initial commit of ebook 11407HEADmain

8 files changed, 6431 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/old/11407-8.txt b/old/11407-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..23daea9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/11407-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1894 @@
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 10, Issue 284, November 24, 1827, by Various
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 10,
+Issue 284, November 24, 1827
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 2, 2004  [eBook #11407]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: iso-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE,
+AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 10, ISSUE 284, NOVEMBER 24, 1827***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Chew-Hung Lee, David Garcia, and the
+Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 11407-h.htm or 11407-h.zip:
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/4/0/11407/11407-h/11407-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/4/0/11407/11407-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. 10, No. 284.] SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 24, 1827. [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+NAVARINO AND THE ISLAND OF SPHAGIA.
+
+
+[Illustration: NAVARINO AND THE ISLAND OF SPHAGIA.]
+
+
+As our victories, though managed by the hand, are achieved by the head,
+we feel little disposed to meddle with what Burke calls "the mystery of
+murder," or "the present perfection of gunnery, cannoneering, bombarding,
+and mining;" and inveterate as may be the weapon of the goose-quill, we
+trust our readers will not suspect us of any other policy than that of
+pleasing them, the _ne plus ultra_ of all public servants. As our title
+implies, we are bound to present or reflect in our pages certain
+illustrations of popular topics, _veluti_ IN SPECULUM; accordingly, we
+hope the accompanying _View and Plan of the Bay of Navarino_ will be
+received in good season, _quod rerum est omnium primum_.
+
+Thus far, the political or present interest attached to Navarino: with
+the recent event which has raised, or we may say resuscitated such
+interest, our readers have doubtless become familiar, and leaving the
+ephemeral glory to the _Sun_ of all newspapers, and meaner "chronicles
+of the times," we shall proceed to the sober duty of describing the Bay
+of Navarino, as, it will be seen, a place of some interest in the annals
+of ancient as well as of modern warfare.
+
+With our usual _literary honesty_, (we trust a characteristic of our
+whole conduct,) we have to acknowledge our obligations to the "Travels"
+of M. Pouqueville for the preceding view. "The port of Navarino, certainly
+one of the finest in the world," says Sir William Gell, in his interesting
+_Journey in the Morea_, "is formed by a deep indenture in the Morea, shut
+in by a long island, anciently called Sphacteria, famous for the defeat
+and capture of the Spartans, in the Peloponnesian war, and yet exhibiting
+the vestige of walls, which may have served as their last refuge. This
+island has been separated into three or four parts by the violence of the
+waves, so that boats might pass from the open sea into the port in calm
+weather, by means of the channel so formed. On one of the portions is the
+tomb of a Turkish saint, or santon; and near the centre of the port is
+another very small island, or rock." The modern name of the island is
+_Sphagia_.
+
+Navarino, called by the Turks _Avarin_, and the Greeks _Neo-Castron_, is
+the Pylos of the ancients, and the supposed birthplace of the venerable
+Nestor--standing upon a promontory at the foot of Mount Temathia, and
+overlooking the vast harbour of the same name as the town. It is surrounded
+only by a wall without a ditch; the height commanding the city is a little
+hexagonal, defended by five towers at the external angles, which, with
+the walls, were built by the Turks in 1572, but were never repaired till
+after the war with the Russians in 1770; the Turks having previously taken
+it from the Venetians in 1499. At the gate of the fortress is a miserable
+Greek village; and the walls of the castle itself are in a dismantled
+condition.
+
+"The town within the wall," says Sir W. Gell, "is like all those in this
+part of the world, encumbered with the fallen ruins of former habitations.
+These have been generally constructed by the Turks, since the expulsion
+of the Venetians; for it appears, that till the long continued habit of
+possession had induced the Mahometans to live upon and cultivate their
+estates in the country, and the power of the Venetian republic had been
+consumed by a protracted peace, a law was enforced which compelled every
+Turk to have a habitation in some one of the fortresses of the country.
+But the habitatations," says our traveller, "present generally an
+indiscriminate mass of ruins; they were originally erected in haste, and
+being often cemented with mud instead of mortar, the rains of autumn,
+penetrating between the outer and inner faces of the walls, swell the
+earth, and soon effect the ruin of the whole"--it must be confessed, but
+sorry structures for the _triple_ fires of an enemy. Sir William, on his
+visit, found the commandant in a state of misery not exceeded by the lot
+of his meanest fellow-citizens, except that his robes were somewhat in
+better condition. He received him "very kindly in a dirty unfurnished
+apartment," into which he "climbed by a tottering ladder from a court
+strewed with ruins;" here he gave him "coffee," after which he took his
+leave. What would a first lord of the Admiralty say to such a reception?
+and it must have been somewhat uncourtly to our traveller.
+
+The soil about Navarino is of a red colour, and is remarkable for the
+production of an infinite quantity of squills, which are used in
+medicine. The rocks, which show themselves in every direction through a
+scanty but rich soil, are limestone, and present a general appearance of
+unproductiveness round the castle of Navarino; and the absence of trees
+is ill compensated by the profusion of sage, brooms, cistus, and other
+shrubs which start from the innumerable cavities of the limestone.
+
+The remains of Navarino Vecchio, or ancient Navarino, consist in a fort
+or castle of mean construction, covering the summit of a hill sloping
+quickly to the south, but falling in abrupt precipices to the north and
+east. The town was built on the southern declivity, and was surrounded
+by a wall, which, allowing for the natural irregularities of the soil,
+represented a triangle, with the castle at the apex or summit--a form
+observable in many of the ancient cities of Greece.
+
+The foundation of the walls throughout the whole circuit remains entire;
+but the fortifications were never of any consequence, though they present
+a picturesque group of turrets and battlements from below, and must have
+been very imposing from the sea,--an effect which those of the modern city
+have recently failed to produce. From the top is an extensive view over
+the island of Sphacteria, the port, with the town of Navarino to the
+south, and a considerable tract of the territory anciently called Messenia
+on the east, with the conic hill, which, though some miles from the shore,
+is used as a landmark to point out the entrance of the port. Mr. Purdy, in
+his _New Sailing Directory for the Mediterranean Sea_, says, "from the
+sea, a frigate might, in two or three hours, batter down the walls (of
+Navarino); the artillery of the place (in 1825) consisted of forty pieces
+of cannon; the greater part in the fort, eight on the battery at the
+entrance of the harbour, and a few in some of the towers along the city."
+It should be added that the port is said to be capable of containing 2,000
+sail; and the population of the town is about 3,000, the most of whom are
+Turks.
+
+To the curious _dilettanti_ in dates, &c. (such as our friend _P.T.W._
+&c.) the following almost coinciding circumstances may not prove
+uninteresting:--The recent engagement took place on the anniversary of
+the memorable battle of Salamis, 480 B.C. when the invading army of
+Xerxes was defeated by the Greeks; and on which day Euripides, the Greek
+tragic poet, was born: Nestor is said to have been born at Navarino, as
+we have already mentioned: and, lastly, the attack, of which the subjoined
+plan is illustrative, was made on the eve of the anniversary of the
+glorious battle of Trafalgar, in which victory the vice-admiral of
+Navarino, then captain of the Orient, was engaged.
+
+[Illustration: Plan]
+
+REFERENCES.
+
+1. The English Squadron.
+
+2. French Squadron.
+
+3. Russian Squadron.
+
+4. The combined Turko-Egyptian Fleet.
+
+5. The boat sent by the "Dartmouth" to one of the Turkish Fire Ships, in
+which Lieutenant G.W.H.F. Fitzroy was killed.
+
+6. and 7. Turkish Fire ships.
+
+The other figures denote the depth of water in English fathoms.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SEASONABLE RELICS.
+
+PART OF AN ANCIENT SONG.
+
+
+The following is part of an old song which I have faithfully copied; it
+was, I am told, sung at Wakes in the north of England, and also previous
+to Christmas: from the appearance, little doubt is left as to its being
+of northern composition.
+
+I have seen in former volumes of the MIRROR, specimens of two ancient
+ballads, and as they are a curiosity, I have sent mine as being, I think,
+equally so. There is an old ballad which I have met with and purchased,
+entitled "The Outlandish Knight," but it is certainly greatly altered,
+though the tale is preserved.
+
+  This ean night, this ean night,
+    Every night and awle,
+  Fire and fleet,[1] and candle lyght,
+    And Chryst receyve thy sawle.
+
+  When those from hence dost passe awaye,
+    Every night and awle,
+  To whinnye moore thou com'st at last,
+    And Chryste receyve thy sawle.
+
+  If ever thou gav'st either hosen or shune,
+    Every night and awle,
+  Sit thee down and put them on,
+    And Chryst receyve thy sawle.
+
+  But if hosen and shune thou never gav'st nean,
+    Every night and awle,
+  The whinnes shall prick thee to the bare beane,
+    And Chryst receyve thy sawle.
+
+  From whynne moore then thou may'st passe,
+    Every night and awle,
+  To brigge of dread thou com'st at last,
+    And Christ receyve thy sawle.
+
+  From brigge of dread that thou may'st passe,
+    Every night and awle,
+  To purgatory fire thou com'st at last,
+    And Chryst receyve thy sawle.
+
+  If e'er thou gav'st either meate or drinke,
+    Every night and awle,
+  The fire shall never make thee shrynke,
+    And Chryst receyve thy sawle.
+
+  But yf meate and drinke thou never gav'st neane,
+    Every night and awle,
+  The fire shall burn thee to the bare beane,
+    And Chryst receyve thy sawle.
+
+    [1] Fleet from the Saxon flere, is cremon lactu, hence we have
+        flett or flit, milk.
+
+The next I give you is an extract from the Court Rolls of the Borough of
+Hales Owen, of the
+
+
+_Custom of Bride Ale._
+
+"A payne ys made that no person or persons that shall brewe any weddyn
+ale to sell, shall not brewe aboue twelve stryke of mault at the most,
+and that the said persons so marryed shall not keep nor haue above eyght
+messe of persons at hys dinner within the burrowe, and before hys brydall
+daye he shall keep no unlawfull games in hys house nor out of hys house
+on payne of 20_s_."
+
+Besides "Bride Ale," there was the Church Ales, and Easter Ales,
+Whitsuntide Ales, and a quantity of others which we have no accounts of.
+I conclude this short notice with the hope of soon supplying you with a
+fund of information against Christmas.
+
+W.H.H.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIR OF HELEN.
+
+
+  Princess Helen was born of an egg,
+    And scarcely ten years had gone by,
+  When Theseus beginning to beg,
+    Decoyed the young chicken to fly.
+  When Tyndarus heard the disaster,
+    He crackled and thunder'd like Etna,
+  So out gallop'd Pollux and Castor,
+    And caught her a furlong from Gretna.
+      Singing rattledum, Greek Romanorum,
+        And hey classicality row.
+      Singing birchery, floggera, borum,
+        And folderol whack rowdy dow.
+
+  The newspapers puffed her each day,
+    Till the princes of Greece came to woo her,
+  Then coaxing the rest to give way,
+    She took Menalaus unto her,
+  So said they, "though we grieve to resign,
+    Yet if ever you're put to a shift,
+  Let your majesty drop us a line,
+    And we'll all of us lend you a lift.
+      With our rattledum, &c."
+
+  Menelaus was happy to win her.
+    But she soon found a cure for his passion,
+  By hobbing or nobbing at dinner,
+    With Paris, a Trojan of fashion.
+  This chap was a slyish young dog,
+    The most jessamy fellow in life,
+  For he drank Menalaus' grog,
+    And d--me made off with his wife.
+      Singing rattledum, &c.
+
+  The princes were sent for, who swore
+    They would punish this finikin boy;
+  So Achilles and two or three more,
+    Undertook the destruction of Troy.
+  But Achilles grew quite ungenteel,
+    And prevented their stirring a peg,
+  Till Paris let fly at his heel,
+    And he found himself laid by the leg.
+      With his rattledum, &c.
+
+  The Grecians demolish'd the city,
+    And then (as the poets have told)
+  Dame Helen might still be called pretty,
+    Though very near sixty years old.
+  Menelaus, when madam was found,
+    Took her snugly away in his chaise,
+  So Troy being burnt to the ground,
+    Why the story goes off with a blaze.
+      And a rattledum, &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+HORSE-CHESTNUTS.
+
+(_To the Editor of the Mirror._)
+
+
+In a recent number there was a notice of the uses of the _Esculus
+Hippocastaneus_, or horse chestnuts; but a very important one was
+omitted, namely, its substitution occasionally for Peruvian bark in
+cases of intermittent fever. This disorder, known better by the name of
+ague, had been formerly epidemic in Ireland, where the humidity of the
+atmosphere is continually increased by the exhalation of the lochs and bogs
+with which the country abounds. In consequence, however, of the formation
+of the Grand and Royal Canals, and the drainage of the waters in their
+vicinity, the tendency to this disease was greatly lessened; and about
+twenty years ago the disorder was so rare in Dublin and the neighbourhood,
+that the medical students often complained that they graduated without ever
+having an opportunity of seeing in the hospitals a single case of this once
+almost universal disorder. In consequence, however, of the extreme wetness
+of one summer and autumn, agues again resumed their ascendancy, and the
+hospitals and dispensaries became crowded with intermittent patients, and
+all the bark of the druggists and apothecaries was put into requisition;
+but to the surprise and disappointment of all the medical men, this
+infallible specific was altogether inert and powerless, and after repeated
+trials and disappointments, it was abandoned as useless. It was now a
+matter of importance to ascertain the cause of this extraordinary
+failure, whether it arose from the altered character of the complaint,
+or from the deteriorated quality of the medicine; and it was found to be
+the latter. In consequence of the long cessation of intermittent fever,
+bark had been little used or called for, and the stock had remained so
+long on hand, that it had become effete and worthless. It was necessary
+then to try some substitute. Quassia-wood, the acorus calamus, and other
+bitters and aromatics, were tried; but that which seemed to succeed best
+was the bark and kernel of the horse-chestnut. The nut was moderately
+dried in a stove, so as to be capable of being powdered, and in that state
+was exhibited in substance with cayenne pepper and other aromatics. The
+bark was taken in infusions and decoctions with quassia, and the effects
+were sometimes very decided and satisfactory, forming a providential
+substitute for the only kind of bark then to be procured in Ireland.
+
+W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SONNET.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+  Say what repays the gamester's nightly toil,
+    Can hell itself more hideous woes impart?
+  Can glitt'ring heaps of ill-begotten spoil,
+    Appease the cravings of his callous heart?
+  For this alone he severs every tie,
+    For this he marks unmov'd the orphan's tear,
+  E'en nature's charms, a smile from beauty's eye
+    No longer can his blasted prospects cheer.
+  But now prevails the dice's rattling sound,
+    The loud blaspheming oath, and cry of woe,
+  From tables set with spectre forms around,
+    Hurrying with frantic haste, th' expected throw!
+  Than this no greater foe to man remains
+    This is the mightiest triumph Satan gains!
+
+E.L.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ORIGINAL TRANSLATIONS.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+Horace.--Ode xxx.--B. 1.
+
+
+TO VENUS.
+
+_He invokes her to be present at Glycera's private sacrifice_
+
+
+  Venus! leave thy loved isle,
+  And on Glycera's altar smile;
+  Breathing perfumes hail the day,
+  Haste thee, Venus! haste away.
+
+  Bring with thee the am'rous boy;
+  The loose-rob'd Graces crown our joy!
+  Youth swell thy train, who owes to thee
+  Her charms, and winged Mercury!
+
+
+ODE xxvi.--B. 3.
+
+TO THE SAME.
+
+_He renounces Love._
+
+
+  Not without renown was I,
+  In the ranks of gallantry.
+  Now, when Love no more will call,
+  To battle; on this sacred wall,
+  Venus, where her statue stands,
+  To hang my arms, and lute commands;
+  Here the bright torch to hang, and bars,
+  Which wag'd so oft loud midnight wars.
+
+  But, O blessed Cyprian queen!
+  Blest in Memphian bow'rs serene,
+  Raise high the lash, and Chloe's be,
+  All e'er proud Chloe dealt to me!
+
+W.P.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Arcana of Science.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Smoke of Lamps._
+
+A recent number of Gill's "Technical Repository," contains a simple mode
+of consuming the smoke that ascends from the turner of an argand lamp. It
+consists of a thin concave of copper, fixed by three wires, at about an
+inch above the chimney-glass of the lamp, yet capable of being taken off
+at pleasure. The gaseous carbonaceous matter which occasionally escapes
+from the top of lamps, is thus arrested beneath the concave cap, and
+subsequently consumed by the heat of the flame, instead of passing off
+into the room, in the form of smoke or smut on the ceiling and walls.
+
+[The "Technical Repository," may have the credit of introducing this
+contrivance to the British public; but it is somewhat curious that it had
+not been previously adopted, since scores of lamps thus provided, are to
+be seen in the cafés and restaurateurs of Paris. _Apropos_, the French oil
+burns equal in brightness to our best gas, and as we are informed, this
+purity is obtained by filtration through charcoal.--ED.]
+
+
+_Caddis Worms._
+
+The transformation of the deserted cases of numberless minute insects into
+a constituent part of a solid rock, first formed at the bottom of a lake,
+then constituting the sides of deep valleys, and the tabular summits of
+lofty hills, is a phenomenon as striking as the vast reefs of coral
+constructed by the labours of minute polyps. We remember to have seen such
+_caddis-worms_, as they are called by fishermen, very abundant in the
+wooden troughs constructed by the late Dr. Sibthorp, for aquatic plants,
+in the botanic garden at Oxford, to the cases of which many small shells
+of the G. Planorbis Limnea and Cyclas were affixed, precisely in the same
+manner as in the fossil tubes of Auvergne; an incrusting spring,
+therefore, may, perhaps, be all that is wanting to reproduce, on the banks
+of the Isis or the Charwell, a rock similar in structure to that of the
+Limagne. Mr. Kirby, in his "Entomology," informs us, that these larvae
+ultimately change into a four-winged insect. If you are desirous to examine
+them in their aquatic state, "you have only, (he says) to place yourself by
+the side of a clear and shallow pool of water, and you cannot fail to
+observe at the bottom little oblong moving masses, resembling pieces of
+straw, wood, or even stone--of the larvae itself, nothing is to be seen
+but the head and six legs, by means of which it moves itself in the water,
+and drags after it the case in which the rest of the body is enclosed, and
+into which, on any alarm, it instantly retires. The construction of these
+habitations is very various. Some select four or five pieces of the leaves
+of grass, which they glue together into a shapely polygonal case; others
+employ portions of the stems of rushes, placed side by side, so as to form
+an elegant fluted cylinder; some arrange round them pieces of leaves like
+a spirally-rolled riband; other species construct houses which may be
+called alive, forming them of the shells of various aquatic snails of
+different kinds and sizes, even while inhabited, all of which are
+immovably fixed to them, and dragged about at pleasure. However various
+may be the form of the case externally, within it is usually cylindrical
+and lined with silk."--_Introduction to Entomology, by Kirby and Spence._
+
+
+_Engraving on Glass._
+
+Cover one side of a flat piece of glass, after having made it perfectly
+clean, with bees' wax, and trace figures upon it with a needle, taking
+care that every stroke cuts completely through the wax. Next, make a
+border of wax all round the glass, to prevent any liquor, when poured on,
+from running off. Then take some finely powdered fluate of lime (fluor
+spar,) strew it even over the glass plate upon the waxed side, and then
+gently pour upon it, so as not to displace the powder, as much concentrated
+sulphuric acid diluted with thrice its weight of water, as is sufficient
+to cover the powdered fluor spar. Let every thing remain in this state for
+three hours; then remove the mixture, and clean the glass, by washing it
+with oil of turpentine; the figures which were traced through the wax will
+be found engraven on the glass, while the parts which the wax covered will
+be uncorroded. The fluate of lime is decomposed by the sulphuric acid, and
+sulphate of lime is formed. The fluoric acid, disengaged in the gaseous
+state, combines with the water that diluted the sulphuric acid, and forms
+liquid fluoric acid, by which the glass is corroded.
+
+
+_Habits of Seals._
+
+The brain of this animal, observes Dr. Harwood, is I think, doubtless, of
+greater proportionate magnitude than in any other quadruped, and not only
+does it exhibit in its countenance, the appearance of sagacity, but its
+intelligence is in reality far greater than in most land quadrupeds: hence
+its domestication is rendered much easier than that of other animals, and
+it is susceptible of more powerful attachment. The large seal, which was
+exhibited some time ago at Exeter 'Change, appeared to me to understand
+the language of its keeper as perfectly as the most faithful dog. When he
+entered at one end of its long apartment, it raised its body from the
+water, in which it was injudiciously too constantly kept, supporting itself
+erect against the bar of its enclosure, and wherever he moved, keeping its
+large, dark eyes steadfastly fixed upon him. When desired to make obeisance
+to visitors, it quickly threw itself on one side, and struck the opposite
+one several times in quick succession with its fore-foot, producing a loud
+noise. The young seal, again, which was kept on board the Alexander, in one
+of the northern expeditions, became so much attached to its new mode of
+life, that after being thrown into the sea, and it had become tired of
+swimming at liberty, it regularly returned to the side of the beat, to be
+retaken on board. Such examples might be greatly multiplied; and I cannot
+help stating, that aware of this disposition to become familiar, and this
+participation in the good qualities of the dog, it is astonishing that
+mankind have not chosen this intellectual and finely organized quadruped,
+for aquatic services scarcely less important than some of those in which
+the dog is employed on the surface of the land.--_Quarterly Journal._
+
+
+_Gas from Resin._
+
+Mr. Daniel, the meteorologist, has contrived a process for generating gas
+from resin; which he effects by dissolving the resin in turpentine, or
+any other essential oil, and then allowing the fluid to drop gradually in
+a heated cylinder of iron.
+
+
+_Liquorice Paper._
+
+A mode has been discovered in France of fabricating paper solely from the
+Glycyrrhiza Germanica, or liquorice plant. It is said that this paper is
+cheap, that it is of a whiteness superior to that generally made, and that
+size is not requisite in its manufacture.
+
+
+_Tachygraphy._
+
+A mathematical instrument maker at Paris, of the name of Conti, has
+conceived the notion of a portable instrument which he calls a tachygraph,
+by means of which any person may write, or rather print, as fast as any
+other person can speak. M. Conti, however, like many other ingenious men,
+is not rich; and he has applied to the Académiè des Sciences, for pecuniary
+assistance, and a very favourable report has been made upon his request.
+
+
+_Valuable Discovery in Agriculture._
+
+One of the most recent of useful discoveries in agriculture is to mix
+layers of green or new cut clover with layers of straw in ricks or stacks;
+thus the strength of the clover is absorbed by the straw, which, thus
+impregnated, both horses and cattle eat greedily, and the clover is dried
+and prevented from heating. This practice is particularly calculated for
+second crops of clover and rye-grass.
+
+
+_Pine Apples._
+
+The largest pine ever grown in this kingdom was cut lately from the
+hothouse of John Edwards, Esq. of Rheola, Glamorganshire, and was presented
+to his Majesty at Windsor. It weighed 14 lbs. 12 oz. avoirdupois, was
+12-1/2 inches high, exclusive of the crown, and 26 inches in circumference.
+
+
+_Sea Couch for preventing Sickness._
+
+An elastic or swinging seat, couch, or bed, for preventing the uneasy
+motions of a ship or a carriage, has recently been invented. To effect
+this, the frame of the seat or couch is suspended on juribals or joints,
+turning at right angles to each other, and an elasticity is produced both
+in the seat or cushion, and in the swinging frames, by the use of spiral
+metal springs. These springs are made by twisting steel or iron wire into
+the form of an hour glass, that is, like two cones united at their apices.
+The lower points of their springs are to be sown to the canvass or webbing,
+and their upper parts secured in their proper situations and erect
+positions by pack-thread or small cords, tied or braced from one to the
+other, crossing like a net. On the tops of these springs the usual covering
+of canvass is laid, and then a thin layer of horsehair or wool, upon which
+the outer covering is bitted. Sir Richard Phillips, in the _Monthly
+Magazine_, describes the following successful experiment for preventing
+sea-sickness, made on his crossing from Dover to Calais, a few years
+since. He caused an armed chair to be placed on the deck of the vessel,
+and being seated in it, he began to raise himself up and down, as on
+horseback. The passengers laughed at his eccentricity, but before they
+reached Calais, many of them were sea-sick, whilst Sir Richard continued
+to enjoy his usual health and vigour.
+
+
+_Bites of Venomous Reptiles._
+
+M. le D'Record, sen. discovered, during a long residence in America, what
+he considers a sure mode of preventing mischief from such bites. "It is
+sufficient," he says, "to pour a few drops of tincture of cantharides on
+the wound, to cause a redness and vesiccation; not only is the poison
+rendered harmless, but the stings of the reptiles are removed with the
+epidermis that the bladder raises."--_Med. Journal._
+
+
+_Naval Schools of France._
+
+In France, the system of mutual instruction among the working classes
+prospers in the bosoms of the ports, and schools are founded for the
+particular instruction of the sons of the inferior officers of the
+arsenals, in the elements of calculation, of geometry, and of design, as
+far as necessary for the plans of ships; also the principles of statics,
+so as to enable them to judge of the action and effect of machinery. Prizes
+of gold medals and special promotions are the rewards of the most deserving
+students. Brest was formerly the only port furnished with these schools;
+since the peace, however, libraries are forming in each of the others; and
+in almost all, cabinets of natural history and botanical gardens are
+enriched at every voyage undertaken by French ships, either to foreign
+coasts, or to those of the French colonies. An observatory has been given
+to Toulon and Rochefort. In both these ports naval museums are formed, in
+order to preserve types of the most eminent vessels, whose originals either
+have been, or soon will be, destroyed by time. Models of ingenious
+machines, representations of interesting manoeuvres, a methodical
+collection of raw materials, of tools, and of the product of all the arts
+exercised in a dock-yard--Such are the rich materials collected in these
+interesting repositories.--_From the French of M. Dupin._
+
+
+_Antiquity of Locks._
+
+Locks were known in Egypt above four thousand years since, as was inferred
+by M. Denon, from some sculptures of the great temple of Karnac,
+representing locks similar to those now used in that country. A lock
+resembling the Egyptian is used in Cornwall, and the same has been seen in
+the Faro Islands; to both which places it was probably taken by the
+Phoenicians.--_Quarterly Journal._
+
+
+_To increase the odour of Roses._
+
+Plant a large onion by the side of the rose-tree in such a manner that it
+shall touch the root of the latter. The rose which will be produced will
+have an odour much stronger and more agreeable than such as have not been
+thus treated; and the water distilled from these roses is equally superior
+to that prepared by means of ordinary rose leaves.--_From the French._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+The Selector;
+
+AND LITERARY NOTICES OF _NEW WORKS_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE SPECTRE'S VOYAGE.
