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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11446 ***
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 11446-h.htm or 11446-h.zip:
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/4/4/11446/11446-h/11446-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/4/4/11446/11446-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL 14, NO. 400.] SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 21, 1829. [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+The Limoeiro, at Lisbon.
+
+
+[Illustration: The Limoeiro, at Lisbon.]
+
+
+Locks, bolts, and bars! what have we here?--a view of the _Limoeiro, or
+common jail_, at Lisbon, whose horrors, without the fear of Don Miguel
+in our hearts, we will endeavour to describe, though lightly--merely in
+outline,--since nothing can be more disagreeable than the filling in.
+
+For this purpose we might quote ourselves, i.e. one of our
+correspondents,[1] or a host of travellers and residents in the
+Portuguese capital; but we give preference to Mr. W. Young, who has
+borne much of the hard fare of the prison, and can accordingly speak
+more fully of its accommodations and privations. Mr. Young is an
+Englishman, who married a Portuguese lady in Leiria, and resided for
+several years in that town. He was arrested in May, 1828, on suspicion
+of disaffection towards Don Miguel's government: nothing appears to have
+been proved against him, and after having suffered much disagreeable
+treatment in different jails in Leiria and Lisbon, he was discharged
+in the following September, on condition of leaving the country. He
+returned to England, and lost no time in publishing a volume entitled
+"Portugal in 1828;" with "A Narrative of the Author's Residence there
+and of his persecution and confinement as a state prisoner."
+
+
+    [1] See "Portuguese Prisons," MIRROR, vol. xii, p. 99.
+
+
+The prison, says Mr. Young, stands on the highest ground in St. George's
+Castle, and is the first building on the south side toward the Tagus.
+Near the entrance it is divided internally as follows below:--_Saletta_
+(the small hall;) _Salla Livre_ (free hall,) so called, because visiters
+are allowed to go in to see their friends, except when the jailer or
+intendant orders otherwise; _Salla Fechado_ (the hall shut,) so called,
+because no communication is allowed with the prisoners in that hall;
+_Enchovia_ (the common prison,) where thieves, murderers, and vagabonds
+of every description are confined. This last receptacle is a horrid
+place; and is often made use of as a punishment for prisoners from other
+parts of the gaol. Hither they are sent when they commit any offence,
+for as many days as the jailer may think proper, and are often put in
+irons during that time.
+
+Besides these different prisons on the ground floor, there are eight
+dungeons in a line, all nearly alike in shape and size; but some are
+superior to others as to light and air: and in proportion to the degree
+they wish to annoy the unfortunate victim, so are these dungeons used.
+A few dollars never fail to procure a better light and air when properly
+applied.
+
+Three of these dungeons are about six feet higher than the other five.
+There is a corridor in the front of them, which is always shut up when
+any one is confined in them, so that no one can ever approach the door
+of a dungeon. And to make this a matter of certainty, whenever the
+jailer or officers of the prison carry prisoners their food, they lock
+the door of the corridor before they open that of the dungeon.
+
+The first of the lower five of these dungeons is in the passage leading
+from, the _Salla Livre_, and next door to the privy of the prison; so
+that it is never used as a secret dungeon. The lower four are enclosed
+as those above, and are much darker than that in the passage. This
+latter is claimed by the book-keeper as his property, and I hired it
+of him to sleep in, and to be alone when I wished to be so.
+
+The dungeons are all bomb proof, and over them is a terrace thickly
+formed of brick and stone; still I could distinctly hear the sentry
+walking over my head when all was quiet at night.
+
+The walls of these cells are about six feet thick, with bars inside and
+out; the bars in the windows are three inches square, making twelve
+inches in circumference, and being crossed they form squares of about
+eight inches; the windows differ very much in size, some not being half
+so large as others.
+
+Besides these double bars, there is a shutter immensely strong and
+close, so that when shut, light is totally excluded; the iron door has a
+strong bolt and lock, and outside of this there is a strong wooden door;
+in the front of the windows, and about six feet from them, there is a
+high wall; so that in the best of these dungeons, there is only a
+reflected light.
+
+These are all the prisons on the ground floor, and when full (which they
+too often are) the wretched prisoners are forced to lie at night in two
+rows, with their feet to the wall, and their heads to the middle of the
+room; this position they adopt on account of the cold and damp of the
+stone walls; they touch each other, and the floor is completely covered.
+Nay, at times, so full is the gaol, that they are obliged to lie on the
+corridors, and even on the steps.
+
+The Saletta will hold forty prisoners, the Salla Livre more than sixty,
+the Salla Fechado one hundred, and the Enchovia, near one hundred and
+forty. When one prison becomes too full, they remove some of the victims
+to another, or send them to the forts, or on board the ships in the
+river.
+
+The first floor is divided into two parts, officers' rooms, and the
+Sallao, (saloon or large hall.) This hall will hold about 150 persons,
+when full. Besides the Sallao and officers' rooms on the first floor,
+there is a room set apart for questioning people who are in the
+dungeons. This room has an entrance from the street, and another through
+a passage from the dungeons, as well as one from the officers' rooms.
+
+The magistrate and his clerk enter from the street, and no one in the
+prison sees them. The prisoner is taken up stairs from the dungeon, and
+the jailer or book-keeper enters from the officers' apartments. Every
+thing is done in the most secret manner. If they cannot cause the
+prisoner to commit himself, by confessing to the offence with which he
+is charged, they send him back again to the dungeon.
+
+The gaol of St. George's has a second floor tier of offices; but that
+belongs to the governor and jailer; there are no prisoners above the
+ground and the first floor.
+
+None of the authorities ever inquire whether he has any means of
+subsistence; there is neither bed blanket, nor even straw, unless the
+prisoner can buy it, and then he must pay the guards to let it pass to
+him.
+
+Amongst the many thousands of unfortunate beings who are now confined
+in Portugal, great numbers of them are without money or any other means
+of subsistence; and were it not for the charity of people in general,
+starvation would necessarily ensue.
+
+The only authorities employed about the prison are a jailer, secretary,
+and eight guards; of the latter three are always on duty; one of them
+being stationed at the first iron gate at the entrance of the prison,
+another at the second gate, and a third to attend the interior, each
+with a bunch of keys in his hand, which serve for nearly all the doors.
+The guards are relieved every night at nine o'clock, when, the man
+who is posted at the outer door carries a strong iron rod (_see the
+Engraving_) with which he strikes every bar in the windows and gates of
+the gaol; and if any one of them does not vibrate, or ring, he carefully
+inspects it to ascertain whether it has been cut with a saw, or corroded
+by any strong acid. This dismal music lasts an hour. The whole expense
+of the prison to government does not exceed 16_s_. per day, and the few
+officers and guards, when Mr. Young was there, manage upwards of four
+hundred prisoners. He was confined from June 16, to September 7, and his
+account of the myriads of bugs, rats, mice, and other vermin is truly
+disgusting. The reader will however readily credit this report when he
+has been told of the revolting state of the city itself. Mrs. Baillie,
+in her recent _Letters on Lisbon_, says, "for three miles round Lisbon
+in every direction, you cannot for a moment get clear of the disgusting
+effluvia that issue from every house." Doctor Southey says "every kind
+of vermin that exists to punish the nastiness and indolence of man,
+multiplies in the heat and dirt of Lisbon. In addition to mosquitoes,
+the scolopendra is not uncommonly found here, and snakes sometimes
+intrude into the bedchamber. A small species of red ant likewise swarms
+over every thing sweet, and the Portuguese remedy is to send for the
+priest to exorcise them." The city is still subject to shocks of
+earthquake; the state of the police is horrible; street-robbery is
+common, and every thief is an assassin. The pocket-knife, which the
+French troops are said to have dreaded more than all the bayonets of
+either the Spanish or the Portuguese, is here the ready weapon of the
+assassin; and the Tagus receives many a corpse on which no inquest ever
+sits. The morals, in fact, of all classes in Lisbon appear to be in a
+dreadful state.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE CARD.
+
+A  TALE  OF  TRUTH.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+  Young Lady Giddygad, came down
+  From spending half a year in town,
+  With cranium full of balls and plays,
+  Routs, fĂȘtes, and fashionable ways,
+  Caus'd in her country-town, so quiet,
+  Unus'd to modish din and riot,
+  No small confusion and amaze,
+  "Quite a sensation," is the phrase,
+  Like that, which puss, or pug, may feel
+  When rous'd from slumber by your heel,
+  Or drowsy ass, at rider's knock,
+  Or----should you term him block;
+  Quoi qu'il en soit, first, gossips gape,
+  Then envy, scandalize, and ape!
+  Quoth Mrs. Thrifty: "Nancy, dear,
+  My Lady sends out cards I hear,
+  With, I suppose, 'tis now polite,
+  Merely 'At Home,' on such a night,
+  Now child, altho' I dare not say
+  We can afford to be so gay,
+  We're as well born as Lady G----
+  And may be, as well bred as she!
+  That is, quite in a sober way
+  So as we've nothing more to pay:
+  For instance, when folks choose to come,
+  And I don't choose to be 'At Home,'
+  I'll have a notice stuck, you know,
+  On the hall door, to tell them so:
+  'Twill save our Rachel's legs you see,
+  And soon the top will copy me!
+  But, Nancy, d'ye hear, now write
+  That I'm 'At Home' on Thursday night;
+  'Tis a good fashion, for 'tis what
+  Most fashions in this age are not
+  A saving one: ah, prithee think,
+  How it saves time, and quills, and ink!"
+  So, duteous Nancy seiz'd a pen,
+  To ladies, and to gentlemen
+  Sent quickly out the cards; as quick
+  Came one again: "Poh! fiddlestick
+  An answer, yes?--come, let me see,
+  My spectacles!" cried Mistress T----
+  "Hum--Mrs. Thrifty,--Thursday night--'At
+  Home'--oh malice! fiendish spite,"
+  (Quoth the good dame in furious ire,
+  Whilst the card, fed the greedy fire)
+  "No, never, never, will I strive
+  To be genteel, as I'm alive,
+  Beneath my own 'At Home' was cramm'd,
+  There stay, good madam, and be d--d!"[2]
+
+
+M.L.B.
+
+    [2] A fact.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+MAHOMET THE GREAT AND HIS MISTRESS.
+
+_An Anecdote_.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+After the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, in the year 1453,
+several captives, distinguished either for their rank or their beauty,
+were presented to the victorious Mahomet the Great. Irene, a most
+beautiful Greek lady, was one of those unfortunate captives. The emperor
+was so delighted with her person, that he dedicated himself wholly to
+her embraces, spending day and night in her company, and neglected his
+most pressing affairs. His officers, especially the Janissaries, were
+extremely exasperated at his conduct; and loudly exclaimed against their
+degenerate and _effeminate_ prince, as they were then pleased to call
+him. Mustapha Bassa, who had been brought up with the emperor from a
+child, presuming upon his great interest, took an opportunity to lay
+before his sovereign the bad consequences which would inevitably ensue
+should he longer persevere in that unmanly and base course of life.
+Mahomet, provoked at the Bassa's insolence, told him that he deserved to
+die; but that he would pardon him in consideration of former services.
+He then commanded him to assemble all the principal officers and
+captains in the great hall of his palace the next day, to attend his
+royal pleasure. Mustapha did as he was directed; and the next day the
+sultan understanding that the Bassas and other officers awaited him,
+entered the hall, with the charming Greek, who was delicately dressed
+and adorned. Looking sternly around him, the Sultan demanded, _which of
+them_, _possessing so fair an object_, _could be contented to relinquish
+it_? Being dazzled with the Christian's beauty, they unanimously
+answered, that they highly commended his happy choice, and censured
+themselves for having found fault with so much worth. The emperor
+replied, that he would presently show them how much they had been
+deceived in him, for that no earthly pleasure should so far bereave him
+of his senses, or blind his understanding, as to make him forget his
+duty in the high calling wherein he was placed. So saying, he caught
+Irene by the hair of her head, which he instantly severed from her body
+with his scimitar.
+
+G.W.N.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Select Biography.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+JUVENILE POETESS.
+
+
+MEMOIR OF LUCRETIA DAVIDSON,
+
+_Who died at Plattsburgh, N.Y., August 27, 1825, aged sixteen years and
+eleven months_.
+
+[We hardly know how to give our readers an idea of the intense interest
+which this biographical sketch has excited in our mind; but we are
+persuaded they will thank us for adopting it in our columns. The details
+are somewhat abridged from No. LXXXII. of the _Quarterly Review_, (just
+published), where they appear in the first article, headed "Amir Khan,
+and other Poems: the remains of Lucretia Maria Davidson," &c., published
+at New York, in the present year. Prefixed to these "remains" is a
+biographical sketch, which forms the basis of the present memoir, and
+from the Poems are selected the few specimens with which it is
+illustrated.--ED.]
+
+Lucretia Maria Davidson was born September 27, 1808, at Plattsburgh, on
+Lake Champlain. She was the second daughter of Dr. Oliver Davidson, and
+Magaret his wife. Her parents were in straitened circumstances, and
+it was necessary, from an early age, that much of her time should be
+devoted to domestic employments: for these she had no inclination, but
+she performed them with that alacrity which always accompanies good
+will; and, when her work was done, retired to enjoy those intellectual
+and imaginative, pursuits in which her whole heart was engaged. This
+predilection for studious retirement she is said to have manifested at
+the early age of four years. Reports, and even recollections of this
+kind, are to be received, the one with some distrust, the other with
+some allowance; but when that allowance is made, the genius of this
+child still appears to have been as precocious as it was extraordinary.
+Instead of playing with her schoolmates, she generally got to some
+secluded place, with her little books, and with pen, ink, and paper;
+and the consumption which she made of paper was such as to excite the
+curiosity of her parents, from whom she kept secret the use to which she
+applied it. If any one came upon her retirement, she would conceal or
+hastily destroy what she was employed upon; and, instead of satisfying
+the inquiries of her father and mother, replied to them only by tears.
+The mother, at length, when searching for something in a dark and
+unfrequented closet, found a considerable number of little books, made
+of this writing-paper, and filled with rude drawings, and with strange
+and apparently illegible characters, which, however, were at once seen
+to be the child's work. Upon closer inspection, the characters were
+found to consist of the printed alphabet; some of the letters being
+formed backwards, some sideways, and there being no spaces between the
+words. These writings were deciphered, not without much difficulty; and
+it then appeared that they consisted of regular verses, generally in
+explanation of a rude drawing, sketched on the opposite page. When
+she found that her treasures had been discovered, she was greatly
+distressed, and could not be pacified till they were restored; and as
+soon as they were in her possession, she took the first opportunity of
+secretly burning them.
+
+These books having thus been destroyed, the earliest remaining specimen
+of her verse is an epitaph, composed in her ninth year, upon an
+unfledged robin, killed in the attempt at rearing it. When she was
+eleven years of age, her father took her to see the decorations of a
+room in which Washington's birthday was to be celebrated. Neither the
+novelty nor the gaiety of what she saw attracted her attention; she
+thought of Washington alone, whose life she had read, and for whom she
+entertained the proper feelings of an American; and as soon as she
+returned home, she took paper, sketched a funeral urn, and wrote under
+it a few stanzas, which were shown to her friends. Common as the talent
+of versifying is, any early manifestation of it will always be regarded
+as extraordinary by those who possess it not themselves; and these
+verses, though no otherwise remarkable, were deemed so surprising for
+a child of her age, that an aunt of hers could not believe they were
+original, and hinted that they might have been copied. The child wept
+at this suspicion, as if her heart would break; but as soon as she
+recovered from that fit of indignant grief, she indited a remonstrance
+to her aunt, in verse, which put an end to such incredulity.
+
+We are told that, before she was twelve years of age, she had read most
+of the standard English poets--a vague term, excluding, no doubt, much
+that is of real worth, and including more that is worth little or
+nothing, and yet implying a wholesome course of reading for such a mind.
+Much history she had also read, both sacred and profane; "the whole
+of Shakspeare's, Kotzebue's, and Goldsmith's dramatic works;" (oddly
+consorted names!) "and many of the popular novels and romances of the
+day:" of the latter, she threw aside at once those which at first sight
+appeared worthless. This girl is said to have observed every thing:
+"frequently she has been known to watch the storm, and the retiring
+clouds, and the rainbow, and the setting sun, for hours."
+
+An English reader is not prepared to hear of distress arising from
+straitened circumstances in America--the land of promise, where there is
+room enough for all, and employment for every body. Yet even in that new
+country, man, it appears, is born not only to those ills which flesh is
+heir to, but to those which are entailed upon him by the institutions of
+society. Lucretia's mother was confined by illness to her room and bed
+for many months; and this child, then about twelve years old, instead
+of profiting under her mother's care, had in a certain degree to supply
+her place in the business of the family, and to attend, which she did
+dutifully and devotedly, to her sick bed. At this time, a gentleman who
+had heard much of her verses, and expressed a wish to see some of them,
+was so much gratified on perusing them, that he sent her a complimentary
+note, enclosing a bank-bill for twenty dollars. The girl's first joyful
+thought was that she had now the means, which she had so often longed
+for, of increasing her little stock of books; but, looking towards the
+sick bed, tears came in her eyes, and she instantly put the bill into
+her father's hands, saying, "Take it, father; it will buy many comforts
+for mother; I can do without the books."
+
+There were friends, as they are called, who remonstrated with her
+parents on the course they were pursuing in her education, and advised
+that she should be deprived of books, pen, ink, and paper, and
+rigorously confined to domestic concerns. Her parents loved her both
+too wisely and too well to be guided by such counsellors, and they
+anxiously kept the advice secret from Lucretia, lest it should wound her
+feelings--perhaps, also, lest it should give her, as it properly might,
+a rooted dislike to these misjudging and unfeeling persons. But she
+discovered it by accident, and without declaring any such intention,
+she gave up her pen and her books, and applied herself exclusively to
+household business, for several months, till her body as well as her
+spirits failed. She became emaciated, her countenance bore marks of deep
+dejection, and often, while actively employed in domestic duties, she
+could neither restrain nor conceal her tears. The mother seems to have
+been slower in perceiving this than she would have been had it not been
+for her own state of confinement; she noticed it at length, and said,
+"Lucretia, it is a long time since you have written any thing." The girl
+then burst into tears, and replied, "O mother, I have given that up long
+ago." "But why?" said her mother. After much emotion, she answered,
+"I am convinced from what my friends have said, and from what I see,
+that I have done wrong in pursuing the course I have. I well know the
+circumstances of the family are such, that it requires the united
+efforts of every member to sustain it; and since my eldest sister is now
+gone, it becomes my duty to do every thing in my power to lighten the
+cares of my parents." On this occasion, Mrs. Davidson acted with equal
+discretion and tenderness; she advised her to take a middle course,
+neither to forsake her favourite pursuits, nor devote herself to them,
+but use them in that wholesome alternation with the every day business
+of the world, which is alike salutary for the body and the mind. She
+therefore occasionally resumed her pen, and seemed comparatively happy.
+
+How the encouragement which she received operated may be seen in some
+lines, not otherwise worthy of preservation than for the purpose of
+showing how the promises of reward affect a mind like hers. They were
+written in her thirteenth year.
+
+
+  Whene'er the muse pleases to grace my dull page,
+  At the sight of _reward_, she flies off in a rage;
+  Prayers, threats, and intreaties I frequently try,
+  But she leaves me to scribble, to fret, and to sigh
+
+  She torments me each moment, and bids me go write,
+  And when I obey her she laughs at the sight;
+  The rhyme will not jingle, the verse has no sense,
+  And against all her insults I have no defence.
+
+  I advise all my friends who wish me to write,
+  To keep their rewards and their gifts from my sight,
+  So that jealous Miss Muse won't be wounded in pride,
+  Nor Pegasus rear till I've taken my ride.
+
+
+Let not the hasty reader conclude from these rhymes that Lucretia was
+only what any child of early cleverness might be made by forcing and
+injudicious admiration. In our own language, except in the cases of
+Chatterton and Kirke White, we can call to mind no instance of so early,
+so ardent, and so fatal a pursuit of intellectual advancement.
+
+"She composed with great rapidity; as fast as most persons usually copy.
+There are several instances of four or five pieces on different
+subjects, and containing three or four stanzas each, written on the
+same day. Her thoughts flowed so rapidly, that she often expressed the
+wish that she had two pair of hands, that she might employ them to
+transcribe. When 'in the vein,' she would write standing, and be wholly
+abstracted from the company present and their conversation. But if
+composing a piece of some length, she wished to be entirely alone; she
+shut herself into her room, darkened the windows, and in summer placed
+her Aeolian harp in the window:" (thus by artificial excitement, feeding
+the fire that consumed her.) "In those pieces on which she bestowed more
+than ordinary pains, she was very secret; and if they were, by any
+accident, discovered in their unfinished state, she seldom completed
+them, and often destroyed them. She cared little for any of her works
+after they were completed: some, indeed, she preserved with care for
+future correction, but a great proportion she destroyed: very many that
+are preserved, were rescued from the flames by her mother. Of a complete
+poem, in five cantos, called 'Rodri,' and composed when she was thirteen
+years of age, a single canto, and part of another, are all that are
+saved from a destruction which she supposed had obliterated every
+vestige of it."
+
+She was often in danger, when walking, from carriages, &c., in
+consequence of her absence of mind. When engaged in a poem of some
+length, she has often forgotten her meals. A single incident,
+illustrating this trait in her character, is worth relating:--She went
+out early one morning to visit a neighbour, promising to be at home to
+dinner. The neighbour being absent, she requested to be shown into the
+library. There she became so absorbed in her book, standing, with her
+bonnet unremoved, that the darkness of the coming night first reminded
+her she had forgotten her meals, and expended the entire day in reading.
+
+She was peculiarly sensitive to music. There was one song (it was
+Moore's Farewell to his Harp) to which she "took a special fancy;" she
+wished to hear it only at twilight--thus, with that same perilous love
+of excitement which made her place the windharp in the window when she
+was composing, seeking to increase the effect which the song produced
+upon a nervous system, already diseasedly susceptible; for it is said,
+that whenever she heard this song she became cold, pale, and almost
+fainting; yet it was her favourite of all songs, and gave occasion to
+these verses, addressed, in her fifteenth year, to her sister.
+
+
+  When evening spreads her shades around,
+    And darkness fills the arch of heaven;
+  When not a murmur, not a sound
+    To Fancy's sportive ear is given;
+
+  When the broad orb of heaven is bright,
+    And looks around with golden eye;
+  When Nature, softened by her light.
+    Seems calmly, solemnly to lie;
+
+  Then, when our thoughts are raised above
+    This world, and all this world can give,
+  Oh, Sister! sing the song I love,
+    And tears of gratitude receive.
+
+  The song which thrills my bosom's core,
+    And, hovering, trembles half afraid,
+  Oh, Sister! sing the song once more,
+    Which ne'er for mortal ear was made.
+
+  'Twere almost sacrilege to sing
+    Those notes amid the glare of day;
+  Notes borne by angels' purest wing,
+    And wafted by their breath away.
+
+  When, sleeping in my grass-grown bed,
+    Shouldst thou still linger here above,
+  Wilt thou not kneel beside my head,
+    And, Sister! sing the song I love?
+
+
+To young readers it might be useful to observe, that these verses in one
+place approach the verge of meaning, but are on the wrong side of the
+line: to none can it be necessary to say, that they breathe the deep
+feeling of a mind essentially poetical.
+
+"Her desire of knowledge increased as she grew more capable of
+appreciating its worth;" and she appreciated much beyond its real worth
+the advantages which girls derive from the ordinary course of female
+education. "Oh!" she said one day to her mother, "that I only possessed
+half the means of improvement which I see others slighting! I should
+be the happiest of the happy." A youth whom nature has endowed with
+diligence and a studious disposition has, indeed, too much reason to
+regret the want of that classical education which is wasted upon the
+far greater number of those on whom it is bestowed; but, for a girl who
+displays a promise of genius like Lucretia, and who has at hand the
+Bible and the best poets in her own language, no other assistance can be
+needed in her progress than a supply of such books as may store her mind
+with knowledge. Lucretia's desire of knowledge was a passion which
+possessed her like a disease. "I am now sixteen years old," she said,
+"and what do I know? Nothing!--nothing, compared with what I have yet
+to learn. Time is rapidly passing by: that time usually allotted to the
+improvement of youth; and how dark are my prospects in regard to this
+favourite wish of my heart!" At another time she said--"How much there
+is yet to learn!--If I could only grasp it at once!"
+
+In October 1824, when she had just entered upon her seventeenth year, a
+gentleman, then on a visit at Plattsburgh, saw some of her verses--was
+made acquainted with her ardent desire for education, and with the
+circumstances in which she was placed; and he immediately resolved to
+afford her every advantage which the best schools in the country could
+furnish. This gentleman has probably chosen to have his name withheld,
+being more willing to act benevolently than to have his good deeds
+blazoned; and yet, stranger as he needs must be, there are many English
+readers to whom it would have been gratifying, could they have given to
+such a person "a local habitation and a name." When Lucretia was made
+acquainted with his intention, the joy was almost greater than she could
+bear. As soon as preparations could be made, she left home, and was
+placed at the "Troy Female Seminary," under the instruction of Mrs.
+Willard. There she had all the advantages for which she had hungered and
+thirsted; and, like one who had long hungered and thirsted, she devoured
+them with fatal eagerness. Her application was incessant; and its
+effects on her constitution, already somewhat debilitated by previous
+disease, became apparent in increased nervous sensibility. Her letters
+at this time exhibit the two extremes of feeling in a marked degree.
+They abound in the most sprightly or most gloomy speculations, bright
+hopes and lively fancies, or despairing fears and gloomy forebodings. In
+one of her letters from this seminary, she writes thus to her mother: "I
+hope you will feel no uneasiness as to my health or happiness; for, save
+the thoughts of my dear mother and her lonely life, and the idea that my
+dear father is slaving himself, and wearing out his very life, to earn a
+subsistence for his family--save these thoughts (and I can assure you,
+mother, they come not seldom), I am happy. Oh! how often I think, if
+I could have but one-half the means I now expend, and be at liberty to
+divide that with mamma, how happy I should be!--cheer up and keep good
+courage." In another, she says: "Oh! I am so happy, so contented now,
+that every unusual movement startles me. I am constantly afraid that
+something will happen to mar it." Again, she says: "I hope the
+expectations of my friends will not be disappointed: but I am afraid you
+all calculate upon _too much_. I hope not, for I am not capable of much.
+I can study and be industrious; but I fear I shall not equal the hopes
+which you say are raised." The story of Kirke White should operate not
+more as an example than a warning; but the example is followed and the
+warning overlooked. Stimulants are administered to minds which are
+already in a state of feverish excitement. Hotbeds and glasses are used
+for plants which can only acquire strength in the shade; and they are
+drenched with instruction, which ought "to drop as the rain, and distil
+as the dew--as the small rain upon the tender herb, and as the shower
+upon the grass."
+
+During the vacation, in which she returned home, she had a serious
+illness, which left her feeble and more sensitive than ever. On her
+recovery she was placed at the school of Miss Gilbert, in Albany; and
+there, in a short time, a more alarming illness brought her to the very
+borders of the grave. Before she entered upon her intemperate course of
+application at Troy, her verses show that she felt a want of joyous and
+healthy feeling--a sense of decay. Thus she wrote to a friend, who had
+not seen her since her childhood:--
+
+
+  And thou hast mark'd in childhood's hour
+    The fearless boundings of my breast,
+  When fresh as summer's opening flower,
+    I freely frolick'd and was blest.
+
+  Oh say, was not this eye more bright?
+    Were not these lips more wont to smile?
+  Methinks that then my heart was light,
+    And I a fearless, joyous child
+
+  And thou didst mark me gay and wild,
+    My careless, reckless laugh of mirth:
+  The simple pleasures of a child,
+    The holiday of man on earth.
+
+  Then thou hast seen me in that hour,
+    When every nerve of life was new,
+  When pleasures fann'd youth's infant flower,
+    And Hope her witcheries round it threw.
+
+  That hour is fading; it has fled;
+    And I am left in darkness now,
+  A wanderer tow'rds a lowly bed,
+    The grave, that home of all below.
+
+
+Young poets often affect a melancholy strain, and none more frequently
+put on a sad and sentimental mood in verse than those who are as happy
+as an utter want of feeling for any body but themselves can make them.
+But in these verses the feeling was sincere and ominous. Miss Davidson
+recovered from her illness at Albany so far only as to be able to
+perform the journey back to Plattsburgh, under her poor mother's care.
+"The hectic flush of her cheek told but too plainly that a fatal disease
+had fastened upon her constitution, and must ere long inevitably
+triumph." She however dreaded something worse than death, and while
+confined to her bed, wrote these unfinished lines, the last that were
+ever traced by her indefatigable hand, expressing her fear of madness.
+
+
+  There is a something which I dread,
+    It is a dark, a fearful thing;
+  It steals along with withering tread.
+    Or sweeps on wild destruction's wing.
+
+  That thought comes o'er me in the hour,
+    Of grief, of sickness, or of sadness;
+  'Tis not the dread of death,--'tis more,
+    It is the dread of madness.
+
+  Oh, may these throbbing pulses pause
+    Forgetful of their feverish course;
+  May this hot brain, which burning, glows,
+    With all a fiery whirlpool's force,
+
+  Be cold, and motionless, and still
+    A tenant of its lowly bed;
+  But let not dark delirium steal--
+
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+The stanzas with which Kirke White's fragment of the "Christiad"
+concludes, are not so painful as these lines. Had this however been more
+than a transient feeling, it would have produced the calamity which it
+dreaded: it is likely, indeed, that her early death was a dispensation
+of mercy, and saved her from the severest of all earthly inflictions;
+and that same merciful Providence which removed her to a better state of
+existence, made these apprehensions give way to a hope and expectation
+of recovery, which, vain as it was, cheered some of her last hours. When
+she was forbidden to read it was a pleasure to her to handle the books
+which composed her little library, and which she loved so dearly. "She
+frequently took them up and kissed them; and at length requested them to
+be placed at the foot of her bed, where she might constantly see them,"
+and anticipating a revival which was not to be, of the delight she
+should feel in reperusing them, she said often to her mother, "what a
+feast I shall have by-and-bye." How these words must have gone to that
+poor mother's heart, they only can understand who have heard such like
+anticipations of recovery from a dear child, and not been able, even
+whilst hoping against hope, to partake them.
+
+When sensible at length of her approaching dissolution, she looked
+forward to it without alarm; not alone in that peaceful state of mind
+which is the proper reward of innocence, but in reliance on the divine
+promises, and in hope of salvation through the merits of our blessed
+Lord and Saviour. The last name which she pronounced was that of the
+gentleman whose bounty she had experienced, and towards whom she always
+felt the utmost gratitude. Gradually sinking under her malady, she
+passed away on the 27th of August, 1825, before she had completed her
+seventeenth year. Her person was singularly beautiful; she had "a high,
+open forehead, a soft, black eye, perfect symmetry of features, a fair
+complexion, and luxuriant dark hair. The prevailing expression of her
+face was melancholy. Although, because of her beauty as well as of her
+mental endowments, she was the object of much admiration and attention,
+yet she shunned observation, and often sought relief from the pain it
+seemed to inflict upon her, by retiring from the company."
+
+That she should have written so voluminously as has been ascertained,
+(says the editor of her Poems), is almost incredible. Her poetical
+writings which have been collected, amount in all to two hundred and
+seventy-eight pieces of various length; when it is considered that among
+these are at least five regular poems of several cantos each, some
+estimate may be formed of her poetical labours. Besides there were
+twenty-four school exercises, three unfinished romances, a complete
+tragedy, written at thirteen years of age, and about forty letters,
+in a few months, to her mother alone. To this statement should also be
+appended the fact, that a great portion of her writings she destroyed.
+Her mother observes, "I think I am justified in saying that she
+destroyed at least one-third of all she wrote."
+
+Of the literary character of her writings, (says the editor), it
+does not, perhaps, become me largely to speak; yet I must hazard the
+remark, that her defects will be perceived to be those of youth and
+inexperience, while in invention, and in that mysterious power of
+exciting deep interest, of enchaining the attention and keeping it alive
+to the end of the story; in that adaptation of the measure to the
+sentiment, and in the sudden change of measure to suit a sudden change
+of sentiment; a wild and romantic description; and in the congruity of
+the accompaniment to her characters, all conceived with great purity and
+delicacy--she will be allowed to have discovered uncommon maturity of
+mind, and her friends to have been warranted in forming very high
+expectations of her future distinction.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Curious Dial.
+
+
+[Illustration: Curious Dial.]
+
+
+This Dial, which was really no common or vulgar invention, formerly
+stood in Privy Garden, Whitehall, at a short distance from Gibbons's
+noble brass statue of James II., which, as a waggish friend of ours
+said of the horse at Charing Cross, remains in _statu-quo_ to this day.
+The Dial was invented by one Francis Hall, alias Line, a Jesuit, and
+Professor of Mathematics at Liege, in Germany. It was set up, as the
+old books have it, in the year 1669, by order of Charles II.; and in
+addition to the parts represented in the cut, the inventer intended to
+place a water-dial at each corner, which he had nearly completed when
+the original Dial for want of a cover, as he quaintly observes, (which
+according to his Majestie's Gracious Order should have been set over it
+in the Winter) was much injured by the snow lying frozen upon it. But
+there was no chance of obtaining this out of Charles's coffers, and the
+Dial soon became useless. Its explanation was, however, considered by
+many mathematical men of the period as too valuable to be lost, and the
+Professor accordingly printed the description at Liege, in 1673, in
+which were plates and diagrams of the several parts. The matter was too
+grave for pleasant, anecdotical Pennant, who, speaking of the Dial, in
+his _London_, says "the description surpasses my powers:" he refers the
+reader to the above work, a "very scarce book" in his time, and we have
+been at some pains to obtain the reprint, (London, 1685,) appended to
+Holwell's _Clavis Horologiae; or Key to the whole art of Arithmetical
+Dialling_, small 4to. 1712.[3]
+
+
+    [3] For the loan of which we thank our esteemed correspondent, P.T.W.
+
+
+The whole Dial stood on a stone pedestal, and consisted of six[4] parts,
+rising in a pyramidal form, as represented in the Cut.
+
+
+    [4] It need hardly be explained that the above is a section, or only
+        one half of the dial.
+
+
+The base, or first piece, was a table of about 40 inches in diameter,
+and 8 or 9 inches thick, in the edge of which were 20 glazed dials,
+with the Jewish, Babylonian, Italian, Astronomical, and usual European
+methods of counting the hours: they were all vertical or declining
+Dials, the style or gnomon being a lion's paw, unicorn's horn, or some
+emblem from the royal arms. On the upper part of the Table were 8
+reclining dials, glazed, and showing the hour in different ways--as
+by the shade of the style falling upon the hour-lines, the hour-lines
+falling on the style, or without any shade of hour-lines or style, &c.
+Upon this piece or table stood also 4 globes, cut into planes, with
+geographical, astronomical, and astrological dials. From the table also,
+east, west, north, and south, were four iron branches supporting glass
+bowls, showing the hour by fire, water, air, and earth.
+
+The second piece of the pyramid was also a round table somewhat less
+than the first, with 4 iron supporters, and dials on the edge, showing
+the different rising of remarkable stars; the style to each being a
+little star painted upon the inside of the glass cover. From this piece
+also branched 4 glass bowls to show the hour by a style without a
+shadow, a shadow without a style, &c. Upon the upper part of the table
+were 8 reclining planes, 4 covered with looking-glass, on which the
+hour-lines, or style of a dial being painted, were reflected upon the
+bottom inclining planes of the third piece, and there showed the hour.
+The other 4 had also dials upon them, which were to be seen in a
+looking-glass placed upon the bottom of the third piece.
+
+The third piece was a large hollow globe, about 24 inches in diameter,
+and cut into 26 planes, two of which served for top and bottom. The rest
+were divided into 8 equal reclining planes, 8 equal inclining planes,
+and 8 equal vertical or upright planes; all of which were hollow. The
+incliners were not covered with glass, but left open, so as better to
+receive and show the dials reflected from the second piece. Two of the
+8 upright planes towards the north had no bottoms, but were covered only
+with clear glass, or windows to look into the globe, and thus see the
+dials as well within as without the same. The other 6 had not only each
+a cover of clear polished glass, with a dial described on them, like
+those of the first piece, but had a glass for their bottom; which glass
+was thinly painted over white, so that the shade of the hour-lines drawn
+upon the cover, might be seen as well within as without the globe. On
+these bottom glasses were painted portraits, each holding a sceptre,
+or truncheon, the end of which pointed to the hour. Two also of the
+recliners towards the north, had only a glass cover, or window to look
+into the globe: the other 6 had double glass like the former; their
+dials being some upon the cover, others upon the bottom; but all so
+contrived, that the hour could only be known by them, by looking within
+the globe. From the top of this globe issued 4 iron branches with glass
+bowls with dials showing the time according to the several ways of
+counting the hours. These bowls were painted inside so as to keep out
+the light, except a point left like a star, through which the sun-beams
+showed the hour; and the place where the hour-lines were drawn, was only
+painted on the outside thinly with white colour, so that the sun-light
+passing through the star might be seen, and show the hour.
+
+The fourth piece stood on the globe, had 4 iron supporters, and was a
+table about 20 inches in diameter, and 6 in thickness! The edge was cut
+into 12 concave superficies like so many half-cylinders; on each of
+which was a dial showing the hour by the shade of a fleur-de-lis fixed
+at the top of each half-cylinder. From the top of this table issued
+4 iron branches, with glass bowls, like those of the first, second,
+and third pieces, though proportionally less. The dials on these bowls
+showed only the usual hour, and otherwise differed from the third piece;
+here the hour-lines being left clear for the sunbeams to pass through,
+that by so passing, they might exhibit the same dial on the opposite
+side of the bowl, which was thinly painted white, that the said hours
+might be seen, and show the hour by their passing over a little star
+painted in the middle.
+
+The fifth piece likewise upon 4 iron supporters, was a globe of about
+12 inches diameter, cut into 14 planes, viz. 8 triangles, equal and
+equilateral; and the other 6 were equal squares. The dials on these
+planes showed the usual hour by the shade of a fleur-de-lis fastened
+to the top or bottom of each plane.
+
+The last, or top piece of the pyramid, was a glass bowl of 7 inches
+diameter, upon a foot of iron. The north side of this piece was thinly
+painted over white, that the shade of a little golden ball, placed in
+the middle of the bowl, might be seen to pass over the hour-lines which
+were drawn upon the white colour, and noted the hour. The bowl was
+included between two circles of iron gilt, with a cross on the top.
+
+Such is a general description of the parts or divisions of this very
+curious Dial. To which may be added that the first four pieces had all
+their sides covered with little plates of black glass, first cemented to
+the said pieces, except those places whereon the dials were drawn; which
+being also covered with plates of polished glass, nearly the whole of
+the outside of the dial appeared to be glass; the angles or corners
+being elegantly gilt, as were in part the iron work of the pyramid,
+supporters, branches, styles, &c.
+
+We have abridged and in part rewritten this explanation from upwards of
+six closely-printed 4to. pages. After the general description, in the
+original tract, the different sections or parts of the dial, 73 in
+number, are still further explained, and illustrated by 17 plates,
+besides a vertical section, of which last our Cut is a copy. Perhaps
+these details would tire the general reader, and on that account we do
+not press them: a few of them, however, may be noticed still further.
+
+Of these, the _Bowls_ appear to be the most attractive. One on the first
+piece, _by fire_ was a little glass bowl filled with clear water. This
+bowl was about three inches diameter, placed in the middle of another
+sphere, about six inches diameter, consisting of several iron rings or
+circles, representing the hour circles in the heavens. The hour was
+known by applying the hand to these circles when the sun shone, when
+that circle where you felt the hand burnt by the sunbeams passing
+through the bowl filled with water, showed the true hour, according
+to the verse beneath it:
+
+
+  Cratem tange, manusq horam tibi reddet adusta.
+
+
+The phenomenon is thus explained by the Professor: "the parallel rays of
+the sun passing through the little bowl, are bent by the density of the
+water, into a cone or pyramid, whose vertex reaches a little beyond
+those hour circles, and there burns the hand applied; for so many rays
+being all united into a point, must needs make an intense heat, which
+heat is so powerful in the summer-time, that it will fire a piece of
+wood applied to it."
+
+To many of the Dials were suitable inscriptions as above, and these with
+the references must have made the construction of the whole a task of
+immense labour. It would be absurd to expect that Charles II. had much
+to do with its completion, for he was, in his own estimation, more
+pleasantly employed than in watching the flight of time by heavenly
+luminaries. His attractions were on earth, where the splendour of
+a wicked court and the witchery of bright eyes eclipsed all other
+pursuits. Still, the licentious king was not forgotten by the inventer
+of the dial. Among the pictures on some of the glasses were portraits of
+the king, the two queens, the duke of York, prince Rupert, &c. In the
+king's picture, the hour was shown by the shade of the hour-lines
+passing over the top of the sceptre--perhaps the only time the royal
+trifier ever pointed to so useful an end. Prince Rupert, by his
+contributions to science, had a better right to be there; but Charles
+was not even grateful enough for the elevation to protect the precious
+Dial from rain and snow.
+
+In the list of subscribers for the reprint of the Tract, occurs "Jacob
+Chandler, basket-maker:" in our times this would be considered a knotty
+work for any but a professional reader.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NOTES OF A READER
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+HISTORY OF INSECTS.
+
+
+_The Family Library, No. 7. Library of Entertaining Knowledge, Part
+6.--Insect Architecture_.
+
+
+At present we can only notice these works as two of the most delightful
+volumes that have for some time fallen into our hands, and as possessing
+all the merits which characterize the previous portions of the Series.
+Our cognizance of them, in a collected form, must rest till the other
+half appears; in the meantime a few _flying_ extracts will prove
+amusing:--
+
+
+_Bees without a Queen_.
+
+These humble creatures cherish their queen, feed her, and provide for
+her wants. They live only in her life, and die when she is taken away.
+Her absence deprives them of no organ, paralyzes no limb, yet in every
+case they neglect all their duties for twenty-four hours. They receive
+no stranger queen before the expiration of that time; and if deprived of
+the cherished object altogether, they refuse food, and quickly perish.
+What, it may be asked, is the physical cause of such devotion? What are
+the bonds that chain the little creature to its cell, and force it to
+prefer death, to the flowers and the sunshine that invite it to come
+forth and live? This is not a solitary instance, in which the Almighty
+has made virtues, apparently almost unattainable by us, natural to
+animals! For while man has marked, with that praise which great and rare
+good actions merit, those few instances in which one human being has
+given up his own life for another--the dog, who daily sacrifices himself
+for his master, has scarcely found an historian to record his common
+virtue.--_Family Library_.
+
+
+_Cleanliness of Bees_.
+
+Among other virtues possessed by bees, cleanliness is one of the most
+marked; they will not suffer the least filth in their abode. It
+sometimes happens that an ill-advised slug or ignorant snail chooses to
+enter the hive, and has even the audacity to walk over the comb; the
+presumptuous and foul intruder is quickly killed, but its gigantic
+carcass is not so speedily removed. Unable to transport the corpse
+out of their dwelling, and fearing "the noxious smells" arising from
+corruption, the bees adopt an efficacious mode of protecting themselves;
+they embalm their offensive enemy, by covering him over with propolis;
+both Maraldi and Reaumur have seen this. The latter observed that a
+snail had entered a hive, and fixed itself to the glass side, just as
+it does against walls, until the rain shall invite it to thrust out its
+head beyond its shell. The bees, it seemed, did not like the interloper,
+and not being able to penetrate the shell with their sting, took a
+hint from the snail itself, and instead of covering it all over with
+propolis, the cunning economists fixed it immovably, by cementing merely
+the edge of the orifice of the shell to the glass with this resin, and
+thus it became a prisoner for life, for rain cannot dissolve this
+cement, as it does that which the insect itself uses.[5]--_Ibid_.
+
+
+    [5] For a notice of the application of this cement to useful
+        purposes, see No. 396, page 283.--ED. MIRROR.
