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diff --git a/old/11375-h/11375-h.htm b/old/11375-h/11375-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e971fb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/11375-h/11375-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1490 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 10, Issue 278, Supplementary Number (1828), by Various</title> + <style type="text/css"> + /*<![CDATA[*/ + <!-- + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + p {text-align: justify;} + blockquote {text-align: justify;} + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center;} + pre {font-size: 0.7em;} + + hr {text-align: center; width: 50%;} + html>body hr {margin-right: 25%; margin-left: 25%; width: 50%;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + html>body hr.full {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;} + + .note, .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + + span.pagenum {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt;} + + .poem {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem p {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem p.i2 {margin-left: 1em;} + + .figure {padding: 1em; margin: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em; margin: auto;} + .figure img {border: none;} + .figure p + --> + /*]]>*/ + </style> +</head> +<body> +<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and +Instruction, Vol. 10, Issue 278, Supplementary Number (1828), by Various</h1> +<pre> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a href = "https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre> +<p>Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 10, Issue 278, Supplementary Number (1828)</p> +<p>Author: Various</p> +<p>Release Date: March 1, 2004 [eBook #11375]</p> +<p>Language: English</p> +<p>Character set encoding: US-ASCII</p> +<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 10, ISSUE 278, SUPPLEMENTARY NUMBER (1828)***</p> +<br /> +<br /> +<center><b>E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Keith M. Eckrich, David Garcia,<br /> + and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team</b></center> +<br /> +<br /> + <hr class="full" /> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page255" name="page255"></a>[pg + 255]</span> + <h1> + THE MIRROR<br /> + OF<br /> + LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION. + </h1> + <hr class="full" /> + <table width="100%" summary="Banner"> + <tr> + <td align="left"> + <b>VOL. X, NO. 273.]</b> + </td> + <td align="center"> + <b>SUPPLEMENTARY NUMBER.</b> + </td> + <td align="right"> + <b>[PRICE 2d.</b> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + <hr class="full" /> + <div class="figure" style="width: 100%;"> + <a href="images/278-1.png"><img width="100%" + src="images/278-1.png" alt="New Palace, St. James's Park." /> + </a> + </div> + <p> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page256" name="page256"></a>[pg + 256]</span> + </p> + <div class="figure" style="width: 100%;"> + <a href="images/278-2.png"><img width="100%" + src="images/278-2.png" alt="Triumphal Arch at Hyde Park." /> + </a> + </div> + <p> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page257" name="page257"></a>[pg + 257]</span> + </p> + <h3> + THE NEW PALACE IN ST. JAMES'S PARK. + </h3> + <p> + Palaces are at all times objects of national interest, or + rather they are national concerns. They belong to the + attributes of royalty, and in some instances have been + erected by a grateful people to celebrate the virtues of + patriot princes. We therefore make no apology to our readers + for occupying so large a portion of the present Supplementary + Number with the representations and details of the New + Palace, (the exterior of which is just now completed,) and of + the consequent improvements in the adjoining Parks; since we + are persuaded that the patriotic feelings of our subscribers + will hail them as subjects of paramount importance. The great + Lord Bacon, who treated these matters with the gravity of a + philosopher, in his "Essays," gives a "brief model of a + princely palace;" and in our times Napoleon is known to have + expended many thousands in restoring the gilding of the + palace at Versailles—although the extravagance of its + founders paved the way for the events in which he + distinguished himself. + </p> + <p> + In architectural improvement, London has made greater + advances since the late peace, than in the entire century + which preceded that auspicious event. Being unquestionably + the richest, the largest, and most populous city of Europe, + the seat of a wealthier court, and a more opulent body of + nobility and gentry than any other metropolis, it seems only + a reasonable expectation that it should likewise excel all + others in the number and magnificence of its public edifices + and private dwellings. Such, however, is not the case; for, + till within the last few years, that most splendid and + impressive of all the arts, architecture, has been almost + wholly neglected. + </p> + <p> + The architectural superiority of London, such as it is, + consists in the number, size, and neatness of its principal + streets and squares. Petersburgh, Berlin, Naples, Turin, + Geneva, Antwerp, Edinburgh, and other places, have perhaps + finer streets than any in London, but in respect to their + number there is no comparison. In <i>churches</i>, London + will probably be admitted, after Rome, to take the first rank + among the cities of Europe; but in <i>palaces</i>, London is + confessedly excelled by almost every other capital in Europe, + both in public and private edifices of this description; of + the former, Whitehall, Carlton-house, (now almost + demolished,) and the Mansion-house, comprise the whole list + of buildings any way entitled to the appellation of + palaces—and even <i>their</i> title has often been + thought disputable. + </p> + <p> + To rescue our national character from this opprobrium, or + ill-timed compliment to royalty, the remodelling of + Buckingham-house, or rather the erection of the <i>New Palace + in St. James's Park</i>, was decided on; and