for the charity of people in general, +starvation would necessarily ensue. + +The only authorities employed about the prison are a jailer, secretary, +and eight guards; of the latter three are always on duty; one of them +being stationed at the first iron gate at the entrance of the prison, +another at the second gate, and a third to attend the interior, each +with a bunch of keys in his hand, which serve for nearly all the doors. +The guards are relieved every night at nine o'clock, when, the man +who is posted at the outer door carries a strong iron rod (_see the +Engraving_) with which he strikes every bar in the windows and gates of +the gaol; and if any one of them does not vibrate, or ring, he carefully +inspects it to ascertain whether it has been cut with a saw, or corroded +by any strong acid. This dismal music lasts an hour. The whole expense +of the prison to government does not exceed 16_s_. per day, and the few +officers and guards, when Mr. Young was there, manage upwards of four +hundred prisoners. He was confined from June 16, to September 7, and his +account of the myriads of bugs, rats, mice, and other vermin is truly +disgusting. The reader will however readily credit this report when he +has been told of the revolting state of the city itself. Mrs. Baillie, +in her recent _Letters on Lisbon_, says, "for three miles round Lisbon +in every direction, you cannot for a moment get clear of the disgusting +effluvia that issue from every house." Doctor Southey says "every kind +of vermin that exists to punish the nastiness and indolence of man, +multiplies in the heat and dirt of Lisbon. In addition to mosquitoes, +the scolopendra is not uncommonly found here, and snakes sometimes +intrude into the bedchamber. A small species of red ant likewise swarms +over every thing sweet, and the Portuguese remedy is to send for the +priest to exorcise them." The city is still subject to shocks of +earthquake; the state of the police is horrible; street-robbery is +common, and every thief is an assassin. The pocket-knife, which the +French troops are said to have dreaded more than all the bayonets of +either the Spanish or the Portuguese, is here the ready weapon of the +assassin; and the Tagus receives many a corpse on which no inquest ever +sits. The morals, in fact, of all classes in Lisbon appear to be in a +dreadful state. + + * * * * * + + + +THE CARD. + +A TALE OF TRUTH. + +(_For the Mirror_.) + + + Young Lady Giddygad, came down + From spending half a year in town, + With cranium full of balls and plays, + Routs, fetes, and fashionable ways, + Caus'd in her country-town, so quiet, + Unus'd to modish din and riot, + No small confusion and amaze, + "Quite a sensation," is the phrase, + Like that, which puss, or pug, may feel + When rous'd from slumber by your heel, + Or drowsy ass, at rider's knock, + Or----should you term him block; + Quoi qu'il en soit, first, gossips gape, + Then envy, scandalize, and ape! + Quoth Mrs. Thrifty: "Nancy, dear, + My Lady sends out cards I hear, + With, I suppose, 'tis now polite, + Merely 'At Home,' on such a night, + Now child, altho' I dare not say + We can afford to be so gay, + We're as well born as Lady G---- + And may be, as well bred as she! + That is, quite in a sober way + So as we've nothing more to pay: + For instance, when folks choose to come, + And I don't choose to be 'At Home,' + I'll have a notice stuck, you know, + On the hall door, to tell them so: + 'Twill save our Rachel's legs you see, + And soon the top will copy me! + But, Nancy, d'ye hear, now write + That I'm 'At Home' on Thursday night; + 'Tis a good fashion, for 'tis what + Most fashions in this age are not + A saving one: ah, prithee think, + How it saves time, and quills, and ink!" + So, duteous Nancy seiz'd a pen, + To ladies, and to gentlemen + Sent quickly out the cards; as quick + Came one again: "Poh! fiddlestick + An answer, yes?--come, let me see, + My spectacles!" cried Mistress T---- + "Hum--Mrs. Thrifty,--Thursday night--'At + Home'--oh malice! fiendish spite," + (Quoth the good dame in furious ire, + Whilst the card, fed the greedy fire) + "No, never, never, will I strive + To be genteel, as I'm alive, + Beneath my own 'At Home' was cramm'd, + There stay, good madam, and be d--d!"[2] + + +M.L.B. + + [2] A fact. + + + * * * * * + + + +MAHOMET THE GREAT AND HIS MISTRESS. + +_An Anecdote_. + +(_For the Mirror_.) + + +After the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, in the year 1453, +several captives, distinguished either for their rank or their beauty, +were presented to the victorious Mahomet the Great. Irene, a most +beautiful Greek lady, was one of those unfortunate captives. The emperor +was so delighted with her person, that he dedicated himself wholly to +her embraces, spending day and night in her company, and neglected his +most pressing affairs. His officers, especially the Janissaries, were +extremely exasperated at his conduct; and loudly exclaimed against their +degenerate and _effeminate_ prince, as they were then pleased to call +him. Mustapha Bassa, who had been brought up with the emperor from a +child, presuming upon his great interest, took an opportunity to lay +before his sovereign the bad consequences which would inevitably ensue +should he longer persevere in that unmanly and base course of life. +Mahomet, provoked at the Bassa's insolence, told him that he deserved to +die; but that he would pardon him in consideration of former services. +He then commanded him to assemble all the principal officers and +captains in the great hall of his palace the next day, to attend his +royal pleasure. Mustapha did as he was directed; and the next day the +sultan understanding that the Bassas and other officers awaited him, +entered the hall, with the charming Greek, who was delicately dressed +and adorned. Looking sternly around him, the Sultan demanded, _which of +them_, _possessing so fair an object_, _could be contented to relinquish +it_? Being dazzled with the Christian's beauty, they unanimously +answered, that they highly commended his happy choice, and censured +themselves for having found fault with so much worth. The emperor +replied, that he would presently show them how much they had been +deceived in him, for that no earthly pleasure should so far bereave him +of his senses, or blind his understanding, as to make him forget his +duty in the high calling wherein he was placed. So saying, he caught +Irene by the hair of her head, which he instantly severed from her body +with his scimitar. + +G.W.N. + + * * * * * + + + + +Select Biography. + + * * * * * + + +JUVENILE POETESS. + + +MEMOIR OF LUCRETIA DAVIDSON, + +_Who died at Plattsburgh, N.Y., August 27, 1825, aged sixteen years and +eleven months_. + +[We hardly know how to give our readers an idea of the intense interest +which this biographical sketch has excited in our mind; but we are +persuaded they will thank us for adopting it in our columns. The details +are somewhat abridged from No. LXXXII. of the _Quarterly Review_, (just +published), where they appear in the first article, headed "Amir Khan, +and other Poems: the remains of Lucretia Maria Davidson," &c., published +at New York, in the present year. Prefixed to these "remains" is a +biographical sketch, which forms the basis of the present memoir, and +from the Poems are selected the few specimens with which it is +illustrated.