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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11362 ***
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustration.
+      See 11362-h.htm or 11362-h.zip:
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/3/6/11362/11362-h/11362-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/3/6/11362/11362-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. 12, No. 322.] SATURDAY, JULY 12, 1828. [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CLARENCE TERRACE, REGENT'S PARK.
+
+
+[Illustration: CLARENCE TERRACE, REGENT'S PARK.]
+
+
+CLARENCE TERRACE,
+
+REGENT'S PARK.
+
+
+  O mortal man, who livest here,
+  Do not complain of this thy hard estate.
+
+_Thomson's Castle of Indolence._
+
+
+The annexed continuation of our illustrated ramble in the Regent's Park
+is named _Clarence Terrace_, in compliment to the illustrious Lord High
+Admiral of England. It consists of a centre and two wings, of the
+Corinthian order, connected by colonnades of the Ilyssus Ionic order,
+and altogether presents a picturesque display of Grecian architecture.
+The three stories are a rusticated entrance, or basement; and a
+Corinthian drawing-room and chamber story; surmounted with an elegant
+entablature and balustrade. In the details, the spectator cannot fail to
+admire the boldness and richness of the columns supporting the pediment
+in the centre, and the classic beauty of the pilasters which decorate
+the wings.
+
+_Clarence Terrace_ is from the designs of Mr. Decimus Burton, to whose
+ingenious pencil we are indebted for some of the splendid architectural
+combinations in this district. The present terrace is, we believe, the
+smallest in the park, but yields to none in picturesque effect and
+harmonious design; and the variety of its composition renders it one of
+the most attractive illustrations of our series. It is likewise worthy
+of remark, that this portion of the Regent's Park, from its natural
+beauties, is entitled to the first-rate embellishment of art, inasmuch
+as the basement of Clarence Terrace commands a "living picture" of
+extraordinary luxuriance; and from the drawing-room windows the lake may
+be seen studded with little islands, and environed with lawny slopes and
+unusual park-like vegetation:
+
+
+  With Nature the creating pencil vies
+  With Nature joyous at the mimic strife.
+
+
+We have already indulged our fancy in anticipations of the future
+splendour of the Regent's Park. As yet, art triumphs, and here the
+lordlings of wealth may enjoy _otium cum dignitate_: but in a few years
+Nature may enable this domain to vie with Daphne of old, and become to
+London what Daphne was to Antioch, whose voluptuousness and luxury are
+perpetuated in history. But the beginnings of such triumphs furnish more
+pleasing reflections than their decline.
+
+Clarence Terrace is on the western side of the park, and adjoins Sussex
+Place, whose cupola tops were the signals for critical censure and
+ridicule among the first structures in this quarter. The artists have,
+however, profited by the lesson, and the architecture of the Regent's
+Park bids fair to rank among the proudest successes of art.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ORIGIN OF PARISHES.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+How ancient the division of parishes is, may at present be difficult
+to ascertain. Mr. Camden says, England was divided into parishes by
+Archbishop Honorius, about the year 630. Sir Henry Hobart lays it down,
+that parishes were first erected by the council of Lateran, which was
+held A.D. 1179. Each widely differs from the other, and both of them
+perhaps from the truth, which will probably be found in the medium,
+between the two extremes. We find the distinction of parishes, nay, even
+of mother churches, so early as in the laws of King Edgar, about the
+year 970. The civil division of England into counties, of counties into
+hundreds, of hundreds into tithings, or towns, as it now stands, seems
+to owe its original to King Alfred; who, to prevent the rapines and
+disorders which formerly prevailed in the realm, instituted tithings;
+so called, from the Saxon, because ten freeholders with their families
+composed one. These all dwelt together, and were sureties, or
+free-pledges to the king for the good behaviour of each other; and if
+any offence were committed in their district, they were bound to have
+the offender forthcoming. And therefore, anciently, no man was suffered
+to abide in England above forty days, unless he were enrolled in some
+tithing or decennary. As ten families of freeholders made up a tithing,
+so ten tithings composed a superior division, called a hundred. In some
+of the more northern counties these hundreds are called wapentakes. The
+sub-division of hundreds into tithings seems to be most peculiarly the
+invention of Alfred; the institution of hundreds themselves he rather
+introduced than invented, for they seem to have obtained in Denmark; and
+we find that in France a regulation of this sort was made above 200
+years before; set on foot by Clotharicus and Childebert, with a view of
+obliging each district to answer for the robberies committed in its own
+division. In some counties there is an intermediate division between the
+shire and the hundred, as lathes in Kent, and rapes in Sussex, each of
+them containing about three or four hundreds a-piece. Where a county is
+divided into three of these intermediate jurisdictions, they are called
+trithings, which still subsist in the large county of York, where, by an
+easy corruption, they are denominated ridings; the north, the east, and
+the west.
+
+J.M. C----D.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+STANZAS,
+
+(BEING AN INTRODUCTION TO AN INTENDED VERSIFICATION OF ONE OF THE TALES
+OF BOCCACCIO.)
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+  The young, fair Spring, is tripping o'er the Earth,
+    With feet that ne'er can know the lag of age;
+  The Earth, her lover, conscious of her worth,
+    Flings down all his rich treasures to engage
+  That blushing wanderer: but she journeys forth
+    Heedless of all his offerings. The hot rage
+  Of love shall scorch his heart in tortures fell,
+  Till Winter comes with many an icicle.
+
+  That loved-one yet is here; and flowers, and songs,
+    And streams--to gush above her own free feet
+  Of stainless ivory,--and countless throngs
+    Of birds are living, her pure soul to greet.
+  And the lone spirit, thoughtfully that longs
+    For a dim view of Eden, from a seat
+  O'erhanging some green valley, now espies
+  Nought that might dread compare with Paradise!
+
+  There is a glory gone forth from on high!--
+    It quickens the heart's beat, whereon it flings
+  Its fervour;--the flushed cheek and glowing eye
+    Confess its influence;--and the many strings,
+  Voiceless too long in the young heart, reply
+    To the mute promptings of a thousand things
+  Which Spring has conjured up;--all, all is hers--
+  That Glory without name--she ministers.
+
+  Now--all the thoughts she wakens in the heart
+    Are glorious Music!--divine Poesy!--
+  Now--all the dreams on Fancy's eyes that start,
+    She will disown not, wayward though they be.
+  Sweet Dreams!--down Lethe's billow they depart--
+    Words are too weak to clothe them worthily.
+  Rich incense, burnt upon some altar stone
+  Censerless,--in a temple--desert--lone!
+
+  What shall we do in these delightful days,
+    When the full, bounding heart, will not be still;--
+  When the glad eye, absorbed in far-sent gaze,
+    Forgets Earth's plenitude of grief and ill;--
+  Shall we dream on, in a bewitching maze
+    Of sweet affections and bold hopes, until
+  Earth is not Earth--but Heaven? or shall we die
+  Hourly, to some "dissolving minstrelsy?"
+
+  Sometimes, when day is dying--when twilight
+    Brings its dim Vigil,--hour of quietness,--
+  'Tis sweet to listen, till the cheated sight
+    Pictures strange shadowings of awfulness,--
+  Some wild, old tale of goblin's ghastly spite,
+    Or antique strain of passionate distress;--
+  And one, which has been wept o'er many a time
+  I seek, to mar, perchance, with feeble rhyme
+
+_May, 1828._
+
+THOMAS M----s.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+EXECUTION AND LAST MOMENTS OF LORD WILLIAM RUSSEL.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+This distinguished patriot and martyr to the cause of liberty was the
+third son of William, the first Duke of Bedford, by a daughter of the
+Earl of Somerset. He refused the generous offer of Lord Cavendish to
+favour his escape, by changing clothes with him in prison; and he also
+declined the Duke of Monmouth's proposal to surrender himself, should
+Lord William Russel think it might contribute to his safety. "It will be
+no advantage to me," he said, "to have my friends die with me." Conjugal
+affection was the feeling that clung to his heart; and when he had taken
+his last farewell of his wife, he said, "The bitterness of death is now
+over." He suffered the sentences of his judges with resignation and
+composure. Some of his expressions (says his biographer) imply much
+good-humour in this last extremity. The day before his execution, he was
+seized with a bleeding at the nose. "I shall not now let blood to divert
+this distemper," said he to Burnet, who was present; "that will be done
+to-morrow." A little before the sheriffs conducted him to the scaffold,
+he wound up his watch. "Now I have done," said he, "with time, and
+henceforth must think solely of eternity." The sad tragedy of the death
+of the virtuous Lord Russel, (says Pennant,) who lost his head in the
+middle of Lincoln's-Inn-Fields, took place on July 21st, 1683. Party
+writers assert that he was brought here in preference to any other spot,
+in order to mortify the citizens with the sight. In fact, it was the
+nearest open space to Newgate, the place of his lordship's confinement.
+Without the least change of countenance, he laid his head on the block,
+and at two strokes it was severed from his body. He was, at the time of
+his death, only forty-two years of age. To his character for probity,
+sincerity, and private worth, even the enemies to his public principles
+bear testimony. At Woburn Abbey is preserved, in gold letters, the
+speech of Lord Russel to the sheriffs, together with the paper delivered
+by his lordship to them at the place of execution.
+
+P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+INDEPENDENCE OF PORTUGAL.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+Portugal was first created into a monarchy on the 27th of July, 1139;
+on which day, Dom Alphonso I., son of Henry, Count of Burgundy, the
+son of Robert, king of France, was proclaimed at Lisbon, after having
+vanquished and slain five Moorish kings in the battle of Campo
+d'Ourique, where he was unanimously chosen as sovereign of Portugal by
+his army. This dignity was confirmed to him by the first assembly of the
+states-general at Lamego. In commemoration of this event, the Portuguese
+arms bear five standards and five escudets.[1] After the unfortunate
+expedition of Dom Sebastian I. to Africa, where he was slain in the
+battle of Alcazar, the crown devolved upon his great uncle, the Cardinal
+Dom Henry, a man of 67 years of age, and who reigned but 17 months.
+At his death there were several claimants for the succession, and the
+kingdom in consequence became the theatre of civil war. Philip II. of
+Spain, the most powerful of these, sent an army, under the Duke of Alba,
+into Portugal, and completed the conquest of the country with little
+opposition. This event took place in the year 1580, and the kingdom of
+Portugal remained under the dominion of Spain until the 1st of December,
+1649, the day on which the Duke of Braganza was proclaimed king with the
+title of Dom Joao IV. Since that time Portugal has maintained its
+independence. For a more detailed account, see L'Abbé Nertot's
+"Revolutions of Portugal."
+
+
+    [Footnote 1: See Succession Chronologica de los Reyes de Portugal.]
+
+
+C.V., A CONSTANT READER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+RECENT EARTHQUAKE IN COLOMBIA.
+
+(_Communicated by a Correspondent to Brande's Journal._)
+
+
+On the 16th of November, 1827, at a quarter past six o'clock in the
+evening, the inhabitants of Bogota, in Colombia, were thrown into the
+greatest consternation and alarm by the severest shock of an earthquake
+which has ever been known to visit that city.
+
+At the moment of its occurrence, a subterraneous noise was very
+distinctly heard, resembling the noise of a carriage passing briskly
+over the pavement, and a white, thin, transparent cloud was seen to hang
+over the city; this cloud has been noticed in Italy, as generally, if
+not always, present, near the volcanic commotions of that country,
+previously, and at the time of these commotions. This cloud is entirely
+unlike any other which I have ever noticed, and resembles a thin gauze
+veil. I noticed it not only upon this occasion, but also in the
+earthquake of June 17th, 1826, in this city.[2]
+
+[Footnote 2: If I may be allowed to offer a conjecture on the cause
+of this singular white veil, or cloud, I can only attribute it to the
+vapour of water which escapes from the earth from the heated mass below,
+and which is condensed on rising into the cold air, and thus rendered
+visible. Bogota, according to my measurement, which corresponds very
+nearly with that of Baron Humboldt, is 9,600 feet above the level of the
+sea, and is distant at least one hundred miles from any known volcano.]
+
+The earthquake took a direction from S.E. to N.W., in which it could
+plainly be traced by the havoc which it made. Its effects on the city
+were partial in the above direction, but every part was convulsed.
+
+The confusion and affliction which such a calamity occasions,
+particularly in a catholic country, can neither be imagined, nor
+described. I was sitting reading in a small house of one story above the
+ground-floor, when the trembling commenced; the table on which my book
+lay, first shook, and almost at the same instant the chair on which
+I sat; I immediately got on my legs, but found much difficulty in
+sustaining myself without holding by some fixture; the house all this
+time rocking to and fro as in a hurricane, but not a breath of air
+stirred. After passing ten or more seconds in this way, I collected my
+reason sufficiently to run down the steps into the street; all this time
+the earth was in motion. When I arrived at the portal of the door, I
+found it impossible to stand without holding very tight by the doorway,
+and many persons fell on their faces. During these moments, part of the
+house adjoining mine fell with a terrible crash, and the street was
+filled with a cloud of dust, out of which emerged a man distorted with
+horror, but who had almost miraculously escaped immolation, without any
+other hurt than what his fright had occasioned. After continuing a
+_minute or more_, the trembling ceased, and nothing could now be heard
+but the cries of the people; with that exception all was still and
+silent, and the stars appeared with all their brilliancy, as if smiling
+at this scene of human distress. Some persons asserted, that there were
+two distinct shocks, but I must confess I felt the earth in motion
+during the whole period of a minute or more; and being situated over the
+direction which the earthquake took, was therefore, better able to judge
+of this than others who were more distant, and particularly as I
+retained my presence of mind. Fortunately for me my house was well
+built, for had it fallen I should inevitably have been buried in the
+ruins. To describe the scene which ensued is difficult; the streets were
+filled with despair; some entirely and others half naked were seen on
+their knees imploring divine protection; no one knew what to do or where
+to fly, for all were in the same consternation and distress. After this
+had a little subsided, the city became soon deserted, and a fresh scene
+presented itself; all those who had horses were seen scampering through
+the streets towards the plain, to elude the terror of another shock;
+others on foot with their beds on their backs; and the sick, wrapped
+up in blankets, were conveyed in arm-chairs, with two sticks passed
+underneath them to form sedan-chairs, and some were conveyed in
+hammocks. This afflicting sight, accompanied by the cries of the
+distressed and the melancholy chant of their progress, was painful in
+the extreme; and hard, indeed, must be that heart who could view it
+with indifference; yet such was the apathy occasioned by terror, that
+scarcely any one offered assistance to his neighbour, and frequently
+neglected his own safety. When all was quiet I went out to examine the
+city. The first thing which attracted my notice was the turret of the
+stately cathedral partly demolished, and the building split and cracked
+in various places; the precious stones, consisting of diamonds,
+emeralds, and topazes, which adorned the interior, were scattered in all
+directions, and many of them broken, particularly a very large emerald
+weighing some ounces. This edifice had but just been repaired from the
+effects of the earthquake in the preceding year, and was, by this last,
+reduced to a tattered ruin. In all the streets which ran in the
+direction of N.W. and S.E., many houses were "levelled with the dust,"
+and others "rent in twain;" and some of the unfortunate inhabitants
+buried beneath their ruins. In all, fourteen persons have lost their
+lives; and the damage done to the city is estimated to be at least six
+millions of dollars, although it did not contain a larger population
+than 30,000 souls. Deserted streets, heaps of ruins, and tottering
+houses, threatening to crush the beholder, give but a faint idea of this
+desolate picture. General Soublette and General Bolivar were both
+present at the last fatal earthquake in Caraccas, and they both assert
+that this, of which I have now given a description, was at least as
+powerful, although the suffering in the town of Caraccas was much
+greater; and they attribute the happy escape of thousands of lives to
+the difference in the construction of houses in the two places. General
+Bolivar, as well as myself and others, were affected with sickness at
+the stomach after the shock. During the night of the earthquake in
+Bogota, on the 16th of November, 1827, tremulous motions of the earth
+were continually felt, and the following day, and every other since; and
+even whilst I am now writing, slight undulating motions are perceptible.
+
+Every person is still in the greatest alarm, dreading a second severe
+shock, which happened last year at the distance of four days from the
+first grand shock; should this happen now, scarcely one stone will
+remain upon another in Bogota.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE DRAUGHTSMAN;[3] OR, HINTS ON LANDSCAPE PAINTING.
+
+
+[Footnote 3: Vide MIRROR, vol. iv. pp 2, 22, 61, 102.]
+
+
+OBSERVATIONS ON, AND RULES FOR, SKETCHING.
+
+
+The following hints, tending to further the tyro's progress in the
+delightful art of drawing, will not I trust prove unacceptable to such
+of your readers as are interested in the subject. For my own use I
+epitomized various directions relative to sketching, when I met with
+them in Gilpin's "Three Essays on Picturesque Beauty," and I shall feel
+particularly happy should my attempt at condensing much artistical
+matter from that interesting volume prove useful to the _amateur_: the
+_professor_ undergoes a regular, severe, but _essential_ course of study
+in that beautiful art, which is to purchase for him fame and emolument;
+but he who takes up his pencil merely for pastime, will do well to
+regulate its movements by a few _rules_, not cumbrous to the memory, and
+of easy application.--It is my intention briefly to state the object of
+Gilpin's first and second essays; from the third I have deduced those
+_rules for sketching_ which appeared most obviously to result from the
+tenour of his observations:--
+
+Essay 1st discusses the difference between _actual_ and _picturesque_
+beauty; _smoothness_ is usually allowed to enter into our ideas of the
+former, but _roughness_, or _ruggedness_ is decidedly _essential_ to the
+latter: for example--The smooth shaven lawn, the neatly turned walk, the
+classic marble portico, &c. &c. are _beautiful_; but the ruined castle,
+the chasmed mountain, the tempestuous ocean, &c. are _picturesque_,
+i.e. with appropriate accompaniments; for, after remarking that the
+sublime and beautiful are, with many persons, the divisions of the
+_picturesque_, our acute observer of nature adds, "sublimity alone
+cannot make an object picturesque," it must in form, colour, or
+accompaniment, have some degree of _beauty_ to render the epithet just.
+"Nothing can be more _sublime_ than the ocean, but wholly unaccompanied
+it has little of the picturesque." It should also be remembered that
+objects of rough and careless contour, as the worn cart-horse, and the
+tattered beggar (neither of them laying claim to an iota of _sublimity_)
+please better in a painting, than the sleekest racer, and the most
+finished belle of the _Magazin des Modes_.[4]
+
+[Footnote 4: It is singular, but almost true to an axiom, that objects
+capable of exciting disgust in their _reality_, confer delight in their
+pictorial _representation_; the interior of some wretched hovel, a sty
+and its inmates, and a boorish revel, will exemplify this. Our pleasure
+in that case arises _perhaps_ not from the objects represented, but from
+the _truth of the representation_. I know not that this paradox has ever
+been solved, and therefore with diffidence offer, that we are rather
+pleased with the _artist_ than his _subject_.]
+
+Essay 2nd treats of travelling, as far as it regards the _picturesque_,
+which is to be sought in natural, and sometimes artificial, objects;
+these will constantly present themselves to the observer under all the
+varieties of light and shadow, and the different combinations of colour,
+form, and accompaniment, sometimes producing whole landscapes, but
+more frequently only beautiful parts of scenery. The _curious_ and
+_fantastic_ forms of nature are not subjects for the pencil,--and the
+draughtsman will endeavour to depict _animate_ as well as inanimate
+objects. The utility and amusement of travelling, are also considered
+in this essay, and hints thrown out for the improvement of barren and
+disagreeable country, by the observation of lights and shadows, tints
+of the season, distances, &c., with a recommendation to supply, if
+possible, every hiatus of nature, by the _imagination_ of all that is
+needed to render her perfectly picturesque. (An ingenious idea; but,
+alas! mountains will not always rise in a marsh, forests wave over a
+sterile heath, nor lakes and rivers adorn a wheat-field. This essay,
+however, is worthy the perusal of travellers even, who never touched
+a pencil.)