+
+
+It furnishes a subject of serious consideration, as well as an argument
+for a special providence, to know, that the accurate Reaumur, and other
+naturalists, have observed, that when any kind of insect has increased
+inordinately, their natural enemies have increased in the same
+proportion, and thus preserved the balance.--_Ibid_.
+
+
+_Gnats_.
+
+There are few insects with whose form we are better acquainted than
+that of the gnat. It is to be found in all latitudes and climates; as
+prolific in the Polar as in the Equatorial regions. In 1736 they were so
+numerous, and were seen to rise in such clouds from Salisbury cathedral,
+that they looked like columns of smoke, and frightened the people, who
+thought the building was on fire. In 1766, they appeared at Oxford, in
+the form of a thick black cloud; six columns were observed to ascend the
+height of fifty or sixty feet. Their bite was attended with alarming
+inflammation. To some appearances of this kind our great poet, Spenser,
+alludes, in the following beautiful simile:--
+
+
+  As when a swarm of gnats at eventide,
+  Out of the fennes of Allan doe arise,
+  Their murmurring small trumpets sownden wide,
+  Whiles in the air their clust'ring army flies.
+  That as a cloud doth seem to dim the skies:
+  Ne man nor beast may rest or take repast,
+  For their sharp wounds and noyous injuries,
+  Till the fierce northern wind, with blustering blast,
+  Doth blow them quite away, and in the ocean cast.
+
+
+In Lapland, their numbers have been compared to a flight of snow when
+the flakes fall thickest, and the minor evil of being nearly suffocated
+by smoke is endured to get rid of these little pests. Captain Stedman
+says, that he and his soldiers were so tormented by gnats in America,
+that they were obliged to dig holes in the ground with their bayonets,
+and thrust their heads into them for protection and sleep. Humboldt
+states, that "between the little harbour of Higuerote and the mouth
+of the Rio-Unare, the wretched inhabitants are accustomed to stretch
+themselves on the ground, and pass the night buried in the sand three
+or four inches deep, exposing only the head, which they cover with a
+handkerchief."
+
+After enumerating these and other examples of the achievements of the
+gnat and musquito tribe, Kirby says, "It is not therefore incredible
+that Sapor, King of Persia, should have been compelled to raise the
+siege of Nisibis by a plague of gnats, which attacked his elephants and
+beasts of burden, and so caused the rout of his army; nor that the
+inhabitants of various cities should, by an extraordinary multiplication
+of this plague, have been compelled to desert them; nor that, by their
+power of doing mischief, like other conquerors who have been the torment
+of the human race, they should have attained to fame, and have given
+their name to bays, town, and territories." _Ibid_.
+
+
+_Leaf Caterpillars_.
+
+The design of the caterpillars in rolling up the leaves is not only to
+conceal themselves from birds and predatory insects, but also to protect
+themselves from the cuckoo-flies, which lie in wait in every quarter to
+deposit their eggs in their bodies, that their progeny may devour them.
+Their mode of concealment, however, though it appear to be cunningly
+contrived and skilfully executed, is not always successful, their
+enemies often discovering their hiding place. We happened to see a
+remarkable instance of this last summer (1828), in a case of one of the
+lilac caterpillars which had changed into a chrysalis within the closely
+folded leaf. A small cuckoo-fly, aware, it should seem, of the very spot
+where the chrysalis lay within the leaf, was seen boring through it with
+her ovipositor, and introducing her eggs through the punctures thus made
+into the body of the dormant insect. We allowed her to lay all her eggs,
+about six in number, and then put the leaf under an inverted glass. In a
+few days the eggs of the cuckoo-fly were hatched, the grubs devoured the
+lilac chrysalis, and finally changed into pupae in a case of yellow
+silk, and into perfect insects like their parent.--_Library of
+Entertaining Knowledge_.
+
+The last extract, and all in the Library of Entertaining Knowledge
+signed J.R. are written by Mr. J. Rennie, whose initials must be
+familiar to every reader as attached to some of the most interesting
+papers in Mr. Loudon's Magazines. He is a nice observer of Nature, and
+one of the most popular writers on her phenomena.
+
+As we treated the cuts of the last portion of the "Library of
+Entertaining Knowledge," rather critically, we are happy to say that
+the engravings of insects in the present part make ample amends for all
+former imperfections in that branch of the work; some of the pupae,
+insects, their nests, &c. are admirably executed, and their selection
+is equally judicious and attractive.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS.
+
+
+Spirit-drinking appears to have attained a _pretty considerable_ pitch
+in America, where, according to the proceedings of the American
+Temperance Society, half as many tuns of domestic spirits are annually
+produced as of wheat and flour; and in the state of New York, in the
+year 1825, there were 2,264 grist-mills, and 1,129 distilleries of
+whiskey. In a communication to this society from Philadelphia, it is
+calculated, that out of 4,151 deaths in that city in the year 1825, 335
+are attributed solely to the abuse of ardent spirits!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WOOD ENGRAVING.
+
+
+In early life Bewick cut a vignette for the Newcastle newspaper,
+from which it is calculated that more than _nine hundred thousand
+impressions_ have been worked off; yet the block is still in use, and
+not perceptibly impaired.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+AUSTRIA.
+
+
+The present Emperor of Austria is a gentle, fatherly old man. We have
+heard none of his subjects speak of him with anything but love and
+affection. The meanest peasant has access to him; and, except on public
+occasions, he leads a simpler life than any nobleman among ourselves. It
+is, perhaps, less the emperor than the nobility who govern in Austria,
+and less the nobility than Metternich, the prince-pattern of
+prime-ministers.--_Foreign Review_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+HANGING.
+
+
+The following letter tends to rectify an error which very generally
+prevails, namely, that it costs only thirteen-pence halfpenny to be
+hung. It is copied _literatim et verbatim_, from one made out by Mr.
+Ketch himself, and proves that a man cannot be hung for so mere a
+trifle:--
+
+       "Silvester.               s. d.
+  Executioner's Fees............ 7  6
+  Stripping the Body............ 4  6
+  Use of Shell.................. 2  6
+    1813.                      ______
+   Nov. 10.                    14  6"
+
+
+_Blackwood's Magazine_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SCOTTISH POETRY.
+
+
+The passion of the Scots, from whatever race derived, for poetry
+and music, developed itself in the earliest stages of their history.
+They possessed a wild imagination, a dark and gloomy mythology; they
+peopled the caves, the woods, the rivers, and the mountains, with
+spirits, elves, giants, and dragons; and are we to wonder that the
+Scots, a nation in whose veins the blood of all those remote races is
+unquestionably mingled, should, at a very remote period, have evinced
+an enthusiastic admiration for song and poetry; that the harper was
+to be found amongst the officers who composed the personal state of
+the sovereign, and that the country maintained a privileged race of
+wandering minstrels, who eagerly seized on the prevailing superstitions
+and romantic legends, and wove them in rude, but sometimes very
+expressive versification, into their stories and ballads; who were
+welcome guests at the gate of every feudal castle, and fondly beloved
+by the great body of the people.--_Tytler's History of Scotland_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TO CONSTANTINOPLE,
+
+_On approaching the city about sun-rise, from the Sea of Marmora_.
+
+
+  A glorious form thy shining city wore,
+  'Mid cypress thickets of perennial green,
+  With minaret and golden dome between,
+  While thy sea softly kiss'd its grassy shore.
+  Darting across whose blue expanse was seen
+  Of sculptured barques and galleys many a score;
+  Whence noise was none save that of plashing oar;
+  Nor word was spoke, to break the calm serene.
+  Unhear'd is whisker'd boatman's hail or joke;
+  Who, mute as Sinbad's man of copper, rows,
+  And only intermits the sturdy stroke
+  When fearless gull too nigh his pinnace goes.
+  I, hardly conscious if I dream'd or woke,
+  Mark'd that strange piece of action and repose.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BERWICK.
+
+
+In the thirteenth century Berwick enjoyed a prosperity, such as threw
+every other Scottish port into the shade; the customs of this town, at
+the above date, amounted to about one-fourth of all the customs of
+England.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE LORD MAYORS DAY.
+
+
+  "Spirit of Momus! thou'rt wandering wide.
+  When I would thou wert merrily perch'd by my side,
+    For I am sorely beset by the _blues_;
+  Thou fugitive elf! I adjure thee return,
+  By Fielding's best wig, and the ashes of Sterne,
+    Appear at the call of my muse."
+
+  It comes, with a laugh on its rubicund face;
+  Methinks, by the way, it's in pretty good case,
+    For a spirit unblest with a body;
+    "On the claret bee's-wing," says the sprite, "I regale;
+  But I'm ready for all--from Lafitte down to ale,
+    From Champagne to a tumbler of toddy.
+
+  "Then I'm not over-nice, as at least _you_ must know,
+  In the rank of my hosts--for the lofty or low
+    Are alike to the Spirit of Mirth;
+  I care not a straw with whom I have dined,
+  Though a family dinner's not much to my mind,
+    And a proser's a plague upon earth.
+
+  "But where, my dear sprite, for this age have you been?
+  Have you plunged in the Danube, or danced on the Seine?
+    Or have taken in Lisbon your station?
+  Or have flapped over Windsor your butterfly-wings,
+  O'er its bevy of beauties, and courtiers, and kings--
+    The wonders and wits of the nation?"
+
+  "No; of all climes for folly, Old England's the clime;
+  Of all times for fully, the present's the time;
+    And my game is so plentiful here,
+  That all months are the same, from December to May;
+  I can bag in a minute enough for a day--
+    In a day, bag enough for a year.
+
+  "My game-bag has nooks for 'Notes, Sketches, and Journeys,'
+  By soldiers and sailors, divines and attorneys,
+    Through landscapes gay, blooming, and briary;
+  And so, as you seem rather pensive to-night,
+  To dispel your blue-devils, I'll briefly recite
+    A specimen-leaf from my diary:--
+
+"'THE NINTH OF NOVEMBER.
+
+  "'Through smoke-clouds as dark as a forest of rooks,
+  The rich contribution of blacksmiths and cooks
+    From the huge human oven below,
+  I heard old St. Paul's gaily pealing away;
+  Thinks I to myself, 'It is Lord Mayor's Day,
+    So, I'll go down and look at the Show.'
+
+  "'I spread out my pinions, and sprang on my perch--
+  'Twas the dragon on Bow, that odd sign of the church,
+    The episcopal centre of action;
+  All Cheapside was crowded with black, brown, and fair,
+  Like a harlequin's jacket, or French rocquelaire,
+    A legitimate Cheapside attraction.
+
+  "'Then rung through the tumult a trumpet so shrill,
+  That it frightened the ladies all down Ludgate Hill,
+    And the owlets in Ivy Lane;
+  Then came in their chariots, each face in full blow,
+  The sheriffs and aldermen, solemn and slow,
+    All bombazine, bag-wig and chain.
+
+  "'Then came the old tumbril-shaped city machine,
+  With a Lord Mayor so fat that he made the coach _lean_;
+    Lord Waithman was scarcely a brighter man;
+  The wits said the old groaning wagon of state,
+  Which for ages had carried Lord Mayors of such weight,
+    To-day would break down with a _lighter man_.
+
+  "'Then proud as a prince, at the head of the band
+  Rode the city field-marshal, with truncheon in hand,
+    Though his epaulettes lately are gone;
+  But he's still fine enough to astonish the cits,
+  And drive the economists out of their wits,
+    From Lords Waithman and Wood, to Lord John.
+
+  "'But I now left the pageant--wits, worthies, and all--
+  And flew through the smoke to the roof of Guildhall,
+    And perched on the grand chandelier;
+  The dinner was stately, the tables were full--
+  There sat, multiplied by three thousand, John Bull,
+    Resolved to make all disappear.
+
+  "'And then came the speeches; Lord Hunter was fine--
+  Lord Wood, finer still--Lord Thompson, divine,
+    The sheriffs were Ciceros a-piece;
+  Lord Crowther was sick, though he managed to eat
+  What, if races were feasts, would have won him the plate;
+    But he tossed off a bumper to Greece.
+
+  "'Then all was enchantment--all hubbub and smiles--
+  The wit of Old Jewry, the grace of St. Giles,
+    The force of the Billingsgate tongue:
+  Till the eloquent Lord Mayor demanding 'Who malts?'--
+  The understood sign for beginning the waltz--
+    In a fright through the ceiling I sprung.'"
+
+
+_Monthly Magazine_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A LANDAULET.
+
+(_Concluded from page 302_.)
+
+
+It happened to be a dull time of year, and for some months my wheels
+ceased to be rotatory: I got cold and damp; and the moths found their
+way to my inside: one or two persons who came to inspect me declined
+becoming purchasers, and peering closely at my panels, said something
+about "old scratch." This hurt my feelings, for if my former possessor
+was not quite so good as she might have been, it was no fault of mine.
+
+At length, after a tedious inactivity, I was bought cheap by a young
+physician, who having rashly left his provincial patients to set up in
+London, took it into his head that nothing could be done there by a
+medical man who did not go upon wheels; he therefore hired a house in a
+good situation, and then set _me_ up, and bid my vendor put me down in
+his bill.
+
+It is quite astonishing how we flew about the streets and squares,
+_acting great practice_; those who knew us by sight must have thought we
+had a great deal to do, but we practised nothing but locomotion. Some
+medical men thin the population, (so says Slander,) my master thinned
+nothing but his horses. They were the only _good jobs_ that came in his
+way, and certainly he made the most of them. He was obliged to _feed_
+them, but he was very rarely _feed_ himself. It so happened that nobody
+consulted us, and the unavoidable consumption of the family infected my
+master's pocket, and his little resources were in a rapid decline.
+
+Still he kept a good heart; indeed, in one respect, he resembled a
+worm displayed in a bottle in a quack's shop window--he was never out of
+spirits! He was deeply in debt, and his name was on every body's books,
+always excepting the memorandum-books of those who wanted physicians.
+Still I was daily turned out, and though nobody called him in, he was to
+be seen, sitting very forward, apparently looking over notes supposed
+to have been taken after numerous critical cases and eventful
+consultations. Our own case was hopeless, our progress was arrested,
+an execution was in the house, servants met with their deserts and were
+turned off, goods were seized, my master was knocked up, and I was
+knocked down for one hundred and twenty pounds.
+
+Again my beauties blushed for a while unseen; but I was new painted,
+and, like some other painted personages, looked, at a distance, almost
+as good as new. Fortunately for me, an elderly country curate, just at
+this period, was presented with a living, and the new incumbent thought
+it incumbent upon him to present his fat lady and his thin daughter with
+a leathern convenience. My life was now a rural one, and for ten long
+years nothing worth recording happened to me. Slowly and surely did I
+creep along green lanes, carried the respectable trio to snug, early,
+neighbourly dinners, and was always under lock and key before twelve
+o'clock. It must be owned I began to have rather an old-fashioned look;
+my body was ridiculously small, and the rector's thin daughter, the
+bodkin, or rather packing-needle of the party, sat more forward, and on
+a smaller space than bodkins do now-a-days. I was perched up three feet
+higher than more modern vehicles, and my two lamps began to look like
+little dark lanterns. But my obsoleteness rendered me only more suited
+to the service in which I was enlisted. Honest Roger, the red-haired
+coachman, would have looked like a clown in a pantomime, in front of a
+fashionable equipage; and Simon the footboy, who slouched at my back,
+would have been mistaken for an idle urchin surreptitiously enjoying a
+ride. But on my unsophisticated dickey and footboard no one could doubt
+but that Roger and Simon were in their proper places. The rector died;
+of course he had nothing more to do with the _living_, it passed into
+other hands; and a clerical income being (alas, that it should be so!)
+no inheritance, his relict suddenly plunged in widowhood and poverty,
+had the aggravated misery of mourning for a deaf husband, while she was
+conscious that the luxuries and almost the necessaries of life were for
+ever snatched from herself and her child.
+
+Again I found myself in London, but my beauty was gone, I had lost the
+activity of youth, and when slowly I chanced to creak through Long Acre,
+Houlditch, my very parent, who was standing at his door sending forth a
+new-born Britska, glanced at me scornfully, and knew me not! I passed on
+heavily--I thought of former days of triumph, and there was madness in
+the thought I became a _crazy_ vehicle! straw was thrust into my inward
+parts, I was numbered among the fallen,--yes, I was now a
+hackney-chariot, and my number was one hundred!
+
+What tongue can tell the degradations I have endured! The persons who
+familiarly have _called_ me, the wretches who have sat in me--never can
+this be told. Daily I take my stand in the same vile street, and nightly
+am I driven to the minor theatres--to oyster-shops--to desperation!
+
+One day, when empty and unoccupied, I was hailed by two police-officers
+who were bearing between them a prisoner. It was the seducer of my
+second ill-fated mistress; a first crime had done its usual work, it had
+prepared the mind for a second, and a worse: the seducer had done a deed
+of deeper guilt, and _I_ bore him one stage towards the gallows. Many
+months after, a female called me at midnight: she was decked in tattered
+finery, and what with fatigue and recent indulgence in strong liquors,
+she was scarcely sensible, but she possessed dim traces of past beauty.
+I can say nothing more of her, but that it was the fugitive wife whom I
+had borne to Brighton so many years ago. No words of mine could paint
+the living warning that I beheld. What had been the sorrows of unmerited
+desertion and unkindness supported by conscious rectitude, compared with
+the degraded guilt, the hopeless anguish, that I then saw?
+
+I regret to say, I was last month nigh committing manslaughter; I broke
+down in the Strand and dislocated the shoulder of a rich old maid.
+I cannot help thinking that she deserved the visitation, for, as she
+stepped into me in Oxford Street, she exclaimed, loud enough to be heard
+by all neighbouring pedestrians, "Dear me! how dirty! I never was in
+a hackney conveyance before!"--though I well remembered having been
+favoured with her company very often. A medical gentleman happened to be
+passing at the moment of our fall; it was my old medical master. He set
+the shoulder, and so skilfully did he manage his patient, that he is
+about to be married to the rich invalid, who will shoulder him into
+prosperity at last.
+
+I last night was the bearer of a real party of pleasure to Astley's:--a
+bride and bridegroom, with the mother of the bride. It was the widow of
+the old rector, whose thin daughter (by the by she is fattening fast)
+has had the luck to marry the only son of a merchant well to do in the
+world.
+
+The voice suddenly ceased!--I awoke--the door was opened, the steps let
+down--I paid the coachman double the amount of his fare, and in future,
+whenever I stand in need of a jarvey, I shall certainly make a point of
+calling for number One Hundred.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER
+
+
+  "A snapper-up of unconsidered trifles."
+SHAKSPEARE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BELL.--THE CRY OF THE DEER SO CALLED.
+
+
+I am glad of an opportunity to describe the cry of the deer by another
+name than _braying_, although the latter has been sanctioned by the use
+of the Scottish metrical translation of the Psalms. Bell seems to be an
+abbreviation of the word _bellow_. This sylvan sound conveyed great
+delight to our ancestors chiefly, I suppose, from association. A gentle
+knight in the reign of Henry VIII., Sir Thomas Wortley, built Wantley
+Lodge, Warncliffe Forest, for the purpose, as the ancient inscription
+testifies, of "Listening to the Harts' Bell."
+
+C.K.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE CURSE OF SCOTLAND.
+
+
+The origin of the nine of diamonds being called the Curse of Scotland
+is not generally known. It arose from the following circumstance:--The
+night before the battle of Culloden, the Duke of Cumberland thought
+proper to send orders to General Campbell not to give quarter; and this
+order being despatched in much haste, was written on a card. This card
+happened to be the nine of diamonds, from which circumstance it got the
+appellation above named.
+
+W.M.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+POLITICAL PUNS.
+
+
+Among the many expedients resorted to by the depressed party in a state
+to indulge their sentiments safely, and probably at the same time,
+according to situation, to sound those of their companions, puns and
+other quibbles have been of notable service. The following is worthy of
+notice:--The cavaliers during Cromwell's usurpation, usually put a crumb
+of bread into a glass of wine, and before they drank it, would exclaim
+with cautious ambiguity, "God send this Crum well down!" A royalist
+divine also, during the Protectorate, did not scruple to quibble in the
+following prayer, which he was accustomed to deliver:--"O Lord, who
+hast put a sword into the hand of thy servant, Oliver, _put it into his
+heart_ ALSO--to do according to thy word." He would drop his voice at
+the word also, and, after a significant pause, repeat the concluding
+sentence in an under tone.
+
+W.M.
+
+_Erratum_ at page 306.--For _Hemiptetera_ read HEMIPTERA.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ANNUALS FOR 1830.
+
+
+With No. 398 was published a SUPPLEMENT, containing the first portion of
+the SPIRIT OF THE ANNUALS, with a splendid Engraving of the CITY OF
+VERONA, and Notices of the _Gem_, _Literary Souvenir_, _Friendship's
+Offering_, and _Amulet_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LIMBIRD'S EDITION OF THE
+_Following Novels is already Published:_
+
+                                          s. d.
+  Mackenzie's Man of Feeling              0  6
+  Paul and Virginia                       0  6
+  The Castle of Otranto                   0  6
+  Almoran and Hamet                       0  6
+  Elizabeth, or the Exiles of Siberia     0  6
+  The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne      0  6
+  Rasselas                                0  8
+  The Old English Baron                   0  8
+  Nature and Art                          0  8
+  Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield          0 10
+  Sicilian Romance                        1  0
+  The Man of the World                    1  0
+  A Simple Story                          1  4
+  Joseph Andrews                          1  6
+  Humphry Clinker                         1  8
+  The Romance of the Forest               1  8
+  The Italian                             2  0
+  Zeluco, by Dr  Moore                    2  6
+  Edward, by Dr  Moore                    2  6
+  Roderick Random                         2  6
+  The Mysteries of Udolpho                3  6
+  Peregrine Pickle                        4  6
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD 143, Strand, (near Somerset House,)
+London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; and by all
+Newsmen and Booksellers_.
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11446 ***
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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11446 ***</div>
+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 14, Issue 400, November 21, 1829, by Various</h1>
+<br />
+<br />
+<center><b>E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Keith M. Keckrich, David Garcia,<br />
+           and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team</b></center>
+<br />
+<br />
+  <hr class="full" />
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page337" name="page337"></a>[pg
+  337]</span>
+
+  <h1>THE MIRROR<br />
+  OF<br />
+  LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <table width="100%" summary="Banner">
+    <tr>
+      <td align="left"><b>VOL. , NO. 400.]</b></td>
+
+      <td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 21, 1829.</b></td>
+
+      <td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>The Limoeiro, at Lisbon.</h2>
+
+  <div class="figure" style="width: 100%;">
+    <a href="images/400-1.png"><img width="100%" src=
+    "images/400-1.png" alt="The Limoeiro, at Lisbon." /></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Locks, bolts, and bars! what have we here?&mdash;a view of the
+  <i>Limoeiro, or common jail</i>, at Lisbon, whose horrors,
+  without the fear of Don Miguel in our hearts, we will endeavour
+  to describe, though lightly&mdash;merely in outline,&mdash;since
+  nothing can be more disagreeable than the filling in.</p>
+
+  <p>For this purpose we might quote ourselves, i.e. one of our
+  correspondents,<a id="footnotetag1" name=
+  "footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a> or a
+  host of travellers and residents in the Portuguese capital; but
+  we give preference to Mr. W. Young, who has borne much of the
+  hard fare of the prison, and can accordingly speak more fully of
+  its accommodations and privations. Mr. Young is an Englishman,
+  who married a Portuguese lady in Leiria, and resided for several
+  years in that town. He was arrested in May, 1828, on suspicion of
+  disaffection towards Don Miguel's government: nothing appears to
+  have been proved against him, and after having suffered much
+  disagreeable treatment in different jails in Leiria and Lisbon,
+  he was discharged in the following September, on condition of
+  leaving the country. He returned to England, and lost no time in
+  publishing a volume entitled "Portugal in 1828;" with "A
+  Narrative of the Author's Residence there and of his persecution
+  and confinement as a state prisoner."</p>
+
+  <p>The prison, says Mr. Young, stands on the highest ground in
+  St. George's Castle, and is the first building on the south side
+  toward the Tagus. Near the entrance it is divided internally as
+  follows below:&mdash;<i>Saletta</i> (the small hall;) <i>Salla
+  Livre</i> (free hall,) so called, because visiters are allowed to
+  go in to see their friends, except when the jailer or intendant
+  orders otherwise; <i>Salla Fechado</i> (the hall shut,) so
+  called, because no communication is allowed with the prisoners in
+  that hall; <i>Enchovia</i> (the common prison,) where thieves,
+  murderers, and vagabonds of every description are confined. This
+  last receptacle is a horrid place; and is often made use of as a
+  punishment for prisoners from other parts of the gaol. Hither
+  they are sent when they commit any offence, for as many days as
+  the jailer may think proper, and are often put in irons during
+  that time.</p>
+
+  <p>Besides these different prisons on the <span class=
+  "pagenum"><a id="page338" name="page338"></a>[pg 338]</span>
+  ground floor, there are eight dungeons in a line, all nearly
+  alike in shape and size; but some are superior to others as to
+  light and air: and in proportion to the degree they wish to annoy
+  the unfortunate victim, so are these dungeons used. A few dollars
+  never fail to procure a better light and air when properly
+  applied.</p>
+
+  <p>Three of these dungeons are about six feet higher than the
+  other five. There is a corridor in the front of them, which is
+  always shut up when any one is confined in them, so that no one
+  can ever approach the door of a dungeon. And to make this a
+  matter of certainty, whenever the jailer or officers of the
+  prison carry prisoners their food, they lock the door of the
+  corridor before they open that of the dungeon.</p>
+
+  <p>The first of the lower five of these dungeons is in the
+  passage leading from, the <i>Salla Livre</i>, and next door to
+  the privy of the prison; so that it is never used as a secret
+  dungeon. The lower four are enclosed as those above, and are much
+  darker than that in the passage. This latter is claimed by the
+  book-keeper as his property, and I hired it of him to sleep in,
+  and to be alone when I wished to be so.</p>
+
+  <p>The dungeons are all bomb proof, and over them is a terrace
+  thickly formed of brick and stone; still I could distinctly hear
+  the sentry walking over my head when all was quiet at night.</p>
+
+  <p>The walls of these cells are about six feet thick, with bars
+  inside and out; the bars in the windows are three inches square,
+  making twelve inches in circumference, and being crossed they
+  form squares of about eight inches; the windows differ very much
+  in size, some not being half so large as others.</p>
+
+  <p>Besides these double bars, there is a shutter immensely strong
+  and close, so that when shut, light is totally excluded; the iron
+  door has a strong bolt and lock, and outside of this there is a
+  strong wooden door; in the front of the windows, and about six
+  feet from them, there is a high wall; so that in the best of
+  these dungeons, there is only a reflected light.</p>
+
+  <p>These are all the prisons on the ground floor, and when full
+  (which they too often are) the wretched prisoners are forced to
+  lie at night in two rows, with their feet to the wall, and their
+  heads to the middle of the room; this position they adopt on
+  account of the cold and damp of the stone walls; they touch each
+  other, and the floor is completely covered. Nay, at times, so
+  full is the gaol, that they are obliged to lie on the corridors,
+  and even on the steps.</p>
+
+  <p>The Saletta will hold forty prisoners, the Salla Livre more
+  than sixty, the Salla Fechado one hundred, and the Enchovia, near
+  one hundred and forty. When one prison becomes too full, they
+  remove some of the victims to another, or send them to the forts,
+  or on board the ships in the river.</p>
+
+  <p>The first floor is divided into two parts, officers' rooms,
+  and the Sallao, (saloon or large hall.) This hall will hold about
+  150 persons, when full. Besides the Sallao and officers' rooms on
+  the first floor, there is a room set apart for questioning people
+  who are in the dungeons. This room has an entrance from the
+  street, and another through a passage from the dungeons, as well
+  as one from the officers' rooms.</p>
+
+  <p>The magistrate and his clerk enter from the street, and no one
+  in the prison sees them. The prisoner is taken up stairs from the
+  dungeon, and the jailer or book-keeper enters from the officers'
+  apartments. Every thing is done in the most secret manner. If
+  they cannot cause the prisoner to commit himself, by confessing
+  to the offence with which he is charged, they send him back again
+  to the dungeon.</p>
+
+  <p>The gaol of St. George's has a second floor tier of offices;
+  but that belongs to the governor and jailer; there are no
+  prisoners above the ground and the first floor.</p>
+
+  <p>None of the authorities ever inquire whether he has any means
+  of subsistence; there is neither bed blanket, nor even straw,
+  unless the prisoner can buy it, and then he must pay the guards
+  to let it pass to him.</p>
+
+  <p>Amongst the many thousands of unfortunate beings who are now
+  confined in Portugal, great numbers of them are without money or
+  any other means of subsistence; and were it not for the charity
+  of people in general, starvation would necessarily ensue.</p>
+
+  <p>The only authorities employed about the prison are a jailer,
+  secretary, and eight guards; of the latter three are always on
+  duty; one of them being stationed at the first iron gate at the
+  entrance of the prison, another at the second gate, and a third
+  to attend the interior, each with a bunch of keys in his hand,
+  which serve for nearly all the doors. The guards are relieved
+  every night at nine o'clock, when, the man who is posted at the
+  outer door carries a strong iron rod (<i>see the Engraving</i>)
+  with which he strikes every bar in the windows and gates of the
+  gaol; and if <span class="pagenum"><a id="page339" name=
+  "page339"></a>[pg 339]</span> any one of them does not vibrate,
+  or ring, he carefully inspects it to ascertain whether it has
+  been cut with a saw, or corroded by any strong acid. This dismal
+  music lasts an hour. The whole expense of the prison to
+  government does not exceed 16<i>s</i>. per day, and the few
+  officers and guards, when Mr. Young was there, manage upwards of
+  four hundred prisoners. He was confined from June 16, to
+  September 7, and his account of the myriads of bugs, rats, mice,
+  and other vermin is truly disgusting. The reader will however
+  readily credit this report when he has been told of the revolting
+  state of the city itself. Mrs. Baillie, in her recent <i>Letters
+  on Lisbon</i>, says, "for three miles round Lisbon in every
+  direction, you cannot for a moment get clear of the disgusting
+  effluvia that issue from every house." Doctor Southey says "every
+  kind of vermin that exists to punish the nastiness and indolence
+  of man, multiplies in the heat and dirt of Lisbon. In addition to
+  mosquitoes, the scolopendra is not uncommonly found here, and
+  snakes sometimes intrude into the bedchamber. A small species of
+  red ant likewise swarms over every thing sweet, and the
+  Portuguese remedy is to send for the priest to exorcise them."
+  The city is still subject to shocks of earthquake; the state of
+  the police is horrible; street-robbery is common, and every thief
+  is an assassin. The pocket-knife, which the French troops are
+  said to have dreaded more than all the bayonets of either the
+  Spanish or the Portuguese, is here the ready weapon of the
+  assassin; and the Tagus receives many a corpse on which no
+  inquest ever sits. The morals, in fact, of all classes in Lisbon
+  appear to be in a dreadful state.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>THE CARD.</h3>
+
+  <center>
+    A TALE OF TRUTH.
+  </center>
+
+  <p>(<i>For the Mirror</i>.)</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Young Lady Giddygad, came down</p>
+
+      <p>From spending half a year in town,</p>
+
+      <p>With cranium full of balls and plays,</p>
+
+      <p>Routs, f&ecirc;tes, and fashionable ways,</p>
+
+      <p>Caus'd in her country-town, so quiet,</p>
+
+      <p>Unus'd to modish din and riot,</p>
+
+      <p>No small confusion and amaze,</p>
+
+      <p>"Quite a sensation," is the phrase,</p>
+
+      <p>Like that, which puss, or pug, may feel</p>
+
+      <p>When rous'd from slumber by your heel,</p>
+
+      <p>Or drowsy ass, at rider's knock,</p>
+
+      <p>Or&mdash;&mdash;should you term him block;</p>
+
+      <p>Quoi qu'il en soit, first, gossips gape,</p>
+
+      <p>Then envy, scandalize, and ape!</p>
+
+      <p>Quoth Mrs. Thrifty: "Nancy, dear,</p>
+
+      <p>My Lady sends out cards I hear,</p>
+
+      <p>With, I suppose, 'tis now polite,</p>
+
+      <p>Merely 'At Home,' on such a night,</p>
+
+      <p>Now child, altho' I dare not say</p>
+
+      <p>We can afford to be so gay,</p>
+
+      <p>We're as well born as Lady G&mdash;&mdash;</p>
+
+      <p>And may be, as well bred as she!</p>
+
+      <p>That is, quite in a sober way</p>
+
+      <p>So as we've nothing more to pay:</p>
+
+      <p>For instance, when folks choose to come,</p>
+
+      <p>And I don't choose to be 'At Home,'</p>
+
+      <p>I'll have a notice stuck, you know,</p>
+
+      <p>On the hall door, to tell them so:</p>
+
+      <p>'Twill save our Rachel's legs you see,</p>
+
+      <p>And soon the top will copy me!</p>
+
+      <p>But, Nancy, d'ye hear, now write</p>
+
+      <p>That I'm 'At Home' on Thursday night;</p>
+
+      <p>'Tis a good fashion, for 'tis what</p>
+
+      <p>Most fashions in this age are not</p>
+
+      <p>A saving one: ah, prithee think,</p>
+
+      <p>How it saves time, and quills, and ink!"</p>
+
+      <p>So, duteous Nancy seiz'd a pen,</p>
+
+      <p>To ladies, and to gentlemen</p>
+
+      <p>Sent quickly out the cards; as quick</p>
+
+      <p>Came one again: "Poh! fiddlestick</p>
+
+      <p>An answer, yes?&mdash;come, let me see,</p>
+
+      <p>My spectacles!" cried Mistress T&mdash;&mdash;</p>
+
+      <p>"Hum&mdash;Mrs. Thrifty,&mdash;Thursday
+      night&mdash;'At</p>
+
+      <p>Home'&mdash;oh malice! fiendish spite,"</p>
+
+      <p>(Quoth the good dame in furious ire,</p>
+
+      <p>Whilst the card, fed the greedy fire)</p>
+
+      <p>"No, never, never, will I strive</p>
+
+      <p>To be genteel, as I'm alive,</p>
+
+      <p>Beneath my own 'At Home' was cramm'd,</p>
+
+      <p>There stay, good madam, and be d&mdash;d!"<a id=
+      "footnotetag2" name="footnotetag2"></a><a href=
+      "#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a></p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>M.L.B.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>MAHOMET THE GREAT AND HIS MISTRESS.</h3>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>An Anecdote</i>.
+  </center>
+
+  <p>(<i>For the Mirror</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p>After the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, in the year
+  1453, several captives, distinguished either for their rank or
+  their beauty, were presented to the victorious Mahomet the Great.
+  Irene, a most beautiful Greek lady, was one of those unfortunate
+  captives. The emperor was so delighted with her person, that he
+  dedicated himself wholly to her embraces, spending day and night
+  in her company, and neglected his most pressing affairs. His
+  officers, especially the Janissaries, were extremely exasperated
+  at his conduct; and loudly exclaimed against their degenerate and
+  <i>effeminate</i> prince, as they were then pleased to call him.
+  Mustapha Bassa, who had been brought up with the emperor from a
+  child, presuming upon his great interest, took an opportunity to
+  lay before his sovereign the bad consequences which would
+  inevitably ensue should he longer persevere in that unmanly and
+  base course of life. Mahomet, provoked at the Bassa's insolence,
+  told him that he deserved to die; <span class="pagenum"><a id=
+  "page340" name="page340"></a>[pg 340]</span> but that he would
+  pardon him in consideration of former services. He then commanded
+  him to assemble all the principal officers and captains in the
+  great hall of his palace the next day, to attend his royal
+  pleasure. Mustapha did as he was directed; and the next day the
+  sultan understanding that the Bassas and other officers awaited
+  him, entered the hall, with the charming Greek, who was
+  delicately dressed and adorned. Looking sternly around him, the
+  Sultan demanded, <i>which of them</i>, <i>possessing so fair an
+  object</i>, <i>could be contented to relinquish it</i>? Being
+  dazzled with the Christian's beauty, they unanimously answered,
+  that they highly commended his happy choice, and censured
+  themselves for having found fault with so much worth. The emperor
+  replied, that he would presently show them how much they had been
+  deceived in him, for that no earthly pleasure should so far
+  bereave him of his senses, or blind his understanding, as to make
+  him forget his duty in the high calling wherein he was placed. So
+  saying, he caught Irene by the hair of her head, which he
+  instantly severed from her body with his scimitar.</p>
+
+  <p>G.W.N.</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>Select Biography.</h2>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>JUVENILE POETESS.</h3>
+
+  <center>
+    MEMOIR OF LUCRETIA DAVIDSON,
+  </center>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>Who died at Plattsburgh, N.Y., August 27, 1825, aged sixteen
+    years and eleven months</i>.
+  </center>
+
+  <p>[We hardly know how to give our readers an idea of the intense
+  interest which this biographical sketch has excited in our mind;
+  but we are persuaded they will thank us for adopting it in our
+  columns. The details are somewhat abridged from No. LXXXII. of
+  the <i>Quarterly Review</i>, (just published), where they appear
+  in the first article, headed "Amir Khan, and other Poems: the
+  remains of Lucretia Maria Davidson," &amp;c., published at New
+  York, in the present year. Prefixed to these "remains" is a
+  biographical sketch, which forms the basis of the present memoir,
+  and from the Poems are selected the few specimens with which it
+  is illustrated.&mdash;ED.]</p>
+
+  <p>Lucretia Maria Davidson was born September 27, 1808, at
+  Plattsburgh, on Lake Champlain. She was the second daughter of
+  Dr. Oliver Davidson, and Magaret his wife. Her parents were in
+  straitened circumstances, and it was necessary, from an early
+  age, that much of her time should be devoted to domestic
+  employments: for these she had no inclination, but she performed
+  them with that alacrity which always accompanies good will; and,
+  when her work was done, retired to enjoy those intellectual and
+  imaginative, pursuits in which her whole heart was engaged. This
+  predilection for studious retirement she is said to have
+  manifested at the early age of four years. Reports, and even
+  recollections of this kind, are to be received, the one with some
+  distrust, the other with some allowance; but when that allowance
+  is made, the genius of this child still appears to have been as
+  precocious as it was extraordinary. Instead of playing with her
+  schoolmates, she generally got to some secluded place, with her
+  little books, and with pen, ink, and paper; and the consumption
+  which she made of paper was such as to excite the curiosity of
+  her parents, from whom she kept secret the use to which she
+  applied it. If any one came upon her retirement, she would
+  conceal or hastily destroy what she was employed upon; and,
+  instead of satisfying the inquiries of her father and mother,
+  replied to them only by tears. The mother, at length, when
+  searching for something in a dark and unfrequented closet, found
+  a considerable number of little books, made of this
+  writing-paper, and filled with rude drawings, and with strange
+  and apparently illegible characters, which, however, were at once
+  seen to be the child's work. Upon closer inspection, the
+  characters were found to consist of the printed alphabet; some of
+  the letters being formed backwards, some sideways, and there
+  being no spaces between the words. These writings were
+  deciphered, not without much difficulty; and it then appeared
+  that they consisted of regular verses, generally in explanation
+  of a rude drawing, sketched on the opposite page. When she found
+  that her treasures had been discovered, she was greatly
+  distressed, and could not be pacified till they were restored;
+  and as soon as they were in her possession, she took the first
+  opportunity of secretly burning them.</p>
+
+  <p>These books having thus been destroyed, the earliest remaining
+  specimen of her verse is an epitaph, composed in her ninth year,
+  upon an unfledged robin, killed in the attempt at rearing it.
+  When she was eleven years of age, her father took her to see the
+  decorations of a room in which Washington's birthday was to be
+  celebrated. Neither the novelty nor the gaiety of what she saw
+  attracted her attention; she thought of Washington <span class=
+  "pagenum"><a id="page341" name="page341"></a>[pg 341]</span>
+  alone, whose life she had read, and for whom she entertained the
+  proper feelings of an American; and as soon as she returned home,
+  she took paper, sketched a funeral urn, and wrote under it a few
+  stanzas, which were shown to her friends. Common as the talent of
+  versifying is, any early manifestation of it will always be
+  regarded as extraordinary by those who possess it not themselves;
+  and these verses, though no otherwise remarkable, were deemed so
+  surprising for a child of her age, that an aunt of hers could not
+  believe they were original, and hinted that they might have been
+  copied. The child wept at this suspicion, as if her heart would
+  break; but as soon as she recovered from that fit of indignant
+  grief, she indited a remonstrance to her aunt, in verse, which
+  put an end to such incredulity.</p>
+
+  <p>We are told that, before she was twelve years of age, she had
+  read most of the standard English poets&mdash;a vague term,
+  excluding, no doubt, much that is of real worth, and including
+  more that is worth little or nothing, and yet implying a
+  wholesome course of reading for such a mind. Much history she had
+  also read, both sacred and profane; "the whole of Shakspeare's,
+  Kotzebue's, and Goldsmith's dramatic works;" (oddly consorted
+  names!) "and many of the popular novels and romances of the day:"
+  of the latter, she threw aside at once those which at first sight
+  appeared worthless. This girl is said to have observed every
+  thing: "frequently she has been known to watch the storm, and the
+  retiring clouds, and the rainbow, and the setting sun, for
+  hours."</p>
+
+  <p>An English reader is not prepared to hear of distress arising
+  from straitened circumstances in America&mdash;the land of
+  promise, where there is room enough for all, and employment for
+  every body. Yet even in that new country, man, it appears, is
+  born not only to those ills which flesh is heir to, but to those
+  which are entailed upon him by the institutions of society.