--ED.] + +Lucretia Maria Davidson was born September 27, 1808, at Plattsburgh, on +Lake Champlain. She was the second daughter of Dr. Oliver Davidson, and +Magaret his wife. Her parents were in straitened circumstances, and +it was necessary, from an early age, that much of her time should be +devoted to domestic employments: for these she had no inclination, but +she performed them with that alacrity which always accompanies good +will; and, when her work was done, retired to enjoy those intellectual +and imaginative, pursuits in which her whole heart was engaged. This +predilection for studious retirement she is said to have manifested at +the early age of four years. Reports, and even recollections of this +kind, are to be received, the one with some distrust, the other with +some allowance; but when that allowance is made, the genius of this +child still appears to have been as precocious as it was extraordinary. +Instead of playing with her schoolmates, she generally got to some +secluded place, with her little books, and with pen, ink, and paper; +and the consumption which she made of paper was such as to excite the +curiosity of her parents, from whom she kept secret the use to which she +applied it. If any one came upon her retirement, she would conceal or +hastily destroy what she was employed upon; and, instead of satisfying +the inquiries of her father and mother, replied to them only by tears. +The mother, at length, when searching for something in a dark and +unfrequented closet, found a considerable number of little books, made +of this writing-paper, and filled with rude drawings, and with strange +and apparently illegible characters, which, however, were at once seen +to be the child's work. Upon closer inspection, the characters were +found to consist of the printed alphabet; some of the letters being +formed backwards, some sideways, and there being no spaces between the +words. These writings were deciphered, not without much difficulty; and +it then appeared that they consisted of regular verses, generally in +explanation of a rude drawing, sketched on the opposite page. When +she found that her treasures had been discovered, she was greatly +distressed, and could not be pacified till they were restored; and as +soon as they were in her possession, she took the first opportunity of +secretly burning them. + +These books having thus been destroyed, the earliest remaining specimen +of her verse is an epitaph, composed in her ninth year, upon an +unfledged robin, killed in the attempt at rearing it. When she was +eleven years of age, her father took her to see the decorations of a +room in which Washington's birthday was to be celebrated. Neither the +novelty nor the gaiety of what she saw attracted her attention; she +thought of Washington alone, whose life she had read, and for whom she +entertained the proper feelings of an American; and as soon as she +returned home, she took paper, sketched a funeral urn, and wrote under +it a few stanzas, which were shown to her friends. Common as the talent +of versifying is, any early manifestation of it will always be regarded +as extraordinary by those who possess it not themselves; and these +verses, though no otherwise remarkable, were deemed so surprising for +a child of her age, that an aunt of hers could not believe they were +original, and hinted that they might have been copied. The child wept +at this suspicion, as if her heart would break; but as soon as she +recovered from that fit of indignant grief, she indited a remonstrance +to her aunt, in verse, which put an end to such incredulity. + +We are told that, before she was twelve years of age, she had read most +of the standard English poets--a vague term, excluding, no doubt, much +that is of real worth, and including more that is worth little or +nothing, and yet implying a wholesome course of reading for such a mind. +Much history she had also read, both sacred and profane; "the whole +of Shakspeare's, Kotzebue's, and Goldsmith's dramatic works;" (oddly +consorted names!) "and many of the popular novels and romances of the +day:" of the latter, she threw aside at once those which at first sight +appeared worthless. This girl is said to have observed every thing: +"frequently she has been known to watch the storm, and the retiring +clouds, and the rainbow, and the setting sun, for hours." + +An English reader is not prepared to hear of distress arising from +straitened circumstances in America--the land of promise, where there is +room enough for all, and employment for every body. Yet even in that new +country, man, it appears, is born not only to those ills which flesh is +heir to, but to those which are entailed upon him by the institutions of +society. Lucretia's mother was confined by illness to her room and bed +for many months; and this child, then about twelve years old, instead +of profiting under her mother's care, had in a certain degree to supply +her place in the business of the family, and to attend, which she did +dutifully and devotedly, to her sick bed. At this time, a gentleman who +had heard much of her verses, and expressed a wish to see some of them, +was so much gratified on perusing them, that he sent her a complimentary +note, enclosing a bank-bill for twenty dollars. The girl's first joyful +thought was that she had now the means, which she had so often longed +for, of increasing her little stock of books; but, looking towards the +sick bed, tears came in her eyes, and she instantly put the bill into +her father's hands, saying, "Take it, father; it will buy many comforts +for mother; I can do without the books." + +There were friends, as they are called, who remonstrated with her +parents on the course they were pursuing in her education, and advised +that she should be deprived of books, pen, ink, and paper, and +rigorously confined to domestic concerns. Her parents loved her both +too wisely and too well to be guided by such counsellors, and they +anxiously kept the advice secret from Lucretia, lest it should wound her +feelings--perhaps, also, lest it should give her, as it properly might, +a rooted dislike to these misjudging and unfeeling persons. But she +discovered it by accident, and without declaring any such intention, +she gave up her pen and her books, and applied herself exclusively to +household business, for several months, till her body as well as her +spirits failed. She became emaciated, her countenance bore marks of deep +dejection, and often, while actively employed in domestic duties, she +could neither restrain nor conceal her tears. The mother seems to have +been slower in perceiving this than she would have been had it not been +for her own state of confinement; she noticed it at length, and said, +"Lucretia, it is a long time since you have written any thing." The girl +then burst into tears, and replied, "O mother, I have given that up long +ago." "But why?" said her mother. After much emotion, she answered, +"I am convinced from what my friends have said, and from what I see, +that I have done wrong in pursuing the course I have. I well know the +circumstances of the family are such, that it requires the united +efforts of every member to sustain it; and since my eldest sister is now +gone, it becomes my duty to do every thing in my power to lighten the +cares of my parents." On this occasion, Mrs. Davidson acted with equal +discretion and tenderness; she advised her to take a middle course, +neither to forsake her favourite pursuits, nor devote herself to them, +but use them in that wholesome alternation with the every day business +of the world, which is alike salutary for the body and the mind. She +therefore occasionally resumed her pen, and seemed comparatively happy. + +How the encouragement which she received operated may be seen in some +lines, not otherwise worthy of preservation than for the purpose of +showing how the promises of reward affect a mind like hers. They were +written in her thirteenth year. + + + Whene'er the muse pleases to grace my dull page, + At the sight of _reward_, she flies off in a rage; + Prayers, threats, and intreaties I frequently try, + But she leaves me to scribble, to fret, and to sigh + + She torments me each moment, and bids me go write, + And when I obey her she laughs at the sight; + The rhyme will not jingle, the verse has no sense, + And against all her insults I have no defence. + + I advise all my friends who wish me to write, + To keep their rewards and their gifts from my sight, + So that jealous Miss Muse won't be wounded in pride, + Nor Pegasus rear till I've taken my ride. + + +Let not the hasty reader conclude from these rhymes that Lucretia was +only what any child of early cleverness might be made by forcing and +injudicious admiration. In our own language, except in the cases of +Chatterton and Kirke White, we can call to mind no instance of so early, +so ardent, and so fatal a pursuit of intellectual advancement. + +"She composed with great rapidity; as fast as most persons usually copy. +There are several instances of four or five pieces on different +subjects, and containing three or four stanzas each, written on the +same day. Her thoughts flowed so rapidly, that she often expressed the +wish that she had two pair of hands, that she might employ them to +transcribe. When 'in the vein,' she would write standing, and be wholly +abstracted from the company present and their conversation. But if +composing a piece of some length, she wished to be entirely alone; she +shut herself into her room, darkened the windows, and in summer placed +her Aeolian harp in the window:" (thus by artificial excitement, feeding +the fire that consumed her.) "In those pieces on which she bestowed more +than ordinary pains, she was very secret; and if they were, by