+
+Essay 3rd treats of sketching from nature from whence are deduced the
+following
+
+_Rules._
+
+1. Every landscape should have a _leading subject_; a rule too much
+neglected even by superior artists.
+
+2. Get the object, or subject you design to copy, into the _best_ point
+of view.
+
+3. Landscape consists of three general parts:--fore-ground, middle or
+second-ground, and distance; in sketching foreground, it is a good rule
+to have some part of it higher than the rest of the picture. (_Vide_
+Rule the 7th.)
+
+4. Mark the principal parts, (or points) of your landscape on paper,
+that you may more readily ascertain the relative distances and
+situations of the others.
+
+5. Pay attention to the _character_ of your subject; mingle not
+_trivial_ with _grand_ details.
+
+6. One landscape must not be crowded with circumstances sufficient for
+two or more.
+
+7. It is sufficient to give the principal feature of what you essay to
+represent; as a castle, abbey, bridge, &c.; but its accompaniments may
+(and to _make a picture_, should) be often different. The _fore-ground_
+of a drawing _must_ be the artist's own; and it should be ample, since
+an extended distance, and a narrow fore-ground is always awkward and bad
+in a picture--N.B. Taste and observation will direct the student to
+select for his fore-ground, clusters of trees, pieces of rock, or the
+fragments of ruined fabrics, &c., according to the nature of his
+subject.
+
+8. On the accurate observation of _distances_ the beauty of landscape
+depends; be careful therefore to get them correct at your outset, and
+to keep them so, by shading lightly with pen or brush your black-lead
+sketch, (should the parts be complicated,) whilst the view is before
+you, or fresh in your memory.
+
+9. The hand should be accustomed to the touch of various kinds of trees,
+though in a mere _sketch_, little variety is required; the distinction,
+however, between full foliaged, and straggling, branchy trees must be
+preserved, for both are necessary even in a sketch, and the artist
+should therefore be prepared to represent them.
+
+10. The artist must attend to the composition, and the disposition of
+his subject. By the _composition_ may be understood the objects with
+which he composes his view; by the _disposition_, their picturesque and
+tasteful arrangement.
+
+11. Figures, must be such as are appropriate to the scene; thus, history
+in miniature is bad, because a landscape is in itself a subject
+sufficient for the employment both of pencil and eye; therefore
+historical figures in a view, are lost and out of place.
+
+12. Birds may be introduced with good effect, if thrown into proper
+distance; to represent them _near_ is absurd: ruins and sea views are
+the best subjects in which they can appear.
+
+13. _Effect_ is to be produced best, by strong contrasts of _light_ and
+_shade_ both in earth and sky; but the student's taste must determine
+where these shall fall, and though the contrasts should be strong, yet
+_gradation_, in both, must be observed.
+
+14. A predominancy of _shade_ has the best effect; and light, though it
+should not be scattered, must not be drawn, as it were, into one focus.
+
+15. The light, in a picture, is best disposed when the fore-ground is
+in shadow, and it falls in the middle; but this rule is subject to many
+variations. Light should rarely be spread on the distance.[5]
+
+[Footnote 5: Extraordinary and beautiful effects, however, are, by
+superior painters, frequently produced by violating this latter rule.
+The writer would particularly notice the results of light thrown into
+the distance, in stormy sea-views.]
+
+16. It is useful to know, that the shadows of morning are darker than
+those of evening; also, that when objects are in _shadow_, their light
+(as it is then a reflected light,) falls on the opposite side to that on
+which it would come if they were enlightened.
+
+17. The _harmony_ of the whole should be studied; if the piece strikes
+you as defective in this respect, place it at evening in some situation
+where it will not be reached by a strong light, when the misplaced
+lights and shadows will strike you more forcibly than in the glare of
+day.
+
+18. To stain your paper with a slight reddish or yellowish tint, adds to
+the harmony of a sketch, yet it is a mere matter of taste; but, when it
+is desired, it had better be done after the drawing is completed,
+otherwise the colour risks looking patched from the rubber.[6]
+
+[Footnote 6: Coffee has been recommended for this purpose, but delicate
+and pleasing washes or glazings may be produced from burnt sienna,
+yellow ochre, burnt umbre, and lake, in various combinations, and laid
+on extremely attenuated by water.]
+
+19. In _colouring_, the _sky_ gives the _ruling tint_ to the landscape;
+it is absurd to unite a noonday sky, with a landscape of sunset glow.
+
+20. From the three virgin colours, red, blue, and yellow, all the tints
+of nature are composed.[7] There is not in nature a perfect white,
+except snow, and the petals of some flowers.
+
+
+[Footnote 7: The artist, however, cannot produce _his_ tints from those
+simple colours _entirely_, but the advice once given to the writer, by a
+painter, was:--"Never fancy that _many_ colours will effect your object;
+a _few_ well chosen will better succeed, and be more easily managed;
+half-a-dozen would, for _me_, answer every purpose." The student is
+warned against _gaudy colouring_, which, if allowable in _caricatures_
+seen _elsewhere_, reminds one of pedlar's pictures.]
+
+
+21. Sketch nothing but what you can _adorn_, (for the purpose of showing
+to friends, &c.) but do not adorn your first, or _rough_ sketch; _make
+another_, and refer to your _original_ draught, as you would do to the
+view itself, for it contains your _general ideas_--your first and
+freshest, which may be lost by endeavouring to refine and improve upon
+them in the original sketch.[8]
+
+
+[Footnote 8: The old masters are well known to have made carefully _many_
+sketches of the subjects they designed for pictures, ere they dreamt of
+painting compositions that were to last for ever.]
+
+
+22. In adorning your sketch, figures, both animate and inanimate, may
+be introduced, but _sparingly_; touch them slightly, for an attempt at
+_finish_ offends.
+
+I shall take the liberty of adding--endeavour to get a free and flowing
+outline; be not too minute either in detail or finishing; use pen or
+brush for your _rough_ sketch in preference to pencil; you will gain
+confidence, and _correctness_ will be your aim in your _adorned_ copy.
+Finally, study nature, art, and good writers.
+
+M.L.B.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+FINE ARTS.
+
+(_To the Editor of the Mirror._)
+
+
+Sir,--I have made repeated visits this season to the exhibition of the
+works of the old masters at the _British Institution_, for the express
+purpose of presenting you with _a few remarks_ on some of the most
+excellent paintings. As I have strictly adhered to the notes which I
+made at the institution, the accuracy of the subjoined may be depended
+upon:--
+
+
+BRITISH INSTITUTION.
+
+
+The present exhibition consists of the works of the Italian, Spanish,
+Flemish, and Dutch masters. There are one hundred and ninety pictures,
+which have chiefly been contributed to the institution by his Majesty
+and the nobility.
+
+No. 5, _Innocent the Tenth_, by Velasquez, is an uncommon fine portrait;
+it is very boldly executed, combining at the same time a sufficient
+degree of finish and great beauty of colour. His holiness is represented
+in quite a plain habit. The beauties of Guido's pencil will be traced in
+No. 6, _Hippomenes and Atalanta_. Claude, in his _Embarkation of St.
+Paul; Sea Port, Evening, &c._, charms us with his exquisite effects,
+which are so truly natural, that, while we view his representations, we
+may almost fancy ourselves transported to the magnificent scenery of
+Italy. In No. 42, _Titian's Daughter_, are seen the genuine tints
+adopted by the Venetian school of painting. No. 56, _St. Appolonia_,
+by Sebastian del Piombo, is a most admirable specimen of the master.
+No. 74, _Landscape and Cattle_, by Paul Potter, contains all that beauty
+of touch and delicacy of colour which render this famous artist so
+difficult to imitate. There are several very capital pictures by the
+younger Teniers; No. 77, _his own portrait_, and No. 95, _portrait of
+the painter and his son_, are truly excellent; as is No. 94, _Figures
+playing at Bowls_. A remarkable and very forcible effect is found in No.
+93, _The outside of a House with Figures_--painted by De Hooge. Nos.
+121 and 123, _Flowers and Fruit_, by the celebrated Van Huysum, are
+extremely elaborate in their execution. No. 161, _The Battle between
+Constantine and Maxentius_, is a sketch by Rubens, possessing wonderful
+fire and spirit, as well as great mellowness of colour.
+
+Besides the above pictures, there are many beautiful productions by Jan
+Steen, Cuyp, Poussin, Salvator Rosa, Guercino, Domenichino, Murillo,
+Albano, Vandyke, Ruysdael, Houdekoeter, Wouvermans, &c.
+
+G.W.N.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ANCIENT ROMAN FESTIVALS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+JULY.
+
+
+The _Caprotinia_, or feasts of Juno Caprotina, were celebrated on
+the 9th of July, in favour of the female slaves. During this solemnity
+they ran about, beating themselves with their fists and with rods.
+None but women assisted in the sacrifices offered at this feast. Kennet
+says, the origin of this feast, or the famous _Nonae Caprotinae_, or
+_Poplifugium_, is doubly related by Plutarch, according to the two
+common opinions. First, because Romulus disappeared on that day, when
+an assembly being held in the _Palus Capreae_, or _Goats'-Marsh_, on
+a sudden happened a most wonderful tempest, accompanied with terrible
+thunder, and other unusual disorders in the air. The common people fled
+all away to secure themselves; but, after the tempest was over, could
+never find their king. Or, else, from _Caprificus_, a wild fig-tree,
+because, in the Gallic war, a Roman virgin, who was prisoner in the
+enemy's camp, got up into a wild fig-tree, and holding out a lighted
+torch toward the city, gave the Romans a signal to fall on; which they
+did with such good success, as to obtain a considerable victory.
+
+The _Lucaria_ was an ancient feast, solemnized in the woods, where
+the Romans, defeated and pursued by the Gauls, retired and concealed
+themselves; it was held, on the 19th of July, in a wood, between the
+Tyber and the road called Via Salaria.
+
+The feast of _Neptunalia_ was held on the 23rd of July, in honour of
+Neptune.
+
+The _Furinalia_ were feasts instituted in honour of _Furina_, the
+goddess of robbers among the Romans; they took place on the 25th of
+July. This goddess had a temple at Rome, and was served by a particular
+priest, who was one of the fifteen Flamens.[9] Near the temple there was
+a sacred wood, in which Caius Gracchus was killed. Cicero takes her to
+be the same as one of the Furies.
+
+[Footnote 9: Flamen, among the ancient Romans, was a priest or minister
+of sacrifice.]
+
+P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NOTES OF A READER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CAPTAIN POPANILLA'S VOYAGE.
+
+
+Who has not read _Vivian Grey_, in five broad-margined volumes, with
+space enough between each line to allow the indulgence of a nap, when
+the poppy of the author predominated? Affectation, foppery, and conceit,
+have protracted the memoirs of this renowned personage to such an
+extent; but in spite of all that unfashionable critics have said, Vivian
+Grey has just produced a volume under the title of the Voyage of
+_Captain Popanilla_, with as much of the aforesaid qualities as the most
+listless drawing-room or boudoir reader could require. Nevertheless,
+"the voyage" has many touches of wit, humour, and caustic satire, and
+it has the soul and characteristic of wit--_brevity_; for we read the
+volume in little more than an hour; and, although Vivian may regard our
+analysis of his voyage like showing the sun with a lantern, we are
+disposed to venture upon the task for the gratification of our readers.
+
+To say that Popanilla resembles Swift's "Tale of a Tub," or Sir Thomas
+More's "Utopia," would be an advantageous comparison for our modern
+_voyager_, but it would not sufficiently illustrate the character of
+his work, since the latter books are so much less read than talked of.
+Swift wrote "for the universal improvement of mankind," but Popanilla
+publishes for the benefit of the people of England, whom he represents
+as living in a too artificial state. He tells his story as the native
+of an Indian isle, whose men combine "the vivacity of a faun with the
+strength of a Hercules, and the beauty of an Adonis," and whose women
+"magically sprung from the brilliant foam of that ocean, which is
+gradually subsiding before them." This favoured spot he calls the _Isle
+of Fantaisie_, about the shores of which appears a remarkable fish, or
+rather a ship, to the no small terror of the islanders. The ship is
+wrecked, and Popanilla "having in his fright, during the storm, lost a
+lock of hair which, in a moment of glorious favour, he had ravished from
+his fair mistress' brow," is next introduced in search of this precious
+_bijou_. "The favourite of all the women, the envy of all the men, &c.
+&c, and--you know the rest,--Popanilla passed an extremely pleasant
+life. No one was a better judge of wine--no one had a better taste for
+fruit--no one danced with more elegant vivacity--and no one whispered
+compliments in a more meaning tone. What a pity that such an amiable
+fellow should have got into such a scrape!"
+
+Instead of the dear lock, Popanilla finds a chest saved from the wreck,
+and filled with "Useful Knowledge Tracts," books on "the Hamiltonian
+system," &c. which our adventurer, like Faustus and his bible, turns to
+bad account; he falls asleep, is swallowed by a whale, and spouted forth
+again. "The dreamer awoke amidst real chattering, and scuffling, and
+clamour. A troop of green monkeys had been aroused by his unusual
+occupation, and had taken the opportunity of his slumber to become
+acquainted with some of the first principles of science. What progress
+they had made it is difficult to ascertain. It is said, however, that
+some monkeys have been since seen skipping about the island, with their
+tails cut off; and that they have even succeeded in passing themselves
+for human beings among those people who do not read novels, and are
+consequently unacquainted with mankind. As for Popanilla, he took up a
+treatise on hydrostatics, and read it straight through on the spot. For
+the rest of the day he was hydrostatically mad; nor could the commonest
+incident connected with the action or conveyance of water take place,
+without his speculating on its cause and consequence." So much for the
+first steps of "intellect;" now for the "march." Popanilla soon becomes
+a man of science: his wit flies off in tangents, and he tries to prove
+his sovereign a lantern, and himself a sun,[10] by undertaking to
+re-shape all the institutions of Fantaisie. Then follow a string of
+dogmas about utility, &c.; and man being a _developing animal_, till he
+decides that "there is no such thing as Nature; Nature is Art, or Art is
+Nature; that which is most useful is most natural, because utility is
+the test of Nature; therefore, a steam-engine is in fact a much more
+natural production than a mountain." Here, observing a smile upon his
+majesty's countenance, Popanilla tells the king that he is only a chief
+magistrate, and he has no more right to laugh at him than a constable.
+This is "too bad" for the royal mind; Popanilla is cut; rather
+crest-fallen, he sneaks home, and consoles himself for having nobody
+to speak to, by reading some very amusing "Conversations on Political
+Economy." But he sinks to rise again. He obtains many pupils, who had
+no sooner mastered the first principles of science, than they began to
+throw off their retired habits and uncommunicative manners. "Being not
+utterly ignorant of some of the rudiments of knowledge, and consequently
+having completed their education, it was now their duty, as members of
+society, to instruct and not to study; and on all occasions they seized
+opportunities of assisting the spread of knowledge. The voices of boys
+lecturing upon every lecturable topic, resounded in every part of the
+island. Their tones were so shrill, their manners so presuming, their
+knowledge so crude, and their general demeanour so completely unamiable,
+that it was impossible to hear them without the greatest, delight,
+advantage, and admiration." The king at last becomes impregnated with
+the liberal spirit of the age; Popanilla is "sent for" to court; he is
+overpowered with promotion, told that "with the aid of a treatise or
+two," he will make "a consummate naval commander," although he has
+"never been at sea in the whole course of his life," and at length
+thrust into a canoe, with some fresh water, bread, fruit, dried fish,
+and a basket of alligator pears. "Unhappy Popanilla! and all from that
+unlucky lock of hair!" His fright is ludicrously sketched. "Poor fellow!
+how could he know better? He certainly had enjoyed a seat at the
+Admiralty Board of Fantaisie, but then he was a lay-lord." Among his
+discoveries, on the second day, at 25 m. past 3 p.m., though at a
+considerable distance, he saw a mountain and an island: he called the
+first Alligator Mountain, in gratitude to the pears; and christened the
+second after his mistress; but the happy discoverer further found the
+mountain to be a mist, and the island a sea-weed. At length, on the
+third day, after being in a valley formed by two waves, each 3,000 feet
+high, and in as tremendous a tempest as ever raged in Chelsea or
+Battersea-reach, "great, square and solid, black clouds drew off like
+curtains, and revealed to him a magnificent city rising out of the sea.
+Tower and dome, arch, and column, and spire, and obelisk, and lofty
+terraces, and many-windowed palaces, rose in all directions from a mass
+of building, which appeared each instant to grow more huge, till at
+length it seemed to occupy the whole horizon." On his landing he is
+pestered with questions from the natives; but, thanks to the Hamiltonian
+system, "Popanilla, under these circumstances, was more loquacious than
+could have been Capt. Parry." He announces himself as the "most injured
+of human beings;" the women weep, the men shake hands with him, and all
+the boys huzza: he then narrates his ill-fortunes at Fantaisie, not
+forgetting the never-enough-to-be-lamented lock of hair. Other danger
+awaits him, for "to be strangled was not much better than to be starved;
+and certainly with half a dozen highly respectable females clinging
+round his neck, he was not reminded, for the first time in his life,
+what a domestic bowstring is an affectionate woman." He is next joined
+by an "influential personage," who informs him that he is in _Hubbabub_
+(London)--the largest city, not only that exists, but that ever did
+exist, and the capital of the Island of _Vraibleusia_, the most famous
+island, not only that is known, but that ever was known. "He provides
+himself with a purse, and exchanges his money with a banker, who offers
+him during his stay in Vraibleusia, the use of a couple of equipages, a
+villa, an opera box; insists upon sending to his hotel some pineapples
+and very rare wine; and gives him a perpetual ticket to his
+picture-gallery." Popanilla leaves his gold and takes the banker's pink
+shells, for "no genteel person has ever anything else in his pocket."
+Then follow some quips on the shell question (currency), and Mr.
+Secretary Perriwinkle, the most eminent conchologist, and the "debt" of
+the richest nation in the world; although, "a golden pyramid, with a
+base as big as the whole earth and an apex touching the heavens, would
+not supply sufficient metal to satisfy the creditors." "The annual
+interest upon our debt exceeds the whole wealth of the rest of the
+world; therefore we must be the richest nation in the world."
+
+
+[Footnote 10: "What boots it thee to call thyself a sun."]
+
+
+Our traveller being now settled at a splendid hotel in Hubbabub,
+Skindeep, his "gentleman in black," drives him about the city in an
+elegant equipage. The western migrations of fashion are humorously
+sketched, and the architecture of our metropolis comes in for a share
+of the author's banter. "In general, the massy Egyptian appropriately
+graced the attic stories; while the finer and more elaborate
+architecture of Corinth was placed on a level with the eye, so that its
+beauties might be more easily discovered. Spacious colonnades were
+flanked by porticoes, surmounted by domes; nor was the number of columns
+at all limited, for you occasionally met with porticoes of two tiers,
+the lower one of which consisted of three, the higher one of thirty
+columns. Pedestals of the purest Ionic Gothic, were ingeniously mixed
+with Palladian pediments; and the surging spire exquisitely harmonized
+with the horizontal architecture of the ancients. But, perhaps, after
+all, the most charming effect was produced by the pyramids, surmounted
+by weathercocks."
+
+A lively sketch of "the aboriginal inhabitant" introduces some smart
+satire on the agriculturists, and proves that, "between force, and fear,
+and flattery, the Vraibleusians paid for their corn nearly its weight in
+gold; but what did it signify to a nation with so many pink shells."