+  Lucretia's mother was confined by illness to her room and bed for
+  many months; and this child, then about twelve years old, instead
+  of profiting under her mother's care, had in a certain degree to
+  supply her place in the business of the family, and to attend,
+  which she did dutifully and devotedly, to her sick bed. At this
+  time, a gentleman who had heard much of her verses, and expressed
+  a wish to see some of them, was so much gratified on perusing
+  them, that he sent her a complimentary note, enclosing a
+  bank-bill for twenty dollars. The girl's first joyful thought was
+  that she had now the means, which she had so often longed for, of
+  increasing her little stock of books; but, looking towards the
+  sick bed, tears came in her eyes, and she instantly put the bill
+  into her father's hands, saying, "Take it, father; it will buy
+  many comforts for mother; I can do without the books."</p>
+
+  <p>There were friends, as they are called, who remonstrated with
+  her parents on the course they were pursuing in her education,
+  and advised that she should be deprived of books, pen, ink, and
+  paper, and rigorously confined to domestic concerns. Her parents
+  loved her both too wisely and too well to be guided by such
+  counsellors, and they anxiously kept the advice secret from
+  Lucretia, lest it should wound her feelings&mdash;perhaps, also,
+  lest it should give her, as it properly might, a rooted dislike
+  to these misjudging and unfeeling persons. But she discovered it
+  by accident, and without declaring any such intention, she gave
+  up her pen and her books, and applied herself exclusively to
+  household business, for several months, till her body as well as
+  her spirits failed. She became emaciated, her countenance bore
+  marks of deep dejection, and often, while actively employed in
+  domestic duties, she could neither restrain nor conceal her
+  tears. The mother seems to have been slower in perceiving this
+  than she would have been had it not been for her own state of
+  confinement; she noticed it at length, and said, "Lucretia, it is
+  a long time since you have written any thing." The girl then
+  burst into tears, and replied, "O mother, I have given that up
+  long ago." "But why?" said her mother. After much emotion, she
+  answered, "I am convinced from what my friends have said, and
+  from what I see, that I have done wrong in pursuing the course I
+  have. I well know the circumstances of the family are such, that
+  it requires the united efforts of every member to sustain it; and
+  since my eldest sister is now gone, it becomes my duty to do
+  every thing in my power to lighten the cares of my parents." On
+  this occasion, Mrs. Davidson acted with equal discretion and
+  tenderness; she advised her to take a middle course, neither to
+  forsake her favourite pursuits, nor devote herself to them, but
+  use them in that wholesome alternation with the every day
+  business of the world, which is alike salutary for the body and
+  the mind. She therefore occasionally resumed her pen, and seemed
+  comparatively happy.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page342" name="page342"></a>[pg
+  342]</span> How the encouragement which she received operated may
+  be seen in some lines, not otherwise worthy of preservation than
+  for the purpose of showing how the promises of reward affect a
+  mind like hers. They were written in her thirteenth year.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Whene'er the muse pleases to grace my dull page,</p>
+
+      <p>At the sight of <i>reward</i>, she flies off in a
+      rage;</p>
+
+      <p>Prayers, threats, and intreaties I frequently try,</p>
+
+      <p>But she leaves me to scribble, to fret, and to sigh</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>She torments me each moment, and bids me go write,</p>
+
+      <p>And when I obey her she laughs at the sight;</p>
+
+      <p>The rhyme will not jingle, the verse has no sense,</p>
+
+      <p>And against all her insults I have no defence.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>I advise all my friends who wish me to write,</p>
+
+      <p>To keep their rewards and their gifts from my sight,</p>
+
+      <p>So that jealous Miss Muse won't be wounded in pride,</p>
+
+      <p>Nor Pegasus rear till I've taken my ride.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Let not the hasty reader conclude from these rhymes that
+  Lucretia was only what any child of early cleverness might be
+  made by forcing and injudicious admiration. In our own language,
+  except in the cases of Chatterton and Kirke White, we can call to
+  mind no instance of so early, so ardent, and so fatal a pursuit
+  of intellectual advancement.</p>
+
+  <p>"She composed with great rapidity; as fast as most persons
+  usually copy. There are several instances of four or five pieces
+  on different subjects, and containing three or four stanzas each,
+  written on the same day. Her thoughts flowed so rapidly, that she
+  often expressed the wish that she had two pair of hands, that she
+  might employ them to transcribe. When 'in the vein,' she would
+  write standing, and be wholly abstracted from the company present
+  and their conversation. But if composing a piece of some length,
+  she wished to be entirely alone; she shut herself into her room,
+  darkened the windows, and in summer placed her Aeolian harp in
+  the window:" (thus by artificial excitement, feeding the fire
+  that consumed her.) "In those pieces on which she bestowed more
+  than ordinary pains, she was very secret; and if they were, by
+  any accident, discovered in their unfinished state, she seldom
+  completed them, and often destroyed them. She cared little for
+  any of her works after they were completed: some, indeed, she
+  preserved with care for future correction, but a great proportion
+  she destroyed: very many that are preserved, were rescued from
+  the flames by her mother. Of a complete poem, in five cantos,
+  called 'Rodri,' and composed when she was thirteen years of age,
+  a single canto, and part of another, are all that are saved from
+  a destruction which she supposed had obliterated every vestige of
+  it."</p>
+
+  <p>She was often in danger, when walking, from carriages,
+  &amp;c., in consequence of her absence of mind. When engaged in a
+  poem of some length, she has often forgotten her meals. A single
+  incident, illustrating this trait in her character, is worth
+  relating:&mdash;She went out early one morning to visit a
+  neighbour, promising to be at home to dinner. The neighbour being
+  absent, she requested to be shown into the library. There she
+  became so absorbed in her book, standing, with her bonnet
+  unremoved, that the darkness of the coming night first reminded
+  her she had forgotten her meals, and expended the entire day in
+  reading.</p>
+
+  <p>She was peculiarly sensitive to music. There was one song (it
+  was Moore's Farewell to his Harp) to which she "took a special
+  fancy;" she wished to hear it only at twilight&mdash;thus, with
+  that same perilous love of excitement which made her place the
+  windharp in the window when she was composing, seeking to
+  increase the effect which the song produced upon a nervous
+  system, already diseasedly susceptible; for it is said, that
+  whenever she heard this song she became cold, pale, and almost
+  fainting; yet it was her favourite of all songs, and gave
+  occasion to these verses, addressed, in her fifteenth year, to
+  her sister.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>When evening spreads her shades around,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">And darkness fills the arch of heaven;</p>
+
+      <p>When not a murmur, not a sound</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">To Fancy's sportive ear is given;</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>When the broad orb of heaven is bright,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">And looks around with golden eye;</p>
+
+      <p>When Nature, softened by her light.</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Seems calmly, solemnly to lie;</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Then, when our thoughts are raised above</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">This world, and all this world can give,</p>
+
+      <p>Oh, Sister! sing the song I love,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">And tears of gratitude receive.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>The song which thrills my bosom's core,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">And, hovering, trembles half afraid,</p>
+
+      <p>Oh, Sister! sing the song once more,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Which ne'er for mortal ear was made.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>'Twere almost sacrilege to sing</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Those notes amid the glare of day;</p>
+
+      <p>Notes borne by angels' purest wing,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">And wafted by their breath away.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>When, sleeping in my grass-grown bed,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Shouldst thou still linger here above,</p>
+
+      <p>Wilt thou not kneel beside my head,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">And, Sister! sing the song I love?</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>To young readers it might be useful to observe, that these
+  verses in one place approach the verge of meaning, but are on the
+  wrong side of the line: to none can it be necessary to say, that
+  they <span class="pagenum"><a id="page343" name="page343"></a>[pg
+  343]</span> breathe the deep feeling of a mind essentially
+  poetical.</p>
+
+  <p>"Her desire of knowledge increased as she grew more capable of
+  appreciating its worth;" and she appreciated much beyond its real
+  worth the advantages which girls derive from the ordinary course
+  of female education. "Oh!" she said one day to her mother, "that
+  I only possessed half the means of improvement which I see others
+  slighting! I should be the happiest of the happy." A youth whom
+  nature has endowed with diligence and a studious disposition has,
+  indeed, too much reason to regret the want of that classical
+  education which is wasted upon the far greater number of those on
+  whom it is bestowed; but, for a girl who displays a promise of
+  genius like Lucretia, and who has at hand the Bible and the best
+  poets in her own language, no other assistance can be needed in
+  her progress than a supply of such books as may store her mind
+  with knowledge. Lucretia's desire of knowledge was a passion
+  which possessed her like a disease. "I am now sixteen years old,"
+  she said, "and what do I know? Nothing!&mdash;nothing, compared
+  with what I have yet to learn. Time is rapidly passing by: that
+  time usually allotted to the improvement of youth; and how dark
+  are my prospects in regard to this favourite wish of my heart!"
+  At another time she said&mdash;"How much there is yet to
+  learn!&mdash;If I could only grasp it at once!"</p>
+
+  <p>In October 1824, when she had just entered upon her
+  seventeenth year, a gentleman, then on a visit at Plattsburgh,
+  saw some of her verses&mdash;was made acquainted with her ardent
+  desire for education, and with the circumstances in which she was
+  placed; and he immediately resolved to afford her every advantage
+  which the best schools in the country could furnish. This
+  gentleman has probably chosen to have his name withheld, being
+  more willing to act benevolently than to have his good deeds
+  blazoned; and yet, stranger as he needs must be, there are many
+  English readers to whom it would have been gratifying, could they
+  have given to such a person "a local habitation and a name." When
+  Lucretia was made acquainted with his intention, the joy was
+  almost greater than she could bear. As soon as preparations could
+  be made, she left home, and was placed at the "Troy Female
+  Seminary," under the instruction of Mrs. Willard. There she had
+  all the advantages for which she had hungered and thirsted; and,
+  like one who had long hungered and thirsted, she devoured them
+  with fatal eagerness. Her application was incessant; and its
+  effects on her constitution, already somewhat debilitated by
+  previous disease, became apparent in increased nervous
+  sensibility. Her letters at this time exhibit the two extremes of
+  feeling in a marked degree. They abound in the most sprightly or
+  most gloomy speculations, bright hopes and lively fancies, or
+  despairing fears and gloomy forebodings. In one of her letters
+  from this seminary, she writes thus to her mother: "I hope you
+  will feel no uneasiness as to my health or happiness; for, save
+  the thoughts of my dear mother and her lonely life, and the idea
+  that my dear father is slaving himself, and wearing out his very
+  life, to earn a subsistence for his family&mdash;save these
+  thoughts (and I can assure you, mother, they come not seldom), I
+  am happy. Oh! how often I think, if I could have but one-half the
+  means I now expend, and be at liberty to divide that with mamma,
+  how happy I should be!&mdash;cheer up and keep good courage." In
+  another, she says: "Oh! I am so happy, so contented now, that
+  every unusual movement startles me. I am constantly afraid that
+  something will happen to mar it." Again, she says: "I hope the
+  expectations of my friends will not be disappointed: but I am
+  afraid you all calculate upon <i>too much</i>. I hope not, for I
+  am not capable of much. I can study and be industrious; but I
+  fear I shall not equal the hopes which you say are raised." The
+  story of Kirke White should operate not more as an example than a
+  warning; but the example is followed and the warning overlooked.
+  Stimulants are administered to minds which are already in a state
+  of feverish excitement. Hotbeds and glasses are used for plants
+  which can only acquire strength in the shade; and they are
+  drenched with instruction, which ought "to drop as the rain, and
+  distil as the dew&mdash;as the small rain upon the tender herb,
+  and as the shower upon the grass."</p>
+
+  <p>During the vacation, in which she returned home, she had a
+  serious illness, which left her feeble and more sensitive than
+  ever. On her recovery she was placed at the school of Miss
+  Gilbert, in Albany; and there, in a short time, a more alarming
+  illness brought her to the very borders of the grave. Before she
+  entered upon her intemperate course of application at Troy, her
+  verses show that she felt a want of joyous and healthy
+  feeling&mdash;a sense of decay. Thus she wrote to a friend, who
+  had not seen her since her childhood:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <span class="pagenum"><a id="page344" name="page344"></a>[pg
+      344]</span>
+
+      <p>And thou hast mark'd in childhood's hour</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">The fearless boundings of my breast,</p>
+
+      <p>When fresh as summer's opening flower,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">I freely frolick'd and was blest.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Oh say, was not this eye more bright?</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Were not these lips more wont to smile?</p>
+
+      <p>Methinks that then my heart was light,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">And I a fearless, joyous child</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>And thou didst mark me gay and wild,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">My careless, reckless laugh of mirth:</p>
+
+      <p>The simple pleasures of a child,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">The holiday of man on earth.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Then thou hast seen me in that hour,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">When every nerve of life was new,</p>
+
+      <p>When pleasures fann'd youth's infant flower,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">And Hope her witcheries round it threw.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>That hour is fading; it has fled;</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">And I am left in darkness now,</p>
+
+      <p>A wanderer tow'rds a lowly bed,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">The grave, that home of all below.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Young poets often affect a melancholy strain, and none more
+  frequently put on a sad and sentimental mood in verse than those
+  who are as happy as an utter want of feeling for any body but
+  themselves can make them. But in these verses the feeling was
+  sincere and ominous. Miss Davidson recovered from her illness at
+  Albany so far only as to be able to perform the journey back to
+  Plattsburgh, under her poor mother's care. "The hectic flush of
+  her cheek told but too plainly that a fatal disease had fastened
+  upon her constitution, and must ere long inevitably triumph." She
+  however dreaded something worse than death, and while confined to
+  her bed, wrote these unfinished lines, the last that were ever
+  traced by her indefatigable hand, expressing her fear of
+  madness.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>There is a something which I dread,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">It is a dark, a fearful thing;</p>
+
+      <p>It steals along with withering tread.</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Or sweeps on wild destruction's wing.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>That thought comes o'er me in the hour,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Of grief, of sickness, or of sadness;</p>
+
+      <p>'Tis not the dread of death,&mdash;'tis more,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">It is the dread of madness.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Oh, may these throbbing pulses pause</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Forgetful of their feverish course;</p>
+
+      <p>May this hot brain, which burning, glows,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">With all a fiery whirlpool's force,</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Be cold, and motionless, and still</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">A tenant of its lowly bed;</p>
+
+      <p>But let not dark delirium steal&mdash;</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <hr />
+
+  <p>The stanzas with which Kirke White's fragment of the
+  "Christiad" concludes, are not so painful as these lines. Had
+  this however been more than a transient feeling, it would have
+  produced the calamity which it dreaded: it is likely, indeed,
+  that her early death was a dispensation of mercy, and saved her
+  from the severest of all earthly inflictions; and that same
+  merciful Providence which removed her to a better state of
+  existence, made these apprehensions give way to a hope and
+  expectation of recovery, which, vain as it was, cheered some of
+  her last hours. When she was forbidden to read it was a pleasure
+  to her to handle the books which composed her little library, and
+  which she loved so dearly. "She frequently took them up and
+  kissed them; and at length requested them to be placed at the
+  foot of her bed, where she might constantly see them," and
+  anticipating a revival which was not to be, of the delight she
+  should feel in reperusing them, she said often to her mother,
+  "what a feast I shall have by-and-bye." How these words must have
+  gone to that poor mother's heart, they only can understand who
+  have heard such like anticipations of recovery from a dear child,
+  and not been able, even whilst hoping against hope, to partake
+  them.</p>
+
+  <p>When sensible at length of her approaching dissolution, she
+  looked forward to it without alarm; not alone in that peaceful
+  state of mind which is the proper reward of innocence, but in
+  reliance on the divine promises, and in hope of salvation through
+  the merits of our blessed Lord and Saviour. The last name which
+  she pronounced was that of the gentleman whose bounty she had
+  experienced, and towards whom she always felt the utmost
+  gratitude. Gradually sinking under her malady, she passed away on
+  the 27th of August, 1825, before she had completed her
+  seventeenth year. Her person was singularly beautiful; she had "a
+  high, open forehead, a soft, black eye, perfect symmetry of
+  features, a fair complexion, and luxuriant dark hair. The
+  prevailing expression of her face was melancholy. Although,
+  because of her beauty as well as of her mental endowments, she
+  was the object of much admiration and attention, yet she shunned
+  observation, and often sought relief from the pain it seemed to
+  inflict upon her, by retiring from the company."</p>
+
+  <p>That she should have written so voluminously as has been
+  ascertained, (says the editor of her Poems), is almost
+  incredible. Her poetical writings which have been collected,
+  amount in all to two hundred and seventy-eight pieces of various
+  length; when it is considered that among these are at least five
+  regular poems of several cantos each, some estimate may be formed
+  of her poetical labours. Besides there were twenty-four school
+  exercises, three unfinished romances, a complete tragedy, written
+  at thirteen years of age, and about forty letters, in a few
+  months, to her mother alone. To this statement should also be
+  appended the fact, that a great portion of her writings she
+  destroyed. Her <span class="pagenum"><a id="page345" name=
+  "page345"></a>[pg 345]</span> mother observes, "I think I am
+  justified in saying that she destroyed at least one-third of all
+  she wrote."</p>
+
+  <p>Of the literary character of her writings, (says the editor),
+  it does not, perhaps, become me largely to speak; yet I must
+  hazard the remark, that her defects will be perceived to be those
+  of youth and inexperience, while in invention, and in that
+  mysterious power of exciting deep interest, of enchaining the
+  attention and keeping it alive to the end of the story; in that
+  adaptation of the measure to the sentiment, and in the sudden
+  change of measure to suit a sudden change of sentiment; a wild
+  and romantic description; and in the congruity of the
+  accompaniment to her characters, all conceived with great purity
+  and delicacy&mdash;she will be allowed to have discovered
+  uncommon maturity of mind, and her friends to have been warranted
+  in forming very high expectations of her future distinction.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>Curious Dial.</h3>
+
+  <div class="figure" style="width: 50%; float: left;">
+    <a href="images/400-2.png"><img width="100%" src=
+    "images/400-2.png" alt="Curious Dial." /></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>This Dial, which was really no common or vulgar invention,
+  formerly stood in Privy Garden, Whitehall, at a short distance
+  from Gibbons's noble brass statue of James II., which, as a
+  waggish friend of ours said of the horse at Charing Cross,
+  remains in <i>statu-quo</i> to this day. The Dial was invented by
+  one Francis Hall, alias Line, a Jesuit, and Professor of
+  Mathematics at Liege, in Germany. It was set up, as the old books
+  have it, in the year 1669, by order of Charles II.; and in
+  addition to the parts represented in the cut, the inventer
+  intended to place a water-dial at each corner, which he had
+  nearly completed when the original Dial for want of a cover, as
+  he quaintly observes, (which according to his Majestie's Gracious
+  Order should have been set over it in the Winter) was much
+  injured by the snow lying frozen upon it. But there was no chance
+  of obtaining this out of Charles's coffers, and the Dial soon
+  became useless. Its explanation was, however, considered by many
+  mathematical men of the period as too valuable to be lost, and
+  the Professor accordingly printed the description at Liege, in
+  1673, in which were plates and diagrams of the several parts. The
+  matter was too grave for pleasant, anecdotical Pennant, who,
+  speaking of the Dial, in his <i>London</i>, says "the description
+  surpasses my powers:" he refers the reader to the above work, a
+  "very scarce book" in his time, and we have been at some pains to
+  obtain the reprint, (London, 1685,) appended to Holwell's
+  <i>Clavis Horologiae; or Key to the whole art of Arithmetical
+  Dialling</i>, small 4to. 1712.<a id="footnotetag3" name=
+  "footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a></p>
+
+  <p>The whole Dial stood on a stone pedestal, and consisted of
+  six<a id="footnotetag4" name="footnotetag4"></a><a href=
+  "#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a> parts, rising in a pyramidal form,
+  as represented in the Cut.</p>
+
+  <p>The base, or first piece, was a table of about 40 inches in
+  diameter, and 8 or 9 inches thick, in the edge of which were 20
+  glazed dials, with the Jewish, Babylonian, Italian, Astronomical,
+  and usual European methods of counting the hours: they were all
+  vertical or declining Dials, the style or gnomon being a lion's
+  paw, unicorn's horn, or some emblem from the royal arms. On the
+  upper part of the Table were 8 reclining dials, glazed, and
+  showing the hour in different ways&mdash;as by the shade of the
+  style falling upon the hour-lines, the hour-lines falling on the
+  style, or without any shade of hour-lines or style, &amp;c. Upon
+  this piece or table stood also 4 globes, cut into planes, with
+  geographical, astronomical, and astrological dials. From the
+  table also, east, west, north, and south, were four iron branches
+  supporting glass bowls, showing the hour by fire, water, air, and
+  earth.</p>
+
+  <p>The second piece of the pyramid was also a round table
+  somewhat less than the first, with 4 iron supporters, and dials
+  on the edge, showing the different rising of remarkable stars;
+  the style to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page346" name=
+  "page346"></a>[pg 346]</span> each being a little star painted
+  upon the inside of the glass cover. From this piece also branched
+  4 glass bowls to show the hour by a style without a shadow, a
+  shadow without a style, &amp;c. Upon the upper part of the table
+  were 8 reclining planes, 4 covered with looking-glass, on which
+  the hour-lines, or style of a dial being painted, were reflected
+  upon the bottom inclining planes of the third piece, and there
+  showed the hour. The other 4 had also dials upon them, which were
+  to be seen in a looking-glass placed upon the bottom of the third
+  piece.</p>
+
+  <p>The third piece was a large hollow globe, about 24 inches in
+  diameter, and cut into 26 planes, two of which served for top and
+  bottom. The rest were divided into 8 equal reclining planes, 8
+  equal inclining planes, and 8 equal vertical or upright planes;
+  all of which were hollow. The incliners were not covered with
+  glass, but left open, so as better to receive and show the dials
+  reflected from the second piece. Two of the 8 upright planes
+  towards the north had no bottoms, but were covered only with
+  clear glass, or windows to look into the globe, and thus see the
+  dials as well within as without the same. The other 6 had not
+  only each a cover of clear polished glass, with a dial described
+  on them, like those of the first piece, but had a glass for their
+  bottom; which glass was thinly painted over white, so that the
+  shade of the hour-lines drawn upon the cover, might be seen as
+  well within as without the globe. On these bottom glasses were
+  painted portraits, each holding a sceptre, or truncheon, the end
+  of which pointed to the hour. Two also of the recliners towards
+  the north, had only a glass cover, or window to look into the
+  globe: the other 6 had double glass like the former; their dials
+  being some upon the cover, others upon the bottom; but all so
+  contrived, that the hour could only be known by them, by looking
+  within the globe. From the top of this globe issued 4 iron
+  branches with glass bowls with dials showing the time according
+  to the several ways of counting the hours. These bowls were
+  painted inside so as to keep out the light, except a point left
+  like a star, through which the sun-beams showed the hour; and the
+  place where the hour-lines were drawn, was only painted on the
+  outside thinly with white colour, so that the sun-light passing
+  through the star might be seen, and show the hour.</p>
+
+  <p>The fourth piece stood on the globe, had 4 iron supporters,
+  and was a table about 20 inches in diameter, and 6 in thickness!
+  The edge was cut into 12 concave superficies like so many
+  half-cylinders; on each of which was a dial showing the hour by
+  the shade of a fleur-de-lis fixed at the top of each
+  half-cylinder. From the top of this table issued 4 iron branches,
+  with glass bowls, like those of the first, second, and third
+  pieces, though proportionally less. The dials on these bowls
+  showed only the usual hour, and otherwise differed from the third
+  piece; here the hour-lines being left clear for the sunbeams to
+  pass through, that by so passing, they might exhibit the same
+  dial on the opposite side of the bowl, which was thinly painted
+  white, that the said hours might be seen, and show the hour by
+  their passing over a little star painted in the middle.</p>
+
+  <p>The fifth piece likewise upon 4 iron supporters, was a globe
+  of about 12 inches diameter, cut into 14 planes, viz. 8
+  triangles, equal and equilateral; and the other 6 were equal
+  squares. The dials on these planes showed the usual hour by the
+  shade of a fleur-de-lis fastened to the top or bottom of each
+  plane.</p>
+
+  <p>The last, or top piece of the pyramid, was a glass bowl of 7
+  inches diameter, upon a foot of iron. The north side of this
+  piece was thinly painted over white, that the shade of a little
+  golden ball, placed in the middle of the bowl, might be seen to
+  pass over the hour-lines which were drawn upon the white colour,
+  and noted the hour. The bowl was included between two circles of
+  iron gilt, with a cross on the top.</p>
+
+  <p>Such is a general description of the parts or divisions of
+  this very curious Dial. To which may be added that the first four
+  pieces had all their sides covered with little plates of black
+  glass, first cemented to the said pieces, except those places
+  whereon the dials were drawn; which being also covered with
+  plates of polished glass, nearly the whole of the outside of the
+  dial appeared to be glass; the angles or corners being elegantly
+  gilt, as were in part the iron work of the pyramid, supporters,
+  branches, styles, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p>We have abridged and in part rewritten this explanation from
+  upwards of six closely-printed 4to. pages. After the general
+  description, in the original tract, the different sections or
+  parts of the dial, 73 in number, are still further explained, and
+  illustrated by 17 plates, besides a vertical section, of which
+  last our Cut is a copy. Perhaps these details would tire the
+  general reader, and on that account we do not press <span class=
+  "pagenum"><a id="page347" name="page347"></a>[pg 347]</span>
+  them: a few of them, however, may be noticed still further.</p>
+
+  <p>Of these, the <i>Bowls</i> appear to be the most attractive.
+  One on the first piece, <i>by fire</i> was a little glass bowl
+  filled with clear water. This bowl was about three inches
+  diameter, placed in the middle of another sphere, about six
+  inches diameter, consisting of several iron rings or circles,
+  representing the hour circles in the heavens. The hour was known
+  by applying the hand to these circles when the sun shone, when
+  that circle where you felt the hand burnt by the sunbeams passing
+  through the bowl filled with water, showed the true hour,
+  according to the verse beneath it:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Cratem tange, manusq horam tibi reddet adusta.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>The phenomenon is thus explained by the Professor: "the
+  parallel rays of the sun passing through the little bowl, are
+  bent by the density of the water, into a cone or pyramid, whose
+  vertex reaches a little beyond those hour circles, and there
+  burns the hand applied; for so many rays being all united into a
+  point, must needs make an intense heat, which heat is so powerful
+  in the summer-time, that it will fire a piece of wood applied to
+  it."</p>
+
+  <p>To many of the Dials were suitable inscriptions as above, and
+  these with the references must have made the construction of the
+  whole a task of immense labour. It would be absurd to expect that
+  Charles II. had much to do with its completion, for he was, in
+  his own estimation, more pleasantly employed than in watching the
+  flight of time by heavenly luminaries. His attractions were on
+  earth, where the splendour of a wicked court and the witchery of
+  bright eyes eclipsed all other pursuits. Still, the licentious
+  king was not forgotten by the inventer of the dial. Among the
+  pictures on some of the glasses were portraits of the king, the
+  two queens, the duke of York, prince Rupert, &amp;c. In the
+  king's picture, the hour was shown by the shade of the hour-lines
+  passing over the top of the sceptre&mdash;perhaps the only time
+  the royal trifier ever pointed to so useful an end. Prince
+  Rupert, by his contributions to science, had a better right to be
+  there; but Charles was not even grateful enough for the elevation
+  to protect the precious Dial from rain and snow.</p>
+
+  <p>In the list of subscribers for the reprint of the Tract,
+  occurs "Jacob Chandler, basket-maker:" in our times this would be
+  considered a knotty work for any but a professional reader.</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>NOTES OF A READER</h2>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>HISTORY OF INSECTS.</h3>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>The Family Library, No. 7.<br />
+    Library of Entertaining Knowledge, Part 6.&mdash;Insect
+    Architecture</i>.
+  </center>
+
+  <p>At present we can only notice these works as two of the most
+  delightful volumes that have for some time fallen into our hands,
+  and as possessing all the merits which characterize the previous
+  portions of the Series. Our cognizance of them, in a collected
+  form, must rest till the other half appears; in the meantime a
+  few <i>flying</i> extracts will prove amusing:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>Bees without a Queen</i>.
+  </center>
+
+  <p>These humble creatures cherish their queen, feed her, and
+  provide for her wants. They live only in her life, and die when
+  she is taken away. Her absence deprives them of no organ,
+  paralyzes no limb, yet in every case they neglect all their
+  duties for twenty-four hours. They receive no stranger queen
+  before the expiration of that time; and if deprived of the
+  cherished object altogether, they refuse food, and quickly
+  perish. What, it may be asked, is the physical cause of such
+  devotion? What are the bonds that chain the little creature to
+  its cell, and force it to prefer death, to the flowers and the
+  sunshine that invite it to come forth and live? This is not a
+  solitary instance, in which the Almighty has made virtues,
+  apparently almost unattainable by us, natural to animals! For
+  while man has marked, with that praise which great and rare good
+  actions merit, those few instances in which one human being has
+  given up his own life for another&mdash;the dog, who daily
+  sacrifices himself for his master, has scarcely found an
+  historian to record his common virtue.&mdash;<i>Family
+  Library</i>.</p>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>Cleanliness of Bees</i>.
+  </center>
+
+  <p>Among other virtues possessed by bees, cleanliness is one of
+  the most marked; they will not suffer the least filth in their
+  abode. It sometimes happens that an ill-advised slug or ignorant
+  snail chooses to enter the hive, and has even the audacity to
+  walk over the comb; the presumptuous and foul intruder is quickly
+  killed, but its gigantic carcass is not so speedily removed.
+  Unable to transport the corpse out of their dwelling, and fearing
+  "the noxious smells" arising from corruption, the bees adopt an
+  efficacious mode of protecting themselves; they embalm their
+  offensive enemy, by covering him over with propolis; both Maraldi
+  and Reaumur <span class="pagenum"><a id="page348" name=
+  "page348"></a>[pg 348]</span> have seen this. The latter observed
+  that a snail had entered a hive, and fixed itself to the glass
+  side, just as it does against walls, until the rain shall invite
+  it to thrust out its head beyond its shell. The bees, it seemed,
+  did not like the interloper, and not being able to penetrate the
+  shell with their sting, took a hint from the snail itself, and
+  instead of covering it all over with propolis, the cunning
+  economists fixed it immovably, by cementing merely the edge of
+  the orifice of the shell to the glass with this resin, and thus
+  it became a prisoner for life, for rain cannot dissolve this
+  cement, as it does that which the insect itself uses.<a id=
+  "footnotetag5" name="footnotetag5"></a><a href=
+  "#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a>&mdash;<i>Ibid</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>It furnishes a subject of serious consideration, as well as an
+  argument for a special providence, to know, that the accurate
+  Reaumur, and other naturalists, have observed, that when any kind
+  of insect has increased inordinately, their natural enemies have
+  increased in the same proportion, and thus preserved the
+  balance.&mdash;<i>Ibid</i>.</p>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>Gnats</i>.
+  </center>
+
+  <p>There are few insects with whose form we are better acquainted
+  than that of the gnat. It is to be found in all latitudes and
+  climates; as prolific in the Polar as in the Equatorial regions.
+  In 1736 they were so numerous, and were seen to rise in such
+  clouds from Salisbury cathedral, that they looked like columns of
+  smoke, and frightened the people, who thought the building was on
+  fire. In 1766, they appeared at Oxford, in the form of a thick
+  black cloud; six columns were observed to ascend the height of
+  fifty or sixty feet. Their bite was attended with alarming
+  inflammation. To some appearances of this kind our great poet,
+  Spenser, alludes, in the following beautiful simile:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>As when a swarm of gnats at eventide,</p>
+
+      <p>Out of the fennes of Allan doe arise,</p>
+
+      <p>Their murmurring small trumpets sownden wide,</p>
+
+      <p>Whiles in the air their clust'ring army flies.</p>
+
+      <p>That as a cloud doth seem to dim the skies:</p>
+
+      <p>Ne man nor beast may rest or take repast,</p>
+
+      <p>For their sharp wounds and noyous injuries,</p>
+
+      <p>Till the fierce northern wind, with blustering blast,</p>
+
+      <p>Doth blow them quite away, and in the ocean cast.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>In Lapland, their numbers have been compared to a flight of
+  snow when the flakes fall thickest, and the minor evil of being
+  nearly suffocated by smoke is endured to get rid of these little
+  pests. Captain Stedman says, that he and his soldiers were so
+  tormented by gnats in America, that they were obliged to dig
+  holes in the ground with their bayonets, and thrust their heads
+  into them for protection and sleep. Humboldt states, that
+  "between the little harbour of Higuerote and the mouth of the
+  Rio-Unare, the wretched inhabitants are accustomed to stretch
+  themselves on the ground, and pass the night buried in the sand
+  three or four inches deep, exposing only the head, which they
+  cover with a handkerchief."</p>
+
+  <p>After enumerating these and other examples of the achievements
+  of the gnat and musquito tribe, Kirby says, "It is not therefore
+  incredible that Sapor, King of Persia, should have been compelled
+  to raise the siege of Nisibis by a plague of gnats, which
+  attacked his elephants and beasts of burden, and so caused the
+  rout of his army; nor that the inhabitants of various cities
+  should, by an extraordinary multiplication of this plague, have
+  been compelled to desert them; nor that, by their power of doing
+  mischief, like other conquerors who have been the torment of the
+  human race, they should have attained to fame, and have given
+  their name to bays, town, and territories." <i>Ibid</i>.</p>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>Leaf Caterpillars</i>.
+  </center>
+
+  <p>The design of the caterpillars in rolling up the leaves is not
+  only to conceal themselves from birds and predatory insects, but
+  also to protect themselves from the cuckoo-flies, which lie in
+  wait in every quarter to deposit their eggs in their bodies, that
+  their progeny may devour them. Their mode of concealment,
+  however, though it appear to be cunningly contrived and skilfully
+  executed, is not always successful, their enemies often
+  discovering their hiding place. We happened to see a remarkable
+  instance of this last summer (1828), in a case of one of the
+  lilac caterpillars which had changed into a chrysalis within the
+  closely folded leaf. A small cuckoo-fly, aware, it should seem,
+  of the very spot where the chrysalis lay within the leaf, was
+  seen boring through it with her ovipositor, and introducing her
+  eggs through the punctures thus made into the body of the dormant
+  insect. We allowed her to lay all her eggs, about six in number,
+  and then put the leaf under an inverted glass. In a few days the
+  eggs of the cuckoo-fly were hatched, the grubs devoured the lilac
+  chrysalis, and finally changed into pupae in a case of yellow
+  silk, and into perfect insects like their
+  parent.&mdash;<i>Library of Entertaining Knowledge</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page349" name="page349"></a>[pg
+  349]</span> The last extract, and all in the Library of
+  Entertaining Knowledge signed J.R. are written by Mr. J. Rennie,
+  whose initials must be familiar to every reader as attached to
+  some of the most interesting papers in Mr. Loudon's Magazines. He
+  is a nice observer of Nature, and one of the most popular writers
+  on her phenomena.</p>
+
+  <p>As we treated the cuts of the last portion of the "Library of
+  Entertaining Knowledge," rather critically, we are happy to say
+  that the engravings of insects in the present part make ample
+  amends for all former imperfections in that branch of the work;
+  some of the pupae, insects, their nests, &amp;c. are admirably
+  executed, and their selection is equally judicious and
+  attractive.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS.</h3>
+
+  <p>Spirit-drinking appears to have attained a <i>pretty
+  considerable</i> pitch in America, where, according to the
+  proceedings of the American Temperance Society, half as many tuns
+  of domestic spirits are annually produced as of wheat and flour;
+  and in the state of New York, in the year 1825, there were 2,264
+  grist-mills, and 1,129 distilleries of whiskey. In a
+  communication to this society from Philadelphia, it is
+  calculated, that out of 4,151 deaths in that city in the year
+  1825, 335 are attributed solely to the abuse of ardent
+  spirits!</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>WOOD ENGRAVING.</h3>
+
+  <p>In early life Bewick cut a vignette for the Newcastle
+  newspaper, from which it is calculated that more than <i>nine
+  hundred thousand impressions</i> have been worked off; yet the
+  block is still in use, and not perceptibly impaired.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>AUSTRIA.</h3>
+
+  <p>The present Emperor of Austria is a gentle, fatherly old man.
+  We have heard none of his subjects speak of him with anything but
+  love and affection. The meanest peasant has access to him; and,
+  except on public occasions, he leads a simpler life than any
+  nobleman among ourselves. It is, perhaps, less the emperor than
+  the nobility who govern in Austria, and less the nobility than
+  Metternich, the prince-pattern of
+  prime-ministers.&mdash;<i>Foreign Review</i>.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>HANGING.</h3>
+
+  <p>The following letter tends to rectify an error which very
+  generally prevails, namely, that it costs only thirteen-pence
+  halfpenny to be hung. It is copied <i>literatim et verbatim</i>,
+  from one made out by Mr. Ketch himself, and proves that a man
+  cannot be hung for so mere a trifle:&mdash;</p>
+  <pre>
+       "Silvester.               s. d.
+  Executioner's Fees............ 7  6
+  Stripping the Body............ 4  6
+  Use of Shell.................. 2  6
+    1813.                      ______
+   Nov. 10.                    14  6"
+</pre>
+
+  <p><i>Blackwood's Magazine</i>.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>SCOTTISH POETRY.</h3>
+
+  <p>The passion of the Scots, from whatever race derived, for
+  poetry and music, developed itself in the earliest stages of
+  their history. They possessed a wild imagination, a dark and
+  gloomy mythology; they peopled the caves, the woods, the rivers,
+  and the mountains, with spirits, elves, giants, and dragons; and
+  are we to wonder that the Scots, a nation in whose veins the
+  blood of all those remote races is unquestionably mingled,
+  should, at a very remote period, have evinced an enthusiastic
+  admiration for song and poetry; that the harper was to be found
+  amongst the officers who composed the personal state of the
+  sovereign, and that the country maintained a privileged race of
+  wandering minstrels, who eagerly seized on the prevailing
+  superstitions and romantic legends, and wove them in rude, but
+  sometimes very expressive versification, into their stories and
+  ballads; who were welcome guests at the gate of every feudal
+  castle, and fondly beloved by the great body of the
+  people.&mdash;<i>Tytler's History of Scotland</i>.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>TO CONSTANTINOPLE,</h3>
+
+  <p><i>On approaching the city about sun-rise, from the Sea of
+  Marmora</i>.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>A glorious form thy shining city wore,</p>
+
+      <p>'Mid cypress thickets of perennial green,</p>
+
+      <p>With minaret and golden dome between,</p>
+
+      <p>While thy sea softly kiss'd its grassy shore.</p>
+
+      <p>Darting across whose blue expanse was seen</p>
+
+      <p>Of sculptured barques and galleys many a score;</p>
+
+      <p>Whence noise was none save that of plashing oar;</p>
+
+      <p>Nor word was spoke, to break the calm serene.</p>
+
+      <p>Unhear'd is whisker'd boatman's hail or joke;</p>
+
+      <p>Who, mute as Sinbad's man of copper, rows,</p>
+
+      <p>And only intermits the sturdy stroke</p>
+
+      <p>When fearless gull too nigh his pinnace goes.</p>
+
+      <p>I, hardly conscious if I dream'd or woke,</p>
+
+      <p>Mark'd that strange piece of action and repose.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>BERWICK.</h3>
+
+  <p>In the thirteenth century Berwick enjoyed a prosperity, such
+  as threw every other Scottish port into the shade; the customs of
+  this town, at the above date, amounted to about one-fourth of all
+  the customs of England.</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page350" name="page350"></a>[pg
+  350]</span></p>
+
+  <h2>SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.</h2>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>THE LORD MAYORS DAY.</h3>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"Spirit of Momus! thou'rt wandering wide.</p>
+
+      <p>When I would thou wert merrily perch'd by my side,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">For I am sorely beset by the <i>blues</i>;</p>
+
+      <p>Thou fugitive elf! I adjure thee return,</p>
+
+      <p>By Fielding's best wig, and the ashes of Sterne,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Appear at the call of my muse."</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>It comes, with a laugh on its rubicund face;</p>
+
+      <p>Methinks, by the way, it's in pretty good case,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">For a spirit unblest with a body;</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">"On the claret bee's-wing," says the sprite, "I
+      regale;</p>
+
+      <p>But I'm ready for all&mdash;from Lafitte down to ale,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">From Champagne to a tumbler of toddy.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"Then I'm not over-nice, as at least <i>you</i> must
+      know,</p>
+
+      <p>In the rank of my hosts&mdash;for the lofty or low</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Are alike to the Spirit of Mirth;</p>
+
+      <p>I care not a straw with whom I have dined,</p>
+
+      <p>Though a family dinner's not much to my mind,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">And a proser's a plague upon earth.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"But where, my dear sprite, for this age have you
+      been?</p>
+
+      <p>Have you plunged in the Danube, or danced on the
+      Seine?</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Or have taken in Lisbon your station?</p>
+
+      <p>Or have flapped over Windsor your butterfly-wings,</p>
+
+      <p>O'er its bevy of beauties, and courtiers, and
+      kings&mdash;</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">The wonders and wits of the nation?"</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"No; of all climes for folly, Old England's the clime;</p>
+
+      <p>Of all times for fully, the present's the time;</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">And my game is so plentiful here,</p>
+
+      <p>That all months are the same, from December to May;</p>
+
+      <p>I can bag in a minute enough for a day&mdash;</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">In a day, bag enough for a year.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"My game-bag has nooks for 'Notes, Sketches, and
+      Journeys,'</p>
+
+      <p>By soldiers and sailors, divines and attorneys,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Through landscapes gay, blooming, and
+      briary;</p>
+
+      <p>And so, as you seem rather pensive to-night,</p>
+
+      <p>To dispel your blue-devils, I'll briefly recite</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">A specimen-leaf from my diary:&mdash;</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <center>
+    "'THE NINTH OF NOVEMBER.
+  </center>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"'Through smoke-clouds as dark as a forest of rooks,</p>
+
+      <p>The rich contribution of blacksmiths and cooks</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">From the huge human oven below,</p>
+
+      <p>I heard old St. Paul's gaily pealing away;</p>
+
+      <p>Thinks I to myself, 'It is Lord Mayor's Day,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">So, I'll go down and look at the Show.'</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"'I spread out my pinions, and sprang on my perch&mdash;</p>
+
+      <p>'Twas the dragon on Bow, that odd sign of the church,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">The episcopal centre of action;</p>
+
+      <p>All Cheapside was crowded with black, brown, and fair,</p>
+
+      <p>Like a harlequin's jacket, or French rocquelaire,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">A legitimate Cheapside attraction.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Then rung through the tumult a trumpet so shrill,</p>
+
+      <p>That it frightened the ladies all down Ludgate Hill,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">And the owlets in Ivy Lane;</p>
+
+      <p>Then came in their chariots, each face in full blow,</p>
+
+      <p>The sheriffs and aldermen, solemn and slow,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">All bombazine, bag-wig and chain.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"'Then came the old tumbril-shaped city machine,</p>
+
+      <p>With a Lord Mayor so fat that he made the coach
+      <i>lean</i>;</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Lord Waithman was scarcely a brighter man;</p>
+
+      <p>The wits said the old groaning wagon of state,</p>
+
+      <p>Which for ages had carried Lord Mayors of such weight,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">To-day would break down with a <i>lighter
+      man</i>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"'Then proud as a prince, at the head of the band</p>
+
+      <p>Rode the city field-marshal, with truncheon in hand,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Though his epaulettes lately are gone;</p>
+
+      <p>But he's still fine enough to astonish the cits,</p>
+
+      <p>And drive the economists out of their wits,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">From Lords Waithman and Wood, to Lord John.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"'But I now left the pageant&mdash;wits, worthies, and
+      all&mdash;</p>
+
+      <p>And flew through the smoke to the roof of Guildhall,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">And perched on the grand chandelier;</p>
+
+      <p>The dinner was stately, the tables were full&mdash;</p>
+
+      <p>There sat, multiplied by three thousand, John Bull,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Resolved to make all disappear.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"'And then came the speeches; Lord Hunter was
+      fine&mdash;</p>
+
+      <p>Lord Wood, finer still&mdash;Lord Thompson, divine,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">The sheriffs were Ciceros a-piece;</p>
+
+      <p>Lord Crowther was sick, though he managed to eat</p>
+
+      <p>What, if races were feasts, would have won him the
+      plate;</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">But he tossed off a bumper to Greece.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"'Then all was enchantment&mdash;all hubbub and
+      smiles&mdash;</p>
+
+      <p>The wit of Old Jewry, the grace of St. Giles,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">The force of the Billingsgate tongue:</p>
+
+      <p>Till the eloquent Lord Mayor demanding 'Who
+      malts?'&mdash;</p>
+
+      <p>The understood sign for beginning the waltz&mdash;</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">In a fright through the ceiling I sprung.'"</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2><i>Monthly Magazine</i>.</h2>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A LANDAULET.</h3>
+
+  <p>(<i>Concluded from page 302</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p>It happened to be a dull time of year, and for some months my
+  wheels ceased to be rotatory: I got cold and damp; and the moths
+  found their way to my inside: one or two persons who came to
+  inspect me declined becoming purchasers, and peering closely at
+  my panels, said something about "old scratch." This hurt my
+  feelings, for if my former possessor was not quite so good as she
+  might have been, it was no fault of mine.</p>
+
+  <p>At length, after a tedious inactivity, I was bought cheap by a
+  young physician, who having rashly left his provincial patients
+  to set up in London, took it into his head that nothing could be
+  done there by a medical man who did not go upon wheels; he
+  therefore hired a house in a good situation, and then set
+  <i>me</i> up, and bid my vendor put me down in his bill.</p>
+
+  <p>It is quite astonishing how we flew about the streets and
+  squares, <i>acting great practice</i>; those who knew us by sight
+  must have thought we had a great deal to do, but we practised
+  nothing but locomotion. Some medical men thin the population, (so
+  says Slander,) my master thinned nothing but his <span class=
+  "pagenum"><a id="page351" name="page351"></a>[pg 351]</span>
+  horses. They were the only <i>good jobs</i> that came in his way,
+  and certainly he made the most of them. He was obliged to
+  <i>feed</i> them, but he was very rarely <i>feed</i> himself. It
+  so happened that nobody consulted us, and the unavoidable
+  consumption of the family infected my master's pocket, and his
+  little resources were in a rapid decline.</p>
+
+  <p>Still he kept a good heart; indeed, in one respect, he
+  resembled a worm displayed in a bottle in a quack's shop
+  window&mdash;he was never out of spirits! He was deeply in debt,
+  and his name was on every body's books, always excepting the
+  memorandum-books of those who wanted physicians. Still I was
+  daily turned out, and though nobody called him in, he was to be
+  seen, sitting very forward, apparently looking over notes
+  supposed to have been taken after numerous critical cases and
+  eventful consultations. Our own case was hopeless, our progress
+  was arrested, an execution was in the house, servants met with
+  their deserts and were turned off, goods were seized, my master
+  was knocked up, and I was knocked down for one hundred and twenty
+  pounds.</p>
+
+  <p>Again my beauties blushed for a while unseen; but I was new
+  painted, and, like some other painted personages, looked, at a
+  distance, almost as good as new. Fortunately for me, an elderly
+  country curate, just at this period, was presented with a living,
+  and the new incumbent thought it incumbent upon him to present
+  his fat lady and his thin daughter with a leathern convenience.