any +accident, discovered in their unfinished state, she seldom completed +them, and often destroyed them. She cared little for any of her works +after they were completed: some, indeed, she preserved with care for +future correction, but a great proportion she destroyed: very many that +are preserved, were rescued from the flames by her mother. Of a complete +poem, in five cantos, called 'Rodri,' and composed when she was thirteen +years of age, a single canto, and part of another, are all that are +saved from a destruction which she supposed had obliterated every +vestige of it." + +She was often in danger, when walking, from carriages, &c., in +consequence of her absence of mind. When engaged in a poem of some +length, she has often forgotten her meals. A single incident, +illustrating this trait in her character, is worth relating:--She went +out early one morning to visit a neighbour, promising to be at home to +dinner. The neighbour being absent, she requested to be shown into the +library. There she became so absorbed in her book, standing, with her +bonnet unremoved, that the darkness of the coming night first reminded +her she had forgotten her meals, and expended the entire day in reading. + +She was peculiarly sensitive to music. There was one song (it was +Moore's Farewell to his Harp) to which she "took a special fancy;" she +wished to hear it only at twilight--thus, with that same perilous love +of excitement which made her place the windharp in the window when she +was composing, seeking to increase the effect which the song produced +upon a nervous system, already diseasedly susceptible; for it is said, +that whenever she heard this song she became cold, pale, and almost +fainting; yet it was her favourite of all songs, and gave occasion to +these verses, addressed, in her fifteenth year, to her sister. + + + When evening spreads her shades around, + And darkness fills the arch of heaven; + When not a murmur, not a sound + To Fancy's sportive ear is given; + + When the broad orb of heaven is bright, + And looks around with golden eye; + When Nature, softened by her light. + Seems calmly, solemnly to lie; + + Then, when our thoughts are raised above + This world, and all this world can give, + Oh, Sister! sing the song I love, + And tears of gratitude receive. + + The song which thrills my bosom's core, + And, hovering, trembles half afraid, + Oh, Sister! sing the song once more, + Which ne'er for mortal ear was made. + + 'Twere almost sacrilege to sing + Those notes amid the glare of day; + Notes borne by angels' purest wing, + And wafted by their breath away. + + When, sleeping in my grass-grown bed, + Shouldst thou still linger here above, + Wilt thou not kneel beside my head, + And, Sister! sing the song I love? + + +To young readers it might be useful to observe, that these verses in one +place approach the verge of meaning, but are on the wrong side of the +line: to none can it be necessary to say, that they breathe the deep +feeling of a mind essentially poetical. + +"Her desire of knowledge increased as she grew more capable of +appreciating its worth;" and she appreciated much beyond its real worth +the advantages which girls derive from the ordinary course of female +education. "Oh!" she said one day to her mother, "that I only possessed +half the means of improvement which I see others slighting! I should +be the happiest of the happy." A youth whom nature has endowed with +diligence and a studious disposition has, indeed, too much reason to +regret the want of that classical education which is wasted upon the +far greater number of those on whom it is bestowed; but, for a girl who +displays a promise of genius like Lucretia, and who has at hand the +Bible and the best poets in her own language, no other assistance can be +needed in her progress than a supply of such books as may store her mind +with knowledge. Lucretia's desire of knowledge was a passion which +possessed her like a disease. "I am now sixteen years old," she said, +"and what do I know? Nothing!--nothing, compared with what I have yet +to learn. Time is rapidly passing by: that time usually allotted to the +improvement of youth; and how dark are my prospects in regard to this +favourite wish of my heart!" At another time she said--"How much there +is yet to learn!--If I could only grasp it at once!" + +In October 1824, when she had just entered upon her seventeenth year, a +gentleman, then on a visit at Plattsburgh, saw some of her verses--was +made acquainted with her ardent desire for education, and with the +circumstances in which she was placed; and he immediately resolved to +afford her every advantage which the best schools in the country could +furnish. This gentleman has probably chosen to have his name withheld, +being more willing to act benevolently than to have his good deeds +blazoned; and yet, stranger as he needs must be, there are many English +readers to whom it would have been gratifying, could they have given to +such a person "a local habitation and a name." When Lucretia was made +acquainted with his intention, the joy was almost greater than she could +bear. As soon as preparations could be made, she left home, and was +placed at the "Troy Female Seminary," under the instruction of Mrs. +Willard. There she had all the advantages for which she had hungered and +thirsted; and, like one who had long hungered and thirsted, she devoured +them with fatal eagerness. Her application was incessant; and its +effects on her constitution, already somewhat debilitated by previous +disease, became apparent in increased nervous sensibility. Her letters +at this time exhibit the two extremes of feeling in a marked degree. +They abound in the most sprightly or most gloomy speculations, bright +hopes and lively fancies, or despairing fears and gloomy forebodings. In +one of her letters from this seminary, she writes thus to her mother: "I +hope you will feel no uneasiness as to my health or happiness; for, save +the thoughts of my dear mother and her lonely life, and the idea that my +dear father is slaving himself, and wearing out his very life, to earn a +subsistence for his family--save these thoughts (and I can assure you, +mother, they come not seldom), I am happy. Oh! how often I think, if +I could have but one-half the means I now expend, and be at liberty to +divide that with mamma, how happy I should be!--cheer up and keep good +courage." In another, she says: "Oh! I am so happy, so contented now, +that every unusual movement startles me. I am constantly afraid that +something will happen to mar it." Again, she says: "I hope the +expectations of my friends will not be disappointed: but I am afraid you +all calculate upon _too much_. I hope not, for I am not capable of much. +I can study and be industrious; but I fear I shall not equal the hopes +which you say are raised." The story of Kirke White should operate not +more as an example than a warning; but the example is followed and the +warning overlooked. Stimulants are administered to minds which are +already in a state of feverish excitement. Hotbeds and glasses are used +for plants which can only acquire strength in the shade; and they are +drenched with instruction, which ought "to drop as the rain, and distil +as the dew--as the small rain upon the tender herb, and as the shower +upon the grass." + +During the vacation, in which she returned home, she had a serious +illness, which left her feeble and more sensitive than ever. On her +recovery she was placed at the school of Miss Gilbert, in Albany; and +there, in a short time, a more alarming illness brought her to the very +borders of the grave. Before she entered upon her intemperate course of +application at Troy, her verses show that she felt a want of joyous and +healthy feeling--a sense of decay. Thus she wrote to a friend, who had +not seen her since her childhood:-- + + + And thou hast mark'd in childhood's hour + The fearless boundings of my breast, + When fresh as summer's opening flower, + I freely frolick'd and was blest. + + Oh say, was not this eye more bright? + Were not these lips more wont to smile? + Methinks that then my heart was light, + And I a fearless, joyous child + + And thou didst mark me gay and wild, + My careless, reckless laugh of mirth: + The simple pleasures of a child, + The holiday of man on earth. + + Then thou hast seen me in that hour, + When every nerve of life was new, + When pleasures fann'd youth's infant flower, + And Hope her witcheries round it threw. + + That hour is fading; it has fled; + And I am left in darkness now, + A wanderer