+Popanilla is next introduced to an eminent bookseller, who craves
+the honour of publishing a narrative of his voyage: he informs the
+"mercantile Mecaenas" that he does not know how to write; who replies
+that "he never had for a moment supposed that so sublime a savage could
+possess such a vulgar accomplishment, and that it was by no means
+difficult for a man to publish his travels without writing a line." This
+is a stale affair; but Popanilla's drinking a dozen of the bookseller's
+wine smacks more of novelty. His voyage is published, and contains a
+detailed account of every thing which took place during the whole of the
+three days, forming a quarto volume! Then we have a shower of squibs on
+_converzazioni_--as dukes imbibing a new theory of gas, a prime-minister
+studying pinmaking, a bishop the escapements of watches, a field-marshal
+intent on essence of hellebore. "But what most delighted Popanilla was
+hearing a lecture from the most eminent lawyer and statesman in
+Vraibleusia, on his first and favourite study of hydrostatics. His
+associations quite overcame him; all Fantaisie rushed upon his memory,
+and he was obliged to retire to a less frequented part of the room,
+to relieve his too excited feelings." The hostess too declares it
+"impossible for mankind ever to be happy and great, until, like
+herself and her friends," her company are "all soul!"
+
+Popanilla is now constituted ambassador from Fantaisie, and goes through
+all the courtly scenes of diplomacy, for which we have not room; but
+their gist will be readily understood among the stars of St. James's,
+especially the authors allusions to Navarino and the late ministry,
+which are in good set terms. The "Aboriginal," too, tells Popanilla
+"some long stories about a person who was chief manager, about five
+hundred years ago, to whom he said he was indebted for all his political
+principles."
+
+During Popanilla's sight-seeing career, he, of course, visits our
+theatres, and a tolerably broad caricature he gives of them. "To sit in
+a huge room hotter than a glass-house, in a posture emulating the most
+sanctified Faquir, with a throbbing head-ache, a breaking back, and
+twisted legs, with a heavy tube held over one eye, and the other
+covered with the unemployed hand, is, in Vraibleusia, called a public
+amusement." In one morning's lionizing, too, he acquires "a general
+knowledge of the chief arts and sciences, eats three hundred sandwiches,
+and tastes as many bottles of sherry."
+
+The frauds and fooleries of the joint stock company mania are, perhaps,
+among the least successful portion of the volume. The "literature" is
+somewhat better, as the establishment of a "Society for the Diffusion of
+Fashionable Knowledge"--its first treatise, Nonchalance--dissertations
+"on leaving cards," "cutting friends," "on bores," &c.--and a new novel
+called "Burlington"--the last a scratch at Popanilla's publisher. The
+"Clubs" are next recommended for those fond of solitude, and their satin
+luxuries humorously quizzed; but "the Colonial System," which follows,
+has more causticity. Popanilla, like all other great foreigners who
+visit England, falls ill; his disorder is "unquestionably nervous;" he
+is to count five between each word he utters, never ask questions, and
+avoid society, and only dine out once a day. This regimen brings on a
+slow fever; but his disorder is neither "liver," nor "nervous," but
+"mind." He next falls in with an Essay on Fruit, from which he learns
+that thousands of the Vraibleusians are dying with dyspepsia from eating
+pine-apples, which are denounced as "stupid, sour, and vulgar."
+
+Popanilla is ordered by his physician to Blunderland, where the women
+are "angelic," and the men "the most light-hearted, merry, obliging,
+entertaining fellows;" and where "instead of knives and forks being
+laid for the guests at dinner, the plates are flanked by daggers and
+pistols." A "row" springs up; "all the guests lay lifeless about the
+room;" "Popanilla rang the bell, and the waiters swept away the dead
+bodies, and brought him a roasted _potato_ for supper." He next enjoys
+the pleasures of the chase, and in revenge for a sharp fire, "burns
+two villages, slays 2 or 300 head of women, and bags children without
+number;" and in the evening Popanilla's powers of digestion are
+improved. He now returns to Vraibleusia, where all are _panic_-struck,
+and his friend, the banker, unlike his "perpetual ticket," has stopped
+payment, and all our traveller's resources. Popanilla consoles him with
+the joke that "things were not quite so bad as they appeared," till they
+get worse, by two gentlemen in blue, with red waistcoats, arresting the
+ambassador for high treason. This completes his "amusements." He fears
+"confined cells, overwhelming fetters, black bread, and green water, in
+the principal gaol in Hubbabub;" but becomes ensconced in Leigh Hunt's
+"elegantly furnished apartment, with French sash-windows and a piano.
+Its lofty walls were entirely hung with a fanciful paper, representing a
+Tuscan vineyard; the ceiling was covered with sky and clouds; roses were
+in abundance; and the windows, though well secured, excited no jarring
+associations in the mind of the individual they illumined, protected as
+they were by polished bars of cut-steel."
+
+"Next to being a plenipotentiary, Popanilla preferred being a prisoner.
+His daily meals consisted of every delicacy in season; a marble bath was
+ever at his service; a billiard-room and dumb-bells always ready; and
+his old friends, the most eminent physician, and the most celebrated
+practitioner in Hubbabub, called upon him daily to feel his pulse and
+look at his tongue. These attentions authorized a hope that he might yet
+again be an ambassador; that his native land might still be discovered,
+and its resources still be developed; but when his gaoler told him that
+the rest of the prisoners were treated in a manner equally indulgent,
+because the Vraibleusians are the most humane people in the world,
+Popanilla's spirits became somewhat depressed."
+
+"He was greatly consoled, however, by a daily visit from a body of the
+most beautiful, the most accomplished, and the most virtuous females
+in Hubbabub, who tasted his food to see that his cook did his duty,
+recommended him a plentiful use of pine-apple well peppered, and made
+him a present of a very handsome shirt, with worked frills and ruffles,
+to be hanged in. This enchanting committee generally confined their
+attentions to murderers, and other victims of the passions, who
+were deserted in their hour of need by the rest of the society they
+had outraged; but Popanilla being a foreigner, a prince, and a
+plenipotentiary, and not ill-looking, naturally attracted a great deal
+of notice from those who desire the amelioration of their species."
+
+"Popanilla was so pleased with his mode of life, and had acquired such a
+taste for poetry, pine-apples, and pepper, since he had ceased to be an
+active member of society, that he applied to have his trial postponed,
+on the ground of the prejudice which had been excited against him by
+the public press. As his trial was at present inconvenient to the
+government, the postponement was allowed on these grounds."
+
+In the meantime, up jumps a public instructor, Flummery Flam, who
+ascribes all the debt and distress to "a slight over-trading," chatters
+about demand, supply, rent, wages, profit, and, as a temporary relief,
+suggests "emigration." "Flummery-Flammism triumphs, and every person,
+from the managers down to the chalk-chewing mechanics, attend lectures
+on that enlightening science."
+
+At length Popanilla's trial comes on; the indictment is read; he is
+accused of stealing 219 camelopards; perceives that he has all the time
+been mistaken for another person: he is, however, detained, on the judge
+of Fort Jobation informing him, that in order to be tried in his court
+for a modern offence of high treason, he must first be introduced by
+fiction of law as a stealer of camelopards, and then being _in praesenti
+regio_, in a manner, the business proceeds by a special power for an
+absolute offence. This flummery is too much; but every body with whom
+Popanilla had conversed while in Vraibleusia is subpoenaed against him:
+the judge is about to sum up, when a trumpet sounds, and a government
+messenger presents a scroll, and informs him, that a remarkably clever
+young man, recently appointed one of the managers, had last night
+consolidated all the edicts into a single act. The judge then
+compliments the young consolidator, compared to whom, he said, Justinian
+was a country attorney. Popanilla is found "not guilty, and kicked out
+of court, amidst the hootings of the mob, without a stain upon his
+reputation." He then falls senseless on the steps of the Asiatic
+club-house, is recovered by the smell of mulligatawney soup, and
+moralizes till he perceives "it is possible for a nation to exist in too
+artificial a state." He then sees the opposite house lit up, and the
+words "Emigration Committee" written on a transparent blind. He enters,
+finds the last Emigration squadron is about to sail in a few minutes; is
+presented with a spade, blanket, and hard biscuit, and quits the port of
+Hubbabub: what became of him will "probably be discovered, if ever we
+obtain 'Popanilla's' second voyage"--and thus shuts to the scene.
+
+Here, gentle reader, you have the Captain's fun and _badinage_ on all
+the wonderful wonders of Hubbabub--_videlicet_ this wonderful town. They
+may serve to while away some of the _ennui_ of this season of roast,
+bake, and broil, or be read aloud during the halt of the "march of
+intellect" men. There are the principal incidents of his voyage; if you
+wish to see them expanded, consult the book itself--that is if you are
+gratified with our abstract--if the reverse, let well alone, lest you
+find it, like ceremony, "a penny-worth of spirit in a glass of water."
+But recollect, Popanilla's adventures have already been published in
+quarto.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Machine for Sharpening Knives at once,_
+
+Consists of a number of steel cylinders grooved transversely, and placed
+on two revolving axes parallel to each other, and so that the bosses and
+recesses of the one fit into those of the other cylinder. Along these
+the knife is drawn, and so is immediately sharpened.--_London Jour. of
+Arts._
+
+
+_Influence of Electricity on the developement of Seeds._
+
+M. Astier has discovered that seeds which are electrified, run through
+the first stages of vegetation more rapidly than others, and that China
+roses submitted to this experiment, produce flowers sooner, and in
+greater abundance.--_From the French._
+
+
+_Botany._
+
+The number of different species of plants which have been described is
+about 50,000; but botanists are generally agreed that probably as many
+still remain undescribed; and, that the number of vegetable species on
+the surface of the earth ought not to be estimated under 100,000. We may
+be struck at the amount of this number; but our astonishment abates when
+we find that our own island, which is but a mere misty speck, compared
+with those broad zones of sunshine, "where the flowers ever brighten,"
+contains about 1,500 native flowering plants. Of those which have been
+described, about 8,000, or nearly one-sixth, belong to the first of
+the two classes, and of these nearly 2,000 are grasses. In cold and
+temperate climates the species of this most interesting and important
+family are comparatively diminutive in size. In our climate, for
+instance, the grasses are somewhat remarkable among vegetables for their
+humble stature, and their inconspicuous appearance; while in the warmer
+regions of the earth, the bamboos and canes, which are species of the
+same family, emulate trees in height and beauty. But what our species
+want in individual magnitude, is far more than compensated by the
+comparative vastness of the number of individuals. In tropical climates,
+one plant may be seen here, and another there, which, in their size,
+astonish an European, when he is told that they belong to the family of
+the grasses; but there he would search in vain for those swards of
+grass, and green meadows, with which almost the whole aspect of his own
+climate is verdant. He might find one plant stately enough to shade him
+from the torrid sun, and to harbour among its boughs many a tropical
+bird with its bright metallic plumage; but he could not find a lea
+covered with lowing herds, or with bleating flocks, on the soft sward of
+which he could lie down, and listen to the lark that sings to him from
+heaven, sending down its clear notes on the first sunbeams of spring.
+It is in temperate climates--in those regions where man has made the
+greatest advances in civilization--where the comforts and conveniences
+of this life are most numerous around him--and the realities of that
+which is to come are most brightly seen above him--that this family
+of plants exists in greatest economic value. It is one of the most
+important in every climate; for it is from one species of grass or other
+that the present numbers of men, as well as the domestic animals that
+serve him, derive their sustenance. The maize or Indian corn of the
+west; the rice of the east; the wheat and other grains of the north;
+equally belong to this tribe of plants.--_Quar. Jour. of Agriculture_
+
+
+_Blight in Fruit Trees._
+
+Whenever you see the branch of a tree blighted, or eaten by insects,
+procure a shoemaker's awl, and pierce the lower extremity of the branch
+into the wood; then pour in two or three drops of crude mercury, (which
+is the quicksilver in common use) and stop up the hole with a small
+stick. In about forty-eight hours, the insects, not only upon that
+branch, but upon all the rest of the tree, will be destroyed, and the
+blights _will immediately_ cease.
+
+G.W.N.
+
+
+_On the Live Stock of Britain, France, &c._
+
+Dupin, in a work lately published, with a view to promote the numbers
+and breeds of the live stock of France, states, that, in Britain, the
+animal power is eleven times as great as the manual power; while in
+France it is only four times as great; hence, French labourers receive
+from animals only a third part of the aid yielded by them in Britain. He
+also states, that Great Britain consumes three times as much meat, milk,
+and cheese, as France. The following is the number of horses for every
+1,000 inhabitants in the countries mentioned. Hanover, 193; Sweden, 145;
+Canton de Vaud, (in Switzerland,) 140; Great Britain, 100; Prussia, (six
+provinces) 95; France, 79. Numbers, however, give a very imperfect idea
+of the relative amount of horse power, the breeds being so various in
+the different countries.
+
+
+_Supposed Nervous System in Plants._
+
+M. Dutrochet, in a volume on the moving powers which act in organized
+bodies, affirms, that there are seen on the walls of the cellular and
+fibrous tissue of vegetables, small semi-transparent globular bodies
+and linear bodies, which become opaque from the action of acids, and
+are rendered transparent by that of alkalies. He considers these small
+bodies as the elements of a diffused nervous system, to the action
+of which he ascribes the movements of plants, arising from what is
+denominated by him the _nervomotility_.--_From the French._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE NOVELIST.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE MARRIAGE LESSON.
+
+
+[We are indebted to the last Number (4) of the _Foreign Quarterly
+Review_ for the following lively nouvelette, from the _Conde Lucanor_ of
+the Infante Don Juan Manuel, written in the beginning of the fourteenth
+century. It has much of the _naĂŻvete_ and light humour peculiar to the
+Spanish novelists, and, to quote the ingenious reviewer, "besides its
+own merit, possesses that of some striking resemblances to Shakspeare's
+_Taming of the Shrew_."]
+
+In a certain town there lived a noble Moor, who had one son, the best
+young man ever known perhaps in the world. He was not, however, wealthy
+enough to enable him to accomplish half the many laudable objects which
+his heart prompted him to undertake; and for this reason he was in great
+perplexity, having the will and not the power. Now in that same town
+dwelt another Moor, far more honoured and rich than the youth's father,
+and he too had an only daughter, who offered a strange contrast to this
+excellent young man, her manners being as violent and bad as his were
+good and pleasing, insomuch that no man liked to think of an union with
+such an infuriate shrew.
+
+Now that good youth one day came to his father, and said, "Father,
+I am well assured that you are not rich enough to support me according
+to what I conceive becoming and honourable. It will, therefore, be
+incumbent upon me to lead a mean and indolent life, or to quit the
+country; so that if it seem good unto you, I should prefer for the best
+to form some marriage alliance, by which I may be enabled to open myself
+a way to higher things." And the father replied, that it would please
+him well if his son should be enabled to marry according to his wishes.
+He then said to his father, that if he thought he should be able to
+manage it, he should be happy to have the only daughter of that good man
+given him in marriage. Hearing this, the father was much surprised, and
+answered, that as he understood the matter, there was not a single man
+whom he knew, how poor soever he might be, who would consent to marry
+such a vixen. And his son replied, that he asked it as a particular
+favour that he would bring about this marriage, and so far insisted,
+that however strange he thought the request, his father gave his
+consent. In consequence, he went directly to seek the good man, with
+whom he was on the most friendly terms, and having acquainted him with
+all that had passed, begged that he would be pleased to bestow his
+daughter's hand upon his son, who had courage enough to marry her. Now
+when the good man heard this proposal from the lips of his best friend,
+he said to him:--"Good God, my friend, if I were to do any such thing, I
+should serve you a very bad turn; for you possess an excellent son, and
+it would be a great piece of treachery on my part, if I were to consent
+to make him so unfortunate, and become accessory to his death. Nay I may
+say worse than death, for better would it be for him to be dead than to
+be married to my daughter! And you must not think that I say thus much
+to oppose your wishes; for as to that matter, I should be well pleased
+to give her to your son, or to any body's son, who would be foolish
+enough to rid my house of her." To this his friend replied, that he
+felt very sensibly the kind motives which led him to speak thus; and
+intreated that, as his son seemed so bent upon the match, he would be
+pleased to give the lady in marriage. He agreed, and accordingly the
+ceremony took place. The bride was brought to her husband's house, and
+it being a custom with the Moors to give the betrothed a supper and to
+set out the feast for them, and then to take leave and return to visit
+them on the ensuing day, the ceremony was performed accordingly.
+However, the fathers and mothers, and all the relations of the bride
+and bridegroom went away with many misgivings, fearing that when they
+returned the ensuing day they should either find the young man dead,
+or in some very bad plight indeed.
+
+So it came to pass, that as soon as the young people were left alone,
+they seated themselves at the table, and before the dreaded bride had
+time to open her lips, the bridegroom, looking behind him, saw stationed
+there his favourite mastiff dog, and he said to him somewhat sharply,
+"Mr. Mastiff, bring us some water for our hands;" and the dog stood
+still, and did not do it. His master then repeated the order more
+fiercely, but the dog stood still as before. His master then leaped up
+in a great passion from the table, and seizing his sword, ran towards
+the mastiff, who, seeing him coming, ran away, leaping over the chairs
+and tables and the fire, trying every place to make his escape, with the
+bridegroom hard in pursuit of him. At length reaching the dog, he smote
+off his head with his sword, then hewed off his legs, and all his body,
+until the whole place was covered with blood. He then resumed his place
+at table, all covered as he was with gore; and soon casting his eyes
+around, he beheld a lap-dog, and commanded him to bring him water for
+his hands, and because he was not obeyed, he said, "How, false traitor!
+see you not the fate of the mastiff, because he would not do as I
+commanded him? I vow, that if you offer to contend one moment with me,
+I will treat thee to the same fare as I did the mastiff;" and when he
+found it was not done, he arose, seized him by the legs, and dashing him
+against the wall, actually beat his brains out, showing even more rage
+than against the poor mastiff. Then in a great passion he returned to
+the table, and cast his eyes about on all sides, while his bride,
+fearful that he had taken leave of his senses, ventured not to utter
+a word. At length he fixed his eyes upon his horse that was standing
+before the door, though he had only that one; and he commanded him to
+bring him water, which the horse did not do. "How now, Mr. Horse," cried
+the husband, "do you imagine, because I have only you, that I shall
+suffer you to live, and not do as I command you! No! I will inflict as
+hard a death upon you as upon the others; yea, there is no living thing
+I have in the world which I will spare, if I be not obeyed." But the
+horse stood where he was, and his master approaching with the greatest
+rage, smote off his head, and cut him to pieces with his sword. And when
+his wife saw that he had actually killed his horse, having no other, and
+heard him declare he would do the same to any creature that ventured to
+disobey him, she found that he had by no means done it by way of jest,
+and took such an alarm, that she hardly knew if she were dead or alive.
+For all covered with gore as he was, he again seated himself at table,
+swearing that though he had a thousand horses or wives, or servants,
+if they refused to do his behest, he would kill them all; and he again
+began to look around him, holding his sword in his hand. And after he
+had looked well round him, and found no living thing near him, he turned
+his eyes fiercely towards his wife, and said in a great passion, "Get
+up, and bring me some water to wash my hands!" and his wife, expecting
+nothing less than to be cut to pieces, rose in a great hurry, and giving
+him water for his hands, said to him, "Ah, how I ought to return thanks
+to God, who inspired you with the thought of doing as you have done! for
+otherwise, owing to the wrong treatment of my foolish friends, I should
+have behaved the same to you as to them." Afterwards he commanded her to
+help him to something to eat, and that in such a tone, that she felt as
+if her head were on the point of dropping off upon the floor; so that in
+this way was the understanding between them settled during that night,
+and she never spoke, but only did every thing which he required her to
+do. After they had reposed some time, her husband said, "The passion I
+have been put into this night hinders me from sleeping; get up, and see
+that nobody comes to disturb me, and prepare for me something well
+cooked to eat."
+
+When it came full day, and the fathers, mothers, and other relatives
+arrived at the door, they all listened, and hearing no one speak, at
+first concluded that the unfortunate man was either dead, or mortally
+wounded by his ferocious bride. In this they were the more confirmed
+when they saw the bride standing at the door, and the bridegroom not
+there. But when the lady saw them advancing, she walked gently on tiptoe
+towards them, and whispered, "False friends, as you are, how dared you
+to come up to the door in that way, or to say a word! Be silent! as you
+value your lives, and mine also." And when they were all made acquainted
+with what she said, they greatly wondered; but when they learnt all that
+had passed during the night, their wonder was changed into admiration
+of the young man, for having so well known how to manage what concerned
+him, and to maintain order in his house. And from that day forth,
+so excellently was his wife governed, and well-conditioned in every
+respect, that they led a very pleasant life together. Such, indeed, was
+the good example set by the son-in-law, that a few days afterwards the
+father-in-law, desirous of the same happy change in his household, also
+killed a horse; but his wife only said to him, "By my faith, Don Fulano,
+you have thought of this plan somewhat too late in the day; we are now
+too well acquainted with each other."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SUMMER MORNING LANDSCAPE.--DELTA.