+  My life was now a rural one, and for ten long years nothing worth
+  recording happened to me. Slowly and surely did I creep along
+  green lanes, carried the respectable trio to snug, early,
+  neighbourly dinners, and was always under lock and key before
+  twelve o'clock. It must be owned I began to have rather an
+  old-fashioned look; my body was ridiculously small, and the
+  rector's thin daughter, the bodkin, or rather packing-needle of
+  the party, sat more forward, and on a smaller space than bodkins
+  do now-a-days. I was perched up three feet higher than more
+  modern vehicles, and my two lamps began to look like little dark
+  lanterns. But my obsoleteness rendered me only more suited to the
+  service in which I was enlisted. Honest Roger, the red-haired
+  coachman, would have looked like a clown in a pantomime, in front
+  of a fashionable equipage; and Simon the footboy, who slouched at
+  my back, would have been mistaken for an idle urchin
+  surreptitiously enjoying a ride. But on my unsophisticated dickey
+  and footboard no one could doubt but that Roger and Simon were in
+  their proper places. The rector died; of course he had nothing
+  more to do with the <i>living</i>, it passed into other hands;
+  and a clerical income being (alas, that it should be so!) no
+  inheritance, his relict suddenly plunged in widowhood and
+  poverty, had the aggravated misery of mourning for a deaf
+  husband, while she was conscious that the luxuries and almost the
+  necessaries of life were for ever snatched from herself and her
+  child.</p>
+
+  <p>Again I found myself in London, but my beauty was gone, I had
+  lost the activity of youth, and when slowly I chanced to creak
+  through Long Acre, Houlditch, my very parent, who was standing at
+  his door sending forth a new-born Britska, glanced at me
+  scornfully, and knew me not! I passed on heavily&mdash;I thought
+  of former days of triumph, and there was madness in the thought I
+  became a <i>crazy</i> vehicle! straw was thrust into my inward
+  parts, I was numbered among the fallen,&mdash;yes, I was now a
+  hackney-chariot, and my number was one hundred!</p>
+
+  <p>What tongue can tell the degradations I have endured! The
+  persons who familiarly have <i>called</i> me, the wretches who
+  have sat in me&mdash;never can this be told. Daily I take my
+  stand in the same vile street, and nightly am I driven to the
+  minor theatres&mdash;to oyster-shops&mdash;to desperation!</p>
+
+  <p>One day, when empty and unoccupied, I was hailed by two
+  police-officers who were bearing between them a prisoner. It was
+  the seducer of my second ill-fated mistress; a first crime had
+  done its usual work, it had prepared the mind for a second, and a
+  worse: the seducer had done a deed of deeper guilt, and <i>I</i>
+  bore him one stage towards the gallows. Many months after, a
+  female called me at midnight: she was decked in tattered finery,
+  and what with fatigue and recent indulgence in strong liquors,
+  she was scarcely sensible, but she possessed dim traces of past
+  beauty. I can say nothing more of her, but that it was the
+  fugitive wife whom I had borne to Brighton so many years ago. No
+  words of mine could paint the living warning that I beheld. What
+  had been the sorrows of unmerited desertion and unkindness
+  supported by conscious rectitude, compared with the degraded
+  guilt, the hopeless anguish, that I then saw?</p>
+
+  <p>I regret to say, I was last month nigh committing
+  manslaughter; I broke down in the Strand and dislocated the
+  shoulder <span class="pagenum"><a id="page352" name=
+  "page352"></a>[pg 352]</span> of a rich old maid. I cannot help
+  thinking that she deserved the visitation, for, as she stepped
+  into me in Oxford Street, she exclaimed, loud enough to be heard
+  by all neighbouring pedestrians, "Dear me! how dirty! I never was
+  in a hackney conveyance before!"&mdash;though I well remembered
+  having been favoured with her company very often. A medical
+  gentleman happened to be passing at the moment of our fall; it
+  was my old medical master. He set the shoulder, and so skilfully
+  did he manage his patient, that he is about to be married to the
+  rich invalid, who will shoulder him into prosperity at last.</p>
+
+  <p>I last night was the bearer of a real party of pleasure to
+  Astley's:&mdash;a bride and bridegroom, with the mother of the
+  bride. It was the widow of the old rector, whose thin daughter
+  (by the by she is fattening fast) has had the luck to marry the
+  only son of a merchant well to do in the world.</p>
+
+  <p>The voice suddenly ceased!&mdash;I awoke&mdash;the door was
+  opened, the steps let down&mdash;I paid the coachman double the
+  amount of his fare, and in future, whenever I stand in need of a
+  jarvey, I shall certainly make a point of calling for number One
+  Hundred.</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>THE GATHERER</h2>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"A snapper-up of unconsidered trifles."</p>
+
+      <p>SHAKSPEARE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>BELL.&mdash;THE CRY OF THE DEER SO CALLED.</h3>
+
+  <p>I am glad of an opportunity to describe the cry of the deer by
+  another name than <i>braying</i>, although the latter has been
+  sanctioned by the use of the Scottish metrical translation of the
+  Psalms. Bell seems to be an abbreviation of the word
+  <i>bellow</i>. This sylvan sound conveyed great delight to our
+  ancestors chiefly, I suppose, from association. A gentle knight
+  in the reign of Henry VIII., Sir Thomas Wortley, built Wantley
+  Lodge, Warncliffe Forest, for the purpose, as the ancient
+  inscription testifies, of "Listening to the Harts' Bell."</p>
+
+  <p>C.K.W.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>THE CURSE OF SCOTLAND.</h3>
+
+  <p>The origin of the nine of diamonds being called the Curse of
+  Scotland is not generally known. It arose from the following
+  circumstance:&mdash;The night before the battle of Culloden, the
+  Duke of Cumberland thought proper to send orders to General
+  Campbell not to give quarter; and this order being despatched in
+  much haste, was written on a card. This card happened to be the
+  nine of diamonds, from which circumstance it got the appellation
+  above named.</p>
+
+  <p>W.M.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>POLITICAL PUNS.</h3>
+
+  <p>Among the many expedients resorted to by the depressed party
+  in a state to indulge their sentiments safely, and probably at
+  the same time, according to situation, to sound those of their
+  companions, puns and other quibbles have been of notable service.
+  The following is worthy of notice:&mdash;The cavaliers during
+  Cromwell's usurpation, usually put a crumb of bread into a glass
+  of wine, and before they drank it, would exclaim with cautious
+  ambiguity, "God send this Crum well down!" A royalist divine
+  also, during the Protectorate, did not scruple to quibble in the
+  following prayer, which he was accustomed to deliver:&mdash;"O
+  Lord, who hast put a sword into the hand of thy servant, Oliver,
+  <i>put it into his heart</i> ALSO&mdash;to do according to thy
+  word." He would drop his voice at the word also, and, after a
+  significant pause, repeat the concluding sentence in an under
+  tone.</p>
+
+  <p>W.M.</p>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>Erratum</i> at page 306.&mdash;For <i>Hemiptetera</i> read
+    HEMIPTERA.
+  </center>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>ANNUALS FOR 1830.</h3>
+
+  <p>With No. 398 was published a SUPPLEMENT, containing the first
+  portion of the SPIRIT OF THE ANNUALS, with a splendid Engraving
+  of the CITY OF VERONA, and Notices of the <i>Gem</i>, <i>Literary
+  Souvenir</i>, <i>Friendship's Offering</i>, and
+  <i>Amulet</i>.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <p>LIMBIRD'S EDITION OF THE<br />
+  <i>Following Novels is already Published.</i></p>
+  <pre>
+                                          s. d.
+  Mackenzie's Man of Feeling              0  6
+  Paul and Virginia                       0  6
+  The Castle of Otranto                   0  6
+  Almoran and Hamet                       0  6
+  Elizabeth, or the Exiles of Siberia     0  6
+  The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne      0  6
+  Rasselas                                0  8
+  The Old English Baron                   0  8
+  Nature and Art                          0  8
+  Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield          0 10
+  Sicilian Romance                        1  0
+  The Man of the World                    1  0
+  A Simple Story                          1  4
+  Joseph Andrews                          1  6
+  Humphry Clinker                         1  8
+  The Romance of the Forest               1  8
+  The Italian                             2  0
+  Zeluco, by Dr  Moore                    2  6
+  Edward, by Dr  Moore                    2  6
+  Roderick Random                         2  6
+  The Mysteries of Udolpho                3  6
+  Peregrine Pickle                        4  6
+</pre>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <blockquote class="footnote">
+    <a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a> <b>Footnote 1</b>:
+    <a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+
+    <p>See "Portuguese Prisons," MIRROR, vol. xii, p. 99.</p>
+  </blockquote>
+
+  <blockquote class="footnote">
+    <a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a> <b>Footnote 2</b>:
+    <a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+
+    <p>A fact.</p>
+  </blockquote>
+
+  <blockquote class="footnote">
+    <a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"></a> <b>Footnote 3</b>:
+    <a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a>
+
+    <p>For the loan of which we thank our esteemed correspondent,
+    P.T.W.</p>
+  </blockquote>
+
+  <blockquote class="footnote">
+    <a id="footnote4" name="footnote4"></a> <b>Footnote 4</b>:
+    <a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a>
+
+    <p>It need hardly be explained that the above is a section, or
+    only one half of the dial.</p>
+  </blockquote>
+
+  <blockquote class="footnote">
+    <a id="footnote5" name="footnote5"></a> <b>Footnote 5</b>:
+    <a href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a>
+
+    <p>For a notice of the application of this cement to useful
+    purposes, see No. 396, page 283.&mdash;ED. MIRROR.</p>
+  </blockquote>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><i>Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD 143, Strand, (near
+  Somerset House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New
+  Market, Leipsic; and by all Newsmen and Booksellers</i>.</p>
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11446 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #11446 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11446)
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 14, Issue 400, November 21, 1829, by Various
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 14,
+Issue 400, November 21, 1829
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 4, 2004  [eBook #11446]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: iso-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE,
+AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 14, ISSUE 400, NOVEMBER 21, 1829***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Keith M Keckrich, David Garcia, and
+the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 11446-h.htm or 11446-h.zip:
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/4/4/11446/11446-h/11446-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/4/4/11446/11446-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL 14, NO. 400.] SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 21, 1829. [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+The Limoeiro, at Lisbon.
+
+
+[Illustration: The Limoeiro, at Lisbon.]
+
+
+Locks, bolts, and bars! what have we here?--a view of the _Limoeiro, or
+common jail_, at Lisbon, whose horrors, without the fear of Don Miguel
+in our hearts, we will endeavour to describe, though lightly--merely in
+outline,--since nothing can be more disagreeable than the filling in.
+
+For this purpose we might quote ourselves, i.e. one of our
+correspondents,[1] or a host of travellers and residents in the
+Portuguese capital; but we give preference to Mr. W. Young, who has
+borne much of the hard fare of the prison, and can accordingly speak
+more fully of its accommodations and privations. Mr. Young is an
+Englishman, who married a Portuguese lady in Leiria, and resided for
+several years in that town. He was arrested in May, 1828, on suspicion
+of disaffection towards Don Miguel's government: nothing appears to have
+been proved against him, and after having suffered much disagreeable
+treatment in different jails in Leiria and Lisbon, he was discharged
+in the following September, on condition of leaving the country. He
+returned to England, and lost no time in publishing a volume entitled
+"Portugal in 1828;" with "A Narrative of the Author's Residence there
+and of his persecution and confinement as a state prisoner."
+
+
+    [1] See "Portuguese Prisons," MIRROR, vol. xii, p. 99.
+
+
+The prison, says Mr. Young, stands on the highest ground in St. George's
+Castle, and is the first building on the south side toward the Tagus.
+Near the entrance it is divided internally as follows below:--_Saletta_
+(the small hall;) _Salla Livre_ (free hall,) so called, because visiters
+are allowed to go in to see their friends, except when the jailer or
+intendant orders otherwise; _Salla Fechado_ (the hall shut,) so called,
+because no communication is allowed with the prisoners in that hall;
+_Enchovia_ (the common prison,) where thieves, murderers, and vagabonds
+of every description are confined. This last receptacle is a horrid
+place; and is often made use of as a punishment for prisoners from other
+parts of the gaol. Hither they are sent when they commit any offence,
+for as many days as the jailer may think proper, and are often put in
+irons during that time.
+
+Besides these different prisons on the ground floor, there are eight
+dungeons in a line, all nearly alike in shape and size; but some are
+superior to others as to light and air: and in proportion to the degree
+they wish to annoy the unfortunate victim, so are these dungeons used.
+A few dollars never fail to procure a better light and air when properly
+applied.
+
+Three of these dungeons are about six feet higher than the other five.
+There is a corridor in the front of them, which is always shut up when
+any one is confined in them, so that no one can ever approach the door
+of a dungeon. And to make this a matter of certainty, whenever the
+jailer or officers of the prison carry prisoners their food, they lock
+the door of the corridor before they open that of the dungeon.
+
+The first of the lower five of these dungeons is in the passage leading
+from, the _Salla Livre_, and next door to the privy of the prison; so
+that it is never used as a secret dungeon. The lower four are enclosed
+as those above, and are much darker than that in the passage. This
+latter is claimed by the book-keeper as his property, and I hired it
+of him to sleep in, and to be alone when I wished to be so.
+
+The dungeons are all bomb proof, and over them is a terrace thickly
+formed of brick and stone; still I could distinctly hear the sentry
+walking over my head when all was quiet at night.
+
+The walls of these cells are about six feet thick, with bars inside and
+out; the bars in the windows are three inches square, making twelve
+inches in circumference, and being crossed they form squares of about
+eight inches; the windows differ very much in size, some not being half
+so large as others.
+
+Besides these double bars, there is a shutter immensely strong and
+close, so that when shut, light is totally excluded; the iron door has a
+strong bolt and lock, and outside of this there is a strong wooden door;
+in the front of the windows, and about six feet from them, there is a
+high wall; so that in the best of these dungeons, there is only a
+reflected light.
+
+These are all the prisons on the ground floor, and when full (which they
+too often are) the wretched prisoners are forced to lie at night in two
+rows, with their feet to the wall, and their heads to the middle of the
+room; this position they adopt on account of the cold and damp of the
+stone walls; they touch each other, and the floor is completely covered.
+Nay, at times, so full is the gaol, that they are obliged to lie on the
+corridors, and even on the steps.
+
+The Saletta will hold forty prisoners, the Salla Livre more than sixty,
+the Salla Fechado one hundred, and the Enchovia, near one hundred and
+forty. When one prison becomes too full, they remove some of the victims
+to another, or send them to the forts, or on board the ships in the
+river.
+
+The first floor is divided into two parts, officers' rooms, and the
+Sallao, (saloon or large hall.) This hall will hold about 150 persons,
+when full. Besides the Sallao and officers' rooms on the first floor,
+there is a room set apart for questioning people who are in the
+dungeons. This room has an entrance from the street, and another through
+a passage from the dungeons, as well as one from the officers' rooms.
+
+The magistrate and his clerk enter from the street, and no one in the
+prison sees them. The prisoner is taken up stairs from the dungeon, and
+the jailer or book-keeper enters from the officers' apartments. Every
+thing is done in the most secret manner. If they cannot cause the
+prisoner to commit himself, by confessing to the offence with which he
+is charged, they send him back again to the dungeon.
+
+The gaol of St. George's has a second floor tier of offices; but that
+belongs to the governor and jailer; there are no prisoners above the
+ground and the first floor.
+
+None of the authorities ever inquire whether he has any means of
+subsistence; there is neither bed blanket, nor even straw, unless the
+prisoner can buy it, and then he must pay the guards to let it pass to
+him.
+
+Amongst the many thousands of unfortunate beings who are now confined
+in Portugal, great numbers of them are without money or any other means
+of subsistence; and were it not for the charity of people in general,
+starvation would necessarily ensue.
+
+The only authorities employed about the prison are a jailer, secretary,
+and eight guards; of the latter three are always on duty; one of them
+being stationed at the first iron gate at the entrance of the prison,
+another at the second gate, and a third to attend the interior, each
+with a bunch of keys in his hand, which serve for nearly all the doors.
+The guards are relieved every night at nine o'clock, when, the man
+who is posted at the outer door carries a strong iron rod (_see the
+Engraving_) with which he strikes every bar in the windows and gates of
+the gaol; and if any one of them does not vibrate, or ring, he carefully
+inspects it to ascertain whether it has been cut with a saw, or corroded
+by any strong acid. This dismal music lasts an hour. The whole expense
+of the prison to government does not exceed 16_s_. per day, and the few
+officers and guards, when Mr. Young was there, manage upwards of four
+hundred prisoners. He was confined from June 16, to September 7, and his
+account of the myriads of bugs, rats, mice, and other vermin is truly
+disgusting. The reader will however readily credit this report when he
+has been told of the revolting state of the city itself. Mrs. Baillie,
+in her recent _Letters on Lisbon_, says, "for three miles round Lisbon
+in every direction, you cannot for a moment get clear of the disgusting
+effluvia that issue from every house." Doctor Southey says "every kind
+of vermin that exists to punish the nastiness and indolence of man,
+multiplies in the heat and dirt of Lisbon. In addition to mosquitoes,
+the scolopendra is not uncommonly found here, and snakes sometimes
+intrude into the bedchamber. A small species of red ant likewise swarms
+over every thing sweet, and the Portuguese remedy is to send for the
+priest to exorcise them." The city is still subject to shocks of
+earthquake; the state of the police is horrible; street-robbery is
+common, and every thief is an assassin. The pocket-knife, which the
+French troops are said to have dreaded more than all the bayonets of
+either the Spanish or the Portuguese, is here the ready weapon of the
+assassin; and the Tagus receives many a corpse on which no inquest ever
+sits. The morals, in fact, of all classes in Lisbon appear to be in a
+dreadful state.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE CARD.
+
+A  TALE  OF  TRUTH.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+  Young Lady Giddygad, came down
+  From spending half a year in town,
+  With cranium full of balls and plays,
+  Routs, fêtes, and fashionable ways,
+  Caus'd in her country-town, so quiet,
+  Unus'd to modish din and riot,
+  No small confusion and amaze,
+  "Quite a sensation," is the phrase,
+  Like that, which puss, or pug, may feel
+  When rous'd from slumber by your heel,
+  Or drowsy ass, at rider's knock,
+  Or----should you term him block;
+  Quoi qu'il en soit, first, gossips gape,
+  Then envy, scandalize, and ape!
+  Quoth Mrs. Thrifty: "Nancy, dear,
+  My Lady sends out cards I hear,
+  With, I suppose, 'tis now polite,
+  Merely 'At Home,' on such a night,
+  Now child, altho' I dare not say
+  We can afford to be so gay,
+  We're as well born as Lady G----
+  And may be, as well bred as she!
+  That is, quite in a sober way
+  So as we've nothing more to pay:
+  For instance, when folks choose to come,
+  And I don't choose to be 'At Home,'
+  I'll have a notice stuck, you know,
+  On the hall door, to tell them so:
+  'Twill save our Rachel's legs you see,
+  And soon the top will copy me!
+  But, Nancy, d'ye hear, now write
+  That I'm 'At Home' on Thursday night;
+  'Tis a good fashion, for 'tis what
+  Most fashions in this age are not
+  A saving one: ah, prithee think,
+  How it saves time, and quills, and ink!"
+  So, duteous Nancy seiz'd a pen,
+  To ladies, and to gentlemen
+  Sent quickly out the cards; as quick
+  Came one again: "Poh! fiddlestick
+  An answer, yes?--come, let me see,
+  My spectacles!" cried Mistress T----
+  "Hum--Mrs. Thrifty,--Thursday night--'At
+  Home'--oh malice! fiendish spite,"
+  (Quoth the good dame in furious ire,
+  Whilst the card, fed the greedy fire)
+  "No, never, never, will I strive
+  To be genteel, as I'm alive,
+  Beneath my own 'At Home' was cramm'd,
+  There stay, good madam, and be d--d!"[2]
+
+
+M.L.B.
+
+    [2] A fact.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+MAHOMET THE GREAT AND HIS MISTRESS.
+
+_An Anecdote_.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+After the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, in the year 1453,
+several captives, distinguished either for their rank or their beauty,
+were presented to the victorious Mahomet the Great. Irene, a most
+beautiful Greek lady, was one of those unfortunate captives. The emperor
+was so delighted with her person, that he dedicated himself wholly to
+her embraces, spending day and night in her company, and neglected his
+most pressing affairs. His officers, especially the Janissaries, were
+extremely exasperated at his conduct; and loudly exclaimed against their
+degenerate and _effeminate_ prince, as they were then pleased to call
+him. Mustapha Bassa, who had been brought up with the emperor from a
+child, presuming upon his great interest, took an opportunity to lay
+before his sovereign the bad consequences which would inevitably ensue
+should he longer persevere in that unmanly and base course of life.
+Mahomet, provoked at the Bassa's insolence, told him that he deserved to
+die; but that he would pardon him in consideration of former services.
+He then commanded him to assemble all the principal officers and
+captains in the great hall of his palace the next day, to attend his
+royal pleasure. Mustapha did as he was directed; and the next day the
+sultan understanding that the Bassas and other officers awaited him,
+entered the hall, with the charming Greek, who was delicately dressed
+and adorned. Looking sternly around him, the Sultan demanded, _which of
+them_, _possessing so fair an object_, _could be contented to relinquish
+it_? Being dazzled with the Christian's beauty, they unanimously
+answered, that they highly commended his happy choice, and censured
+themselves for having found fault with so much worth. The emperor
+replied, that he would presently show them how much they had been
+deceived in him, for that no earthly pleasure should so far bereave him
+of his senses, or blind his understanding, as to make him forget his
+duty in the high calling wherein he was placed. So saying, he caught
+Irene by the hair of her head, which he instantly severed from her body
+with his scimitar.
+
+G.W.N.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Select Biography.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+JUVENILE POETESS.
+
+
+MEMOIR OF LUCRETIA DAVIDSON,
+
+_Who died at Plattsburgh, N.Y., August 27, 1825, aged sixteen years and
+eleven months_.
+
+[We hardly know how to give our readers an idea of the intense interest
+which this biographical sketch has excited in our mind; but we are
+persuaded they will thank us for adopting it in our columns. The details
+are somewhat abridged from No. LXXXII. of the _Quarterly Review_, (just
+published), where they appear in the first article, headed "Amir Khan,
+and other Poems: the remains of Lucretia Maria Davidson," &c., published
+at New York, in the present year. Prefixed to these "remains" is a
+biographical sketch, which forms the basis of the present memoir, and
+from the Poems are selected the few specimens with which it is
+illustrated.--ED.]
+
+Lucretia Maria Davidson was born September 27, 1808, at Plattsburgh, on
+Lake Champlain. She was the second daughter of Dr. Oliver Davidson, and
+Magaret his wife. Her parents were in straitened circumstances, and
+it was necessary, from an early age, that much of her time should be
+devoted to domestic employments: for these she had no inclination, but
+she performed them with that alacrity which always accompanies good
+will; and, when her work was done, retired to enjoy those intellectual
+and imaginative, pursuits in which her whole heart was engaged. This
+predilection for studious retirement she is said to have manifested at
+the early age of four years. Reports, and even recollections of this
+kind, are to be received, the one with some distrust, the other with
+some allowance; but when that allowance is made, the genius of this
+child still appears to have been as precocious as it was extraordinary.
+Instead of playing with her schoolmates, she generally got to some
+secluded place, with her little books, and with pen, ink, and paper;
+and the consumption which she made of paper was such as to excite the
+curiosity of her parents, from whom she kept secret the use to which she
+applied it. If any one came upon her retirement, she would conceal or
+hastily destroy what she was employed upon; and, instead of satisfying
+the inquiries of her father and mother, replied to them only by tears.
+The mother, at length, when searching for something in a dark and
+unfrequented closet, found a considerable number of little books, made
+of this writing-paper, and filled with rude drawings, and with strange
+and apparently illegible characters, which, however, were at once seen
+to be the child's work. Upon closer inspection, the characters were
+found to consist of the printed alphabet; some of the letters being
+formed backwards, some sideways, and there being no spaces between the
+words. These writings were deciphered, not without much difficulty; and
+it then appeared that they consisted of regular verses, generally in
+explanation of a rude drawing, sketched on the opposite page. When
+she found that her treasures had been discovered, she was greatly
+distressed, and could not be pacified till they were restored; and as
+soon as they were in her possession, she took the first opportunity of
+secretly burning them.
+
+These books having thus been destroyed, the earliest remaining specimen
+of her verse is an epitaph, composed in her ninth year, upon an
+unfledged robin, killed in the attempt at rearing it. When she was
+eleven years of age, her father took her to see the decorations of a
+room in which Washington's birthday was to be celebrated. Neither the
+novelty nor the gaiety of what she saw attracted her attention; she
+thought of Washington alone, whose life she had read, and for whom she
+entertained the proper feelings of an American; and as soon as she
+returned home, she took paper, sketched a funeral urn, and wrote under
+it a few stanzas, which were shown to her friends. Common as the talent
+of versifying is, any early manifestation of it will always be regarded
+as extraordinary by those who possess it not themselves; and these
+verses, though no otherwise remarkable, were deemed so surprising for
+a child of her age, that an aunt of hers could not believe they were
+original, and hinted that they might have been copied. The child wept
+at this suspicion, as if her heart would break; but as soon as she
+recovered from that fit of indignant grief, she indited a remonstrance
+to her aunt, in verse, which put an end to such incredulity.
+
+We are told that, before she was twelve years of age, she had read most
+of the standard English poets--a vague term, excluding, no doubt, much
+that is of real worth, and including more that is worth little or
+nothing, and yet implying a wholesome course of reading for such a mind.
+Much history she had also read, both sacred and profane; "the whole
+of Shakspeare's, Kotzebue's, and Goldsmith's dramatic works;" (oddly
+consorted names!) "and many of the popular novels and romances of the
+day:" of the latter, she threw aside at once those which at first sight
+appeared worthless. This girl is said to have observed every thing:
+"frequently she has been known to watch the storm, and the retiring
+clouds, and the rainbow, and the setting sun, for hours."
+
+An English reader is not prepared to hear of distress arising from
+straitened circumstances in America--the land of promise, where there is
+room enough for all, and employment for every body. Yet even in that new
+country, man, it appears, is born not only to those ills which flesh is
+heir to, but to those which are entailed upon him by the institutions of
+society. Lucretia's mother was confined by illness to her room and bed
+for many months; and this child, then about twelve years old, instead
+of profiting under her mother's care, had in a certain degree to supply
+her place in the business of the family, and to attend, which she did
+dutifully and devotedly, to her sick bed. At this time, a gentleman who
+had heard much of her verses, and expressed a wish to see some of them,
+was so much gratified on perusing them, that he sent her a complimentary
+note, enclosing a bank-bill for twenty dollars. The girl's first joyful
+thought was that she had now the means, which she had so often longed
+for, of increasing her little stock of books; but, looking towards the
+sick bed, tears came in her eyes, and she instantly put the bill into
+her father's hands, saying, "Take it, father; it will buy many comforts
+for mother; I can do without the books."
+
+There were friends, as they are called, who remonstrated with her
+parents on the course they were pursuing in her education, and advised
+that she should be deprived of books, pen, ink, and paper, and
+rigorously confined to domestic concerns. Her parents loved her both
+too wisely and too well to be guided by such counsellors, and they
+anxiously kept the advice secret from Lucretia, lest it should wound her
+feelings--perhaps, also, lest it should give her, as it properly might,
+a rooted dislike to these misjudging and unfeeling persons. But she
+discovered it by accident, and without declaring any such intention,
+she gave up her pen and her books, and applied herself exclusively to
+household business, for several months, till her body as well as her
+spirits failed. She became emaciated, her countenance bore marks of deep
+dejection, and often, while actively employed in domestic duties, she
+could neither restrain nor conceal her tears. The mother seems to have
+been slower in perceiving this than she would have been had it not been
+for her own state of confinement; she noticed it at length, and said,
+"Lucretia, it is a long time since you have written any thing." The girl
+then burst into tears, and replied, "O mother, I have given that up long
+ago." "But why?" said her mother. After much emotion, she answered,
+"I am convinced from what my friends have said, and from what I see,
+that I have done wrong in pursuing the course I have. I well know the
+circumstances of the family are such, that it requires the united
+efforts of every member to sustain it; and since my eldest sister is now
+gone, it becomes my duty to do every thing in my power to lighten the
+cares of my parents." On this occasion, Mrs. Davidson acted with equal
+discretion and tenderness; she advised her to take a middle course,
+neither to forsake her favourite pursuits, nor devote herself to them,
+but use them in that wholesome alternation with the every day business
+of the world, which is alike salutary for the body and the mind. She
+therefore occasionally resumed her pen, and seemed comparatively happy.
+
+How the encouragement which she received operated may be seen in some
+lines, not otherwise worthy of preservation than for the purpose of
+showing how the promises of reward affect a mind like hers. They were
+written in her thirteenth year.
+
+
+  Whene'er the muse pleases to grace my dull page,
+  At the sight of _reward_, she flies off in a rage;
+  Prayers, threats, and intreaties I frequently try,
+  But she leaves me to scribble, to fret, and to sigh
+
+  She torments me each moment, and bids me go write,
+  And when I obey her she laughs at the sight;
+  The rhyme will not jingle, the verse has no sense,
+  And against all her insults I have no defence.
+
+  I advise all my friends who wish me to write,
+  To keep their rewards and their gifts from my sight,
+  So that jealous Miss Muse won't be wounded in pride,
+  Nor Pegasus rear till I've taken my ride.
+
+
+Let not the hasty reader conclude from these rhymes that Lucretia was
+only what any child of early cleverness might be made by forcing and
+injudicious admiration. In our own language, except in the cases of
+Chatterton and Kirke White, we can call to mind no instance of so early,
+so ardent, and so fatal a pursuit of intellectual advancement.
+
+"She composed with great rapidity; as fast as most persons usually copy.
+There are several instances of four or five pieces on different
+subjects, and containing three or four stanzas each, written on the
+same day. Her thoughts flowed so rapidly, that she often expressed the
+wish that she had two pair of hands, that she might employ them to
+transcribe. When 'in the vein,' she would write standing, and be wholly
+abstracted from the company present and their conversation. But if
+composing a piece of some length, she wished to be entirely alone; she
+shut herself into her room, darkened the windows, and in summer placed
+her Aeolian harp in the window:" (thus by artificial excitement, feeding
+the fire that consumed her.) "In those pieces on which she bestowed more
+than ordinary pains, she was very secret; and if they were, by any
+accident, discovered in their unfinished state, she seldom completed
+them, and often destroyed them. She cared little for any of her works
+after they were completed: some, indeed, she preserved with care for
+future correction, but a great proportion she destroyed: very many that
+are preserved, were rescued from the flames by her mother. Of a complete
+poem, in five cantos, called 'Rodri,' and composed when she was thirteen
+years of age, a single canto, and part of another, are all that are
+saved from a destruction which she supposed had obliterated every
+vestige of it."
+
+She was often in danger, when walking, from carriages, &c., in
+consequence of her absence of mind. When engaged in a poem of some
+length, she has often forgotten her meals. A single incident,
+illustrating this trait in her character, is worth relating:--She went
+out early one morning to visit a neighbour, promising to be at home to
+dinner. The neighbour being absent, she requested to be shown into the
+library. There she became so absorbed in her book, standing, with her
+bonnet unremoved, that the darkness of the coming night first reminded
+her she had forgotten her meals, and expended the entire day in reading.
+
+She was peculiarly sensitive to music. There was one song (it was
+Moore's Farewell to his Harp) to which she "took a special fancy;" she
+wished to hear it only at twilight--thus, with that same perilous love
+of excitement which made her place the windharp in the window when she
+was composing, seeking to increase the effect which the song produced
+upon a nervous system, already diseasedly susceptible; for it is said,
+that whenever she heard this song she became cold, pale, and almost
+fainting; yet it was her favourite of all songs, and gave occasion to
+these verses, addressed, in her fifteenth year, to her sister.
+
+
+  When evening spreads her shades around,
+    And darkness fills the arch of heaven;
+  When not a murmur, not a sound
+    To Fancy's sportive ear is given;
+
+  When the broad orb of heaven is bright,
+    And looks around with golden eye;
+  When Nature, softened by her light.
+    Seems calmly, solemnly to lie;
+
+  Then, when our thoughts are raised above
+    This world, and all this world can give,
+  Oh, Sister! sing the song I love,
+    And tears of gratitude receive.
+
+  The song which thrills my bosom's core,
+    And, hovering, trembles half afraid,
+  Oh, Sister! sing the song once more,
+    Which ne'er for mortal ear was made.
+
+  'Twere almost sacrilege to sing
+    Those notes amid the glare of day;
+  Notes borne by angels' purest wing,
+    And wafted by their breath away.
+
+  When, sleeping in my grass-grown bed,
+    Shouldst thou still linger here above,
+  Wilt thou not kneel beside my head,
+    And, Sister! sing the song I love?
+
+
+To young readers it might be useful to observe, that these verses in one
+place approach the verge of meaning, but are on the wrong side of the
+line: to none can it be necessary to say, that they breathe the deep
+feeling of a mind essentially poetical.
+
+"Her desire of knowledge increased as she grew more capable of
+appreciating its worth;" and she appreciated much beyond its real worth
+the advantages which girls derive from the ordinary course of female
+education. "Oh!" she said one day to her mother, "that I only possessed
+half the means of improvement which I see others slighting! I should
+be the happiest of the happy." A youth whom nature has endowed with
+diligence and a studious disposition has, indeed, too much reason to
+regret the want of that classical education which is wasted upon the
+far greater number of those on whom it is bestowed; but, for a girl who
+displays a promise of genius like Lucretia, and who has at hand the
+Bible and the best poets in her own language, no other assistance can be
+needed in her progress than a supply of such books as may store her mind
+with knowledge. Lucretia's desire of knowledge was a passion which
+possessed her like a disease. "I am now sixteen years old," she said,
+"and what do I know? Nothing!--nothing, compared with what I have yet
+to learn. Time is rapidly passing by: that time usually allotted to the
+improvement of youth; and how dark are my prospects in regard to this
+favourite wish of my heart!" At another time she said--"How much there
+is yet to learn!--If I could only grasp it at once!"
+
+In October 1824, when she had just entered upon her seventeenth year, a
+gentleman, then on a visit at Plattsburgh, saw some of her verses--was
+made acquainted with her ardent desire for education, and with the
+circumstances in which she was placed; and he immediately resolved to
+afford her every advantage which the best schools in the country could
+furnish. This gentleman has probably chosen to have his name withheld,
+being more willing to act benevolently than to have his good deeds
+blazoned; and yet, stranger as he needs must be, there are many English
+readers to whom it would have been gratifying, could they have given to
+such a person "a local habitation and a name." When Lucretia was made
+acquainted with his intention, the joy was almost greater than she could
+bear. As soon as preparations could be made, she left home, and was
+placed at the "Troy Female Seminary," under the instruction of Mrs.
+Willard. There she had all the advantages for which she had hungered and
+thirsted; and, like one who had long hungered and thirsted, she devoured
+them with fatal eagerness. Her application was incessant; and its
+effects on her constitution, already somewhat debilitated by previous
+disease, became apparent in increased nervous sensibility. Her letters
+at this time exhibit the two extremes of feeling in a marked degree.
+They abound in the most sprightly or most gloomy speculations, bright
+hopes and lively fancies, or despairing fears and gloomy forebodings. In
+one of her letters from this seminary, she writes thus to her mother: "I
+hope you will feel no uneasiness as to my health or happiness; for, save
+the thoughts of my dear mother and her lonely life, and the idea that my
+dear father is slaving himself, and wearing out his very life, to earn a
+subsistence for his family--save these thoughts (and I can assure you,
+mother, they come not seldom), I am happy. Oh! how often I think, if
+I could have but one-half the means I now expend, and be at liberty to
+divide that with mamma, how happy I should be!--cheer up and keep good
+courage." In another, she says: "Oh! I am so happy, so contented now,
+that every unusual movement startles me. I am constantly afraid that
+something will happen to mar it." Again, she says: "I hope the
+expectations of my friends will not be disappointed: but I am afraid you
+all calculate upon _too much_. I hope not, for I am not capable of much.
+I can study and be industrious; but I fear I shall not equal the hopes
+which you say are raised." The story of Kirke White should operate not
+more as an example than a warning; but the example is followed and the
+warning overlooked. Stimulants are administered to minds which are
+already in a state of feverish excitement. Hotbeds and glasses are used
+for plants which can only acquire strength in the shade; and they are
+drenched with instruction, which ought "to drop as the rain, and distil
+as the dew--as the small rain upon the tender herb, and as the shower
+upon the grass."
+
+During the vacation, in which she returned home, she had a serious
+illness, which left her feeble and more sensitive than ever. On her
+recovery she was placed at the school of Miss Gilbert, in Albany; and
+there, in a short time, a more alarming illness brought her to the very
+borders of the grave. Before she entered upon her intemperate course of
+application at Troy, her verses show that she felt a want of joyous and
+healthy feeling--a sense of decay. Thus she wrote to a friend, who had
+not seen her since her childhood:--
+
+
+  And thou hast mark'd in childhood's hour
+    The fearless boundings of my breast,
+  When fresh as summer's opening flower,
+    I freely frolick'd and was blest.
+
+  Oh say, was not this eye more bright?
+    Were not these lips more wont to smile?
+  Methinks that then my heart was light,
+    And I a fearless, joyous child
+
+  And thou didst mark me gay and wild,
+    My careless, reckless laugh of mirth:
+  The simple pleasures of a child,
+    The holiday of man on earth.
+
+  Then thou hast seen me in that hour,
+    When every nerve of life was new,
+  When pleasures fann'd youth's infant flower,
+    And Hope her witcheries round it threw.
+
+  That hour is fading; it has fled;
+    And I am left in darkness now,
+  A wanderer tow'rds a lowly bed,
+    The grave, that home of all below.
+
+
+Young poets often affect a melancholy strain, and none more frequently
+put on a sad and sentimental mood in verse than those who are as happy
+as an utter want of feeling for any body but themselves can make them.
+But in these verses the feeling was sincere and ominous. Miss Davidson
+recovered from her illness at Albany so far only as to be able to
+perform the journey back to Plattsburgh, under her poor mother's care.
+"The hectic flush of her cheek told but too plainly that a fatal disease
+had fastened upon her constitution, and must ere long inevitably
+triumph." She however dreaded something worse than death, and while
+confined to her bed, wrote these unfinished lines, the last that were
+ever traced by her indefatigable hand, expressing her fear of madness.
+
+
+  There is a something which I dread,
+    It is a dark, a fearful thing;
+  It steals along with withering tread.
+    Or sweeps on wild destruction's wing.
+
+  That thought comes o'er me in the hour,
+    Of grief, of sickness, or of sadness;
+  'Tis not the dread of death,--'tis more,
+    It is the dread of madness.
+
+  Oh, may these throbbing pulses pause
+    Forgetful of their feverish course;
+  May this hot brain, which burning, glows,
+    With all a fiery whirlpool's force,
+
+  Be cold, and motionless, and still
+    A tenant of its lowly bed;
+  But let not dark delirium steal--
+
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+The stanzas with which Kirke White's fragment of the "Christiad"
+concludes, are not so painful as these lines. Had this however been more
+than a transient feeling, it would have produced the calamity which it
+dreaded: it is likely, indeed, that her early death was a dispensation
+of mercy, and saved her from the severest of all earthly inflictions;
+and that same merciful Providence which removed her to a better state of
+existence, made these apprehensions give way to a hope and expectation
+of recovery, which, vain as it was, cheered some of her last hours. When
+she was forbidden to read it was a pleasure to her to handle the books
+which composed her little library, and which she loved so dearly. "She
+frequently took them up and kissed them; and at length requested them to
+be placed at the foot of her bed, where she might constantly see them,"
+and anticipating a revival which was not to be, of the delight she
+should feel in reperusing them, she said often to her mother, "what a
+feast I shall have by-and-bye." How these words must have gone to that
+poor mother's heart, they only can understand who have heard such like
+anticipations of recovery from a dear child, and not been able, even
+whilst hoping against hope, to partake them.
+
+When sensible at length of her approaching dissolution, she looked
+forward to it without alarm; not alone in that peaceful state of mind
+which is the proper reward of innocence, but in reliance on the divine
+promises, and in hope of salvation through the merits of our blessed
+Lord and Saviour. The last name which she pronounced was that of the
+gentleman whose bounty she had experienced, and towards whom she always
+felt the utmost gratitude. Gradually sinking under her malady, she
+passed away on the 27th of August, 1825, before she had completed her
+seventeenth year. Her person was singularly beautiful; she had "a high,
+open forehead, a soft, black eye, perfect symmetry of features, a fair
+complexion, and luxuriant dark hair. The prevailing expression of her
+face was melancholy. Although, because of her beauty as well as of her
+mental endowments, she was the object of much admiration and attention,
+yet she shunned observation, and often sought relief from the pain it
+seemed to inflict upon her, by retiring from the company."
+
+That she should have written so voluminously as has been ascertained,
+(says the editor of her Poems), is almost incredible. Her poetical
+writings which have been collected, amount in all to two hundred and
+seventy-eight pieces of various length; when it is considered that among
+these are at least five regular poems of several cantos each, some
+estimate may be formed of her poetical labours. Besides there were
+twenty-four school exercises, three unfinished romances, a complete
+tragedy, written at thirteen years of age, and about forty letters,
+in a few months, to her mother alone. To this statement should also be
+appended the fact, that a great portion of her writings she destroyed.
+Her mother observes, "I think I am justified in saying that she
+destroyed at least one-third of all she wrote."
+
+Of the literary character of her writings, (says the editor), it
+does not, perhaps, become me largely to speak; yet I must hazard the
+remark, that her defects will be perceived to be those of youth and
+inexperience, while in invention, and in that mysterious power of
+exciting deep interest, of enchaining the attention and keeping it alive
+to the end of the story; in that adaptation of the measure to the
+sentiment, and in the sudden change of measure to suit a sudden change
+of sentiment; a wild and romantic description; and in the congruity of
+the accompaniment to her characters, all conceived with great purity and
+delicacy--she will be allowed to have discovered uncommon maturity of
+mind, and her friends to have been warranted in forming very high
+expectations of her future distinction.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Curious Dial.
+
+
+[Illustration: Curious Dial.]
+
+
+This Dial, which was really no common or vulgar invention, formerly
+stood in Privy Garden, Whitehall, at a short distance from Gibbons's
+noble brass statue of James II., which, as a waggish friend of ours
+said of the horse at Charing Cross, remains in _statu-quo_ to this day.