how far this + design has been accomplished in the palace, we leave it to + the taste of our readers to determine. Various piecemeal, not + to say absurd, descriptions have, during the progress of the + work, appeared in the London and provincial papers, many of + them originating in party feeling; but the structure has now + so far advanced to completion as to enable every spectator to + estimate its merits and demerits; and we are sorry to add, + that much of the censure bestowed on the palace during its + progress (though with bad motives) now proves essentially + correct. The name of the designer at present remains a + secret. His majesty is known to possess exquisite taste, and + it is scarcely believed that his approbation can have + justified some of the incongruities, not to say enormities of + the building; be this as it may, the general public feeling + is that of disappointment and regret. + </p> + <p> + The annexed view is of the central entrance front, facing + east, towards the Canal and the Horse Guards, taken from the + Wall in St. James's Park. The first objection is the site, in + itself insuperable, as will appear from the following remarks + on the subject by Mr. Loudon, editor of the <i>Gardener's + Magazine</i>:— + </p> + <p> + "Had the problem," he says, "been proposed (how) to alter + Buckingham House and gardens, so as to render the former as + unhealthy a dwelling as possible, it could not have been + better solved than by the works now executed. The belt of + trees which forms the margin of these grounds, has long acted + as the sides of a basin, or small valley, to retain the + vapours which were collected within; and which, when the + basin was full, could only flow out by the lower extremity, + over the roofs of the stables and other + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page258" name="page258"></a>[pg + 258]</span> buildings at the palace. What vapour did not + escape in this manner, found its way through between the + sterns of the trees which adjoin these buildings, and through + the palace windows. Now, all the leading improvements on the + grounds have a direct tendency to increase this evil. They + consist in thickening the marginal belts on both sides of the + hollow with evergreens, to shut out London: in one place + substituting for the belt an immense bank of earth, to shut + out the stables; and in the area of the grounds forming + numerous flower-gardens, and other scenes with dug surfaces, + a basin, fountains, and a lake of several acres. The effect + of all this will be a more copious and rapid exhalation of + moisture from the water, dug earth, and increased surface of + foliage; and a more complete dam to prevent the escape of + this moist atmosphere, otherwise than through the windows, or + over the top of the palace. The garden may be considered as a + pond brimful of fog, the ornamental water as the perpetual + supply of this fog, the palace as a cascade which it flows + over, and the windows as the sluices which it passes through. + We defy any medical man, or meteorologist, to prove the + contrary of what we assert, viz. that Buckingham Palace is a + dam to a pond of watery vapour, and that the pond will always + be filled with vapour to the level of the top of the dam. The + only question is, how far this vapour is entitled to be + called <i>malaria</i>. We have the misfortune to be able to + answer that question experimentally.... A man must be + something less or more than a king, to keep his health in + that palace for any length of time." + </p> + <p> + On the subject of <i>malaria</i>, an Italian term for the + produce of marshy lands, the attention of the public has + lately been powerfully excited by a series of essays by Dr. + Macculloch, an abstract of which will be found at page 252, + of our accompanying Number, under the head "Arcana of + Science." Dr. M. is supported in his opinion by Lord Bacon + and other philosophers; and he shows, that though it is + commonly supposed that standing waters, when clear and free + from smell, and all running waters, are perfectly salubrious, + they may, in fact, be nearly as injurious as those that are + putrid and stagnant; "that, besides proper marshes, fresh and + salt meadows, and wet pasture lands generally, all woods, + coppices, thickets, rivers, lakes, ponds, <i>ornamental + waters</i>, pools, ditches—<i>plashy</i> and <i>limited + spots of ground generally</i>, &c., send forth more or + less of this noxious vapour; that wherever, in short, any + chemical compound of the vegetable elements is wetted, or + held in solution by water, there the poison in question may + be or will be produced, <i>provided the temperature be + sufficiently high</i>; that the smallest spot coming under + any of the above denominations is sufficient to produce + <i>malaria</i>, and <i>a single inspiration of that malaria + to produce disease</i>." + </p> + <p> + Such is the theory of Dr. Macculloch; but, as observed by a + contemporary, Why should he have observed any delicacy on + this subject?—why not have, long since, denounced the + whole of the ponds in St. James's, the Green, and Hyde Parks, + Kensington Gardens, and the Regent's Park, as pestilential + nuisances to all around them? Besides, he states that + <i>malaria</i> is only generated in <i>hot weather</i>; so + that the palace, being intended as a <i>winter</i> residence, + the health of our gracious sovereign will, we hope, not be + endangered by his residence. That there is much show of + reason in this objection, cannot be denied; at the same time + it should be remembered, that in all great undertakings the + conflicting prejudices and caprices of private interests + generally work too prominent a part: hence, opinions should + be entertained with caution. + </p> + <p> + It is now time to speak of the <i>architectural</i> character + of the palace. The main front represented in our engraving, + forms three sides of a quadrangle, thus II, the area being + not far from equal, and forming a clear space of about 250 + feet in diameter. The central entrance is a portico of two + orders of architecture in height; the lower is the