+
+
+  The eyelids of the morning are awake;
+  The dews are disappearing from the grass;
+  The sun is o'er the mountains; and the trees,
+  Moveless, are stretching through the blue of heaven,
+  Exuberantly green. All noiseless
+  The shadows of the twilight fleet away,
+  And draw their misty legion to the west,
+  Seen for awhile, 'mid the salubrious air,
+  Suspended in the silent atmosphere,
+  As in Medina's mosque Mahomet's tomb,--
+  Up from the coppice, on exulting wing,
+  Mounts, mounts the skylark through the clouds of dawn,--
+  The clouds, whose snow-white canopy is spread
+  Athwart, yet hiding not, at intervals,
+  The azure beauty of the summer sky;
+  And, at far distance heard, a bodiless note
+  Pours down, as if from cherub stray'd from Heaven!
+
+  Maternal Nature! all thy sights and sounds
+  Now breathe repose, and peace, and harmony.
+  The lake's unruffled bosom, cold and clear,
+  Expands beneath me, like a silver veil
+  Thrown o'er the level of subjacent fields,
+  Revealing, on its conscious countenance,
+  The shadows of the clouds that float above:--
+  Upon its central stone the heron sits
+  Stirless,--as in the wave its counterpart,--
+  Looking, with quiet eye, towards the shore
+  Of dark-green copse-wood, dark, save, here and there,
+  Where spangled with the broom's bright aureate flowers.--
+  The blue-winged sea-gull, sailing placidly
+  Above his landward haunts, dips down alert
+  His plumage in the waters, and, anon,
+  With quicken'd wing, in silence re-ascends.--
+  Whence comest thou, lone pilgrim of the wild?
+  Whence wanderest thou, lone Arab of the air?
+  Where makest thou thy dwelling-place? Afar,
+  O'er inland pastures, from the herbless rock,
+  Amid the weltering ocean, thou dost hold,
+  At early sunrise, thy unguided way,--
+  The visitants of Nature's varied realms,--
+  The habitant of Ocean, Earth, and Air,--
+  Sailing with sportive breast, mid wind and wave,
+  And, when the sober evening draws around
+  Her curtains, clasp'd together by her Star,
+  Returning to the sea-rock's breezy peak.
+
+  And now the wood engirds me, the tall stems
+  Of birch and beech tree hemming me around,
+  Like pillars of some natural temple vast;
+  And, here and there, some giant pines ascend,
+  Briareus-like, amid the stirless air,
+  High stretching; like a good man's virtuous thoughts
+  Forsaking earth for heaven. The cushat stands
+  Amid the topmost boughs, with azure vest,
+  And neck aslant, listening the amorous coo
+  Of her, his mate, who, with maternal wing
+  Wide-spread, sits brooding on opponent tree.
+  Why, from the rank grass underneath my feet,
+  Aside on ruffled pinion dost thou start,
+  Sweet minstrel of the morn? Behold her nest,
+  Thatch'd o'er with cunning skill, and there, her young
+  With sparkling eye, and thin-fledged russet wing;
+  Younglings of air! probationers of song!
+  From lurking dangers may ye rest secure,
+  Secure from prowling weazel, or the tread
+  Of steed incautious, wandering 'mid the flowers?
+  Secure beneath the fostering care of her
+  Who warm'd you into life, and gave you birth;
+  Till, plumed and strong unto the buoyant air,
+  Ye spread your equal wings, and to the morn,
+  Lifting your freckled bosoms, dew-besprent,
+  Salute with spirit-stirring song, the man
+  Wayfaring lonely. Hark! the striderous neigh!
+  There, o'er his dogrose fence, the chestnut foal,
+  Shaking his silver forelock, proudly stands,--
+  To snuff the balmy fragrance of the morn:--
+  Up comes his ebon compeer, and, anon,
+  Around the field in mimic chase they fly,
+  Startling the echoes of the woodland gloom.
+  Farewell, ye placid scenes! amid the land
+  Ye smile, an inland solitude: the voice
+  Of peace-destroying man is seldom heard
+  Amid your landscapes. Beautiful ye raise
+  Your green embowering groves, and smoothly spread
+  Your waters, glistening in a silver sheet.
+  The morning is a season of delight--
+  The morning is the self-possession'd hour--
+  'Tis then that feelings, sunk, but unsubdued,
+  Feelings of purer thoughts, and happier days,
+  Awake, and, like the sceptred images
+  Of Banquo's mirror, in succession pass!
+
+  And, first of all, and fairest, thou dost pass
+  In Memory's eye, beloved! though now afar
+  From those sweet vales, where we have often roam'd
+  Together. Do thy blue eyes now survey
+  The brightness of the morn in other scenes?
+  Other, but haply beautiful as these,
+  Which now I gaze on; but which, wanting thee,
+  Want half their charms, for, to thy poet's thought,
+  More deeply glow'd the heaven, when thy fine eye,
+  Surveying its grand arch, all kindling glow'd;
+  The white cloud to thy white brow was a foil;
+  And, by the soft tints of thy cheek outvied,
+  The dew-bent wild-rose droop'd despairingly.
+
+_Blackwood's Mag._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+  "A snapper-up of unconsidered trifles."
+SHAKSPEARE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CHANGING COIN.
+
+
+Judge Gould married his daughter to Lord Cavan. A gentleman asking what
+fortune, was answered, "it was all in _Gould_, and his lordship changed
+it the first day."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+VOLTAIRE.
+
+
+Voltaire said of a traveller, who made too long a stay with him at
+Ferney, "Don Quixote took inns for castles, but Mr. ---- takes castles
+for inns."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ABROAD AND AT HOME.
+
+
+The English abroad can never get to look as if they were at home. The
+Irish and Scotch, after being some time in a place, get the air of the
+natives; but an Englishman, in any foreign court, looks about him as if
+he was going to steal a tankard.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PARODY OF THE FIRST SONG IN THE BEGGAR'S OPERA.
+
+
+  Through all the odd noses in vogue,
+    Each nose is turn'd up at its brother;
+  Broad and blunt they call platter and pug,
+    And thus they take snuff at each other.
+
+  The short calls the long nose a snout,
+    The long calls the short nose a snub;
+  And the bottle nose being so stout,
+    Thinks every sharp one a scrub.
+
+T.H.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+GARRICK AND STERNE.
+
+
+Sterne, who used his wife very ill, was one day talking to Garrick in a
+fine sentimental manner, in praise of conjugal love and fidelity. "The
+husband," said Sterne, "who behaves unkindly to his wife, deserves to
+have his house burnt over his head." "If you think so," said Garrick,
+"I hope _your_ house is insured."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+UNPALATABLE IMPROVEMENT.
+
+
+Wilkes attended a city dinner, not long after his promotion to city
+honours. Among the guests was a noisy, vulgar deputy, a great glutton,
+who, on his entering the dinner-room, always with great deliberation
+took off his wig, suspended it on a pin, and with due solemnity put on
+a white cotton night-cap. Wilkes, who was a high bred man, and never
+accustomed to similar exhibitions, could not take his eyes from so
+strange and novel a picture. At length the deputy walked up to Wilkes,
+and asked him whether he did not think that his night-cap became him?
+"Oh! yes, Sir," replied Wilkes, "but it would look much better if it
+was pulled quite over your face."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CHARMS OF A DUEL.
+
+
+  It has a strange quick jar upon the ear,
+    That cocking of a pistol, when you know
+  A moment more will bring the sight to bear
+    Upon your person, twelve yards off, or so,
+  A gentlemanly distance, not too near,
+    If you have got a former friend for foe;
+  But after being fired at once or twice,
+  The ear becomes more Irish, and less nice.
+
+BYRON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WESTMINSTER HALL.
+
+
+A peasant newly arrived in London, asked what building was that,
+pointing to where the law courts are held. "It is a mill," said an
+attorney, to quiz the bumpkin. "I thought as much," replied the
+countryman, "for I see a good many asses at the door with sacks."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+OUT OF DEBT.
+
+
+  You say you nothing owe, and so I say,
+  He only owes who something has--to pay.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NEWSPAPER LIBELS.
+
+
+Writers in some journals, like rope-dancers, to engage the public
+attention, must venture their necks every step that they take. The
+pleasure people feel, arises from the risk that they run.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House), London: and published by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market,
+Liepsic; and sold by all Newsmen and Booksellers_.
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11362 ***
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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11362 ***</div>
+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 12, Issue 322, July 12, 1828, by Various</h1>
+<br />
+<br />
+<center><b>E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Chew-Hung Lee, David Garcia,<br />
+           and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team</b></center>
+<br />
+<br />
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a id="page17" name="page17"></a>[pg
+    17]</span>
+    <h1>
+      THE MIRROR<br />
+       OF<br />
+       LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+    </h1>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <table width="100%" summary="Banner">
+      <tr>
+        <td align="left">
+          <b>VOL. XII, NO. 322.]</b>
+        </td>
+        <td align="center">
+          <b>SATURDAY, JULY 12, 1828.</b>
+        </td>
+        <td align="right">
+          <b>[PRICE 2d.</b>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <h2>
+      CLARENCE TERRACE, REGENT'S PARK.
+    </h2>
+    <div class="figure" style="width: 100%;">
+      <a href="images/322-1.png"><img width="100%"
+      src="images/322-1.png"
+      alt="Clarence Terrace, Regent's Park." /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a id="page18" name="page18"></a>[pg
+      18]</span>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      CLARENCE TERRACE,
+    </h3>
+    <center>
+      REGENT'S PARK.
+    </center>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          O mortal man, who livest here,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Do not complain of this thy hard estate.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      <i>Thomson's Castle of Indolence.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The annexed continuation of our illustrated ramble in the
+      Regent's Park is named <i>Clarence Terrace</i>, in compliment
+      to the illustrious Lord High Admiral of England. It consists
+      of a centre and two wings, of the Corinthian order, connected
+      by colonnades of the Ilyssus Ionic order, and altogether
+      presents a picturesque display of Grecian architecture. The
+      three stories are a rusticated entrance, or basement; and a
+      Corinthian drawing-room and chamber story; surmounted with an
+      elegant entablature and balustrade. In the details, the
+      spectator cannot fail to admire the boldness and richness of
+      the columns supporting the pediment in the centre, and the
+      classic beauty of the pilasters which decorate the wings.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Clarence Terrace</i> is from the designs of Mr. Decimus
+      Burton, to whose ingenious pencil we are indebted for some of
+      the splendid architectural combinations in this district. The
+      present terrace is, we believe, the smallest in the park, but
+      yields to none in picturesque effect and harmonious design;
+      and the variety of its composition renders it one of the most
+      attractive illustrations of our series. It is likewise worthy
+      of remark, that this portion of the Regent's Park, from its
+      natural beauties, is entitled to the first-rate embellishment
+      of art, inasmuch as the basement of Clarence Terrace commands
+      a "living picture" of extraordinary luxuriance; and from the
+      drawing-room windows the lake may be seen studded with little
+      islands, and environed with lawny slopes and unusual
+      park-like vegetation:
+    </p>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          With Nature the creating pencil vies
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          With Nature joyous at the mimic strife.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      We have already indulged our fancy in anticipations of the
+      future splendour of the Regent's Park. As yet, art triumphs,
+      and here the lordlings of wealth may enjoy <i>otium cum
+      dignitate</i>: but in a few years Nature may enable this
+      domain to vie with Daphne of old, and become to London what
+      Daphne was to Antioch, whose voluptuousness and luxury are
+      perpetuated in history. But the beginnings of such triumphs
+      furnish more pleasing reflections than their decline.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Clarence Terrace is on the western side of the park, and
+      adjoins Sussex Place, whose cupola tops were the signals for
+      critical censure and ridicule among the first structures in
+      this quarter. The artists have, however, profited by the
+      lesson, and the architecture of the Regent's Park bids fair
+      to rank among the proudest successes of art.
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      ORIGIN OF PARISHES.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      (<i>For the Mirror.</i>)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      How ancient the division of parishes is, may at present be
+      difficult to ascertain. Mr. Camden says, England was divided
+      into parishes by Archbishop Honorius, about the year 630. Sir
+      Henry Hobart lays it down, that parishes were first erected
+      by the council of Lateran, which was held A.D. 1179. Each
+      widely differs from the other, and both of them perhaps from
+      the truth, which will probably be found in the medium,
+      between the two extremes. We find the distinction of
+      parishes, nay, even of mother churches, so early as in the
+      laws of King Edgar, about the year 970. The civil division of
+      England into counties, of counties into hundreds, of hundreds
+      into tithings, or towns, as it now stands, seems to owe its
+      original to King Alfred; who, to prevent the rapines and
+      disorders which formerly prevailed in the realm, instituted
+      tithings; so called, from the Saxon, because ten freeholders
+      with their families composed one. These all dwelt together,
+      and were sureties, or free-pledges to the king for the good
+      behaviour of each other; and if any offence were committed in
+      their district, they were bound to have the offender
+      forthcoming. And therefore, anciently, no man was suffered to
+      abide in England above forty days, unless he were enrolled in
+      some tithing or decennary. As ten families of freeholders
+      made up a tithing, so ten tithings composed a superior
+      division, called a hundred. In some of the more northern
+      counties these hundreds are called wapentakes. The
+      sub-division of hundreds into tithings seems to be most
+      peculiarly the invention of Alfred; the institution of
+      hundreds themselves he rather introduced than invented, for
+      they seem to have obtained in Denmark; and we find that in
+      France a regulation of this sort was made above 200 years
+      before; set on foot by Clotharicus and Childebert, with a
+      view of obliging each district to answer for the robberies
+      committed in its own division. In some counties there is an
+      intermediate division between the shire and the hundred, as
+      lathes in Kent, and rapes in Sussex, each of them containing
+      about three or four hundreds a-piece. Where a county is
+      divided into three of these intermediate jurisdictions, they
+      are called trithings, which still subsist in the large county
+      of York, where, by an easy corruption, they are denominated
+      ridings; the north, the east, and the west.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      J.M. C&mdash;&mdash;D.
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a id="page19" name="page19"></a>[pg
+      19]</span>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      STANZAS,
+    </h3>
+    <center>
+      (BEING AN INTRODUCTION TO AN INTENDED VERSIFICATION OF ONE OF
+      THE TALES OF BOCCACCIO.)
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      (<i>For the Mirror.</i>)
+    </p>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          The young, fair Spring, is tripping o'er the Earth,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          With feet that ne'er can know the lag of age;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The Earth, her lover, conscious of her worth,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Flings down all his rich treasures to engage
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          That blushing wanderer: but she journeys forth
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Heedless of all his offerings. The hot rage
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Of love shall scorch his heart in tortures fell,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Till Winter comes with many an icicle.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          That loved-one yet is here; and flowers, and songs,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          And streams&mdash;to gush above her own free feet
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Of stainless ivory,&mdash;and countless throngs
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Of birds are living, her pure soul to greet.
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          And the lone spirit, thoughtfully that longs
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          For a dim view of Eden, from a seat
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          O'erhanging some green valley, now espies
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Nought that might dread compare with Paradise!
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          There is a glory gone forth from on high!&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          It quickens the heart's beat, whereon it flings
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Its fervour;&mdash;the flushed cheek and glowing eye
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Confess its influence;&mdash;and the many strings,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Voiceless too long in the young heart, reply
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          To the mute promptings of a thousand things
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Which Spring has conjured up;&mdash;all, all is
+          hers&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          That Glory without name&mdash;she ministers.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          Now&mdash;all the thoughts she wakens in the heart
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Are glorious Music!&mdash;divine Poesy!&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Now&mdash;all the dreams on Fancy's eyes that start,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          She will disown not, wayward though they be.
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Sweet Dreams!&mdash;down Lethe's billow they
+          depart&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Words are too weak to clothe them worthily.
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Rich incense, burnt upon some altar stone
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Censerless,&mdash;in a temple&mdash;desert&mdash;lone!
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          What shall we do in these delightful days,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          When the full, bounding heart, will not be still;&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          When the glad eye, absorbed in far-sent gaze,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Forgets Earth's plenitude of grief and ill;&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Shall we dream on, in a bewitching maze
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Of sweet affections and bold hopes, until
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Earth is not Earth&mdash;but Heaven? or shall we die
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Hourly, to some "dissolving minstrelsy?"
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          Sometimes, when day is dying&mdash;when twilight
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Brings its dim Vigil,&mdash;hour of quietness,&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          'Tis sweet to listen, till the cheated sight
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Pictures strange shadowings of awfulness,&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Some wild, old tale of goblin's ghastly spite,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Or antique strain of passionate distress;&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          And one, which has been wept o'er many a time
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          I seek, to mar, perchance, with feeble rhyme
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      <i>May, 1828.</i>
+    </p>
+    <h4>
+      THOMAS M&mdash;&mdash;s.
+    </h4>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      EXECUTION AND LAST MOMENTS OF LORD WILLIAM RUSSEL.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      (<i>For the Mirror.</i>)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This distinguished patriot and martyr to the cause of liberty
+      was the third son of William, the first Duke of Bedford, by a
+      daughter of the Earl of Somerset. He refused the generous
+      offer of Lord Cavendish to favour his escape, by changing
+      clothes with him in prison; and he also declined the Duke of
+      Monmouth's proposal to surrender himself, should Lord William
+      Russel think it might contribute to his safety. "It will be
+      no advantage to me," he said, "to have my friends die with
+      me." Conjugal affection was the feeling that clung to his
+      heart; and when he had taken his last farewell of his wife,
+      he said, "The bitterness of death is now over." He suffered
+      the sentences of his judges with resignation and composure.
+      Some of his expressions (says his biographer) imply much
+      good-humour in this last extremity. The day before his
+      execution, he was seized with a bleeding at the nose. "I
+      shall not now let blood to divert this distemper," said he to
+      Burnet, who was present; "that will be done to-morrow." A
+      little before the sheriffs conducted him to the scaffold, he
+      wound up his watch. "Now I have done," said he, "with time,
+      and henceforth must think solely of eternity." The sad
+      tragedy of the death of the virtuous Lord Russel, (says
+      Pennant,) who lost his head in the middle of
+      Lincoln's-Inn-Fields, took place on July 21st, 1683. Party
+      writers assert that he was brought here in preference to any
+      other spot, in order to mortify the citizens with the sight.
+      In fact, it was the nearest open space to Newgate, the place
+      of his lordship's confinement. Without the least change of
+      countenance, he laid his head on the block, and at two
+      strokes it was severed from his body. He was, at the time of
+      his death, only forty-two years of age. To his character for
+      probity, sincerity, and private worth, even the enemies to
+      his public principles bear testimony. At Woburn Abbey is
+      preserved, in gold letters, the speech of Lord Russel to the
+      sheriffs, together with the paper delivered by his lordship
+      to them at the place of execution.
+    </p>
+    <h4>
+      P.T.W.