+The Dial was invented by one Francis Hall, alias Line, a Jesuit, and
+Professor of Mathematics at Liege, in Germany. It was set up, as the
+old books have it, in the year 1669, by order of Charles II.; and in
+addition to the parts represented in the cut, the inventer intended to
+place a water-dial at each corner, which he had nearly completed when
+the original Dial for want of a cover, as he quaintly observes, (which
+according to his Majestie's Gracious Order should have been set over it
+in the Winter) was much injured by the snow lying frozen upon it. But
+there was no chance of obtaining this out of Charles's coffers, and the
+Dial soon became useless. Its explanation was, however, considered by
+many mathematical men of the period as too valuable to be lost, and the
+Professor accordingly printed the description at Liege, in 1673, in
+which were plates and diagrams of the several parts. The matter was too
+grave for pleasant, anecdotical Pennant, who, speaking of the Dial, in
+his _London_, says "the description surpasses my powers:" he refers the
+reader to the above work, a "very scarce book" in his time, and we have
+been at some pains to obtain the reprint, (London, 1685,) appended to
+Holwell's _Clavis Horologiae; or Key to the whole art of Arithmetical
+Dialling_, small 4to. 1712.[3]
+
+
+    [3] For the loan of which we thank our esteemed correspondent, P.T.W.
+
+
+The whole Dial stood on a stone pedestal, and consisted of six[4] parts,
+rising in a pyramidal form, as represented in the Cut.
+
+
+    [4] It need hardly be explained that the above is a section, or only
+        one half of the dial.
+
+
+The base, or first piece, was a table of about 40 inches in diameter,
+and 8 or 9 inches thick, in the edge of which were 20 glazed dials,
+with the Jewish, Babylonian, Italian, Astronomical, and usual European
+methods of counting the hours: they were all vertical or declining
+Dials, the style or gnomon being a lion's paw, unicorn's horn, or some
+emblem from the royal arms. On the upper part of the Table were 8
+reclining dials, glazed, and showing the hour in different ways--as
+by the shade of the style falling upon the hour-lines, the hour-lines
+falling on the style, or without any shade of hour-lines or style, &c.
+Upon this piece or table stood also 4 globes, cut into planes, with
+geographical, astronomical, and astrological dials. From the table also,
+east, west, north, and south, were four iron branches supporting glass
+bowls, showing the hour by fire, water, air, and earth.
+
+The second piece of the pyramid was also a round table somewhat less
+than the first, with 4 iron supporters, and dials on the edge, showing
+the different rising of remarkable stars; the style to each being a
+little star painted upon the inside of the glass cover. From this piece
+also branched 4 glass bowls to show the hour by a style without a
+shadow, a shadow without a style, &c. Upon the upper part of the table
+were 8 reclining planes, 4 covered with looking-glass, on which the
+hour-lines, or style of a dial being painted, were reflected upon the
+bottom inclining planes of the third piece, and there showed the hour.
+The other 4 had also dials upon them, which were to be seen in a
+looking-glass placed upon the bottom of the third piece.
+
+The third piece was a large hollow globe, about 24 inches in diameter,
+and cut into 26 planes, two of which served for top and bottom. The rest
+were divided into 8 equal reclining planes, 8 equal inclining planes,
+and 8 equal vertical or upright planes; all of which were hollow. The
+incliners were not covered with glass, but left open, so as better to
+receive and show the dials reflected from the second piece. Two of the
+8 upright planes towards the north had no bottoms, but were covered only
+with clear glass, or windows to look into the globe, and thus see the
+dials as well within as without the same. The other 6 had not only each
+a cover of clear polished glass, with a dial described on them, like
+those of the first piece, but had a glass for their bottom; which glass
+was thinly painted over white, so that the shade of the hour-lines drawn
+upon the cover, might be seen as well within as without the globe. On
+these bottom glasses were painted portraits, each holding a sceptre,
+or truncheon, the end of which pointed to the hour. Two also of the
+recliners towards the north, had only a glass cover, or window to look
+into the globe: the other 6 had double glass like the former; their
+dials being some upon the cover, others upon the bottom; but all so
+contrived, that the hour could only be known by them, by looking within
+the globe. From the top of this globe issued 4 iron branches with glass
+bowls with dials showing the time according to the several ways of
+counting the hours. These bowls were painted inside so as to keep out
+the light, except a point left like a star, through which the sun-beams
+showed the hour; and the place where the hour-lines were drawn, was only
+painted on the outside thinly with white colour, so that the sun-light
+passing through the star might be seen, and show the hour.
+
+The fourth piece stood on the globe, had 4 iron supporters, and was a
+table about 20 inches in diameter, and 6 in thickness! The edge was cut
+into 12 concave superficies like so many half-cylinders; on each of
+which was a dial showing the hour by the shade of a fleur-de-lis fixed
+at the top of each half-cylinder. From the top of this table issued
+4 iron branches, with glass bowls, like those of the first, second,
+and third pieces, though proportionally less. The dials on these bowls
+showed only the usual hour, and otherwise differed from the third piece;
+here the hour-lines being left clear for the sunbeams to pass through,
+that by so passing, they might exhibit the same dial on the opposite
+side of the bowl, which was thinly painted white, that the said hours
+might be seen, and show the hour by their passing over a little star
+painted in the middle.
+
+The fifth piece likewise upon 4 iron supporters, was a globe of about
+12 inches diameter, cut into 14 planes, viz. 8 triangles, equal and
+equilateral; and the other 6 were equal squares. The dials on these
+planes showed the usual hour by the shade of a fleur-de-lis fastened
+to the top or bottom of each plane.
+
+The last, or top piece of the pyramid, was a glass bowl of 7 inches
+diameter, upon a foot of iron. The north side of this piece was thinly
+painted over white, that the shade of a little golden ball, placed in
+the middle of the bowl, might be seen to pass over the hour-lines which
+were drawn upon the white colour, and noted the hour. The bowl was
+included between two circles of iron gilt, with a cross on the top.
+
+Such is a general description of the parts or divisions of this very
+curious Dial. To which may be added that the first four pieces had all
+their sides covered with little plates of black glass, first cemented to
+the said pieces, except those places whereon the dials were drawn; which
+being also covered with plates of polished glass, nearly the whole of
+the outside of the dial appeared to be glass; the angles or corners
+being elegantly gilt, as were in part the iron work of the pyramid,
+supporters, branches, styles, &c.
+
+We have abridged and in part rewritten this explanation from upwards of
+six closely-printed 4to. pages. After the general description, in the
+original tract, the different sections or parts of the dial, 73 in
+number, are still further explained, and illustrated by 17 plates,
+besides a vertical section, of which last our Cut is a copy. Perhaps
+these details would tire the general reader, and on that account we do
+not press them: a few of them, however, may be noticed still further.
+
+Of these, the _Bowls_ appear to be the most attractive. One on the first
+piece, _by fire_ was a little glass bowl filled with clear water. This
+bowl was about three inches diameter, placed in the middle of another
+sphere, about six inches diameter, consisting of several iron rings or
+circles, representing the hour circles in the heavens. The hour was
+known by applying the hand to these circles when the sun shone, when
+that circle where you felt the hand burnt by the sunbeams passing
+through the bowl filled with water, showed the true hour, according
+to the verse beneath it:
+
+
+  Cratem tange, manusq horam tibi reddet adusta.
+
+
+The phenomenon is thus explained by the Professor: "the parallel rays of
+the sun passing through the little bowl, are bent by the density of the
+water, into a cone or pyramid, whose vertex reaches a little beyond
+those hour circles, and there burns the hand applied; for so many rays
+being all united into a point, must needs make an intense heat, which
+heat is so powerful in the summer-time, that it will fire a piece of
+wood applied to it."
+
+To many of the Dials were suitable inscriptions as above, and these with
+the references must have made the construction of the whole a task of
+immense labour. It would be absurd to expect that Charles II. had much
+to do with its completion, for he was, in his own estimation, more
+pleasantly employed than in watching the flight of time by heavenly
+luminaries. His attractions were on earth, where the splendour of
+a wicked court and the witchery of bright eyes eclipsed all other
+pursuits. Still, the licentious king was not forgotten by the inventer
+of the dial. Among the pictures on some of the glasses were portraits of
+the king, the two queens, the duke of York, prince Rupert, &c. In the
+king's picture, the hour was shown by the shade of the hour-lines
+passing over the top of the sceptre--perhaps the only time the royal
+trifier ever pointed to so useful an end. Prince Rupert, by his
+contributions to science, had a better right to be there; but Charles
+was not even grateful enough for the elevation to protect the precious
+Dial from rain and snow.
+
+In the list of subscribers for the reprint of the Tract, occurs "Jacob
+Chandler, basket-maker:" in our times this would be considered a knotty
+work for any but a professional reader.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NOTES OF A READER
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+HISTORY OF INSECTS.
+
+
+_The Family Library, No. 7. Library of Entertaining Knowledge, Part
+6.--Insect Architecture_.
+
+
+At present we can only notice these works as two of the most delightful
+volumes that have for some time fallen into our hands, and as possessing
+all the merits which characterize the previous portions of the Series.
+Our cognizance of them, in a collected form, must rest till the other
+half appears; in the meantime a few _flying_ extracts will prove
+amusing:--
+
+
+_Bees without a Queen_.
+
+These humble creatures cherish their queen, feed her, and provide for
+her wants. They live only in her life, and die when she is taken away.
+Her absence deprives them of no organ, paralyzes no limb, yet in every
+case they neglect all their duties for twenty-four hours. They receive
+no stranger queen before the expiration of that time; and if deprived of
+the cherished object altogether, they refuse food, and quickly perish.
+What, it may be asked, is the physical cause of such devotion? What are
+the bonds that chain the little creature to its cell, and force it to
+prefer death, to the flowers and the sunshine that invite it to come
+forth and live? This is not a solitary instance, in which the Almighty
+has made virtues, apparently almost unattainable by us, natural to
+animals! For while man has marked, with that praise which great and rare
+good actions merit, those few instances in which one human being has
+given up his own life for another--the dog, who daily sacrifices himself
+for his master, has scarcely found an historian to record his common
+virtue.--_Family Library_.
+
+
+_Cleanliness of Bees_.
+
+Among other virtues possessed by bees, cleanliness is one of the most
+marked; they will not suffer the least filth in their abode. It
+sometimes happens that an ill-advised slug or ignorant snail chooses to
+enter the hive, and has even the audacity to walk over the comb; the
+presumptuous and foul intruder is quickly killed, but its gigantic
+carcass is not so speedily removed. Unable to transport the corpse
+out of their dwelling, and fearing "the noxious smells" arising from
+corruption, the bees adopt an efficacious mode of protecting themselves;
+they embalm their offensive enemy, by covering him over with propolis;
+both Maraldi and Reaumur have seen this. The latter observed that a
+snail had entered a hive, and fixed itself to the glass side, just as
+it does against walls, until the rain shall invite it to thrust out its
+head beyond its shell. The bees, it seemed, did not like the interloper,
+and not being able to penetrate the shell with their sting, took a
+hint from the snail itself, and instead of covering it all over with
+propolis, the cunning economists fixed it immovably, by cementing merely
+the edge of the orifice of the shell to the glass with this resin, and
+thus it became a prisoner for life, for rain cannot dissolve this
+cement, as it does that which the insect itself uses.[5]--_Ibid_.
+
+
+    [5] For a notice of the application of this cement to useful
+        purposes, see No. 396, page 283.--ED. MIRROR.
+
+
+It furnishes a subject of serious consideration, as well as an argument
+for a special providence, to know, that the accurate Reaumur, and other
+naturalists, have observed, that when any kind of insect has increased
+inordinately, their natural enemies have increased in the same
+proportion, and thus preserved the balance.--_Ibid_.
+
+
+_Gnats_.
+
+There are few insects with whose form we are better acquainted than
+that of the gnat. It is to be found in all latitudes and climates; as
+prolific in the Polar as in the Equatorial regions. In 1736 they were so
+numerous, and were seen to rise in such clouds from Salisbury cathedral,
+that they looked like columns of smoke, and frightened the people, who
+thought the building was on fire. In 1766, they appeared at Oxford, in
+the form of a thick black cloud; six columns were observed to ascend the
+height of fifty or sixty feet. Their bite was attended with alarming
+inflammation. To some appearances of this kind our great poet, Spenser,
+alludes, in the following beautiful simile:--
+
+
+  As when a swarm of gnats at eventide,
+  Out of the fennes of Allan doe arise,
+  Their murmurring small trumpets sownden wide,
+  Whiles in the air their clust'ring army flies.
+  That as a cloud doth seem to dim the skies:
+  Ne man nor beast may rest or take repast,
+  For their sharp wounds and noyous injuries,
+  Till the fierce northern wind, with blustering blast,
+  Doth blow them quite away, and in the ocean cast.
+
+
+In Lapland, their numbers have been compared to a flight of snow when
+the flakes fall thickest, and the minor evil of being nearly suffocated
+by smoke is endured to get rid of these little pests. Captain Stedman
+says, that he and his soldiers were so tormented by gnats in America,
+that they were obliged to dig holes in the ground with their bayonets,
+and thrust their heads into them for protection and sleep. Humboldt
+states, that "between the little harbour of Higuerote and the mouth
+of the Rio-Unare, the wretched inhabitants are accustomed to stretch
+themselves on the ground, and pass the night buried in the sand three
+or four inches deep, exposing only the head, which they cover with a
+handkerchief."
+
+After enumerating these and other examples of the achievements of the
+gnat and musquito tribe, Kirby says, "It is not therefore incredible
+that Sapor, King of Persia, should have been compelled to raise the
+siege of Nisibis by a plague of gnats, which attacked his elephants and
+beasts of burden, and so caused the rout of his army; nor that the
+inhabitants of various cities should, by an extraordinary multiplication
+of this plague, have been compelled to desert them; nor that, by their
+power of doing mischief, like other conquerors who have been the torment
+of the human race, they should have attained to fame, and have given
+their name to bays, town, and territories." _Ibid_.
+
+
+_Leaf Caterpillars_.
+
+The design of the caterpillars in rolling up the leaves is not only to
+conceal themselves from birds and predatory insects, but also to protect
+themselves from the cuckoo-flies, which lie in wait in every quarter to
+deposit their eggs in their bodies, that their progeny may devour them.
+Their mode of concealment, however, though it appear to be cunningly
+contrived and skilfully executed, is not always successful, their
+enemies often discovering their hiding place. We happened to see a
+remarkable instance of this last summer (1828), in a case of one of the
+lilac caterpillars which had changed into a chrysalis within the closely
+folded leaf. A small cuckoo-fly, aware, it should seem, of the very spot
+where the chrysalis lay within the leaf, was seen boring through it with
+her ovipositor, and introducing her eggs through the punctures thus made
+into the body of the dormant insect. We allowed her to lay all her eggs,
+about six in number, and then put the leaf under an inverted glass. In a
+few days the eggs of the cuckoo-fly were hatched, the grubs devoured the
+lilac chrysalis, and finally changed into pupae in a case of yellow
+silk, and into perfect insects like their parent.--_Library of
+Entertaining Knowledge_.
+
+The last extract, and all in the Library of Entertaining Knowledge
+signed J.R. are written by Mr. J. Rennie, whose initials must be
+familiar to every reader as attached to some of the most interesting
+papers in Mr. Loudon's Magazines. He is a nice observer of Nature, and
+one of the most popular writers on her phenomena.
+
+As we treated the cuts of the last portion of the "Library of
+Entertaining Knowledge," rather critically, we are happy to say that
+the engravings of insects in the present part make ample amends for all
+former imperfections in that branch of the work; some of the pupae,
+insects, their nests, &c. are admirably executed, and their selection
+is equally judicious and attractive.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS.
+
+
+Spirit-drinking appears to have attained a _pretty considerable_ pitch
+in America, where, according to the proceedings of the American
+Temperance Society, half as many tuns of domestic spirits are annually
+produced as of wheat and flour; and in the state of New York, in the
+year 1825, there were 2,264 grist-mills, and 1,129 distilleries of
+whiskey. In a communication to this society from Philadelphia, it is
+calculated, that out of 4,151 deaths in that city in the year 1825, 335
+are attributed solely to the abuse of ardent spirits!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WOOD ENGRAVING.
+
+
+In early life Bewick cut a vignette for the Newcastle newspaper,
+from which it is calculated that more than _nine hundred thousand
+impressions_ have been worked off; yet the block is still in use, and
+not perceptibly impaired.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+AUSTRIA.
+
+
+The present Emperor of Austria is a gentle, fatherly old man. We have
+heard none of his subjects speak of him with anything but love and
+affection. The meanest peasant has access to him; and, except on public
+occasions, he leads a simpler life than any nobleman among ourselves. It
+is, perhaps, less the emperor than the nobility who govern in Austria,
+and less the nobility than Metternich, the prince-pattern of
+prime-ministers.--_Foreign Review_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+HANGING.
+
+
+The following letter tends to rectify an error which very generally
+prevails, namely, that it costs only thirteen-pence halfpenny to be
+hung. It is copied _literatim et verbatim_, from one made out by Mr.
+Ketch himself, and proves that a man cannot be hung for so mere a
+trifle:--
+
+       "Silvester.               s. d.
+  Executioner's Fees............ 7  6
+  Stripping the Body............ 4  6
+  Use of Shell.................. 2  6
+    1813.                      ______
+   Nov. 10.                    14  6"
+
+
+_Blackwood's Magazine_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SCOTTISH POETRY.
+
+
+The passion of the Scots, from whatever race derived, for poetry
+and music, developed itself in the earliest stages of their history.
+They possessed a wild imagination, a dark and gloomy mythology; they
+peopled the caves, the woods, the rivers, and the mountains, with
+spirits, elves, giants, and dragons; and are we to wonder that the
+Scots, a nation in whose veins the blood of all those remote races is
+unquestionably mingled, should, at a very remote period, have evinced
+an enthusiastic admiration for song and poetry; that the harper was
+to be found amongst the officers who composed the personal state of
+the sovereign, and that the country maintained a privileged race of
+wandering minstrels, who eagerly seized on the prevailing superstitions
+and romantic legends, and wove them in rude, but sometimes very
+expressive versification, into their stories and ballads; who were
+welcome guests at the gate of every feudal castle, and fondly beloved
+by the great body of the people.--_Tytler's History of Scotland_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TO CONSTANTINOPLE,
+
+_On approaching the city about sun-rise, from the Sea of Marmora_.
+
+
+  A glorious form thy shining city wore,
+  'Mid cypress thickets of perennial green,
+  With minaret and golden dome between,
+  While thy sea softly kiss'd its grassy shore.
+  Darting across whose blue expanse was seen
+  Of sculptured barques and galleys many a score;
+  Whence noise was none save that of plashing oar;
+  Nor word was spoke, to break the calm serene.
+  Unhear'd is whisker'd boatman's hail or joke;
+  Who, mute as Sinbad's man of copper, rows,
+  And only intermits the sturdy stroke
+  When fearless gull too nigh his pinnace goes.
+  I, hardly conscious if I dream'd or woke,
+  Mark'd that strange piece of action and repose.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BERWICK.
+
+
+In the thirteenth century Berwick enjoyed a prosperity, such as threw
+every other Scottish port into the shade; the customs of this town, at
+the above date, amounted to about one-fourth of all the customs of
+England.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE LORD MAYORS DAY.
+
+
+  "Spirit of Momus! thou'rt wandering wide.
+  When I would thou wert merrily perch'd by my side,
+    For I am sorely beset by the _blues_;
+  Thou fugitive elf! I adjure thee return,
+  By Fielding's best wig, and the ashes of Sterne,
+    Appear at the call of my muse."
+
+  It comes, with a laugh on its rubicund face;
+  Methinks, by the way, it's in pretty good case,
+    For a spirit unblest with a body;
+    "On the claret bee's-wing," says the sprite, "I regale;
+  But I'm ready for all--from Lafitte down to ale,
+    From Champagne to a tumbler of toddy.
+
+  "Then I'm not over-nice, as at least _you_ must know,
+  In the rank of my hosts--for the lofty or low
+    Are alike to the Spirit of Mirth;
+  I care not a straw with whom I have dined,
+  Though a family dinner's not much to my mind,
+    And a proser's a plague upon earth.
+
+  "But where, my dear sprite, for this age have you been?
+  Have you plunged in the Danube, or danced on the Seine?
+    Or have taken in Lisbon your station?
+  Or have flapped over Windsor your butterfly-wings,
+  O'er its bevy of beauties, and courtiers, and kings--
+    The wonders and wits of the nation?"
+
+  "No; of all climes for folly, Old England's the clime;
+  Of all times for fully, the present's the time;
+    And my game is so plentiful here,
+  That all months are the same, from December to May;
+  I can bag in a minute enough for a day--
+    In a day, bag enough for a year.
+
+  "My game-bag has nooks for 'Notes, Sketches, and Journeys,'
+  By soldiers and sailors, divines and attorneys,
+    Through landscapes gay, blooming, and briary;
+  And so, as you seem rather pensive to-night,
+  To dispel your blue-devils, I'll briefly recite
+    A specimen-leaf from my diary:--
+
+"'THE NINTH OF NOVEMBER.
+
+  "'Through smoke-clouds as dark as a forest of rooks,
+  The rich contribution of blacksmiths and cooks
+    From the huge human oven below,
+  I heard old St. Paul's gaily pealing away;
+  Thinks I to myself, 'It is Lord Mayor's Day,
+    So, I'll go down and look at the Show.'
+
+  "'I spread out my pinions, and sprang on my perch--
+  'Twas the dragon on Bow, that odd sign of the church,
+    The episcopal centre of action;
+  All Cheapside was crowded with black, brown, and fair,
+  Like a harlequin's jacket, or French rocquelaire,
+    A legitimate Cheapside attraction.
+
+  "'Then rung through the tumult a trumpet so shrill,
+  That it frightened the ladies all down Ludgate Hill,
+    And the owlets in Ivy Lane;
+  Then came in their chariots, each face in full blow,
+  The sheriffs and aldermen, solemn and slow,
+    All bombazine, bag-wig and chain.
+
+  "'Then came the old tumbril-shaped city machine,
+  With a Lord Mayor so fat that he made the coach _lean_;
+    Lord Waithman was scarcely a brighter man;
+  The wits said the old groaning wagon of state,
+  Which for ages had carried Lord Mayors of such weight,
+    To-day would break down with a _lighter man_.
+
+  "'Then proud as a prince, at the head of the band
+  Rode the city field-marshal, with truncheon in hand,
+    Though his epaulettes lately are gone;
+  But he's still fine enough to astonish the cits,
+  And drive the economists out of their wits,
+    From Lords Waithman and Wood, to Lord John.
+
+  "'But I now left the pageant--wits, worthies, and all--
+  And flew through the smoke to the roof of Guildhall,
+    And perched on the grand chandelier;
+  The dinner was stately, the tables were full--
+  There sat, multiplied by three thousand, John Bull,
+    Resolved to make all disappear.
+
+  "'And then came the speeches; Lord Hunter was fine--
+  Lord Wood, finer still--Lord Thompson, divine,
+    The sheriffs were Ciceros a-piece;
+  Lord Crowther was sick, though he managed to eat
+  What, if races were feasts, would have won him the plate;
+    But he tossed off a bumper to Greece.
+
+  "'Then all was enchantment--all hubbub and smiles--
+  The wit of Old Jewry, the grace of St. Giles,
+    The force of the Billingsgate tongue:
+  Till the eloquent Lord Mayor demanding 'Who malts?'--
+  The understood sign for beginning the waltz--
+    In a fright through the ceiling I sprung.'"
+
+
+_Monthly Magazine_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A LANDAULET.
+
+(_Concluded from page 302_.)
+
+
+It happened to be a dull time of year, and for some months my wheels
+ceased to be rotatory: I got cold and damp; and the moths found their
+way to my inside: one or two persons who came to inspect me declined
+becoming purchasers, and peering closely at my panels, said something
+about "old scratch." This hurt my feelings, for if my former possessor
+was not quite so good as she might have been, it was no fault of mine.
+
+At length, after a tedious inactivity, I was bought cheap by a young
+physician, who having rashly left his provincial patients to set up in
+London, took it into his head that nothing could be done there by a
+medical man who did not go upon wheels; he therefore hired a house in a
+good situation, and then set _me_ up, and bid my vendor put me down in
+his bill.
+
+It is quite astonishing how we flew about the streets and squares,
+_acting great practice_; those who knew us by sight must have thought we
+had a great deal to do, but we practised nothing but locomotion. Some
+medical men thin the population, (so says Slander,) my master thinned
+nothing but his horses. They were the only _good jobs_ that came in his
+way, and certainly he made the most of them. He was obliged to _feed_
+them, but he was very rarely _feed_ himself. It so happened that nobody
+consulted us, and the unavoidable consumption of the family infected my
+master's pocket, and his little resources were in a rapid decline.
+
+Still he kept a good heart; indeed, in one respect, he resembled a
+worm displayed in a bottle in a quack's shop window--he was never out of
+spirits! He was deeply in debt, and his name was on every body's books,
+always excepting the memorandum-books of those who wanted physicians.
+Still I was daily turned out, and though nobody called him in, he was to
+be seen, sitting very forward, apparently looking over notes supposed
+to have been taken after numerous critical cases and eventful
+consultations. Our own case was hopeless, our progress was arrested,
+an execution was in the house, servants met with their deserts and were
+turned off, goods were seized, my master was knocked up, and I was
+knocked down for one hundred and twenty pounds.
+
+Again my beauties blushed for a while unseen; but I was new painted,
+and, like some other painted personages, looked, at a distance, almost
+as good as new. Fortunately for me, an elderly country curate, just at
+this period, was presented with a living, and the new incumbent thought
+it incumbent upon him to present his fat lady and his thin daughter with
+a leathern convenience. My life was now a rural one, and for ten long
+years nothing worth recording happened to me. Slowly and surely did I
+creep along green lanes, carried the respectable trio to snug, early,
+neighbourly dinners, and was always under lock and key before twelve
+o'clock. It must be owned I began to have rather an old-fashioned look;
+my body was ridiculously small, and the rector's thin daughter, the
+bodkin, or rather packing-needle of the party, sat more forward, and on
+a smaller space than bodkins do now-a-days. I was perched up three feet
+higher than more modern vehicles, and my two lamps began to look like
+little dark lanterns. But my obsoleteness rendered me only more suited
+to the service in which I was enlisted. Honest Roger, the red-haired
+coachman, would have looked like a clown in a pantomime, in front of a
+fashionable equipage; and Simon the footboy, who slouched at my back,
+would have been mistaken for an idle urchin surreptitiously enjoying a
+ride. But on my unsophisticated dickey and footboard no one could doubt
+but that Roger and Simon were in their proper places. The rector died;
+of course he had nothing more to do with the _living_, it passed into
+other hands; and a clerical income being (alas, that it should be so!)
+no inheritance, his relict suddenly plunged in widowhood and poverty,
+had the aggravated misery of mourning for a deaf husband, while she was
+conscious that the luxuries and almost the necessaries of life were for
+ever snatched from herself and her child.
+
+Again I found myself in London, but my beauty was gone, I had lost the
+activity of youth, and when slowly I chanced to creak through Long Acre,
+Houlditch, my very parent, who was standing at his door sending forth a
+new-born Britska, glanced at me scornfully, and knew me not! I passed on
+heavily--I thought of former days of triumph, and there was madness in
+the thought I became a _crazy_ vehicle! straw was thrust into my inward
+parts, I was numbered among the fallen,--yes, I was now a
+hackney-chariot, and my number was one hundred!
+
+What tongue can tell the degradations I have endured! The persons who
+familiarly have _called_ me, the wretches who have sat in me--never can
+this be told. Daily I take my stand in the same vile street, and nightly
+am I driven to the minor theatres--to oyster-shops--to desperation!
+
+One day, when empty and unoccupied, I was hailed by two police-officers
+who were bearing between them a prisoner. It was the seducer of my
+second ill-fated mistress; a first crime had done its usual work, it had
+prepared the mind for a second, and a worse: the seducer had done a deed
+of deeper guilt, and _I_ bore him one stage towards the gallows. Many
+months after, a female called me at midnight: she was decked in tattered
+finery, and what with fatigue and recent indulgence in strong liquors,
+she was scarcely sensible, but she possessed dim traces of past beauty.
+I can say nothing more of her, but that it was the fugitive wife whom I
+had borne to Brighton so many years ago. No words of mine could paint
+the living warning that I beheld. What had been the sorrows of unmerited
+desertion and unkindness supported by conscious rectitude, compared with
+the degraded guilt, the hopeless anguish, that I then saw?
+
+I regret to say, I was last month nigh committing manslaughter; I broke
+down in the Strand and dislocated the shoulder of a rich old maid.
+I cannot help thinking that she deserved the visitation, for, as she
+stepped into me in Oxford Street, she exclaimed, loud enough to be heard
+by all neighbouring pedestrians, "Dear me! how dirty! I never was in
+a hackney conveyance before!"--though I well remembered having been
+favoured with her company very often. A medical gentleman happened to be
+passing at the moment of our fall; it was my old medical master. He set
+the shoulder, and so skilfully did he manage his patient, that he is
+about to be married to the rich invalid, who will shoulder him into
+prosperity at last.
+
+I last night was the bearer of a real party of pleasure to Astley's:--a
+bride and bridegroom, with the mother of the bride. It was the widow of
+the old rector, whose thin daughter (by the by she is fattening fast)
+has had the luck to marry the only son of a merchant well to do in the
+world.
+
+The voice suddenly ceased!--I awoke--the door was opened, the steps let
+down--I paid the coachman double the amount of his fare, and in future,
+whenever I stand in need of a jarvey, I shall certainly make a point of
+calling for number One Hundred.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER
+
+
+  "A snapper-up of unconsidered trifles."
+SHAKSPEARE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BELL.--THE CRY OF THE DEER SO CALLED.
+
+
+I am glad of an opportunity to describe the cry of the deer by another
+name than _braying_, although the latter has been sanctioned by the use
+of the Scottish metrical translation of the Psalms. Bell seems to be an
+abbreviation of the word _bellow_. This sylvan sound conveyed great
+delight to our ancestors chiefly, I suppose, from association. A gentle
+knight in the reign of Henry VIII., Sir Thomas Wortley, built Wantley
+Lodge, Warncliffe Forest, for the purpose, as the ancient inscription
+testifies, of "Listening to the Harts' Bell."
+
+C.K.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE CURSE OF SCOTLAND.
+
+
+The origin of the nine of diamonds being called the Curse of Scotland
+is not generally known. It arose from the following circumstance:--The
+night before the battle of Culloden, the Duke of Cumberland thought
+proper to send orders to General Campbell not to give quarter; and this
+order being despatched in much haste, was written on a card. This card
+happened to be the nine of diamonds, from which circumstance it got the
+appellation above named.
+
+W.M.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+POLITICAL PUNS.
+
+
+Among the many expedients resorted to by the depressed party in a state
+to indulge their sentiments safely, and probably at the same time,
+according to situation, to sound those of their companions, puns and
+other quibbles have been of notable service. The following is worthy of
+notice:--The cavaliers during Cromwell's usurpation, usually put a crumb
+of bread into a glass of wine, and before they drank it, would exclaim
+with cautious ambiguity, "God send this Crum well down!" A royalist
+divine also, during the Protectorate, did not scruple to quibble in the
+following prayer, which he was accustomed to deliver:--"O Lord, who
+hast put a sword into the hand of thy servant, Oliver, _put it into his
+heart_ ALSO--to do according to thy word." He would drop his voice at
+the word also, and, after a significant pause, repeat the concluding
+sentence in an under tone.
+
+W.M.
+
+_Erratum_ at page 306.--For _Hemiptetera_ read HEMIPTERA.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ANNUALS FOR 1830.
+
+
+With No. 398 was published a SUPPLEMENT, containing the first portion of
+the SPIRIT OF THE ANNUALS, with a splendid Engraving of the CITY OF
+VERONA, and Notices of the _Gem_, _Literary Souvenir_, _Friendship's
+Offering_, and _Amulet_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LIMBIRD'S EDITION OF THE
+_Following Novels is already Published:_
+
+                                          s. d.
+  Mackenzie's Man of Feeling              0  6
+  Paul and Virginia                       0  6
+  The Castle of Otranto                   0  6
+  Almoran and Hamet                       0  6
+  Elizabeth, or the Exiles of Siberia     0  6
+  The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne      0  6
+  Rasselas                                0  8
+  The Old English Baron                   0  8
+  Nature and Art                          0  8
+  Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield          0 10
+  Sicilian Romance                        1  0
+  The Man of the World                    1  0
+  A Simple Story                          1  4
+  Joseph Andrews                          1  6
+  Humphry Clinker                         1  8
+  The Romance of the Forest               1  8
+  The Italian                             2  0
+  Zeluco, by Dr  Moore                    2  6
+  Edward, by Dr  Moore                    2  6
+  Roderick Random                         2  6
+  The Mysteries of Udolpho                3  6
+  Peregrine Pickle                        4  6
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD 143, Strand, (near Somerset House,)
+London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; and by all
+Newsmen and Booksellers_.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT,
+AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 14, ISSUE 400, NOVEMBER 21, 1829***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 11446-8.txt or 11446-8.zip *******
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+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 14, Issue 400, November 21, 1829, by Various</title>
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+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 14, Issue 400, November 21, 1829, by Various</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 14, Issue 400, November 21, 1829</p>
+<p>Author: Various</p>
+<p>Release Date: March 4, 2004  [eBook #11446]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: iso-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 14, ISSUE 400, NOVEMBER 21, 1829***</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+<center><b>E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Keith M. Keckrich, David Garcia,<br />
+           and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team</b></center>
+<br />
+<br />
+  <hr class="full" />
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page337" name="page337"></a>[pg
+  337]</span>
+
+  <h1>THE MIRROR<br />
+  OF<br />
+  LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <table width="100%" summary="Banner">
+    <tr>
+      <td align="left"><b>VOL. , NO. 400.]</b></td>
+
+      <td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 21, 1829.</b></td>
+
+      <td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>The Limoeiro, at Lisbon.</h2>
+
+  <div class="figure" style="width: 100%;">
+    <a href="images/400-1.png"><img width="100%" src=
+    "images/400-1.png" alt="The Limoeiro, at Lisbon." /></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Locks, bolts, and bars! what have we here?&mdash;a view of the
+  <i>Limoeiro, or common jail</i>, at Lisbon, whose horrors,
+  without the fear of Don Miguel in our hearts, we will endeavour
+  to describe, though lightly&mdash;merely in outline,&mdash;since
+  nothing can be more disagreeable than the filling in.</p>
+
+  <p>For this purpose we might quote ourselves, i.e. one of our
+  correspondents,<a id="footnotetag1" name=
+  "footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a> or a
+  host of travellers and residents in the Portuguese capital; but
+  we give preference to Mr. W. Young, who has borne much of the
+  hard fare of the prison, and can accordingly speak more fully of
+  its accommodations and privations. Mr. Young is an Englishman,
+  who married a Portuguese lady in Leiria, and resided for several
+  years in that town. He was arrested in May, 1828, on suspicion of
+  disaffection towards Don Miguel's government: nothing appears to
+  have been proved against him, and after having suffered much
+  disagreeable treatment in different jails in Leiria and Lisbon,
+  he was discharged in the following September, on condition of
+  leaving the country. He returned to England, and lost no time in
+  publishing a volume entitled "Portugal in 1828;" with "A
+  Narrative of the Author's Residence there and of his persecution
+  and confinement as a state prisoner."</p>
+
+  <p>The prison, says Mr. Young, stands on the highest ground in
+  St. George's Castle, and is the first building on the south side
+  toward the Tagus. Near the entrance it is divided internally as
+  follows below:&mdash;<i>Saletta</i> (the small hall;) <i>Salla
+  Livre</i> (free hall,) so called, because visiters are allowed to
+  go in to see their friends, except when the jailer or intendant
+  orders otherwise; <i>Salla Fechado</i> (the hall shut,) so
+  called, because no communication is allowed with the prisoners in
+  that hall; <i>Enchovia</i> (the common prison,) where thieves,
+  murderers, and vagabonds of every description are confined. This
+  last receptacle is a horrid place; and is often made use of as a
+  punishment for prisoners from other parts of the gaol. Hither
+  they are sent when they commit any offence, for as many days as
+  the jailer may think proper, and are often put in irons during
+  that time.</p>
+
+  <p>Besides these different prisons on the <span class=
+  "pagenum"><a id="page338" name="page338"></a>[pg 338]</span>
+  ground floor, there are eight dungeons in a line, all nearly
+  alike in shape and size; but some are superior to others as to
+  light and air: and in proportion to the degree they wish to annoy
+  the unfortunate victim, so are these dungeons used. A few dollars
+  never fail to procure a better light and air when properly
+  applied.</p>
+
+  <p>Three of these dungeons are about six feet higher than the
+  other five. There is a corridor in the front of them, which is
+  always shut up when any one is confined in them, so that no one
+  can ever approach the door of a dungeon. And to make this a
+  matter of certainty, whenever the jailer or officers of the
+  prison carry prisoners their food, they lock the door of the
+  corridor before they open that of the dungeon.</p>
+
+  <p>The first of the lower five of these dungeons is in the
+  passage leading from, the <i>Salla Livre</i>, and next door to
+  the privy of the prison; so that it is never used as a secret
+  dungeon. The lower four are enclosed as those above, and are much
+  darker than that in the passage. This latter is claimed by the
+  book-keeper as his property, and I hired it of him to sleep in,
+  and to be alone when I wished to be so.</p>
+
+  <p>The dungeons are all bomb proof, and over them is a terrace
+  thickly formed of brick and stone; still I could distinctly hear
+  the sentry walking over my head when all was quiet at night.</p>
+
+  <p>The walls of these cells are about six feet thick, with bars
+  inside and out; the bars in the windows are three inches square,
+  making twelve inches in circumference, and being crossed they
+  form squares of about eight inches; the windows differ very much
+  in size, some not being half so large as others.</p>
+
+  <p>Besides these double bars, there is a shutter immensely strong
+  and close, so that when shut, light is totally excluded; the iron
+  door has a strong bolt and lock, and outside of this there is a
+  strong wooden door; in the front of the windows, and about six
+  feet from them, there is a high wall; so that in the best of
+  these dungeons, there is only a reflected light.</p>
+
+  <p>These are all the prisons on the ground floor, and when full
+  (which they too often are) the wretched prisoners are forced to
+  lie at night in two rows, with their feet to the wall, and their
+  heads to the middle of the room; this position they adopt on
+  account of the cold and damp of the stone walls; they touch each
+  other, and the floor is completely covered. Nay, at times, so
+  full is the gaol, that they are obliged to lie on the corridors,
+  and even on the steps.</p>
+
+  <p>The Saletta will hold forty prisoners, the Salla Livre more
+  than sixty, the Salla Fechado one hundred, and the Enchovia, near
+  one hundred and forty. When one prison becomes too full, they
+  remove some of the victims to another, or send them to the forts,
+  or on board the ships in the river.</p>
+
+  <p>The first floor is divided into two parts, officers' rooms,
+  and the Sallao, (saloon or large hall.) This hall will hold about
+  150 persons, when full. Besides the Sallao and officers' rooms on
+  the first floor, there is a room set apart for questioning people
+  who are in the dungeons. This room has an entrance from the
+  street, and another through a passage from the dungeons, as well
+  as one from the officers' rooms.</p>
+
+  <p>The magistrate and his clerk enter from the street, and no one
+  in the prison sees them. The prisoner is taken up stairs from the
+  dungeon, and the jailer or book-keeper enters from the officers'
+  apartments. Every thing is done in the most secret manner. If
+  they cannot cause the prisoner to commit himself, by confessing
+  to the offence with which he is charged, they send him back again
+  to the dungeon.</p>
+
+  <p>The gaol of St. George's has a second floor tier of offices;
+  but that belongs to the governor and jailer; there are no
+  prisoners above the ground and the first floor.</p>
+
+  <p>None of the authorities ever inquire whether he has any means
+  of subsistence; there is neither bed blanket, nor even straw,
+  unless the prisoner can buy it, and then he must pay the guards
+  to let it pass to him.</p>
+
+  <p>Amongst the many thousands of unfortunate beings who are now
+  confined in Portugal, great numbers of them are without money or
+  any other means of subsistence; and were it not for the charity
+  of people in general, starvation would necessarily ensue.</p>
+
+  <p>The only authorities employed about the prison are a jailer,
+  secretary, and eight guards; of the latter three are always on
+  duty; one of them being stationed at the first iron gate at the
+  entrance of the prison, another at the second gate, and a third
+  to attend the interior, each with a bunch of keys in his hand,
+  which serve for nearly all the doors. The guards are relieved
+  every night at nine o'clock, when, the man who is posted at the
+  outer door carries a strong iron rod (<i>see the Engraving</i>)
+  with which he strikes every bar in the windows and gates of the
+  gaol; and if <span class="pagenum"><a id="page339" name=
+  "page339"></a>[pg 339]</span> any one of them does not vibrate,
+  or ring, he carefully inspects it to ascertain whether it has
+  been cut with a saw, or corroded by any strong acid. This dismal
+  music lasts an hour. The whole expense of the prison to
+  government does not exceed 16<i>s</i>. per day, and the few
+  officers and guards, when Mr. Young was there, manage upwards of
+  four hundred prisoners. He was confined from June 16, to
+  September 7, and his account of the myriads of bugs, rats, mice,
+  and other vermin is truly disgusting. The reader will however
+  readily credit this report when he has been told of the revolting
+  state of the city itself. Mrs. Baillie, in her recent <i>Letters
+  on Lisbon</i>, says, "for three miles round Lisbon in every
+  direction, you cannot for a moment get clear of the disgusting
+  effluvia that issue from every house." Doctor Southey says "every
+  kind of vermin that exists to punish the nastiness and indolence
+  of man, multiplies in the heat and dirt of Lisbon. In addition to
+  mosquitoes, the scolopendra is not uncommonly found here, and
+  snakes sometimes intrude into the bedchamber. A small species of
+  red ant likewise swarms over every thing sweet, and the
+  Portuguese remedy is to send for the priest to exorcise them."
+  The city is still subject to shocks of earthquake; the state of
+  the police is horrible; street-robbery is common, and every thief
+  is an assassin. The pocket-knife, which the French troops are
+  said to have dreaded more than all the bayonets of either the
+  Spanish or the Portuguese, is here the ready weapon of the
+  assassin; and the Tagus receives many a corpse on which no
+  inquest ever sits. The morals, in fact, of all classes in Lisbon
+  appear to be in a dreadful state.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>THE CARD.</h3>
+
+  <center>
+    A TALE OF TRUTH.
+  </center>
+
+  <p>(<i>For the Mirror</i>.)</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Young Lady Giddygad, came down</p>
+
+      <p>From spending half a year in town,</p>
+
+      <p>With cranium full of balls and plays,</p>
+
+      <p>Routs, f&ecirc;tes, and fashionable ways,</p>
+
+      <p>Caus'd in her country-town, so quiet,</p>
+
+      <p>Unus'd to modish din and riot,</p>
+
+      <p>No small confusion and amaze,</p>
+
+      <p>"Quite a sensation," is the phrase,</p>
+
+      <p>Like that, which puss, or pug, may feel</p>
+
+      <p>When rous'd from slumber by your heel,</p>
+
+      <p>Or drowsy ass, at rider's knock,</p>
+
+      <p>Or&mdash;&mdash;should you term him block;</p>
+
+      <p>Quoi qu'il en soit, first, gossips gape,</p>
+
+      <p>Then envy, scandalize, and ape!</p>
+
+      <p>Quoth Mrs. Thrifty: "Nancy, dear,</p>
+
+      <p>My Lady sends out cards I hear,</p>
+
+      <p>With, I suppose, 'tis now polite,</p>
+
+      <p>Merely 'At Home,' on such a night,</p>
+
+      <p>Now child, altho' I dare not say</p>
+
+      <p>We can afford to be so gay,</p>
+
+      <p>We're as well born as Lady G&mdash;&mdash;</p>
+
+      <p>And may be, as well bred as she!</p>
+
+      <p>That is, quite in a sober way</p>
+
+      <p>So as we've nothing more to pay:</p>
+
+      <p>For instance, when folks choose to come,</p>
+
+      <p>And I don't choose to be 'At Home,'</p>
+
+      <p>I'll have a notice stuck, you know,</p>
+
+      <p>On the hall door, to tell them so:</p>
+
+      <p>'Twill save our Rachel's legs you see,</p>
+
+      <p>And soon the top will copy me!</p>
+
+      <p>But, Nancy, d'ye hear, now write</p>
+
+      <p>That I'm 'At Home' on Thursday night;</p>
+
+      <p>'Tis a good fashion, for 'tis what</p>
+
+      <p>Most fashions in this age are not</p>
+
+      <p>A saving one: ah, prithee think,</p>
+
+      <p>How it saves time, and quills, and ink!"</p>
+
+      <p>So, duteous Nancy seiz'd a pen,</p>
+
+      <p>To ladies, and to gentlemen</p>
+
+      <p>Sent quickly out the cards; as quick</p>
+
+      <p>Came one again: "Poh! fiddlestick</p>
+
+      <p>An answer, yes?&mdash;come, let me see,</p>
+
+      <p>My spectacles!" cried Mistress T&mdash;&mdash;</p>
+
+      <p>"Hum&mdash;Mrs. Thrifty,&mdash;Thursday
+      night&mdash;'At</p>
+
+      <p>Home'&mdash;oh malice! fiendish spite,"</p>
+
+      <p>(Quoth the good dame in furious ire,</p>
+
+      <p>Whilst the card, fed the greedy fire)</p>
+
+      <p>"No, never, never, will I strive</p>
+
+      <p>To be genteel, as I'm alive,</p>
+
+      <p>Beneath my own 'At Home' was cramm'd,</p>
+
+      <p>There stay, good madam, and be d&mdash;d!"<a id=
+      "footnotetag2" name="footnotetag2"></a><a href=
+      "#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a></p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>M.L.B.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>MAHOMET THE GREAT AND HIS MISTRESS.</h3>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>An Anecdote</i>.