+
+  "I see a hand you cannot see,
+    That beckons me away,
+  I hear a voice you cannot hear,
+    That will not let me stay."
+
+
+There is a part of the river Wye, between the city of Hereford and the town
+of Ross, which was known for more than two centuries by the appellation of
+"The Spectre's Voyage;" and across which, as long as it retained that
+appellation, neither entreaty nor remuneration would induce any boatman to
+convey passengers after a certain hour of the night. The superstitious
+notions current among the lower orders were, that at about the hour of
+eight on every evening, a female was seen in a small vessel sailing from
+Hereford to Northbrigg, a little village then distant about three miles
+from the city, of which not even the site is now discernible; that the
+vessel sailed with the utmost rapidity in a dead calm and even against the
+wind; that to encounter it was fatal; that the voyager landed from it on
+the eastern bank of the river, a little beyond the village; that she
+remained some time on shore, making the most fearful lamentations; that she
+then re-entered the vessel, and sailed back in the same manner, and that
+both boat and passenger vanished in a sudden manner as they arrived at a
+certain part of the river, where the current is remarkably strong, within
+about half a mile of the city of Hereford,
+
+This singular tradition, like most stories of a similar character, was not
+without a foundation in truth, as the reader will perceive who takes the
+trouble to peruse the following narrative.
+
+In the turbulent reign of Edward the Second, when the whole of England was
+one theatre of lawless violence, when might was constantly triumphant over
+right, and princes and soldiers only respected the very intelligible, if
+not very equitable principle,
+
+
+  "That they should take who have the power,
+  And they should keep who can,"
+
+
+the city of Hereford was distinguished by the zeal and patriotism of its
+citizens, and by the unshrinking firmness with which they adhered to the
+cause of queen Isabella, and the young prince her son, afterwards the
+renowned king Edward the Third, in opposition to the weak and ill-fated
+monarch who then wore the crown, and his detested favourites the Spensers,
+father and son. Sir Hugh Spenser, the younger, was a man of unquestionable
+talents, and possessed virtues which, during a period of less violence and
+personal animosity, might have proved honourable to himself, and useful to
+his country.
+
+The discontents of the queen and the barons were not vented in fruitless
+complaints or idle menaces. They flew to arms. The king of France, the
+queen's brother, assisted them with men and money; the Count of Hainault,
+to whose daughter Philippa, the young prince had been contracted, did the
+same. The king was driven from London, and forced, with the elder Spenser,
+whom he had created Earl of Winchester, to take refuge in Bristol. Being
+hotly pursued to this city by the Earl of Kent and the Count of Hainault,
+at the head of a formidable army, he was obliged to flee into Wales,
+leaving the elder Spenser governor of the castle of Bristol. This fortress
+was immediately besieged, and speedily taken, as the garrison mutinied
+against their governor, and delivered him into the hands of his enemies.
+This venerable noble, who had nearly reached his ninetieth year, was
+instantly, without trial, or witness, or accusation, or answer, condemned
+to death by the rebellious barons; he was hanged on a gibbet; his body was
+cut to pieces and thrown to the dogs; and his head was sent to Winchester,
+the place whence he derived his title, and was there set on a pole, and
+exposed to the insults of the populace.
+
+When the news of this catastrophe reached the younger Spenser, he was at
+the head of a fine army, which had sat down before the city of Hereford,
+for the purpose of reducing it to obedience to king Edward. The formidable
+force which he commanded had struck terror into the hearts of the citizens,
+so that notwithstanding their attachment to queen Isabella, and their
+detestation of Spenser, they had shown symptoms of their willingness to
+yield to the latter upon reasonable terms; and he, desirous of obtaining
+possession of the city without any unnecessary effusion of blood, had
+granted a truce of a week's duration, to give them time to decide upon what
+conditions they would open their gates to him. The disastrous intelligence
+which he received from Bristol, however, made him doubtful whether he
+should hold inviolate the truce which he had granted to the besieged. He
+did not doubt but that the Earl of Kent and his troops, flushed with
+conquest, would hasten to his destruction, and to the relief of Hereford,
+and that unless he could possess himself of the city and castle, and by
+shutting himself up in the latter be enabled to bid defiance to his
+enemies, the fate of his father must inevitably be his own.
+
+The favourite recreation of the inhabitants of Hereford was then, as it is
+now, to make excursions either alone, or in parties, upon their beautiful
+river. This amusement had become so much a custom with them, that the most
+timid females were not afraid to venture alone and at night in a small
+skiff, with which almost every family of respectability was provided; and
+on a bright moonlight night, the bosom of the river was beautifully
+diversified by the white sails glittering in the moonbeams, while sweet
+female voices would be heard warbling some popular melodies, the, subjects
+of which were usually the praises of prince Edward, or execrations of
+Spenser and those who had corrupted the king. It was on such a night, that
+the incident with which our narrative commences occurred. The moon was
+riding in an unclouded sky--unclouded except by those light fleecy vapours
+which hovered round the form of the queen of night, increasing rather than
+diminishing her beauty. The river seemed one sheet of silver, and numerous
+little vessels passing and repassing, gave it a delightfully animated
+appearance. In one, which seemed to be venturing nearer to the camp of the
+enemy than the others, might be seen a light and delicate female form, and
+on the shore which she was approaching, a little above the village of
+Northbrigg, stood a soldier, whose accoutrements bespoke him to belong to
+the army of Sir Hugh Spenser.
+
+The lady landed, and the soldier hastened to meet her. "Dearest Isabel,"
+he said, "blessings upon thy generous trusting heart, for this sweet
+meeting! I have much to tell thee, but that my tongue dares not utter all
+with which my mind is stored; and if it dared, it is not on such a night
+as this, so bright, so beautiful, that tidings dark as mine should be
+communicated." Isabel, who had laid her head upon his breast when they
+met, started from him, and gazed with the utmost terror and surprise at
+the unwonted gloom which darkened his countenance.
+
+"Walter, what means this? Come you to break the trusting heart which beats
+for you alone? Come you to cancel your vows--to say that we must part for
+ever? Oh! better had you left me to the mercy of the wave, when its work
+of death was half achieved, if you reserved me only for the misery which
+waits upon a broken heart, and blighted and betrayed affections?"
+
+"Sweet, dry these tears!" replied the soldier; "while I have life I am
+thine. I come to warn thee of sure but unseen danger. The walls of
+Hereford are strong, and the arms and hearts of her citizens firm and
+trusty; but her hour is come, and the path of the destroyer, although
+secret, is like the stream which hides itself for a time beneath the earth
+only to spring forth more strongly and irresistibly than ever."
+
+"Thy words are dark and dreadful; but I do not know of any cause for fear,
+or of any means of avoiding it, if it exists."
+
+"Fly with me, fly!--with thy heart and hand reward my love, and think no
+more of those grim walls, and sullen citizens, with souls as iron as their
+beavers, and hearts as cold as the waters of their river."
+
+"Oh! no, no, no! my father's head is grey, and but for me alone all his
+affections, all his hopes are buried in my mother's grave. He hates thee
+and thy cause. When I told him a stranger had rescued his daughter from
+the wave, he raised his hands to heaven and blessed him. I told him that
+that stranger was a follower of the Spensers'; he checked his unfinished
+benediction, and cursed him. But if he knew thee, Walter, thy noble heart,
+thy constant love, methinks that time and entreaty would make him listen
+to his daughter's prayer."
+
+"Alas! my Isabel, entreaty would be vain, and time is already flapping his
+wings, loaded with inevitable ruin, over yon devoted city and its
+inhabitants. Thy father shall be safe--trust that to me; and trust me, too,
+that what I promise I can perform. But thou, my loved one, thou must not
+look upon the horrid face of war: and though my power extends to save thy
+father from injury, it would be easier to save the wall-flowers on the
+ramparts of the city from the foot of the invader, than one so fair, so
+feeble, from his violence and lust."
+
+"Whoe'er thou art," she said, "there is a spell upon my heart which love
+and gratitude have twined, and which makes it thine for ever: but sooner
+would I lock my hand with that of the savage Spenser himself, when reeking
+with the best blood of Hereford's citizens, than leave my father's side
+when his gray hairs are in danger, and my native city, when treachery is
+in her streets and outrage is approaching her walls."
+
+These words were uttered with an animation and vehemence so unusual to
+her, that Walter stood for a moment transfixed with wonder; and before he
+recovered his self-possession, Isabel, with the velocity of lightning, had
+regained her skiff, and was sailing before the wind to Hereford. "Curse on
+my amorous folly!" he exclaimed, "that, for a pair of pale cheeks and
+sparkling eyes, has perhaps ruined a better concerted stratagem than ever
+entered the brain of the Grecian Sinon. I must away, or the false girl
+will wake the slumbering citizens to their defence before the deed is
+done; and yet, must I devote her to the foul grasp of ruffian violence?
+No, no! my power is equal to save or to destroy." As he uttered these
+words he rapidly ascended the rocks which skirted that part of the banks
+of the river on which he stood, and was soon lost among the wild woods
+that crowned their summit.
+
+We shall not enter into any detailed account of the events of that night.
+The royalists, by means of an unexpected attack during the truce, and
+aided by internal treachery, hoped to make themselves masters of the city
+of Hereford. The citizens, however, had by some unknown means obtained
+intelligence of the designs of the enemy, and were prepared to repel their
+attacks. Every street was lined with soldiers, and a band of the bravest
+and most determined, under the command of Eustace Chandos, (Isabel's
+father,) manned the city walls. The struggle was short but sanguinary--the
+invaders were beaten back at every point, their best troops were left dead
+in the trenches, and above two hundred prisoners (among whom was Sir Hugh
+Spenser himself) fell into the hands of the citizens. The successful party
+set no bounds either to their exultation or their revenge. The rejoicings
+were continued for three successive days; the neighbouring country was
+ravaged without cessation and without remorse; and all the prisoners were
+ordered, by a message to that effect received from queen Isabella, to be
+treated as felons, and hanged in the most public places in the city. This
+decree was rigorously and unrelentingly executed. The royalist soldiers,
+without any distinction as to rank or character, suffered the ignominious
+punishment to which they were condemned, and the streets of Hereford were
+blocked up by gibbets, which the most timid and merciful of its
+inhabitants gazed upon with satisfaction and triumph.
+
+Sir Hugh Spenser, both on account of his rank and of the peculiar degree
+of hatred with which each bosom beat against him, was reserved to be the
+last victim. On the day of his execution the streets were lined with
+spectators, and the principal families in the city occupied stations round
+the scaffold. So great was the universal joy at having their enemy in their
+power, that even the wives and daughters of the most distinguished citizens
+were anxious to view the punishment inflicted upon him whom they considered
+the grand cause of all the national evils. Isabel was not of this number;
+but her father sternly compelled her to be a witness of the dismal scene.
+The hour of noon was fast approaching, and the bell of the cathedral
+heavily and solemnly tolled the knell of the unfortunate Spenser. The fatal
+cavalcade approached the place of execution. A stern and solemn triumph
+gleamed in the eyes of the soldiers as they trod by the side of the victim;
+but most of the spectators, especially the females, were melted into tears
+when they beheld the fine manly form of the prisoner, which seemed better
+fitted to adorn the royal levee, or a lady's bower, than for the melancholy
+fate to which he was about to be consigned. His head was bare, and his
+light flaxen hair fell in a rich profusion of locks down his shoulders, but
+left unshaded his finely-proportioned and sunburnt features. He wore the
+uniform of the royal army, and a star on his breast indicated his rank,
+while he held in his hand a small ivory cross, which he frequently and
+fervently kissed. His deportment was firm and contemptuous, and, as he
+looked on the formal and frequently grotesque figures of his guards, his
+features even assumed an expression of risibility. The sight of the gibbet,
+however, which was raised fifty feet high, seemed to appal him, for he had
+not been apprized of the ignominious nature of his punishment. "And is
+this," he said, as he scornfully dashed away a tear which had gathered in
+his eye, "ye rebellious dogs, is this the death to which you doom the heir
+of Winchester?" A stern and bitter smile played on the lips of his guards,
+but they remained silent. "Oh, God!" he continued, "in the field, or on the
+wave, or on the block, which has reeked so often with the bravest and
+noblest blood, I could have died smiling; but this--" His emotion seemed
+increasing, but with a violent effort he suppressed every outward sign of
+it; for the visible satisfaction which gleamed on the dark faces around
+him, at the state of weakness to which they had reduced the proud heart of
+their foe, was more galling to his soul than the shameful death to which he
+was devoted.
+
+By the time he reached the place of execution his face had assumed its
+calm and scornful air, and he sprang upon the scaffold with apparently
+unconcerned alacrity. At the same moment a dreadful shriek issued from that
+part of the surrounding booths in which the family of Chandos sat; and in
+another instant a female, deadly pale, and with her hair and dress
+disordered, had darted on to the scaffold, and clasped the prisoner in her
+arms.
+
+"Walter!" she cried, "Walter! can it be thou? oh! they dare not take thy
+life; thou bravest, best of men! Avaunt, ye bloodthirsty brood! ye cannot
+tear me from him. Not till my arms grow cold in death I'll clasp him thus,
+and defy the world to sever us!"
+
+"Oh! Isabel!" he said, "it is too much; my soul can bear no more. I hoped
+thy eyes had been spared this sight--but the cold tyrants have decreed it
+thus. On! leave me, leave me!--it is in vain--unmannered ruffians, spare
+her!" While he spoke, the soldiers forcibly tore her from him, and were
+dragging her through the crowd.--"My father! save him! he saved thy
+child!--Walter! supplicate him--he is kind." She turned her eyes to the
+scaffold as she uttered these words, and beheld the form of Spenser
+writhing in the air, and convulsed with the last mortal agony. A fearful
+shriek burst from her heart, and she sank senseless in the arms of those
+who bore her.
+
+Isabel survived this event more than a twelvemonth; but her reason had
+fled and her health was so shattered that final recovery was hopeless.
+She took scarcely any food, refused all intercourse with her former
+friends, and even with her father, and would sit silent and motionless
+for days together. One thing only soothed her mind, or afforded her any
+gratification; and this, as she was an experienced navigator of the
+river, her friends indulged her in--to sail from the city of Hereford to
+that spot on which she used to meet her lover. This she did constantly
+every evening; but when she landed, and had waited a short time, her
+shrieks and cries were pitiable. This practice one evening proved fatal.
+Instead of steering to the usual landing-place, a little above the city,
+she entered a part of the river where the current is unusually strong.
+The rapidity of its waves mastered and overturned the frail bark in which
+she sailed, and the unfortunate Isabel sunk to rise no more!
+
+The tragic nature of these events made an impression on the popular mind
+which two centuries did not efface. The spirit of Isabel was still said
+to sail every night from Hereford to Northbrigg, to meet her lover; and
+the beach across the river which this unearthly traveller pursued, was
+long distinguished by the name of "The Spectre's Voyage."
+
+_Neele's Romance of History._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+IRISH GRANDEES.
+
+
+Conspicuous amongst the most conspicuous of the stars; of the ascendant,
+was a lady, who took the field with an _éclat_, a brilliancy, and bustle,
+which for a time fixed the attention of all upon herself. Although a fine
+woman, in the strictest sense of the term, and still handsome, though not
+still very young, she was even more distinguished by her air of high
+supremacy, than by her beauty. She sat loftily in a lofty phaeton, which
+was emblazoned with arms, and covered with coronets; and she played with
+her long whip, as ladies of old managed their fans, with grace and
+coquetry. She was dressed in a rich habit, whose facings and epaulettes
+spoke her the lady of the noble colonel of some provincial corps of
+volunteers. A high military cap, surmounted with a plume of black feathers,
+well became her bright, bold, black eyes, and her brow that looked as if
+accustomed "to threaten and command." The air had deepened her colour
+through her rouge, as it had blown from her dark, dishevelled tresses the
+mareschal powder, then still worn in Ireland--(the last lingering barbarism
+of the British toilette, which France had already abandoned, with other
+barbarous modes, and exchanged for the _coiffure d'Arippine_ and the _tête
+à la Brutus_.) Her _pose_, her glance, her nod, her smile, all conscious
+and careless as they were, proclaimed a privileged autocrat of the Irish
+_bon ton_, a "_dasher_," as it was termed, of the first order; for that
+species of effrontery called _dashing_ was then in full vogue, as consonant
+to a state of society, where all in a certain class went by assumption.
+
+This lady had arrived rather early in the field, for one whose habits were
+necessarily on the wrong side of time and of punctuality. She came bowling
+along, keeping up her fiery steeds to a sort of curvetting gallop, like one
+deep in the science of the _manège_--now deranging the order of march of
+the troops, by breaking through the ranks, in spite of the impertinent
+remonstrances of the out-posts and videttes, at which she laughed, at once
+to show her teeth and her power;--and now scattering the humble crowd,
+"like chaff before the wind," as giving her horses the rein, she permitted
+them to plunge head-long on, while skilfully flourishing her long whip, she
+made on every side a preliminary clearance. Many among the multitude
+announced her as the famous Kitty Cut-dash, and nodded knowingly as she
+passed them; but the greater number detected in the beautiful charioteer,
+the equally famous Albina Countess Knocklofty, the female chief of that
+great oligarchical family, the Proudforts--a family on which the church
+rained mitres, the state coronets, and the people--curses.
+
+Beside her sat, or rather lounged, another dame of quality, bearing the
+stamp of her class and caste as obviously, yet less deeply marked, than
+her companion. More feminine in her air, more foreign in her dress and
+entire bearing, her faultless form, and almost faultless face, had all the
+advantages of the new democratic toilet of Paris, (adopted by its court,
+when more important innovations were still fatally resisted;) and she
+appeared in the Phoenix Park, dressed much in the same costume as Marie
+Antoinette and her female favourites are described to have worn in the
+gardens of Trianon, or in the bowers of St. Cloud,--to the horror of all
+old _dames d'atours_, and all the partisans of the ancient regime of
+whalebone and buckram! The chemise of transparent muslin, or _robe à la
+Poliynae_, _chapeau de paille à la bergere_, tied down with a lilac
+ribbon, with
+
+
+  "Scarf loosely flowing, hair as free,"
+
+
+gave an air of sylph-like simplicity to one, whose features, though
+beautiful, were marked by an expression foreign to simplicity, evincing
+that taste, not sentiment, presided over her toilet, and that, "_chez
+elle, un beau desordre fut l'effet de l'art_."
+
+This triumphal car was followed, or surrounded, by a host of beaux; some
+in military uniform, and with true English faces and figures; but the
+greater number in the civil, though uncivilized, dress of the day, and
+with forms and physiognomies as Irish as ever were exhibited in Pale or
+Palatine, to the dread of English settlers and Scotch undertakers.
+Ponderous powdered clubs, hanging from heads of dishevelled hair--shoulders
+raised or stuffed to an Atlas height and breadth--the stoop of paviers,
+and the lounge of chairmen--broad beavers, tight buckskins, the striped
+vest of a groom, and the loose coat of a coachman, gave something ruffianly
+to the air of even the finest figures, which assorted but too well with the
+daring, dashing manner, that just then had succeeded, among a _particular
+set_, to the courtly polish for which the travelled nobility of Ireland
+were once so distinguished. Such, in exterior, were many of the members of
+the famous _Cherokee Club_, and such the future legislators of that great
+national indignity, which had procured them a contemptible pre-eminence in
+the black book of public opinion, by the style and title of the "_Union
+Lords_." As they now crowded round the cynosures of the day, there was
+something too ardent and unrestrained in their homage, something too
+emphatic in their expressions and gestures, for true breeding; while in
+their handsome, but "light, revelling, and protesting faces," traces of
+the night's orgies were still visible, which gave their fine features a
+licentious cast, and deprived their open and very manly countenances of
+every mark of intellectual expression.--_Lady Morgan's "O'Briens and
+O'Flahertys."_
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE WEE MAN.
+
+
+  It was a merry company.
+    And they were just afloat,
+  When lo! a man of dwarfish span
+    Came up and hail'd the boat.
+
+  "Good morrow to ye, gentle folks,
+    And will you let me in?
+  A slender space will serve my case,
+    For I am small and thin."
+
+  They saw he was a dwarfish man,
+    And very small and thin;
+  Not seven such would matter much,
+    And so they took him in.
+
+  They laugh'd to see his little hat,
+    With such a narrow brim;
+  They laugh'd to note his dapper coat,
+    With skirts so scant and trim.
+
+  But barely had they gone a mile,
+    When, gravely, one and all,
+  At once began to think the man
+    Was not so very small.
+
+  His coat had got a broader skirt,
+    His hat a broader brim,
+  His leg grew stout, and soon plump'd out
+    A very proper limb.
+
+  Still on they went, and as they went
+    More rough the billows grew,--
+  And rose and fell, a greater swell,
+    And he was swelling too!
+
+  And lo! where room had been for seven,
+    For six there scarce was space!
+  For five!--for four!--for three!--not more
+    Than two could find a place!
+
+  There was not even room for one!
+    They crowded by degrees--
+  Ay, closer yet, till elbows met,
+    And knees were jogging knees.
+
+  "Good sir, you must not sit a-stern.
+    The wave will else come in!"
+  Without a word he gravely stirr'd,
+    Another seat to win.
+
+  "Good sir, the boat has lost her trim,
+    You must not sit a-lee!"
+  With smiling face and courteous grace
+    The middle seat took he.
+
+  But still by constant quiet growth,
+    His back became so wide.
+  Each neighbour wight, to left and right,
+    Was thrust against the side.
+
+  Lord! how they chided with themselves,
+    That they had let him in;
+  To see him grow so monstrous now,
+    That came so small and thin.
+
+  On every brow a dew-drop stood,
+    They grew so scared and hot,--
+  "I' the name of all that's great and tall,
+    Who are ye, sir, and what?"
+
+  Loud laugh'd the Gogmagog, a laugh
+    As loud as giant's roar--
+  "When first I came, my proper name
+    Was _Little_--now I'm _Moore_!"
+
+_Hood's Whims and Oddities Second series._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Manners & Customs of all Nations.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+No. XV.
+
+
+LIVING AT CALAIS.
+
+
+Calais may, for various reasons, be looked upon as one of the dearest towns
+in France. An excellent suite of furnished apartments may be had in one of
+the most respectable _private_ houses in Calais, consisting of a
+sitting-room, three bedrooms, and a kitchen, for twenty shillings a week,
+and smaller ones in proportion, down to five shillings a week for a
+bachelor's apartment. This, however, does not include _attendance_ of any
+kind; and, with few exceptions, the apartments can only be taken by the
+month. The price of meat is fixed by a _tarif_, at a maximum of sixpence
+per pound for the very best. It varies, therefore, between that price and
+fourpence; and this pound contains something more than ours. Poultry is
+still cheaper, in proportion, or rather in fact. My dinner to-day consists,
+in part, of an excellent fowl, which cost _8d._ and a pair of delicate
+ducks, which cost _1s. 6d._ The price of bread is also fixed by law, and
+amounts to about two-thirds of the _present_ price of ours in London.
+Butter and eggs are excellent, and always fresh: the first costs from _9d._
+to _10d._ the pound of 18 ounces; and the latter _10d._ the quarter of a
+hundred. Vegetables and fruit, which are all of the finest quality, and
+fresh from the gardens of the adjacent villages, are as follow:--asparagus,
+at the rate of _8d._ or _9d._ the hundred, peas (the picked young ones,)
+_3d._ per quart; new potatoes (better than any we can get in England,
+except what they call the _framed_ ones,) three pounds far a penny;
+cherries and currants (picked for the table,) _2d._ per pound; strawberries
+(the high flavoured wood-strawberry, which is so fine with sugar and
+cream,) _4d._ for a full quart, the stocks being picked off. (This latter
+is a delicacy that can scarcely be procured in England for any price.) The
+above may serve as an indication of all the rest, as all are in proportion.
+The finest pure milk is _2d._ per quart; good black or green teas, _4s.
+6d._ per pound; and the finest green gunpowder tea, _7s._; coffee, from
+_1s. 3d._ to _2s._; good brandy, _1s. 3d._ per quart, and the very best,
+_2s._ (I do not mean the very finest old Cogniac, which costs _3s. 6d._)
+Wine is dearer in Calais than, perhaps, in any other town in France, that
+could be named; but still you may have an excellent table wine for _1s._
+per quart bottle; and they make a very palatable and wholesome beer, for
+_1-1/2d._ and _2-1/2d._ per bottle--the latter of which has all the good
+qualities of our porter, and none of its bad. Fish is not plentiful at
+Calais, except the skate, which you may have for almost nothing, as indeed
+you may at many of our own sea-port towns. But you may always have good
+sized turbot (enough for six persons for _3s._ and a cod weighing from
+twelve to fifteen pounds,) for half that sum. As to the wages of female
+servants, they can scarcely be considered as much cheaper, nominally, than
+they are with us. But then the habits of the servants, and the cost of what
+they eat, make their _keep_ and wages together amount to not more than half
+what they do with us.