+    </h4>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      INDEPENDENCE OF PORTUGAL.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      (<i>For the Mirror.</i>)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Portugal was first created into a monarchy on the 27th of
+      July, 1139; on which day, Dom Alphonso I., son of Henry,
+      Count of Burgundy, the son of Robert, king of France, was
+      proclaimed at Lisbon, after having vanquished and slain five
+      Moorish kings in the battle of Campo d'Ourique, where he was
+      unanimously chosen as sovereign of Portugal by his army. This
+      dignity was confirmed to him by the first assembly of the
+      states-general <span class="pagenum"><a id="page20"
+      name="page20"></a>[pg 20]</span> at Lamego. In commemoration
+      of this event, the Portuguese arms bear five standards and
+      five escudets.<a id="footnotetag1"
+      name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a>
+      After the unfortunate expedition of Dom Sebastian I. to
+      Africa, where he was slain in the battle of Alcazar, the
+      crown devolved upon his great uncle, the Cardinal Dom Henry,
+      a man of 67 years of age, and who reigned but 17 months. At
+      his death there were several claimants for the succession,
+      and the kingdom in consequence became the theatre of civil
+      war. Philip II. of Spain, the most powerful of these, sent an
+      army, under the Duke of Alba, into Portugal, and completed
+      the conquest of the country with little opposition. This
+      event took place in the year 1580, and the kingdom of
+      Portugal remained under the dominion of Spain until the 1st
+      of December, 1649, the day on which the Duke of Braganza was
+      proclaimed king with the title of Dom Joao IV. Since that
+      time Portugal has maintained its independence. For a more
+      detailed account, see L'Abb&eacute; Nertot's "Revolutions of
+      Portugal."
+    </p>
+    <h4>
+      C.V., A CONSTANT READER.
+    </h4>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      RECENT EARTHQUAKE IN COLOMBIA.
+    </h3>
+    <center>
+      (<i>Communicated by a Correspondent to Brande's Journal.</i>)
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      On the 16th of November, 1827, at a quarter past six o'clock
+      in the evening, the inhabitants of Bogota, in Colombia, were
+      thrown into the greatest consternation and alarm by the
+      severest shock of an earthquake which has ever been known to
+      visit that city.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At the moment of its occurrence, a subterraneous noise was
+      very distinctly heard, resembling the noise of a carriage
+      passing briskly over the pavement, and a white, thin,
+      transparent cloud was seen to hang over the city; this cloud
+      has been noticed in Italy, as generally, if not always,
+      present, near the volcanic commotions of that country,
+      previously, and at the time of these commotions. This cloud
+      is entirely unlike any other which I have ever noticed, and
+      resembles a thin gauze veil. I noticed it not only upon this
+      occasion, but also in the earthquake of June 17th, 1826, in
+      this city.<a id="footnotetag2"
+      name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The earthquake took a direction from S.E. to N.W., in which
+      it could plainly be traced by the havoc which it made. Its
+      effects on the city were partial in the above direction, but
+      every part was convulsed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The confusion and affliction which such a calamity occasions,
+      particularly in a catholic country, can neither be imagined,
+      nor described. I was sitting reading in a small house of one
+      story above the ground-floor, when the trembling commenced;
+      the table on which my book lay, first shook, and almost at
+      the same instant the chair on which I sat; I immediately got
+      on my legs, but found much difficulty in sustaining myself
+      without holding by some fixture; the house all this time
+      rocking to and fro as in a hurricane, but not a breath of air
+      stirred. After passing ten or more seconds in this way, I
+      collected my reason sufficiently to run down the steps into
+      the street; all this time the earth was in motion. When I
+      arrived at the portal of the door, I found it impossible to
+      stand without holding very tight by the doorway, and many
+      persons fell on their faces. During these moments, part of
+      the house adjoining mine fell with a terrible crash, and the
+      street was filled with a cloud of dust, out of which emerged
+      a man distorted with horror, but who had almost miraculously
+      escaped immolation, without any other hurt than what his
+      fright had occasioned. After continuing a <i>minute or
+      more</i>, the trembling ceased, and nothing could now be
+      heard but the cries of the people; with that exception all
+      was still and silent, and the stars appeared with all their
+      brilliancy, as if smiling at this scene of human distress.
+      Some persons asserted, that there were two distinct shocks,
+      but I must confess I felt the earth in motion during the
+      whole period of a minute or more; and being situated over the
+      direction which the earthquake took, was therefore, better
+      able to judge of this than others who were more distant, and
+      particularly as I retained my presence of mind. Fortunately
+      for me my house was well built, for had it fallen I should
+      inevitably have been buried in the ruins. To describe the
+      scene which ensued is difficult; the streets were filled with
+      despair; some entirely and others half naked were seen on
+      their knees imploring divine protection; no one knew what to
+      do or where to fly, for all were in the same consternation
+      and distress. After this had a little subsided, the city
+      became soon deserted, and a fresh scene presented itself; all
+      those who had horses were seen scampering through the streets
+      towards the plain, to elude the terror of another shock;
+      others on foot <span class="pagenum"><a id="page21"
+      name="page21"></a>[pg 21]</span> with their beds on their
+      backs; and the sick, wrapped up in blankets, were conveyed in
+      arm-chairs, with two sticks passed underneath them to form
+      sedan-chairs, and some were conveyed in hammocks. This
+      afflicting sight, accompanied by the cries of the distressed
+      and the melancholy chant of their progress, was painful in
+      the extreme; and hard, indeed, must be that heart who could
+      view it with indifference; yet such was the apathy occasioned
+      by terror, that scarcely any one offered assistance to his
+      neighbour, and frequently neglected his own safety. When all
+      was quiet I went out to examine the city. The first thing
+      which attracted my notice was the turret of the stately
+      cathedral partly demolished, and the building split and
+      cracked in various places; the precious stones, consisting of
+      diamonds, emeralds, and topazes, which adorned the interior,
+      were scattered in all directions, and many of them broken,
+      particularly a very large emerald weighing some ounces. This
+      edifice had but just been repaired from the effects of the
+      earthquake in the preceding year, and was, by this last,
+      reduced to a tattered ruin. In all the streets which ran in
+      the direction of N.W. and S.E., many houses were "levelled
+      with the dust," and others "rent in twain;" and some of the
+      unfortunate inhabitants buried beneath their ruins. In all,
+      fourteen persons have lost their lives; and the damage done
+      to the city is estimated to be at least six millions of
+      dollars, although it did not contain a larger population than
+      30,000 souls. Deserted streets, heaps of ruins, and tottering
+      houses, threatening to crush the beholder, give but a faint
+      idea of this desolate picture. General Soublette and General
+      Bolivar were both present at the last fatal earthquake in
+      Caraccas, and they both assert that this, of which I have now
+      given a description, was at least as powerful, although the
+      suffering in the town of Caraccas was much greater; and they
+      attribute the happy escape of thousands of lives to the
+      difference in the construction of houses in the two places.
+      General Bolivar, as well as myself and others, were affected
+      with sickness at the stomach after the shock. During the
+      night of the earthquake in Bogota, on the 16th of November,
+      1827, tremulous motions of the earth were continually felt,
+      and the following day, and every other since; and even whilst
+      I am now writing, slight undulating motions are perceptible.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Every person is still in the greatest alarm, dreading a
+      second severe shock, which happened last year at the distance
+      of four days from the first grand shock; should this happen
+      now, scarcely one stone will remain upon another in Bogota.
+    </p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <h2>
+      THE DRAUGHTSMAN;<a id="footnotetag3"
+      name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a>
+      OR, HINTS ON LANDSCAPE PAINTING.
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      OBSERVATIONS ON, AND RULES FOR, SKETCHING.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The following hints, tending to further the tyro's progress
+      in the delightful art of drawing, will not I trust prove
+      unacceptable to such of your readers as are interested in the
+      subject. For my own use I epitomized various directions
+      relative to sketching, when I met with them in Gilpin's
+      "Three Essays on Picturesque Beauty," and I shall feel
+      particularly happy should my attempt at condensing much
+      artistical matter from that interesting volume prove useful
+      to the <i>amateur</i>: the <i>professor</i> undergoes a
+      regular, severe, but <i>essential</i> course of study in that
+      beautiful art, which is to purchase for him fame and
+      emolument; but he who takes up his pencil merely for pastime,
+      will do well to regulate its movements by a few <i>rules</i>,
+      not cumbrous to the memory, and of easy application.&mdash;It
+      is my intention briefly to state the object of Gilpin's first
+      and second essays; from the third I have deduced those
+      <i>rules for sketching</i> which appeared most obviously to
+      result from the tenour of his observations:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Essay 1st discusses the difference between <i>actual</i> and
+      <i>picturesque</i> beauty; <i>smoothness</i> is usually
+      allowed to enter into our ideas of the former, but
+      <i>roughness</i>, or <i>ruggedness</i> is decidedly
+      <i>essential</i> to the latter: for example&mdash;The smooth
+      shaven lawn, the neatly turned walk, the classic marble
+      portico, &amp;c. &amp;c. are <i>beautiful</i>; but the ruined
+      castle, the chasmed mountain, the tempestuous ocean, &amp;c.
+      are <i>picturesque</i>, i.e. with appropriate accompaniments;
+      for, after remarking that the sublime and beautiful are, with
+      many persons, the divisions of the <i>picturesque</i>, our
+      acute observer of nature adds, "sublimity alone cannot make
+      an object picturesque," it must in form, colour, or
+      accompaniment, have some degree of <i>beauty</i> to render
+      the epithet just. "Nothing can be more <i>sublime</i> than
+      the ocean, but wholly unaccompanied it has little of the
+      picturesque." It should also be remembered that objects of
+      rough and careless contour, as the worn cart-horse, and the
+      tattered beggar (neither of them laying claim to an iota of
+      <i>sublimity</i>) please better in a painting, than the
+      sleekest <span class="pagenum"><a id="page22"
+      name="page22"></a>[pg 22]</span> racer, and the most finished
+      belle of the <i>Magazin des Modes</i>.<a id="footnotetag4"
+      name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Essay 2nd treats of travelling, as far as it regards the
+      <i>picturesque</i>, which is to be sought in natural, and
+      sometimes artificial, objects; these will constantly present
+      themselves to the observer under all the varieties of light
+      and shadow, and the different combinations of colour, form,
+      and accompaniment, sometimes producing whole landscapes, but
+      more frequently only beautiful parts of scenery. The
+      <i>curious</i> and <i>fantastic</i> forms of nature are not
+      subjects for the pencil,&mdash;and the draughtsman will
+      endeavour to depict <i>animate</i> as well as inanimate
+      objects. The utility and amusement of travelling, are also
+      considered in this essay, and hints thrown out for the
+      improvement of barren and disagreeable country, by the
+      observation of lights and shadows, tints of the season,
+      distances, &amp;c., with a recommendation to supply, if
+      possible, every hiatus of nature, by the <i>imagination</i>
+      of all that is needed to render her perfectly picturesque.
+      (An ingenious idea; but, alas! mountains will not always rise
+      in a marsh, forests wave over a sterile heath, nor lakes and
+      rivers adorn a wheat-field. This essay, however, is worthy
+      the perusal of travellers even, who never touched a pencil.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Essay 3rd treats of sketching from nature from whence are
+      deduced the following
+    </p>
+    <center>
+      <i>Rules.</i>
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      1. Every landscape should have a <i>leading subject</i>; a
+      rule too much neglected even by superior artists.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      2. Get the object, or subject you design to copy, into the
+      <i>best</i> point of view.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      3. Landscape consists of three general
+      parts:&mdash;fore-ground, middle or second-ground, and
+      distance; in sketching foreground, it is a good rule to have
+      some part of it higher than the rest of the picture.
+      (<i>Vide</i> Rule the 7th.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      4. Mark the principal parts, (or points) of your landscape on
+      paper, that you may more readily ascertain the relative
+      distances and situations of the others.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      5. Pay attention to the <i>character</i> of your subject;
+      mingle not <i>trivial</i> with <i>grand</i> details.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      6. One landscape must not be crowded with circumstances
+      sufficient for two or more.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      7. It is sufficient to give the principal feature of what you
+      essay to represent; as a castle, abbey, bridge, &amp;c.; but
+      its accompaniments may (and to <i>make a picture</i>, should)
+      be often different. The <i>fore-ground</i> of a drawing
+      <i>must</i> be the artist's own; and it should be ample,
+      since an extended distance, and a narrow fore-ground is
+      always awkward and bad in a picture&mdash;N.B. Taste and
+      observation will direct the student to select for his
+      fore-ground, clusters of trees, pieces of rock, or the
+      fragments of ruined fabrics, &amp;c., according to the nature
+      of his subject.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      8. On the accurate observation of <i>distances</i> the beauty
+      of landscape depends; be careful therefore to get them
+      correct at your outset, and to keep them so, by shading
+      lightly with pen or brush your black-lead sketch, (should the
+      parts be complicated,) whilst the view is before you, or
+      fresh in your memory.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      9. The hand should be accustomed to the touch of various
+      kinds of trees, though in a mere <i>sketch</i>, little
+      variety is required; the distinction, however, between full
+      foliaged, and straggling, branchy trees must be preserved,
+      for both are necessary even in a sketch, and the artist
+      should therefore be prepared to represent them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      10. The artist must attend to the composition, and the
+      disposition of his subject. By the <i>composition</i> may be
+      understood the objects with which he composes his view; by
+      the <i>disposition</i>, their picturesque and tasteful
+      arrangement.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      11. Figures, must be such as are appropriate to the scene;
+      thus, history in miniature is bad, because a landscape is in
+      itself a subject sufficient for the employment both of pencil
+      and eye; therefore historical figures in a view, are lost and
+      out of place.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      12. Birds may be introduced with good effect, if thrown into
+      proper distance; to represent them <i>near</i> is absurd:
+      ruins and sea views are the best subjects in which they can
+      appear.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      13. <i>Effect</i> is to be produced best, by strong contrasts
+      of <i>light</i> and <i>shade</i> both in earth and sky; but
+      the student's taste must determine where these shall fall,
+      and though the contrasts should be strong, yet
+      <i>gradation</i>, in both, must be observed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      14. A predominancy of <i>shade</i> has the best effect; and
+      light, though it should not be scattered, must not be drawn,
+      as it were, into one focus.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      15. The light, in a picture, is best disposed when the
+      fore-ground is in shadow, and it falls in the middle; but
+      this rule is subject to many variations. Light
+      <span class="pagenum"><a id="page23" name="page23"></a>[pg
+      23]</span> should rarely be spread on the
+      distance.<a id="footnotetag5"
+      name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      16. It is useful to know, that the shadows of morning are
+      darker than those of evening; also, that when objects are in
+      <i>shadow</i>, their light (as it is then a reflected light,)
+      falls on the opposite side to that on which it would come if
+      they were enlightened.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      17. The <i>harmony</i> of the whole should be studied; if the
+      piece strikes you as defective in this respect, place it at
+      evening in some situation where it will not be reached by a
+      strong light, when the misplaced lights and shadows will
+      strike you more forcibly than in the glare of day.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      18. To stain your paper with a slight reddish or yellowish
+      tint, adds to the harmony of a sketch, yet it is a mere
+      matter of taste; but, when it is desired, it had better be
+      done after the drawing is completed, otherwise the colour
+      risks looking patched from the rubber.<a id="footnotetag6"
+      name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      19. In <i>colouring</i>, the <i>sky</i> gives the <i>ruling
+      tint</i> to the landscape; it is absurd to unite a noonday
+      sky, with a landscape of sunset glow.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      20. From the three virgin colours, red, blue, and yellow, all
+      the tints of nature are composed.<a id="footnotetag7"
+      name="footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a>
+      There is not in nature a perfect white, except snow, and the
+      petals of some flowers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      21. Sketch nothing but what you can <i>adorn</i>, (for the
+      purpose of showing to friends, &amp;c.) but do not adorn your
+      first, or <i>rough</i> sketch; <i>make another</i>, and refer
+      to your <i>original</i> draught, as you would do to the view
+      itself, for it contains your <i>general ideas</i>&mdash;your
+      first and freshest, which may be lost by endeavouring to
+      refine and improve upon them in the original
+      sketch.<a id="footnotetag8"
+      name="footnotetag8"></a><a href="#footnote8"><sup>8</sup></a>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      22. In adorning your sketch, figures, both animate and
+      inanimate, may be introduced, but <i>sparingly</i>; touch
+      them slightly, for an attempt at <i>finish</i> offends.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I shall take the liberty of adding&mdash;endeavour to get a
+      free and flowing outline; be not too minute either in detail
+      or finishing; use pen or brush for your <i>rough</i> sketch
+      in preference to pencil; you will gain confidence, and
+      <i>correctness</i> will be your aim in your <i>adorned</i>
+      copy. Finally, study nature, art, and good writers.
+    </p>
+    <h4>
+      M.L.B.
+    </h4>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <h2>
+      FINE ARTS.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      (<i>To the Editor of the Mirror.</i>)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Sir,&mdash;I have made repeated visits this season to the
+      exhibition of the works of the old masters at the <i>British
+      Institution</i>, for the express purpose of presenting you
+      with <i>a few remarks</i> on some of the most excellent
+      paintings. As I have strictly adhered to the notes which I
+      made at the institution, the accuracy of the subjoined may be
+      depended upon:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      BRITISH INSTITUTION.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The present exhibition consists of the works of the Italian,
+      Spanish, Flemish, and Dutch masters. There are one hundred
+      and ninety pictures, which have chiefly been contributed to
+      the institution by his Majesty and the nobility.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      No. 5, <i>Innocent the Tenth</i>, by Velasquez, is an
+      uncommon fine portrait; it is very boldly executed, combining
+      at the same time a sufficient degree of finish and great
+      beauty of colour. His holiness is represented in quite a
+      plain habit. The beauties of Guido's pencil will be traced in
+      No. 6, <i>Hippomenes and Atalanta</i>. Claude, in his
+      <i>Embarkation of St. Paul; Sea Port, Evening, &amp;c.</i>,
+      charms us with his exquisite effects, which are so truly
+      natural, that, while we view his representations, we may
+      almost fancy ourselves transported to the magnificent scenery
+      of Italy. In No. 42, <i>Titian's Daughter</i>, are seen the
+      genuine tints adopted by the Venetian school of painting. No.
+      56, <i>St. Appolonia</i>, by Sebastian del Piombo, is a most
+      admirable specimen of the master. No. 74, <i>Landscape and
+      Cattle</i>, by Paul Potter, contains all that beauty of touch
+      and delicacy of colour which render this famous artist so
+      difficult to imitate. There are several very capital pictures
+      by the younger Teniers; No. 77, <i>his own portrait</i>, and
+      No. 95, <i>portrait of the painter and his son</i>, are truly
+      excellent; as is No. 94, <i>Figures playing at Bowls</i>. A
+      remarkable and very forcible effect is found in No. 93,
+      <i>The outside of a House with Figures</i>&mdash;painted by
+      De Hooge. Nos. 121 and 123, <i>Flowers and Fruit</i>, by the
+      celebrated Van Huysum, are extremely elaborate in their
+      execution. No. 161, <i>The Battle</i>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a id="page24" name="page24"></a>[pg
+      24]</span> <i>between Constantine and Maxentius</i>, is a
+      sketch by Rubens, possessing wonderful fire and spirit, as
+      well as great mellowness of colour.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Besides the above pictures, there are many beautiful
+      productions by Jan Steen, Cuyp, Poussin, Salvator Rosa,
+      Guercino, Domenichino, Murillo, Albano, Vandyke, Ruysdael,
+      Houdekoeter, Wouvermans, &amp;c.
+    </p>
+    <h4>
+      G.W.N.
+    </h4>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      ANCIENT ROMAN FESTIVALS.
+    </h3>
+    <hr />
+    <center>
+      JULY.