Doric, + copied from the temple of Theseus at Athens; the upper is the + Corinthian, resembling that style in the Pantheon at Rome. + This portico is so contrived, that upon the ground carriages + can drive through it; while above, there is an open and + spacious gallery, covered by a pediment on which statues are + to be placed, and under which is a long panel filled with + figures in high relief. It is understood that this entrance + is to be exclusively appropriated for the admission of his + Majesty and the royal family. The above union of two of the + Greek orders is much censured: indeed a harmonious union of + any two of the Greek orders has never been an easy task. In + the Doric architecture of the ground story, the usual + magnificence of this order is wanting; the columns being + merely surmounted by what is termed "an architrave cornice," + with the mutiles; while the frieze, with its rich triglyphs + and metopes is altogether omitted. The Corinthian order of + the upper story is altogether more worthy of admiration, + notwithstanding that some objection has been raised to the + "disproportionately slender + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page259" name="page259"></a>[pg + 259]</span> columns, when contrasted with the massive shafts + beneath them." Here, too, the entire frieze, with its + emblematical embellishments of the British crown, surrounded + with laurel, and alternate leaves of the rose, the thistle + and shamrock, is sure to attract the eye of the spectator: + the character and effect of the whole is truly British. + </p> + <p> + The Doric order, as adopted in the lower parts of the + portico, is carried round the three sides of the court, + consisting of fluted cast-iron columns, which are beautiful + specimens of our excellence in the art of founding. At each + side of the portico, terminating the centre front, is a + pavilion, where the orders are again applied; surmounting + which is an attic, towering above the other parts of the + building, and decorated with pilasters and caryatides. Over + the pediment, or centre, will be seen a dome, which is + however at the back of the palace, over the state-chambers. + This completes the <i>front view</i> as appears from the + park. + </p> + <p> + The north and south sides of the quadrangle are only two + stories high. In the centre of each there is also an + entrance. At each extremity, the building is raised, and + roofed in a temple-like form, presenting the ends towards the + park with enriched pediments. + </p> + <p> + In the front of our engraving is represented a spacious + circular enclosure which will be made, by an ornamental + railing of mosaic gold, and divided into compartments by + terms. The same metallic composition (which is patronized by + Mr. Nash) is to be employed in every other part heretofore + constructed in iron. In the middle of this area the Waterloo + monument will be erected: it is to consist of a triumphal + arch, somewhat resembling that of Constantine, at Rome, with + national emblems, trophies, &c., and colossal statues in + the above metal, imitating bronze. + </p> + <p> + The <i>south</i> front, towards Pimlico, will form the + general entrance to the palace, a concave circular Ionic + colonnade and lodges. Here the old octagon library of + Buckingham-House is to remain, when raised and embellished + after the manner of the Temple of the Winds: the remainder of + this range is chiefly allotted to the domestic offices. + </p> + <p> + The <i>west</i>, or garden front, (of course, the back of the + centre building of the quadrangle) is strikingly picturesque; + its impression on the beholder is altogether beautiful and + pleasing, and it is much to be regretted that the front or + park view, (which will of course be exposed to public view, + while the garden front will be comparatively private,) does + not partake more largely of this character. The <i>prima + facies</i> of the former is not likely to be admired, since + its few excellencies require to be selected by nice + observation. Some of its details may delight the artist, but + the effect of the garden front will, on the most hasty + observer, be that of order and simplicity, the essentials of + architectural perfection. + </p> + <p> + The centre of the garden front is circular, embellished with + columns of the Corinthian order, supporting the dome already + alluded to. The upper story of the whole front is Corinthian, + supported on a rustic Ionic basement, and, says a + contemporary, "though the latter, like the Doric basement in + front, has only an architrave cornice, yet in consequence of + the parts omitted being of little importance, and the + character of the Ionic more nearly allied, in point of + delicacy, to the Corinthian, the construction is altogether + tolerably harmonious." The outline is boldly broken into + massive forms, which are, as Mr. Loudon observes, "simple and + easy to be comprehended, and yet sufficiently enriched to + mark the building as an abode destined for splendid + enjoyment." In this front, also, level with the middle or + principal tier of windows (those of the suite of state rooms) + runs a stone balcony or balustrade, supported by corbels of a + mixed character,—Gothic and Italian masques of chimera + blended with wings and scrolls of foliage of singular beauty. + On this side, too, is an extensive terrace, descending into + the ground, with a rusticated front; and a balustrade with + pedestals supporting vases of antique and classical models; + and at each end an open Ionic temple, intended to be used as + a summer conservatory. + </p> + <p> + The <i>north</i> front facing Piccadilly is of the same style + and character with the garden front, but of lighter + proportions. Here are the king's private apartments, from + choice, comparatively small and compact, and the cabinet + picture-gallery. Here, also, the terrace is continued, and a + similar Ionic temple conservatory placed at the other + extremity. Thus, his majesty's windows look out between these + conservatories, upon the flower-garden spread below. + </p> + <p> + We are bound to acknowledge our partial, if not entire + concurrence, in the general criticism on the central front, + and of the two wings. The first impression is far from that + produced by unity, grandeur, or elegance; there is a + fantastical assemblage of turrets, attics, and chimneys, and + a poverty or disproportion, especially in "the temple-like + forms" which complete the ends towards the park. The dome, + too, has been sarcastically compared with a "Brobdignagian + egg." <span class="pagenum"><a id="page260" + name="page260"></a>[pg 260]</span> It strictly belongs to the + back part of the palace, and had it been screened from the + front, its form might have been less objectionable. + </p> + <p> + Of the internal arrangements of the palace, little is as yet + perfectly known. On the principal floor of the centre, + between the east and west suites of rooms, runs a splendid + picture and statue gallery (the whole length of the + building); the light into which is to be admitted from the + sides, in a slanting direction, by metal skylights. The + ceiling has iron girders thrown across, and is arched with + combs, each having the ends closed, with the exception of a + small hole (like an inverted flower-pot), which admits a + current of air to circulate through the floor. The roof of + this gallery is flat, and covered with slate embedded in a + composition of hot coal-tar, lime, and sand: the roofing of + the other parts of the palace is mostly covered with a + similar composition, but <i>not</i> slated. The approach to + the gallery is up the grand stairs, and through several + rooms, in which will be disposed the king's magnificent + collection of armour. The floors throughout are fireproof, + formed of iron joists, and arched with hollow bricks of a + singular construction. + </p> + <p> + The group for the pediment of the <i>east facade</i> of the + palace, representing the triumph of Britannia, by Mr. Bailey, + is nearly finished. + </p> + <p> + The original gardens of Buckingham House, an extensive space, + will of course continue to be the grounds of the new royal + residence; but considerable alterations have been made to + render them eligible for that purpose. In order to conceal + from the windows the great pile of stables lately erected in + Pimlico, near the lower end of Grosvenor-place, a large + artificial mound has been raised, and planted with curious + trees and shrubs.<a id="footnotetag1" + name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a> + The whole area now assumes all the appearances of natural + hill and dale, is finely wooded, diversified with flowering + and evergreen shrubs, with fine lawns broken into parterres, + and possessing a noble serpentine piece of water, so disposed + as to give the idea of great extent.<a id="footnotetag2" + name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> + This water winds round clumps of forest trees, which have + been preserved for that purpose, and all that could be + retained of the previously existing scene. It is supplied + from a large circular reservoir, (near the top of the hill at + Hyde Park Corner,) which is fed by a main from the Serpentine + river. This reservoir, almost like a Roman work for + magnitude, may be made a beautiful feature in the + gardens—in copious and refreshing fountains, but not in + pools and ornamental basins, such as are included in the + anathema of Dr. Macculloch. + </p> + <p> + Although the scheme of the garden may, like many other + projects, look better <i>on paper</i>, than in practice, it + affords ample space for the display of much skill in + artificial gardening. St. Cloud and Versailles have their + fountains, and why not St. James's? "Fountains, (that + sprinkle or spout water, or convey water, <i>as it never + stays</i> in the bowls or the cistern,)" says Lord Bacon, are + a great beauty and refreshment; "but pools mar all, and make + the garden unwholesome, and full of flies and frogs." + </p> + <hr /> + <h3> + ST. JAMES'S PARK. + </h3> + <p> + <i>References to the Plan</i>. + </p> + <p> + 1. Parade at the Horse Guards. + </p> + <p> + 2. Park planted as a garden, with shrubberies and paths. + </p> + <p> + 3. Ornamental Water, containing three islands, planted with + shrubs. + </p> + <p> + 4. The new Terrace, fronting the Grand Mall. + </p> + <p> + 5. New House now building. + </p> + <p> + 6. Carlton-street. + </p> + <p> + 7. Continuation of Waterloo-place, opening to the Park, with + an ornamental Circus in the centre. + </p> + <p> + 8. United Service Club House and Garden. + </p> + <p> + 9. Athenaeum Club House, with Pleasure-Grounds behind. + </p> + <p> + 10. Travellers' Club House. + </p> + <p> + 11. Heralds' College. + </p> + <p> + 12. Cockspur-street. + </p> + <p> + 13. Pall Mall. + </p> + <p> + 14. New Stable Yard. + </p> + <p> + 15. Marlborough-house-street. + </p> + <p> + 16. St. James's Palace. + </p> + <p> + 17. Present Stable Yards. + </p> + <p> + 18. Duke of York's House. + </p> + <p> + 19. Late Carriage-road in the Park. + </p> + <p> + 20. New Carriage-road, recently the Northern Mall. + </p> + <p> + 21. The new Mall, now the Northern Mall. + </p> + <hr /> + <h3> + INTENDED IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PARKS. + </h3> + <div class="figure" style="width: 100%;"> + <a href="images/278-3.png"><img width="100%" + src="images/278-3.png" + alt="Intended Improvements in the Parks." /></a> + </div> + <p> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page261" name="page261"></a>[pg + 261]</span> 22. A Splendid Triumphal Arch, in the front of + the New Palace. + </p> + <p> + 23. The King's Palace, on the site of Buckingham House. + </p> + <p> + 24. Terrace behind the Palace; there is also a grand Terrace + fronting the gardens. + </p> + <p> + 25. Palace Garden, laid out in a picturesque style; including + a line sheet of ornamental water, with a carriage-way from an + entrance at Hyde Park Corner. + </p> + <p> + 26. The Green Park. + </p> + <p> + 27. The King's Stables, including those recently built, and + others which are in contemplation. + </p> + <p> + 28. James-street, leading from Buckingham Gate to + Westminster, with thirteen new houses fronting the Park. + </p> + <p> + 