+
+It only remains to tell you of what is _dearer_ here than it is in England,
+I have tried all I can to find out items belonging to this latter head, and
+have succeeded in _two_ alone--namely, sugar and fuel. You cannot have
+brown sugar under _8d._ and indifferent loaf sugar costs _1s. 3d._ And as
+to firing, it is dearer, _nominally_ alone, and in point of fact, does not
+cost, to a well regulated family, near so much, in the course of the year,
+as coals do in our houses.--_Monthly Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ROMAN FUNERALS.
+
+
+The ceremonial of the funeral of a cardinal is considered as one of the
+most imposing at Rome, which is a city of ceremonies, and yielding only
+in magnificence to the obsequies of royal personages. The burial of the
+Mezzo-ceto classes is conducted rather differently. The body is exposed
+much in the same manner, at home; but the convoi, or passage from the
+habitation to the sepulchre, is generally considered as an occasion which
+calls for the utmost display. Torches, priests, psalmody, are sought for
+with a spirit of rivalry which easily explains the sumptuary laws of the
+Florentine and Roman statute-books, and which, unnoticed but not
+extinguished in the present age, in a poorer must have been highly
+offensive to the frugality and jealousies of a republic. The religious
+orders, the Capucins particularly, are in constant requisition; not a day
+that you may not meet two or three of their detachments in various parts
+of the city:---the religious or charitable fraternities, such as the
+Fratelli della Misericordia, of which the deceased is generally a brother
+or a benefactor, or both, think it also a point of duty and gratitude to
+swell the _cortège_, and in the greatest numbers they can muster to attend.
+Their costume, which is highly picturesque, is always a striking feature,
+and adds much to the brilliancy of the display. They wear a sort of sack
+robe or tunic, which covers the whole body, girt with a rope round the
+waist, and with holes pierced in the _capuchon_ for the eyes; their large
+grey slouched hat is thrown back, much in the manner in which it appears
+on the statues of Mercury, on their shoulders; their feet are often in
+zoccoli, or sandals of wood, and sometimes, though rarely, bare. The
+colour of their dress varies according to the rule of their society; at
+Rome, I have noticed white, blue, and grey: at Florence they prefer black.
+The corpse is dressed up with great care, and often with a degree of luxury
+which would become a wedding; the best linen, the richest ornaments, are
+lavished; garlands are placed on the head; the hands crossed, with a
+crucifix between them, on the bosom, and the face and feet left quite bare.
+Sometimes, through a capricious fit of piety, all this is studiously
+dispensed with, and the body appears clad in the habit of some religious
+order, to which the deceased was especially addicted during life. In this
+manner the procession begins to move after sunset, preceded by a tall
+silver cross, beadles, &c.; friars, priests, &c. chanting the De Profundis
+through the principal streets to the church where it is intended it should
+be interred.
+
+The effect, with some abatements for boys following to pick up the
+drippings of the torches, and the perfect indifference of the assistants,
+for neither friends nor relatives attend, is certainly very solemn. The
+deep hoarse recitative of the psalm, the strange phantom-like appearance
+of the fraternities, the flash and glare of the torches which they carry,
+on the face of the dead; the dead body itself, in all the appalling
+nakedness of mortality, but still mocked with the tawdry images of this
+world, in the flowers and tinsel and gilding which surround it; the quick
+swinging motion with which it is hurried along, and with which it comes
+trenching, when one least expects it, on all the gaieties and busy
+interests of existence (for at this hour the Corso and the Caffés are most
+crowded)--all this, without any reference to the intrinsic solemnity of
+such a scene, is calculated, as mere stage effect, powerfully to stir up
+the sympathies and imagination of a stranger. On the inhabitants, as might
+be apprehended, such pageants have long since lost all their influence;
+and I have seen a line extending down a whole street, without deranging a
+single lounger from his seat, or interrupting for an instant the pleasures
+of ice-eating and punch-drinking, which generally takes place in the open
+air. Whether this passion for bringing into coarse contact, as is often
+the case, both life and death, the gloomy and the gay, be constitutional
+or traditional, I know not; but a traveller can scarcely fail of being
+struck with the prevalence of the feeling and practice amongst southern
+nations at all periods of their history, and finding in the modern
+inhabitants of those favoured regions, frequent resemblances to that
+strange spirit of melancholy voluptuousness, which travelled onward from
+Egypt to Greece, and from Greece, together with the other refinements of
+her philosophy, into the greater part of Italy. On reaching the church,
+unless the wealth and situation of the departed can permit the consolation
+or the vanity of a high mass, the body is immediately committed to the
+tomb. Such at least is the practice at Rome; and there are few who have
+not witnessed with disgust the indecent haste of the few attendants by
+whom this portion of the last rites is usually despatched. In the country,
+and in smaller towns, the corpse is usually exposed for at least a day: I
+know few exceptions, from Trent to Naples. It is generally an affecting
+ceremony. One of the most touching instances of the kind I can remember,
+was the exposure of a young girl, who had just died in the flush of beauty
+in a small village in Tuscany. I was passing through at the time, and
+stepped by chance into the church. The corpse was lying on a low bier
+before the altar; a small lamp burnt above. Her two younger sisters were
+kneeling at her side, and from time to time cast flowers upon her head.
+Scarcely a peasant entered but immediately came up and touched the bier,
+and, after kneeling for a few moments, rose and murmured a prayer or two
+for the spiritual rest of the departed. All this was done very naturally,
+and with a kindliness which spoke highly for the warmth and purity of their
+affections. A similar custom still continues at Rome. The day after the
+execution of the conspirator Targioni, who suffered in the late affair of
+the Prince Spada, flowers and chaplets, notwithstanding every precaution
+on the part of the police, were found scattered on his tomb. He has been
+refused, for his contumacy in his last moments, Christian sepulture, and
+was buried in a field outside the Porta del Popolo. It is remarkable that,
+very nearly in the same place, the freedmen of Nero paid a similar tribute
+of affection to the mortal remains of their master. Garlands and flowers,
+the morning after his death, were also found upon _his_ tomb.
+
+_New Monthly Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SLAVERY IN THE EAST.
+
+
+The slave in eastern countries, after he is trained to serve, attains the
+condition of a favoured domestic; his adoption of the religion of his
+master is usually the first step which conciliates the latter. Except at
+a few seaports, he is seldom put to hard labour. In Asia these are no
+fields tilled by slaves, no manufactories in which they are doomed to
+toil; their occupations are all of a domestic nature, and good behaviour
+is rewarded by kindness and confidence, which raises them in the community
+to which they belong. The term gholam, or slave, in Mahomedan countries,
+is not one of opprobrium, nor does it even convey the idea of a degraded
+condition. The Georgians, Nubians, and Abyssinians, and even the Seedee,
+or Caffree, as the woolly-headed Africans are called, are usually married,
+and their children, who are termed house-born, become, in a manner, part
+of their master's family. They are deemed the most attached of his
+adherents: they often inherit a considerable portion of his wealth; and
+not unfrequently (with the exception of the woolly-headed Caffree) lose,
+by a marriage in his family, or by some other equally respectable
+connexion, all trace of their origin.
+
+According to the Mahomedan law, the state of slavery is divided into two
+conditions--the perfect and absolute, or imperfect and privileged. Those
+who belong to the first class are, with all their property, at the disposal
+of their masters. The second, though they cannot, before emancipation,
+inherit or acquire property, have many privileges, and cannot be sold or
+transferred. A female, who has a child to her master, belongs to the
+privileged class; as does a slave, to whom his master has promised his
+liberty, on the payment of a certain sum, or on his death.--_Sir J.
+Malcolm's Sketches of Persia._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+The Gatherer.
+
+
+  "I am but a _Gatherer_ and disposer of other men's stuff."--_Wotton._
+
+
+LEVEES.
+
+
+Secretaries of state, presidents of the council, and generals of an army,
+have crowds of visitants in a morning, all soliciting of past promises;
+which are but a civiller sort of duns, that lay claim to voluntary
+debts.--CONGREVE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PERVERSE PUN.
+
+
+The other day as Kenny was dining at a friend's house, after dinner wine
+being introduced and Kenny partaking of it, was on the instant observed
+to cough immoderately, when one of the company inquired if the cause was
+not owing to a bit of cork getting into the glass; to which Kenny replied,
+"I should think it was Cork, for it went far to _Kill Kenny_."
+
+P.K.R.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+AUTHORS AND EDITORS.
+
+
+  "Do you hear, let them be well used."
+    SHAKSPEARE.
+
+
+Accustomed as our readers are to the quips, quirks, and quibbles, of the
+_Gatherer_, we doubt whether the following loose reflections will not be
+received as egotistical, or out of place. But we are induced to the hazard
+by the recent appearance of "The Tale of a Modern Genius," (stated to be
+by Mr. Pennie,) and an interesting paper in the last _London Magazine_,
+entitled "Memoirs of a Young Peasant:" in which productions the fates and
+fortunes of genius are set forth with very powerful claims to the sympathy
+of readers. Indeed, we recommend their perusal to many of our "neglected"
+correspondents, in the hope of their becoming more reconciled to the
+justice with which their contributions are rejected. In the comparison,
+their works will be as "the labours of idleness," listlessly penned under
+first impressions, or, at best, with the fond anticipation of appearing in
+print. Vexatious as the disappointment may appear, what is it compared with
+the bare fate of genius, stripped of the bare means of sustenance by the
+unsuccessful result of a literary engagement, or the non-completion of a
+purchase, on which probably depended the very day's existence. The subject
+is trite and hacknied; but all that has been written about the illusions
+and misgivings of genius will not alter its complexion. It is true that
+such details have raised a spirit of sympathetic forbearance towards the
+distresses of men of letters, except in the breasts of the most barbarous
+and vulgar. But their sufferings are doubly acute, and their perceptions
+doubly tender. In their intercourse with mankind, they become _flattered_
+by associates, and it not unfrequently happens that men who are the most
+ready to quote such ascendancy or superiority in society, are the first
+to break the charm they have created, by some act of extreme rigour. Such
+conduct is cruel and unchristian.
+
+Again, the sufferings of men of genius are increased by their own
+reflection on them, and in addition to real woes they thus inflict on
+themselves thousands of imaginary ones. A loss in trade may be repaired
+by the profits of the succeeding day, and all be set right, where gain
+is the sole idol; but when fame is mixed up in the pursuit, there is a
+suffering beyond the hour, the day, or the year--mixed up in the defeat.
+Hope is crushed; and after her flittering shade spring up misanthropy and
+despair.
+
+Light and fickle as is the public taste for literature, we are disposed
+to think that, (barring the influence of great names) the chances of
+success are as frequent in this as in any other field of human ingenuity;
+and we can assure the public that our repose has not always been on a bed
+of roses. But it seems to be with certain literary candidates as with
+nations: there is a certain point of fame which men seem content to reach,
+after which, in return for the darling caresses of the world, they kick at
+their patrons; and if the maxim work true, that the fame of authors suffers
+by our known contact and conversation with them, Sir Walter Scott's recent
+avowal is a dangerous step, unless he was tired of his fame. Of course, we
+have not yet arrived at the above point, so that our readers need not fear
+our ingratitude; and we are willing to abide by the condition, that when we
+forget our patrons, may they forget us.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CURE FOR ENVY.
+
+
+Bishop Berkeley (that acute reasoner) contrived a lucky antidote, for the
+suffering of envy. "When I walk the streets," says he, "I use the following
+natural maxim, (viz. that he is the true possessor of a thing who enjoys
+it, and not he that owns it without the enjoyment of it,) to convince
+myself that I have a property in the gay part of all the gilt chariots
+that I meet, which I regard as amusement to delight my eyes, and the
+imagination of those kind people who sit in them gaily attired only to
+please me;" by which maxim he fancied himself one of the richest men in
+Great Britain.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LIMBIRD'S EDITION OF THE BRITISH NOVELIST, Publishing in Monthly Parts,
+price 6d. each.--Each Novel will be complete in itself, and may be
+purchased separately.
+
+_The following Novels are already Published:_
+
+
+                                           s.  d.
+  Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield           0   10
+  The Mysteries of Udolpho                 3    6
+  Mackenzie's Man of Feeling               0    6
+  Rasselas                                 0    8
+  Paul and Virginia                        0    6
+  The Old English Baron                    0    8
+  The Castle of Otranto                    0    6
+  The Romance of the Forest                1    8
+  Almoran and Hamet                        0    6
+  Elizabeth, or the Exiles of Siberia      0    6
+  Nature and Art                           0    8
+  The Italian                              2    0
+  A Simple Story                           1    4
+  The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne       0    6
+  Sicilian Romance                         1    0
+  The Man of the World                     1    0
+  Zeluco, by Dr. Moore                     2    0
+  Joseph Andrews                           1    6
+  Humphry Clinker                          1    8
+  Edward, by Dr. Moore                     2    6
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, London, and Sold by all Booksellers
+and Newsmen_.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT,
+AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 10, ISSUE 284, NOVEMBER 24, 1827***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 11407-8.txt or 11407-8.zip *******
+
+
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/4/0/11407
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS,' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's
+eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII,
+compressed (zipped), HTML and others.
+
+Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks replace the old file and take over
+the old filename and etext number.  The replaced older file is renamed.
+VERSIONS based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving
+new filenames and etext numbers.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+EBooks posted prior to November 2003, with eBook numbers BELOW #10000,
+are filed in directories based on their release date.  If you want to
+download any of these eBooks directly, rather than using the regular
+search system you may utilize the following addresses and just
+download by the etext year.
+
+http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/etext06
+
+    (Or /etext 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99,
+     98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90)
+
+EBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are
+filed in a different way.  The year of a release date is no longer part
+of the directory path.  The path is based on the etext number (which is
+identical to the filename).  The path to the file is made up of single
+digits corresponding to all but the last digit in the filename.  For
+example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at:
+
+https://www.gutenberg.org/1/0/2/3/10234
+
+or filename 24689 would be found at:
+https://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/6/8/24689
+
+An alternative method of locating eBooks:
+https://www.gutenberg.org/GUTINDEX.ALL
+
+*** END: FULL LICENSE ***
diff --git a/old/11407-8.zip b/old/11407-8.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..65a048b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/11407-8.zip
diff --git a/old/11407-h.zip b/old/11407-h.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f23ffe3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/11407-h.zip
diff --git a/old/11407-h/11407-h.htm b/old/11407-h/11407-h.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..847170f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/11407-h/11407-h.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,2643 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 10, Issue 284, November 24, 1827, by Various</title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+    /*<![CDATA[*/
+    <!--
+    body                 {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;}
+    p                    {text-align: justify;}
+    blockquote           {text-align: justify;}
+    h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6    {text-align: center;}
+    pre                  {font-size: 0.7em;}
+
+    hr                   {text-align: center; width: 50%;}
+    html>body hr         {margin-right: 25%; margin-left: 25%; width: 50%;}
+    hr.full              {width: 100%;}
+    html>body hr.full    {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;}
+
+    .note, .footnote     {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;}
+
+    span.pagenum         {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt;}
+
+    .poem                {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;}
+    .poem .stanza        {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;}
+    .poem p              {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem p.i2           {margin-left: 1em;}
+    .poem p.i4           {margin-left: 2em;}
+    .poem p.i6           {margin-left: 3em;}
+
+    .figure              {padding: 1em; margin: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em; margin: auto;}
+    .figure img          {border: none;}
+    .figure p
+    -->
+    /*]]>*/
+	a:link {color:blue;
+			text-decoration:none}
+	link {color:blue;
+			text-decoration:none}
+	a:visited {color:blue;
+			text-decoration:none}
+	a:hover {color:red}
+    </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 10, Issue 284, November 24, 1827, by Various</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 10, Issue 284, November 24, 1827</p>
+<p>Author: Various</p>
+<p>Release Date: March 2, 2004  [eBook #11407]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: iso-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 10, ISSUE 284, NOVEMBER 24, 1827***</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+<center><b>E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Chew-Hung Lee, David Garcia,<br />
+           and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team</b></center>
+<br />
+<br />
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a id="page345" name="page345"></a>[pg
+    345]</span>
+    <h1>
+      THE MIRROR<br />
+       OF<br />
+       LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+    </h1>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <table width="100%" summary="Banner">
+      <tr>
+        <td align="left">
+          <b>VOL. X, NO. 284.]</b>
+        </td>
+        <td align="center">
+          <b>SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 24, 1827.</b>
+        </td>
+        <td align="right">
+          <b>[PRICE 2d.</b>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <h3>
+      NAVARINO AND THE ISLAND OF SPHAGIA.
+    </h3>
+    <div class="figure" style="width: 100%;">
+      <a href="images/284-1.png"><img width="100%"
+      src="images/284-1.png"
+      alt="Navarino and the island of Sphagia." /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a id="page346" name="page346"></a>[pg
+      346]</span> As our victories, though managed by the hand, are
+      achieved by the head, we feel little disposed to meddle with
+      what Burke calls "the mystery of murder," or "the present
+      perfection of gunnery, cannoneering, bombarding, and mining;"
+      and inveterate as may be the weapon of the goose-quill, we
+      trust our readers will not suspect us of any other policy
+      than that of pleasing them, the <i>ne plus ultra</i> of all
+      public servants. As our title implies, we are bound to
+      present or reflect in our pages certain illustrations of
+      popular topics, <i>veluti</i> IN SPECULUM; accordingly, we
+      hope the accompanying <i>View and Plan of the Bay of
+      Navarino</i> will be received in good season, <i>quod rerum
+      est omnium primum</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thus far, the political or present interest attached to
+      Navarino: with the recent event which has raised, or we may
+      say resuscitated such interest, our readers have doubtless
+      become familiar, and leaving the ephemeral glory to the
+      <i>Sun</i> of all newspapers, and meaner "chronicles of the
+      times," we shall proceed to the sober duty of describing the
+      Bay of Navarino, as, it will be seen, a place of some
+      interest in the annals of ancient as well as of modern
+      warfare.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With our usual <i>literary honesty</i>, (we trust a
+      characteristic of our whole conduct,) we have to acknowledge
+      our obligations to the "Travels" of M. Pouqueville for the
+      preceding view. "The port of Navarino, certainly one of the
+      finest in the world," says Sir William Gell, in his
+      interesting <i>Journey in the Morea</i>, "is formed by a deep
+      indenture in the Morea, shut in by a long island, anciently
+      called Sphacteria, famous for the defeat and capture of the
+      Spartans, in the Peloponnesian war, and yet exhibiting the
+      vestige of walls, which may have served as their last refuge.
+      This island has been separated into three or four parts by
+      the violence of the waves, so that boats might pass from the
+      open sea into the port in calm weather, by means of the
+      channel so formed. On one of the portions is the tomb of a
+      Turkish saint, or santon; and near the centre of the port is
+      another very small island, or rock." The modern name of the
+      island is <i>Sphagia</i>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Navarino, called by the Turks <i>Avarin</i>, and the Greeks
+      <i>Neo-Castron</i>, is the Pylos of the ancients, and the
+      supposed birthplace of the venerable Nestor&mdash;standing
+      upon a promontory at the foot of Mount Temathia, and
+      overlooking the vast harbour of the same name as the town. It
+      is surrounded only by a wall without a ditch; the height
+      commanding the city is a little hexagonal, defended by five
+      towers at the external angles, which, with the walls, were
+      built by the Turks in 1572, but were never repaired till
+      after the war with the Russians in 1770; the Turks having
+      previously taken it from the Venetians in 1499. At the gate
+      of the fortress is a miserable Greek village; and the walls
+      of the castle itself are in a dismantled condition.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "The town within the wall," says Sir W. Gell, "is like all
+      those in this part of the world, encumbered with the fallen
+      ruins of former habitations. These have been generally
+      constructed by the Turks, since the expulsion of the
+      Venetians; for it appears, that till the long continued habit
+      of possession had induced the Mahometans to live upon and
+      cultivate their estates in the country, and the power of the
+      Venetian republic had been consumed by a protracted peace, a
+      law was enforced which compelled every Turk to have a
+      habitation in some one of the fortresses of the country. But
+      the habitatations," says our traveller, "present generally an
+      indiscriminate mass of ruins; they were originally erected in
+      haste, and being often cemented with mud instead of mortar,
+      the rains of autumn, penetrating between the outer and inner
+      faces of the walls, swell the earth, and soon effect the ruin
+      of the whole"&mdash;it must be confessed, but sorry
+      structures for the <i>triple</i> fires of an enemy. Sir
+      William, on his visit, found the commandant in a state of
+      misery not exceeded by the lot of his meanest
+      fellow-citizens, except that his robes were somewhat in
+      better condition. He received him "very kindly in a dirty
+      unfurnished apartment," into which he "climbed by a tottering
+      ladder from a court strewed with ruins;" here he gave him
+      "coffee," after which he took his leave. What would a first
+      lord of the Admiralty say to such a reception? and it must
+      have been somewhat uncourtly to our traveller.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The soil about Navarino is of a red colour, and is remarkable
+      for the production of an infinite quantity of squills, which
+      are used in medicine. The rocks, which show themselves in
+      every direction through a scanty but rich soil, are
+      limestone, and present a general appearance of
+      unproductiveness round the castle of Navarino; and the
+      absence of trees is ill compensated by the profusion of sage,
+      brooms, cistus, and other shrubs which start from the
+      innumerable cavities of the limestone.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The remains of Navarino Vecchio, or ancient Navarino, consist
+      in a fort or castle of mean construction, covering the summit
+      of a hill sloping quickly to the south, but falling in abrupt
+      precipices to the north and east. The town was built
+      <span class="pagenum"><a id="page347" name="page347"></a>[pg
+      347]</span> on the southern declivity, and was surrounded by
+      a wall, which, allowing for the natural irregularities of the
+      soil, represented a triangle, with the castle at the apex or
+      summit&mdash;a form observable in many of the ancient cities
+      of Greece.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The foundation of the walls throughout the whole circuit
+      remains entire; but the fortifications were never of any
+      consequence, though they present a picturesque group of
+      turrets and battlements from below, and must have been very
+      imposing from the sea,&mdash;an effect which those of the
+      modern city have recently failed to produce. From the top is
+      an extensive view over the island of Sphacteria, the port,
+      with the town of Navarino to the south, and a considerable
+      tract of the territory anciently called Messenia on the east,
+      with the conic hill, which, though some miles from the shore,
+      is used as a landmark to point out the entrance of the port.
+      Mr. Purdy, in his <i>New Sailing Directory for the
+      Mediterranean Sea</i>, says, "from the sea, a frigate might,
+      in two or three hours, batter down the walls (of Navarino);
+      the artillery of the place (in 1825) consisted of forty
+      pieces of cannon; the greater part in the fort, eight on the
+      battery at the entrance of the harbour, and a few in some of
+      the towers along the city." It should be added that the port
+      is said to be capable of containing 2,000 sail; and the
+      population of the town is about 3,000, the most of whom are
+      Turks.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To the curious <i>dilettanti</i> in dates, &amp;c. (such as
+      our friend <i>P.T.W.</i> &amp;c.) the following almost
+      coinciding circumstances may not prove
+      uninteresting:&mdash;The recent engagement took place on the
+      anniversary of the memorable battle of Salamis, 480 B.C. when
+      the invading army of Xerxes was defeated by the Greeks; and
+      on which day Euripides, the Greek tragic poet, was born:
+      Nestor is said to have been born at Navarino, as we have
+      already mentioned: and, lastly, the attack, of which the
+      subjoined plan is illustrative, was made on the eve of the
+      anniversary of the glorious battle of Trafalgar, in which
+      victory the vice-admiral of Navarino, then captain of the
+      Orient, was engaged.
+    </p>
+    <div class="figure" style="width: 100%;">
+      <a href="images/284-2.png"><img width="100%"
+      src="images/284-2.png" alt="Plan" /></a>
+    </div>
+    <center>
+      REFERENCES.
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      1. The English Squadron.<br />
+      2. French Squadron.<br />
+      3. Russian Squadron.<br />
+      4. The combined Turko-Egyptian Fleet.<br />
+      5. The boat sent by the "Dartmouth" to one of the Turkish
+      Fire Ships, in which Lieutenant G.W.H.F. Fitzroy was
+      killed.<br />
+      6. and 7. Turkish Fire ships.<br />
+      The other figures denote the depth of water in English
+      fathoms.
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a id="page348" name="page348"></a>[pg
+      348]</span>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      SEASONABLE RELICS.
+    </h3>
+    <center>
+      PART OF AN ANCIENT SONG.
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      The following is part of an old song which I have faithfully
+      copied; it was, I am told, sung at Wakes in the north of
+      England, and also previous to Christmas: from the appearance,
+      little doubt is left as to its being of northern composition.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have seen in former volumes of the MIRROR, specimens of two
+      ancient ballads, and as they are a curiosity, I have sent
+      mine as being, I think, equally so. There is an old ballad
+      which I have met with and purchased, entitled "The Outlandish
+      Knight," but it is certainly greatly altered, though the tale
+      is preserved.