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      The <i>Caprotinia</i>, or feasts of Juno Caprotina, were
+      celebrated on the 9th of July, in favour of the female
+      slaves. During this solemnity they ran about, beating
+      themselves with their fists and with rods. None but women
+      assisted in the sacrifices offered at this feast. Kennet
+      says, the origin of this feast, or the famous <i>Nonae
+      Caprotinae</i>, or <i>Poplifugium</i>, is doubly related by
+      Plutarch, according to the two common opinions. First,
+      because Romulus disappeared on that day, when an assembly
+      being held in the <i>Palus Capreae</i>, or
+      <i>Goats'-Marsh</i>, on a sudden happened a most wonderful
+      tempest, accompanied with terrible thunder, and other unusual
+      disorders in the air. The common people fled all away to
+      secure themselves; but, after the tempest was over, could
+      never find their king. Or, else, from <i>Caprificus</i>, a
+      wild fig-tree, because, in the Gallic war, a Roman virgin,
+      who was prisoner in the enemy's camp, got up into a wild
+      fig-tree, and holding out a lighted torch toward the city,
+      gave the Romans a signal to fall on; which they did with such
+      good success, as to obtain a considerable victory.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The <i>Lucaria</i> was an ancient feast, solemnized in the
+      woods, where the Romans, defeated and pursued by the Gauls,
+      retired and concealed themselves; it was held, on the 19th of
+      July, in a wood, between the Tyber and the road called Via
+      Salaria.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The feast of <i>Neptunalia</i> was held on the 23rd of July,
+      in honour of Neptune.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The <i>Furinalia</i> were feasts instituted in honour of
+      <i>Furina</i>, the goddess of robbers among the Romans; they
+      took place on the 25th of July. This goddess had a temple at
+      Rome, and was served by a particular priest, who was one of
+      the fifteen Flamens.<a id="footnotetag9"
+      name="footnotetag9"></a><a href="#footnote9"><sup>9</sup></a>
+      Near the temple there was a sacred wood, in which Caius
+      Gracchus was killed. Cicero takes her to be the same as one
+      of the Furies.
+    </p>
+    <h4>
+      P.T.W.
+    </h4>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <h2>
+      NOTES OF A READER.
+    </h2>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      CAPTAIN POPANILLA'S VOYAGE.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Who has not read <i>Vivian Grey</i>, in five broad-margined
+      volumes, with space enough between each line to allow the
+      indulgence of a nap, when the poppy of the author
+      predominated? Affectation, foppery, and conceit, have
+      protracted the memoirs of this renowned personage to such an
+      extent; but in spite of all that unfashionable critics have
+      said, Vivian Grey has just produced a volume under the title
+      of the Voyage of <i>Captain Popanilla</i>, with as much of
+      the aforesaid qualities as the most listless drawing-room or
+      boudoir reader could require. Nevertheless, "the voyage" has
+      many touches of wit, humour, and caustic satire, and it has
+      the soul and characteristic of wit&mdash;<i>brevity</i>; for
+      we read the volume in little more than an hour; and, although
+      Vivian may regard our analysis of his voyage like showing the
+      sun with a lantern, we are disposed to venture upon the task
+      for the gratification of our readers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To say that Popanilla resembles Swift's "Tale of a Tub," or
+      Sir Thomas More's "Utopia," would be an advantageous
+      comparison for our modern <i>voyager</i>, but it would not
+      sufficiently illustrate the character of his work, since the
+      latter books are so much less read than talked of. Swift
+      wrote "for the universal improvement of mankind," but
+      Popanilla publishes for the benefit of the people of England,
+      whom he represents as living in a too artificial state. He
+      tells his story as the native of an Indian isle, whose men
+      combine "the vivacity of a faun with the strength of a
+      Hercules, and the beauty of an Adonis," and whose women
+      "magically sprung from the brilliant foam of that ocean,
+      which is gradually subsiding before them." This favoured spot
+      he calls the <i>Isle of Fantaisie</i>, about the shores of
+      which appears a remarkable fish, or rather a ship, to the no
+      small terror of the islanders. The ship is wrecked, and
+      Popanilla "having in his fright, during the storm, lost a
+      lock of hair which, in a moment of glorious favour, he had
+      ravished from his fair mistress' brow," is next introduced in
+      search of this precious <i>bijou</i>. "The favourite of all
+      the women, the envy of all the men, &amp;c. &amp;c,
+      and&mdash;you know the rest,&mdash;Popanilla passed an
+      extremely pleasant life. No one was a better judge of
+      wine&mdash;no one had a better taste for fruit&mdash;no one
+      danced with more elegant vivacity&mdash;and no one whispered
+      compliments in a more meaning tone. What a pity that such an
+      <span class="pagenum"><a id="page25" name="page25"></a>[pg
+      25]</span> amiable fellow should have got into such a
+      scrape!"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Instead of the dear lock, Popanilla finds a chest saved from
+      the wreck, and filled with "Useful Knowledge Tracts," books
+      on "the Hamiltonian system," &amp;c. which our adventurer,
+      like Faustus and his bible, turns to bad account; he falls
+      asleep, is swallowed by a whale, and spouted forth again.
+      "The dreamer awoke amidst real chattering, and scuffling, and
+      clamour. A troop of green monkeys had been aroused by his
+      unusual occupation, and had taken the opportunity of his
+      slumber to become acquainted with some of the first
+      principles of science. What progress they had made it is
+      difficult to ascertain. It is said, however, that some
+      monkeys have been since seen skipping about the island, with
+      their tails cut off; and that they have even succeeded in
+      passing themselves for human beings among those people who do
+      not read novels, and are consequently unacquainted with
+      mankind. As for Popanilla, he took up a treatise on
+      hydrostatics, and read it straight through on the spot. For
+      the rest of the day he was hydrostatically mad; nor could the
+      commonest incident connected with the action or conveyance of
+      water take place, without his speculating on its cause and
+      consequence." So much for the first steps of "intellect;" now
+      for the "march." Popanilla soon becomes a man of science: his
+      wit flies off in tangents, and he tries to prove his
+      sovereign a lantern, and himself a sun,<a id="footnotetag10"
+      name="footnotetag10"></a><a href="#footnote10"><sup>10</sup></a>
+      by undertaking to re-shape all the institutions of Fantaisie.
+      Then follow a string of dogmas about utility, &amp;c.; and
+      man being a <i>developing animal</i>, till he decides that
+      "there is no such thing as Nature; Nature is Art, or Art is
+      Nature; that which is most useful is most natural, because
+      utility is the test of Nature; therefore, a steam-engine is
+      in fact a much more natural production than a mountain."
+      Here, observing a smile upon his majesty's countenance,
+      Popanilla tells the king that he is only a chief magistrate,
+      and he has no more right to laugh at him than a constable.
+      This is "too bad" for the royal mind; Popanilla is cut;
+      rather crest-fallen, he sneaks home, and consoles himself for
+      having nobody to speak to, by reading some very amusing
+      "Conversations on Political Economy." But he sinks to rise
+      again. He obtains many pupils, who had no sooner mastered the
+      first principles of science, than they began to throw off
+      their retired habits and uncommunicative manners. "Being not
+      utterly ignorant of some of the rudiments of knowledge, and
+      consequently having completed their education, it was now
+      their duty, as members of society, to instruct and not to
+      study; and on all occasions they seized opportunities of
+      assisting the spread of knowledge. The voices of boys
+      lecturing upon every lecturable topic, resounded in every
+      part of the island. Their tones were so shrill, their manners
+      so presuming, their knowledge so crude, and their general
+      demeanour so completely unamiable, that it was impossible to
+      hear them without the greatest, delight, advantage, and
+      admiration." The king at last becomes impregnated with the
+      liberal spirit of the age; Popanilla is "sent for" to court;
+      he is overpowered with promotion, told that "with the aid of
+      a treatise or two," he will make "a consummate naval
+      commander," although he has "never been at sea in the whole
+      course of his life," and at length thrust into a canoe, with
+      some fresh water, bread, fruit, dried fish, and a basket of
+      alligator pears. "Unhappy Popanilla! and all from that
+      unlucky lock of hair!" His fright is ludicrously sketched.
+      "Poor fellow! how could he know better? He certainly had
+      enjoyed a seat at the Admiralty Board of Fantaisie, but then
+      he was a lay-lord." Among his discoveries, on the second day,
+      at 25 m. past 3 p.m., though at a considerable distance, he
+      saw a mountain and an island: he called the first Alligator
+      Mountain, in gratitude to the pears; and christened the
+      second after his mistress; but the happy discoverer further
+      found the mountain to be a mist, and the island a sea-weed.
+      At length, on the third day, after being in a valley formed
+      by two waves, each 3,000 feet high, and in as tremendous a
+      tempest as ever raged in Chelsea or Battersea-reach, "great,
+      square and solid, black clouds drew off like curtains, and
+      revealed to him a magnificent city rising out of the sea.
+      Tower and dome, arch, and column, and spire, and obelisk, and
+      lofty terraces, and many-windowed palaces, rose in all
+      directions from a mass of building, which appeared each
+      instant to grow more huge, till at length it seemed to occupy
+      the whole horizon." On his landing he is pestered with
+      questions from the natives; but, thanks to the Hamiltonian
+      system, "Popanilla, under these circumstances, was more
+      loquacious than could have been Capt. Parry." He announces
+      himself as the "most injured of human beings;" the women
+      weep, the men shake hands with him, and all the boys huzza:
+      he then narrates his ill-fortunes at Fantaisie, not
+      forgetting the never-enough-to-be-lamented lock of hair.
+      Other danger awaits him, for "to be strangled was not much
+      better than to be <span class="pagenum"><a id="page26"
+      name="page26"></a>[pg 26]</span> starved; and certainly with
+      half a dozen highly respectable females clinging round his
+      neck, he was not reminded, for the first time in his life,
+      what a domestic bowstring is an affectionate woman." He is
+      next joined by an "influential personage," who informs him
+      that he is in <i>Hubbabub</i> (London)&mdash;the largest
+      city, not only that exists, but that ever did exist, and the
+      capital of the Island of <i>Vraibleusia</i>, the most famous
+      island, not only that is known, but that ever was known. "He
+      provides himself with a purse, and exchanges his money with a
+      banker, who offers him during his stay in Vraibleusia, the
+      use of a couple of equipages, a villa, an opera box; insists
+      upon sending to his hotel some pineapples and very rare wine;
+      and gives him a perpetual ticket to his picture-gallery.
+      Popanilla leaves his gold and takes the banker's pink shells,
+      for "no genteel person has ever anything else in his pocket."
+      Then follow some quips on the shell question (currency), and
+      Mr. Secretary Perriwinkle, the most eminent conchologist, and
+      the "debt" of the richest nation in the world; although, "a
+      golden pyramid, with a base as big as the whole earth and an
+      apex touching the heavens, would not supply sufficient metal
+      to satisfy the creditors." "The annual interest upon our debt
+      exceeds the whole wealth of the rest of the world; therefore
+      we must be the richest nation in the world."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Our traveller being now settled at a splendid hotel in
+      Hubbabub, Skindeep, his "gentleman in black," drives him
+      about the city in an elegant equipage. The western migrations
+      of fashion are humorously sketched, and the architecture of
+      our metropolis comes in for a share of the author's banter.
+      "In general, the massy Egyptian appropriately graced the
+      attic stories; while the finer and more elaborate
+      architecture of Corinth was placed on a level with the eye,
+      so that its beauties might be more easily discovered.
+      Spacious colonnades were flanked by porticoes, surmounted by
+      domes; nor was the number of columns at all limited, for you
+      occasionally met with porticoes of two tiers, the lower one
+      of which consisted of three, the higher one of thirty
+      columns. Pedestals of the purest Ionic Gothic, were
+      ingeniously mixed with Palladian pediments; and the surging
+      spire exquisitely harmonized with the horizontal architecture
+      of the ancients. But, perhaps, after all, the most charming
+      effect was produced by the pyramids, surmounted by
+      weathercocks."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A lively sketch of "the aboriginal inhabitant" introduces
+      some smart satire on the agriculturists, and proves that,
+      "between force, and fear, and flattery, the Vraibleusians
+      paid for their corn nearly its weight in gold; but what did
+      it signify to a nation with so many pink shells." Popanilla
+      is next introduced to an eminent bookseller, who craves the
+      honour of publishing a narrative of his voyage: he informs
+      the "mercantile Mecaenas" that he does not know how to write;
+      who replies that "he never had for a moment supposed that so
+      sublime a savage could possess such a vulgar accomplishment,
+      and that it was by no means difficult for a man to publish
+      his travels without writing a line." This is a stale affair;
+      but Popanilla's drinking a dozen of the bookseller's wine
+      smacks more of novelty. His voyage is published, and contains
+      a detailed account of every thing which took place during the
+      whole of the three days, forming a quarto volume! Then we
+      have a shower of squibs on <i>converzazioni</i>&mdash;as
+      dukes imbibing a new theory of gas, a prime-minister studying
+      pinmaking, a bishop the escapements of watches, a
+      field-marshal intent on essence of hellebore. "But what most
+      delighted Popanilla was hearing a lecture from the most
+      eminent lawyer and statesman in Vraibleusia, on his first and
+      favourite study of hydrostatics. His associations quite
+      overcame him; all Fantaisie rushed upon his memory, and he
+      was obliged to retire to a less frequented part of the room,
+      to relieve his too excited feelings." The hostess too
+      declares it "impossible for mankind ever to be happy and
+      great, until, like herself and her friends," her company are
+      "all soul!"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Popanilla is now constituted ambassador from Fantaisie, and
+      goes through all the courtly scenes of diplomacy, for which
+      we have not room; but their gist will be readily understood
+      among the stars of St. James's, especially the authors
+      allusions to Navarino and the late ministry, which are in
+      good set terms. The "Aboriginal," too, tells Popanilla "some
+      long stories about a person who was chief manager, about five
+      hundred years ago, to whom he said he was indebted for all
+      his political principles."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      During Popanilla's sight-seeing career, he, of course, visits
+      our theatres, and a tolerably broad caricature he gives of
+      them. "To sit in a huge room hotter than a glass-house, in a
+      posture emulating the most sanctified Faquir, with a
+      throbbing head-ache, a breaking back, and twisted legs, with
+      a heavy tube held over one eye, and the other covered with
+      the unemployed hand, is, in Vraibleusia, called a public
+      amusement." In one morning's lionizing, too, he acquires "a
+      general knowledge of the chief arts and sciences, eats three
+      <span class="pagenum"><a id="page27" name="page27"></a>[pg
+      27]</span> hundred sandwiches, and tastes as many bottles of
+      sherry."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The frauds and fooleries of the joint stock company mania
+      are, perhaps, among the least successful portion of the
+      volume. The "literature" is somewhat better, as the
+      establishment of a "Society for the Diffusion of Fashionable
+      Knowledge"&mdash;its first treatise,
+      Nonchalance&mdash;dissertations "on leaving cards," "cutting
+      friends," "on bores," &amp;c.&mdash;and a new novel called
+      "Burlington"&mdash;the last a scratch at Popanilla's
+      publisher. The "Clubs" are next recommended for those fond of
+      solitude, and their satin luxuries humorously quizzed; but
+      "the Colonial System," which follows, has more causticity.
+      Popanilla, like all other great foreigners who visit England,
+      falls ill; his disorder is "unquestionably nervous;" he is to
+      count five between each word he utters, never ask questions,
+      and avoid society, and only dine out once a day. This regimen
+      brings on a slow fever; but his disorder is neither "liver,"
+      nor "nervous," but "mind." He next falls in with an Essay on
+      Fruit, from which he learns that thousands of the
+      Vraibleusians are dying with dyspepsia from eating
+      pine-apples, which are denounced as "stupid, sour, and
+      vulgar."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Popanilla is ordered by his physician to Blunderland, where
+      the women are "angelic," and the men "the most light-hearted,
+      merry, obliging, entertaining fellows;" and where "instead of
+      knives and forks being laid for the guests at dinner, the
+      plates are flanked by daggers and pistols." A "row" springs
+      up; "all the guests lay lifeless about the room;" "Popanilla
+      rang the bell, and the waiters swept away the dead bodies,
+      and brought him a roasted <i>potato</i> for supper." He next
+      enjoys the pleasures of the chase, and in revenge for a sharp
+      fire, "burns two villages, slays 2 or 300 head of women, and
+      bags children without number;" and in the evening Popanilla's
+      powers of digestion are improved. He now returns to
+      Vraibleusia, where all are <i>panic</i>-struck, and his
+      friend, the banker, unlike his "perpetual ticket," has
+      stopped payment, and all our traveller's resources. Popanilla
+      consoles him with the joke that "things were not quite so bad
+      as they appeared," till they get worse, by two gentlemen in
+      blue, with red waistcoats, arresting the ambassador for high
+      treason. This completes his "amusements." He fears "confined
+      cells, overwhelming fetters, black bread, and green water, in
+      the principal gaol in Hubbabub;" but becomes ensconced in
+      Leigh Hunt's "elegantly furnished apartment, with French
+      sash-windows and a piano. Its lofty walls were entirely hung
+      with a fanciful paper, representing a Tuscan vineyard; the
+      ceiling was covered with sky and clouds; roses were in
+      abundance; and the windows, though well secured, excited no
+      jarring associations in the mind of the individual they
+      illumined, protected as they were by polished bars of
+      cut-steel."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Next to being a plenipotentiary, Popanilla preferred being a
+      prisoner. His daily meals consisted of every delicacy in
+      season; a marble bath was ever at his service; a
+      billiard-room and dumb-bells always ready; and his old
+      friends, the most eminent physician, and the most celebrated
+      practitioner in Hubbabub, called upon him daily to feel his
+      pulse and look at his tongue. These attentions authorized a
+      hope that he might yet again be an ambassador; that his
+      native land might still be discovered, and its resources
+      still be developed; but when his gaoler told him that the
+      rest of the prisoners were treated in a manner equally
+      indulgent, because the Vraibleusians are the most humane
+      people in the world, Popanilla's spirits became somewhat
+      depressed."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "He was greatly consoled, however, by a daily visit from a
+      body of the most beautiful, the most accomplished, and the
+      most virtuous females in Hubbabub, who tasted his food to see
+      that his cook did his duty, recommended him a plentiful use
+      of pine-apple well peppered, and made him a present of a very
+      handsome shirt, with worked frills and ruffles, to be hanged
+      in. This enchanting committee generally confined their
+      attentions to murderers, and other victims of the passions,
+      who were deserted in their hour of need by the rest of the
+      society they had outraged; but Popanilla being a foreigner, a
+      prince, and a plenipotentiary, and not ill-looking, naturally
+      attracted a great deal of notice from those who desire the
+      amelioration of their species."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Popanilla was so pleased with his mode of life, and had
+      acquired such a taste for poetry, pine-apples, and pepper,
+      since he had ceased to be an active member of society, that
+      he applied to have his trial postponed, on the ground of the
+      prejudice which had been excited against him by the public
+      press. As his trial was at present inconvenient to the
+      government, the postponement was allowed on these grounds."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the meantime, up jumps a public instructor, Flummery Flam,
+      who ascribes all the debt and distress to "a slight
+      over-trading," chatters about demand, supply, rent, wages,
+      profit, and, as a temporary relief, suggests "emigration."
+      "Flummery-Flammism triumphs, and every person, from the
+      managers down to the chalk-chewing mechanics, attend lectures
+      on that enlightening science."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At length Popanilla's trial comes on; the indictment is read;
+      he is accused of stealing 219 camelopards; perceives that he
+      has all the time been mistaken for another person: he is,
+      however, detained, on the judge of Fort Jobation informing
+      him, that in order to be tried in his court for a modern
+      offence of high treason, he must first be introduced by
+      fiction of law as a stealer of camelopards, and then being
+      <i>in praesenti regio</i>, in a manner, the business proceeds
+      by a special power for an absolute offence. This flummery is
+      too much; but every body with whom Popanilla had conversed
+      while in Vraibleusia is subpoenaed against him: the judge is
+      about to sum up, when a trumpet sounds, and a government
+      messenger presents a scroll, and informs him, that a
+      remarkably clever young man, recently appointed one of the
+      managers, had last night consolidated all the edicts into a
+      single act. The judge then compliments the young
+      consolidator, compared to whom, he said, Justinian was a
+      country attorney. Popanilla is found "not guilty, and kicked
+      out of court, amidst the hootings of the mob, without a stain
+      upon his reputation." He then falls senseless on the steps of
+      the Asiatic club-house, is recovered by the smell of
+      mulligatawney soup, and moralizes till he perceives "it is
+      possible for a nation to exist in too artificial a state." He
+      then sees the opposite house lit up, and the words
+      "Emigration Committee" written on a transparent blind. He
+      enters, finds the last Emigration squadron is about to sail
+      in a few minutes; is presented with a spade, blanket, and
+      hard biscuit, and quits the port of Hubbabub: what became of
+      him will "probably be discovered, if ever we obtain
+      'Popanilla's' second voyage"&mdash;and thus shuts to the
+      scene.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Here, gentle reader, you have the Captain's fun and
+      <i>badinage</i> on all the wonderful wonders of
+      Hubbabub&mdash;<i>videlicet</i> this wonderful town. They may
+      serve to while away some of the <i>ennui</i> of this season
+      of roast, bake, and broil, or be read aloud during the halt
+      of the "march of intellect" men. There are the principal
+      incidents of his voyage; if you wish to see them expanded,
+      consult the book itself&mdash;that is if you are gratified
+      with our abstract&mdash;if the reverse, let well alone, lest
+      you find it, like ceremony, "a penny-worth of spirit in a
+      glass of water." But recollect, Popanilla's adventures have
+      already been published in quarto.