tow'rds a lowly bed, + The grave, that home of all below. + + +Young poets often affect a melancholy strain, and none more frequently +put on a sad and sentimental mood in verse than those who are as happy +as an utter want of feeling for any body but themselves can make them. +But in these verses the feeling was sincere and ominous. Miss Davidson +recovered from her illness at Albany so far only as to be able to +perform the journey back to Plattsburgh, under her poor mother's care. +"The hectic flush of her cheek told but too plainly that a fatal disease +had fastened upon her constitution, and must ere long inevitably +triumph." She however dreaded something worse than death, and while +confined to her bed, wrote these unfinished lines, the last that were +ever traced by her indefatigable hand, expressing her fear of madness. + + + There is a something which I dread, + It is a dark, a fearful thing; + It steals along with withering tread. + Or sweeps on wild destruction's wing. + + That thought comes o'er me in the hour, + Of grief, of sickness, or of sadness; + 'Tis not the dread of death,--'tis more, + It is the dread of madness. + + Oh, may these throbbing pulses pause + Forgetful of their feverish course; + May this hot brain, which burning, glows, + With all a fiery whirlpool's force, + + Be cold, and motionless, and still + A tenant of its lowly bed; + But let not dark delirium steal-- + + + * * * * * + +The stanzas with which Kirke White's fragment of the "Christiad" +concludes, are not so painful as these lines. Had this however been more +than a transient feeling, it would have produced the calamity which it +dreaded: it is likely, indeed, that her early death was a dispensation +of mercy, and saved her from the severest of all earthly inflictions; +and that same merciful Providence which removed her to a better state of +existence, made these apprehensions give way to a hope and expectation +of recovery, which, vain as it was, cheered some of her last hours. When +she was forbidden to read it was a pleasure to her to handle the books +which composed her little library, and which she loved so dearly. "She +frequently took them up and kissed them; and at length requested them to +be placed at the foot of her bed, where she might constantly see them," +and anticipating a revival which was not to be, of the delight she +should feel in reperusing them, she said often to her mother, "what a +feast I shall have by-and-bye." How these words must have gone to that +poor mother's heart, they only can understand who have heard such like +anticipations of recovery from a dear child, and not been able, even +whilst hoping against hope, to partake them. + +When sensible at length of her approaching dissolution, she looked +forward to it without alarm; not alone in that peaceful state of mind +which is the proper reward of innocence, but in reliance on the divine +promises, and in hope of salvation through the merits of our blessed +Lord and Saviour. The last name which she pronounced was that of the +gentleman whose bounty she had experienced, and towards whom she always +felt the utmost gratitude. Gradually sinking under her malady, she +passed away on the 27th of August, 1825, before she had completed her +seventeenth year. Her person was singularly beautiful; she had "a high, +open forehead, a soft, black eye, perfect symmetry of features, a fair +complexion, and luxuriant dark hair. The prevailing expression of her +face was melancholy. Although, because of her beauty as well as of her +mental endowments, she was the object of much admiration and attention, +yet she shunned observation, and often sought relief from the pain it +seemed to inflict upon her, by retiring from the company." + +That she should have written so voluminously as has been ascertained, +(says the editor of her Poems), is almost incredible. Her poetical +writings which have been collected, amount in all to two hundred and +seventy-eight pieces of various length; when it is considered that among +these are at least five regular poems of several cantos each, some +estimate may be formed of her poetical labours. Besides there were +twenty-four school exercises, three unfinished romances, a complete +tragedy, written at thirteen years of age, and about forty letters, +in a few months, to her mother alone. To this statement should also be +appended the fact, that a great portion of her writings she destroyed. +Her mother observes, "I think I am justified in saying that she +destroyed at least one-third of all she wrote." + +Of the literary character of her writings, (says the editor), it +does not, perhaps, become me largely to speak; yet I must hazard the +remark, that her defects will be perceived to be those of youth and +inexperience, while in invention, and in that mysterious power of +exciting deep interest, of enchaining the attention and keeping it alive +to the end of the story; in that adaptation of the measure to the +sentiment, and in the sudden change of measure to suit a sudden change +of sentiment; a wild and romantic description; and in the congruity of +the accompaniment to her characters, all conceived with great purity and +delicacy--she will be allowed to have discovered uncommon maturity of +mind, and her friends to have been warranted in forming very high +expectations of her future distinction. + + * * * * * + + +Curious Dial. + + +[Illustration: Curious Dial.] + + +This Dial, which was really no common or vulgar invention, formerly +stood in Privy Garden, Whitehall, at a short distance from Gibbons's +noble brass statue of James II., which, as a waggish friend of ours +said of the horse at Charing Cross, remains in _statu-quo_ to this day. +The Dial was invented by one Francis Hall, alias Line, a Jesuit, and +Professor of Mathematics at Liege, in Germany. It was set up, as the +old books have it, in the year 1669, by order of Charles II.; and in +addition to the parts represented in the cut, the inventer intended to +place a water-dial at each corner, which he had nearly completed when +the original Dial for want of a cover, as he quaintly observes, (which +according to his Majestie's Gracious Order should have been set over it +in the Winter) was much injured by the snow lying frozen upon it. But +there was no chance of obtaining this out of Charles's coffers, and the +Dial soon became useless. Its explanation was, however, considered by +many mathematical men of the period as too valuable to be lost, and the +Professor accordingly printed the description at Liege, in 1673, in +which were plates and diagrams of the several parts. The matter was too +grave for pleasant, anecdotical Pennant, who, speaking of the Dial, in +his _London_, says "the description surpasses my powers:" he refers the +reader to the above work, a "very scarce book" in his time, and we have +been at some pains to obtain the reprint, (London, 1685,) appended to +Holwell's _Clavis Horologiae; or Key to the whole art of Arithmetical +Dialling_, small 4to. 1712.[3] + + + [3] For the loan of which we thank our esteemed correspondent, P.T.W. + + +The whole Dial stood on a stone pedestal, and consisted of six[4] parts, +rising in a pyramidal form, as represented in the Cut. + + + [4] It need hardly be explained that the above is a section, or only + one half of the dial. + + +The base, or first piece, was a table of about 40 inches in diameter, +and 8 or 9 inches thick, in the edge of which were 20 glazed dials, +with the Jewish, Babylonian, Italian, Astronomical, and usual European +methods of counting the hours: they were all vertical or declining +Dials, the style or gnomon being a lion's paw, unicorn's horn, or some +emblem from the royal arms. On the upper part of the Table were 8 +reclining dials, glazed, and showing the hour in different ways--as +by the shade of the style falling upon the hour-lines, the hour-lines +falling on the style, or without any shade of hour-lines or style, &c. +Upon this piece or table stood also 4 globes, cut into planes, with +geographical, astronomical, and astrological dials. From the table also, +east, west, north, and south, were four iron branches supporting glass +bowls, showing the hour by fire, water, air, and earth. + +The second piece of the pyramid was also a round table somewhat less +than the first, with 4 iron supporters, and dials on the edge, showing +the different rising of remarkable stars; the style to each being a +little star painted upon the inside of the glass cover. From this piece +also branched 4 glass bowls to show the hour by a style without a +shadow, a shadow without