29. Stafford-row, with ten new houses, extending to the Gun + Tavern, and continuing to Ward's-row, from whence + Arabella-row runs, at the side of the King's Stable. + </p> + <p> + A road extends from Great George-street, Westminster, through + Bird-cage walk, to Grosvenor-place, for private carriages, on + the side of which, marked 5 in the plan, (in front of the + present barracks,) a row of new houses will be erected. + </p> + <p> + The present Guard house at Buckingham Gate will be removed, + and a new Guard house erected close to the wall of the new + stables in James-street. + </p> + <p> + There may, perhaps, be some alteration in the distribution of + the interior of the Park, as to the form of the paths; but + the water will assume, as nearly as possible, the present + shape, and the public will have access to the whole of the + Park. + </p> + <p> + Lamentations long and loud have been poured forth on the late + neglected state of St. James's Park. An intelligent home + tourist in 1813, says, "It concerned me to observe that this + park presents at this time a neglected appearance, unworthy + of a metropolitan royal park, adjoining to the constant + residence of the court." He goes on to say, "My heart ached, + and the tears started from my eyes as I brought to mind the + crowds of beauty, rank, and fashion, which till within these + few years used to be displayed in the centre mall on evenings + during the spring and summer. Here used to promenade, for one + or two hours after dinner, the whole British world of gaiety, + beauty, and splendour! Here could be seen in one moving mass, + extending the whole length of the mall 10,000 of the most + lovely women, in this country of female beauty, all + splendidly attired, and accompanied by as many well-dressed + men. The present promenades in Hyde-Park lose the effect + produced by rank and distinguished character, owing to those + classes being shut up in their carriages." Another writer, + speaking of the park in Charles's time, with its Dorimants, + Millamours, and Millamants, says, "every thing around + breathes of beauty and gaiety, the air is courtly, silks are + rustling, and feathers fluttering in the mall; fair forms are + hovering, and bright eyes glancing round; at every turn you + encounter lords and beauties." In the "neglected state" we + have long concurred; and we sympathize with our tourist in + his other lament; for the former we have a remedy at last, + and it affords us pleasure to know that the first of these + tourists possesses health and vigour to watch the progress of + the <i>improvements in the parks</i>; and we hope that he may + live many years to enjoy their completion. But for the second + evil, we fear there is no remedy, since the disease is mortal + to social happiness; unless that the proffered improvements + may once more reinstate the Montpellier promenades of the + park in fashion's favour. Editors are, however, very + subordinate personages, when + </p> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + ——Fashion so directs, and moderns raise + </p> + <p> + On fashion's mould'ring base their transient praise. + </p> + </div> + </div> + <p> + Be this as it may, <i>we</i>, who are so <i>un</i>fashionable + as to be occasional promenaders in the parks, rejoice to + present our readers with the annexed plan of the improvements + now in progress in St. James's Park, and in conjunction with + the palace works they denote the simultaneous study of the + happiness of the sovereign and the subject. Our country + readers, surrounded by all the blooming attributes of health, + will doubtless congratulate such important improvements of + what has been termed "the lungs of the metropolis." + </p> + <p> + The annexed plan is reduced from the engraving which + accompanied the Treasury Minute, January 19, 1827; from which + the following are extracts:— + </p> + <blockquote> + "The Earl of Liverpool and the Chancellor of the Exchequer + lay before the Board a plan for building on the North and + South sides of St. James's Park, (in addition to the + buildings already sanctioned upon the site of Carlton + Gardens;) and also for making some considerable alterations + in the distribution of the intermediate ground, whereby the + appearance of the park would be much improved, while a very + material accommodation would be afforded to the public. + </blockquote> + <blockquote> + "They state, that they have received the King's commands to + convey to the Board his Majesty's most gracious approbation + of this proposal, and his pleasure that the necessary steps + should be taken, with as little delay as possible, for + carrying the measure into execution, so far as it respects + the South side of the park, and the alteration of the ground + comprised in it. + </blockquote> + <blockquote> + "My Lords perceive, that by this plan the whole of the space + in St. James's Park, now laid out in grass, and from which + the public are excluded, will be thrown open (with the + exception of the parts to be planted) for the use of persons + on foot." + </blockquote> + <p> + The magnificent range of buildings intended to occupy the + site of Carlton-house and gardens, and to extend from Spring + Garden, Charing Cross on the <i>east</i>, to the Ordnance + office, in Pall Mall, on the <i>west</i>, is already + commenced in the last mentioned quarter. The substructure is + a terrace, (containing the domestic offices,) of about 53 + feet wide—its architecture of the Paestum Doric order + surmounted <span class="pagenum"><a id="page262" + name="page262"></a>[pg 262]</span> by a balustrade. The order + of the superstructure is Corinthian. In the centre of the + range will be a fountain formed of the eight columns of the + portico of Carlton-house, with eight additional columns on + the same model. The basement story of all the houses is to be + supplied with water by the overflow of this fountain and + jets. + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + Our <i>third</i> Engraving represents the Grand Lodge + Entrance to the New Palace, and resembles the arch in the + front of the palace. The frieze of this gateway or arch, + which is said to