+  </center>
+
+  <p>(<i>For the Mirror</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p>After the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, in the year
+  1453, several captives, distinguished either for their rank or
+  their beauty, were presented to the victorious Mahomet the Great.
+  Irene, a most beautiful Greek lady, was one of those unfortunate
+  captives. The emperor was so delighted with her person, that he
+  dedicated himself wholly to her embraces, spending day and night
+  in her company, and neglected his most pressing affairs. His
+  officers, especially the Janissaries, were extremely exasperated
+  at his conduct; and loudly exclaimed against their degenerate and
+  <i>effeminate</i> prince, as they were then pleased to call him.
+  Mustapha Bassa, who had been brought up with the emperor from a
+  child, presuming upon his great interest, took an opportunity to
+  lay before his sovereign the bad consequences which would
+  inevitably ensue should he longer persevere in that unmanly and
+  base course of life. Mahomet, provoked at the Bassa's insolence,
+  told him that he deserved to die; <span class="pagenum"><a id=
+  "page340" name="page340"></a>[pg 340]</span> but that he would
+  pardon him in consideration of former services. He then commanded
+  him to assemble all the principal officers and captains in the
+  great hall of his palace the next day, to attend his royal
+  pleasure. Mustapha did as he was directed; and the next day the
+  sultan understanding that the Bassas and other officers awaited
+  him, entered the hall, with the charming Greek, who was
+  delicately dressed and adorned. Looking sternly around him, the
+  Sultan demanded, <i>which of them</i>, <i>possessing so fair an
+  object</i>, <i>could be contented to relinquish it</i>? Being
+  dazzled with the Christian's beauty, they unanimously answered,
+  that they highly commended his happy choice, and censured
+  themselves for having found fault with so much worth. The emperor
+  replied, that he would presently show them how much they had been
+  deceived in him, for that no earthly pleasure should so far
+  bereave him of his senses, or blind his understanding, as to make
+  him forget his duty in the high calling wherein he was placed. So
+  saying, he caught Irene by the hair of her head, which he
+  instantly severed from her body with his scimitar.</p>
+
+  <p>G.W.N.</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>Select Biography.</h2>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>JUVENILE POETESS.</h3>
+
+  <center>
+    MEMOIR OF LUCRETIA DAVIDSON,
+  </center>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>Who died at Plattsburgh, N.Y., August 27, 1825, aged sixteen
+    years and eleven months</i>.
+  </center>
+
+  <p>[We hardly know how to give our readers an idea of the intense
+  interest which this biographical sketch has excited in our mind;
+  but we are persuaded they will thank us for adopting it in our
+  columns. The details are somewhat abridged from No. LXXXII. of
+  the <i>Quarterly Review</i>, (just published), where they appear
+  in the first article, headed "Amir Khan, and other Poems: the
+  remains of Lucretia Maria Davidson," &amp;c., published at New
+  York, in the present year. Prefixed to these "remains" is a
+  biographical sketch, which forms the basis of the present memoir,
+  and from the Poems are selected the few specimens with which it
+  is illustrated.&mdash;ED.]</p>
+
+  <p>Lucretia Maria Davidson was born September 27, 1808, at
+  Plattsburgh, on Lake Champlain. She was the second daughter of
+  Dr. Oliver Davidson, and Magaret his wife. Her parents were in
+  straitened circumstances, and it was necessary, from an early
+  age, that much of her time should be devoted to domestic
+  employments: for these she had no inclination, but she performed
+  them with that alacrity which always accompanies good will; and,
+  when her work was done, retired to enjoy those intellectual and
+  imaginative, pursuits in which her whole heart was engaged. This
+  predilection for studious retirement she is said to have
+  manifested at the early age of four years. Reports, and even
+  recollections of this kind, are to be received, the one with some
+  distrust, the other with some allowance; but when that allowance
+  is made, the genius of this child still appears to have been as
+  precocious as it was extraordinary. Instead of playing with her
+  schoolmates, she generally got to some secluded place, with her
+  little books, and with pen, ink, and paper; and the consumption
+  which she made of paper was such as to excite the curiosity of
+  her parents, from whom she kept secret the use to which she
+  applied it. If any one came upon her retirement, she would
+  conceal or hastily destroy what she was employed upon; and,
+  instead of satisfying the inquiries of her father and mother,
+  replied to them only by tears. The mother, at length, when
+  searching for something in a dark and unfrequented closet, found
+  a considerable number of little books, made of this
+  writing-paper, and filled with rude drawings, and with strange
+  and apparently illegible characters, which, however, were at once
+  seen to be the child's work. Upon closer inspection, the
+  characters were found to consist of the printed alphabet; some of
+  the letters being formed backwards, some sideways, and there
+  being no spaces between the words. These writings were
+  deciphered, not without much difficulty; and it then appeared
+  that they consisted of regular verses, generally in explanation
+  of a rude drawing, sketched on the opposite page. When she found
+  that her treasures had been discovered, she was greatly
+  distressed, and could not be pacified till they were restored;
+  and as soon as they were in her possession, she took the first
+  opportunity of secretly burning them.</p>
+
+  <p>These books having thus been destroyed, the earliest remaining
+  specimen of her verse is an epitaph, composed in her ninth year,
+  upon an unfledged robin, killed in the attempt at rearing it.
+  When she was eleven years of age, her father took her to see the
+  decorations of a room in which Washington's birthday was to be
+  celebrated. Neither the novelty nor the gaiety of what she saw
+  attracted her attention; she thought of Washington <span class=
+  "pagenum"><a id="page341" name="page341"></a>[pg 341]</span>
+  alone, whose life she had read, and for whom she entertained the
+  proper feelings of an American; and as soon as she returned home,
+  she took paper, sketched a funeral urn, and wrote under it a few
+  stanzas, which were shown to her friends. Common as the talent of
+  versifying is, any early manifestation of it will always be
+  regarded as extraordinary by those who possess it not themselves;
+  and these verses, though no otherwise remarkable, were deemed so
+  surprising for a child of her age, that an aunt of hers could not
+  believe they were original, and hinted that they might have been
+  copied. The child wept at this suspicion, as if her heart would
+  break; but as soon as she recovered from that fit of indignant
+  grief, she indited a remonstrance to her aunt, in verse, which
+  put an end to such incredulity.</p>
+
+  <p>We are told that, before she was twelve years of age, she had
+  read most of the standard English poets&mdash;a vague term,
+  excluding, no doubt, much that is of real worth, and including
+  more that is worth little or nothing, and yet implying a
+  wholesome course of reading for such a mind. Much history she had
+  also read, both sacred and profane; "the whole of Shakspeare's,
+  Kotzebue's, and Goldsmith's dramatic works;" (oddly consorted
+  names!) "and many of the popular novels and romances of the day:"
+  of the latter, she threw aside at once those which at first sight
+  appeared worthless. This girl is said to have observed every
+  thing: "frequently she has been known to watch the storm, and the
+  retiring clouds, and the rainbow, and the setting sun, for
+  hours."</p>
+
+  <p>An English reader is not prepared to hear of distress arising
+  from straitened circumstances in America&mdash;the land of
+  promise, where there is room enough for all, and employment for
+  every body. Yet even in that new country, man, it appears, is
+  born not only to those ills which flesh is heir to, but to those
+  which are entailed upon him by the institutions of society.
+  Lucretia's mother was confined by illness to her room and bed for
+  many months; and this child, then about twelve years old, instead
+  of profiting under her mother's care, had in a certain degree to
+  supply her place in the business of the family, and to attend,
+  which she did dutifully and devotedly, to her sick bed. At this
+  time, a gentleman who had heard much of her verses, and expressed
+  a wish to see some of them, was so much gratified on perusing
+  them, that he sent her a complimentary note, enclosing a
+  bank-bill for twenty dollars. The girl's first joyful thought was
+  that she had now the means, which she had so often longed for, of
+  increasing her little stock of books; but, looking towards the
+  sick bed, tears came in her eyes, and she instantly put the bill
+  into her father's hands, saying, "Take it, father; it will buy
+  many comforts for mother; I can do without the books."</p>
+
+  <p>There were friends, as they are called, who remonstrated with
+  her parents on the course they were pursuing in her education,
+  and advised that she should be deprived of books, pen, ink, and
+  paper, and rigorously confined to domestic concerns. Her parents
+  loved her both too wisely and too well to be guided by such
+  counsellors, and they anxiously kept the advice secret from
+  Lucretia, lest it should wound her feelings&mdash;perhaps, also,
+  lest it should give her, as it properly might, a rooted dislike
+  to these misjudging and unfeeling persons. But she discovered it
+  by accident, and without declaring any such intention, she gave
+  up her pen and her books, and applied herself exclusively to
+  household business, for several months, till her body as well as
+  her spirits failed. She became emaciated, her countenance bore
+  marks of deep dejection, and often, while actively employed in
+  domestic duties, she could neither restrain nor conceal her
+  tears. The mother seems to have been slower in perceiving this
+  than she would have been had it not been for her own state of
+  confinement; she noticed it at length, and said, "Lucretia, it is
+  a long time since you have written any thing." The girl then
+  burst into tears, and replied, "O mother, I have given that up
+  long ago." "But why?" said her mother. After much emotion, she
+  answered, "I am convinced from what my friends have said, and
+  from what I see, that I have done wrong in pursuing the course I
+  have. I well know the circumstances of the family are such, that
+  it requires the united efforts of every member to sustain it; and
+  since my eldest sister is now gone, it becomes my duty to do
+  every thing in my power to lighten the cares of my parents." On
+  this occasion, Mrs. Davidson acted with equal discretion and
+  tenderness; she advised her to take a middle course, neither to
+  forsake her favourite pursuits, nor devote herself to them, but
+  use them in that wholesome alternation with the every day
+  business of the world, which is alike salutary for the body and
+  the mind. She therefore occasionally resumed her pen, and seemed
+  comparatively happy.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page342" name="page342"></a>[pg
+  342]</span> How the encouragement which she received operated may
+  be seen in some lines, not otherwise worthy of preservation than
+  for the purpose of showing how the promises of reward affect a
+  mind like hers. They were written in her thirteenth year.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Whene'er the muse pleases to grace my dull page,</p>
+
+      <p>At the sight of <i>reward</i>, she flies off in a
+      rage;</p>
+
+      <p>Prayers, threats, and intreaties I frequently try,</p>
+
+      <p>But she leaves me to scribble, to fret, and to sigh</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>She torments me each moment, and bids me go write,</p>
+
+      <p>And when I obey her she laughs at the sight;</p>
+
+      <p>The rhyme will not jingle, the verse has no sense,</p>
+
+      <p>And against all her insults I have no defence.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>I advise all my friends who wish me to write,</p>
+
+      <p>To keep their rewards and their gifts from my sight,</p>
+
+      <p>So that jealous Miss Muse won't be wounded in pride,</p>
+
+      <p>Nor Pegasus rear till I've taken my ride.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Let not the hasty reader conclude from these rhymes that
+  Lucretia was only what any child of early cleverness might be
+  made by forcing and injudicious admiration. In our own language,
+  except in the cases of Chatterton and Kirke White, we can call to
+  mind no instance of so early, so ardent, and so fatal a pursuit
+  of intellectual advancement.</p>
+
+  <p>"She composed with great rapidity; as fast as most persons
+  usually copy. There are several instances of four or five pieces
+  on different subjects, and containing three or four stanzas each,
+  written on the same day. Her thoughts flowed so rapidly, that she
+  often expressed the wish that she had two pair of hands, that she
+  might employ them to transcribe. When 'in the vein,' she would
+  write standing, and be wholly abstracted from the company present
+  and their conversation. But if composing a piece of some length,
+  she wished to be entirely alone; she shut herself into her room,
+  darkened the windows, and in summer placed her Aeolian harp in
+  the window:" (thus by artificial excitement, feeding the fire
+  that consumed her.) "In those pieces on which she bestowed more
+  than ordinary pains, she was very secret; and if they were, by
+  any accident, discovered in their unfinished state, she seldom
+  completed them, and often destroyed them. She cared little for
+  any of her works after they were completed: some, indeed, she
+  preserved with care for future correction, but a great proportion
+  she destroyed: very many that are preserved, were rescued from
+  the flames by her mother. Of a complete poem, in five cantos,
+  called 'Rodri,' and composed when she was thirteen years of age,
+  a single canto, and part of another, are all that are saved from
+  a destruction which she supposed had obliterated every vestige of
+  it."</p>
+
+  <p>She was often in danger, when walking, from carriages,
+  &amp;c., in consequence of her absence of mind. When engaged in a
+  poem of some length, she has often forgotten her meals. A single
+  incident, illustrating this trait in her character, is worth
+  relating:&mdash;She went out early one morning to visit a
+  neighbour, promising to be at home to dinner. The neighbour being
+  absent, she requested to be shown into the library. There she
+  became so absorbed in her book, standing, with her bonnet
+  unremoved, that the darkness of the coming night first reminded
+  her she had forgotten her meals, and expended the entire day in
+  reading.</p>
+
+  <p>She was peculiarly sensitive to music. There was one song (it
+  was Moore's Farewell to his Harp) to which she "took a special
+  fancy;" she wished to hear it only at twilight&mdash;thus, with
+  that same perilous love of excitement which made her place the
+  windharp in the window when she was composing, seeking to
+  increase the effect which the song produced upon a nervous
+  system, already diseasedly susceptible; for it is said, that
+  whenever she heard this song she became cold, pale, and almost
+  fainting; yet it was her favourite of all songs, and gave
+  occasion to these verses, addressed, in her fifteenth year, to
+  her sister.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>When evening spreads her shades around,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">And darkness fills the arch of heaven;</p>
+
+      <p>When not a murmur, not a sound</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">To Fancy's sportive ear is given;</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>When the broad orb of heaven is bright,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">And looks around with golden eye;</p>
+
+      <p>When Nature, softened by her light.</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Seems calmly, solemnly to lie;</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Then, when our thoughts are raised above</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">This world, and all this world can give,</p>
+
+      <p>Oh, Sister! sing the song I love,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">And tears of gratitude receive.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>The song which thrills my bosom's core,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">And, hovering, trembles half afraid,</p>
+
+      <p>Oh, Sister! sing the song once more,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Which ne'er for mortal ear was made.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>'Twere almost sacrilege to sing</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Those notes amid the glare of day;</p>
+
+      <p>Notes borne by angels' purest wing,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">And wafted by their breath away.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>When, sleeping in my grass-grown bed,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Shouldst thou still linger here above,</p>
+
+      <p>Wilt thou not kneel beside my head,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">And, Sister! sing the song I love?</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>To young readers it might be useful to observe, that these
+  verses in one place approach the verge of meaning, but are on the
+  wrong side of the line: to none can it be necessary to say, that
+  they <span class="pagenum"><a id="page343" name="page343"></a>[pg
+  343]</span> breathe the deep feeling of a mind essentially
+  poetical.</p>
+
+  <p>"Her desire of knowledge increased as she grew more capable of
+  appreciating its worth;" and she appreciated much beyond its real
+  worth the advantages which girls derive from the ordinary course
+  of female education. "Oh!" she said one day to her mother, "that
+  I only possessed half the means of improvement which I see others
+  slighting! I should be the happiest of the happy." A youth whom
+  nature has endowed with diligence and a studious disposition has,
+  indeed, too much reason to regret the want of that classical
+  education which is wasted upon the far greater number of those on
+  whom it is bestowed; but, for a girl who displays a promise of
+  genius like Lucretia, and who has at hand the Bible and the best
+  poets in her own language, no other assistance can be needed in
+  her progress than a supply of such books as may store her mind
+  with knowledge. Lucretia's desire of knowledge was a passion
+  which possessed her like a disease. "I am now sixteen years old,"
+  she said, "and what do I know? Nothing!&mdash;nothing, compared
+  with what I have yet to learn. Time is rapidly passing by: that
+  time usually allotted to the improvement of youth; and how dark
+  are my prospects in regard to this favourite wish of my heart!"
+  At another time she said&mdash;"How much there is yet to
+  learn!&mdash;If I could only grasp it at once!"</p>
+
+  <p>In October 1824, when she had just entered upon her
+  seventeenth year, a gentleman, then on a visit at Plattsburgh,
+  saw some of her verses&mdash;was made acquainted with her ardent
+  desire for education, and with the circumstances in which she was
+  placed; and he immediately resolved to afford her every advantage
+  which the best schools in the country could furnish. This
+  gentleman has probably chosen to have his name withheld, being
+  more willing to act benevolently than to have his good deeds
+  blazoned; and yet, stranger as he needs must be, there are many
+  English readers to whom it would have been gratifying, could they
+  have given to such a person "a local habitation and a name." When
+  Lucretia was made acquainted with his intention, the joy was
+  almost greater than she could bear. As soon as preparations could
+  be made, she left home, and was placed at the "Troy Female
+  Seminary," under the instruction of Mrs. Willard. There she had
+  all the advantages for which she had hungered and thirsted; and,
+  like one who had long hungered and thirsted, she devoured them
+  with fatal eagerness. Her application was incessant; and its
+  effects on her constitution, already somewhat debilitated by
+  previous disease, became apparent in increased nervous
+  sensibility. Her letters at this time exhibit the two extremes of
+  feeling in a marked degree. They abound in the most sprightly or
+  most gloomy speculations, bright hopes and lively fancies, or
+  despairing fears and gloomy forebodings. In one of her letters
+  from this seminary, she writes thus to her mother: "I hope you
+  will feel no uneasiness as to my health or happiness; for, save
+  the thoughts of my dear mother and her lonely life, and the idea
+  that my dear father is slaving himself, and wearing out his very
+  life, to earn a subsistence for his family&mdash;save these
+  thoughts (and I can assure you, mother, they come not seldom), I
+  am happy. Oh! how often I think, if I could have but one-half the
+  means I now expend, and be at liberty to divide that with mamma,
+  how happy I should be!&mdash;cheer up and keep good courage." In
+  another, she says: "Oh! I am so happy, so contented now, that
+  every unusual movement startles me. I am constantly afraid that
+  something will happen to mar it." Again, she says: "I hope the
+  expectations of my friends will not be disappointed: but I am
+  afraid you all calculate upon <i>too much</i>. I hope not, for I
+  am not capable of much. I can study and be industrious; but I
+  fear I shall not equal the hopes which you say are raised." The
+  story of Kirke White should operate not more as an example than a
+  warning; but the example is followed and the warning overlooked.
+  Stimulants are administered to minds which are already in a state
+  of feverish excitement. Hotbeds and glasses are used for plants
+  which can only acquire strength in the shade; and they are
+  drenched with instruction, which ought "to drop as the rain, and
+  distil as the dew&mdash;as the small rain upon the tender herb,
+  and as the shower upon the grass."</p>
+
+  <p>During the vacation, in which she returned home, she had a
+  serious illness, which left her feeble and more sensitive than
+  ever. On her recovery she was placed at the school of Miss
+  Gilbert, in Albany; and there, in a short time, a more alarming
+  illness brought her to the very borders of the grave. Before she
+  entered upon her intemperate course of application at Troy, her
+  verses show that she felt a want of joyous and healthy
+  feeling&mdash;a sense of decay. Thus she wrote to a friend, who
+  had not seen her since her childhood:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <span class="pagenum"><a id="page344" name="page344"></a>[pg
+      344]</span>
+
+      <p>And thou hast mark'd in childhood's hour</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">The fearless boundings of my breast,</p>
+
+      <p>When fresh as summer's opening flower,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">I freely frolick'd and was blest.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Oh say, was not this eye more bright?</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Were not these lips more wont to smile?</p>
+
+      <p>Methinks that then my heart was light,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">And I a fearless, joyous child</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>And thou didst mark me gay and wild,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">My careless, reckless laugh of mirth:</p>
+
+      <p>The simple pleasures of a child,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">The holiday of man on earth.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Then thou hast seen me in that hour,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">When every nerve of life was new,</p>
+
+      <p>When pleasures fann'd youth's infant flower,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">And Hope her witcheries round it threw.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>That hour is fading; it has fled;</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">And I am left in darkness now,</p>
+
+      <p>A wanderer tow'rds a lowly bed,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">The grave, that home of all below.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Young poets often affect a melancholy strain, and none more
+  frequently put on a sad and sentimental mood in verse than those
+  who are as happy as an utter want of feeling for any body but
+  themselves can make them. But in these verses the feeling was
+  sincere and ominous. Miss Davidson recovered from her illness at
+  Albany so far only as to be able to perform the journey back to
+  Plattsburgh, under her poor mother's care. "The hectic flush of
+  her cheek told but too plainly that a fatal disease had fastened
+  upon her constitution, and must ere long inevitably triumph." She
+  however dreaded something worse than death, and while confined to
+  her bed, wrote these unfinished lines, the last that were ever
+  traced by her indefatigable hand, expressing her fear of
+  madness.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>There is a something which I dread,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">It is a dark, a fearful thing;</p>
+
+      <p>It steals along with withering tread.</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Or sweeps on wild destruction's wing.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>That thought comes o'er me in the hour,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Of grief, of sickness, or of sadness;</p>
+
+      <p>'Tis not the dread of death,&mdash;'tis more,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">It is the dread of madness.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Oh, may these throbbing pulses pause</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Forgetful of their feverish course;</p>
+
+      <p>May this hot brain, which burning, glows,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">With all a fiery whirlpool's force,</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Be cold, and motionless, and still</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">A tenant of its lowly bed;</p>
+
+      <p>But let not dark delirium steal&mdash;</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <hr />
+
+  <p>The stanzas with which Kirke White's fragment of the
+  "Christiad" concludes, are not so painful as these lines. Had
+  this however been more than a transient feeling, it would have
+  produced the calamity which it dreaded: it is likely, indeed,
+  that her early death was a dispensation of mercy, and saved her
+  from the severest of all earthly inflictions; and that same
+  merciful Providence which removed her to a better state of
+  existence, made these apprehensions give way to a hope and
+  expectation of recovery, which, vain as it was, cheered some of
+  her last hours. When she was forbidden to read it was a pleasure
+  to her to handle the books which composed her little library, and
+  which she loved so dearly. "She frequently took them up and
+  kissed them; and at length requested them to be placed at the
+  foot of her bed, where she might constantly see them," and
+  anticipating a revival which was not to be, of the delight she
+  should feel in reperusing them, she said often to her mother,
+  "what a feast I shall have by-and-bye." How these words must have
+  gone to that poor mother's heart, they only can understand who
+  have heard such like anticipations of recovery from a dear child,
+  and not been able, even whilst hoping against hope, to partake
+  them.</p>
+
+  <p>When sensible at length of her approaching dissolution, she
+  looked forward to it without alarm; not alone in that peaceful
+  state of mind which is the proper reward of innocence, but in
+  reliance on the divine promises, and in hope of salvation through
+  the merits of our blessed Lord and Saviour. The last name which
+  she pronounced was that of the gentleman whose bounty she had
+  experienced, and towards whom she always felt the utmost
+  gratitude. Gradually sinking under her malady, she passed away on
+  the 27th of August, 1825, before she had completed her
+  seventeenth year. Her person was singularly beautiful; she had "a
+  high, open forehead, a soft, black eye, perfect symmetry of
+  features, a fair complexion, and luxuriant dark hair. The
+  prevailing expression of her face was melancholy. Although,
+  because of her beauty as well as of her mental endowments, she
+  was the object of much admiration and attention, yet she shunned
+  observation, and often sought relief from the pain it seemed to
+  inflict upon her, by retiring from the company."</p>
+
+  <p>That she should have written so voluminously as has been
+  ascertained, (says the editor of her Poems), is almost
+  incredible. Her poetical writings which have been collected,
+  amount in all to two hundred and seventy-eight pieces of various
+  length; when it is considered that among these are at least five
+  regular poems of several cantos each, some estimate may be formed
+  of her poetical labours. Besides there were twenty-four school
+  exercises, three unfinished romances, a complete tragedy, written
+  at thirteen years of age, and about forty letters, in a few
+  months, to her mother alone. To this statement should also be
+  appended the fact, that a great portion of her writings she
+  destroyed. Her <span class="pagenum"><a id="page345" name=
+  "page345"></a>[pg 345]</span> mother observes, "I think I am
+  justified in saying that she destroyed at least one-third of all
+  she wrote."</p>
+
+  <p>Of the literary character of her writings, (says the editor),
+  it does not, perhaps, become me largely to speak; yet I must
+  hazard the remark, that her defects will be perceived to be those
+  of youth and inexperience, while in invention, and in that
+  mysterious power of exciting deep interest, of enchaining the
+  attention and keeping it alive to the end of the story; in that
+  adaptation of the measure to the sentiment, and in the sudden
+  change of measure to suit a sudden change of sentiment; a wild
+  and romantic description; and in the congruity of the
+  accompaniment to her characters, all conceived with great purity
+  and delicacy&mdash;she will be allowed to have discovered
+  uncommon maturity of mind, and her friends to have been warranted
+  in forming very high expectations of her future distinction.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>Curious Dial.</h3>
+
+  <div class="figure" style="width: 50%; float: left;">
+    <a href="images/400-2.png"><img width="100%" src=
+    "images/400-2.png" alt="Curious Dial." /></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>This Dial, which was really no common or vulgar invention,
+  formerly stood in Privy Garden, Whitehall, at a short distance
+  from Gibbons's noble brass statue of James II., which, as a
+  waggish friend of ours said of the horse at Charing Cross,
+  remains in <i>statu-quo</i> to this day. The Dial was invented by
+  one Francis Hall, alias Line, a Jesuit, and Professor of
+  Mathematics at Liege, in Germany. It was set up, as the old books
+  have it, in the year 1669, by order of Charles II.; and in
+  addition to the parts represented in the cut, the inventer
+  intended to place a water-dial at each corner, which he had
+  nearly completed when the original Dial for want of a cover, as
+  he quaintly observes, (which according to his Majestie's Gracious
+  Order should have been set over it in the Winter) was much
+  injured by the snow lying frozen upon it. But there was no chance
+  of obtaining this out of Charles's coffers, and the Dial soon
+  became useless. Its explanation was, however, considered by many
+  mathematical men of the period as too valuable to be lost, and
+  the Professor accordingly printed the description at Liege, in
+  1673, in which were plates and diagrams of the several parts. The
+  matter was too grave for pleasant, anecdotical Pennant, who,
+  speaking of the Dial, in his <i>London</i>, says "the description
+  surpasses my powers:" he refers the reader to the above work, a
+  "very scarce book" in his time, and we have been at some pains to
+  obtain the reprint, (London, 1685,) appended to Holwell's
+  <i>Clavis Horologiae; or Key to the whole art of Arithmetical
+  Dialling</i>, small 4to. 1712.<a id="footnotetag3" name=
+  "footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a></p>
+
+  <p>The whole Dial stood on a stone pedestal, and consisted of
+  six<a id="footnotetag4" name="footnotetag4"></a><a href=
+  "#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a> parts, rising in a pyramidal form,
+  as represented in the Cut.</p>
+
+  <p>The base, or first piece, was a table of about 40 inches in
+  diameter, and 8 or 9 inches thick, in the edge of which were 20
+  glazed dials, with the Jewish, Babylonian, Italian, Astronomical,
+  and usual European methods of counting the hours: they were all
+  vertical or declining Dials, the style or gnomon being a lion's
+  paw, unicorn's horn, or some emblem from the royal arms. On the
+  upper part of the Table were 8 reclining dials, glazed, and
+  showing the hour in different ways&mdash;as by the shade of the
+  style falling upon the hour-lines, the hour-lines falling on the
+  style, or without any shade of hour-lines or style, &amp;c. Upon
+  this piece or table stood also 4 globes, cut into planes, with
+  geographical, astronomical, and astrological dials. From the
+  table also, east, west, north, and south, were four iron branches
+  supporting glass bowls, showing the hour by fire, water, air, and
+  earth.</p>
+
+  <p>The second piece of the pyramid was also a round table
+  somewhat less than the first, with 4 iron supporters, and dials
+  on the edge, showing the different rising of remarkable stars;
+  the style to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page346" name=
+  "page346"></a>[pg 346]</span> each being a little star painted
+  upon the inside of the glass cover. From this piece also branched
+  4 glass bowls to show the hour by a style without a shadow, a
+  shadow without a style, &amp;c. Upon the upper part of the table
+  were 8 reclining planes, 4 covered with looking-glass, on which
+  the hour-lines, or style of a dial being painted, were reflected
+  upon the bottom inclining planes of the third piece, and there
+  showed the hour. The other 4 had also dials upon them, which were
+  to be seen in a looking-glass placed upon the bottom of the third
+  piece.</p>
+
+  <p>The third piece was a large hollow globe, about 24 inches in
+  diameter, and cut into 26 planes, two of which served for top and
+  bottom. The rest were divided into 8 equal reclining planes, 8
+  equal inclining planes, and 8 equal vertical or upright planes;
+  all of which were hollow. The incliners were not covered with
+  glass, but left open, so as better to receive and show the dials
+  reflected from the second piece. Two of the 8 upright planes
+  towards the north had no bottoms, but were covered only with
+  clear glass, or windows to look into the globe, and thus see the
+  dials as well within as without the same. The other 6 had not
+  only each a cover of clear polished glass, with a dial described
+  on them, like those of the first piece, but had a glass for their
+  bottom; which glass was thinly painted over white, so that the
+  shade of the hour-lines drawn upon the cover, might be seen as
+  well within as without the globe. On these bottom glasses were
+  painted portraits, each holding a sceptre, or truncheon, the end
+  of which pointed to the hour. Two also of the recliners towards
+  the north, had only a glass cover, or window to look into the
+  globe: the other 6 had double glass like the former; their dials
+  being some upon the cover, others upon the bottom; but all so
+  contrived, that the hour could only be known by them, by looking
+  within the globe. From the top of this globe issued 4 iron
+  branches with glass bowls with dials showing the time according
+  to the several ways of counting the hours. These bowls were
+  painted inside so as to keep out the light, except a point left
+  like a star, through which the sun-beams showed the hour; and the
+  place where the hour-lines were drawn, was only painted on the
+  outside thinly with white colour, so that the sun-light passing
+  through the star might be seen, and show the hour.</p>
+
+  <p>The fourth piece stood on the globe, had 4 iron supporters,
+  and was a table about 20 inches in diameter, and 6 in thickness!
+  The edge was cut into 12 concave superficies like so many
+  half-cylinders; on each of which was a dial showing the hour by
+  the shade of a fleur-de-lis fixed at the top of each
+  half-cylinder. From the top of this table issued 4 iron branches,
+  with glass bowls, like those of the first, second, and third
+  pieces, though proportionally less. The dials on these bowls
+  showed only the usual hour, and otherwise differed from the third
+  piece; here the hour-lines being left clear for the sunbeams to
+  pass through, that by so passing, they might exhibit the same
+  dial on the opposite side of the bowl, which was thinly painted
+  white, that the said hours might be seen, and show the hour by
+  their passing over a little star painted in the middle.</p>
+
+  <p>The fifth piece likewise upon 4 iron supporters, was a globe
+  of about 12 inches diameter, cut into 14 planes, viz. 8
+  triangles, equal and equilateral; and the other 6 were equal
+  squares. The dials on these planes showed the usual hour by the
+  shade of a fleur-de-lis fastened to the top or bottom of each
+  plane.</p>
+
+  <p>The last, or top piece of the pyramid, was a glass bowl of 7
+  inches diameter, upon a foot of iron. The north side of this
+  piece was thinly painted over white, that the shade of a little
+  golden ball, placed in the middle of the bowl, might be seen to
+  pass over the hour-lines which were drawn upon the white colour,
+  and noted the hour. The bowl was included between two circles of
+  iron gilt, with a cross on the top.</p>
+
+  <p>Such is a general description of the parts or divisions of
+  this very curious Dial. To which may be added that the first four
+  pieces had all their sides covered with little plates of black
+  glass, first cemented to the said pieces, except those places
+  whereon the dials were drawn; which being also covered with
+  plates of polished glass, nearly the whole of the outside of the
+  dial appeared to be glass; the angles or corners being elegantly
+  gilt, as were in part the iron work of the pyramid, supporters,
+  branches, styles, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p>We have abridged and in part rewritten this explanation from
+  upwards of six closely-printed 4to. pages. After the general
+  description, in the original tract, the different sections or
+  parts of the dial, 73 in number, are still further explained, and
+  illustrated by 17 plates, besides a vertical section, of which
+  last our Cut is a copy. Perhaps these details would tire the
+  general reader, and on that account we do not press <span class=
+  "pagenum"><a id="page347" name="page347"></a>[pg 347]</span>
+  them: a few of them, however, may be noticed still further.</p>
+
+  <p>Of these, the <i>Bowls</i> appear to be the most attractive.
+  One on the first piece, <i>by fire</i> was a little glass bowl
+  filled with clear water. This bowl was about three inches
+  diameter, placed in the middle of another sphere, about six
+  inches diameter, consisting of several iron rings or circles,
+  representing the hour circles in the heavens. The hour was known
+  by applying the hand to these circles when the sun shone, when
+  that circle where you felt the hand burnt by the sunbeams passing
+  through the bowl filled with water, showed the true hour,
+  according to the verse beneath it:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Cratem tange, manusq horam tibi reddet adusta.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>The phenomenon is thus explained by the Professor: "the
+  parallel rays of the sun passing through the little bowl, are
+  bent by the density of the water, into a cone or pyramid, whose
+  vertex reaches a little beyond those hour circles, and there
+  burns the hand applied; for so many rays being all united into a
+  point, must needs make an intense heat, which heat is so powerful
+  in the summer-time, that it will fire a piece of wood applied to
+  it."</p>
+
+  <p>To many of the Dials were suitable inscriptions as above, and
+  these with the references must have made the construction of the
+  whole a task of immense labour. It would be absurd to expect that
+  Charles II. had much to do with its completion, for he was, in
+  his own estimation, more pleasantly employed than in watching the
+  flight of time by heavenly luminaries. His attractions were on
+  earth, where the splendour of a wicked court and the witchery of
+  bright eyes eclipsed all other pursuits. Still, the licentious
+  king was not forgotten by the inventer of the dial. Among the
+  pictures on some of the glasses were portraits of the king, the
+  two queens, the duke of York, prince Rupert, &amp;c. In the
+  king's picture, the hour was shown by the shade of the hour-lines
+  passing over the top of the sceptre&mdash;perhaps the only time
+  the royal trifier ever pointed to so useful an end. Prince
+  Rupert, by his contributions to science, had a better right to be
+  there; but Charles was not even grateful enough for the elevation
+  to protect the precious Dial from rain and snow.</p>
+
+  <p>In the list of subscribers for the reprint of the Tract,
+  occurs "Jacob Chandler, basket-maker:" in our times this would be
+  considered a knotty work for any but a professional reader.</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>NOTES OF A READER</h2>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>HISTORY OF INSECTS.</h3>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>The Family Library, No. 7.<br />
+    Library of Entertaining Knowledge, Part 6.&mdash;Insect
+    Architecture</i>.
+  </center>
+
+  <p>At present we can only notice these works as two of the most
+  delightful volumes that have for some time fallen into our hands,
+  and as possessing all the merits which characterize the previous
+  portions of the Series. Our cognizance of them, in a collected
+  form, must rest till the other half appears; in the meantime a
+  few <i>flying</i> extracts will prove amusing:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>Bees without a Queen</i>.
+  </center>
+
+  <p>These humble creatures cherish their queen, feed her, and
+  provide for her wants. They live only in her life, and die when
+  she is taken away. Her absence deprives them of no organ,
+  paralyzes no limb, yet in every case they neglect all their
+  duties for twenty-four hours. They receive no stranger queen
+  before the expiration of that time; and if deprived of the
+  cherished object altogether, they refuse food, and quickly
+  perish. What, it may be asked, is the physical cause of such
+  devotion? What are the bonds that chain the little creature to
+  its cell, and force it to prefer death, to the flowers and the
+  sunshine that invite it to come forth and live? This is not a
+  solitary instance, in which the Almighty has made virtues,
+  apparently almost unattainable by us, natural to animals! For
+  while man has marked, with that praise which great and rare good
+  actions merit, those few instances in which one human being has
+  given up his own life for another&mdash;the dog, who daily
+  sacrifices himself for his master, has scarcely found an
+  historian to record his common virtue.&mdash;<i>Family
+  Library</i>.</p>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>Cleanliness of Bees</i>.
+  </center>
+
+  <p>Among other virtues possessed by bees, cleanliness is one of
+  the most marked; they will not suffer the least filth in their
+  abode. It sometimes happens that an ill-advised slug or ignorant
+  snail chooses to enter the hive, and has even the audacity to
+  walk over the comb; the presumptuous and foul intruder is quickly
+  killed, but its gigantic carcass is not so speedily removed.
+  Unable to transport the corpse out of their dwelling, and fearing
+  "the noxious smells" arising from corruption, the bees adopt an
+  efficacious mode of protecting themselves; they embalm their
+  offensive enemy, by covering him over with propolis; both Maraldi
+  and Reaumur <span class="pagenum"><a id="page348" name=
+  "page348"></a>[pg 348]</span> have seen this. The latter observed
+  that a snail had entered a hive, and fixed itself to the glass
+  side, just as it does against walls, until the rain shall invite
+  it to thrust out its head beyond its shell. The bees, it seemed,
+  did not like the interloper, and not being able to penetrate the
+  shell with their sting, took a hint from the snail itself, and
+  instead of covering it all over with propolis, the cunning
+  economists fixed it immovably, by cementing merely the edge of
+  the orifice of the shell to the glass with this resin, and thus
+  it became a prisoner for life, for rain cannot dissolve this
+  cement, as it does that which the insect itself uses.<a id=
+  "footnotetag5" name="footnotetag5"></a><a href=
+  "#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a>&mdash;<i>Ibid</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>It furnishes a subject of serious consideration, as well as an
+  argument for a special providence, to know, that the accurate
+  Reaumur, and other naturalists, have observed, that when any kind
+  of insect has increased inordinately, their natural enemies have
+  increased in the same proportion, and thus preserved the
+  balance.&mdash;<i>Ibid</i>.</p>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>Gnats</i>.
+  </center>
+
+  <p>There are few insects with whose form we are better acquainted
+  than that of the gnat. It is to be found in all latitudes and
+  climates; as prolific in the Polar as in the Equatorial regions.
+  In 1736 they were so numerous, and were seen to rise in such
+  clouds from Salisbury cathedral, that they looked like columns of
+  smoke, and frightened the people, who thought the building was on
+  fire. In 1766, they appeared at Oxford, in the form of a thick
+  black cloud; six columns were observed to ascend the height of
+  fifty or sixty feet. Their bite was attended with alarming
+  inflammation. To some appearances of this kind our great poet,
+  Spenser, alludes, in the following beautiful simile:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>As when a swarm of gnats at eventide,</p>
+
+      <p>Out of the fennes of Allan doe arise,</p>
+
+      <p>Their murmurring small trumpets sownden wide,</p>
+
+      <p>Whiles in the air their clust'ring army flies.</p>
+
+      <p>That as a cloud doth seem to dim the skies:</p>
+
+      <p>Ne man nor beast may rest or take repast,</p>
+
+      <p>For their sharp wounds and noyous injuries,</p>
+
+      <p>Till the fierce northern wind, with blustering blast,</p>
+
+      <p>Doth blow them quite away, and in the ocean cast.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>In Lapland, their numbers have been compared to a flight of
+  snow when the flakes fall thickest, and the minor evil of being
+  nearly suffocated by smoke is endured to get rid of these little
+  pests. Captain Stedman says, that he and his soldiers were so
+  tormented by gnats in America, that they were obliged to dig
+  holes in the ground with their bayonets, and thrust their heads
+  into them for protection and sleep. Humboldt states, that
+  "between the little harbour of Higuerote and the mouth of the
+  Rio-Unare, the wretched inhabitants are accustomed to stretch
+  themselves on the ground, and pass the night buried in the sand
+  three or four inches deep, exposing only the head, which they
+  cover with a handkerchief."</p>
+
+  <p>After enumerating these and other examples of the achievements
+  of the gnat and musquito tribe, Kirby says, "It is not therefore
+  incredible that Sapor, King of Persia, should have been compelled
+  to raise the siege of Nisibis by a plague of gnats, which
+  attacked his elephants and beasts of burden, and so caused the
+  rout of his army; nor that the inhabitants of various cities
+  should, by an extraordinary multiplication of this plague, have
+  been compelled to desert them; nor that, by their power of doing
+  mischief, like other conquerors who have been the torment of the
+  human race, they should have attained to fame, and have given
+  their name to bays, town, and territories." <i>Ibid</i>.</p>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>Leaf Caterpillars</i>.
+  </center>
+
+  <p>The design of the caterpillars in rolling up the leaves is not
+  only to conceal themselves from birds and predatory insects, but
+  also to protect themselves from the cuckoo-flies, which lie in
+  wait in every quarter to deposit their eggs in their bodies, that
+  their progeny may devour them. Their mode of concealment,
+  however, though it appear to be cunningly contrived and skilfully
+  executed, is not always successful, their enemies often
+  discovering their hiding place. We happened to see a remarkable
+  instance of this last summer (1828), in a case of one of the
+  lilac caterpillars which had changed into a chrysalis within the
+  closely folded leaf. A small cuckoo-fly, aware, it should seem,
+  of the very spot where the chrysalis lay within the leaf, was
+  seen boring through it with her ovipositor, and introducing her
+  eggs through the punctures thus made into the body of the dormant
+  insect. We allowed her to lay all her eggs, about six in number,
+  and then put the leaf under an inverted glass. In a few days the
+  eggs of the cuckoo-fly were hatched, the grubs devoured the lilac
+  chrysalis, and finally changed into pupae in a case of yellow
+  silk, and into perfect insects like their
+  parent.&mdash;<i>Library of Entertaining Knowledge</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page349" name="page349"></a>[pg
+  349]</span> The last extract, and all in the Library of
+  Entertaining Knowledge signed J.R. are written by Mr. J. Rennie,
+  whose initials must be familiar to every reader as attached to
+  some of the most interesting papers in Mr. Loudon's Magazines. He
+  is a nice observer of Nature, and one of the most popular writers
+  on her phenomena.</p>
+
+  <p>As we treated the cuts of the last portion of the "Library of
+  Entertaining Knowledge," rather critically, we are happy to say
+  that the engravings of insects in the present part make ample
+  amends for all former imperfections in that branch of the work;
+  some of the pupae, insects, their nests, &amp;c. are admirably
+  executed, and their selection is equally judicious and
+  attractive.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS.</h3>
+
+  <p>Spirit-drinking appears to have attained a <i>pretty
+  considerable</i> pitch in America, where, according to the
+  proceedings of the American Temperance Society, half as many tuns
+  of domestic spirits are annually produced as of wheat and flour;
+  and in the state of New York, in the year 1825, there were 2,264
+  grist-mills, and 1,129 distilleries of whiskey. In a
+  communication to this society from Philadelphia, it is
+  calculated, that out of 4,151 deaths in that city in the year
+  1825, 335 are attributed solely to the abuse of ardent
+  spirits!</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>WOOD ENGRAVING.</h3>
+
+  <p>In early life Bewick cut a vignette for the Newcastle
+  newspaper, from which it is calculated that more than <i>nine
+  hundred thousand impressions</i> have been worked off; yet the
+  block is still in use, and not perceptibly impaired.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>AUSTRIA.</h3>
+
+  <p>The present Emperor of Austria is a gentle, fatherly old man.