a style, &c. Upon the upper part of the table +were 8 reclining planes, 4 covered with looking-glass, on which the +hour-lines, or style of a dial being painted, were reflected upon the +bottom inclining planes of the third piece, and there showed the hour. +The other 4 had also dials upon them, which were to be seen in a +looking-glass placed upon the bottom of the third piece. + +The third piece was a large hollow globe, about 24 inches in diameter, +and cut into 26 planes, two of which served for top and bottom. The rest +were divided into 8 equal reclining planes, 8 equal inclining planes, +and 8 equal vertical or upright planes; all of which were hollow. The +incliners were not covered with glass, but left open, so as better to +receive and show the dials reflected from the second piece. Two of the +8 upright planes towards the north had no bottoms, but were covered only +with clear glass, or windows to look into the globe, and thus see the +dials as well within as without the same. The other 6 had not only each +a cover of clear polished glass, with a dial described on them, like +those of the first piece, but had a glass for their bottom; which glass +was thinly painted over white, so that the shade of the hour-lines drawn +upon the cover, might be seen as well within as without the globe. On +these bottom glasses were painted portraits, each holding a sceptre, +or truncheon, the end of which pointed to the hour. Two also of the +recliners towards the north, had only a glass cover, or window to look +into the globe: the other 6 had double glass like the former; their +dials being some upon the cover, others upon the bottom; but all so +contrived, that the hour could only be known by them, by looking within +the globe. From the top of this globe issued 4 iron branches with glass +bowls with dials showing the time according to the several ways of +counting the hours. These bowls were painted inside so as to keep out +the light, except a point left like a star, through which the sun-beams +showed the hour; and the place where the hour-lines were drawn, was only +painted on the outside thinly with white colour, so that the sun-light +passing through the star might be seen, and show the hour. + +The fourth piece stood on the globe, had 4 iron supporters, and was a +table about 20 inches in diameter, and 6 in thickness! The edge was cut +into 12 concave superficies like so many half-cylinders; on each of +which was a dial showing the hour by the shade of a fleur-de-lis fixed +at the top of each half-cylinder. From the top of this table issued +4 iron branches, with glass bowls, like those of the first, second, +and third pieces, though proportionally less. The dials on these bowls +showed only the usual hour, and otherwise differed from the third piece; +here the hour-lines being left clear for the sunbeams to pass through, +that by so passing, they might exhibit the same dial on the opposite +side of the bowl, which was thinly painted white, that the said hours +might be seen, and show the hour by their passing over a little star +painted in the middle. + +The fifth piece likewise upon 4 iron supporters, was a globe of about +12 inches diameter, cut into 14 planes, viz. 8 triangles, equal and +equilateral; and the other 6 were equal squares. The dials on these +planes showed the usual hour by the shade of a fleur-de-lis fastened +to the top or bottom of each plane. + +The last, or top piece of the pyramid, was a glass bowl of 7 inches +diameter, upon a foot of iron. The north side of this piece was thinly +painted over white, that the shade of a little golden ball, placed in +the middle of the bowl, might be seen to pass over the hour-lines which +were drawn upon the white colour, and noted the hour. The bowl was +included between two circles of iron gilt, with a cross on the top. + +Such is a general description of the parts or divisions of this very +curious Dial. To which may be added that the first four pieces had all +their sides covered with little plates of black glass, first cemented to +the said pieces, except those places whereon the dials were drawn; which +being also covered with plates of polished glass, nearly the whole of +the outside of the dial appeared to be glass; the angles or corners +being elegantly gilt, as were in part the iron work of the pyramid, +supporters, branches, styles, &c. + +We have abridged and in part rewritten this explanation from upwards of +six closely-printed 4to. pages. After the general description, in the +original tract, the different sections or parts of the dial, 73 in +number, are still further explained, and illustrated by 17 plates, +besides a vertical section, of which last our Cut is a copy. Perhaps +these details would tire the general reader, and on that account we do +not press them: a few of them, however, may be noticed still further. + +Of these, the _Bowls_ appear to be the most attractive. One on the first +piece, _by fire_ was a little glass bowl filled with clear water. This +bowl was about three inches diameter, placed in the middle of another +sphere, about six inches diameter, consisting of several iron rings or +circles, representing the hour circles in the heavens. The hour was +known by applying the hand to these circles when the sun shone, when +that circle where you felt the hand burnt by the sunbeams passing +through the bowl filled with water, showed the true hour, according +to the verse beneath it: + + + Cratem tange, manusq horam tibi reddet adusta. + + +The phenomenon is thus explained by the Professor: "the parallel rays of +the sun passing through the little bowl, are bent by the density of the +water, into a cone or pyramid, whose vertex reaches a little beyond +those hour circles, and there burns the hand applied; for so many rays +being all united into a point, must needs make an intense heat, which +heat is so powerful in the summer-time, that it will fire a piece of +wood applied to it." + +To many of the Dials were suitable inscriptions as above, and these with +the references must have made the construction of the whole a task of +immense labour. It would be absurd to expect that Charles II. had much +to do with its completion, for he was, in his own estimation, more +pleasantly employed than in watching the flight of time by heavenly +luminaries. His attractions were on earth, where the splendour of +a wicked court and the witchery of bright eyes eclipsed all other +pursuits. Still, the licentious king was not forgotten by the inventer +of the dial. Among the pictures on some of the glasses were portraits of +the king, the two queens, the duke of York, prince Rupert, &c. In the +king's picture, the hour was shown by the shade of the hour-lines +passing over the top of the sceptre--perhaps the only time the royal +trifier ever pointed to so useful an end. Prince Rupert, by his +contributions to science, had a better right to be there; but Charles +was not even grateful enough for the elevation to protect the precious +Dial from rain and snow. + +In the list of subscribers for the reprint of the Tract, occurs "Jacob +Chandler, basket-maker:" in our times this would be considered a knotty +work for any but a professional reader. + + * * * * * + + + + +NOTES OF A READER + + * * * * * + + +HISTORY OF INSECTS. + + +_The Family Library, No. 7. Library of Entertaining Knowledge, Part +6.--Insect Architecture_. + + +At present we can only notice these works as two of the most delightful +volumes that have for some time fallen into our hands, and as possessing +all the merits which characterize the previous portions of the Series. +Our cognizance of them, in a collected form, must rest till the other +half appears; in the meantime a few _flying_ extracts will prove +amusing:-- + + +_Bees without a Queen_. + +These humble creatures cherish their queen, feed her, and provide for +her wants. They live only in her life, and die when she is taken away. +Her absence deprives them of no organ, paralyzes no limb, yet in every +case they neglect all their duties for twenty-four hours. They receive +no stranger queen before the expiration of that time; and if deprived of +the cherished object altogether, they refuse food, and quickly perish. +What, it may be asked, is the physical cause of such devotion? What are +the bonds that chain the little creature to its cell, and force it to +prefer death, to the flowers and the sunshine that invite it to come +forth and live? This is not a solitary instance, in which the Almighty +has made virtues, apparently almost unattainable by us, natural to +animals! For while man has marked, with that praise which great and rare +good actions merit, those few instances in which one human being has +given up his own life for another--the dog, who daily sacrifices himself +for his master, has scarcely found an historian to record his common +virtue.