possess great merit, is still in the course + of execution. Altogether this structure may be expected to + form an approach of suitable splendour to the royal domain, + whilst it bids fair to rank among the most interesting of the + modern architectural embellishments of the metropolis. + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + Such is an outline of the improvements now in progress in St. + James's Park and its vicinity. The palace may have fallen + short of some expectations, but with all its imperfections, + it will, when completed, be a pile of immense magnitude, with + much of the grandeur and magnificence appertaining to regal + splendour. His majesty will reside there when in his capital, + and it is not an indifferent trait to observe, that it will + not be altogether strange to his eyes; for every mantle and + movable piece of Carlton palace, which can be used in the + palace in St. James's Park, has been, or is about to be, + removed thither. Meanwhile, the recreation of the people is + not unstudied in the new arrangements of the park; indeed, it + appears to be with their illustrious originator a primary + consideration, as will be seen on reference to the treasury + minute. Hence all loyal and grateful subjects may join in the + song of olden time: + </p> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + God prosper long our noble king, + </p> + <p> + Our lives and safeties all. + </p> + </div> + </div> + <hr class="full" /> + <h2> + Arcana of Science. + </h2> + <hr /> + <h3> + CAPTAIN PARRY'S EXPEDITION. + </h3> + <center> + (<i>Abridged from the Literary Gazette.</i>) + </center> + <p> + On Saturday, September 29th, Captain Parry from his Arctic, + and Captain Franklin from his North-American expedition, + arrived at the Admiralty within half an hour of each + other!<a id="footnotetag3" + name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a> + </p> + <p> + Captain Parry may himself be taken as a specimen of the + health of his crew; he looks as well as when he set out on + his bold undertaking. + </p> + <p> + The sum of the intelligence which has transpired is, that the + Hecla having arrived at Hamerfest, took in the rein-deer for + dragging the boats, snow-shoes, &c. for the journey over + the ice. Having reached the coast of Spitzbergen, a heavy + gale drove the ship among packed ice, where she was entangled + for several weeks, to the 6th of June. Here the first effort + to proceed in the manner projected was tried on two boats + commanded by Captain Parry and Lieut. Ross; but the ice broke + up, and it was speedily relinquished. The Hecla then wrought + to the north as far as Seven Islands, where finding no + harbour, she put back. By the 19th of June, however, having + cut through a formidable barrier, to the Wratskel of Van + Henloopen, a second attempt to get forward in the ice-boats + was strenuously made. Unfortunately the ice was what is + called rotten, and so irregular as to render success + impossible. Nothing could exceed the fatigues and + difficulties of transport; the boats had to be loaded and + unloaded many times in the course of a few hours; and no + field-ice was met with, to any extent, over which they might + glide on their way. The party at last attained the latitude + of 82 deg., and three quarters N.; or to between four and + five hundred miles of the Pole. Heavy rains prevailed, and + the ice over which they were travelling so laboriously + towards the north, was itself drifting more rapidly to the + south than the distances which they could accomplish. Thus, + the last three days having been spent in this disheartening + and fruitless toil,—half the provisions being + exhausted,—some of the men falling sick, and being + reported unfit for exertion,—the scurvy threatening + them,—and no hope of any favourable change + remaining—our brave countrymen were compelled to + abandon their impracticable design. They accordingly returned + to the Hecla, and on the 24th of September put into Longhope, + in the Orkneys, without having experienced any loss by death. + The whole period occupied in these exertions on the ice is + stated to have been sixty-one days. + </p> + <p> + The highest latitude to which the Hecla reached was 81 deg. 6 + min. believed to be the farthest north that ever a ship made + her way; so that all that was made in the boats was 1 deg. 39 + min. At the farthest point north, no barrier of ice + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page263" name="page263"></a>[pg + 263]</span> was seen, so that the idea of such a barrier + always existing may now be dismissed. The ice found by the + present expedition was of a very chaotic form. For about a + mile, perhaps, it might be tolerably smooth; but at every + interval huge ridges were crushed up by the action of tides + and currents. No sooner was this obstacle over, and one of + these rugged and precipitous masses overcome, than another + appeared. There was plenty of fresh water on the surface, but + towards the end of the attempt, when the rains fell, the + ridges separated, and between them the salt sea flowed like + so many canals. It was found impossible to make any use of + the rein-deer in dragging the boats; and as there were no + means of feeding dogs (as once proposed,) the whole work was + performed by personal labour. Officers and men, twenty-eight + in number, were alike harnessed to the tackle, and wrought in + common at the exhausting toil. Their time for stalling in the + <i>morning</i> (their morning being the beginning of the + <i>night</i>,) was chosen when the light was least injurious + to the eyes; for though the sun shone upon them during the + whole period, and there was no darkness, yet when that + luminary was lowest in the horizon, the reflection from the + bright white surface of snow was more endurable. They could + not, however, bear up under the fatigue. During their whole + march they were soaking wet to the knees, and benumbed by a + temperature always at or near the freezing point. At the + close of twelve or fourteen hours thus occupied, when they + came to seek rest by lying down, the change of their wet for + dry stockings and