+    </p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <h2>
+      SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY.
+    </h2>
+    <hr />
+    <center>
+      <i>Machine for Sharpening Knives at once,</i>
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      Consists of a number of steel cylinders grooved transversely,
+      and placed on two revolving axes parallel to each other, and
+      so that the bosses and recesses of the one fit into those of
+      the other cylinder. Along these the knife is drawn, and so is
+      immediately sharpened.&mdash;<i>London Jour. of Arts.</i>
+    </p>
+    <center>
+      <i>Influence of Electricity on the developement of Seeds.</i>
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      M. Astier has discovered that seeds which are electrified,
+      run through the first stages of vegetation more rapidly than
+      others, and that China roses submitted to this experiment,
+      produce flowers sooner, and in greater
+      abundance.&mdash;<i>From the French.</i>
+    </p>
+    <center>
+      <i>Botany.</i>
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      The number of different species of plants which have been
+      described is about 50,000; but botanists are generally agreed
+      that probably as many still remain undescribed; and, that the
+      number of vegetable species on the surface of the earth ought
+      not to be estimated under 100,000. We may be struck at the
+      amount of this number; but our astonishment abates when we
+      find that our own island, which is but a mere misty speck,
+      compared with those broad zones of sunshine, "where the
+      flowers ever brighten," contains about 1,500 native flowering
+      plants. Of those which have been described, about 8,000, or
+      nearly one-sixth, belong to the first of the two classes, and
+      of these nearly 2,000 are grasses. In cold and temperate
+      climates the species of this most interesting and important
+      family are comparatively diminutive in size. In our climate,
+      for instance, the grasses are somewhat remarkable among
+      vegetables for their humble stature, and their inconspicuous
+      appearance; while in the warmer regions of the earth, the
+      bamboos and canes, which are species of the same family,
+      emulate trees in height and beauty. But what our species want
+      in individual magnitude, is far more than compensated by the
+      comparative vastness of the number of individuals. In
+      tropical climates, one plant may be seen here, and another
+      there, which, in their size, astonish an European, when he is
+      told that they belong to the family of the grasses; but there
+      he would search in vain for those swards of grass, and green
+      meadows, with which almost the whole aspect of his own
+      climate is verdant. He might find one plant stately enough to
+      shade him from the torrid sun, and to harbour among its
+      boughs many a tropical bird with its
+      <span class="pagenum"><a id="page29" name="page29"></a>[pg
+      29]</span> bright metallic plumage; but he could not find a
+      lea covered with lowing herds, or with bleating flocks, on
+      the soft sward of which he could lie down, and listen to the
+      lark that sings to him from heaven, sending down its clear
+      notes on the first sunbeams of spring. It is in temperate
+      climates&mdash;in those regions where man has made the
+      greatest advances in civilization&mdash;where the comforts
+      and conveniences of this life are most numerous around
+      him&mdash;and the realities of that which is to come are most
+      brightly seen above him&mdash;that this family of plants
+      exists in greatest economic value. It is one of the most
+      important in every climate; for it is from one species of
+      grass or other that the present numbers of men, as well as
+      the domestic animals that serve him, derive their sustenance.
+      The maize or Indian corn of the west; the rice of the east;
+      the wheat and other grains of the north; equally belong to
+      this tribe of plants.&mdash;<i>Quar. Jour. of Agriculture</i>
+    </p>
+    <center>
+      <i>Blight in Fruit Trees.</i>
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      Whenever you see the branch of a tree blighted, or eaten by
+      insects, procure a shoemaker's awl, and pierce the lower
+      extremity of the branch into the wood; then pour in two or
+      three drops of crude mercury, (which is the quicksilver in
+      common use) and stop up the hole with a small stick. In about
+      forty-eight hours, the insects, not only upon that branch,
+      but upon all the rest of the tree, will be destroyed, and the
+      blights <i>will immediately</i> cease.
+    </p>
+    <h4>
+      G.W.N.
+    </h4>
+    <center>
+      <i>On the Live Stock of Britain, France, &amp;c.</i>
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      Dupin, in a work lately published, with a view to promote the
+      numbers and breeds of the live stock of France, states, that,
+      in Britain, the animal power is eleven times as great as the
+      manual power; while in France it is only four times as great;
+      hence, French labourers receive from animals only a third
+      part of the aid yielded by them in Britain. He also states,
+      that Great Britain consumes three times as much meat, milk,
+      and cheese, as France. The following is the number of horses
+      for every 1,000 inhabitants in the countries mentioned.
+      Hanover, 193; Sweden, 145; Canton de Vaud, (in Switzerland,)
+      140; Great Britain, 100; Prussia, (six provinces) 95; France,
+      79. Numbers, however, give a very imperfect idea of the
+      relative amount of horse power, the breeds being so various
+      in the different countries.
+    </p>
+    <center>
+      <i>Supposed Nervous System in Plants.</i>
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      M. Dutrochet, in a volume on the moving powers which act in
+      organized bodies, affirms, that there are seen on the walls
+      of the cellular and fibrous tissue of vegetables, small
+      semi-transparent globular bodies and linear bodies, which
+      become opaque from the action of acids, and are rendered
+      transparent by that of alkalies. He considers these small
+      bodies as the elements of a diffused nervous system, to the
+      action of which he ascribes the movements of plants, arising
+      from what is denominated by him the
+      <i>nervomotility</i>.&mdash;<i>From the French.</i>
+    </p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <h2>
+      THE NOVELIST.
+    </h2>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      THE MARRIAGE LESSON.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      [We are indebted to the last Number (4) of the <i>Foreign
+      Quarterly Review</i> for the following lively nouvelette,
+      from the <i>Conde Lucanor</i> of the Infante Don Juan Manuel,
+      written in the beginning of the fourteenth century. It has
+      much of the <i>na&iuml;vete</i> and light humour peculiar to
+      the Spanish novelists, and, to quote the ingenious reviewer,
+      "besides its own merit, possesses that of some striking
+      resemblances to Shakspeare's <i>Taming of the Shrew</i>."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In a certain town there lived a noble Moor, who had one son,
+      the best young man ever known perhaps in the world. He was
+      not, however, wealthy enough to enable him to accomplish half
+      the many laudable objects which his heart prompted him to
+      undertake; and for this reason he was in great perplexity,
+      having the will and not the power. Now in that same town
+      dwelt another Moor, far more honoured and rich than the
+      youth's father, and he too had an only daughter, who offered
+      a strange contrast to this excellent young man, her manners
+      being as violent and bad as his were good and pleasing,
+      insomuch that no man liked to think of an union with such an
+      infuriate shrew.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Now that good youth one day came to his father, and said,
+      "Father, I am well assured that you are not rich enough to
+      support me according to what I conceive becoming and
+      honourable. It will, therefore, be incumbent upon me to lead
+      a mean and indolent life, or to quit the country; so that if
+      it seem good unto you, I should prefer for the best to form
+      some marriage alliance, by which I may be enabled to open
+      myself a way to higher things." And the father replied, that
+      it would please him well if his son should be enabled to
+      marry according to his wishes. He then said to his father,
+      that if he thought he should be able to manage it, he should
+      be happy to have the only daughter of that good man given him
+      in marriage. Hearing this, the father was much surprised, and
+      answered, that as he understood the matter, there was not a
+      <span class="pagenum"><a id="page30" name="page30"></a>[pg
+      30]</span> single man whom he knew, how poor soever he might
+      be, who would consent to marry such a vixen. And his son
+      replied, that he asked it as a particular favour that he
+      would bring about this marriage, and so far insisted, that
+      however strange he thought the request, his father gave his
+      consent. In consequence, he went directly to seek the good
+      man, with whom he was on the most friendly terms, and having
+      acquainted him with all that had passed, begged that he would
+      be pleased to bestow his daughter's hand upon his son, who
+      had courage enough to marry her. Now when the good man heard
+      this proposal from the lips of his best friend, he said to
+      him:&mdash;"Good God, my friend, if I were to do any such
+      thing, I should serve you a very bad turn; for you possess an
+      excellent son, and it would be a great piece of treachery on
+      my part, if I were to consent to make him so unfortunate, and
+      become accessory to his death. Nay I may say worse than
+      death, for better would it be for him to be dead than to be
+      married to my daughter! And you must not think that I say
+      thus much to oppose your wishes; for as to that matter, I
+      should be well pleased to give her to your son, or to any
+      body's son, who would be foolish enough to rid my house of
+      her." To this his friend replied, that he felt very sensibly
+      the kind motives which led him to speak thus; and intreated
+      that, as his son seemed so bent upon the match, he would be
+      pleased to give the lady in marriage. He agreed, and
+      accordingly the ceremony took place. The bride was brought to
+      her husband's house, and it being a custom with the Moors to
+      give the betrothed a supper and to set out the feast for
+      them, and then to take leave and return to visit them on the
+      ensuing day, the ceremony was performed accordingly. However,
+      the fathers and mothers, and all the relations of the bride
+      and bridegroom went away with many misgivings, fearing that
+      when they returned the ensuing day they should either find
+      the young man dead, or in some very bad plight indeed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So it came to pass, that as soon as the young people were
+      left alone, they seated themselves at the table, and before
+      the dreaded bride had time to open her lips, the bridegroom,
+      looking behind him, saw stationed there his favourite mastiff
+      dog, and he said to him somewhat sharply, "Mr. Mastiff, bring
+      us some water for our hands;" and the dog stood still, and
+      did not do it. His master then repeated the order more
+      fiercely, but the dog stood still as before. His master then
+      leaped up in a great passion from the table, and seizing his
+      sword, ran towards the mastiff, who, seeing him coming, ran
+      away, leaping over the chairs and tables and the fire, trying
+      every place to make his escape, with the bridegroom hard in
+      pursuit of him. At length reaching the dog, he smote off his
+      head with his sword, then hewed off his legs, and all his
+      body, until the whole place was covered with blood. He then
+      resumed his place at table, all covered as he was with gore;
+      and soon casting his eyes around, he beheld a lap-dog, and
+      commanded him to bring him water for his hands, and because
+      he was not obeyed, he said, "How, false traitor! see you not
+      the fate of the mastiff, because he would not do as I
+      commanded him? I vow, that if you offer to contend one moment
+      with me, I will treat thee to the same fare as I did the
+      mastiff;" and when he found it was not done, he arose, seized
+      him by the legs, and dashing him against the wall, actually
+      beat his brains out, showing even more rage than against the
+      poor mastiff. Then in a great passion he returned to the
+      table, and cast his eyes about on all sides, while his bride,
+      fearful that he had taken leave of his senses, ventured not
+      to utter a word. At length he fixed his eyes upon his horse
+      that was standing before the door, though he had only that
+      one; and he commanded him to bring him water, which the horse
+      did not do. "How now, Mr. Horse," cried the husband, "do you
+      imagine, because I have only you, that I shall suffer you to
+      live, and not do as I command you! No! I will inflict as hard
+      a death upon you as upon the others; yea, there is no living
+      thing I have in the world which I will spare, if I be not
+      obeyed." But the horse stood where he was, and his master
+      approaching with the greatest rage, smote off his head, and
+      cut him to pieces with his sword. And when his wife saw that
+      he had actually killed his horse, having no other, and heard
+      him declare he would do the same to any creature that
+      ventured to disobey him, she found that he had by no means
+      done it by way of jest, and took such an alarm, that she
+      hardly knew if she were dead or alive. For all covered with
+      gore as he was, he again seated himself at table, swearing
+      that though he had a thousand horses or wives, or servants,
+      if they refused to do his behest, he would kill them all; and
+      he again began to look around him, holding his sword in his
+      hand. And after he had looked well round him, and found no
+      living thing near him, he turned his eyes fiercely towards
+      his wife, and said in a great passion, "Get up, and bring me
+      some water to wash my hands!" and his wife, expecting nothing
+      less than to be cut to pieces, rose in a great hurry, and
+      giving him water for his <span class="pagenum"><a id="page31"
+      name="page31"></a>[pg 31]</span> hands, said to him, "Ah, how
+      I ought to return thanks to God, who inspired you with the
+      thought of doing as you have done! for otherwise, owing to
+      the wrong treatment of my foolish friends, I should have
+      behaved the same to you as to them." Afterwards he commanded
+      her to help him to something to eat, and that in such a tone,
+      that she felt as if her head were on the point of dropping
+      off upon the floor; so that in this way was the understanding
+      between them settled during that night, and she never spoke,
+      but only did every thing which he required her to do. After
+      they had reposed some time, her husband said, "The passion I
+      have been put into this night hinders me from sleeping; get
+      up, and see that nobody comes to disturb me, and prepare for
+      me something well cooked to eat."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When it came full day, and the fathers, mothers, and other
+      relatives arrived at the door, they all listened, and hearing
+      no one speak, at first concluded that the unfortunate man was
+      either dead, or mortally wounded by his ferocious bride. In
+      this they were the more confirmed when they saw the bride
+      standing at the door, and the bridegroom not there. But when
+      the lady saw them advancing, she walked gently on tiptoe
+      towards them, and whispered, "False friends, as you are, how
+      dared you to come up to the door in that way, or to say a
+      word! Be silent! as you value your lives, and mine also." And
+      when they were all made acquainted with what she said, they
+      greatly wondered; but when they learnt all that had passed
+      during the night, their wonder was changed into admiration of
+      the young man, for having so well known how to manage what
+      concerned him, and to maintain order in his house. And from
+      that day forth, so excellently was his wife governed, and
+      well-conditioned in every respect, that they led a very
+      pleasant life together. Such, indeed, was the good example
+      set by the son-in-law, that a few days afterwards the
+      father-in-law, desirous of the same happy change in his
+      household, also killed a horse; but his wife only said to
+      him, "By my faith, Don Fulano, you have thought of this plan
+      somewhat too late in the day; we are now too well acquainted
+      with each other."
+    </p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <h2>
+      SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+    </h2>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      SUMMER MORNING LANDSCAPE.&mdash;DELTA.
+    </h3>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          The eyelids of the morning are awake;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The dews are disappearing from the grass;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The sun is o'er the mountains; and the trees,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Moveless, are stretching through the blue of heaven,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Exuberantly green. All noiseless
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The shadows of the twilight fleet away,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          And draw their misty legion to the west,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Seen for awhile, 'mid the salubrious air,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Suspended in the silent atmosphere,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          As in Medina's mosque Mahomet's tomb,&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Up from the coppice, on exulting wing,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Mounts, mounts the skylark through the clouds of
+          dawn,&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The clouds, whose snow-white canopy is spread
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Athwart, yet hiding not, at intervals,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The azure beauty of the summer sky;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          And, at far distance heard, a bodiless note
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Pours down, as if from cherub stray'd from Heaven!
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          Maternal Nature! all thy sights and sounds
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Now breathe repose, and peace, and harmony.
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The lake's unruffled bosom, cold and clear,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Expands beneath me, like a silver veil
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Thrown o'er the level of subjacent fields,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Revealing, on its conscious countenance,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The shadows of the clouds that float above:&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Upon its central stone the heron sits
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Stirless,&mdash;as in the wave its counterpart,&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Looking, with quiet eye, towards the shore
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Of dark-green copse-wood, dark, save, here and there,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Where spangled with the broom's bright aureate
+          flowers.&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The blue-winged sea-gull, sailing placidly
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Above his landward haunts, dips down alert
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          His plumage in the waters, and, anon,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          With quicken'd wing, in silence re-ascends.&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Whence comest thou, lone pilgrim of the wild?
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Whence wanderest thou, lone Arab of the air?
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Where makest thou thy dwelling-place? Afar,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          O'er inland pastures, from the herbless rock,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Amid the weltering ocean, thou dost hold,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          At early sunrise, thy unguided way,&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The visitants of Nature's varied realms,&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The habitant of Ocean, Earth, and Air,&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Sailing with sportive breast, mid wind and wave,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          And, when the sober evening draws around
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Her curtains, clasp'd together by her Star,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Returning to the sea-rock's breezy peak.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          And now the wood engirds me, the tall stems
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Of birch and beech tree hemming me around,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Like pillars of some natural temple vast;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          And, here and there, some giant pines ascend,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Briareus-like, amid the stirless air,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          High stretching; like a good man's virtuous thoughts
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Forsaking earth for heaven. The cushat stands
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Amid the topmost boughs, with azure vest,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          And neck aslant, listening the amorous coo
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Of her, his mate, who, with maternal wing
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Wide-spread, sits brooding on opponent tree.
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Why, from the rank grass underneath my feet,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Aside on ruffled pinion dost thou start,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Sweet minstrel of the morn? Behold her nest,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Thatch'd o'er with cunning skill, and there, her young
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          With sparkling eye, and thin-fledged russet wing;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Younglings of air! probationers of song!
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          From lurking dangers may ye rest secure,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Secure from prowling weazel, or the tread
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Of steed incautious, wandering 'mid the flowers?
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Secure beneath the fostering care of her
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Who warm'd you into life, and gave you birth;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Till, plumed and strong unto the buoyant air,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Ye spread your equal wings, and to the morn,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Lifting your freckled bosoms, dew-besprent,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Salute with spirit-stirring song, the man
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Wayfaring lonely. Hark! the striderous neigh!
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          There, o'er his dogrose fence, the chestnut foal,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Shaking his silver forelock, proudly stands,&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          To snuff the balmy fragrance of the morn:&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Up comes his ebon compeer, and, anon,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Around the field in mimic chase they fly,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Startling the echoes of the woodland gloom.
+        </p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page32"
+        name="page32"></a>[pg 32]</span>
+        <p>
+          Farewell, ye placid scenes! amid the land
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Ye smile, an inland solitude: the voice
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Of peace-destroying man is seldom heard
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Amid your landscapes. Beautiful ye raise
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Your green embowering groves, and smoothly spread
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Your waters, glistening in a silver sheet.
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The morning is a season of delight&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The morning is the self-possession'd hour&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          'Tis then that feelings, sunk, but unsubdued,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Feelings of purer thoughts, and happier days,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Awake, and, like the sceptred images
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Of Banquo's mirror, in succession pass!
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          And, first of all, and fairest, thou dost pass
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          In Memory's eye, beloved! though now afar
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          From those sweet vales, where we have often roam'd
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Together. Do thy blue eyes now survey
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The brightness of the morn in other scenes?
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Other, but haply beautiful as these,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Which now I gaze on; but which, wanting thee,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Want half their charms, for, to thy poet's thought,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          More deeply glow'd the heaven, when thy fine eye,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Surveying its grand arch, all kindling glow'd;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The white cloud to thy white brow was a foil;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          And, by the soft tints of thy cheek outvied,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The dew-bent wild-rose droop'd despairingly.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      <i>Blackwood's Mag.</i>
+    </p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <h2>
+      THE GATHERER.
+    </h2>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          "A snapper-up of unconsidered trifles."
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          SHAKSPEARE.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      CHANGING COIN.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Judge Gould married his daughter to Lord Cavan. A gentleman
+      asking what fortune, was answered, "it was all in
+      <i>Gould</i>, and his lordship changed it the first day."
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      VOLTAIRE.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Voltaire said of a traveller, who made too long a stay with
+      him at Ferney, "Don Quixote took inns for castles, but
+      Mr.&mdash;&mdash; takes castles for inns."