--_Family Library_. + + +_Cleanliness of Bees_. + +Among other virtues possessed by bees, cleanliness is one of the most +marked; they will not suffer the least filth in their abode. It +sometimes happens that an ill-advised slug or ignorant snail chooses to +enter the hive, and has even the audacity to walk over the comb; the +presumptuous and foul intruder is quickly killed, but its gigantic +carcass is not so speedily removed. Unable to transport the corpse +out of their dwelling, and fearing "the noxious smells" arising from +corruption, the bees adopt an efficacious mode of protecting themselves; +they embalm their offensive enemy, by covering him over with propolis; +both Maraldi and Reaumur have seen this. The latter observed that a +snail had entered a hive, and fixed itself to the glass side, just as +it does against walls, until the rain shall invite it to thrust out its +head beyond its shell. The bees, it seemed, did not like the interloper, +and not being able to penetrate the shell with their sting, took a +hint from the snail itself, and instead of covering it all over with +propolis, the cunning economists fixed it immovably, by cementing merely +the edge of the orifice of the shell to the glass with this resin, and +thus it became a prisoner for life, for rain cannot dissolve this +cement, as it does that which the insect itself uses.[5]--_Ibid_. + + + [5] For a notice of the application of this cement to useful + purposes, see No. 396, page 283.--ED. MIRROR. + + +It furnishes a subject of serious consideration, as well as an argument +for a special providence, to know, that the accurate Reaumur, and other +naturalists, have observed, that when any kind of insect has increased +inordinately, their natural enemies have increased in the same +proportion, and thus preserved the balance.--_Ibid_. + + +_Gnats_. + +There are few insects with whose form we are better acquainted than +that of the gnat. It is to be found in all latitudes and climates; as +prolific in the Polar as in the Equatorial regions. In 1736 they were so +numerous, and were seen to rise in such clouds from Salisbury cathedral, +that they looked like columns of smoke, and frightened the people, who +thought the building was on fire. In 1766, they appeared at Oxford, in +the form of a thick black cloud; six columns were observed to ascend the +height of fifty or sixty feet. Their bite was attended with alarming +inflammation. To some appearances of this kind our great poet, Spenser, +alludes, in the following beautiful simile:-- + + + As when a swarm of gnats at eventide, + Out of the fennes of Allan doe arise, + Their murmurring small trumpets sownden wide, + Whiles in the air their clust'ring army flies. + That as a cloud doth seem to dim the skies: + Ne man nor beast may rest or take repast, + For their sharp wounds and noyous injuries, + Till the fierce northern wind, with blustering blast, + Doth blow them quite away, and in the ocean cast. + + +In Lapland, their numbers have been compared to a flight of snow when +the flakes fall thickest, and the minor evil of being nearly suffocated +by smoke is endured to get rid of these little pests. Captain Stedman +says, that he and his soldiers were so tormented by gnats in America, +that they were obliged to dig holes in the ground with their bayonets, +and thrust their heads into them for protection and sleep. Humboldt +states, that "between the little harbour of Higuerote and the mouth +of the Rio-Unare, the wretched inhabitants are accustomed to stretch +themselves on the ground, and pass the night buried in the sand three +or four inches deep, exposing only the head, which they cover with a +handkerchief." + +After enumerating these and other examples of the achievements of the +gnat and musquito tribe, Kirby says, "It is not therefore incredible +that Sapor, King of Persia, should have been compelled to raise the +siege of Nisibis by a plague of gnats, which attacked his elephants and +beasts of burden, and so caused the rout of his army; nor that the +inhabitants of various cities should, by an extraordinary multiplication +of this plague, have been compelled to desert them; nor that, by their +power of doing mischief, like other conquerors who have been the torment +of the human race, they should have attained to fame, and have given +their name to bays, town, and territories." _Ibid_. + + +_Leaf Caterpillars_. + +The design of the caterpillars in rolling up the leaves is not only to +conceal themselves from birds and predatory insects, but also to protect +themselves from the cuckoo-flies, which lie in wait in every quarter to +deposit their eggs in their bodies, that their progeny may devour them. +Their mode of concealment, however, though it appear to be cunningly +contrived and skilfully executed, is not always successful, their +enemies often discovering their hiding place. We happened to see a +remarkable instance of this last summer (1828), in a case of one of the +lilac caterpillars which had changed into a chrysalis within the closely +folded leaf. A small cuckoo-fly, aware, it should seem, of the very spot +where the chrysalis lay within the leaf, was seen boring through it with +her ovipositor, and introducing her eggs through the punctures thus made +into the body of the dormant insect. We allowed her to lay all her eggs, +about six in number, and then put the leaf under an inverted glass. In a +few days the eggs of the cuckoo-fly were hatched, the grubs devoured the +lilac chrysalis, and finally changed into pupae in a case of yellow +silk, and into perfect insects like their parent.--_Library of +Entertaining Knowledge_. + +The last extract, and all in the Library of Entertaining Knowledge +signed J.R. are written by Mr. J. Rennie, whose initials must be +familiar to every reader as attached to some of the most interesting +papers in Mr. Loudon's Magazines. He is a nice observer of Nature, and +one of the most popular writers on her phenomena. + +As we treated the cuts of the last portion of the "Library of +Entertaining Knowledge," rather critically, we are happy to say that +the engravings of insects in the present part make ample amends for all +former imperfections in that branch of the work; some of the pupae, +insects, their nests, &c. are admirably executed, and their selection +is equally judicious and attractive. + + * * * * * + + +SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS. + + +Spirit-drinking appears to have attained a _pretty considerable_ pitch +in America, where, according to the proceedings of the American +Temperance Society, half as many tuns of domestic spirits are annually +produced as of wheat and flour; and in the state of New York, in the +year 1825, there were 2,264 grist-mills, and 1,129 distilleries of +whiskey. In a communication to this society from Philadelphia, it is +calculated, that out of 4,151 deaths in that city in the year 1825, 335 +are attributed solely to the abuse of ardent spirits! + + * * * * * + + +WOOD ENGRAVING. + + +In early life Bewick cut a vignette for the Newcastle newspaper, +from which it is calculated that more than _nine hundred thousand +impressions_ have been worked off; yet the block is still in use, and +not perceptibly impaired. + + * * * * * + + +AUSTRIA. + + +The present Emperor of Austria is a gentle, fatherly old man. We have +heard none of his subjects speak of him with anything but love and +affection. The meanest peasant has access to him; and, except on public +occasions, he leads a simpler life than any nobleman among ourselves. It +is, perhaps, less the emperor than the nobility who govern in Austria, +and less the nobility than Metternich, the prince-pattern of +prime-ministers.--_Foreign Review_. + + * * * * * + + +HANGING. + + +The following letter tends to rectify an error which very generally +prevails, namely, that it costs only thirteen-pence halfpenny to be +hung. It is copied _literatim et verbatim_, from one made out by Mr. +Ketch himself, and proves that a man cannot be hung for so mere a +trifle:-- + + "Silvester. s. d. + Executioner's Fees............ 7 6 + Stripping the Body............ 4 6 + Use of Shell.................. 2 6 + 1813. ______ + Nov. 10. 