fur boots caused such a reaction, that the + tingling and smart were insufferable. + </p> + <p> + When Captain Parry found that the men could not support their + toils on the allowance, (of about nineteen ounces per + twenty-four hours, of pemecan and biscuit-powder.) he added, + by way of luxury, a pint of hot water at night. This was + found to be very restorative, warming the system; and if a + little of the dinner food had been saved, it made a broth of + great relish and value. Spirits were not drank; and the + reason why even hot water was scarce, was, that it took so + large a stock of their spirits of wine to boil it and the + cocoa, that the quantity consumed could not safely be + increased. + </p> + <p> + The ice itself was drifting faster to the south than they + could make their way over it to the north: thus, during the + last three days of their struggle, instead of gaining a + higher latitude, they were actually two miles farther south + than when they set out. This put an end to the expedition + where everything which human energy and perseverance could + do, was done so fruitlessly. + </p> + <p> + While the boats were away, the Hecla was not exempt from + dangers. She had been wrought into a snug birth near the + shore. A-head there were about three miles of ice; and a + heavy gale coming on, detached this prodigious mass, and + drove it with terrible violence against the ship. The cables + were cut asunder, the anchors lost, and the poor Hecla forced + high and dry upon the coast, by the irresistible pressure. + Having got her again to the water, however, they proceeded to + Weygatt Straits. + </p> + <p> + It is vexatious to be forced to the conviction that any + attempt to reach the North Pole is but too likely to end in + disappointment; but every fresh enterprise seems to lead to + this conclusion. + </p> + <p> + Hudson, whose name is perpetuated in the bay, reached lat. 82 + (as is laid down) in the year 1606; and a Scottish journal + states, that the Neptune whaler, in 1816, got as high as 83 + deg. 20 min.; but of the accuracy of this statement we have + great doubts. + </p> + <p> + <i>The Land Arctic Expedition.</i>—About the end of + June, 1826, Captain Franklin arrived at the last of the + Hudson Bay company's posts, named Fort Good Hope, in lat. 67 + deg. 28 min. N., long. 130 deg. 53 min. W.; with the + expedition under his command in excellent health and spirits. + </p> + <p> + Three days' journey from thence, on the 4th of July, he + despatched a party to the eastward, under the command of Dr. + Richardson, and proceeded himself, in command of another + party, by the western channel of Mackenzie's river, which + flows at the foot of the Rocky Mountains, and completed a + survey of the coast from long. 113 deg. W. to 149 deg. 38 + min. W. He was much impeded in his progress by the constant + obstruction of ice, unbroken from the shore, in many parts, + until the 4th of August—by the prevalence of + fogs—and by the nature of the sea coast, which to the + westward of the 140th degree is so extremely low and flat as + to be unapproachable, even in boats, nearer than two or three + miles. Indeed, beyond the 139th degree it was found + impossible to land on the main shore, except at one point; + and there they were most vexatiously detained eight days, in + the best part of the season, by fog. + </p> + <p> + Before Captain Franklin had reached more than half way to Icy + Cape, most of his party shewed symptoms of extreme suffering, + from their unavoidable exposure to wading in the water, for + the purpose of dragging the boats where they landed to rest + or to get fresh water, or + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page264" name="page264"></a>[pg + 264]</span> when compelled by gales to seek the shore. The + temperature of the water was generally about the + freezing-point, whilst that of the air seldom exceeded 36 + degrees. The coast westward of Mackenzie's river, under any + circumstances, was extremely hazardous to navigate; but under + the difficulties which Captain Franklin experienced, further + perseverance on his part would have been unpardonable + rashness. The whole party being of opinion that the + obstructions were insurmountable, were compelled to return, + in the conviction, however, that the navigation of the + northwest passage is open. + </p> + <p> + The eastern party, under Dr. Richardson, who was accompanied + by Mr. Kendall, an intelligent young officer, succeeded in + reaching the Coppermine river on the 8th of August, and + returned to Fort Franklin, Great Bear Lake, on the 1st of + September. Like that under the command of Captain Franklin, + they experienced repeated obstructions from ice, and + occasionally from strong breezes; but they were spared the + foggy weather, except on parts of two days. + </p> + <p> + The object of Dr. Richardson's party was to examine the + intermediate coast between the Mackenzie and the coppermine + rivers. After separating from Captain Franklin, on the 4th of + July, they pursued the easternmost channel of the Mackenzie, + until the 7th of that month, when finding that it distributed + itself by various outlets, of which the more easterly were + not navigable, for their boats, they chose a middle one, and + that night got into brackish water, with an open view of the + sea, in lat. 69 deg. 29 min. N., long. 133 deg. 24 min. W. + </p> + <p> + On the 11th, in lat. 69 deg. 42 min. N., long. 132 deg. 10 + min. W., the water was perfectly salt, the sea partially + covered with drift ice, and no land visible to seaward. They + experienced considerable difficulty in crossing the estuaries + of several rivers, which were deemed to be outlets of the + shallow channels of the Mackenzie, that had been left to the + eastward. They suffered, besides, some detention from ice and + bad weather; and it was not until the 18th of July that, in + lat. 70 deg. 37 min., long. 126 deg. 52 min. N., they got + entirely clear of the widely spreading mouths of the + Mackenzie, and of a large lake of brackish water, which seems + to receive one of the branches of that river. The navigation + across these wide estuaries was