+    </p>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          This ean night, this ean night,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Every night and awle,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Fire and fleet,<a id="footnotetag1"
+          name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a>
+          and candle lyght,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          And Chryst receyve thy sawle.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          When those from hence dost passe awaye,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Every night and awle,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          To whinnye moore thou com'st at last,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          And Chryste receyve thy sawle.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          If ever thou gav'st either hosen or shune,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Every night and awle,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Sit thee down and put them on,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          And Chryst receyve thy sawle.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          But if hosen and shune thou never gav'st nean,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Every night and awle,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The whinnes shall prick thee to the bare beane,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          And Chryst receyve thy sawle.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          From whynne moore then thou may'st passe,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Every night and awle,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          To brigge of dread thou com'st at last,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          And Christ receyve thy sawle.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          From brigge of dread that thou may'st passe,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Every night and awle,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          To purgatory fire thou com'st at last,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          And Chryst receyve thy sawle.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          If e'er thou gav'st either meate or drinke,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Every night and awle,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The fire shall never make thee shrynke,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          And Chryst receyve thy sawle.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          But yf meate and drinke thou never gav'st neane,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Every night and awle,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The fire shall burn thee to the bare beane,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          And Chryst receyve thy sawle.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      The next I give you is an extract from the Court Rolls of the
+      Borough of Hales Owen, of the
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      <i>Custom of Bride Ale.</i>
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      "A payne ys made that no person or persons that shall brewe
+      any weddyn ale to sell, shall not brewe aboue twelve stryke
+      of mault at the most, and that the said persons so marryed
+      shall not keep nor haue above eyght messe of persons at hys
+      dinner within the burrowe, and before hys brydall daye he
+      shall keep no unlawfull games in hys house nor out of hys
+      house on payne of 20<i>s</i>."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Besides "Bride Ale," there was the Church Ales, and Easter
+      Ales, Whitsuntide Ales, and a quantity of others which we
+      have no accounts of. I conclude this short notice with the
+      hope of soon supplying you with a fund of information against
+      Christmas.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      W.H.H.
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIR OF HELEN.
+    </h3>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          Princess Helen was born of an egg,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          And scarcely ten years had gone by,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          When Theseus beginning to beg,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Decoyed the young chicken to fly.
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          When Tyndarus heard the disaster,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          He crackled and thunder'd like Etna,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          So out gallop'd Pollux and Castor,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          And caught her a furlong from Gretna.
+        </p>
+        <p class="i4">
+          Singing rattledum, Greek Romanorum,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i6">
+          And hey classicality row.
+        </p>
+        <p class="i4">
+          Singing birchery, floggera, borum,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i6">
+          And folderol whack rowdy dow.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          The newspapers puffed her each day,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Till the princes of Greece came to woo her,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Then coaxing the rest to give way,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          She took Menalaus unto her,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          So said they, "though we grieve to resign,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Yet if ever you're put to a shift,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Let your majesty drop us a line,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          And we'll all of us lend you a lift.
+        </p>
+        <p class="i4">
+          With our rattledum, &amp;c."
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          Menelaus was happy to win her.
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          But she soon found a cure for his passion,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          By hobbing or nobbing at dinner,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          With Paris, a Trojan of fashion.
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          This chap was a slyish young dog,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          The most jessamy fellow in life,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          For he drank Menalaus' grog,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          And d&mdash;me made off with his wife.
+        </p>
+        <p class="i4">
+          Singing rattledum, &amp;c.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          The princes were sent for, who swore
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          They would punish this finikin boy;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          So Achilles and two or three more,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Undertook the destruction of Troy.
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          But Achilles grew quite ungenteel,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          And prevented their stirring a peg,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Till Paris let fly at his heel,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          And he found himself laid by the leg.
+        </p>
+        <p class="i4">
+          With his rattledum, &amp;c.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          The Grecians demolish'd the city,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          And then (as the poets have told)
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Dame Helen might still be called pretty,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Though very near sixty years old.
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Menelaus, when madam was found,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Took her snugly away in his chaise,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          So Troy being burnt to the ground,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Why the story goes off with a blaze.
+        </p>
+        <p class="i4">
+          And a rattledum, &amp;c.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      HORSE-CHESTNUTS.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      (<i>To the Editor of the Mirror.</i>)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In a recent number there was a notice of the uses of the
+      <i>Esculus Hippocastaneus</i>, or horse chestnuts; but a very
+      important <span class="pagenum"><a id="page349"
+      name="page349"></a>[pg 349]</span> one was omitted, namely,
+      its substitution occasionally for Peruvian bark in cases of
+      intermittent fever. This disorder, known better by the name
+      of ague, had been formerly epidemic in Ireland, where the
+      humidity of the atmosphere is continually increased by the
+      exhalation of the lochs and bogs with which the country
+      abounds. In consequence, however, of the formation of the
+      Grand and Royal Canals, and the drainage of the waters in
+      their vicinity, the tendency to this disease was greatly
+      lessened; and about twenty years ago the disorder was so rare
+      in Dublin and the neighbourhood, that the medical students
+      often complained that they graduated without ever having an
+      opportunity of seeing in the hospitals a single case of this
+      once almost universal disorder. In consequence, however, of
+      the extreme wetness of one summer and autumn, agues again
+      resumed their ascendancy, and the hospitals and dispensaries
+      became crowded with intermittent patients, and all the bark
+      of the druggists and apothecaries was put into requisition;
+      but to the surprise and disappointment of all the medical
+      men, this infallible specific was altogether inert and
+      powerless, and after repeated trials and disappointments, it
+      was abandoned as useless. It was now a matter of importance
+      to ascertain the cause of this extraordinary failure, whether
+      it arose from the altered character of the complaint, or from
+      the deteriorated quality of the medicine; and it was found to
+      be the latter. In consequence of the long cessation of
+      intermittent fever, bark had been little used or called for,
+      and the stock had remained so long on hand, that it had
+      become effete and worthless. It was necessary then to try
+      some substitute. Quassia-wood, the acorus calamus, and other
+      bitters and aromatics, were tried; but that which seemed to
+      succeed best was the bark and kernel of the horse-chestnut.
+      The nut was moderately dried in a stove, so as to be capable
+      of being powdered, and in that state was exhibited in
+      substance with cayenne pepper and other aromatics. The bark
+      was taken in infusions and decoctions with quassia, and the
+      effects were sometimes very decided and satisfactory, forming
+      a providential substitute for the only kind of bark then to
+      be procured in Ireland.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      W.
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      SONNET.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      (<i>For the Mirror.</i>)
+    </p>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          Say what repays the gamester's nightly toil,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Can hell itself more hideous woes impart?
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Can glitt'ring heaps of ill-begotten spoil,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Appease the cravings of his callous heart?
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          For this alone he severs every tie,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          For this he marks unmov'd the orphan's tear,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          E'en nature's charms, a smile from beauty's eye
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          No longer can his blasted prospects cheer.
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          But now prevails the dice's rattling sound,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          The loud blaspheming oath, and cry of woe,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          From tables set with spectre forms around,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Hurrying with frantic haste, th' expected throw!
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Than this no greater foe to man remains
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          This is the mightiest triumph Satan gains!
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      E.L.
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      ORIGINAL TRANSLATIONS.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      (<i>For the Mirror.</i>)
+    </p>
+    <center>
+      Horace.&mdash;Ode xxx.&mdash;B. 1.<br />
+      TO VENUS.
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      <i>He invokes her to be present at Glycera's private
+      sacrifice</i>
+    </p>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          Venus! leave thy loved isle,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          And on Glycera's altar smile;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Breathing perfumes hail the day,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Haste thee, Venus! haste away.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          Bring with thee the am'rous boy;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The loose-rob'd Graces crown our joy!
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Youth swell thy train, who owes to thee
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Her charms, and winged Mercury!
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <center>
+      ODE xxvi.&mdash;B. 3.<br />
+      TO THE SAME.
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      <i>He renounces Love.</i>
+    </p>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          Not without renown was I,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          In the ranks of gallantry.
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Now, when Love no more will call,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          To battle; on this sacred wall,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Venus, where her statue stands,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          To hang my arms, and lute commands;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Here the bright torch to hang, and bars,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Which wag'd so oft loud midnight wars.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          But, O blessed Cyprian queen!
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Blest in Memphian bow'rs serene,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Raise high the lash, and Chloe's be,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          All e'er proud Chloe dealt to me!
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      W.P.
+    </p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <h2>
+      Arcana of Science.
+    </h2>
+    <hr />
+    <center>
+      <i>Smoke of Lamps.</i>
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      A recent number of Gill's "Technical Repository," contains a
+      simple mode of consuming the smoke that ascends from the
+      turner of an argand lamp. It consists of a thin concave of
+      copper, fixed by three wires, at about an inch above the
+      chimney-glass of the lamp, yet capable of being taken off at
+      pleasure. The gaseous carbonaceous matter which occasionally
+      escapes from the top of lamps, is thus arrested beneath the
+      concave cap, and subsequently consumed by the heat of the
+      flame, instead of passing off into the room, in the form of
+      smoke or smut on the ceiling and walls.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      [The "Technical Repository," may
+      <span class="pagenum"><a id="page350" name="page350"></a>[pg
+      350]</span> have the credit of introducing this contrivance
+      to the British public; but it is somewhat curious that it had
+      not been previously adopted, since scores of lamps thus
+      provided, are to be seen in the caf&eacute;s and
+      restaurateurs of Paris. <i>Apropos</i>, the French oil burns
+      equal in brightness to our best gas, and as we are informed,
+      this purity is obtained by filtration through
+      charcoal.&mdash;ED.]
+    </p>
+    <center>
+      <i>Caddis Worms.</i>
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      The transformation of the deserted cases of numberless minute
+      insects into a constituent part of a solid rock, first formed
+      at the bottom of a lake, then constituting the sides of deep
+      valleys, and the tabular summits of lofty hills, is a
+      phenomenon as striking as the vast reefs of coral constructed
+      by the labours of minute polyps. We remember to have seen
+      such <i>caddis-worms</i>, as they are called by fishermen,
+      very abundant in the wooden troughs constructed by the late
+      Dr. Sibthorp, for aquatic plants, in the botanic garden at
+      Oxford, to the cases of which many small shells of the G.
+      Planorbis Limnea and Cyclas were affixed, precisely in the
+      same manner as in the fossil tubes of Auvergne; an incrusting
+      spring, therefore, may, perhaps, be all that is wanting to
+      reproduce, on the banks of the Isis or the Charwell, a rock
+      similar in structure to that of the Limagne. Mr. Kirby, in
+      his "Entomology," informs us, that these larvae ultimately
+      change into a four-winged insect. If you are desirous to
+      examine them in their aquatic state, "you have only, (he
+      says) to place yourself by the side of a clear and shallow
+      pool of water, and you cannot fail to observe at the bottom
+      little oblong moving masses, resembling pieces of straw,
+      wood, or even stone&mdash;of the larvae itself, nothing is to
+      be seen but the head and six legs, by means of which it moves
+      itself in the water, and drags after it the case in which the
+      rest of the body is enclosed, and into which, on any alarm,
+      it instantly retires. The construction of these habitations
+      is very various. Some select four or five pieces of the
+      leaves of grass, which they glue together into a shapely
+      polygonal case; others employ portions of the stems of
+      rushes, placed side by side, so as to form an elegant fluted
+      cylinder; some arrange round them pieces of leaves like a
+      spirally-rolled riband; other species construct houses which
+      may be called alive, forming them of the shells of various
+      aquatic snails of different kinds and sizes, even while
+      inhabited, all of which are immovably fixed to them, and
+      dragged about at pleasure. However various may be the form of
+      the case externally, within it is usually cylindrical and
+      lined with silk."&mdash;<i>Introduction to Entomology, by
+      Kirby and Spence.</i>
+    </p>
+    <center>
+      <i>Engraving on Glass.</i>
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      Cover one side of a flat piece of glass, after having made it
+      perfectly clean, with bees' wax, and trace figures upon it
+      with a needle, taking care that every stroke cuts completely
+      through the wax. Next, make a border of wax all round the
+      glass, to prevent any liquor, when poured on, from running
+      off. Then take some finely powdered fluate of lime (fluor
+      spar,) strew it even over the glass plate upon the waxed
+      side, and then gently pour upon it, so as not to displace the
+      powder, as much concentrated sulphuric acid diluted with
+      thrice its weight of water, as is sufficient to cover the
+      powdered fluor spar. Let every thing remain in this state for
+      three hours; then remove the mixture, and clean the glass, by
+      washing it with oil of turpentine; the figures which were
+      traced through the wax will be found engraven on the glass,
+      while the parts which the wax covered will be uncorroded. The
+      fluate of lime is decomposed by the sulphuric acid, and
+      sulphate of lime is formed. The fluoric acid, disengaged in
+      the gaseous state, combines with the water that diluted the
+      sulphuric acid, and forms liquid fluoric acid, by which the
+      glass is corroded.
+    </p>
+    <center>
+      <i>Habits of Seals.</i>
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      The brain of this animal, observes Dr. Harwood, is I think,
+      doubtless, of greater proportionate magnitude than in any
+      other quadruped, and not only does it exhibit in its
+      countenance, the appearance of sagacity, but its intelligence
+      is in reality far greater than in most land quadrupeds: hence
+      its domestication is rendered much easier than that of other
+      animals, and it is susceptible of more powerful attachment.
+      The large seal, which was exhibited some time ago at Exeter
+      'Change, appeared to me to understand the language of its
+      keeper as perfectly as the most faithful dog. When he entered
+      at one end of its long apartment, it raised its body from the
+      water, in which it was injudiciously too constantly kept,
+      supporting itself erect against the bar of its enclosure, and
+      wherever he moved, keeping its large, dark eyes steadfastly
+      fixed upon him. When desired to make obeisance to visitors,
+      it quickly threw itself on one side, and struck the opposite
+      one several times in quick succession with its fore-foot,
+      producing a loud noise. The young seal, again, which was kept
+      on board the Alexander, in one of the northern expeditions,
+      became so much attached <span class="pagenum"><a id="page351"
+      name="page351"></a>[pg 351]</span> to its new mode of life,
+      that after being thrown into the sea, and it had become tired
+      of swimming at liberty, it regularly returned to the side of
+      the beat, to be retaken on board. Such examples might be
+      greatly multiplied; and I cannot help stating, that aware of
+      this disposition to become familiar, and this participation
+      in the good qualities of the dog, it is astonishing that
+      mankind have not chosen this intellectual and finely
+      organized quadruped, for aquatic services scarcely less
+      important than some of those in which the dog is employed on
+      the surface of the land.&mdash;<i>Quarterly Journal.</i>
+    </p>
+    <center>
+      <i>Gas from Resin.</i>
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Daniel, the meteorologist, has contrived a process for
+      generating gas from resin; which he effects by dissolving the
+      resin in turpentine, or any other essential oil, and then
+      allowing the fluid to drop gradually in a heated cylinder of
+      iron.
+    </p>
+    <center>
+      <i>Liquorice Paper.</i>
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      A mode has been discovered in France of fabricating paper
+      solely from the Glycyrrhiza Germanica, or liquorice plant. It
+      is said that this paper is cheap, that it is of a whiteness
+      superior to that generally made, and that size is not
+      requisite in its manufacture.
+    </p>
+    <center>
+      <i>Tachygraphy.</i>
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      A mathematical instrument maker at Paris, of the name of
+      Conti, has conceived the notion of a portable instrument
+      which he calls a tachygraph, by means of which any person may
+      write, or rather print, as fast as any other person can
+      speak. M. Conti, however, like many other ingenious men, is
+      not rich; and he has applied to the Acad&eacute;mi&egrave;
+      des Sciences, for pecuniary assistance, and a very favourable
+      report has been made upon his request.
+    </p>
+    <center>
+      <i>Valuable Discovery in Agriculture.</i>
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      One of the most recent of useful discoveries in agriculture
+      is to mix layers of green or new cut clover with layers of
+      straw in ricks or stacks; thus the strength of the clover is
+      absorbed by the straw, which, thus impregnated, both horses
+      and cattle eat greedily, and the clover is dried and
+      prevented from heating. This practice is particularly
+      calculated for second crops of clover and rye-grass.
+    </p>
+    <center>
+      <i>Pine Apples.</i>
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      The largest pine ever grown in this kingdom was cut lately
+      from the hothouse of John Edwards, Esq. of Rheola,
+      Glamorganshire, and was presented to his Majesty at Windsor.
+      It weighed 14 lbs. 12 oz. avoirdupois, was 12-1/2 inches
+      high, exclusive of the crown, and 26 inches in circumference.
+    </p>
+    <center>
+      <i>Sea Couch for preventing Sickness.</i>
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      An elastic or swinging seat, couch, or bed, for preventing
+      the uneasy motions of a ship or a carriage, has recently been
+      invented. To effect this, the frame of the seat or couch is
+      suspended on juribals or joints, turning at right angles to
+      each other, and an elasticity is produced both in the seat or
+      cushion, and in the swinging frames, by the use of spiral
+      metal springs. These springs are made by twisting steel or
+      iron wire into the form of an hour glass, that is, like two
+      cones united at their apices. The lower points of their
+      springs are to be sown to the canvass or webbing, and their
+      upper parts secured in their proper situations and erect
+      positions by pack-thread or small cords, tied or braced from
+      one to the other, crossing like a net. On the tops of these
+      springs the usual covering of canvass is laid, and then a
+      thin layer of horsehair or wool, upon which the outer
+      covering is bitted. Sir Richard Phillips, in the <i>Monthly
+      Magazine</i>, describes the following successful experiment
+      for preventing sea-sickness, made on his crossing from Dover
+      to Calais, a few years since. He caused an armed chair to be
+      placed on the deck of the vessel, and being seated in it, he
+      began to raise himself up and down, as on horseback. The
+      passengers laughed at his eccentricity, but before they
+      reached Calais, many of them were sea-sick, whilst Sir
+      Richard continued to enjoy his usual health and vigour.
+    </p>
+    <center>
+      <i>Bites of Venomous Reptiles.</i>
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      M. le D'Record, sen. discovered, during a long residence in
+      America, what he considers a sure mode of preventing mischief
+      from such bites. "It is sufficient," he says, "to pour a few
+      drops of tincture of cantharides on the wound, to cause a
+      redness and vesiccation; not only is the poison rendered
+      harmless, but the stings of the reptiles are removed with the
+      epidermis that the bladder raises."&mdash;<i>Med.
+      Journal.</i>
+    </p>
+    <center>
+      <i>Naval Schools of France.</i>
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      In France, the system of mutual instruction among the working
+      classes prospers in the bosoms of the ports, and schools are
+      founded for the particular instruction of the sons of the
+      inferior officers of the arsenals, in the elements of
+      calculation, of geometry, and of design, as far as necessary
+      for the plans of ships; also the principles of statics, so as
+      to enable them to judge of the action and effect of
+      machinery. Prizes of gold medals and special promotions are
+      the rewards of the most deserving students. Brest was
+      <span class="pagenum"><a id="page352" name="page352"></a>[pg
+      352]</span> formerly the only port furnished with these
+      schools; since the peace, however, libraries are forming in
+      each of the others; and in almost all, cabinets of natural
+      history and botanical gardens are enriched at every voyage
+      undertaken by French ships, either to foreign coasts, or to
+      those of the French colonies. An observatory has been given
+      to Toulon and Rochefort. In both these ports naval museums
+      are formed, in order to preserve types of the most eminent
+      vessels, whose originals either have been, or soon will be,
+      destroyed by time. Models of ingenious machines,
+      representations of interesting manoeuvres, a methodical
+      collection of raw materials, of tools, and of the product of
+      all the arts exercised in a dock-yard&mdash;Such are the rich
+      materials collected in these interesting
+      repositories.&mdash;<i>From the French of M. Dupin.</i>
+    </p>
+    <center>
+      <i>Antiquity of Locks.</i>
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      Locks were known in Egypt above four thousand years since, as
+      was inferred by M. Denon, from some sculptures of the great
+      temple of Karnac, representing locks similar to those now
+      used in that country. A lock resembling the Egyptian is used
+      in Cornwall, and the same has been seen in the Faro Islands;
+      to both which places it was probably taken by the
+      Phoenicians.&mdash;<i>Quarterly Journal.</i>
+    </p>
+    <center>
+      <i>To increase the odour of Roses.</i>
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      Plant a large onion by the side of the rose-tree in such a
+      manner that it shall touch the root of the latter. The rose
+      which will be produced will have an odour much stronger and
+      more agreeable than such as have not been thus treated; and
+      the water distilled from these roses is equally superior to
+      that prepared by means of ordinary rose leaves.&mdash;<i>From
+      the French.</i>
+    </p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <h2>
+      The Selector;<br />
+      AND<br />
+      LITERARY NOTICES OF<br />
+       <i>NEW WORKS</i>.
+    </h2>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      THE SPECTRE'S VOYAGE.
+    </h3>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          "I see a hand you cannot see,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          That beckons me away,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          I hear a voice you cannot hear,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          That will not let me stay."
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      There is a part of the river Wye, between the city of
+      Hereford and the town of Ross, which was known for more than
+      two centuries by the appellation of "The Spectre's Voyage;"
+      and across which, as long as it retained that appellation,
+      neither entreaty nor remuneration would induce any boatman to
+      convey passengers after a certain hour of the night. The
+      superstitious notions current among the lower orders were,
+      that at about the hour of eight on every evening, a female
+      was seen in a small vessel sailing from Hereford to
+      Northbrigg, a little village then distant about three miles
+      from the city, of which not even the site is now discernible;
+      that the vessel sailed with the utmost rapidity in a dead
+      calm and even against the wind; that to encounter it was
+      fatal; that the voyager landed from it on the eastern bank of
+      the river, a little beyond the village; that she remained
+      some time on shore, making the most fearful lamentations;
+      that she then re-entered the vessel, and sailed back in the
+      same manner, and that both boat and passenger vanished in a
+      sudden manner as they arrived at a certain part of the river,
+      where the current is remarkably strong, within about half a
+      mile of the city of Hereford,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This singular tradition, like most stories of a similar
+      character, was not without a foundation in truth, as the
+      reader will perceive who takes the trouble to peruse the
+      following narrative.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the turbulent reign of Edward the Second, when the whole
+      of England was one theatre of lawless violence, when might
+      was constantly triumphant over right, and princes and
+      soldiers only respected the very intelligible, if not very
+      equitable principle,
+    </p>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          "That they should take who have the power,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          And they should keep who can,"
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      the city of Hereford was distinguished by the zeal and
+      patriotism of its citizens, and by the unshrinking firmness
+      with which they adhered to the cause of queen Isabella, and
+      the young prince her son, afterwards the renowned king Edward
+      the Third, in opposition to the weak and ill-fated monarch
+      who then wore the crown, and his detested favourites the
+      Spensers, father and son. Sir Hugh Spenser, the younger, was
+      a man of unquestionable talents, and possessed virtues which,
+      during a period of less violence and personal animosity,
+      might have proved honourable to himself, and useful to his
+      country.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The discontents of the queen and the barons were not vented
+      in fruitless complaints or idle menaces. They flew to arms.
+      The king of France, the queen's brother, assisted them with
+      men and money; the Count of Hainault, to whose daughter
+      Philippa, the young prince had been contracted, did the same.
+      The king was driven from London, and forced, with the elder
+      Spenser, whom he had created Earl of Winchester, to take
+      refuge in Bristol. Being hotly pursued to this city by the
+      Earl of Kent and the Count of
+      <span class="pagenum"><a id="page353" name="page353"></a>[pg
+      353]</span> Hainault, at the head of a formidable army, he
+      was obliged to flee into Wales, leaving the elder Spenser
+      governor of the castle of Bristol. This fortress was
+      immediately besieged, and speedily taken, as the garrison
+      mutinied against their governor, and delivered him into the
+      hands of his enemies. This venerable noble, who had nearly
+      reached his ninetieth year, was instantly, without trial, or
+      witness, or accusation, or answer, condemned to death by the
+      rebellious barons; he was hanged on a gibbet; his body was
+      cut to pieces and thrown to the dogs; and his head was sent
+      to Winchester, the place whence he derived his title, and was
+      there set on a pole, and exposed to the insults of the
+      populace.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When the news of this catastrophe reached the younger
+      Spenser, he was at the head of a fine army, which had sat
+      down before the city of Hereford, for the purpose of reducing
+      it to obedience to king Edward. The formidable force which he
+      commanded had struck terror into the hearts of the citizens,
+      so that notwithstanding their attachment to queen Isabella,
+      and their detestation of Spenser, they had shown symptoms of
+      their willingness to yield to the latter upon reasonable
+      terms; and he, desirous of obtaining possession of the city
+      without any unnecessary effusion of blood, had granted a
+      truce of a week's duration, to give them time to decide upon
+      what conditions they would open their gates to him. The
+      disastrous intelligence which he received from Bristol,
+      however, made him doubtful whether he should hold inviolate
+      the truce which he had granted to the besieged. He did not
+      doubt but that the Earl of Kent and his troops, flushed with
+      conquest, would hasten to his destruction, and to the relief
+      of Hereford, and that unless he could possess himself of the
+      city and castle, and by shutting himself up in the latter be
+      enabled to bid defiance to his enemies, the fate of his
+      father must inevitably be his own.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The favourite recreation of the inhabitants of Hereford was
+      then, as it is now, to make excursions either alone, or in
+      parties, upon their beautiful river. This amusement had
+      become so much a custom with them, that the most timid
+      females were not afraid to venture alone and at night in a
+      small skiff, with which almost every family of respectability
+      was provided; and on a bright moonlight night, the bosom of
+      the river was beautifully diversified by the white sails
+      glittering in the moonbeams, while sweet female voices would
+      be heard warbling some popular melodies, the, subjects of
+      which were usually the praises of prince Edward, or
+      execrations of Spenser and those who had corrupted the king.
+      It was on such a night, that the incident with which our
+      narrative commences occurred. The moon was riding in an
+      unclouded sky&mdash;unclouded except by those light fleecy
+      vapours which hovered round the form of the queen of night,
+      increasing rather than diminishing her beauty. The river
+      seemed one sheet of silver, and numerous little vessels
+      passing and repassing, gave it a delightfully animated
+      appearance. In one, which seemed to be venturing nearer to
+      the camp of the enemy than the others, might be seen a light
+      and delicate female form, and on the shore which she was
+      approaching, a little above the village of Northbrigg, stood
+      a soldier, whose accoutrements bespoke him to belong to the
+      army of Sir Hugh Spenser.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The lady landed, and the soldier hastened to meet her.