14 6" + + +_Blackwood's Magazine_. + + * * * * * + + +SCOTTISH POETRY. + + +The passion of the Scots, from whatever race derived, for poetry +and music, developed itself in the earliest stages of their history. +They possessed a wild imagination, a dark and gloomy mythology; they +peopled the caves, the woods, the rivers, and the mountains, with +spirits, elves, giants, and dragons; and are we to wonder that the +Scots, a nation in whose veins the blood of all those remote races is +unquestionably mingled, should, at a very remote period, have evinced +an enthusiastic admiration for song and poetry; that the harper was +to be found amongst the officers who composed the personal state of +the sovereign, and that the country maintained a privileged race of +wandering minstrels, who eagerly seized on the prevailing superstitions +and romantic legends, and wove them in rude, but sometimes very +expressive versification, into their stories and ballads; who were +welcome guests at the gate of every feudal castle, and fondly beloved +by the great body of the people.--_Tytler's History of Scotland_. + + * * * * * + + +TO CONSTANTINOPLE, + +_On approaching the city about sun-rise, from the Sea of Marmora_. + + + A glorious form thy shining city wore, + 'Mid cypress thickets of perennial green, + With minaret and golden dome between, + While thy sea softly kiss'd its grassy shore. + Darting across whose blue expanse was seen + Of sculptured barques and galleys many a score; + Whence noise was none save that of plashing oar; + Nor word was spoke, to break the calm serene. + Unhear'd is whisker'd boatman's hail or joke; + Who, mute as Sinbad's man of copper, rows, + And only intermits the sturdy stroke + When fearless gull too nigh his pinnace goes. + I, hardly conscious if I dream'd or woke, + Mark'd that strange piece of action and repose. + + + * * * * * + + +BERWICK. + + +In the thirteenth century Berwick enjoyed a prosperity, such as threw +every other Scottish port into the shade; the customs of this town, at +the above date, amounted to about one-fourth of all the customs of +England. + + * * * * * + + + + +SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS. + + * * * * * + + +THE LORD MAYORS DAY. + + + "Spirit of Momus! thou'rt wandering wide. + When I would thou wert merrily perch'd by my side, + For I am sorely beset by the _blues_; + Thou fugitive elf! I adjure thee return, + By Fielding's best wig, and the ashes of Sterne, + Appear at the call of my muse." + + It comes, with a laugh on its rubicund face; + Methinks, by the way, it's in pretty good case, + For a spirit unblest with a body; + "On the claret bee's-wing," says the sprite, "I regale; + But I'm ready for all--from Lafitte down to ale, + From Champagne to a tumbler of toddy. + + "Then I'm not over-nice, as at least _you_ must know, + In the rank of my hosts--for the lofty or low + Are alike to the Spirit of Mirth; + I care not a straw with whom I have dined, + Though a family dinner's not much to my mind, + And a proser's a plague upon earth. + + "But where, my dear sprite, for this age have you been? + Have you plunged in the Danube, or danced on the Seine? + Or have taken in Lisbon your station? + Or have flapped over Windsor your butterfly-wings, + O'er its bevy of beauties, and courtiers, and kings-- + The wonders and wits of the nation?" + + "No; of all climes for folly, Old England's the clime; + Of all times for fully, the present's the time; + And my game is so plentiful here, + That all months are the same, from December to May; + I can bag in a minute enough for a day-- + In a day, bag enough for a year. + + "My game-bag has nooks for 'Notes, Sketches, and Journeys,' + By soldiers and sailors, divines and attorneys, + Through landscapes gay, blooming, and briary; + And so, as you seem rather pensive to-night, + To dispel your blue-devils, I'll briefly recite + A specimen-leaf from my diary:-- + +"'THE NINTH OF NOVEMBER. + + "'Through smoke-clouds as dark as a forest of rooks, + The rich contribution of blacksmiths and cooks + From the huge human oven below, + I heard old St. Paul's gaily pealing away; + Thinks I to myself, 'It is Lord Mayor's Day, + So, I'll go down and look at the Show.' + + "'I spread out my pinions, and sprang on my perch-- + 'Twas the dragon on Bow, that odd sign of the church, + The episcopal centre of action; + All Cheapside was crowded with black, brown, and fair, + Like a harlequin's jacket, or French rocquelaire, + A legitimate Cheapside attraction. + + "'Then rung through the tumult a trumpet so shrill, + That it frightened the ladies all down Ludgate Hill, + And the owlets in Ivy Lane; + Then came in their chariots, each face in full blow, + The sheriffs and aldermen, solemn and slow, + All bombazine, bag-wig and chain. + + "'Then came the old tumbril-shaped city machine, + With a Lord Mayor so fat that he made the coach _lean_; + Lord Waithman was scarcely a brighter man; + The wits said the old groaning wagon of state, + Which for ages had carried Lord Mayors of such weight, + To-day would break down with a _lighter man_. + + "'Then proud as a prince, at the head of the band + Rode the city field-marshal, with truncheon in hand, + Though his epaulettes lately are gone; + But he's still fine enough to astonish the cits, + And drive the economists out of their wits, + From Lords Waithman and Wood, to Lord John. + + "'But I now left the pageant--wits, worthies, and all-- + And flew through the smoke to the roof of Guildhall, + And perched on the grand chandelier; + The dinner was stately, the tables were full-- + There sat, multiplied by three thousand, John Bull, + Resolved to make all disappear. + + "'And then came the speeches; Lord Hunter was fine-- + Lord Wood, finer still--Lord Thompson, divine, + The sheriffs were Ciceros a-piece; + Lord Crowther was sick, though he managed to eat + What, if races were feasts, would have won him the plate; + But he tossed off a bumper to Greece. + + "'Then all was enchantment--all hubbub and smiles-- + The wit of Old Jewry, the grace of St. Giles, + The force of the Billingsgate tongue: + Till the eloquent Lord Mayor demanding 'Who malts?'-- + The understood sign for beginning the waltz-- + In a fright through the ceiling I sprung.'" + + +_Monthly Magazine_. + + * * * * * + + +AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A LANDAULET. + +(_Concluded from page 302_.) + + +It happened to be a dull time of year, and for some months my wheels +ceased to be rotatory: I got cold and damp; and the moths found their +way to my inside: one or two persons who came to inspect me declined +becoming purchasers, and peering closely at my panels, said something +about "old scratch." This hurt my feelings, for if my former possessor +was not quite so good as she might have been, it was no fault of mine. + +At length, after a tedious inactivity, I was bought cheap by a young +physician, who having rashly left his provincial patients to set up in +London, took it into his head that nothing could be done there by a +medical man who did not go upon wheels; he therefore hired a house in a +good situation, and then set _me_ up, and bid my vendor put me down in +his bill. + +It is quite astonishing how we flew about the streets and squares, +_acting great practice_; those who knew us by sight must have thought we +had a great deal to do, but we practised nothing but locomotion. Some +medical men thin the population, (so says Slander,) my master thinned +nothing but his horses. They were the only _good jobs_ that came in his +way, and certainly he made the most of them. He was obliged to _feed_ +them, but he was very rarely _feed_ himself. It so happened that nobody +consulted us, and the unavoidable consumption of the family infected my +master's pocket, and his little resources were in a rapid decline. + +Still he kept a good heart; indeed, in one respect, he resembled a +worm displayed in a bottle in a quack's shop window--he was never out of +spirits! He was deeply in debt, and his name was on every body's books, +always excepting the memorandum-books of those who wanted physicians. +Still I was daily turned out, and though nobody called him in, he was to +be seen, sitting very forward, apparently looking over notes supposed +to have been taken after numerous critical cases and eventful +consultations. Our own case was hopeless, our progress was arrested, +an execution was in the house, servants met with their deserts and were +turned off, goods were seized, my master was knocked up, and I was +knocked down for one hundred and twenty pounds. + +Again my beauties blushed for a while unseen; but I was new painted, +and, like some other painted personages, looked, at a distance, almost +as good as