very embarrassing. + </p> + <p> + This danger was gladly exchanged for a coasting voyage in the + open sea. They rounded Cape Parry, in lat. 70 deg. 8 min. N., + long. 123 deg. W.; Cape Krusenstern in lat. 60 deg. 46 min. + N., long. 114 deg. 45 min. W.; and entered George the IVth + Coronation Gulf, by the Dolphin and Union Straits (so named + after the boats), which brought them within sight of Cape + Barrow, and two degrees of longitude to the eastward of the + coppermine river. Their sea voyage terminated as + beforementioned, on the 8th of August, by their actually + entering that river. + </p> + <p> + Although they saw much heavy floe ice, some of it aground + even in nine fathom water, yet none of it bore marks of being + more than one season old; and from the heights of land they + could discern lanes of open water outside,—so that a + ship, properly strengthened for such a voyage, could make way + through it with a favouring breeze. + </p> + <p> + Throughout the whole line of coast they had regular tides, + the flood setting from the eastward; the rise and fall being + from a foot to twenty inches. In the Dolphin and Union + Straits, the current in the height of flood and ebb exceeded + two miles an hour. They found drift timber everywhere, and a + large portion of it, on many parts of the coast, lay in a + line from ten to fifteen, and in some places upwards of + twenty feet, above the ordinary spring-tide water-mark, + apparently thrown up by a heavy sea. + </p> + <p> + After the first rapid, in the coppermine river, Dr. + Richardson's party abandoned the boats, with the remainder of + their cargoes of provision, iron-work, beads, &c. to the + first party of Esquimaux which should chance to pass that + way; and on the 10th of August set out by land, with ten + days' provisions. + </p> + <p> + They reached the eastern end of Bear Lake, at the influx of + Dease's river, on the 18th, and remained there until the + evening of the 24th, before the boats arrived to convey them + to Fort Franklin. + </p> + <p> + The person to whom the boats were entrusted, and who was sent + off to Fort Franklin on the 6th of August, did not arrive on + the latest day appointed for his appearance (the 20th), from + a belief that Dr. Richardson's party would never return, and + that he should make a needless voyage: and after the 20th Dr. + Richardson was obliged to distribute his party into hunting + and fishing groups, to procure subsistence. Dr. Richardson + collected his party for embarkation on the evening of the + 28th; and they reached the fort, after an absence from it of + seventy-one days, the whole party in perfect health. + </p> + <hr class="full" /> + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a> <b>Footnote 1</b>: + <a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a> + <p> + This mound is said to resemble, in miniature, the scenery + of Cumberland and Westmoreland. Perhaps this is too + courtly; but it is surprising what the union of nature and + art may effect in this way. Barrett, Cipriani, and Gilpin + contrived to paint a room for Mr. Lock, at Norbury Park, so + as to blend the scenery of Cumberland and Westmoreland, + with the view from the windows, and to make it appear a + continuation; and the effect was delightful, as thousands + of delighted visiters have testified. + </p> + </blockquote> + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a> <b>Footnote 2</b>: + <a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a> + <p> + Some years since there was at Reigate, in Surrey, a + successful attempt made in this style of laying out + grounds, on the very site where the illustrious Lord + Shaftesbury wrote his "Characteristics," and probably the + very background of the Gribelin frontispiece to the early + edition of that invaluable work. This spot came afterwards + into the possession of a gentleman who laid it out and + planted it in so many forms, as to comprise in miniature + whatever can be supposed in the most noble seats; for in it + were a mount, river, parterre, wilderness, and gardens, and + a lawn containing four or five deer, terminated by a small + wood; yet the whole extent of ground did not exceed four + acres. This occasioned it to be called <i>all the world in + an acre</i>. Something of this kind was also projected by + John Evelyn, called <i>Elysium Britannicum</i>, the plan of + which is to be found in his works; but he did not complete + his scheme. Gardening is one of the most interesting + amusements of retirement, and without gardens, palaces are + but "gross handyworks." Philosophers and Heroes have always + been fondly attached to gardens, and their retreats must + form an agreeable relief to the cumbrous cares of Royalty + itself. + </p> + </blockquote> + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"></a> <b>Footnote 3</b>: + <a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a> + <p> + In the facetious poem entitled <i>May Fair</i>, in speaking + of Captain Parry's undertaking, and predicting its probable + want of success, the following prophetic couplet + appears:— + </p> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i2"> + "Quarter-day you'll have him back, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + With his volume in his pack;" + </p> + </div> + </div> + <p> + And lo! on quarter-day, the 29th of September, did Captain + Parry make his appearance at the Admiralty!! + </p> + </blockquote> + <hr class="full" /> + <p> + <i>Printed and Published by J. Limbird, 143, Strand, (near + Somerset House,) and sold by all Newsmen and Booksellers.</i> + </p> + <hr class="full" /> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 10, ISSUE 278, SUPPLEMENTARY NUMBER (1828)***</p> +<p>******* This file should be named 11375-h.txt or 11375-h.zip *******</p> +<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> +<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/3/7/11375">https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/3/7/11375</a></p> +<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed.</p> + +<p>Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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