+      "Dearest Isabel," he said, "blessings upon thy generous
+      trusting heart, for this sweet meeting! I have much to tell
+      thee, but that my tongue dares not utter all with which my
+      mind is stored; and if it dared, it is not on such a night as
+      this, so bright, so beautiful, that tidings dark as mine
+      should be communicated." Isabel, who had laid her head upon
+      his breast when they met, started from him, and gazed with
+      the utmost terror and surprise at the unwonted gloom which
+      darkened his countenance.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Walter, what means this? Come you to break the trusting
+      heart which beats for you alone? Come you to cancel your
+      vows&mdash;to say that we must part for ever? Oh! better had
+      you left me to the mercy of the wave, when its work of death
+      was half achieved, if you reserved me only for the misery
+      which waits upon a broken heart, and blighted and betrayed
+      affections?"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Sweet, dry these tears!" replied the soldier; "while I have
+      life I am thine. I come to warn thee of sure but unseen
+      danger. The walls of Hereford are strong, and the arms and
+      hearts of her citizens firm and trusty; but her hour is come,
+      and the path of the destroyer, although secret, is like the
+      stream which hides itself for a time beneath the earth only
+      to spring forth more strongly and irresistibly than ever."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Thy words are dark and dreadful; but I do not know of any
+      cause for fear, or of any means of avoiding it, if it
+      exists."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Fly with me, fly!&mdash;with thy heart and hand reward my
+      love, and think no more of those grim walls, and sullen
+      citizens, with souls as iron as their beavers, and hearts as
+      cold as the waters of their river."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a id="page354" name="page354"></a>[pg
+      354]</span> "Oh! no, no, no! my father's head is grey, and
+      but for me alone all his affections, all his hopes are buried
+      in my mother's grave. He hates thee and thy cause. When I
+      told him a stranger had rescued his daughter from the wave,
+      he raised his hands to heaven and blessed him. I told him
+      that that stranger was a follower of the Spensers'; he
+      checked his unfinished benediction, and cursed him. But if he
+      knew thee, Walter, thy noble heart, thy constant love,
+      methinks that time and entreaty would make him listen to his
+      daughter's prayer."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Alas! my Isabel, entreaty would be vain, and time is already
+      flapping his wings, loaded with inevitable ruin, over yon
+      devoted city and its inhabitants. Thy father shall be
+      safe&mdash;trust that to me; and trust me, too, that what I
+      promise I can perform. But thou, my loved one, thou must not
+      look upon the horrid face of war: and though my power extends
+      to save thy father from injury, it would be easier to save
+      the wall-flowers on the ramparts of the city from the foot of
+      the invader, than one so fair, so feeble, from his violence
+      and lust."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Whoe'er thou art," she said, "there is a spell upon my heart
+      which love and gratitude have twined, and which makes it
+      thine for ever: but sooner would I lock my hand with that of
+      the savage Spenser himself, when reeking with the best blood
+      of Hereford's citizens, than leave my father's side when his
+      gray hairs are in danger, and my native city, when treachery
+      is in her streets and outrage is approaching her walls."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      These words were uttered with an animation and vehemence so
+      unusual to her, that Walter stood for a moment transfixed
+      with wonder; and before he recovered his self-possession,
+      Isabel, with the velocity of lightning, had regained her
+      skiff, and was sailing before the wind to Hereford. "Curse on
+      my amorous folly!" he exclaimed, "that, for a pair of pale
+      cheeks and sparkling eyes, has perhaps ruined a better
+      concerted stratagem than ever entered the brain of the
+      Grecian Sinon. I must away, or the false girl will wake the
+      slumbering citizens to their defence before the deed is done;
+      and yet, must I devote her to the foul grasp of ruffian
+      violence? No, no! my power is equal to save or to destroy."
+      As he uttered these words he rapidly ascended the rocks which
+      skirted that part of the banks of the river on which he
+      stood, and was soon lost among the wild woods that crowned
+      their summit.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      We shall not enter into any detailed account of the events of
+      that night. The royalists, by means of an unexpected attack
+      during the truce, and aided by internal treachery, hoped to
+      make themselves masters of the city of Hereford. The
+      citizens, however, had by some unknown means obtained
+      intelligence of the designs of the enemy, and were prepared
+      to repel their attacks. Every street was lined with soldiers,
+      and a band of the bravest and most determined, under the
+      command of Eustace Chandos, (Isabel's father,) manned the
+      city walls. The struggle was short but sanguinary&mdash;the
+      invaders were beaten back at every point, their best troops
+      were left dead in the trenches, and above two hundred
+      prisoners (among whom was Sir Hugh Spenser himself) fell into
+      the hands of the citizens. The successful party set no bounds
+      either to their exultation or their revenge. The rejoicings
+      were continued for three successive days; the neighbouring
+      country was ravaged without cessation and without remorse;
+      and all the prisoners were ordered, by a message to that
+      effect received from queen Isabella, to be treated as felons,
+      and hanged in the most public places in the city. This decree
+      was rigorously and unrelentingly executed. The royalist
+      soldiers, without any distinction as to rank or character,
+      suffered the ignominious punishment to which they were
+      condemned, and the streets of Hereford were blocked up by
+      gibbets, which the most timid and merciful of its inhabitants
+      gazed upon with satisfaction and triumph.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Sir Hugh Spenser, both on account of his rank and of the
+      peculiar degree of hatred with which each bosom beat against
+      him, was reserved to be the last victim. On the day of his
+      execution the streets were lined with spectators, and the
+      principal families in the city occupied stations round the
+      scaffold. So great was the universal joy at having their
+      enemy in their power, that even the wives and daughters of
+      the most distinguished citizens were anxious to view the
+      punishment inflicted upon him whom they considered the grand
+      cause of all the national evils. Isabel was not of this
+      number; but her father sternly compelled her to be a witness
+      of the dismal scene. The hour of noon was fast approaching,
+      and the bell of the cathedral heavily and solemnly tolled the
+      knell of the unfortunate Spenser. The fatal cavalcade
+      approached the place of execution. A stern and solemn triumph
+      gleamed in the eyes of the soldiers as they trod by the side
+      of the victim; but most of the spectators, especially the
+      females, were melted into tears when they beheld the fine
+      manly form of the prisoner, which seemed better fitted to
+      adorn the royal levee, or a lady's bower, than for the
+      melancholy fate to which he was about to
+      <span class="pagenum"><a id="page355" name="page355"></a>[pg
+      355]</span> be consigned. His head was bare, and his light
+      flaxen hair fell in a rich profusion of locks down his
+      shoulders, but left unshaded his finely-proportioned and
+      sunburnt features. He wore the uniform of the royal army, and
+      a star on his breast indicated his rank, while he held in his
+      hand a small ivory cross, which he frequently and fervently
+      kissed. His deportment was firm and contemptuous, and, as he
+      looked on the formal and frequently grotesque figures of his
+      guards, his features even assumed an expression of
+      risibility. The sight of the gibbet, however, which was
+      raised fifty feet high, seemed to appal him, for he had not
+      been apprized of the ignominious nature of his punishment.
+      "And is this," he said, as he scornfully dashed away a tear
+      which had gathered in his eye, "ye rebellious dogs, is this
+      the death to which you doom the heir of Winchester?" A stern
+      and bitter smile played on the lips of his guards, but they
+      remained silent. "Oh, God!" he continued, "in the field, or
+      on the wave, or on the block, which has reeked so often with
+      the bravest and noblest blood, I could have died smiling; but
+      this&mdash;" His emotion seemed increasing, but with a
+      violent effort he suppressed every outward sign of it; for
+      the visible satisfaction which gleamed on the dark faces
+      around him, at the state of weakness to which they had
+      reduced the proud heart of their foe, was more galling to his
+      soul than the shameful death to which he was devoted.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      By the time he reached the place of execution his face had
+      assumed its calm and scornful air, and he sprang upon the
+      scaffold with apparently unconcerned alacrity. At the same
+      moment a dreadful shriek issued from that part of the
+      surrounding booths in which the family of Chandos sat; and in
+      another instant a female, deadly pale, and with her hair and
+      dress disordered, had darted on to the scaffold, and clasped
+      the prisoner in her arms.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Walter!" she cried, "Walter! can it be thou? oh! they dare
+      not take thy life; thou bravest, best of men! Avaunt, ye
+      bloodthirsty brood! ye cannot tear me from him. Not till my
+      arms grow cold in death I'll clasp him thus, and defy the
+      world to sever us!"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Oh! Isabel!" he said, "it is too much; my soul can bear no
+      more. I hoped thy eyes had been spared this sight&mdash;but
+      the cold tyrants have decreed it thus. On! leave me, leave
+      me!&mdash;it is in vain&mdash;unmannered ruffians, spare
+      her!" While he spoke, the soldiers forcibly tore her from
+      him, and were dragging her through the crowd.&mdash;"My
+      father! save him! he saved thy child!&mdash;Walter!
+      supplicate him&mdash;he is kind." She turned her eyes to the
+      scaffold as she uttered these words, and beheld the form of
+      Spenser writhing in the air, and convulsed with the last
+      mortal agony. A fearful shriek burst from her heart, and she
+      sank senseless in the arms of those who bore her.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Isabel survived this event more than a twelvemonth; but her
+      reason had fled and her health was so shattered that final
+      recovery was hopeless. She took scarcely any food, refused
+      all intercourse with her former friends, and even with her
+      father, and would sit silent and motionless for days
+      together. One thing only soothed her mind, or afforded her
+      any gratification; and this, as she was an experienced
+      navigator of the river, her friends indulged her in&mdash;to
+      sail from the city of Hereford to that spot on which she used
+      to meet her lover. This she did constantly every evening; but
+      when she landed, and had waited a short time, her shrieks and
+      cries were pitiable. This practice one evening proved fatal.
+      Instead of steering to the usual landing-place, a little
+      above the city, she entered a part of the river where the
+      current is unusually strong. The rapidity of its waves
+      mastered and overturned the frail bark in which she sailed,
+      and the unfortunate Isabel sunk to rise no more!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The tragic nature of these events made an impression on the
+      popular mind which two centuries did not efface. The spirit
+      of Isabel was still said to sail every night from Hereford to
+      Northbrigg, to meet her lover; and the beach across the river
+      which this unearthly traveller pursued, was long
+      distinguished by the name of "The Spectre's Voyage."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Neele's Romance of History.</i>
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      IRISH GRANDEES.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Conspicuous amongst the most conspicuous of the stars; of the
+      ascendant, was a lady, who took the field with an
+      <i>&eacute;clat</i>, a brilliancy, and bustle, which for a
+      time fixed the attention of all upon herself. Although a fine
+      woman, in the strictest sense of the term, and still
+      handsome, though not still very young, she was even more
+      distinguished by her air of high supremacy, than by her
+      beauty. She sat loftily in a lofty phaeton, which was
+      emblazoned with arms, and covered with coronets; and she
+      played with her long whip, as ladies of old managed their
+      fans, with grace and coquetry. She was dressed in a rich
+      habit, whose facings and epaulettes spoke her the lady of the
+      noble colonel of some provincial corps of volunteers. A high
+      military cap, surmounted
+      <span class="pagenum"><a id="page356" name="page356"></a>[pg
+      356]</span> with a plume of black feathers, well became her
+      bright, bold, black eyes, and her brow that looked as if
+      accustomed "to threaten and command." The air had deepened
+      her colour through her rouge, as it had blown from her dark,
+      dishevelled tresses the mareschal powder, then still worn in
+      Ireland&mdash;(the last lingering barbarism of the British
+      toilette, which France had already abandoned, with other
+      barbarous modes, and exchanged for the <i>coiffure
+      d'Arippine</i> and the <i>t&ecirc;te &agrave; la Brutus</i>.)
+      Her <i>pose</i>, her glance, her nod, her smile, all
+      conscious and careless as they were, proclaimed a privileged
+      autocrat of the Irish <i>bon ton</i>, a "<i>dasher</i>," as
+      it was termed, of the first order; for that species of
+      effrontery called <i>dashing</i> was then in full vogue, as
+      consonant to a state of society, where all in a certain class
+      went by assumption.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This lady had arrived rather early in the field, for one
+      whose habits were necessarily on the wrong side of time and
+      of punctuality. She came bowling along, keeping up her fiery
+      steeds to a sort of curvetting gallop, like one deep in the
+      science of the <i>man&egrave;ge</i>&mdash;now deranging the
+      order of march of the troops, by breaking through the ranks,
+      in spite of the impertinent remonstrances of the out-posts
+      and videttes, at which she laughed, at once to show her teeth
+      and her power;&mdash;and now scattering the humble crowd,
+      "like chaff before the wind," as giving her horses the rein,
+      she permitted them to plunge head-long on, while skilfully
+      flourishing her long whip, she made on every side a
+      preliminary clearance. Many among the multitude announced her
+      as the famous Kitty Cut-dash, and nodded knowingly as she
+      passed them; but the greater number detected in the beautiful
+      charioteer, the equally famous Albina Countess Knocklofty,
+      the female chief of that great oligarchical family, the
+      Proudforts&mdash;a family on which the church rained mitres,
+      the state coronets, and the people&mdash;curses.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Beside her sat, or rather lounged, another dame of quality,
+      bearing the stamp of her class and caste as obviously, yet
+      less deeply marked, than her companion. More feminine in her
+      air, more foreign in her dress and entire bearing, her
+      faultless form, and almost faultless face, had all the
+      advantages of the new democratic toilet of Paris, (adopted by
+      its court, when more important innovations were still fatally
+      resisted;) and she appeared in the Phoenix Park, dressed much
+      in the same costume as Marie Antoinette and her female
+      favourites are described to have worn in the gardens of
+      Trianon, or in the bowers of St. Cloud,&mdash;to the horror
+      of all old <i>dames d'atours</i>, and all the partisans of
+      the ancient regime of whalebone and buckram! The chemise of
+      transparent muslin, or <i>robe &agrave; la Poliynae</i>,
+      <i>chapeau de paille &agrave; la bergere</i>, tied down with
+      a lilac ribbon, with
+    </p>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          "Scarf loosely flowing, hair as free,"
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      gave an air of sylph-like simplicity to one, whose features,
+      though beautiful, were marked by an expression foreign to
+      simplicity, evincing that taste, not sentiment, presided over
+      her toilet, and that, "<i>chez elle, un beau desordre fut
+      l'effet de l'art</i>."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This triumphal car was followed, or surrounded, by a host of
+      beaux; some in military uniform, and with true English faces
+      and figures; but the greater number in the civil, though
+      uncivilized, dress of the day, and with forms and
+      physiognomies as Irish as ever were exhibited in Pale or
+      Palatine, to the dread of English settlers and Scotch
+      undertakers. Ponderous powdered clubs, hanging from heads of
+      dishevelled hair&mdash;shoulders raised or stuffed to an
+      Atlas height and breadth&mdash;the stoop of paviers, and the
+      lounge of chairmen&mdash;broad beavers, tight buckskins, the
+      striped vest of a groom, and the loose coat of a coachman,
+      gave something ruffianly to the air of even the finest
+      figures, which assorted but too well with the daring, dashing
+      manner, that just then had succeeded, among a <i>particular
+      set</i>, to the courtly polish for which the travelled
+      nobility of Ireland were once so distinguished. Such, in
+      exterior, were many of the members of the famous <i>Cherokee
+      Club</i>, and such the future legislators of that great
+      national indignity, which had procured them a contemptible
+      pre-eminence in the black book of public opinion, by the
+      style and title of the "<i>Union Lords</i>." As they now
+      crowded round the cynosures of the day, there was something
+      too ardent and unrestrained in their homage, something too
+      emphatic in their expressions and gestures, for true
+      breeding; while in their handsome, but "light, revelling, and
+      protesting faces," traces of the night's orgies were still
+      visible, which gave their fine features a licentious cast,
+      and deprived their open and very manly countenances of every
+      mark of intellectual expression.&mdash;<i>Lady Morgan's
+      "O'Briens and O'Flahertys."</i>
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      THE WEE MAN.
+    </h3>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          It was a merry company.
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          And they were just afloat,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          When lo! a man of dwarfish span
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Came up and hail'd the boat.
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          <span class="pagenum"><a id="page357"
+          name="page357"></a>[pg 357]</span>
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          "Good morrow to ye, gentle folks,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          And will you let me in?
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          A slender space will serve my case,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          For I am small and thin."
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          They saw he was a dwarfish man,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          And very small and thin;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Not seven such would matter much,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          And so they took him in.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          They laugh'd to see his little hat,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          With such a narrow brim;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          They laugh'd to note his dapper coat,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          With skirts so scant and trim.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          But barely had they gone a mile,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          When, gravely, one and all,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          At once began to think the man
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Was not so very small.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          His coat had got a broader skirt,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          His hat a broader brim,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          His leg grew stout, and soon plump'd out
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          A very proper limb.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          Still on they went, and as they went
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          More rough the billows grew,&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          And rose and fell, a greater swell,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          And he was swelling too!
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          And lo! where room had been for seven,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          For six there scarce was space!
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          For five!&mdash;for four!&mdash;for three!&mdash;not more
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Than two could find a place!
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          There was not even room for one!
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          They crowded by degrees&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Ay, closer yet, till elbows met,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          And knees were jogging knees.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          "Good sir, you must not sit a-stern.
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          The wave will else come in!"
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Without a word he gravely stirr'd,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Another seat to win.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          "Good sir, the boat has lost her trim,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          You must not sit a-lee!"
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          With smiling face and courteous grace
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          The middle seat took he.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          But still by constant quiet growth,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          His back became so wide.
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Each neighbour wight, to left and right,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Was thrust against the side.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          Lord! how they chided with themselves,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          That they had let him in;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          To see him grow so monstrous now,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          That came so small and thin.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          On every brow a dew-drop stood,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          They grew so scared and hot,&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          "I' the name of all that's great and tall,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Who are ye, sir, and what?"
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          Loud laugh'd the Gogmagog, a laugh
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          As loud as giant's roar&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          "When first I came, my proper name
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Was <i>Little</i>&mdash;now I'm <i>Moore</i>!"
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      <i>Hood's Whims and Oddities Second series.</i>
+    </p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <h2>
+      Manners &amp; Customs of all Nations.
+    </h2>
+    <hr />
+    <center>
+      No. XV.
+    </center>
+    <h3>
+      LIVING AT CALAIS.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Calais may, for various reasons, be looked upon as one of the
+      dearest towns in France. An excellent suite of furnished
+      apartments may be had in one of the most respectable
+      <i>private</i> houses in Calais, consisting of a
+      sitting-room, three bedrooms, and a kitchen, for twenty
+      shillings a week, and smaller ones in proportion, down to
+      five shillings a week for a bachelor's apartment. This,
+      however, does not include <i>attendance</i> of any kind; and,
+      with few exceptions, the apartments can only be taken by the
+      month. The price of meat is fixed by a <i>tarif</i>, at a
+      maximum of sixpence per pound for the very best. It varies,
+      therefore, between that price and fourpence; and this pound
+      contains something more than ours. Poultry is still cheaper,
+      in proportion, or rather in fact. My dinner to-day consists,
+      in part, of an excellent fowl, which cost <i>8d.</i> and a
+      pair of delicate ducks, which cost <i>1s. 6d.</i> The price
+      of bread is also fixed by law, and amounts to about
+      two-thirds of the <i>present</i> price of ours in London.
+      Butter and eggs are excellent, and always fresh: the first
+      costs from <i>9d.</i> to <i>10d.</i> the pound of 18 ounces;
+      and the latter <i>10d.</i> the quarter of a hundred.
+      Vegetables and fruit, which are all of the finest quality,
+      and fresh from the gardens of the adjacent villages, are as
+      follow:&mdash;asparagus, at the rate of <i>8d.</i> or
+      <i>9d.</i> the hundred, peas (the picked young ones,)
+      <i>3d.</i> per quart; new potatoes (better than any we can
+      get in England, except what they call the <i>framed</i>
+      ones,) three pounds far a penny; cherries and currants
+      (picked for the table,) <i>2d.</i> per pound; strawberries
+      (the high flavoured wood-strawberry, which is so fine with
+      sugar and cream,) <i>4d.</i> for a full quart, the stocks
+      being picked off. (This latter is a delicacy that can
+      scarcely be procured in England for any price.) The above may
+      serve as an indication of all the rest, as all are in
+      proportion. The finest pure milk is <i>2d.</i> per quart;
+      good black or green teas, <i>4s. 6d.</i> per pound; and the
+      finest green gunpowder tea, <i>7s.</i>; coffee, from <i>1s.
+      3d.</i> to <i>2s.</i>; good brandy, <i>1s. 3d.</i> per quart,
+      and the very best, <i>2s.</i> (I do not mean the very finest
+      old Cogniac, which costs <i>3s. 6d.</i>) Wine is dearer in
+      Calais than, perhaps, in any other town in France, that could
+      be named; but still you may have an excellent table wine for
+      <i>1s.</i> per quart bottle; and they make a very palatable
+      and wholesome beer, for <i>1-1/2d.</i> and <i>2-1/2d.</i> per
+      bottle&mdash;the latter of which has all the good qualities
+      of our porter, and none of its bad. Fish is not plentiful at
+      Calais, except the skate, which you may have for almost
+      nothing, as indeed you may at many of our own sea-port towns.
+      But you may always have good sized turbot
+      <span class="pagenum"><a id="page358" name="page358"></a>[pg
+      358]</span> (enough for six persons for <i>3s.</i> and a cod
+      weighing from twelve to fifteen pounds,) for half that sum.
+      As to the wages of female servants, they can scarcely be
+      considered as much cheaper, nominally, than they are with us.
+      But then the habits of the servants, and the cost of what
+      they eat, make their <i>keep</i> and wages together amount to
+      not more than half what they do with us.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It only remains to tell you of what is <i>dearer</i> here
+      than it is in England, I have tried all I can to find out
+      items belonging to this latter head, and have succeeded in
+      <i>two</i> alone&mdash;namely, sugar and fuel. You cannot
+      have brown sugar under <i>8d.</i> and indifferent loaf sugar
+      costs <i>1s. 3d.</i> And as to firing, it is dearer,
+      <i>nominally</i> alone, and in point of fact, does not cost,
+      to a well regulated family, near so much, in the course of
+      the year, as coals do in our houses.&mdash;<i>Monthly
+      Magazine.</i>
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      ROMAN FUNERALS.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The ceremonial of the funeral of a cardinal is considered as
+      one of the most imposing at Rome, which is a city of
+      ceremonies, and yielding only in magnificence to the
+      obsequies of royal personages. The burial of the Mezzo-ceto
+      classes is conducted rather differently. The body is exposed
+      much in the same manner, at home; but the convoi, or passage
+      from the habitation to the sepulchre, is generally considered
+      as an occasion which calls for the utmost display. Torches,
+      priests, psalmody, are sought for with a spirit of rivalry
+      which easily explains the sumptuary laws of the Florentine
+      and Roman statute-books, and which, unnoticed but not
+      extinguished in the present age, in a poorer must have been
+      highly offensive to the frugality and jealousies of a
+      republic. The religious orders, the Capucins particularly,
+      are in constant requisition; not a day that you may not meet
+      two or three of their detachments in various parts of the
+      city:&mdash;-the religious or charitable fraternities, such
+      as the Fratelli della Misericordia, of which the deceased is
+      generally a brother or a benefactor, or both, think it also a
+      point of duty and gratitude to swell the
+      <i>cort&egrave;ge</i>, and in the greatest numbers they can
+      muster to attend. Their costume, which is highly picturesque,
+      is always a striking feature, and adds much to the brilliancy
+      of the display. They wear a sort of sack robe or tunic, which
+      covers the whole body, girt with a rope round the waist, and
+      with holes pierced in the <i>capuchon</i> for the eyes; their
+      large grey slouched hat is thrown back, much in the manner in
+      which it appears on the statues of Mercury, on their
+      shoulders; their feet are often in zoccoli, or sandals of
+      wood, and sometimes, though rarely, bare. The colour of their
+      dress varies according to the rule of their society; at Rome,
+      I have noticed white, blue, and grey: at Florence they prefer
+      black. The corpse is dressed up with great care, and often
+      with a degree of luxury which would become a wedding; the
+      best linen, the richest ornaments, are lavished; garlands are
+      placed on the head; the hands crossed, with a crucifix
+      between them, on the bosom, and the face and feet left quite
+      bare. Sometimes, through a capricious fit of piety, all this
+      is studiously dispensed with, and the body appears clad in
+      the habit of some religious order, to which the deceased was
+      especially addicted during life. In this manner the
+      procession begins to move after sunset, preceded by a tall
+      silver cross, beadles, &amp;c.; friars, priests, &amp;c.