new. Fortunately for me, an elderly country curate, just at +this period, was presented with a living, and the new incumbent thought +it incumbent upon him to present his fat lady and his thin daughter with +a leathern convenience. My life was now a rural one, and for ten long +years nothing worth recording happened to me. Slowly and surely did I +creep along green lanes, carried the respectable trio to snug, early, +neighbourly dinners, and was always under lock and key before twelve +o'clock. It must be owned I began to have rather an old-fashioned look; +my body was ridiculously small, and the rector's thin daughter, the +bodkin, or rather packing-needle of the party, sat more forward, and on +a smaller space than bodkins do now-a-days. I was perched up three feet +higher than more modern vehicles, and my two lamps began to look like +little dark lanterns. But my obsoleteness rendered me only more suited +to the service in which I was enlisted. Honest Roger, the red-haired +coachman, would have looked like a clown in a pantomime, in front of a +fashionable equipage; and Simon the footboy, who slouched at my back, +would have been mistaken for an idle urchin surreptitiously enjoying a +ride. But on my unsophisticated dickey and footboard no one could doubt +but that Roger and Simon were in their proper places. The rector died; +of course he had nothing more to do with the _living_, it passed into +other hands; and a clerical income being (alas, that it should be so!) +no inheritance, his relict suddenly plunged in widowhood and poverty, +had the aggravated misery of mourning for a deaf husband, while she was +conscious that the luxuries and almost the necessaries of life were for +ever snatched from herself and her child. + +Again I found myself in London, but my beauty was gone, I had lost the +activity of youth, and when slowly I chanced to creak through Long Acre, +Houlditch, my very parent, who was standing at his door sending forth a +new-born Britska, glanced at me scornfully, and knew me not! I passed on +heavily--I thought of former days of triumph, and there was madness in +the thought I became a _crazy_ vehicle! straw was thrust into my inward +parts, I was numbered among the fallen,--yes, I was now a +hackney-chariot, and my number was one hundred! + +What tongue can tell the degradations I have endured! The persons who +familiarly have _called_ me, the wretches who have sat in me--never can +this be told. Daily I take my stand in the same vile street, and nightly +am I driven to the minor theatres--to oyster-shops--to desperation! + +One day, when empty and unoccupied, I was hailed by two police-officers +who were bearing between them a prisoner. It was the seducer of my +second ill-fated mistress; a first crime had done its usual work, it had +prepared the mind for a second, and a worse: the seducer had done a deed +of deeper guilt, and _I_ bore him one stage towards the gallows. Many +months after, a female called me at midnight: she was decked in tattered +finery, and what with fatigue and recent indulgence in strong liquors, +she was scarcely sensible, but she possessed dim traces of past beauty. +I can say nothing more of her, but that it was the fugitive wife whom I +had borne to Brighton so many years ago. No words of mine could paint +the living warning that I beheld. What had been the sorrows of unmerited +desertion and unkindness supported by conscious rectitude, compared with +the degraded guilt, the hopeless anguish, that I then saw? + +I regret to say, I was last month nigh committing manslaughter; I broke +down in the Strand and dislocated the shoulder of a rich old maid. +I cannot help thinking that she deserved the visitation, for, as she +stepped into me in Oxford Street, she exclaimed, loud enough to be heard +by all neighbouring pedestrians, "Dear me! how dirty! I never was in +a hackney conveyance before!"--though I well remembered having been +favoured with her company very often. A medical gentleman happened to be +passing at the moment of our fall; it was my old medical master. He set +the shoulder, and so skilfully did he manage his patient, that he is +about to be married to the rich invalid, who will shoulder him into +prosperity at last. + +I last night was the bearer of a real party of pleasure to Astley's:--a +bride and bridegroom, with the mother of the bride. It was the widow of +the old rector, whose thin daughter (by the by she is fattening fast) +has had the luck to marry the only son of a merchant well to do in the +world. + +The voice suddenly ceased!--I awoke--the door was opened, the steps let +down--I paid the coachman double the amount of his fare, and in future, +whenever I stand in need of a jarvey, I shall certainly make a point of +calling for number One Hundred. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE GATHERER + + + "A snapper-up of unconsidered trifles." +SHAKSPEARE. + + * * * * * + + +BELL.--THE CRY OF THE DEER SO CALLED. + + +I am glad of an opportunity to describe the cry of the deer by another +name than _braying_, although the latter has been sanctioned by the use +of the Scottish metrical translation of the Psalms. Bell seems to be an +abbreviation of the word _bellow_. This sylvan sound conveyed great +delight to our ancestors chiefly, I suppose, from association. A gentle +knight in the reign of Henry VIII., Sir Thomas Wortley, built Wantley +Lodge, Warncliffe Forest, for the purpose, as the ancient inscription +testifies, of "Listening to the Harts' Bell." + +C.K.W. + + * * * * * + + +THE CURSE OF SCOTLAND. + + +The origin of the nine of diamonds being called the Curse of Scotland +is not generally known. It arose from the following circumstance:--The +night before the battle of Culloden, the Duke of Cumberland thought +proper to send orders to General Campbell not to give quarter; and this +order being despatched in much haste, was written on a card. This card +happened to be the nine of diamonds, from which circumstance it got the +appellation above named. + +W.M. + + * * * * * + + +POLITICAL PUNS. + + +Among the many expedients resorted to by the depressed party in a state +to indulge their sentiments safely, and probably at the same time, +according to situation, to sound those of their companions, puns and +other quibbles have been of notable service. The following is worthy of +notice:--The cavaliers during Cromwell's usurpation, usually put a crumb +of bread into a glass of wine, and before they drank it, would exclaim +with cautious ambiguity, "God send this Crum well down!" A royalist +divine also, during the Protectorate, did not scruple to quibble in the +following prayer, which he was accustomed to deliver:--"O Lord, who +hast put a sword into the hand of thy servant, Oliver, _put it into his +heart_ ALSO--to do according to thy word." He would drop his voice at +the word also, and, after a significant pause, repeat the concluding +sentence in an under tone. + +W.M. + +_Erratum_ at page 306.--For _Hemiptetera_ read HEMIPTERA. + + * * * * * + + + + +ANNUALS FOR 1830. + + +With No. 398 was published a SUPPLEMENT, containing the first portion of +the SPIRIT OF THE ANNUALS, with a splendid Engraving of the CITY OF +VERONA, and Notices of the _Gem_, _Literary Souvenir_, _Friendship's +Offering_, and _Amulet_. + + * * * * * + +LIMBIRD'S EDITION OF THE +_Following Novels is already Published:_ + + s. d. + Mackenzie's Man of Feeling 0 6 + Paul and Virginia 0 6 + The Castle of Otranto 0 6 + Almoran and Hamet 0 6 + Elizabeth, or the Exiles of Siberia 0 6 + The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne 0 6 + Rasselas 0 8 + The Old English Baron 0 8 + Nature and Art 0 8 + Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield 0 10 + Sicilian Romance 1 0 + The Man of the World 1 0 + A Simple Story 1 4 + Joseph Andrews 1 6 + Humphry Clinker 1 8 + The Romance of the Forest 1 8 + The Italian 2 0 + Zeluco, by Dr Moore 2 6 + Edward, by Dr Moore 2 6 + Roderick Random 2 6 + The Mysteries of Udolpho 3 6 + Peregrine Pickle 4 6 + + * * * * * + +_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD 143, Strand, (near Somerset House,) +London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; and by all +Newsmen and Booksellers_. + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, +AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 14, ISSUE 400, NOVEMBER 21, 1829*** + + +******* This file should be named 11446.txt or 11446.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/4/4/11446 + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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