+  We have heard none of his subjects speak of him with anything but
+  love and affection. The meanest peasant has access to him; and,
+  except on public occasions, he leads a simpler life than any
+  nobleman among ourselves. It is, perhaps, less the emperor than
+  the nobility who govern in Austria, and less the nobility than
+  Metternich, the prince-pattern of
+  prime-ministers.&mdash;<i>Foreign Review</i>.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>HANGING.</h3>
+
+  <p>The following letter tends to rectify an error which very
+  generally prevails, namely, that it costs only thirteen-pence
+  halfpenny to be hung. It is copied <i>literatim et verbatim</i>,
+  from one made out by Mr. Ketch himself, and proves that a man
+  cannot be hung for so mere a trifle:&mdash;</p>
+  <pre>
+       "Silvester.               s. d.
+  Executioner's Fees............ 7  6
+  Stripping the Body............ 4  6
+  Use of Shell.................. 2  6
+    1813.                      ______
+   Nov. 10.                    14  6"
+</pre>
+
+  <p><i>Blackwood's Magazine</i>.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>SCOTTISH POETRY.</h3>
+
+  <p>The passion of the Scots, from whatever race derived, for
+  poetry and music, developed itself in the earliest stages of
+  their history. They possessed a wild imagination, a dark and
+  gloomy mythology; they peopled the caves, the woods, the rivers,
+  and the mountains, with spirits, elves, giants, and dragons; and
+  are we to wonder that the Scots, a nation in whose veins the
+  blood of all those remote races is unquestionably mingled,
+  should, at a very remote period, have evinced an enthusiastic
+  admiration for song and poetry; that the harper was to be found
+  amongst the officers who composed the personal state of the
+  sovereign, and that the country maintained a privileged race of
+  wandering minstrels, who eagerly seized on the prevailing
+  superstitions and romantic legends, and wove them in rude, but
+  sometimes very expressive versification, into their stories and
+  ballads; who were welcome guests at the gate of every feudal
+  castle, and fondly beloved by the great body of the
+  people.&mdash;<i>Tytler's History of Scotland</i>.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>TO CONSTANTINOPLE,</h3>
+
+  <p><i>On approaching the city about sun-rise, from the Sea of
+  Marmora</i>.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>A glorious form thy shining city wore,</p>
+
+      <p>'Mid cypress thickets of perennial green,</p>
+
+      <p>With minaret and golden dome between,</p>
+
+      <p>While thy sea softly kiss'd its grassy shore.</p>
+
+      <p>Darting across whose blue expanse was seen</p>
+
+      <p>Of sculptured barques and galleys many a score;</p>
+
+      <p>Whence noise was none save that of plashing oar;</p>
+
+      <p>Nor word was spoke, to break the calm serene.</p>
+
+      <p>Unhear'd is whisker'd boatman's hail or joke;</p>
+
+      <p>Who, mute as Sinbad's man of copper, rows,</p>
+
+      <p>And only intermits the sturdy stroke</p>
+
+      <p>When fearless gull too nigh his pinnace goes.</p>
+
+      <p>I, hardly conscious if I dream'd or woke,</p>
+
+      <p>Mark'd that strange piece of action and repose.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>BERWICK.</h3>
+
+  <p>In the thirteenth century Berwick enjoyed a prosperity, such
+  as threw every other Scottish port into the shade; the customs of
+  this town, at the above date, amounted to about one-fourth of all
+  the customs of England.</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page350" name="page350"></a>[pg
+  350]</span></p>
+
+  <h2>SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.</h2>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>THE LORD MAYORS DAY.</h3>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"Spirit of Momus! thou'rt wandering wide.</p>
+
+      <p>When I would thou wert merrily perch'd by my side,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">For I am sorely beset by the <i>blues</i>;</p>
+
+      <p>Thou fugitive elf! I adjure thee return,</p>
+
+      <p>By Fielding's best wig, and the ashes of Sterne,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Appear at the call of my muse."</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>It comes, with a laugh on its rubicund face;</p>
+
+      <p>Methinks, by the way, it's in pretty good case,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">For a spirit unblest with a body;</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">"On the claret bee's-wing," says the sprite, "I
+      regale;</p>
+
+      <p>But I'm ready for all&mdash;from Lafitte down to ale,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">From Champagne to a tumbler of toddy.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"Then I'm not over-nice, as at least <i>you</i> must
+      know,</p>
+
+      <p>In the rank of my hosts&mdash;for the lofty or low</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Are alike to the Spirit of Mirth;</p>
+
+      <p>I care not a straw with whom I have dined,</p>
+
+      <p>Though a family dinner's not much to my mind,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">And a proser's a plague upon earth.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"But where, my dear sprite, for this age have you
+      been?</p>
+
+      <p>Have you plunged in the Danube, or danced on the
+      Seine?</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Or have taken in Lisbon your station?</p>
+
+      <p>Or have flapped over Windsor your butterfly-wings,</p>
+
+      <p>O'er its bevy of beauties, and courtiers, and
+      kings&mdash;</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">The wonders and wits of the nation?"</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"No; of all climes for folly, Old England's the clime;</p>
+
+      <p>Of all times for fully, the present's the time;</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">And my game is so plentiful here,</p>
+
+      <p>That all months are the same, from December to May;</p>
+
+      <p>I can bag in a minute enough for a day&mdash;</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">In a day, bag enough for a year.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"My game-bag has nooks for 'Notes, Sketches, and
+      Journeys,'</p>
+
+      <p>By soldiers and sailors, divines and attorneys,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Through landscapes gay, blooming, and
+      briary;</p>
+
+      <p>And so, as you seem rather pensive to-night,</p>
+
+      <p>To dispel your blue-devils, I'll briefly recite</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">A specimen-leaf from my diary:&mdash;</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <center>
+    "'THE NINTH OF NOVEMBER.
+  </center>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"'Through smoke-clouds as dark as a forest of rooks,</p>
+
+      <p>The rich contribution of blacksmiths and cooks</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">From the huge human oven below,</p>
+
+      <p>I heard old St. Paul's gaily pealing away;</p>
+
+      <p>Thinks I to myself, 'It is Lord Mayor's Day,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">So, I'll go down and look at the Show.'</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"'I spread out my pinions, and sprang on my perch&mdash;</p>
+
+      <p>'Twas the dragon on Bow, that odd sign of the church,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">The episcopal centre of action;</p>
+
+      <p>All Cheapside was crowded with black, brown, and fair,</p>
+
+      <p>Like a harlequin's jacket, or French rocquelaire,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">A legitimate Cheapside attraction.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Then rung through the tumult a trumpet so shrill,</p>
+
+      <p>That it frightened the ladies all down Ludgate Hill,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">And the owlets in Ivy Lane;</p>
+
+      <p>Then came in their chariots, each face in full blow,</p>
+
+      <p>The sheriffs and aldermen, solemn and slow,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">All bombazine, bag-wig and chain.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"'Then came the old tumbril-shaped city machine,</p>
+
+      <p>With a Lord Mayor so fat that he made the coach
+      <i>lean</i>;</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Lord Waithman was scarcely a brighter man;</p>
+
+      <p>The wits said the old groaning wagon of state,</p>
+
+      <p>Which for ages had carried Lord Mayors of such weight,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">To-day would break down with a <i>lighter
+      man</i>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"'Then proud as a prince, at the head of the band</p>
+
+      <p>Rode the city field-marshal, with truncheon in hand,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Though his epaulettes lately are gone;</p>
+
+      <p>But he's still fine enough to astonish the cits,</p>
+
+      <p>And drive the economists out of their wits,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">From Lords Waithman and Wood, to Lord John.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"'But I now left the pageant&mdash;wits, worthies, and
+      all&mdash;</p>
+
+      <p>And flew through the smoke to the roof of Guildhall,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">And perched on the grand chandelier;</p>
+
+      <p>The dinner was stately, the tables were full&mdash;</p>
+
+      <p>There sat, multiplied by three thousand, John Bull,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Resolved to make all disappear.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"'And then came the speeches; Lord Hunter was
+      fine&mdash;</p>
+
+      <p>Lord Wood, finer still&mdash;Lord Thompson, divine,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">The sheriffs were Ciceros a-piece;</p>
+
+      <p>Lord Crowther was sick, though he managed to eat</p>
+
+      <p>What, if races were feasts, would have won him the
+      plate;</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">But he tossed off a bumper to Greece.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"'Then all was enchantment&mdash;all hubbub and
+      smiles&mdash;</p>
+
+      <p>The wit of Old Jewry, the grace of St. Giles,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">The force of the Billingsgate tongue:</p>
+
+      <p>Till the eloquent Lord Mayor demanding 'Who
+      malts?'&mdash;</p>
+
+      <p>The understood sign for beginning the waltz&mdash;</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">In a fright through the ceiling I sprung.'"</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2><i>Monthly Magazine</i>.</h2>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A LANDAULET.</h3>
+
+  <p>(<i>Concluded from page 302</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p>It happened to be a dull time of year, and for some months my
+  wheels ceased to be rotatory: I got cold and damp; and the moths
+  found their way to my inside: one or two persons who came to
+  inspect me declined becoming purchasers, and peering closely at
+  my panels, said something about "old scratch." This hurt my
+  feelings, for if my former possessor was not quite so good as she
+  might have been, it was no fault of mine.</p>
+
+  <p>At length, after a tedious inactivity, I was bought cheap by a
+  young physician, who having rashly left his provincial patients
+  to set up in London, took it into his head that nothing could be
+  done there by a medical man who did not go upon wheels; he
+  therefore hired a house in a good situation, and then set
+  <i>me</i> up, and bid my vendor put me down in his bill.</p>
+
+  <p>It is quite astonishing how we flew about the streets and
+  squares, <i>acting great practice</i>; those who knew us by sight
+  must have thought we had a great deal to do, but we practised
+  nothing but locomotion. Some medical men thin the population, (so
+  says Slander,) my master thinned nothing but his <span class=
+  "pagenum"><a id="page351" name="page351"></a>[pg 351]</span>
+  horses. They were the only <i>good jobs</i> that came in his way,
+  and certainly he made the most of them. He was obliged to
+  <i>feed</i> them, but he was very rarely <i>feed</i> himself. It
+  so happened that nobody consulted us, and the unavoidable
+  consumption of the family infected my master's pocket, and his
+  little resources were in a rapid decline.</p>
+
+  <p>Still he kept a good heart; indeed, in one respect, he
+  resembled a worm displayed in a bottle in a quack's shop
+  window&mdash;he was never out of spirits! He was deeply in debt,
+  and his name was on every body's books, always excepting the
+  memorandum-books of those who wanted physicians. Still I was
+  daily turned out, and though nobody called him in, he was to be
+  seen, sitting very forward, apparently looking over notes
+  supposed to have been taken after numerous critical cases and
+  eventful consultations. Our own case was hopeless, our progress
+  was arrested, an execution was in the house, servants met with
+  their deserts and were turned off, goods were seized, my master
+  was knocked up, and I was knocked down for one hundred and twenty
+  pounds.</p>
+
+  <p>Again my beauties blushed for a while unseen; but I was new
+  painted, and, like some other painted personages, looked, at a
+  distance, almost as good as new. Fortunately for me, an elderly
+  country curate, just at this period, was presented with a living,
+  and the new incumbent thought it incumbent upon him to present
+  his fat lady and his thin daughter with a leathern convenience.
+  My life was now a rural one, and for ten long years nothing worth
+  recording happened to me. Slowly and surely did I creep along
+  green lanes, carried the respectable trio to snug, early,
+  neighbourly dinners, and was always under lock and key before
+  twelve o'clock. It must be owned I began to have rather an
+  old-fashioned look; my body was ridiculously small, and the
+  rector's thin daughter, the bodkin, or rather packing-needle of
+  the party, sat more forward, and on a smaller space than bodkins
+  do now-a-days. I was perched up three feet higher than more
+  modern vehicles, and my two lamps began to look like little dark
+  lanterns. But my obsoleteness rendered me only more suited to the
+  service in which I was enlisted. Honest Roger, the red-haired
+  coachman, would have looked like a clown in a pantomime, in front
+  of a fashionable equipage; and Simon the footboy, who slouched at
+  my back, would have been mistaken for an idle urchin
+  surreptitiously enjoying a ride. But on my unsophisticated dickey
+  and footboard no one could doubt but that Roger and Simon were in
+  their proper places. The rector died; of course he had nothing
+  more to do with the <i>living</i>, it passed into other hands;
+  and a clerical income being (alas, that it should be so!) no
+  inheritance, his relict suddenly plunged in widowhood and
+  poverty, had the aggravated misery of mourning for a deaf
+  husband, while she was conscious that the luxuries and almost the
+  necessaries of life were for ever snatched from herself and her
+  child.</p>
+
+  <p>Again I found myself in London, but my beauty was gone, I had
+  lost the activity of youth, and when slowly I chanced to creak
+  through Long Acre, Houlditch, my very parent, who was standing at
+  his door sending forth a new-born Britska, glanced at me
+  scornfully, and knew me not! I passed on heavily&mdash;I thought
+  of former days of triumph, and there was madness in the thought I
+  became a <i>crazy</i> vehicle! straw was thrust into my inward
+  parts, I was numbered among the fallen,&mdash;yes, I was now a
+  hackney-chariot, and my number was one hundred!</p>
+
+  <p>What tongue can tell the degradations I have endured! The
+  persons who familiarly have <i>called</i> me, the wretches who
+  have sat in me&mdash;never can this be told. Daily I take my
+  stand in the same vile street, and nightly am I driven to the
+  minor theatres&mdash;to oyster-shops&mdash;to desperation!</p>
+
+  <p>One day, when empty and unoccupied, I was hailed by two
+  police-officers who were bearing between them a prisoner. It was
+  the seducer of my second ill-fated mistress; a first crime had
+  done its usual work, it had prepared the mind for a second, and a
+  worse: the seducer had done a deed of deeper guilt, and <i>I</i>
+  bore him one stage towards the gallows. Many months after, a
+  female called me at midnight: she was decked in tattered finery,
+  and what with fatigue and recent indulgence in strong liquors,
+  she was scarcely sensible, but she possessed dim traces of past
+  beauty. I can say nothing more of her, but that it was the
+  fugitive wife whom I had borne to Brighton so many years ago. No
+  words of mine could paint the living warning that I beheld. What
+  had been the sorrows of unmerited desertion and unkindness
+  supported by conscious rectitude, compared with the degraded
+  guilt, the hopeless anguish, that I then saw?</p>
+
+  <p>I regret to say, I was last month nigh committing
+  manslaughter; I broke down in the Strand and dislocated the
+  shoulder <span class="pagenum"><a id="page352" name=
+  "page352"></a>[pg 352]</span> of a rich old maid. I cannot help
+  thinking that she deserved the visitation, for, as she stepped
+  into me in Oxford Street, she exclaimed, loud enough to be heard
+  by all neighbouring pedestrians, "Dear me! how dirty! I never was
+  in a hackney conveyance before!"&mdash;though I well remembered
+  having been favoured with her company very often. A medical
+  gentleman happened to be passing at the moment of our fall; it
+  was my old medical master. He set the shoulder, and so skilfully
+  did he manage his patient, that he is about to be married to the
+  rich invalid, who will shoulder him into prosperity at last.</p>
+
+  <p>I last night was the bearer of a real party of pleasure to
+  Astley's:&mdash;a bride and bridegroom, with the mother of the
+  bride. It was the widow of the old rector, whose thin daughter
+  (by the by she is fattening fast) has had the luck to marry the
+  only son of a merchant well to do in the world.</p>
+
+  <p>The voice suddenly ceased!&mdash;I awoke&mdash;the door was
+  opened, the steps let down&mdash;I paid the coachman double the
+  amount of his fare, and in future, whenever I stand in need of a
+  jarvey, I shall certainly make a point of calling for number One
+  Hundred.</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>THE GATHERER</h2>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"A snapper-up of unconsidered trifles."</p>
+
+      <p>SHAKSPEARE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>BELL.&mdash;THE CRY OF THE DEER SO CALLED.</h3>
+
+  <p>I am glad of an opportunity to describe the cry of the deer by
+  another name than <i>braying</i>, although the latter has been
+  sanctioned by the use of the Scottish metrical translation of the
+  Psalms. Bell seems to be an abbreviation of the word
+  <i>bellow</i>. This sylvan sound conveyed great delight to our
+  ancestors chiefly, I suppose, from association. A gentle knight
+  in the reign of Henry VIII., Sir Thomas Wortley, built Wantley
+  Lodge, Warncliffe Forest, for the purpose, as the ancient
+  inscription testifies, of "Listening to the Harts' Bell."</p>
+
+  <p>C.K.W.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>THE CURSE OF SCOTLAND.</h3>
+
+  <p>The origin of the nine of diamonds being called the Curse of
+  Scotland is not generally known. It arose from the following
+  circumstance:&mdash;The night before the battle of Culloden, the
+  Duke of Cumberland thought proper to send orders to General
+  Campbell not to give quarter; and this order being despatched in
+  much haste, was written on a card. This card happened to be the
+  nine of diamonds, from which circumstance it got the appellation
+  above named.</p>
+
+  <p>W.M.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>POLITICAL PUNS.</h3>
+
+  <p>Among the many expedients resorted to by the depressed party
+  in a state to indulge their sentiments safely, and probably at
+  the same time, according to situation, to sound those of their
+  companions, puns and other quibbles have been of notable service.
+  The following is worthy of notice:&mdash;The cavaliers during
+  Cromwell's usurpation, usually put a crumb of bread into a glass
+  of wine, and before they drank it, would exclaim with cautious
+  ambiguity, "God send this Crum well down!" A royalist divine
+  also, during the Protectorate, did not scruple to quibble in the
+  following prayer, which he was accustomed to deliver:&mdash;"O
+  Lord, who hast put a sword into the hand of thy servant, Oliver,
+  <i>put it into his heart</i> ALSO&mdash;to do according to thy
+  word." He would drop his voice at the word also, and, after a
+  significant pause, repeat the concluding sentence in an under
+  tone.</p>
+
+  <p>W.M.</p>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>Erratum</i> at page 306.&mdash;For <i>Hemiptetera</i> read
+    HEMIPTERA.
+  </center>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>ANNUALS FOR 1830.</h3>
+
+  <p>With No. 398 was published a SUPPLEMENT, containing the first
+  portion of the SPIRIT OF THE ANNUALS, with a splendid Engraving
+  of the CITY OF VERONA, and Notices of the <i>Gem</i>, <i>Literary
+  Souvenir</i>, <i>Friendship's Offering</i>, and
+  <i>Amulet</i>.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <p>LIMBIRD'S EDITION OF THE<br />
+  <i>Following Novels is already Published.</i></p>
+  <pre>
+                                          s. d.
+  Mackenzie's Man of Feeling              0  6
+  Paul and Virginia                       0  6
+  The Castle of Otranto                   0  6
+  Almoran and Hamet                       0  6
+  Elizabeth, or the Exiles of Siberia     0  6
+  The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne      0  6
+  Rasselas                                0  8
+  The Old English Baron                   0  8
+  Nature and Art                          0  8
+  Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield          0 10
+  Sicilian Romance                        1  0
+  The Man of the World                    1  0
+  A Simple Story                          1  4
+  Joseph Andrews                          1  6
+  Humphry Clinker                         1  8
+  The Romance of the Forest               1  8
+  The Italian                             2  0
+  Zeluco, by Dr  Moore                    2  6
+  Edward, by Dr  Moore                    2  6
+  Roderick Random                         2  6
+  The Mysteries of Udolpho                3  6
+  Peregrine Pickle                        4  6
+</pre>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <blockquote class="footnote">
+    <a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a> <b>Footnote 1</b>:
+    <a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+
+    <p>See "Portuguese Prisons," MIRROR, vol. xii, p. 99.</p>
+  </blockquote>
+
+  <blockquote class="footnote">
+    <a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a> <b>Footnote 2</b>:
+    <a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+
+    <p>A fact.</p>
+  </blockquote>
+
+  <blockquote class="footnote">
+    <a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"></a> <b>Footnote 3</b>:
+    <a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a>
+
+    <p>For the loan of which we thank our esteemed correspondent,
+    P.T.W.</p>
+  </blockquote>
+
+  <blockquote class="footnote">
+    <a id="footnote4" name="footnote4"></a> <b>Footnote 4</b>:
+    <a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a>
+
+    <p>It need hardly be explained that the above is a section, or
+    only one half of the dial.</p>
+  </blockquote>
+
+  <blockquote class="footnote">
+    <a id="footnote5" name="footnote5"></a> <b>Footnote 5</b>:
+    <a href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a>
+
+    <p>For a notice of the application of this cement to useful
+    purposes, see No. 396, page 283.&mdash;ED. MIRROR.</p>
+  </blockquote>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><i>Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD 143, Strand, (near
+  Somerset House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New
+  Market, Leipsic; and by all Newsmen and Booksellers</i>.</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 14, ISSUE 400, NOVEMBER 21, 1829***</p>
+<p>******* This file should be named 11446-h.txt or 11446-h.zip *******</p>
+<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br />
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@@ -0,0 +1,1993 @@
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 14, Issue 400, November 21, 1829, by Various
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 14,
+Issue 400, November 21, 1829
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 4, 2004  [eBook #11446]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: US-ASCII
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE,
+AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 14, ISSUE 400, NOVEMBER 21, 1829***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Keith M Keckrich, David Garcia, and
+the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 11446-h.htm or 11446-h.zip:
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/4/4/11446/11446-h/11446-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/4/4/11446/11446-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL 14, NO. 400.] SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 21, 1829. [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+The Limoeiro, at Lisbon.
+
+
+[Illustration: The Limoeiro, at Lisbon.]
+
+
+Locks, bolts, and bars! what have we here?--a view of the _Limoeiro, or
+common jail_, at Lisbon, whose horrors, without the fear of Don Miguel
+in our hearts, we will endeavour to describe, though lightly--merely in
+outline,--since nothing can be more disagreeable than the filling in.
+
+For this purpose we might quote ourselves, i.e. one of our
+correspondents,[1] or a host of travellers and residents in the
+Portuguese capital; but we give preference to Mr. W. Young, who has
+borne much of the hard fare of the prison, and can accordingly speak
+more fully of its accommodations and privations. Mr. Young is an
+Englishman, who married a Portuguese lady in Leiria, and resided for
+several years in that town. He was arrested in May, 1828, on suspicion
+of disaffection towards Don Miguel's government: nothing appears to have
+been proved against him, and after having suffered much disagreeable
+treatment in different jails in Leiria and Lisbon, he was discharged
+in the following September, on condition of leaving the country. He
+returned to England, and lost no time in publishing a volume entitled
+"Portugal in 1828;" with "A Narrative of the Author's Residence there
+and of his persecution and confinement as a state prisoner."
+
+
+    [1] See "Portuguese Prisons," MIRROR, vol. xii, p. 99.
+
+
+The prison, says Mr. Young, stands on the highest ground in St. George's
+Castle, and is the first building on the south side toward the Tagus.
+Near the entrance it is divided internally as follows below:--_Saletta_
+(the small hall;) _Salla Livre_ (free hall,) so called, because visiters
+are allowed to go in to see their friends, except when the jailer or
+intendant orders otherwise; _Salla Fechado_ (the hall shut,) so called,
+because no communication is allowed with the prisoners in that hall;
+_Enchovia_ (the common prison,) where thieves, murderers, and vagabonds
+of every description are confined. This last receptacle is a horrid
+place; and is often made use of as a punishment for prisoners from other
+parts of the gaol. Hither they are sent when they commit any offence,
+for as many days as the jailer may think proper, and are often put in
+irons during that time.
+
+Besides these different prisons on the ground floor, there are eight
+dungeons in a line, all nearly alike in shape and size; but some are
+superior to others as to light and air: and in proportion to the degree
+they wish to annoy the unfortunate victim, so are these dungeons used.
+A few dollars never fail to procure a better light and air when properly
+applied.
+
+Three of these dungeons are about six feet higher than the other five.
+There is a corridor in the front of them, which is always shut up when
+any one is confined in them, so that no one can ever approach the door
+of a dungeon. And to make this a matter of certainty, whenever the
+jailer or officers of the prison carry prisoners their food, they lock
+the door of the corridor before they open that of the dungeon.
+
+The first of the lower five of these dungeons is in the passage leading
+from, the _Salla Livre_, and next door to the privy of the prison; so
+that it is never used as a secret dungeon. The lower four are enclosed
+as those above, and are much darker than that in the passage. This
+latter is claimed by the book-keeper as his property, and I hired it
+of him to sleep in, and to be alone when I wished to be so.
+
+The dungeons are all bomb proof, and over them is a terrace thickly
+formed of brick and stone; still I could distinctly hear the sentry
+walking over my head when all was quiet at night.
+
+The walls of these cells are about six feet thick, with bars inside and
+out; the bars in the windows are three inches square, making twelve
+inches in circumference, and being crossed they form squares of about
+eight inches; the windows differ very much in size, some not being half
+so large as others.
+
+Besides these double bars, there is a shutter immensely strong and
+close, so that when shut, light is totally excluded; the iron door has a
+strong bolt and lock, and outside of this there is a strong wooden door;
+in the front of the windows, and about six feet from them, there is a
+high wall; so that in the best of these dungeons, there is only a
+reflected light.
+
+These are all the prisons on the ground floor, and when full (which they
+too often are) the wretched prisoners are forced to lie at night in two
+rows, with their feet to the wall, and their heads to the middle of the
+room; this position they adopt on account of the cold and damp of the
+stone walls; they touch each other, and the floor is completely covered.
+Nay, at times, so full is the gaol, that they are obliged to lie on the
+corridors, and even on the steps.
+
+The Saletta will hold forty prisoners, the Salla Livre more than sixty,
+the Salla Fechado one hundred, and the Enchovia, near one hundred and
+forty. When one prison becomes too full, they remove some of the victims
+to another, or send them to the forts, or on board the ships in the
+river.
+
+The first floor is divided into two parts, officers' rooms, and the
+Sallao, (saloon or large hall.) This hall will hold about 150 persons,
+when full. Besides the Sallao and officers' rooms on the first floor,
+there is a room set apart for questioning people who are in the
+dungeons. This room has an entrance from the street, and another through
+a passage from the dungeons, as well as one from the officers' rooms.
+
+The magistrate and his clerk enter from the street, and no one in the
+prison sees them. The prisoner is taken up stairs from the dungeon, and
+the jailer or book-keeper enters from the officers' apartments. Every
+thing is done in the most secret manner. If they cannot cause the
+prisoner to commit himself, by confessing to the offence with which he
+is charged, they send him back again to the dungeon.
+
+The gaol of St. George's has a second floor tier of offices; but that
+belongs to the governor and jailer; there are no prisoners above the
+ground and the first floor.
+
+None of the authorities ever inquire whether he has any means of
+subsistence; there is neither bed blanket, nor even straw, unless the
+prisoner can buy it, and then he must pay the guards to let it pass to
+him.
+
+Amongst the many thousands of unfortunate beings who are now confined
+in Portugal, great numbers of them are without money or any other means
+of subsistence; and were it not for the charity of people in general,
+starvation would necessarily ensue.
+
+The only authorities employed about the prison are a jailer, secretary,
+and eight guards; of the latter three are always on duty; one of them
+being stationed at the first iron gate at the entrance of the prison,
+another at the second gate, and a third to attend the interior, each
+with a bunch of keys in his hand, which serve for nearly all the doors.
+The guards are relieved every night at nine o'clock, when, the man
+who is posted at the outer door carries a strong iron rod (_see the
+Engraving_) with which he strikes every bar in the windows and gates of
+the gaol; and if any one of them does not vibrate, or ring, he carefully
+inspects it to ascertain whether it has been cut with a saw, or corroded
+by any strong acid. This dismal music lasts an hour. The whole expense
+of the prison to government does not exceed 16_s_. per day, and the few
+officers and guards, when Mr. Young was there, manage upwards of four
+hundred prisoners. He was confined from June 16, to September 7, and his
+account of the myriads of bugs, rats, mice, and other vermin is truly
+disgusting. The reader will however readily credit this report when he
+has been told of the revolting state of the city itself. Mrs. Baillie,
+in her recent _Letters on Lisbon_, says, "for three miles round Lisbon
+in every direction, you cannot for a moment get clear of the disgusting
+effluvia that issue from every house." Doctor Southey says "every kind
+of vermin that exists to punish the nastiness and indolence of man,
+multiplies in the heat and dirt of Lisbon. In addition to mosquitoes,
+the scolopendra is not uncommonly found here, and snakes sometimes
+intrude into the bedchamber. A small species of red ant likewise swarms
+over every thing sweet, and the Portuguese remedy is to send for the
+priest to exorcise them." The city is still subject to shocks of
+earthquake; the state of the police is horrible; street-robbery is
+common, and every thief is an assassin. The pocket-knife, which the
+French troops are said to have dreaded more than all the bayonets of
+either the Spanish or the Portuguese, is here the ready weapon of the
+assassin; and the Tagus receives many a corpse on which no inquest ever
+sits. The morals, in fact, of all classes in Lisbon appear to be in a
+dreadful state.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE CARD.
+
+A  TALE  OF  TRUTH.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+  Young Lady Giddygad, came down
+  From spending half a year in town,
+  With cranium full of balls and plays,
+  Routs, fetes, and fashionable ways,
+  Caus'd in her country-town, so quiet,
+  Unus'd to modish din and riot,
+  No small confusion and amaze,
+  "Quite a sensation," is the phrase,
+  Like that, which puss, or pug, may feel
+  When rous'd from slumber by your heel,
+  Or drowsy ass, at rider's knock,
+  Or----should you term him block;
+  Quoi qu'il en soit, first, gossips gape,
+  Then envy, scandalize, and ape!
+  Quoth Mrs. Thrifty: "Nancy, dear,
+  My Lady sends out cards I hear,
+  With, I suppose, 'tis now polite,
+  Merely 'At Home,' on such a night,
+  Now child, altho' I dare not say
+  We can afford to be so gay,
+  We're as well born as Lady G----
+  And may be, as well bred as she!
+  That is, quite in a sober way
+  So as we've nothing more to pay:
+  For instance, when folks choose to come,
+  And I don't choose to be 'At Home,'
+  I'll have a notice stuck, you know,
+  On the hall door, to tell them so:
+  'Twill save our Rachel's legs you see,
+  And soon the top will copy me!
+  But, Nancy, d'ye hear, now write
+  That I'm 'At Home' on Thursday night;
+  'Tis a good fashion, for 'tis what
+  Most fashions in this age are not
+  A saving one: ah, prithee think,
+  How it saves time, and quills, and ink!"
+  So, duteous Nancy seiz'd a pen,
+  To ladies, and to gentlemen
+  Sent quickly out the cards; as quick
+  Came one again: "Poh! fiddlestick
+  An answer, yes?--come, let me see,
+  My spectacles!" cried Mistress T----
+  "Hum--Mrs. Thrifty,--Thursday night--'At
+  Home'--oh malice! fiendish spite,"
+  (Quoth the good dame in furious ire,
+  Whilst the card, fed the greedy fire)
+  "No, never, never, will I strive
+  To be genteel, as I'm alive,
+  Beneath my own 'At Home' was cramm'd,
+  There stay, good madam, and be d--d!"[2]
+
+
+M.L.B.
+
+    [2] A fact.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+MAHOMET THE GREAT AND HIS MISTRESS.
+
+_An Anecdote_.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+After the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, in the year 1453,
+several captives, distinguished either for their rank or their beauty,
+were presented to the victorious Mahomet the Great. Irene, a most
+beautiful Greek lady, was one of those unfortunate captives. The emperor
+was so delighted with her person, that he dedicated himself wholly to
+her embraces, spending day and night in her company, and neglected his
+most pressing affairs. His officers, especially the Janissaries, were
+extremely exasperated at his conduct; and loudly exclaimed against their
+degenerate and _effeminate_ prince, as they were then pleased to call
+him. Mustapha Bassa, who had been brought up with the emperor from a
+child, presuming upon his great interest, took an opportunity to lay
+before his sovereign the bad consequences which would inevitably ensue
+should he longer persevere in that unmanly and base course of life.
+Mahomet, provoked at the Bassa's insolence, told him that he deserved to
+die; but that he would pardon him in consideration of former services.
+He then commanded him to assemble all the principal officers and
+captains in the great hall of his palace the next day, to attend his
+royal pleasure. Mustapha did as he was directed; and the next day the
+sultan understanding that the Bassas and other officers awaited him,
+entered the hall, with the charming Greek, who was delicately dressed
+and adorned. Looking sternly around him, the Sultan demanded, _which of
+them_, _possessing so fair an object_, _could be contented to relinquish
+it_? Being dazzled with the Christian's beauty, they unanimously
+answered, that they highly commended his happy choice, and censured
+themselves for having found fault with so much worth. The emperor
+replied, that he would presently show them how much they had been
+deceived in him, for that no earthly pleasure should so far bereave him
+of his senses, or blind his understanding, as to make him forget his
+duty in the high calling wherein he was placed. So saying, he caught
+Irene by the hair of her head, which he instantly severed from her body
+with his scimitar.
+
+G.W.N.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Select Biography.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+JUVENILE POETESS.
+
+
+MEMOIR OF LUCRETIA DAVIDSON,
+
+_Who died at Plattsburgh, N.Y., August 27, 1825, aged sixteen years and
+eleven months_.
+
+[We hardly know how to give our readers an idea of the intense interest
+which this biographical sketch has excited in our mind; but we are
+persuaded they will thank us for adopting it in our columns. The details
+are somewhat abridged from No. LXXXII. of the _Quarterly Review_, (just
+published), where they appear in the first article, headed "Amir Khan,
+and other Poems: the remains of Lucretia Maria Davidson," &c., published
+at New York, in the present year. Prefixed to these "remains" is a
+biographical sketch, which forms the basis of the present memoir, and
+from the Poems are selected the few specimens with which it is
+illustrated.--ED.]
+
+Lucretia Maria Davidson was born September 27, 1808, at Plattsburgh, on
+Lake Champlain. She was the second daughter of Dr. Oliver Davidson, and
+Magaret his wife. Her parents were in straitened circumstances, and
+it was necessary, from an early age, that much of her time should be
+devoted to domestic employments: for these she had no inclination, but
+she performed them with that alacrity which always accompanies good
+will; and, when her work was done, retired to enjoy those intellectual
+and imaginative, pursuits in which her whole heart was engaged. This
+predilection for studious retirement she is said to have manifested at
+the early age of four years. Reports, and even recollections of this
+kind, are to be received, the one with some distrust, the other with
+some allowance; but when that allowance is made, the genius of this
+child still appears to have been as precocious as it was extraordinary.
+Instead of playing with her schoolmates, she generally got to some
+secluded place, with her little books, and with pen, ink, and paper;
+and the consumption which she made of paper was such as to excite the
+curiosity of her parents, from whom she kept secret the use to which she
+applied it. If any one came upon her retirement, she would conceal or
+hastily destroy what she was employed upon; and, instead of satisfying
+the inquiries of her father and mother, replied to them only by tears.
+The mother, at length, when searching for something in a dark and
+unfrequented closet, found a considerable number of little books, made
+of this writing-paper, and filled with rude drawings, and with strange
+and apparently illegible characters, which, however, were at once seen
+to be the child's work. Upon closer inspection, the characters were
+found to consist of the printed alphabet; some of the letters being
+formed backwards, some sideways, and there being no spaces between the
+words. These writings were deciphered, not without much difficulty; and
+it then appeared that they consisted of regular verses, generally in
+explanation of a rude drawing, sketched on the opposite page. When
+she found that her treasures had been discovered, she was greatly
+distressed, and could not be pacified till they were restored; and as
+soon as they were in her possession, she took the first opportunity of
+secretly burning them.
+
+These books having thus been destroyed, the earliest remaining specimen
+of her verse is an epitaph, composed in her ninth year, upon an
+unfledged robin, killed in the attempt at rearing it. When she was
+eleven years of age, her father took her to see the decorations of a
+room in which Washington's birthday was to be celebrated. Neither the
+novelty nor the gaiety of what she saw attracted her attention; she
+thought of Washington alone, whose life she had read, and for whom she
+entertained the proper feelings of an American; and as soon as she
+returned home, she took paper, sketched a funeral urn, and wrote under
+it a few stanzas, which were shown to her friends. Common as the talent
+of versifying is, any early manifestation of it will always be regarded
+as extraordinary by those who possess it not themselves; and these
+verses, though no otherwise remarkable, were deemed so surprising for
+a child of her age, that an aunt of hers could not believe they were
+original, and hinted that they might have been copied. The child wept
+at this suspicion, as if her heart would break; but as soon as she
+recovered from that fit of indignant grief, she indited a remonstrance
+to her aunt, in verse, which put an end to such incredulity.
+
+We are told that, before she was twelve years of age, she had read most
+of the standard English poets--a vague term, excluding, no doubt, much
+that is of real worth, and including more that is worth little or
+nothing, and yet implying a wholesome course of reading for such a mind.
+Much history she had also read, both sacred and profane; "the whole
+of Shakspeare's, Kotzebue's, and Goldsmith's dramatic works;" (oddly
+consorted names!) "and many of the popular novels and romances of the
+day:" of the latter, she threw aside at once those which at first sight
+appeared worthless. This girl is said to have observed every thing:
+"frequently she has been known to watch the storm, and the retiring
+clouds, and the rainbow, and the setting sun, for hours."
+
+An English reader is not prepared to hear of distress arising from
+straitened circumstances in America--the land of promise, where there is
+room enough for all, and employment for every body. Yet even in that new
+country, man, it appears, is born not only to those ills which flesh is
+heir to, but to those which are entailed upon him by the institutions of
+society. Lucretia's mother was confined by illness to her room and bed
+for many months; and this child, then about twelve years old, instead
+of profiting under her mother's care, had in a certain degree to supply
+her place in the business of the family, and to attend, which she did
+dutifully and devotedly, to her sick bed. At this time, a gentleman who
+had heard much of her verses, and expressed a wish to see some of them,
+was so much gratified on perusing them, that he sent her a complimentary
+note, enclosing a bank-bill for twenty dollars. The girl's first joyful
+thought was that she had now the means, which she had so often longed
+for, of increasing her little stock of books; but, looking towards the
+sick bed, tears came in her eyes, and she instantly put the bill into
+her father's hands, saying, "Take it, father; it will buy many comforts
+for mother; I can do without the books."
+
+There were friends, as they are called, who remonstrated with her
+parents on the course they were pursuing in her education, and advised
+that she should be deprived of books, pen, ink, and paper, and
+rigorously confined to domestic concerns. Her parents loved her both
+too wisely and too well to be guided by such counsellors, and they
+anxiously kept the advice secret from Lucretia, lest it should wound her
+feelings--perhaps, also, lest it should give her, as it properly might,
+a rooted dislike to these misjudging and unfeeling persons. But she
+discovered it by accident, and without declaring any such intention,
+she gave up her pen and her books, and applied herself exclusively to
+household business, for several months, till her body as well as her
+spirits failed. She became emaciated, her countenance bore marks of deep
+dejection, and often, while actively employed in domestic duties, she
+could neither restrain nor conceal her tears. The mother seems to have
+been slower in perceiving this than she would have been had it not been
+for her own state of confinement; she noticed it at length, and said,
+"Lucretia, it is a long time since you have written any thing." The girl
+then burst into tears, and replied, "O mother, I have given that up long
+ago." "But why?" said her mother. After much emotion, she answered,
+"I am convinced from what my friends have said, and from what I see,
+that I have done wrong in pursuing the course I have. I well know the
+circumstances of the family are such, that it requires the united
+efforts of every member to sustain it; and since my eldest sister is now
+gone, it becomes my duty to do every thing in my power to lighten the
+cares of my parents." On this occasion, Mrs. Davidson acted with equal
+discretion and tenderness; she advised her to take a middle course,
+neither to forsake her favourite pursuits, nor devote herself to them,
+but use them in that wholesome alternation with the every day business
+of the world, which is alike salutary for the body and the mind. She
+therefore occasionally resumed her pen, and seemed comparatively happy.
+
+How the encouragement which she received operated may be seen in some
+lines, not otherwise worthy of preservation than for the purpose of
+showing how the promises of reward affect a mind like hers. They were
+written in her thirteenth year.
+
+
+  Whene'er the muse pleases to grace my dull page,
+  At the sight of _reward_, she flies off in a rage;
+  Prayers, threats, and intreaties I frequently try,
+  But she leaves me to scribble, to fret, and to sigh
+
+  She torments me each moment, and bids me go write,
+  And when I obey her she laughs at the sight;
+  The rhyme will not jingle, the verse has no sense,
+  And against all her insults I have no defence.
+
+  I advise all my friends who wish me to write,
+  To keep their rewards and their gifts from my sight,
+  So that jealous Miss Muse won't be wounded in pride,
+  Nor Pegasus rear till I've taken my ride.
+
+
+Let not the hasty reader conclude from these rhymes that Lucretia was
+only what any child of early cleverness might be made by forcing and
+injudicious admiration. In our own language, except in the cases of
+Chatterton and Kirke White, we can call to mind no instance of so early,
+so ardent, and so fatal a pursuit of intellectual advancement.
+
+"She composed with great rapidity; as fast as most persons usually copy.
+There are several instances of four or five pieces on different
+subjects, and containing three or four stanzas each, written on the
+same day. Her thoughts flowed so rapidly, that she often expressed the
+wish that she had two pair of hands, that she might employ them to
+transcribe. When 'in the vein,' she would write standing, and be wholly
+abstracted from the company present and their conversation. But if
+composing a piece of some length, she wished to be entirely alone; she
+shut herself into her room, darkened the windows, and in summer placed
+her Aeolian harp in the window:" (thus by artificial excitement, feeding
+the fire that consumed her.) "In those pieces on which she bestowed more
+than ordinary pains, she was very secret; and if they were, by any
+accident, discovered in their unfinished state, she seldom completed
+them, and often destroyed them. She cared little for any of her works
+after they were completed: some, indeed, she preserved with care for
+future correction, but a great proportion she destroyed: very many that
+are preserved, were rescued from the flames by her mother. Of a complete
+poem, in five cantos, called 'Rodri,' and composed when she was thirteen
+years of age, a single canto, and part of another, are all that are
+saved from a destruction which she supposed had obliterated every
+vestige of it."
+
+She was often in danger, when walking, from carriages, &c., in
+consequence of her absence of mind. When engaged in a poem of some
+length, she has often forgotten her meals. A single incident,
+illustrating this trait in her character, is worth relating:--She went
+out early one morning to visit a neighbour, promising to be at home to
+dinner. The neighbour being absent, she requested to be shown into the
+library. There she became so absorbed in her book, standing, with her
+bonnet unremoved, that the darkness of the coming night first reminded
+her she had forgotten her meals, and expended the entire day in reading.
+
+She was peculiarly sensitive to music. There was one song (it was
+Moore's Farewell to his Harp) to which she "took a special fancy;" she
+wished to hear it only at twilight--thus, with that same perilous love
+of excitement which made her place the windharp in the window when she
+was composing, seeking to increase the effect which the song produced
+upon a nervous system, already diseasedly susceptible; for it is said,
+that whenever she heard this song she became cold, pale, and almost
+fainting; yet it was her favourite of all songs, and gave occasion to
+these verses, addressed, in her fifteenth year, to her sister.