+      chanting the De Profundis through the principal streets to
+      the church where it is intended it should be interred.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The effect, with some abatements for boys following to pick
+      up the drippings of the torches, and the perfect indifference
+      of the assistants, for neither friends nor relatives attend,
+      is certainly very solemn. The deep hoarse recitative of the
+      psalm, the strange phantom-like appearance of the
+      fraternities, the flash and glare of the torches which they
+      carry, on the face of the dead; the dead body itself, in all
+      the appalling nakedness of mortality, but still mocked with
+      the tawdry images of this world, in the flowers and tinsel
+      and gilding which surround it; the quick swinging motion with
+      which it is hurried along, and with which it comes trenching,
+      when one least expects it, on all the gaieties and busy
+      interests of existence (for at this hour the Corso and the
+      Caff&eacute;s are most crowded)&mdash;all this, without any
+      reference to the intrinsic solemnity of such a scene, is
+      calculated, as mere stage effect, powerfully to stir up the
+      sympathies and imagination of a stranger. On the inhabitants,
+      as might be apprehended, such pageants have long since lost
+      all their influence; and I have seen a line extending down a
+      whole street, without deranging a single lounger from his
+      seat, or interrupting for an instant the pleasures of
+      ice-eating and punch-drinking, which generally takes place in
+      the open air. Whether this passion for bringing into coarse
+      contact, as is often the case, both life and death, the
+      gloomy and the gay, be constitutional or traditional, I know
+      not; but a traveller can scarcely fail of being struck with
+      the prevalence of the feeling and practice amongst southern
+      nations at all periods of their history, and finding in
+      <span class="pagenum"><a id="page359" name="page359"></a>[pg
+      359]</span> the modern inhabitants of those favoured regions,
+      frequent resemblances to that strange spirit of melancholy
+      voluptuousness, which travelled onward from Egypt to Greece,
+      and from Greece, together with the other refinements of her
+      philosophy, into the greater part of Italy. On reaching the
+      church, unless the wealth and situation of the departed can
+      permit the consolation or the vanity of a high mass, the body
+      is immediately committed to the tomb. Such at least is the
+      practice at Rome; and there are few who have not witnessed
+      with disgust the indecent haste of the few attendants by whom
+      this portion of the last rites is usually despatched. In the
+      country, and in smaller towns, the corpse is usually exposed
+      for at least a day: I know few exceptions, from Trent to
+      Naples. It is generally an affecting ceremony. One of the
+      most touching instances of the kind I can remember, was the
+      exposure of a young girl, who had just died in the flush of
+      beauty in a small village in Tuscany. I was passing through
+      at the time, and stepped by chance into the church. The
+      corpse was lying on a low bier before the altar; a small lamp
+      burnt above. Her two younger sisters were kneeling at her
+      side, and from time to time cast flowers upon her head.
+      Scarcely a peasant entered but immediately came up and
+      touched the bier, and, after kneeling for a few moments, rose
+      and murmured a prayer or two for the spiritual rest of the
+      departed. All this was done very naturally, and with a
+      kindliness which spoke highly for the warmth and purity of
+      their affections. A similar custom still continues at Rome.
+      The day after the execution of the conspirator Targioni, who
+      suffered in the late affair of the Prince Spada, flowers and
+      chaplets, notwithstanding every precaution on the part of the
+      police, were found scattered on his tomb. He has been
+      refused, for his contumacy in his last moments, Christian
+      sepulture, and was buried in a field outside the Porta del
+      Popolo. It is remarkable that, very nearly in the same place,
+      the freedmen of Nero paid a similar tribute of affection to
+      the mortal remains of their master. Garlands and flowers, the
+      morning after his death, were also found upon <i>his</i>
+      tomb.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>New Monthly Magazine.</i>
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      SLAVERY IN THE EAST.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The slave in eastern countries, after he is trained to serve,
+      attains the condition of a favoured domestic; his adoption of
+      the religion of his master is usually the first step which
+      conciliates the latter. Except at a few seaports, he is
+      seldom put to hard labour. In Asia these are no fields tilled
+      by slaves, no manufactories in which they are doomed to toil;
+      their occupations are all of a domestic nature, and good
+      behaviour is rewarded by kindness and confidence, which
+      raises them in the community to which they belong. The term
+      gholam, or slave, in Mahomedan countries, is not one of
+      opprobrium, nor does it even convey the idea of a degraded
+      condition. The Georgians, Nubians, and Abyssinians, and even
+      the Seedee, or Caffree, as the woolly-headed Africans are
+      called, are usually married, and their children, who are
+      termed house-born, become, in a manner, part of their
+      master's family. They are deemed the most attached of his
+      adherents: they often inherit a considerable portion of his
+      wealth; and not unfrequently (with the exception of the
+      woolly-headed Caffree) lose, by a marriage in his family, or
+      by some other equally respectable connexion, all trace of
+      their origin.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      According to the Mahomedan law, the state of slavery is
+      divided into two conditions&mdash;the perfect and absolute,
+      or imperfect and privileged. Those who belong to the first
+      class are, with all their property, at the disposal of their
+      masters. The second, though they cannot, before emancipation,
+      inherit or acquire property, have many privileges, and cannot
+      be sold or transferred. A female, who has a child to her
+      master, belongs to the privileged class; as does a slave, to
+      whom his master has promised his liberty, on the payment of a
+      certain sum, or on his death.&mdash;<i>Sir J. Malcolm's
+      Sketches of Persia.</i>
+    </p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <h2>
+      The Gatherer.
+    </h2>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          "I am but a <i>Gatherer</i> and disposer of other men's
+          stuff."&mdash;<i>Wotton.</i>
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      LEVEES.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Secretaries of state, presidents of the council, and generals
+      of an army, have crowds of visitants in a morning, all
+      soliciting of past promises; which are but a civiller sort of
+      duns, that lay claim to voluntary debts.&mdash;CONGREVE.
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      PERVERSE PUN.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The other day as Kenny was dining at a friend's house, after
+      dinner wine being introduced and Kenny partaking of it, was
+      on the instant observed to cough immoderately, when one of
+      the company inquired if the cause was not owing to a bit of
+      cork getting into the glass; to which Kenny replied, "I
+      should think it was Cork, for it went far to <i>Kill
+      Kenny</i>."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      P.K.R.
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a id="page360" name="page360"></a>[pg
+      360]</span>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      AUTHORS AND EDITORS.
+    </h3>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          "Do you hear, let them be well used."
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          SHAKSPEARE.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      Accustomed as our readers are to the quips, quirks, and
+      quibbles, of the <i>Gatherer</i>, we doubt whether the
+      following loose reflections will not be received as
+      egotistical, or out of place. But we are induced to the
+      hazard by the recent appearance of "The Tale of a Modern
+      Genius," (stated to be by Mr. Pennie,) and an interesting
+      paper in the last <i>London Magazine</i>, entitled "Memoirs
+      of a Young Peasant:" in which productions the fates and
+      fortunes of genius are set forth with very powerful claims to
+      the sympathy of readers. Indeed, we recommend their perusal
+      to many of our "neglected" correspondents, in the hope of
+      their becoming more reconciled to the justice with which
+      their contributions are rejected. In the comparison, their
+      works will be as "the labours of idleness," listlessly penned
+      under first impressions, or, at best, with the fond
+      anticipation of appearing in print. Vexatious as the
+      disappointment may appear, what is it compared with the bare
+      fate of genius, stripped of the bare means of sustenance by
+      the unsuccessful result of a literary engagement, or the
+      non-completion of a purchase, on which probably depended the
+      very day's existence. The subject is trite and hacknied; but
+      all that has been written about the illusions and misgivings
+      of genius will not alter its complexion. It is true that such
+      details have raised a spirit of sympathetic forbearance
+      towards the distresses of men of letters, except in the
+      breasts of the most barbarous and vulgar. But their
+      sufferings are doubly acute, and their perceptions doubly
+      tender. In their intercourse with mankind, they become
+      <i>flattered</i> by associates, and it not unfrequently
+      happens that men who are the most ready to quote such
+      ascendancy or superiority in society, are the first to break
+      the charm they have created, by some act of extreme rigour.
+      Such conduct is cruel and unchristian.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Again, the sufferings of men of genius are increased by their
+      own reflection on them, and in addition to real woes they
+      thus inflict on themselves thousands of imaginary ones. A
+      loss in trade may be repaired by the profits of the
+      succeeding day, and all be set right, where gain is the sole
+      idol; but when fame is mixed up in the pursuit, there is a
+      suffering beyond the hour, the day, or the year&mdash;mixed
+      up in the defeat. Hope is crushed; and after her flittering
+      shade spring up misanthropy and despair.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Light and fickle as is the public taste for literature, we
+      are disposed to think that, (barring the influence of great
+      names) the chances of success are as frequent in this as in
+      any other field of human ingenuity; and we can assure the
+      public that our repose has not always been on a bed of roses.
+      But it seems to be with certain literary candidates as with
+      nations: there is a certain point of fame which men seem
+      content to reach, after which, in return for the darling
+      caresses of the world, they kick at their patrons; and if the
+      maxim work true, that the fame of authors suffers by our
+      known contact and conversation with them, Sir Walter Scott's
+      recent avowal is a dangerous step, unless he was tired of his
+      fame. Of course, we have not yet arrived at the above point,
+      so that our readers need not fear our ingratitude; and we are
+      willing to abide by the condition, that when we forget our
+      patrons, may they forget us.
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      CURE FOR ENVY.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Bishop Berkeley (that acute reasoner) contrived a lucky
+      antidote, for the suffering of envy. "When I walk the
+      streets," says he, "I use the following natural maxim, (viz.
+      that he is the true possessor of a thing who enjoys it, and
+      not he that owns it without the enjoyment of it,) to convince
+      myself that I have a property in the gay part of all the gilt
+      chariots that I meet, which I regard as amusement to delight
+      my eyes, and the imagination of those kind people who sit in
+      them gaily attired only to please me;" by which maxim he
+      fancied himself one of the richest men in Great Britain.
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      LIMBIRD'S EDITION OF THE BRITISH NOVELIST, Publishing in
+      Monthly Parts, price 6d. each.&mdash;Each Novel will be
+      complete in itself, and may be purchased separately.
+    </p>
+    <center>
+      <i>The following Novels are already Published:</i>
+    </center>
+    <pre>
+                                           s.  d.
+  Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield           0   10
+  The Mysteries of Udolpho                 3    6
+  Mackenzie's Man of Feeling               0    6
+  Rasselas                                 0    8
+  Paul and Virginia                        0    6
+  The Old English Baron                    0    8
+  The Castle of Otranto                    0    6
+  The Romance of the Forest                1    8
+  Almoran and Hamet                        0    6
+  Elizabeth, or the Exiles of Siberia      0    6
+  Nature and Art                           0    8
+  The Italian                              2    0
+  A Simple Story                           1    4
+  The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne       0    6
+  Sicilian Romance                         1    0
+  The Man of the World                     1    0
+  Zeluco, by Dr. Moore                     2    0
+  Joseph Andrews                           1    6
+  Humphry Clinker                          1    8
+  Edward, by Dr. Moore                     2    6
+</pre>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+      <a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1</b>:
+      <a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+      <p>
+        Fleet from the Saxon flere, is cremon lactu, hence we have
+        flett or flit, milk.
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <p>
+      <i>Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, London, and Sold by
+      all Booksellers and Newsmen</i>.
+    </p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 10, ISSUE 284, NOVEMBER 24, 1827***</p>
+<p>******* This file should be named 11407-h.txt or 11407-h.zip *******</p>
+<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br />
+<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/4/0/11407">https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/4/0/11407</a></p>
+<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.</p>
+
+<p>Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.</p>
+
+
+
+<pre>
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+<a href="https://gutenberg.org/license">https://gutenberg.org/license)</a>.
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS,' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's
+eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII,
+compressed (zipped), HTML and others.
+
+Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks replace the old file and take over
+the old filename and etext number.  The replaced older file is renamed.
+VERSIONS based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving
+new filenames and etext numbers.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">https://www.gutenberg.org</a>
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+EBooks posted prior to November 2003, with eBook numbers BELOW #10000,
+are filed in directories based on their release date.  If you want to
+download any of these eBooks directly, rather than using the regular
+search system you may utilize the following addresses and just
+download by the etext year.
+
+<a href="http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/etext06">http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/etext06</a>
+
+    (Or /etext 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99,
+     98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90)
+
+EBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are
+filed in a different way.  The year of a release date is no longer part
+of the directory path.  The path is based on the etext number (which is
+identical to the filename).  The path to the file is made up of single
+digits corresponding to all but the last digit in the filename.  For
+example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at:
+
+https://www.gutenberg.org/1/0/2/3/10234
+
+or filename 24689 would be found at:
+https://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/6/8/24689
+
+An alternative method of locating eBooks:
+<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/GUTINDEX.ALL">https://www.gutenberg.org/GUTINDEX.ALL</a>
+
+*** END: FULL LICENSE ***
+</pre>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/old/11407-h/images/284-1.png b/old/11407-h/images/284-1.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..525fd96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/11407-h/images/284-1.png
diff --git a/old/11407-h/images/284-2.png b/old/11407-h/images/284-2.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a57698
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/11407-h/images/284-2.png
diff --git a/old/11407.txt b/old/11407.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..89d8e52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/11407.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1894 @@
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 10, Issue 284, November 24, 1827, by Various
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 10,
+Issue 284, November 24, 1827
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 2, 2004  [eBook #11407]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: US-ASCII
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE,
+AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 10, ISSUE 284, NOVEMBER 24, 1827***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Chew-Hung Lee, David Garcia, and the
+Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 11407-h.htm or 11407-h.zip:
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/4/0/11407/11407-h/11407-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/4/0/11407/11407-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. 10, No. 284.] SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 24, 1827. [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+NAVARINO AND THE ISLAND OF SPHAGIA.
+
+
+[Illustration: NAVARINO AND THE ISLAND OF SPHAGIA.]
+
+
+As our victories, though managed by the hand, are achieved by the head,
+we feel little disposed to meddle with what Burke calls "the mystery of
+murder," or "the present perfection of gunnery, cannoneering, bombarding,
+and mining;" and inveterate as may be the weapon of the goose-quill, we
+trust our readers will not suspect us of any other policy than that of
+pleasing them, the _ne plus ultra_ of all public servants. As our title
+implies, we are bound to present or reflect in our pages certain
+illustrations of popular topics, _veluti_ IN SPECULUM; accordingly, we
+hope the accompanying _View and Plan of the Bay of Navarino_ will be
+received in good season, _quod rerum est omnium primum_.
+
+Thus far, the political or present interest attached to Navarino: with
+the recent event which has raised, or we may say resuscitated such
+interest, our readers have doubtless become familiar, and leaving the
+ephemeral glory to the _Sun_ of all newspapers, and meaner "chronicles
+of the times," we shall proceed to the sober duty of describing the Bay
+of Navarino, as, it will be seen, a place of some interest in the annals
+of ancient as well as of modern warfare.
+
+With our usual _literary honesty_, (we trust a characteristic of our
+whole conduct,) we have to acknowledge our obligations to the "Travels"
+of M. Pouqueville for the preceding view. "The port of Navarino, certainly
+one of the finest in the world," says Sir William Gell, in his interesting
+_Journey in the Morea_, "is formed by a deep indenture in the Morea, shut
+in by a long island, anciently called Sphacteria, famous for the defeat
+and capture of the Spartans, in the Peloponnesian war, and yet exhibiting
+the vestige of walls, which may have served as their last refuge. This
+island has been separated into three or four parts by the violence of the
+waves, so that boats might pass from the open sea into the port in calm
+weather, by means of the channel so formed. On one of the portions is the
+tomb of a Turkish saint, or santon; and near the centre of the port is
+another very small island, or rock." The modern name of the island is
+_Sphagia_.
+
+Navarino, called by the Turks _Avarin_, and the Greeks _Neo-Castron_, is
+the Pylos of the ancients, and the supposed birthplace of the venerable
+Nestor--standing upon a promontory at the foot of Mount Temathia, and
+overlooking the vast harbour of the same name as the town. It is surrounded
+only by a wall without a ditch; the height commanding the city is a little
+hexagonal, defended by five towers at the external angles, which, with
+the walls, were built by the Turks in 1572, but were never repaired till
+after the war with the Russians in 1770; the Turks having previously taken
+it from the Venetians in 1499. At the gate of the fortress is a miserable
+Greek village; and the walls of the castle itself are in a dismantled
+condition.
+
+"The town within the wall," says Sir W. Gell, "is like all those in this
+part of the world, encumbered with the fallen ruins of former habitations.
+These have been generally constructed by the Turks, since the expulsion
+of the Venetians; for it appears, that till the long continued habit of
+possession had induced the Mahometans to live upon and cultivate their
+estates in the country, and the power of the Venetian republic had been
+consumed by a protracted peace, a law was enforced which compelled every
+Turk to have a habitation in some one of the fortresses of the country.
+But the habitatations," says our traveller, "present generally an
+indiscriminate mass of ruins; they were originally erected in haste, and
+being often cemented with mud instead of mortar, the rains of autumn,
+penetrating between the outer and inner faces of the walls, swell the
+earth, and soon effect the ruin of the whole"--it must be confessed, but
+sorry structures for the _triple_ fires of an enemy. Sir William, on his
+visit, found the commandant in a state of misery not exceeded by the lot
+of his meanest fellow-citizens, except that his robes were somewhat in
+better condition. He received him "very kindly in a dirty unfurnished
+apartment," into which he "climbed by a tottering ladder from a court
+strewed with ruins;" here he gave him "coffee," after which he took his
+leave. What would a first lord of the Admiralty say to such a reception?
+and it must have been somewhat uncourtly to our traveller.
+
+The soil about Navarino is of a red colour, and is remarkable for the
+production of an infinite quantity of squills, which are used in
+medicine. The rocks, which show themselves in every direction through a
+scanty but rich soil, are limestone, and present a general appearance of
+unproductiveness round the castle of Navarino; and the absence of trees
+is ill compensated by the profusion of sage, brooms, cistus, and other
+shrubs which start from the innumerable cavities of the limestone.
+
+The remains of Navarino Vecchio, or ancient Navarino, consist in a fort
+or castle of mean construction, covering the summit of a hill sloping
+quickly to the south, but falling in abrupt precipices to the north and
+east. The town was built on the southern declivity, and was surrounded
+by a wall, which, allowing for the natural irregularities of the soil,
+represented a triangle, with the castle at the apex or summit--a form
+observable in many of the ancient cities of Greece.
+
+The foundation of the walls throughout the whole circuit remains entire;
+but the fortifications were never of any consequence, though they present
+a picturesque group of turrets and battlements from below, and must have
+been very imposing from the sea,--an effect which those of the modern city
+have recently failed to produce. From the top is an extensive view over
+the island of Sphacteria, the port, with the town of Navarino to the
+south, and a considerable tract of the territory anciently called Messenia
+on the east, with the conic hill, which, though some miles from the shore,
+is used as a landmark to point out the entrance of the port. Mr. Purdy, in
+his _New Sailing Directory for the Mediterranean Sea_, says, "from the
+sea, a frigate might, in two or three hours, batter down the walls (of
+Navarino); the artillery of the place (in 1825) consisted of forty pieces
+of cannon; the greater part in the fort, eight on the battery at the
+entrance of the harbour, and a few in some of the towers along the city."
+It should be added that the port is said to be capable of containing 2,000
+sail; and the population of the town is about 3,000, the most of whom are
+Turks.
+
+To the curious _dilettanti_ in dates, &c. (such as our friend _P.T.W._
+&c.) the following almost coinciding circumstances may not prove
+uninteresting:--The recent engagement took place on the anniversary of
+the memorable battle of Salamis, 480 B.C. when the invading army of
+Xerxes was defeated by the Greeks; and on which day Euripides, the Greek
+tragic poet, was born: Nestor is said to have been born at Navarino, as
+we have already mentioned: and, lastly, the attack, of which the subjoined
+plan is illustrative, was made on the eve of the anniversary of the
+glorious battle of Trafalgar, in which victory the vice-admiral of
+Navarino, then captain of the Orient, was engaged.
+
+[Illustration: Plan]
+
+REFERENCES.
+
+1. The English Squadron.
+
+2. French Squadron.
+
+3. Russian Squadron.
+
+4. The combined Turko-Egyptian Fleet.
+
+5. The boat sent by the "Dartmouth" to one of the Turkish Fire Ships, in
+which Lieutenant G.W.H.F. Fitzroy was killed.
+
+6. and 7. Turkish Fire ships.
+
+The other figures denote the depth of water in English fathoms.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SEASONABLE RELICS.
+
+PART OF AN ANCIENT SONG.
+
+
+The following is part of an old song which I have faithfully copied; it
+was, I am told, sung at Wakes in the north of England, and also previous
+to Christmas: from the appearance, little doubt is left as to its being
+of northern composition.
+
+I have seen in former volumes of the MIRROR, specimens of two ancient
+ballads, and as they are a curiosity, I have sent mine as being, I think,
+equally so. There is an old ballad which I have met with and purchased,
+entitled "The Outlandish Knight," but it is certainly greatly altered,
+though the tale is preserved.
+
+  This ean night, this ean night,
+    Every night and awle,
+  Fire and fleet,[1] and candle lyght,
+    And Chryst receyve thy sawle.
+
+  When those from hence dost passe awaye,
+    Every night and awle,
+  To whinnye moore thou com'st at last,
+    And Chryste receyve thy sawle.
+
+  If ever thou gav'st either hosen or shune,
+    Every night and awle,
+  Sit thee down and put them on,
+    And Chryst receyve thy sawle.
+
+  But if hosen and shune thou never gav'st nean,
+    Every night and awle,
+  The whinnes shall prick thee to the bare beane,
+    And Chryst receyve thy sawle.
+
+  From whynne moore then thou may'st passe,
+    Every night and awle,
+  To brigge of dread thou com'st at last,
+    And Christ receyve thy sawle.
+
+  From brigge of dread that thou may'st passe,
+    Every night and awle,
+  To purgatory fire thou com'st at last,
+    And Chryst receyve thy sawle.
+
+  If e'er thou gav'st either meate or drinke,
+    Every night and awle,
+  The fire shall never make thee shrynke,
+    And Chryst receyve thy sawle.
+
+  But yf meate and drinke thou never gav'st neane,
+    Every night and awle,
+  The fire shall burn thee to the bare beane,
+    And Chryst receyve thy sawle.
+
+    [1] Fleet from the Saxon flere, is cremon lactu, hence we have
+        flett or flit, milk.
+
+The next I give you is an extract from the Court Rolls of the Borough of
+Hales Owen, of the
+
+
+_Custom of Bride Ale._
+
+"A payne ys made that no person or persons that shall brewe any weddyn
+ale to sell, shall not brewe aboue twelve stryke of mault at the most,
+and that the said persons so marryed shall not keep nor haue above eyght
+messe of persons at hys dinner within the burrowe, and before hys brydall
+daye he shall keep no unlawfull games in hys house nor out of hys house
+on payne of 20_s_."
+
+Besides "Bride Ale," there was the Church Ales, and Easter Ales,
+Whitsuntide Ales, and a quantity of others which we have no accounts of.
+I conclude this short notice with the hope of soon supplying you with a
+fund of information against Christmas.
+
+W.H.H.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIR OF HELEN.
+
+
+  Princess Helen was born of an egg,
+    And scarcely ten years had gone by,
+  When Theseus beginning to beg,
+    Decoyed the young chicken to fly.
+  When Tyndarus heard the disaster,
+    He crackled and thunder'd like Etna,
+  So out gallop'd Pollux and Castor,
+    And caught her a furlong from Gretna.
+      Singing rattledum, Greek Romanorum,
+        And hey classicality row.
+      Singing birchery, floggera, borum,
+        And folderol whack rowdy dow.
+
+  The newspapers puffed her each day,
+    Till the princes of Greece came to woo her,
+  Then coaxing the rest to give way,
+    She took Menalaus unto her,
+  So said they, "though we grieve to resign,
+    Yet if ever you're put to a shift,
+  Let your majesty drop us a line,
+    And we'll all of us lend you a lift.
+      With our rattledum, &c."
+
+  Menelaus was happy to win her.
+    But she soon found a cure for his passion,
+  By hobbing or nobbing at dinner,
+    With Paris, a Trojan of fashion.
+  This chap was a slyish young dog,
+    The most jessamy fellow in life,
+  For he drank Menalaus' grog,
+    And d--me made off with his wife.
+      Singing rattledum, &c.
+
+  The princes were sent for, who swore
+    They would punish this finikin boy;
+  So Achilles and two or three more,
+    Undertook the destruction of Troy.
+  But Achilles grew quite ungenteel,
+    And prevented their stirring a peg,
+  Till Paris let fly at his heel,
+    And he found himself laid by the leg.
+      With his rattledum, &c.
+
+  The Grecians demolish'd the city,
+    And then (as the poets have told)
+  Dame Helen might still be called pretty,
+    Though very near sixty years old.
+  Menelaus, when madam was found,
+    Took her snugly away in his chaise,
+  So Troy being burnt to the ground,
+    Why the story goes off with a blaze.
+      And a rattledum, &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+HORSE-CHESTNUTS.
+
+(_To the Editor of the Mirror._)
+
+
+In a recent number there was a notice of the uses of the _Esculus
+Hippocastaneus_, or horse chestnuts; but a very important one was
+omitted, namely, its substitution occasionally for Peruvian bark in
+cases of intermittent fever. This disorder, known better by the name of
+ague, had been formerly epidemic in Ireland, where the humidity of the
+atmosphere is continually increased by the exhalation of the lochs and bogs
+with which the country abounds. In consequence, however, of the formation
+of the Grand and Royal Canals, and the drainage of the waters in their
+vicinity, the tendency to this disease was greatly lessened; and about
+twenty years ago the disorder was so rare in Dublin and the neighbourhood,
+that the medical students often complained that they graduated without ever
+having an opportunity of seeing in the hospitals a single case of this once
+almost universal disorder. In consequence, however, of the extreme wetness
+of one summer and autumn, agues again resumed their ascendancy, and the
+hospitals and dispensaries became crowded with intermittent patients, and
+all the bark of the druggists and apothecaries was put into requisition;
+but to the surprise and disappointment of all the medical men, this
+infallible specific was altogether inert and powerless, and after repeated
+trials and disappointments, it was abandoned as useless. It was now a
+matter of importance to ascertain the cause of this extraordinary
+failure, whether it arose from the altered character of the complaint,
+or from the deteriorated quality of the medicine; and it was found to be
+the latter. In consequence of the long cessation of intermittent fever,
+bark had been little used or called for, and the stock had remained so
+long on hand, that it had become effete and worthless. It was necessary
+then to try some substitute. Quassia-wood, the acorus calamus, and other
+bitters and aromatics, were tried; but that which seemed to succeed best
+was the bark and kernel of the horse-chestnut. The nut was moderately
+dried in a stove, so as to be capable of being powdered, and in that state
+was exhibited in substance with cayenne pepper and other aromatics. The
+bark was taken in infusions and decoctions with quassia, and the effects
+were sometimes very decided and satisfactory, forming a providential
+substitute for the only kind of bark then to be procured in Ireland.
+
+W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SONNET.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+  Say what repays the gamester's nightly toil,
+    Can hell itself more hideous woes impart?
+  Can glitt'ring heaps of ill-begotten spoil,
+    Appease the cravings of his callous heart?
+  For this alone he severs every tie,
+    For this he marks unmov'd the orphan's tear,
+  E'en nature's charms, a smile from beauty's eye
+    No longer can his blasted prospects cheer.
+  But now prevails the dice's rattling sound,
+    The loud blaspheming oath, and cry of woe,
+  From tables set with spectre forms around,
+    Hurrying with frantic haste, th' expected throw!
+  Than this no greater foe to man remains
+    This is the mightiest triumph Satan gains!
+
+E.L.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ORIGINAL TRANSLATIONS.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+Horace.--Ode xxx.--B. 1.
+
+
+TO VENUS.
+
+_He invokes her to be present at Glycera's private sacrifice_
+
+
+  Venus! leave thy loved isle,
+  And on Glycera's altar smile;
+  Breathing perfumes hail the day,
+  Haste thee, Venus! haste away.
+
+  Bring with thee the am'rous boy;
+  The loose-rob'd Graces crown our joy!
+  Youth swell thy train, who owes to thee
+  Her charms, and winged Mercury!
+
+
+ODE xxvi.--B. 3.
+
+TO THE SAME.
+
+_He renounces Love._
+
+
+  Not without renown was I,
+  In the ranks of gallantry.
+  Now, when Love no more will call,
+  To battle; on this sacred wall,
+  Venus, where her statue stands,
+  To hang my arms, and lute commands;
+  Here the bright torch to hang, and bars,
+  Which wag'd so oft loud midnight wars.
+
+  But, O blessed Cyprian queen!
+  Blest in Memphian bow'rs serene,
+  Raise high the lash, and Chloe's be,
+  All e'er proud Chloe dealt to me!
+
+W.P.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Arcana of Science.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Smoke of Lamps._
+
+A recent number of Gill's "Technical Repository," contains a simple mode
+of consuming the smoke that ascends from the turner of an argand lamp. It
+consists of a thin concave of copper, fixed by three wires, at about an
+inch above the chimney-glass of the lamp, yet capable of being taken off
+at pleasure. The gaseous carbonaceous matter which occasionally escapes
+from the top of lamps, is thus arrested beneath the concave cap, and
+subsequently consumed by the heat of the flame, instead of passing off
+into the room, in the form of smoke or smut on the ceiling and walls.
+
+[The "Technical Repository," may have the credit of introducing this
+contrivance to the British public; but it is somewhat curious that it had
+not been previously adopted, since scores of lamps thus provided, are to
+be seen in the cafes and restaurateurs of Paris. _Apropos_, the French oil
+burns equal in brightness to our best gas, and as we are informed, this
+purity is obtained by filtration through charcoal.--ED.]
+
+
+_Caddis Worms._
+
+The transformation of the deserted cases of numberless minute insects into
+a constituent part of a solid rock, first formed at the bottom of a lake,
+then constituting the sides of deep valleys, and the tabular summits of
+lofty hills, is a phenomenon as striking as the vast reefs of coral
+constructed by the labours of minute polyps. We remember to have seen such
+_caddis-worms_, as they are called by fishermen, very abundant in the
+wooden troughs constructed by the late Dr. Sibthorp, for aquatic plants,
+in the botanic garden at Oxford, to the cases of which many small shells
+of the G. Planorbis Limnea and Cyclas were affixed, precisely in the same
+manner as in the fossil tubes of Auvergne; an incrusting spring,
+therefore, may, perhaps, be all that is wanting to reproduce, on the banks
+of the Isis or the Charwell, a rock similar in structure to that of the
+Limagne. Mr. Kirby, in his "Entomology," informs us, that these larvae
+ultimately change into a four-winged insect. If you are desirous to examine
+them in their aquatic state, "you have only, (he says) to place yourself by
+the side of a clear and shallow pool of water, and you cannot fail to
+observe at the bottom little oblong moving masses, resembling pieces of
+straw, wood, or even stone--of the larvae itself, nothing is to be seen
+but the head and six legs, by means of which it moves itself in the water,
+and drags after it the case in which the rest of the body is enclosed, and
+into which, on any alarm, it instantly retires. The construction of these
+habitations is very various. Some select four or five pieces of the leaves
+of grass, which they glue together into a shapely polygonal case; others
+employ portions of the stems of rushes, placed side by side, so as to form
+an elegant fluted cylinder; some arrange round them pieces of leaves like
+a spirally-rolled riband; other species construct houses which may be
+called alive, forming them of the shells of various aquatic snails of
+different kinds and sizes, even while inhabited, all of which are
+immovably fixed to them, and dragged about at pleasure. However various
+may be the form of the case externally, within it is usually cylindrical
+and lined with silk."--_Introduction to Entomology, by Kirby and Spence._
+
+
+_Engraving on Glass._
+
+Cover one side of a flat piece of glass, after having made it perfectly
+clean, with bees' wax, and trace figures upon it with a needle, taking
+care that every stroke cuts completely through the wax. Next, make a
+border of wax all round the glass, to prevent any liquor, when poured on,
+from running off. Then take some finely powdered fluate of lime (fluor
+spar,) strew it even over the glass plate upon the waxed side, and then
+gently pour upon it, so as not to displace the powder, as much concentrated
+sulphuric acid diluted with thrice its weight of water, as is sufficient
+to cover the powdered fluor spar. Let every thing remain in this state for
+three hours; then remove the mixture, and clean the glass, by washing it
+with oil of turpentine; the figures which were traced through the wax will
+be found engraven on the glass, while the parts which the wax covered will
+be uncorroded. The fluate of lime is decomposed by the sulphuric acid, and
+sulphate of lime is formed. The fluoric acid, disengaged in the gaseous
+state, combines with the water that diluted the sulphuric acid, and forms
+liquid fluoric acid, by which the glass is corroded.
+
+
+_Habits of Seals._
+
+The brain of this animal, observes Dr. Harwood, is I think, doubtless, of
+greater proportionate magnitude than in any other quadruped, and not only
+does it exhibit in its countenance, the appearance of sagacity, but its
+intelligence is in reality far greater than in most land quadrupeds: hence
+its domestication is rendered much easier than that of other animals, and
+it is susceptible of more powerful attachment. The large seal, which was
+exhibited some time ago at Exeter 'Change, appeared to me to understand
+the language of its keeper as perfectly as the most faithful dog. When he
+entered at one end of its long apartment, it raised its body from the
+water, in which it was injudiciously too constantly kept, supporting itself
+erect against the bar of its enclosure, and wherever he moved, keeping its
+large, dark eyes steadfastly fixed upon him. When desired to make obeisance
+to visitors, it quickly threw itself on one side, and struck the opposite
+one several times in quick succession with its fore-foot, producing a loud
+noise. The young seal, again, which was kept on board the Alexander, in one
+of the northern expeditions, became so much attached to its new mode of
+life, that after being thrown into the sea, and it had become tired of
+swimming at liberty, it regularly returned to the side of the beat, to be
+retaken on board. Such examples might be greatly multiplied; and I cannot
+help stating, that aware of this disposition to become familiar, and this
+participation in the good qualities of the dog, it is astonishing that
+mankind have not chosen this intellectual and finely organized quadruped,
+for aquatic services scarcely less important than some of those in which
+the dog is employed on the surface of the land.--_Quarterly Journal._
+
+
+_Gas from Resin._
+
+Mr. Daniel, the meteorologist, has contrived a process for generating gas
+from resin; which he effects by dissolving the resin in turpentine, or
+any other essential oil, and then allowing the fluid to drop gradually in
+a heated cylinder of iron.
+
+
+_Liquorice Paper._
+
+A mode has been discovered in France of fabricating paper solely from the
+Glycyrrhiza Germanica, or liquorice plant. It is said that this paper is
+cheap, that it is of a whiteness superior to that generally made, and that
+size is not requisite in its manufacture.
+
+
+_Tachygraphy._
+
+A mathematical instrument maker at Paris, of the name of Conti, has
+conceived the notion of a portable instrument which he calls a tachygraph,
+by means of which any person may write, or rather print, as fast as any
+other person can speak. M. Conti, however, like many other ingenious men,
+is not rich; and he has applied to the Academie des Sciences, for pecuniary
+assistance, and a very favourable report has been made upon his request.
+
+
+_Valuable Discovery in Agriculture._
+
+One of the most recent of useful discoveries in agriculture is to mix
+layers of green or new cut clover with layers of straw in ricks or stacks;
+thus the strength of the clover is absorbed by the straw, which, thus
+impregnated, both horses and cattle eat greedily, and the clover is dried
+and prevented from heating. This practice is particularly calculated for
+second crops of clover and rye-grass.
+
+
+_Pine Apples._
+
+The largest pine ever grown in this kingdom was cut lately from the
+hothouse of John Edwards, Esq. of Rheola, Glamorganshire, and was presented
+to his Majesty at Windsor. It weighed 14 lbs. 12 oz. avoirdupois, was
+12-1/2 inches high, exclusive of the crown, and 26 inches in circumference.
+
+
+_Sea Couch for preventing Sickness._
+
+An elastic or swinging seat, couch, or bed, for preventing the uneasy
+motions of a ship or a carriage, has recently been invented. To effect
+this, the frame of the seat or couch is suspended on juribals or joints,
+turning at right angles to each other, and an elasticity is produced both
+in the seat or cushion, and in the swinging frames, by the use of spiral
+metal springs. These springs are made by twisting steel or iron wire into
+the form of an hour glass, that is, like two cones united at their apices.
+The lower points of their springs are to be sown to the canvass or webbing,
+and their upper parts secured in their proper situations and erect
+positions by pack-thread or small cords, tied or braced from one to the
+other, crossing like a net. On the tops of these springs the usual covering
+of canvass is laid, and then a thin layer of horsehair or wool, upon which
+the outer covering is bitted. Sir Richard Phillips, in the _Monthly
+Magazine_, describes the following successful experiment for preventing
+sea-sickness, made on his crossing from Dover to Calais, a few years
+since. He caused an armed chair to be placed on the deck of the vessel,
+and being seated in it, he began to raise himself up and down, as on
+horseback. The passengers laughed at his eccentricity, but before they
+reached Calais, many of them were sea-sick, whilst Sir Richard continued
+to enjoy his usual health and vigour.
+
+
+_Bites of Venomous Reptiles._
+
+M. le D'Record, sen. discovered, during a long residence in America, what
+he considers a sure mode of preventing mischief from such bites. "It is
+sufficient," he says, "to pour a few drops of tincture of cantharides on
+the wound, to cause a redness and vesiccation; not only is the poison
+rendered harmless, but the stings of the reptiles are removed with the
+epidermis that the bladder raises."--_Med. Journal._
+
+
+_Naval Schools of France._
+
+In France, the system of mutual instruction among the working classes
+prospers in the bosoms of the ports, and schools are founded for the
+particular instruction of the sons of the inferior officers of the
+arsenals, in the elements of calculation, of geometry, and of design, as
+far as necessary for the plans of ships; also the principles of statics,
+so as to enable them to judge of the action and effect of machinery. Prizes
+of gold medals and special promotions are the rewards of the most deserving
+students. Brest was formerly the only port furnished with these schools;
+since the peace, however, libraries are forming in each of the others; and
+in almost all, cabinets of natural history and botanical gardens are
+enriched at every voyage undertaken by French ships, either to foreign
+coasts, or to those of the French colonies. An observatory has been given
+to Toulon and Rochefort. In both these ports naval museums are formed, in
+order to preserve types of the most eminent vessels, whose originals either
+have been, or soon will be, destroyed by time. Models of ingenious
+machines, representations of interesting manoeuvres, a methodical
+collection of raw materials, of tools, and of the product of all the arts
+exercised in a dock-yard--Such are the rich materials collected in these
+interesting repositories.--_From the French of M. Dupin._
+
+
+_Antiquity of Locks._
+
+Locks were known in Egypt above four thousand years since, as was inferred
+by M. Denon, from some sculptures of the great temple of Karnac,
+representing locks similar to those now used in that country. A lock
+resembling the Egyptian is used in Cornwall, and the same has been seen in
+the Faro Islands; to both which places it was probably taken by the
+Phoenicians.--_Quarterly Journal._
+
+
+_To increase the odour of Roses._
+
+Plant a large onion by the side of the rose-tree in such a manner that it
+shall touch the root of the latter. The rose which will be produced will
+have an odour much stronger and more agreeable than such as have not been
+thus treated; and the water distilled from these roses is equally superior
+to that prepared by means of ordinary rose leaves.--_From the French._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+The Selector;
+
+AND LITERARY NOTICES OF _NEW WORKS_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE SPECTRE'S VOYAGE.
+
+  "I see a hand you cannot see,
+    That beckons me away,
+  I hear a voice you cannot hear,
+    That will not let me stay."
+
+
+There is a part of the river Wye, between the city of Hereford and the town
+of Ross, which was known for more than two centuries by the appellation of
+"The Spectre's Voyage;" and across which, as long as it retained that
+appellation, neither entreaty nor remuneration would induce any boatman to
+convey passengers after a certain hour of the night. The superstitious
+notions current among the lower orders were, that at about the hour of
+eight on every evening, a female was seen in a small vessel sailing from
+Hereford to Northbrigg, a little village then distant about three miles
+from the city, of which not even the site is now discernible; that the
+vessel sailed with the utmost rapidity in a dead calm and even against the
+wind; that to encounter it was fatal; that the voyager landed from it on
+the eastern bank of the river, a little beyond the village; that she
+remained some time on shore, making the most fearful lamentations; that she
+then re-entered the vessel, and sailed back in the same manner, and that
+both boat and passenger vanished in a sudden manner as they arrived at a
+certain part of the river, where the current is remarkably strong, within
+about half a mile of the city of Hereford,
+
+This singular tradition, like most stories of a similar character, was not
+without a foundation in truth, as the reader will perceive who takes the
+trouble to peruse the following narrative.
+
+In the turbulent reign of Edward the Second, when the whole of England was
+one theatre of lawless violence, when might was constantly triumphant over
+right, and princes and soldiers only respected the very intelligible, if
+not very equitable principle,
+
+
+  "That they should take who have the power,
+  And they should keep who can,"
+
+
+the city of Hereford was distinguished by the zeal and patriotism of its
+citizens, and by the unshrinking firmness with which they adhered to the
+cause of queen Isabella, and the young prince her son, afterwards the
+renowned king Edward the Third, in opposition to the weak and ill-fated
+monarch who then wore the crown, and his detested favourites the Spensers,
+father and son. Sir Hugh Spenser, the younger, was a man of unquestionable
+talents, and possessed virtues which, during a period of less violence and
+personal animosity, might have proved honourable to himself, and useful to
+his country.
+
+The discontents of the queen and the barons were not vented in fruitless
+complaints or idle menaces. They flew to arms. The king of France, the
+queen's brother, assisted them with men and money; the Count of Hainault,
+to whose daughter Philippa, the young prince had been contracted, did the
+same. The king was driven from London, and forced, with the elder Spenser,
+whom he had created Earl of Winchester, to take refuge in Bristol. Being
+hotly pursued to this city by the Earl of Kent and the Count of Hainault,
+at the head of a formidable army, he was obliged to flee into Wales,
+leaving the elder Spenser governor of the castle of Bristol. This fortress
+was immediately besieged, and speedily taken, as the garrison mutinied
+against their governor, and delivered him into the hands of his enemies.
+This venerable noble, who had nearly reached his ninetieth year, was
+instantly, without trial, or witness, or accusation, or answer, condemned
+to death by the rebellious barons; he was hanged on a gibbet; his body was
+cut to pieces and thrown to the dogs; and his head was sent to Winchester,
+the place whence he derived his title, and was there set on a pole, and
+exposed to the insults of the populace.
+
+When the news of this catastrophe reached the younger Spenser, he was at
+the head of a fine army, which had sat down before the city of Hereford,
+for the purpose of reducing it to obedience to king Edward. The formidable
+force which he commanded had struck terror into the hearts of the citizens,
+so that notwithstanding their attachment to queen Isabella, and their
+detestation of Spenser, they had shown symptoms of their willingness to
+yield to the latter upon reasonable terms; and he, desirous of obtaining
+possession of the city without any unnecessary effusion of blood, had
+granted a truce of a week's duration, to give them time to decide upon what
+conditions they would open their gates to him. The disastrous intelligence
+which he received from Bristol, however, made him doubtful whether he
+should hold inviolate the truce which he had granted to the besieged. He
+did not doubt but that the Earl of Kent and his troops, flushed with
+conquest, would hasten to his destruction, and to the relief of Hereford,
+and that unless he could possess himself of the city and castle, and by
+shutting himself up in the latter be enabled to bid defiance to his
+enemies, the fate of his father must inevitably be his own.
+
+The favourite recreation of the inhabitants of Hereford was then, as it is
+now, to make excursions either alone, or in parties, upon their beautiful
+river. This amusement had become so much a custom with them, that the most
+timid females were not afraid to venture alone and at night in a small
+skiff, with which almost every family of respectability was provided; and
+on a bright moonlight night, the bosom of the river was beautifully
+diversified by the white sails glittering in the moonbeams, while sweet
+female voices would be heard warbling some popular melodies, the, subjects
+of which were usually the praises of prince Edward, or execrations of
+Spenser and those who had corrupted the king. It was on such a night, that
+the incident with which our narrative commences occurred. The moon was
+riding in an unclouded sky--unclouded except by those light fleecy vapours
+which hovered round the form of the queen of night, increasing rather than
+diminishing her beauty. The river seemed one sheet of silver, and numerous
+little vessels passing and repassing, gave it a delightfully animated
+appearance. In one, which seemed to be venturing nearer to the camp of the
+enemy than the others, might be seen a light and delicate female form, and
+on the shore which she was approaching, a little above the village of
+Northbrigg, stood a soldier, whose accoutrements bespoke him to belong to
+the army of Sir Hugh Spenser.
+
+The lady landed, and the soldier hastened to meet her. "Dearest Isabel,"
+he said, "blessings upon thy generous trusting heart, for this sweet
+meeting! I have much to tell thee, but that my tongue dares not utter all
+with which my mind is stored; and if it dared, it is not on such a night
+as this, so bright, so beautiful, that tidings dark as mine should be
+communicated." Isabel, who had laid her head upon his breast when they
+met, started from him, and gazed with the utmost terror and surprise at
+the unwonted gloom which darkened his countenance.
+
+"Walter, what means this? Come you to break the trusting heart which beats
+for you alone? Come you to cancel your vows--to say that we must part for
+ever? Oh! better had you left me to the mercy of the wave, when its work
+of death was half achieved, if you reserved me only for the misery which
+waits upon a broken heart, and blighted and betrayed affections?"
+
+"Sweet, dry these tears!" replied the soldier; "while I have life I am
+thine. I come to warn thee of sure but unseen danger. The walls of
+Hereford are strong, and the arms and hearts of her citizens firm and
+trusty; but her hour is come, and the path of the destroyer, although
+secret, is like the stream which hides itself for a time beneath the earth
+only to spring forth more strongly and irresistibly than ever."
+
+"Thy words are dark and dreadful; but I do not know of any cause for fear,
+or of any means of avoiding it, if it exists."
+
+"Fly with me, fly!--with thy heart and hand reward my love, and think no
+more of those grim walls, and sullen citizens, with souls as iron as their
+beavers, and hearts as cold as the waters of their river."
+
+"Oh! no, no, no! my father's head is grey, and but for me alone all his
+affections, all his hopes are buried in my mother's grave. He hates thee
+and thy cause. When I told him a stranger had rescued his daughter from
+the wave, he raised his hands to heaven and blessed him. I told him that
+that stranger was a follower of the Spensers'; he checked his unfinished
+benediction, and cursed him. But if he knew thee, Walter, thy noble heart,
+thy constant love, methinks that time and entreaty would make him listen
+to his daughter's prayer."
+
+"Alas! my Isabel, entreaty would be vain, and time is already flapping his
+wings, loaded with inevitable ruin, over yon devoted city and its
+inhabitants. Thy father shall be safe--trust that to me; and trust me, too,
+that what I promise I can perform. But thou, my loved one, thou must not
+look upon the horrid face of war: and though my power extends to save thy
+father from injury, it would be easier to save the wall-flowers on the
+ramparts of the city from the foot of the invader, than one so fair, so
+feeble, from his violence and lust."
+
+"Whoe'er thou art," she said, "there is a spell upon my heart which love
+and gratitude have twined, and which makes it thine for ever: but sooner
+would I lock my hand with that of the savage Spenser himself, when reeking
+with the best blood of Hereford's citizens, than leave my father's side
+when his gray hairs are in danger, and my native city, when treachery is
+in her streets and outrage is approaching her walls."
+
+These words were uttered with an animation and vehemence so unusual to
+her, that Walter stood for a moment transfixed with wonder; and before he
+recovered his self-possession, Isabel, with the velocity of lightning, had
+regained her skiff, and was sailing before the wind to Hereford. "Curse on
+my amorous folly!" he exclaimed, "that, for a pair of pale cheeks and
+sparkling eyes, has perhaps ruined a better concerted stratagem than ever
+entered the brain of the Grecian Sinon. I must away, or the false girl
+will wake the slumbering citizens to their defence before the deed is
+done; and yet, must I devote her to the foul grasp of ruffian violence?
+No, no! my power is equal to save or to destroy." As he uttered these
+words he rapidly ascended the rocks which skirted that part of the banks
+of the river on which he stood, and was soon lost among the wild woods
+that crowned their summit.
+
+We shall not enter into any detailed account of the events of that night.
+The royalists, by means of an unexpected attack during the truce, and
+aided by internal treachery, hoped to make themselves masters of the city
+of Hereford. The citizens, however, had by some unknown means obtained
+intelligence of the designs of the enemy, and were prepared to repel their
+attacks. Every street was lined with soldiers, and a band of the bravest
+and most determined, under the command of Eustace Chandos, (Isabel's
+father,) manned the city walls. The struggle was short but sanguinary--the
+invaders were beaten back at every point, their best troops were left dead
+in the trenches, and above two hundred prisoners (among whom was Sir Hugh
+Spenser himself) fell into the hands of the citizens. The successful party
+set no bounds either to their exultation or their revenge. The rejoicings
+were continued for three successive days; the neighbouring country was
+ravaged without cessation and without remorse; and all the prisoners were
+ordered, by a message to that effect received from queen Isabella, to be
+treated as felons, and hanged in the most public places in the city. This
+decree was rigorously and unrelentingly executed. The royalist soldiers,
+without any distinction as to rank or character, suffered the ignominious
+punishment to which they were condemned, and the streets of Hereford were
+blocked up by gibbets, which the most timid and merciful of its
+inhabitants gazed upon with satisfaction and triumph.
+
+Sir Hugh Spenser, both on account of his rank and of the peculiar degree
+of hatred with which each bosom beat against him, was reserved to be the
+last victim. On the day of his execution the streets were lined with
+spectators, and the principal families in the city occupied stations round
+the scaffold. So great was the universal joy at having their enemy in their
+power, that even the wives and daughters of the most distinguished citizens
+were anxious to view the punishment inflicted upon him whom they considered
+the grand cause of all the national evils. Isabel was not of this number;
+but her father sternly compelled her to be a witness of the dismal scene.
+The hour of noon was fast approaching, and the bell of the cathedral
+heavily and solemnly tolled the knell of the unfortunate Spenser. The fatal
+cavalcade approached the place of execution. A stern and solemn triumph
+gleamed in the eyes of the soldiers as they trod by the side of the victim;
+but most of the spectators, especially the females, were melted into tears
+when they beheld the fine manly form of the prisoner, which seemed better
+fitted to adorn the royal levee, or a lady's bower, than for the melancholy
+fate to which he was about to be consigned. His head was bare, and his
+light flaxen hair fell in a rich profusion of locks down his shoulders, but
+left unshaded his finely-proportioned and sunburnt features. He wore the
+uniform of the royal army, and a star on his breast indicated his rank,
+while he held in his hand a small ivory cross, which he frequently and
+fervently kissed. His deportment was firm and contemptuous, and, as he
+looked on the formal and frequently grotesque figures of his guards, his
+features even assumed an expression of risibility. The sight of the gibbet,
+however, which was raised fifty feet high, seemed to appal him, for he had
+not been apprized of the ignominious nature of his punishment. "And is
+this," he said, as he scornfully dashed away a tear which had gathered in
+his eye, "ye rebellious dogs, is this the death to which you doom the heir
+of Winchester?" A stern and bitter smile played on the lips of his guards,
+but they remained silent. "Oh, God!" he continued, "in the field, or on the
+wave, or on the block, which has reeked so often with the bravest and
+noblest blood, I could have died smiling; but this--" His emotion seemed
+increasing, but with a violent effort he suppressed every outward sign of
+it; for the visible satisfaction which gleamed on the dark faces around
+him, at the state of weakness to which they had reduced the proud heart of
+their foe, was more galling to his soul than the shameful death to which he
+was devoted.
+
+By the time he reached the place of execution his face had assumed its
+calm and scornful air, and he sprang upon the scaffold with apparently
+unconcerned alacrity. At the same moment a dreadful shriek issued from that
+part of the surrounding booths in which the family of Chandos sat; and in
+another instant a female, deadly pale, and with her hair and dress
+disordered, had darted on to the scaffold, and clasped the prisoner in her
+arms.
+
+"Walter!" she cried, "Walter! can it be thou? oh! they dare not take thy
+life; thou bravest, best of men! Avaunt, ye bloodthirsty brood! ye cannot
+tear me from him. Not till my arms grow cold in death I'll clasp him thus,
+and defy the world to sever us!"