+
+
+  When evening spreads her shades around,
+    And darkness fills the arch of heaven;
+  When not a murmur, not a sound
+    To Fancy's sportive ear is given;
+
+  When the broad orb of heaven is bright,
+    And looks around with golden eye;
+  When Nature, softened by her light.
+    Seems calmly, solemnly to lie;
+
+  Then, when our thoughts are raised above
+    This world, and all this world can give,
+  Oh, Sister! sing the song I love,
+    And tears of gratitude receive.
+
+  The song which thrills my bosom's core,
+    And, hovering, trembles half afraid,
+  Oh, Sister! sing the song once more,
+    Which ne'er for mortal ear was made.
+
+  'Twere almost sacrilege to sing
+    Those notes amid the glare of day;
+  Notes borne by angels' purest wing,
+    And wafted by their breath away.
+
+  When, sleeping in my grass-grown bed,
+    Shouldst thou still linger here above,
+  Wilt thou not kneel beside my head,
+    And, Sister! sing the song I love?
+
+
+To young readers it might be useful to observe, that these verses in one
+place approach the verge of meaning, but are on the wrong side of the
+line: to none can it be necessary to say, that they breathe the deep
+feeling of a mind essentially poetical.
+
+"Her desire of knowledge increased as she grew more capable of
+appreciating its worth;" and she appreciated much beyond its real worth
+the advantages which girls derive from the ordinary course of female
+education. "Oh!" she said one day to her mother, "that I only possessed
+half the means of improvement which I see others slighting! I should
+be the happiest of the happy." A youth whom nature has endowed with
+diligence and a studious disposition has, indeed, too much reason to
+regret the want of that classical education which is wasted upon the
+far greater number of those on whom it is bestowed; but, for a girl who
+displays a promise of genius like Lucretia, and who has at hand the
+Bible and the best poets in her own language, no other assistance can be
+needed in her progress than a supply of such books as may store her mind
+with knowledge. Lucretia's desire of knowledge was a passion which
+possessed her like a disease. "I am now sixteen years old," she said,
+"and what do I know? Nothing!--nothing, compared with what I have yet
+to learn. Time is rapidly passing by: that time usually allotted to the
+improvement of youth; and how dark are my prospects in regard to this
+favourite wish of my heart!" At another time she said--"How much there
+is yet to learn!--If I could only grasp it at once!"
+
+In October 1824, when she had just entered upon her seventeenth year, a
+gentleman, then on a visit at Plattsburgh, saw some of her verses--was
+made acquainted with her ardent desire for education, and with the
+circumstances in which she was placed; and he immediately resolved to
+afford her every advantage which the best schools in the country could
+furnish. This gentleman has probably chosen to have his name withheld,
+being more willing to act benevolently than to have his good deeds
+blazoned; and yet, stranger as he needs must be, there are many English
+readers to whom it would have been gratifying, could they have given to
+such a person "a local habitation and a name." When Lucretia was made
+acquainted with his intention, the joy was almost greater than she could
+bear. As soon as preparations could be made, she left home, and was
+placed at the "Troy Female Seminary," under the instruction of Mrs.
+Willard. There she had all the advantages for which she had hungered and
+thirsted; and, like one who had long hungered and thirsted, she devoured
+them with fatal eagerness. Her application was incessant; and its
+effects on her constitution, already somewhat debilitated by previous
+disease, became apparent in increased nervous sensibility. Her letters
+at this time exhibit the two extremes of feeling in a marked degree.
+They abound in the most sprightly or most gloomy speculations, bright
+hopes and lively fancies, or despairing fears and gloomy forebodings. In
+one of her letters from this seminary, she writes thus to her mother: "I
+hope you will feel no uneasiness as to my health or happiness; for, save
+the thoughts of my dear mother and her lonely life, and the idea that my
+dear father is slaving himself, and wearing out his very life, to earn a
+subsistence for his family--save these thoughts (and I can assure you,
+mother, they come not seldom), I am happy. Oh! how often I think, if
+I could have but one-half the means I now expend, and be at liberty to
+divide that with mamma, how happy I should be!--cheer up and keep good
+courage." In another, she says: "Oh! I am so happy, so contented now,
+that every unusual movement startles me. I am constantly afraid that
+something will happen to mar it." Again, she says: "I hope the
+expectations of my friends will not be disappointed: but I am afraid you
+all calculate upon _too much_. I hope not, for I am not capable of much.
+I can study and be industrious; but I fear I shall not equal the hopes
+which you say are raised." The story of Kirke White should operate not
+more as an example than a warning; but the example is followed and the
+warning overlooked. Stimulants are administered to minds which are
+already in a state of feverish excitement. Hotbeds and glasses are used
+for plants which can only acquire strength in the shade; and they are
+drenched with instruction, which ought "to drop as the rain, and distil
+as the dew--as the small rain upon the tender herb, and as the shower
+upon the grass."
+
+During the vacation, in which she returned home, she had a serious
+illness, which left her feeble and more sensitive than ever. On her
+recovery she was placed at the school of Miss Gilbert, in Albany; and
+there, in a short time, a more alarming illness brought her to the very
+borders of the grave. Before she entered upon her intemperate course of
+application at Troy, her verses show that she felt a want of joyous and
+healthy feeling--a sense of decay. Thus she wrote to a friend, who had
+not seen her since her childhood:--
+
+
+  And thou hast mark'd in childhood's hour
+    The fearless boundings of my breast,
+  When fresh as summer's opening flower,
+    I freely frolick'd and was blest.
+
+  Oh say, was not this eye more bright?
+    Were not these lips more wont to smile?
+  Methinks that then my heart was light,
+    And I a fearless, joyous child
+
+  And thou didst mark me gay and wild,
+    My careless, reckless laugh of mirth:
+  The simple pleasures of a child,
+    The holiday of man on earth.
+
+  Then thou hast seen me in that hour,
+    When every nerve of life was new,
+  When pleasures fann'd youth's infant flower,
+    And Hope her witcheries round it threw.
+
+  That hour is fading; it has fled;
+    And I am left in darkness now,
+  A wanderer tow'rds a lowly bed,
+    The grave, that home of all below.
+
+
+Young poets often affect a melancholy strain, and none more frequently
+put on a sad and sentimental mood in verse than those who are as happy
+as an utter want of feeling for any body but themselves can make them.
+But in these verses the feeling was sincere and ominous. Miss Davidson
+recovered from her illness at Albany so far only as to be able to
+perform the journey back to Plattsburgh, under her poor mother's care.
+"The hectic flush of her cheek told but too plainly that a fatal disease
+had fastened upon her constitution, and must ere long inevitably
+triumph." She however dreaded something worse than death, and while
+confined to her bed, wrote these unfinished lines, the last that were
+ever traced by her indefatigable hand, expressing her fear of madness.
+
+
+  There is a something which I dread,
+    It is a dark, a fearful thing;
+  It steals along with withering tread.
+    Or sweeps on wild destruction's wing.
+
+  That thought comes o'er me in the hour,
+    Of grief, of sickness, or of sadness;
+  'Tis not the dread of death,--'tis more,
+    It is the dread of madness.
+
+  Oh, may these throbbing pulses pause
+    Forgetful of their feverish course;
+  May this hot brain, which burning, glows,
+    With all a fiery whirlpool's force,
+
+  Be cold, and motionless, and still
+    A tenant of its lowly bed;
+  But let not dark delirium steal--
+
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+The stanzas with which Kirke White's fragment of the "Christiad"
+concludes, are not so painful as these lines. Had this however been more
+than a transient feeling, it would have produced the calamity which it
+dreaded: it is likely, indeed, that her early death was a dispensation
+of mercy, and saved her from the severest of all earthly inflictions;
+and that same merciful Providence which removed her to a better state of
+existence, made these apprehensions give way to a hope and expectation
+of recovery, which, vain as it was, cheered some of her last hours. When
+she was forbidden to read it was a pleasure to her to handle the books
+which composed her little library, and which she loved so dearly. "She
+frequently took them up and kissed them; and at length requested them to
+be placed at the foot of her bed, where she might constantly see them,"
+and anticipating a revival which was not to be, of the delight she
+should feel in reperusing them, she said often to her mother, "what a
+feast I shall have by-and-bye." How these words must have gone to that
+poor mother's heart, they only can understand who have heard such like
+anticipations of recovery from a dear child, and not been able, even
+whilst hoping against hope, to partake them.
+
+When sensible at length of her approaching dissolution, she looked
+forward to it without alarm; not alone in that peaceful state of mind
+which is the proper reward of innocence, but in reliance on the divine
+promises, and in hope of salvation through the merits of our blessed
+Lord and Saviour. The last name which she pronounced was that of the
+gentleman whose bounty she had experienced, and towards whom she always
+felt the utmost gratitude. Gradually sinking under her malady, she
+passed away on the 27th of August, 1825, before she had completed her
+seventeenth year. Her person was singularly beautiful; she had "a high,
+open forehead, a soft, black eye, perfect symmetry of features, a fair
+complexion, and luxuriant dark hair. The prevailing expression of her
+face was melancholy. Although, because of her beauty as well as of her
+mental endowments, she was the object of much admiration and attention,
+yet she shunned observation, and often sought relief from the pain it
+seemed to inflict upon her, by retiring from the company."
+
+That she should have written so voluminously as has been ascertained,
+(says the editor of her Poems), is almost incredible. Her poetical
+writings which have been collected, amount in all to two hundred and
+seventy-eight pieces of various length; when it is considered that among
+these are at least five regular poems of several cantos each, some
+estimate may be formed of her poetical labours. Besides there were
+twenty-four school exercises, three unfinished romances, a complete
+tragedy, written at thirteen years of age, and about forty letters,
+in a few months, to her mother alone. To this statement should also be
+appended the fact, that a great portion of her writings she destroyed.
+Her mother observes, "I think I am justified in saying that she
+destroyed at least one-third of all she wrote."
+
+Of the literary character of her writings, (says the editor), it
+does not, perhaps, become me largely to speak; yet I must hazard the
+remark, that her defects will be perceived to be those of youth and
+inexperience, while in invention, and in that mysterious power of
+exciting deep interest, of enchaining the attention and keeping it alive
+to the end of the story; in that adaptation of the measure to the
+sentiment, and in the sudden change of measure to suit a sudden change
+of sentiment; a wild and romantic description; and in the congruity of
+the accompaniment to her characters, all conceived with great purity and
+delicacy--she will be allowed to have discovered uncommon maturity of
+mind, and her friends to have been warranted in forming very high
+expectations of her future distinction.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Curious Dial.
+
+
+[Illustration: Curious Dial.]
+
+
+This Dial, which was really no common or vulgar invention, formerly
+stood in Privy Garden, Whitehall, at a short distance from Gibbons's
+noble brass statue of James II., which, as a waggish friend of ours
+said of the horse at Charing Cross, remains in _statu-quo_ to this day.
+The Dial was invented by one Francis Hall, alias Line, a Jesuit, and
+Professor of Mathematics at Liege, in Germany. It was set up, as the
+old books have it, in the year 1669, by order of Charles II.; and in
+addition to the parts represented in the cut, the inventer intended to
+place a water-dial at each corner, which he had nearly completed when
+the original Dial for want of a cover, as he quaintly observes, (which
+according to his Majestie's Gracious Order should have been set over it
+in the Winter) was much injured by the snow lying frozen upon it. But
+there was no chance of obtaining this out of Charles's coffers, and the
+Dial soon became useless. Its explanation was, however, considered by
+many mathematical men of the period as too valuable to be lost, and the
+Professor accordingly printed the description at Liege, in 1673, in
+which were plates and diagrams of the several parts. The matter was too
+grave for pleasant, anecdotical Pennant, who, speaking of the Dial, in
+his _London_, says "the description surpasses my powers:" he refers the
+reader to the above work, a "very scarce book" in his time, and we have
+been at some pains to obtain the reprint, (London, 1685,) appended to
+Holwell's _Clavis Horologiae; or Key to the whole art of Arithmetical
+Dialling_, small 4to. 1712.[3]
+
+
+    [3] For the loan of which we thank our esteemed correspondent, P.T.W.
+
+
+The whole Dial stood on a stone pedestal, and consisted of six[4] parts,
+rising in a pyramidal form, as represented in the Cut.
+
+
+    [4] It need hardly be explained that the above is a section, or only
+        one half of the dial.
+
+
+The base, or first piece, was a table of about 40 inches in diameter,
+and 8 or 9 inches thick, in the edge of which were 20 glazed dials,
+with the Jewish, Babylonian, Italian, Astronomical, and usual European
+methods of counting the hours: they were all vertical or declining
+Dials, the style or gnomon being a lion's paw, unicorn's horn, or some
+emblem from the royal arms. On the upper part of the Table were 8
+reclining dials, glazed, and showing the hour in different ways--as
+by the shade of the style falling upon the hour-lines, the hour-lines
+falling on the style, or without any shade of hour-lines or style, &c.
+Upon this piece or table stood also 4 globes, cut into planes, with
+geographical, astronomical, and astrological dials. From the table also,
+east, west, north, and south, were four iron branches supporting glass
+bowls, showing the hour by fire, water, air, and earth.
+
+The second piece of the pyramid was also a round table somewhat less
+than the first, with 4 iron supporters, and dials on the edge, showing
+the different rising of remarkable stars; the style to each being a
+little star painted upon the inside of the glass cover. From this piece
+also branched 4 glass bowls to show the hour by a style without a
+shadow, a shadow without a style, &c. Upon the upper part of the table
+were 8 reclining planes, 4 covered with looking-glass, on which the
+hour-lines, or style of a dial being painted, were reflected upon the
+bottom inclining planes of the third piece, and there showed the hour.
+The other 4 had also dials upon them, which were to be seen in a
+looking-glass placed upon the bottom of the third piece.
+
+The third piece was a large hollow globe, about 24 inches in diameter,
+and cut into 26 planes, two of which served for top and bottom. The rest
+were divided into 8 equal reclining planes, 8 equal inclining planes,
+and 8 equal vertical or upright planes; all of which were hollow. The
+incliners were not covered with glass, but left open, so as better to
+receive and show the dials reflected from the second piece. Two of the
+8 upright planes towards the north had no bottoms, but were covered only
+with clear glass, or windows to look into the globe, and thus see the
+dials as well within as without the same. The other 6 had not only each
+a cover of clear polished glass, with a dial described on them, like
+those of the first piece, but had a glass for their bottom; which glass
+was thinly painted over white, so that the shade of the hour-lines drawn
+upon the cover, might be seen as well within as without the globe. On
+these bottom glasses were painted portraits, each holding a sceptre,
+or truncheon, the end of which pointed to the hour. Two also of the
+recliners towards the north, had only a glass cover, or window to look
+into the globe: the other 6 had double glass like the former; their
+dials being some upon the cover, others upon the bottom; but all so
+contrived, that the hour could only be known by them, by looking within
+the globe. From the top of this globe issued 4 iron branches with glass
+bowls with dials showing the time according to the several ways of
+counting the hours. These bowls were painted inside so as to keep out
+the light, except a point left like a star, through which the sun-beams
+showed the hour; and the place where the hour-lines were drawn, was only
+painted on the outside thinly with white colour, so that the sun-light
+passing through the star might be seen, and show the hour.
+
+The fourth piece stood on the globe, had 4 iron supporters, and was a
+table about 20 inches in diameter, and 6 in thickness! The edge was cut
+into 12 concave superficies like so many half-cylinders; on each of
+which was a dial showing the hour by the shade of a fleur-de-lis fixed
+at the top of each half-cylinder. From the top of this table issued
+4 iron branches, with glass bowls, like those of the first, second,
+and third pieces, though proportionally less. The dials on these bowls
+showed only the usual hour, and otherwise differed from the third piece;
+here the hour-lines being left clear for the sunbeams to pass through,
+that by so passing, they might exhibit the same dial on the opposite
+side of the bowl, which was thinly painted white, that the said hours
+might be seen, and show the hour by their passing over a little star
+painted in the middle.
+
+The fifth piece likewise upon 4 iron supporters, was a globe of about
+12 inches diameter, cut into 14 planes, viz. 8 triangles, equal and
+equilateral; and the other 6 were equal squares. The dials on these
+planes showed the usual hour by the shade of a fleur-de-lis fastened
+to the top or bottom of each plane.
+
+The last, or top piece of the pyramid, was a glass bowl of 7 inches
+diameter, upon a foot of iron. The north side of this piece was thinly
+painted over white, that the shade of a little golden ball, placed in
+the middle of the bowl, might be seen to pass over the hour-lines which
+were drawn upon the white colour, and noted the hour. The bowl was
+included between two circles of iron gilt, with a cross on the top.
+
+Such is a general description of the parts or divisions of this very
+curious Dial. To which may be added that the first four pieces had all
+their sides covered with little plates of black glass, first cemented to
+the said pieces, except those places whereon the dials were drawn; which
+being also covered with plates of polished glass, nearly the whole of
+the outside of the dial appeared to be glass; the angles or corners
+being elegantly gilt, as were in part the iron work of the pyramid,
+supporters, branches, styles, &c.
+
+We have abridged and in part rewritten this explanation from upwards of
+six closely-printed 4to. pages. After the general description, in the
+original tract, the different sections or parts of the dial, 73 in
+number, are still further explained, and illustrated by 17 plates,
+besides a vertical section, of which last our Cut is a copy. Perhaps
+these details would tire the general reader, and on that account we do
+not press them: a few of them, however, may be noticed still further.
+
+Of these, the _Bowls_ appear to be the most attractive. One on the first
+piece, _by fire_ was a little glass bowl filled with clear water. This
+bowl was about three inches diameter, placed in the middle of another
+sphere, about six inches diameter, consisting of several iron rings or
+circles, representing the hour circles in the heavens. The hour was
+known by applying the hand to these circles when the sun shone, when
+that circle where you felt the hand burnt by the sunbeams passing
+through the bowl filled with water, showed the true hour, according
+to the verse beneath it:
+
+
+  Cratem tange, manusq horam tibi reddet adusta.
+
+
+The phenomenon is thus explained by the Professor: "the parallel rays of
+the sun passing through the little bowl, are bent by the density of the
+water, into a cone or pyramid, whose vertex reaches a little beyond
+those hour circles, and there burns the hand applied; for so many rays
+being all united into a point, must needs make an intense heat, which
+heat is so powerful in the summer-time, that it will fire a piece of
+wood applied to it."
+
+To many of the Dials were suitable inscriptions as above, and these with
+the references must have made the construction of the whole a task of
+immense labour. It would be absurd to expect that Charles II. had much
+to do with its completion, for he was, in his own estimation, more
+pleasantly employed than in watching the flight of time by heavenly
+luminaries. His attractions were on earth, where the splendour of
+a wicked court and the witchery of bright eyes eclipsed all other
+pursuits. Still, the licentious king was not forgotten by the inventer
+of the dial. Among the pictures on some of the glasses were portraits of
+the king, the two queens, the duke of York, prince Rupert, &c. In the
+king's picture, the hour was shown by the shade of the hour-lines
+passing over the top of the sceptre--perhaps the only time the royal
+trifier ever pointed to so useful an end. Prince Rupert, by his
+contributions to science, had a better right to be there; but Charles
+was not even grateful enough for the elevation to protect the precious
+Dial from rain and snow.
+
+In the list of subscribers for the reprint of the Tract, occurs "Jacob
+Chandler, basket-maker:" in our times this would be considered a knotty
+work for any but a professional reader.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NOTES OF A READER
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+HISTORY OF INSECTS.
+
+
+_The Family Library, No. 7. Library of Entertaining Knowledge, Part
+6.--Insect Architecture_.
+
+
+At present we can only notice these works as two of the most delightful
+volumes that have for some time fallen into our hands, and as possessing
+all the merits which characterize the previous portions of the Series.
+Our cognizance of them, in a collected form, must rest till the other
+half appears; in the meantime a few _flying_ extracts will prove
+amusing:--
+
+
+_Bees without a Queen_.
+
+These humble creatures cherish their queen, feed her, and provide for
+her wants. They live only in her life, and die when she is taken away.
+Her absence deprives them of no organ, paralyzes no limb, yet in every
+case they neglect all their duties for twenty-four hours. They receive
+no stranger queen before the expiration of that time; and if deprived of
+the cherished object altogether, they refuse food, and quickly perish.
+What, it may be asked, is the physical cause of such devotion? What are
+the bonds that chain the little creature to its cell, and force it to
+prefer death, to the flowers and the sunshine that invite it to come
+forth and live? This is not a solitary instance, in which the Almighty
+has made virtues, apparently almost unattainable by us, natural to
+animals! For while man has marked, with that praise which great and rare
+good actions merit, those few instances in which one human being has
+given up his own life for another--the dog, who daily sacrifices himself
+for his master, has scarcely found an historian to record his common
+virtue.--_Family Library_.
+
+
+_Cleanliness of Bees_.
+
+Among other virtues possessed by bees, cleanliness is one of the most
+marked; they will not suffer the least filth in their abode. It
+sometimes happens that an ill-advised slug or ignorant snail chooses to
+enter the hive, and has even the audacity to walk over the comb; the
+presumptuous and foul intruder is quickly killed, but its gigantic
+carcass is not so speedily removed. Unable to transport the corpse
+out of their dwelling, and fearing "the noxious smells" arising from
+corruption, the bees adopt an efficacious mode of protecting themselves;
+they embalm their offensive enemy, by covering him over with propolis;
+both Maraldi and Reaumur have seen this. The latter observed that a
+snail had entered a hive, and fixed itself to the glass side, just as
+it does against walls, until the rain shall invite it to thrust out its
+head beyond its shell. The bees, it seemed, did not like the interloper,
+and not being able to penetrate the shell with their sting, took a
+hint from the snail itself, and instead of covering it all over with
+propolis, the cunning economists fixed it immovably, by cementing merely
+the edge of the orifice of the shell to the glass with this resin, and
+thus it became a prisoner for life, for rain cannot dissolve this
+cement, as it does that which the insect itself uses.[5]--_Ibid_.
+
+
+    [5] For a notice of the application of this cement to useful
+        purposes, see No. 396, page 283.--ED. MIRROR.
+
+
+It furnishes a subject of serious consideration, as well as an argument
+for a special providence, to know, that the accurate Reaumur, and other
+naturalists, have observed, that when any kind of insect has increased
+inordinately, their natural enemies have increased in the same
+proportion, and thus preserved the balance.--_Ibid_.
+
+
+_Gnats_.
+
+There are few insects with whose form we are better acquainted than
+that of the gnat. It is to be found in all latitudes and climates; as
+prolific in the Polar as in the Equatorial regions. In 1736 they were so
+numerous, and were seen to rise in such clouds from Salisbury cathedral,
+that they looked like columns of smoke, and frightened the people, who
+thought the building was on fire. In 1766, they appeared at Oxford, in
+the form of a thick black cloud; six columns were observed to ascend the
+height of fifty or sixty feet. Their bite was attended with alarming
+inflammation. To some appearances of this kind our great poet, Spenser,
+alludes, in the following beautiful simile:--
+
+
+  As when a swarm of gnats at eventide,
+  Out of the fennes of Allan doe arise,
+  Their murmurring small trumpets sownden wide,
+  Whiles in the air their clust'ring army flies.
+  That as a cloud doth seem to dim the skies:
+  Ne man nor beast may rest or take repast,
+  For their sharp wounds and noyous injuries,
+  Till the fierce northern wind, with blustering blast,
+  Doth blow them quite away, and in the ocean cast.
+
+
+In Lapland, their numbers have been compared to a flight of snow when
+the flakes fall thickest, and the minor evil of being nearly suffocated
+by smoke is endured to get rid of these little pests. Captain Stedman
+says, that he and his soldiers were so tormented by gnats in America,
+that they were obliged to dig holes in the ground with their bayonets,
+and thrust their heads into them for protection and sleep. Humboldt
+states, that "between the little harbour of Higuerote and the mouth
+of the Rio-Unare, the wretched inhabitants are accustomed to stretch
+themselves on the ground, and pass the night buried in the sand three
+or four inches deep, exposing only the head, which they cover with a
+handkerchief."
+
+After enumerating these and other examples of the achievements of the
+gnat and musquito tribe, Kirby says, "It is not therefore incredible
+that Sapor, King of Persia, should have been compelled to raise the
+siege of Nisibis by a plague of gnats, which attacked his elephants and
+beasts of burden, and so caused the rout of his army; nor that the
+inhabitants of various cities should, by an extraordinary multiplication
+of this plague, have been compelled to desert them; nor that, by their
+power of doing mischief, like other conquerors who have been the torment
+of the human race, they should have attained to fame, and have given
+their name to bays, town, and territories." _Ibid_.
+
+
+_Leaf Caterpillars_.
+
+The design of the caterpillars in rolling up the leaves is not only to
+conceal themselves from birds and predatory insects, but also to protect
+themselves from the cuckoo-flies, which lie in wait in every quarter to
+deposit their eggs in their bodies, that their progeny may devour them.
+Their mode of concealment, however, though it appear to be cunningly
+contrived and skilfully executed, is not always successful, their
+enemies often discovering their hiding place. We happened to see a
+remarkable instance of this last summer (1828), in a case of one of the
+lilac caterpillars which had changed into a chrysalis within the closely
+folded leaf. A small cuckoo-fly, aware, it should seem, of the very spot
+where the chrysalis lay within the leaf, was seen boring through it with
+her ovipositor, and introducing her eggs through the punctures thus made
+into the body of the dormant insect. We allowed her to lay all her eggs,
+about six in number, and then put the leaf under an inverted glass. In a
+few days the eggs of the cuckoo-fly were hatched, the grubs devoured the
+lilac chrysalis, and finally changed into pupae in a case of yellow
+silk, and into perfect insects like their parent.--_Library of
+Entertaining Knowledge_.
+
+The last extract, and all in the Library of Entertaining Knowledge
+signed J.R. are written by Mr. J. Rennie, whose initials must be
+familiar to every reader as attached to some of the most interesting
+papers in Mr. Loudon's Magazines. He is a nice observer of Nature, and
+one of the most popular writers on her phenomena.
+
+As we treated the cuts of the last portion of the "Library of
+Entertaining Knowledge," rather critically, we are happy to say that
+the engravings of insects in the present part make ample amends for all
+former imperfections in that branch of the work; some of the pupae,
+insects, their nests, &c. are admirably executed, and their selection
+is equally judicious and attractive.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS.
+
+
+Spirit-drinking appears to have attained a _pretty considerable_ pitch
+in America, where, according to the proceedings of the American
+Temperance Society, half as many tuns of domestic spirits are annually
+produced as of wheat and flour; and in the state of New York, in the
+year 1825, there were 2,264 grist-mills, and 1,129 distilleries of
+whiskey. In a communication to this society from Philadelphia, it is
+calculated, that out of 4,151 deaths in that city in the year 1825, 335
+are attributed solely to the abuse of ardent spirits!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WOOD ENGRAVING.
+
+
+In early life Bewick cut a vignette for the Newcastle newspaper,
+from which it is calculated that more than _nine hundred thousand
+impressions_ have been worked off; yet the block is still in use, and
+not perceptibly impaired.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+AUSTRIA.
+
+
+The present Emperor of Austria is a gentle, fatherly old man. We have
+heard none of his subjects speak of him with anything but love and
+affection. The meanest peasant has access to him; and, except on public
+occasions, he leads a simpler life than any nobleman among ourselves. It
+is, perhaps, less the emperor than the nobility who govern in Austria,
+and less the nobility than Metternich, the prince-pattern of
+prime-ministers.--_Foreign Review_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+HANGING.
+
+
+The following letter tends to rectify an error which very generally
+prevails, namely, that it costs only thirteen-pence halfpenny to be
+hung. It is copied _literatim et verbatim_, from one made out by Mr.
+Ketch himself, and proves that a man cannot be hung for so mere a
+trifle:--
+
+       "Silvester.               s. d.
+  Executioner's Fees............ 7  6
+  Stripping the Body............ 4  6
+  Use of Shell.................. 2  6
+    1813.                      ______
+   Nov. 10.                    14  6"
+
+
+_Blackwood's Magazine_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SCOTTISH POETRY.
+
+
+The passion of the Scots, from whatever race derived, for poetry
+and music, developed itself in the earliest stages of their history.
+They possessed a wild imagination, a dark and gloomy mythology; they
+peopled the caves, the woods, the rivers, and the mountains, with
+spirits, elves, giants, and dragons; and are we to wonder that the
+Scots, a nation in whose veins the blood of all those remote races is
+unquestionably mingled, should, at a very remote period, have evinced
+an enthusiastic admiration for song and poetry; that the harper was
+to be found amongst the officers who composed the personal state of
+the sovereign, and that the country maintained a privileged race of
+wandering minstrels, who eagerly seized on the prevailing superstitions
+and romantic legends, and wove them in rude, but sometimes very
+expressive versification, into their stories and ballads; who were
+welcome guests at the gate of every feudal castle, and fondly beloved
+by the great body of the people.--_Tytler's History of Scotland_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TO CONSTANTINOPLE,
+
+_On approaching the city about sun-rise, from the Sea of Marmora_.
+
+
+  A glorious form thy shining city wore,
+  'Mid cypress thickets of perennial green,
+  With minaret and golden dome between,
+  While thy sea softly kiss'd its grassy shore.
+  Darting across whose blue expanse was seen
+  Of sculptured barques and galleys many a score;
+  Whence noise was none save that of plashing oar;
+  Nor word was spoke, to break the calm serene.
+  Unhear'd is whisker'd boatman's hail or joke;
+  Who, mute as Sinbad's man of copper, rows,
+  And only intermits the sturdy stroke
+  When fearless gull too nigh his pinnace goes.
+  I, hardly conscious if I dream'd or woke,
+  Mark'd that strange piece of action and repose.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BERWICK.
+
+
+In the thirteenth century Berwick enjoyed a prosperity, such as threw
+every other Scottish port into the shade; the customs of this town, at
+the above date, amounted to about one-fourth of all the customs of
+England.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE LORD MAYORS DAY.
+
+
+  "Spirit of Momus! thou'rt wandering wide.
+  When I would thou wert merrily perch'd by my side,
+    For I am sorely beset by the _blues_;
+  Thou fugitive elf! I adjure thee return,
+  By Fielding's best wig, and the ashes of Sterne,
+    Appear at the call of my muse."
+
+  It comes, with a laugh on its rubicund face;
+  Methinks, by the way, it's in pretty good case,
+    For a spirit unblest with a body;
+    "On the claret bee's-wing," says the sprite, "I regale;
+  But I'm ready for all--from Lafitte down to ale,
+    From Champagne to a tumbler of toddy.
+
+  "Then I'm not over-nice, as at least _you_ must know,
+  In the rank of my hosts--for the lofty or low
+    Are alike to the Spirit of Mirth;
+  I care not a straw with whom I have dined,
+  Though a family dinner's not much to my mind,
+    And a proser's a plague upon earth.
+
+  "But where, my dear sprite, for this age have you been?
+  Have you plunged in the Danube, or danced on the Seine?
+    Or have taken in Lisbon your station?
+  Or have flapped over Windsor your butterfly-wings,
+  O'er its bevy of beauties, and courtiers, and kings--
+    The wonders and wits of the nation?"
+
+  "No; of all climes for folly, Old England's the clime;
+  Of all times for fully, the present's the time;
+    And my game is so plentiful here,
+  That all months are the same, from December to May;
+  I can bag in a minute enough for a day--
+    In a day, bag enough for a year.
+
+  "My game-bag has nooks for 'Notes, Sketches, and Journeys,'
+  By soldiers and sailors, divines and attorneys,
+    Through landscapes gay, blooming, and briary;
+  And so, as you seem rather pensive to-night,
+  To dispel your blue-devils, I'll briefly recite
+    A specimen-leaf from my diary:--
+
+"'THE NINTH OF NOVEMBER.
+
+  "'Through smoke-clouds as dark as a forest of rooks,
+  The rich contribution of blacksmiths and cooks
+    From the huge human oven below,
+  I heard old St. Paul's gaily pealing away;
+  Thinks I to myself, 'It is Lord Mayor's Day,
+    So, I'll go down and look at the Show.'
+
+  "'I spread out my pinions, and sprang on my perch--
+  'Twas the dragon on Bow, that odd sign of the church,
+    The episcopal centre of action;
+  All Cheapside was crowded with black, brown, and fair,
+  Like a harlequin's jacket, or French rocquelaire,
+    A legitimate Cheapside attraction.
+
+  "'Then rung through the tumult a trumpet so shrill,
+  That it frightened the ladies all down Ludgate Hill,
+    And the owlets in Ivy Lane;
+  Then came in their chariots, each face in full blow,
+  The sheriffs and aldermen, solemn and slow,
+    All bombazine, bag-wig and chain.
+
+  "'Then came the old tumbril-shaped city machine,
+  With a Lord Mayor so fat that he made the coach _lean_;
+    Lord Waithman was scarcely a brighter man;
+  The wits said the old groaning wagon of state,
+  Which for ages had carried Lord Mayors of such weight,
+    To-day would break down with a _lighter man_.
+
+  "'Then proud as a prince, at the head of the band
+  Rode the city field-marshal, with truncheon in hand,
+    Though his epaulettes lately are gone;
+  But he's still fine enough to astonish the cits,
+  And drive the economists out of their wits,
+    From Lords Waithman and Wood, to Lord John.
+
+  "'But I now left the pageant--wits, worthies, and all--
+  And flew through the smoke to the roof of Guildhall,
+    And perched on the grand chandelier;
+  The dinner was stately, the tables were full--
+  There sat, multiplied by three thousand, John Bull,
+    Resolved to make all disappear.
+
+  "'And then came the speeches; Lord Hunter was fine--
+  Lord Wood, finer still--Lord Thompson, divine,
+    The sheriffs were Ciceros a-piece;
+  Lord Crowther was sick, though he managed to eat
+  What, if races were feasts, would have won him the plate;
+    But he tossed off a bumper to Greece.
+
+  "'Then all was enchantment--all hubbub and smiles--
+  The wit of Old Jewry, the grace of St. Giles,
+    The force of the Billingsgate tongue:
+  Till the eloquent Lord Mayor demanding 'Who malts?'--
+  The understood sign for beginning the waltz--
+    In a fright through the ceiling I sprung.'"
+
+
+_Monthly Magazine_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A LANDAULET.
+
+(_Concluded from page 302_.)
+
+
+It happened to be a dull time of year, and for some months my wheels
+ceased to be rotatory: I got cold and damp; and the moths found their
+way to my inside: one or two persons who came to inspect me declined
+becoming purchasers, and peering closely at my panels, said something
+about "old scratch." This hurt my feelings, for if my former possessor
+was not quite so good as she might have been, it was no fault of mine.
+
+At length, after a tedious inactivity, I was bought cheap by a young
+physician, who having rashly left his provincial patients to set up in
+London, took it into his head that nothing could be done there by a
+medical man who did not go upon wheels; he therefore hired a house in a
+good situation, and then set _me_ up, and bid my vendor put me down in
+his bill.
+
+It is quite astonishing how we flew about the streets and squares,
+_acting great practice_; those who knew us by sight must have thought we
+had a great deal to do, but we practised nothing but locomotion. Some
+medical men thin the population, (so says Slander,) my master thinned
+nothing but his horses. They were the only _good jobs_ that came in his
+way, and certainly he made the most of them. He was obliged to _feed_
+them, but he was very rarely _feed_ himself. It so happened that nobody
+consulted us, and the unavoidable consumption of the family infected my
+master's pocket, and his little resources were in a rapid decline.
+
+Still he kept a good heart; indeed, in one respect, he resembled a
+worm displayed in a bottle in a quack's shop window--he was never out of
+spirits! He was deeply in debt, and his name was on every body's books,
+always excepting the memorandum-books of those who wanted physicians.
+Still I was daily turned out, and though nobody called him in, he was to
+be seen, sitting very forward, apparently looking over notes supposed
+to have been taken after numerous critical cases and eventful
+consultations. Our own case was hopeless, our progress was arrested,
+an execution was in the house, servants met with their deserts and were
+turned off, goods were seized, my master was knocked up, and I was
+knocked down for one hundred and twenty pounds.
+
+Again my beauties blushed for a while unseen; but I was new painted,
+and, like some other painted personages, looked, at a distance, almost
+as good as new. Fortunately for me, an elderly country curate, just at
+this period, was presented with a living, and the new incumbent thought
+it incumbent upon him to present his fat lady and his thin daughter with
+a leathern convenience. My life was now a rural one, and for ten long
+years nothing worth recording happened to me. Slowly and surely did I
+creep along green lanes, carried the respectable trio to snug, early,
+neighbourly dinners, and was always under lock and key before twelve
+o'clock. It must be owned I began to have rather an old-fashioned look;
+my body was ridiculously small, and the rector's thin daughter, the
+bodkin, or rather packing-needle of the party, sat more forward, and on
+a smaller space than bodkins do now-a-days. I was perched up three feet
+higher than more modern vehicles, and my two lamps began to look like
+little dark lanterns. But my obsoleteness rendered me only more suited
+to the service in which I was enlisted. Honest Roger, the red-haired
+coachman, would have looked like a clown in a pantomime, in front of a
+fashionable equipage; and Simon the footboy, who slouched at my back,
+would have been mistaken for an idle urchin surreptitiously enjoying a
+ride. But on my unsophisticated dickey and footboard no one could doubt
+but that Roger and Simon were in their proper places. The rector died;
+of course he had nothing more to do with the _living_, it passed into
+other hands; and a clerical income being (alas, that it should be so!)
+no inheritance, his relict suddenly plunged in widowhood and poverty,
+had the aggravated misery of mourning for a deaf husband, while she was
+conscious that the luxuries and almost the necessaries of life were for
+ever snatched from herself and her child.
+
+Again I found myself in London, but my beauty was gone, I had lost the
+activity of youth, and when slowly I chanced to creak through Long Acre,
+Houlditch, my very parent, who was standing at his door sending forth a
+new-born Britska, glanced at me scornfully, and knew me not! I passed on
+heavily--I thought of former days of triumph, and there was madness in
+the thought I became a _crazy_ vehicle! straw was thrust into my inward
+parts, I was numbered among the fallen,--yes, I was now a
+hackney-chariot, and my number was one hundred!
+
+What tongue can tell the degradations I have endured! The persons who
+familiarly have _called_ me, the wretches who have sat in me--never can
+this be told. Daily I take my stand in the same vile street, and nightly
+am I driven to the minor theatres--to oyster-shops--to desperation!
+
+One day, when empty and unoccupied, I was hailed by two police-officers
+who were bearing between them a prisoner. It was the seducer of my
+second ill-fated mistress; a first crime had done its usual work, it had
+prepared the mind for a second, and a worse: the seducer had done a deed
+of deeper guilt, and _I_ bore him one stage towards the gallows. Many
+months after, a female called me at midnight: she was decked in tattered
+finery, and what with fatigue and recent indulgence in strong liquors,
+she was scarcely sensible, but she possessed dim traces of past beauty.
+I can say nothing more of her, but that it was the fugitive wife whom I
+had borne to Brighton so many years ago. No words of mine could paint
+the living warning that I beheld. What had been the sorrows of unmerited
+desertion and unkindness supported by conscious rectitude, compared with
+the degraded guilt, the hopeless anguish, that I then saw?
+
+I regret to say, I was last month nigh committing manslaughter; I broke
+down in the Strand and dislocated the shoulder of a rich old maid.
+I cannot help thinking that she deserved the visitation, for, as she
+stepped into me in Oxford Street, she exclaimed, loud enough to be heard
+by all neighbouring pedestrians, "Dear me! how dirty! I never was in
+a hackney conveyance before!"--though I well remembered having been
+favoured with her company very often. A medical gentleman happened to be
+passing at the moment of our fall; it was my old medical master. He set
+the shoulder, and so skilfully did he manage his patient, that he is
+about to be married to the rich invalid, who will shoulder him into
+prosperity at last.
+
+I last night was the bearer of a real party of pleasure to Astley's:--a
+bride and bridegroom, with the mother of the bride. It was the widow of
+the old rector, whose thin daughter (by the by she is fattening fast)
+has had the luck to marry the only son of a merchant well to do in the
+world.
+
+The voice suddenly ceased!--I awoke--the door was opened, the steps let
+down--I paid the coachman double the amount of his fare, and in future,
+whenever I stand in need of a jarvey, I shall certainly make a point of
+calling for number One Hundred.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER
+
+
+  "A snapper-up of unconsidered trifles."
+SHAKSPEARE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BELL.--THE CRY OF THE DEER SO CALLED.
+
+
+I am glad of an opportunity to describe the cry of the deer by another
+name than _braying_, although the latter has been sanctioned by the use
+of the Scottish metrical translation of the Psalms. Bell seems to be an
+abbreviation of the word _bellow_. This sylvan sound conveyed great
+delight to our ancestors chiefly, I suppose, from association. A gentle
+knight in the reign of Henry VIII., Sir Thomas Wortley, built Wantley
+Lodge, Warncliffe Forest, for the purpose, as the ancient inscription
+testifies, of "Listening to the Harts' Bell."
+
+C.K.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE CURSE OF SCOTLAND.
+
+
+The origin of the nine of diamonds being called the Curse of Scotland
+is not generally known. It arose from the following circumstance:--The
+night before the battle of Culloden, the Duke of Cumberland thought
+proper to send orders to General Campbell not to give quarter; and this
+order being despatched in much haste, was written on a card. This card
+happened to be the nine of diamonds, from which circumstance it got the
+appellation above named.
+
+W.M.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+POLITICAL PUNS.
+
+
+Among the many expedients resorted to by the depressed party in a state
+to indulge their sentiments safely, and probably at the same time,
+according to situation, to sound those of their companions, puns and
+other quibbles have been of notable service. The following is worthy of
+notice:--The cavaliers during Cromwell's usurpation, usually put a crumb
+of bread into a glass of wine, and before they drank it, would exclaim
+with cautious ambiguity, "God send this Crum well down!" A royalist
+divine also, during the Protectorate, did not scruple to quibble in the
+following prayer, which he was accustomed to deliver:--"O Lord, who
+hast put a sword into the hand of thy servant, Oliver, _put it into his
+heart_ ALSO--to do according to thy word." He would drop his voice at
+the word also, and, after a significant pause, repeat the concluding
+sentence in an under tone.
+
+W.M.
+
+_Erratum_ at page 306.--For _Hemiptetera_ read HEMIPTERA.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ANNUALS FOR 1830.
+
+
+With No. 398 was published a SUPPLEMENT, containing the first portion of
+the SPIRIT OF THE ANNUALS, with a splendid Engraving of the CITY OF
+VERONA, and Notices of the _Gem_, _Literary Souvenir_, _Friendship's
+Offering_, and _Amulet_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LIMBIRD'S EDITION OF THE
+_Following Novels is already Published:_
+
+                                          s. d.
+  Mackenzie's Man of Feeling              0  6
+  Paul and Virginia                       0  6
+  The Castle of Otranto                   0  6
+  Almoran and Hamet                       0  6
+  Elizabeth, or the Exiles of Siberia     0  6
+  The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne      0  6
+  Rasselas                                0  8
+  The Old English Baron                   0  8
+  Nature and Art                          0  8
+  Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield          0 10
+  Sicilian Romance                        1  0
+  The Man of the World                    1  0
+  A Simple Story                          1  4
+  Joseph Andrews                          1  6
+  Humphry Clinker                         1  8
+  The Romance of the Forest               1  8
+  The Italian                             2  0
+  Zeluco, by Dr  Moore                    2  6
+  Edward, by Dr  Moore                    2  6
+  Roderick Random                         2  6
+  The Mysteries of Udolpho                3  6
+  Peregrine Pickle                        4  6
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD 143, Strand, (near Somerset House,)
+London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; and by all
+Newsmen and Booksellers_.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT,
+AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 14, ISSUE 400, NOVEMBER 21, 1829***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 11446.txt or 11446.zip *******
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