+
+"Oh! Isabel!" he said, "it is too much; my soul can bear no more. I hoped
+thy eyes had been spared this sight--but the cold tyrants have decreed it
+thus. On! leave me, leave me!--it is in vain--unmannered ruffians, spare
+her!" While he spoke, the soldiers forcibly tore her from him, and were
+dragging her through the crowd.--"My father! save him! he saved thy
+child!--Walter! supplicate him--he is kind." She turned her eyes to the
+scaffold as she uttered these words, and beheld the form of Spenser
+writhing in the air, and convulsed with the last mortal agony. A fearful
+shriek burst from her heart, and she sank senseless in the arms of those
+who bore her.
+
+Isabel survived this event more than a twelvemonth; but her reason had
+fled and her health was so shattered that final recovery was hopeless.
+She took scarcely any food, refused all intercourse with her former
+friends, and even with her father, and would sit silent and motionless
+for days together. One thing only soothed her mind, or afforded her any
+gratification; and this, as she was an experienced navigator of the
+river, her friends indulged her in--to sail from the city of Hereford to
+that spot on which she used to meet her lover. This she did constantly
+every evening; but when she landed, and had waited a short time, her
+shrieks and cries were pitiable. This practice one evening proved fatal.
+Instead of steering to the usual landing-place, a little above the city,
+she entered a part of the river where the current is unusually strong.
+The rapidity of its waves mastered and overturned the frail bark in which
+she sailed, and the unfortunate Isabel sunk to rise no more!
+
+The tragic nature of these events made an impression on the popular mind
+which two centuries did not efface. The spirit of Isabel was still said
+to sail every night from Hereford to Northbrigg, to meet her lover; and
+the beach across the river which this unearthly traveller pursued, was
+long distinguished by the name of "The Spectre's Voyage."
+
+_Neele's Romance of History._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+IRISH GRANDEES.
+
+
+Conspicuous amongst the most conspicuous of the stars; of the ascendant,
+was a lady, who took the field with an _eclat_, a brilliancy, and bustle,
+which for a time fixed the attention of all upon herself. Although a fine
+woman, in the strictest sense of the term, and still handsome, though not
+still very young, she was even more distinguished by her air of high
+supremacy, than by her beauty. She sat loftily in a lofty phaeton, which
+was emblazoned with arms, and covered with coronets; and she played with
+her long whip, as ladies of old managed their fans, with grace and
+coquetry. She was dressed in a rich habit, whose facings and epaulettes
+spoke her the lady of the noble colonel of some provincial corps of
+volunteers. A high military cap, surmounted with a plume of black feathers,
+well became her bright, bold, black eyes, and her brow that looked as if
+accustomed "to threaten and command." The air had deepened her colour
+through her rouge, as it had blown from her dark, dishevelled tresses the
+mareschal powder, then still worn in Ireland--(the last lingering barbarism
+of the British toilette, which France had already abandoned, with other
+barbarous modes, and exchanged for the _coiffure d'Arippine_ and the _tete
+a la Brutus_.) Her _pose_, her glance, her nod, her smile, all conscious
+and careless as they were, proclaimed a privileged autocrat of the Irish
+_bon ton_, a "_dasher_," as it was termed, of the first order; for that
+species of effrontery called _dashing_ was then in full vogue, as consonant
+to a state of society, where all in a certain class went by assumption.
+
+This lady had arrived rather early in the field, for one whose habits were
+necessarily on the wrong side of time and of punctuality. She came bowling
+along, keeping up her fiery steeds to a sort of curvetting gallop, like one
+deep in the science of the _manege_--now deranging the order of march of
+the troops, by breaking through the ranks, in spite of the impertinent
+remonstrances of the out-posts and videttes, at which she laughed, at once
+to show her teeth and her power;--and now scattering the humble crowd,
+"like chaff before the wind," as giving her horses the rein, she permitted
+them to plunge head-long on, while skilfully flourishing her long whip, she
+made on every side a preliminary clearance. Many among the multitude
+announced her as the famous Kitty Cut-dash, and nodded knowingly as she
+passed them; but the greater number detected in the beautiful charioteer,
+the equally famous Albina Countess Knocklofty, the female chief of that
+great oligarchical family, the Proudforts--a family on which the church
+rained mitres, the state coronets, and the people--curses.
+
+Beside her sat, or rather lounged, another dame of quality, bearing the
+stamp of her class and caste as obviously, yet less deeply marked, than
+her companion. More feminine in her air, more foreign in her dress and
+entire bearing, her faultless form, and almost faultless face, had all the
+advantages of the new democratic toilet of Paris, (adopted by its court,
+when more important innovations were still fatally resisted;) and she
+appeared in the Phoenix Park, dressed much in the same costume as Marie
+Antoinette and her female favourites are described to have worn in the
+gardens of Trianon, or in the bowers of St. Cloud,--to the horror of all
+old _dames d'atours_, and all the partisans of the ancient regime of
+whalebone and buckram! The chemise of transparent muslin, or _robe a la
+Poliynae_, _chapeau de paille a la bergere_, tied down with a lilac
+ribbon, with
+
+
+  "Scarf loosely flowing, hair as free,"
+
+
+gave an air of sylph-like simplicity to one, whose features, though
+beautiful, were marked by an expression foreign to simplicity, evincing
+that taste, not sentiment, presided over her toilet, and that, "_chez
+elle, un beau desordre fut l'effet de l'art_."
+
+This triumphal car was followed, or surrounded, by a host of beaux; some
+in military uniform, and with true English faces and figures; but the
+greater number in the civil, though uncivilized, dress of the day, and
+with forms and physiognomies as Irish as ever were exhibited in Pale or
+Palatine, to the dread of English settlers and Scotch undertakers.
+Ponderous powdered clubs, hanging from heads of dishevelled hair--shoulders
+raised or stuffed to an Atlas height and breadth--the stoop of paviers,
+and the lounge of chairmen--broad beavers, tight buckskins, the striped
+vest of a groom, and the loose coat of a coachman, gave something ruffianly
+to the air of even the finest figures, which assorted but too well with the
+daring, dashing manner, that just then had succeeded, among a _particular
+set_, to the courtly polish for which the travelled nobility of Ireland
+were once so distinguished. Such, in exterior, were many of the members of
+the famous _Cherokee Club_, and such the future legislators of that great
+national indignity, which had procured them a contemptible pre-eminence in
+the black book of public opinion, by the style and title of the "_Union
+Lords_." As they now crowded round the cynosures of the day, there was
+something too ardent and unrestrained in their homage, something too
+emphatic in their expressions and gestures, for true breeding; while in
+their handsome, but "light, revelling, and protesting faces," traces of
+the night's orgies were still visible, which gave their fine features a
+licentious cast, and deprived their open and very manly countenances of
+every mark of intellectual expression.--_Lady Morgan's "O'Briens and
+O'Flahertys."_
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE WEE MAN.
+
+
+  It was a merry company.
+    And they were just afloat,
+  When lo! a man of dwarfish span
+    Came up and hail'd the boat.
+
+  "Good morrow to ye, gentle folks,
+    And will you let me in?
+  A slender space will serve my case,
+    For I am small and thin."
+
+  They saw he was a dwarfish man,
+    And very small and thin;
+  Not seven such would matter much,
+    And so they took him in.
+
+  They laugh'd to see his little hat,
+    With such a narrow brim;
+  They laugh'd to note his dapper coat,
+    With skirts so scant and trim.
+
+  But barely had they gone a mile,
+    When, gravely, one and all,
+  At once began to think the man
+    Was not so very small.
+
+  His coat had got a broader skirt,
+    His hat a broader brim,
+  His leg grew stout, and soon plump'd out
+    A very proper limb.
+
+  Still on they went, and as they went
+    More rough the billows grew,--
+  And rose and fell, a greater swell,
+    And he was swelling too!
+
+  And lo! where room had been for seven,
+    For six there scarce was space!
+  For five!--for four!--for three!--not more
+    Than two could find a place!
+
+  There was not even room for one!
+    They crowded by degrees--
+  Ay, closer yet, till elbows met,
+    And knees were jogging knees.
+
+  "Good sir, you must not sit a-stern.
+    The wave will else come in!"
+  Without a word he gravely stirr'd,
+    Another seat to win.
+
+  "Good sir, the boat has lost her trim,
+    You must not sit a-lee!"
+  With smiling face and courteous grace
+    The middle seat took he.
+
+  But still by constant quiet growth,
+    His back became so wide.
+  Each neighbour wight, to left and right,
+    Was thrust against the side.
+
+  Lord! how they chided with themselves,
+    That they had let him in;
+  To see him grow so monstrous now,
+    That came so small and thin.
+
+  On every brow a dew-drop stood,
+    They grew so scared and hot,--
+  "I' the name of all that's great and tall,
+    Who are ye, sir, and what?"
+
+  Loud laugh'd the Gogmagog, a laugh
+    As loud as giant's roar--
+  "When first I came, my proper name
+    Was _Little_--now I'm _Moore_!"
+
+_Hood's Whims and Oddities Second series._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Manners & Customs of all Nations.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+No. XV.
+
+
+LIVING AT CALAIS.
+
+
+Calais may, for various reasons, be looked upon as one of the dearest towns
+in France. An excellent suite of furnished apartments may be had in one of
+the most respectable _private_ houses in Calais, consisting of a
+sitting-room, three bedrooms, and a kitchen, for twenty shillings a week,
+and smaller ones in proportion, down to five shillings a week for a
+bachelor's apartment. This, however, does not include _attendance_ of any
+kind; and, with few exceptions, the apartments can only be taken by the
+month. The price of meat is fixed by a _tarif_, at a maximum of sixpence
+per pound for the very best. It varies, therefore, between that price and
+fourpence; and this pound contains something more than ours. Poultry is
+still cheaper, in proportion, or rather in fact. My dinner to-day consists,
+in part, of an excellent fowl, which cost _8d._ and a pair of delicate
+ducks, which cost _1s. 6d._ The price of bread is also fixed by law, and
+amounts to about two-thirds of the _present_ price of ours in London.
+Butter and eggs are excellent, and always fresh: the first costs from _9d._
+to _10d._ the pound of 18 ounces; and the latter _10d._ the quarter of a
+hundred. Vegetables and fruit, which are all of the finest quality, and
+fresh from the gardens of the adjacent villages, are as follow:--asparagus,
+at the rate of _8d._ or _9d._ the hundred, peas (the picked young ones,)
+_3d._ per quart; new potatoes (better than any we can get in England,
+except what they call the _framed_ ones,) three pounds far a penny;
+cherries and currants (picked for the table,) _2d._ per pound; strawberries
+(the high flavoured wood-strawberry, which is so fine with sugar and
+cream,) _4d._ for a full quart, the stocks being picked off. (This latter
+is a delicacy that can scarcely be procured in England for any price.) The
+above may serve as an indication of all the rest, as all are in proportion.
+The finest pure milk is _2d._ per quart; good black or green teas, _4s.
+6d._ per pound; and the finest green gunpowder tea, _7s._; coffee, from
+_1s. 3d._ to _2s._; good brandy, _1s. 3d._ per quart, and the very best,
+_2s._ (I do not mean the very finest old Cogniac, which costs _3s. 6d._)
+Wine is dearer in Calais than, perhaps, in any other town in France, that
+could be named; but still you may have an excellent table wine for _1s._
+per quart bottle; and they make a very palatable and wholesome beer, for
+_1-1/2d._ and _2-1/2d._ per bottle--the latter of which has all the good
+qualities of our porter, and none of its bad. Fish is not plentiful at
+Calais, except the skate, which you may have for almost nothing, as indeed
+you may at many of our own sea-port towns. But you may always have good
+sized turbot (enough for six persons for _3s._ and a cod weighing from
+twelve to fifteen pounds,) for half that sum. As to the wages of female
+servants, they can scarcely be considered as much cheaper, nominally, than
+they are with us. But then the habits of the servants, and the cost of what
+they eat, make their _keep_ and wages together amount to not more than half
+what they do with us.
+
+It only remains to tell you of what is _dearer_ here than it is in England,
+I have tried all I can to find out items belonging to this latter head, and
+have succeeded in _two_ alone--namely, sugar and fuel. You cannot have
+brown sugar under _8d._ and indifferent loaf sugar costs _1s. 3d._ And as
+to firing, it is dearer, _nominally_ alone, and in point of fact, does not
+cost, to a well regulated family, near so much, in the course of the year,
+as coals do in our houses.--_Monthly Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ROMAN FUNERALS.
+
+
+The ceremonial of the funeral of a cardinal is considered as one of the
+most imposing at Rome, which is a city of ceremonies, and yielding only
+in magnificence to the obsequies of royal personages. The burial of the
+Mezzo-ceto classes is conducted rather differently. The body is exposed
+much in the same manner, at home; but the convoi, or passage from the
+habitation to the sepulchre, is generally considered as an occasion which
+calls for the utmost display. Torches, priests, psalmody, are sought for
+with a spirit of rivalry which easily explains the sumptuary laws of the
+Florentine and Roman statute-books, and which, unnoticed but not
+extinguished in the present age, in a poorer must have been highly
+offensive to the frugality and jealousies of a republic. The religious
+orders, the Capucins particularly, are in constant requisition; not a day
+that you may not meet two or three of their detachments in various parts
+of the city:---the religious or charitable fraternities, such as the
+Fratelli della Misericordia, of which the deceased is generally a brother
+or a benefactor, or both, think it also a point of duty and gratitude to
+swell the _cortege_, and in the greatest numbers they can muster to attend.
+Their costume, which is highly picturesque, is always a striking feature,
+and adds much to the brilliancy of the display. They wear a sort of sack
+robe or tunic, which covers the whole body, girt with a rope round the
+waist, and with holes pierced in the _capuchon_ for the eyes; their large
+grey slouched hat is thrown back, much in the manner in which it appears
+on the statues of Mercury, on their shoulders; their feet are often in
+zoccoli, or sandals of wood, and sometimes, though rarely, bare. The
+colour of their dress varies according to the rule of their society; at
+Rome, I have noticed white, blue, and grey: at Florence they prefer black.
+The corpse is dressed up with great care, and often with a degree of luxury
+which would become a wedding; the best linen, the richest ornaments, are
+lavished; garlands are placed on the head; the hands crossed, with a
+crucifix between them, on the bosom, and the face and feet left quite bare.
+Sometimes, through a capricious fit of piety, all this is studiously
+dispensed with, and the body appears clad in the habit of some religious
+order, to which the deceased was especially addicted during life. In this
+manner the procession begins to move after sunset, preceded by a tall
+silver cross, beadles, &c.; friars, priests, &c. chanting the De Profundis
+through the principal streets to the church where it is intended it should
+be interred.
+
+The effect, with some abatements for boys following to pick up the
+drippings of the torches, and the perfect indifference of the assistants,
+for neither friends nor relatives attend, is certainly very solemn. The
+deep hoarse recitative of the psalm, the strange phantom-like appearance
+of the fraternities, the flash and glare of the torches which they carry,
+on the face of the dead; the dead body itself, in all the appalling
+nakedness of mortality, but still mocked with the tawdry images of this
+world, in the flowers and tinsel and gilding which surround it; the quick
+swinging motion with which it is hurried along, and with which it comes
+trenching, when one least expects it, on all the gaieties and busy
+interests of existence (for at this hour the Corso and the Caffes are most
+crowded)--all this, without any reference to the intrinsic solemnity of
+such a scene, is calculated, as mere stage effect, powerfully to stir up
+the sympathies and imagination of a stranger. On the inhabitants, as might
+be apprehended, such pageants have long since lost all their influence;
+and I have seen a line extending down a whole street, without deranging a
+single lounger from his seat, or interrupting for an instant the pleasures
+of ice-eating and punch-drinking, which generally takes place in the open
+air. Whether this passion for bringing into coarse contact, as is often
+the case, both life and death, the gloomy and the gay, be constitutional
+or traditional, I know not; but a traveller can scarcely fail of being
+struck with the prevalence of the feeling and practice amongst southern
+nations at all periods of their history, and finding in the modern
+inhabitants of those favoured regions, frequent resemblances to that
+strange spirit of melancholy voluptuousness, which travelled onward from
+Egypt to Greece, and from Greece, together with the other refinements of
+her philosophy, into the greater part of Italy. On reaching the church,
+unless the wealth and situation of the departed can permit the consolation
+or the vanity of a high mass, the body is immediately committed to the
+tomb. Such at least is the practice at Rome; and there are few who have
+not witnessed with disgust the indecent haste of the few attendants by
+whom this portion of the last rites is usually despatched. In the country,
+and in smaller towns, the corpse is usually exposed for at least a day: I
+know few exceptions, from Trent to Naples. It is generally an affecting
+ceremony. One of the most touching instances of the kind I can remember,
+was the exposure of a young girl, who had just died in the flush of beauty
+in a small village in Tuscany. I was passing through at the time, and
+stepped by chance into the church. The corpse was lying on a low bier
+before the altar; a small lamp burnt above. Her two younger sisters were
+kneeling at her side, and from time to time cast flowers upon her head.
+Scarcely a peasant entered but immediately came up and touched the bier,
+and, after kneeling for a few moments, rose and murmured a prayer or two
+for the spiritual rest of the departed. All this was done very naturally,
+and with a kindliness which spoke highly for the warmth and purity of their
+affections. A similar custom still continues at Rome. The day after the
+execution of the conspirator Targioni, who suffered in the late affair of
+the Prince Spada, flowers and chaplets, notwithstanding every precaution
+on the part of the police, were found scattered on his tomb. He has been
+refused, for his contumacy in his last moments, Christian sepulture, and
+was buried in a field outside the Porta del Popolo. It is remarkable that,
+very nearly in the same place, the freedmen of Nero paid a similar tribute
+of affection to the mortal remains of their master. Garlands and flowers,
+the morning after his death, were also found upon _his_ tomb.
+
+_New Monthly Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SLAVERY IN THE EAST.
+
+
+The slave in eastern countries, after he is trained to serve, attains the
+condition of a favoured domestic; his adoption of the religion of his
+master is usually the first step which conciliates the latter. Except at
+a few seaports, he is seldom put to hard labour. In Asia these are no
+fields tilled by slaves, no manufactories in which they are doomed to
+toil; their occupations are all of a domestic nature, and good behaviour
+is rewarded by kindness and confidence, which raises them in the community
+to which they belong. The term gholam, or slave, in Mahomedan countries,
+is not one of opprobrium, nor does it even convey the idea of a degraded
+condition. The Georgians, Nubians, and Abyssinians, and even the Seedee,
+or Caffree, as the woolly-headed Africans are called, are usually married,
+and their children, who are termed house-born, become, in a manner, part
+of their master's family. They are deemed the most attached of his
+adherents: they often inherit a considerable portion of his wealth; and
+not unfrequently (with the exception of the woolly-headed Caffree) lose,
+by a marriage in his family, or by some other equally respectable
+connexion, all trace of their origin.
+
+According to the Mahomedan law, the state of slavery is divided into two
+conditions--the perfect and absolute, or imperfect and privileged. Those
+who belong to the first class are, with all their property, at the disposal
+of their masters. The second, though they cannot, before emancipation,
+inherit or acquire property, have many privileges, and cannot be sold or
+transferred. A female, who has a child to her master, belongs to the
+privileged class; as does a slave, to whom his master has promised his
+liberty, on the payment of a certain sum, or on his death.--_Sir J.
+Malcolm's Sketches of Persia._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+The Gatherer.
+
+
+  "I am but a _Gatherer_ and disposer of other men's stuff."--_Wotton._
+
+
+LEVEES.
+
+
+Secretaries of state, presidents of the council, and generals of an army,
+have crowds of visitants in a morning, all soliciting of past promises;
+which are but a civiller sort of duns, that lay claim to voluntary
+debts.--CONGREVE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PERVERSE PUN.
+
+
+The other day as Kenny was dining at a friend's house, after dinner wine
+being introduced and Kenny partaking of it, was on the instant observed
+to cough immoderately, when one of the company inquired if the cause was
+not owing to a bit of cork getting into the glass; to which Kenny replied,
+"I should think it was Cork, for it went far to _Kill Kenny_."
+
+P.K.R.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+AUTHORS AND EDITORS.
+
+
+  "Do you hear, let them be well used."
+    SHAKSPEARE.
+
+
+Accustomed as our readers are to the quips, quirks, and quibbles, of the
+_Gatherer_, we doubt whether the following loose reflections will not be
+received as egotistical, or out of place. But we are induced to the hazard
+by the recent appearance of "The Tale of a Modern Genius," (stated to be
+by Mr. Pennie,) and an interesting paper in the last _London Magazine_,
+entitled "Memoirs of a Young Peasant:" in which productions the fates and
+fortunes of genius are set forth with very powerful claims to the sympathy
+of readers. Indeed, we recommend their perusal to many of our "neglected"
+correspondents, in the hope of their becoming more reconciled to the
+justice with which their contributions are rejected. In the comparison,
+their works will be as "the labours of idleness," listlessly penned under
+first impressions, or, at best, with the fond anticipation of appearing in
+print. Vexatious as the disappointment may appear, what is it compared with
+the bare fate of genius, stripped of the bare means of sustenance by the
+unsuccessful result of a literary engagement, or the non-completion of a
+purchase, on which probably depended the very day's existence. The subject
+is trite and hacknied; but all that has been written about the illusions
+and misgivings of genius will not alter its complexion. It is true that
+such details have raised a spirit of sympathetic forbearance towards the
+distresses of men of letters, except in the breasts of the most barbarous
+and vulgar. But their sufferings are doubly acute, and their perceptions
+doubly tender. In their intercourse with mankind, they become _flattered_
+by associates, and it not unfrequently happens that men who are the most
+ready to quote such ascendancy or superiority in society, are the first
+to break the charm they have created, by some act of extreme rigour. Such
+conduct is cruel and unchristian.
+
+Again, the sufferings of men of genius are increased by their own
+reflection on them, and in addition to real woes they thus inflict on
+themselves thousands of imaginary ones. A loss in trade may be repaired
+by the profits of the succeeding day, and all be set right, where gain
+is the sole idol; but when fame is mixed up in the pursuit, there is a
+suffering beyond the hour, the day, or the year--mixed up in the defeat.
+Hope is crushed; and after her flittering shade spring up misanthropy and
+despair.
+
+Light and fickle as is the public taste for literature, we are disposed
+to think that, (barring the influence of great names) the chances of
+success are as frequent in this as in any other field of human ingenuity;
+and we can assure the public that our repose has not always been on a bed
+of roses. But it seems to be with certain literary candidates as with
+nations: there is a certain point of fame which men seem content to reach,
+after which, in return for the darling caresses of the world, they kick at
+their patrons; and if the maxim work true, that the fame of authors suffers
+by our known contact and conversation with them, Sir Walter Scott's recent
+avowal is a dangerous step, unless he was tired of his fame. Of course, we
+have not yet arrived at the above point, so that our readers need not fear
+our ingratitude; and we are willing to abide by the condition, that when we
+forget our patrons, may they forget us.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CURE FOR ENVY.
+
+
+Bishop Berkeley (that acute reasoner) contrived a lucky antidote, for the
+suffering of envy. "When I walk the streets," says he, "I use the following
+natural maxim, (viz. that he is the true possessor of a thing who enjoys
+it, and not he that owns it without the enjoyment of it,) to convince
+myself that I have a property in the gay part of all the gilt chariots
+that I meet, which I regard as amusement to delight my eyes, and the
+imagination of those kind people who sit in them gaily attired only to
+please me;" by which maxim he fancied himself one of the richest men in
+Great Britain.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LIMBIRD'S EDITION OF THE BRITISH NOVELIST, Publishing in Monthly Parts,
+price 6d. each.--Each Novel will be complete in itself, and may be
+purchased separately.
+
+_The following Novels are already Published:_
+
+
+                                           s.  d.
+  Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield           0   10
+  The Mysteries of Udolpho                 3    6
+  Mackenzie's Man of Feeling               0    6
+  Rasselas                                 0    8
+  Paul and Virginia                        0    6
+  The Old English Baron                    0    8
+  The Castle of Otranto                    0    6
+  The Romance of the Forest                1    8
+  Almoran and Hamet                        0    6
+  Elizabeth, or the Exiles of Siberia      0    6
+  Nature and Art                           0    8
+  The Italian                              2    0
+  A Simple Story                           1    4
+  The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne       0    6
+  Sicilian Romance                         1    0
+  The Man of the World                     1    0
+  Zeluco, by Dr. Moore                     2    0
+  Joseph Andrews                           1    6
+  Humphry Clinker                          1    8
+  Edward, by Dr. Moore                     2    6
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, London, and Sold by all Booksellers
+and Newsmen_.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT,
+AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 10, ISSUE 284, NOVEMBER 24, 1827***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 11407.txt or 11407.zip *******
+
+
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/4/0/11407
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS,' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's
+eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII,
+compressed (zipped), HTML and others.
+
+Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks replace the old file and take over
+the old filename and etext number.  The replaced older file is renamed.
+VERSIONS based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving
+new filenames and etext numbers.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+EBooks posted prior to November 2003, with eBook numbers BELOW #10000,
+are filed in directories based on their release date.  If you want to
+download any of these eBooks directly, rather than using the regular
+search system you may utilize the following addresses and just
+download by the etext year.
+
+http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/etext06
+
+    (Or /etext 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99,
+     98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90)
+
+EBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are
+filed in a different way.  The year of a release date is no longer part
+of the directory path.  The path is based on the etext number (which is
+identical to the filename).  The path to the file is made up of single
+digits corresponding to all but the last digit in the filename.  For
+example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at:
+
+https://www.gutenberg.org/1/0/2/3/10234
+
+or filename 24689 would be found at:
+https://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/6/8/24689
+
+An alternative method of locating eBooks:
+https://www.gutenberg.org/GUTINDEX.ALL
+
+*** END: FULL LICENSE ***
diff --git a/old/11407.zip b/old/11407.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bbe1505
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/11407.zip