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      ABROAD AND AT HOME.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The English abroad can never get to look as if they were at
+      home. The Irish and Scotch, after being some time in a place,
+      get the air of the natives; but an Englishman, in any foreign
+      court, looks about him as if he was going to steal a tankard.
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      PARODY OF THE FIRST SONG IN THE BEGGAR'S OPERA.
+    </h3>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          Through all the odd noses in vogue,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Each nose is turn'd up at its brother;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Broad and blunt they call platter and pug,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          And thus they take snuff at each other.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          The short calls the long nose a snout,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          The long calls the short nose a snub;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          And the bottle nose being so stout,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Thinks every sharp one a scrub.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <h4>
+      T.H.
+    </h4>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      GARRICK AND STERNE.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Sterne, who used his wife very ill, was one day talking to
+      Garrick in a fine sentimental manner, in praise of conjugal
+      love and fidelity. "The husband," said Sterne, "who behaves
+      unkindly to his wife, deserves to have his house burnt over
+      his head." "If you think so," said Garrick, "I hope
+      <i>your</i> house is insured."
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      UNPALATABLE IMPROVEMENT.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Wilkes attended a city dinner, not long after his promotion
+      to city honours. Among the guests was a noisy, vulgar deputy,
+      a great glutton, who, on his entering the dinner-room, always
+      with great deliberation took off his wig, suspended it on a
+      pin, and with due solemnity put on a white cotton night-cap.
+      Wilkes, who was a high bred man, and never accustomed to
+      similar exhibitions, could not take his eyes from so strange
+      and novel a picture. At length the deputy walked up to
+      Wilkes, and asked him whether he did not think that his
+      night-cap became him? "Oh! yes, Sir," replied Wilkes, "but it
+      would look much better if it was pulled quite over your
+      face."
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      CHARMS OF A DUEL.
+    </h3>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          It has a strange quick jar upon the ear,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          That cocking of a pistol, when you know
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          A moment more will bring the sight to bear
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Upon your person, twelve yards off, or so,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          A gentlemanly distance, not too near,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          If you have got a former friend for foe;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          But after being fired at once or twice,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The ear becomes more Irish, and less nice.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <h4>
+      BYRON.
+    </h4>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      WESTMINSTER HALL.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      A peasant newly arrived in London, asked what building was
+      that, pointing to where the law courts are held. "It is a
+      mill," said an attorney, to quiz the bumpkin. "I thought as
+      much," replied the countryman, "for I see a good many asses
+      at the door with sacks."
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      OUT OF DEBT.
+    </h3>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          You say you nothing owe, and so I say,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          He only owes who something has&mdash;to pay.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      NEWSPAPER LIBELS.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Writers in some journals, like rope-dancers, to engage the
+      public attention, must venture their necks every step that
+      they take. The pleasure people feel, arises from the risk
+      that they run.
+    </p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+      <a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a> <b>Footnote 1</b>:
+      <a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+      <p>
+        See Succession Chronologica de los Reyes de Portugal.
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+      <a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a> <b>Footnote 2</b>:
+      <a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+      <p>
+        If I may be allowed to offer a conjecture on the cause of
+        this singular white veil, or cloud, I can only attribute it
+        to the vapour of water which escapes from the earth from
+        the heated mass below, and which is condensed on rising
+        into the cold air, and thus rendered visible. Bogota,
+        according to my measurement, which corresponds very nearly
+        with that of Baron Humboldt, is 9,600 feet above the level
+        of the sea, and is distant at least one hundred miles from
+        any known volcano.]
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+      <a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"></a> <b>Footnote 3</b>:
+      <a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a>
+      <p>
+        Vide MIRROR, vol. iv. pp 2, 22, 61, 102.]
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+      <a id="footnote4" name="footnote4"></a> <b>Footnote 4</b>:
+      <a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a>
+      <p>
+        It is singular, but almost true to an axiom, that objects
+        capable of exciting disgust in their <i>reality</i>, confer
+        delight in their pictorial <i>representation</i>; the
+        interior of some wretched hovel, a sty and its inmates, and
+        a boorish revel, will exemplify this. Our pleasure in that
+        case arises <i>perhaps</i> not from the objects
+        represented, but from the <i>truth of the
+        representation</i>. I know not that this paradox has ever
+        been solved, and therefore with diffidence offer, that we
+        are rather pleased with the <i>artist</i> than his
+        <i>subject</i>.
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+      <a id="footnote5" name="footnote5"></a> <b>Footnote 5</b>:
+      <a href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a>
+      <p>
+        Extraordinary and beautiful effects, however, are, by
+        superior painters, frequently produced by violating this
+        latter rule. The writer would particularly notice the
+        results of light thrown into the distance, in stormy
+        sea-views.
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+      <a id="footnote6" name="footnote6"></a> <b>Footnote 6</b>:
+      <a href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a>
+      <p>
+        Coffee has been recommended for this purpose, but delicate
+        and pleasing washes or glazings may be produced from burnt
+        sienna, yellow ochre, burnt umbre, and lake, in various
+        combinations, and laid on extremely attenuated by water.
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+      <a id="footnote7" name="footnote7"></a> <b>Footnote 7</b>:
+      <a href="#footnotetag7">(return)</a>
+      <p>
+        The artist, however, cannot produce <i>his</i> tints from
+        those simple colours <i>entirely</i>, but the advice once
+        given to the writer, by a painter, was:&mdash;"Never fancy
+        that <i>many</i> colours will effect your object; a
+        <i>few</i> well chosen will better succeed, and be more
+        easily managed; half-a-dozen would, for <i>me</i>, answer
+        every purpose." The student is warned against <i>gaudy
+        colouring</i>, which, if allowable in <i>caricatures</i>
+        seen <i>elsewhere</i>, reminds one of pedlar's pictures.
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+      <a id="footnote8" name="footnote8"></a> <b>Footnote 8</b>:
+      <a href="#footnotetag8">(return)</a>
+      <p>
+        The old masters are well known to have made carefully
+        <i>many</i> sketches of the subjects they designed for
+        pictures, ere they dreamt of painting compositions that
+        were to last for ever.
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+      <a id="footnote9" name="footnote9"></a> <b>Footnote 9</b>:
+      <a href="#footnotetag9">(return)</a>
+      <p>
+        Flamen, among the ancient Romans, was a priest or minister
+        of sacrifice.
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+      <a id="footnote10" name="footnote10"></a> <b>Footnote 10</b>:
+      <a href="#footnotetag10">(return)</a>
+      <p>
+        "What boots it thee to call thyself a sun."
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <p>
+      <i>Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near
+      Somerset House), London: and published by ERNEST FLEISCHER,
+      626, New Market, Liepsic; and sold by all Newsmen and
+      Booksellers</i>.
+    </p>
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11362 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
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+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #11362 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11362)
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 12, Issue 322, July 12, 1828, by Various
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 12,
+Issue 322, July 12, 1828
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: February 28, 2004  [eBook #11362]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: iso-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE,
+AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 12, ISSUE 322, JULY 12, 1828***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Chew-Hung Lee, David Garcia, and the
+Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustration.
+      See 11362-h.htm or 11362-h.zip:
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/3/6/11362/11362-h/11362-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/3/6/11362/11362-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. 12, No. 322.] SATURDAY, JULY 12, 1828. [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CLARENCE TERRACE, REGENT'S PARK.
+
+
+[Illustration: CLARENCE TERRACE, REGENT'S PARK.]
+
+
+CLARENCE TERRACE,
+
+REGENT'S PARK.
+
+
+  O mortal man, who livest here,
+  Do not complain of this thy hard estate.
+
+_Thomson's Castle of Indolence._
+
+
+The annexed continuation of our illustrated ramble in the Regent's Park
+is named _Clarence Terrace_, in compliment to the illustrious Lord High
+Admiral of England. It consists of a centre and two wings, of the
+Corinthian order, connected by colonnades of the Ilyssus Ionic order,
+and altogether presents a picturesque display of Grecian architecture.
+The three stories are a rusticated entrance, or basement; and a
+Corinthian drawing-room and chamber story; surmounted with an elegant
+entablature and balustrade. In the details, the spectator cannot fail to
+admire the boldness and richness of the columns supporting the pediment
+in the centre, and the classic beauty of the pilasters which decorate
+the wings.
+
+_Clarence Terrace_ is from the designs of Mr. Decimus Burton, to whose
+ingenious pencil we are indebted for some of the splendid architectural
+combinations in this district. The present terrace is, we believe, the
+smallest in the park, but yields to none in picturesque effect and
+harmonious design; and the variety of its composition renders it one of
+the most attractive illustrations of our series. It is likewise worthy
+of remark, that this portion of the Regent's Park, from its natural
+beauties, is entitled to the first-rate embellishment of art, inasmuch
+as the basement of Clarence Terrace commands a "living picture" of
+extraordinary luxuriance; and from the drawing-room windows the lake may
+be seen studded with little islands, and environed with lawny slopes and
+unusual park-like vegetation:
+
+
+  With Nature the creating pencil vies
+  With Nature joyous at the mimic strife.
+
+
+We have already indulged our fancy in anticipations of the future
+splendour of the Regent's Park. As yet, art triumphs, and here the
+lordlings of wealth may enjoy _otium cum dignitate_: but in a few years
+Nature may enable this domain to vie with Daphne of old, and become to
+London what Daphne was to Antioch, whose voluptuousness and luxury are
+perpetuated in history. But the beginnings of such triumphs furnish more
+pleasing reflections than their decline.
+
+Clarence Terrace is on the western side of the park, and adjoins Sussex
+Place, whose cupola tops were the signals for critical censure and
+ridicule among the first structures in this quarter. The artists have,
+however, profited by the lesson, and the architecture of the Regent's
+Park bids fair to rank among the proudest successes of art.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ORIGIN OF PARISHES.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+How ancient the division of parishes is, may at present be difficult
+to ascertain. Mr. Camden says, England was divided into parishes by
+Archbishop Honorius, about the year 630. Sir Henry Hobart lays it down,
+that parishes were first erected by the council of Lateran, which was
+held A.D. 1179. Each widely differs from the other, and both of them
+perhaps from the truth, which will probably be found in the medium,
+between the two extremes. We find the distinction of parishes, nay, even
+of mother churches, so early as in the laws of King Edgar, about the
+year 970. The civil division of England into counties, of counties into
+hundreds, of hundreds into tithings, or towns, as it now stands, seems
+to owe its original to King Alfred; who, to prevent the rapines and
+disorders which formerly prevailed in the realm, instituted tithings;
+so called, from the Saxon, because ten freeholders with their families
+composed one. These all dwelt together, and were sureties, or
+free-pledges to the king for the good behaviour of each other; and if
+any offence were committed in their district, they were bound to have
+the offender forthcoming. And therefore, anciently, no man was suffered
+to abide in England above forty days, unless he were enrolled in some
+tithing or decennary. As ten families of freeholders made up a tithing,
+so ten tithings composed a superior division, called a hundred. In some
+of the more northern counties these hundreds are called wapentakes. The
+sub-division of hundreds into tithings seems to be most peculiarly the
+invention of Alfred; the institution of hundreds themselves he rather
+introduced than invented, for they seem to have obtained in Denmark; and
+we find that in France a regulation of this sort was made above 200
+years before; set on foot by Clotharicus and Childebert, with a view of
+obliging each district to answer for the robberies committed in its own
+division. In some counties there is an intermediate division between the
+shire and the hundred, as lathes in Kent, and rapes in Sussex, each of
+them containing about three or four hundreds a-piece. Where a county is
+divided into three of these intermediate jurisdictions, they are called
+trithings, which still subsist in the large county of York, where, by an
+easy corruption, they are denominated ridings; the north, the east, and
+the west.
+
+J.M. C----D.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+STANZAS,
+
+(BEING AN INTRODUCTION TO AN INTENDED VERSIFICATION OF ONE OF THE TALES
+OF BOCCACCIO.)
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+  The young, fair Spring, is tripping o'er the Earth,
+    With feet that ne'er can know the lag of age;
+  The Earth, her lover, conscious of her worth,
+    Flings down all his rich treasures to engage
+  That blushing wanderer: but she journeys forth
+    Heedless of all his offerings. The hot rage
+  Of love shall scorch his heart in tortures fell,
+  Till Winter comes with many an icicle.
+
+  That loved-one yet is here; and flowers, and songs,
+    And streams--to gush above her own free feet
+  Of stainless ivory,--and countless throngs
+    Of birds are living, her pure soul to greet.
+  And the lone spirit, thoughtfully that longs
+    For a dim view of Eden, from a seat
+  O'erhanging some green valley, now espies
+  Nought that might dread compare with Paradise!
+
+  There is a glory gone forth from on high!--
+    It quickens the heart's beat, whereon it flings
+  Its fervour;--the flushed cheek and glowing eye
+    Confess its influence;--and the many strings,
+  Voiceless too long in the young heart, reply
+    To the mute promptings of a thousand things
+  Which Spring has conjured up;--all, all is hers--
+  That Glory without name--she ministers.
+
+  Now--all the thoughts she wakens in the heart
+    Are glorious Music!--divine Poesy!--
+  Now--all the dreams on Fancy's eyes that start,
+    She will disown not, wayward though they be.
+  Sweet Dreams!--down Lethe's billow they depart--
+    Words are too weak to clothe them worthily.
+  Rich incense, burnt upon some altar stone
+  Censerless,--in a temple--desert--lone!
+
+  What shall we do in these delightful days,
+    When the full, bounding heart, will not be still;--
+  When the glad eye, absorbed in far-sent gaze,
+    Forgets Earth's plenitude of grief and ill;--
+  Shall we dream on, in a bewitching maze
+    Of sweet affections and bold hopes, until
+  Earth is not Earth--but Heaven? or shall we die
+  Hourly, to some "dissolving minstrelsy?"
+
+  Sometimes, when day is dying--when twilight
+    Brings its dim Vigil,--hour of quietness,--
+  'Tis sweet to listen, till the cheated sight
+    Pictures strange shadowings of awfulness,--
+  Some wild, old tale of goblin's ghastly spite,
+    Or antique strain of passionate distress;--
+  And one, which has been wept o'er many a time
+  I seek, to mar, perchance, with feeble rhyme
+
+_May, 1828._
+
+THOMAS M----s.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+EXECUTION AND LAST MOMENTS OF LORD WILLIAM RUSSEL.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+This distinguished patriot and martyr to the cause of liberty was the
+third son of William, the first Duke of Bedford, by a daughter of the
+Earl of Somerset. He refused the generous offer of Lord Cavendish to
+favour his escape, by changing clothes with him in prison; and he also
+declined the Duke of Monmouth's proposal to surrender himself, should
+Lord William Russel think it might contribute to his safety. "It will be
+no advantage to me," he said, "to have my friends die with me." Conjugal
+affection was the feeling that clung to his heart; and when he had taken
+his last farewell of his wife, he said, "The bitterness of death is now
+over." He suffered the sentences of his judges with resignation and
+composure. Some of his expressions (says his biographer) imply much
+good-humour in this last extremity. The day before his execution, he was
+seized with a bleeding at the nose. "I shall not now let blood to divert
+this distemper," said he to Burnet, who was present; "that will be done
+to-morrow." A little before the sheriffs conducted him to the scaffold,
+he wound up his watch. "Now I have done," said he, "with time, and
+henceforth must think solely of eternity." The sad tragedy of the death
+of the virtuous Lord Russel, (says Pennant,) who lost his head in the
+middle of Lincoln's-Inn-Fields, took place on July 21st, 1683. Party
+writers assert that he was brought here in preference to any other spot,
+in order to mortify the citizens with the sight. In fact, it was the
+nearest open space to Newgate, the place of his lordship's confinement.
+Without the least change of countenance, he laid his head on the block,
+and at two strokes it was severed from his body. He was, at the time of
+his death, only forty-two years of age. To his character for probity,
+sincerity, and private worth, even the enemies to his public principles
+bear testimony. At Woburn Abbey is preserved, in gold letters, the
+speech of Lord Russel to the sheriffs, together with the paper delivered
+by his lordship to them at the place of execution.
+
+P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+INDEPENDENCE OF PORTUGAL.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+Portugal was first created into a monarchy on the 27th of July, 1139;
+on which day, Dom Alphonso I., son of Henry, Count of Burgundy, the
+son of Robert, king of France, was proclaimed at Lisbon, after having
+vanquished and slain five Moorish kings in the battle of Campo
+d'Ourique, where he was unanimously chosen as sovereign of Portugal by
+his army. This dignity was confirmed to him by the first assembly of the
+states-general at Lamego. In commemoration of this event, the Portuguese
+arms bear five standards and five escudets.[1] After the unfortunate
+expedition of Dom Sebastian I. to Africa, where he was slain in the
+battle of Alcazar, the crown devolved upon his great uncle, the Cardinal
+Dom Henry, a man of 67 years of age, and who reigned but 17 months.
+At his death there were several claimants for the succession, and the
+kingdom in consequence became the theatre of civil war. Philip II. of
+Spain, the most powerful of these, sent an army, under the Duke of Alba,
+into Portugal, and completed the conquest of the country with little
+opposition. This event took place in the year 1580, and the kingdom of
+Portugal remained under the dominion of Spain until the 1st of December,
+1649, the day on which the Duke of Braganza was proclaimed king with the
+title of Dom Joao IV. Since that time Portugal has maintained its
+independence. For a more detailed account, see L'Abbé Nertot's
+"Revolutions of Portugal."
+
+
+    [Footnote 1: See Succession Chronologica de los Reyes de Portugal.]
+
+
+C.V., A CONSTANT READER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+RECENT EARTHQUAKE IN COLOMBIA.
+
+(_Communicated by a Correspondent to Brande's Journal._)
+
+
+On the 16th of November, 1827, at a quarter past six o'clock in the
+evening, the inhabitants of Bogota, in Colombia, were thrown into the
+greatest consternation and alarm by the severest shock of an earthquake
+which has ever been known to visit that city.
+
+At the moment of its occurrence, a subterraneous noise was very
+distinctly heard, resembling the noise of a carriage passing briskly
+over the pavement, and a white, thin, transparent cloud was seen to hang
+over the city; this cloud has been noticed in Italy, as generally, if
+not always, present, near the volcanic commotions of that country,
+previously, and at the time of these commotions. This cloud is entirely
+unlike any other which I have ever noticed, and resembles a thin gauze
+veil. I noticed it not only upon this occasion, but also in the
+earthquake of June 17th, 1826, in this city.[2]
+
+[Footnote 2: If I may be allowed to offer a conjecture on the cause
+of this singular white veil, or cloud, I can only attribute it to the
+vapour of water which escapes from the earth from the heated mass below,
+and which is condensed on rising into the cold air, and thus rendered
+visible. Bogota, according to my measurement, which corresponds very
+nearly with that of Baron Humboldt, is 9,600 feet above the level of the
+sea, and is distant at least one hundred miles from any known volcano.]
+
+The earthquake took a direction from S.E. to N.W., in which it could
+plainly be traced by the havoc which it made. Its effects on the city
+were partial in the above direction, but every part was convulsed.
+
+The confusion and affliction which such a calamity occasions,
+particularly in a catholic country, can neither be imagined, nor
+described. I was sitting reading in a small house of one story above the
+ground-floor, when the trembling commenced; the table on which my book
+lay, first shook, and almost at the same instant the chair on which
+I sat; I immediately got on my legs, but found much difficulty in
+sustaining myself without holding by some fixture; the house all this
+time rocking to and fro as in a hurricane, but not a breath of air
+stirred. After passing ten or more seconds in this way, I collected my
+reason sufficiently to run down the steps into the street; all this time
+the earth was in motion. When I arrived at the portal of the door, I
+found it impossible to stand without holding very tight by the doorway,
+and many persons fell on their faces. During these moments, part of the
+house adjoining mine fell with a terrible crash, and the street was
+filled with a cloud of dust, out of which emerged a man distorted with
+horror, but who had almost miraculously escaped immolation, without any
+other hurt than what his fright had occasioned. After continuing a
+_minute or more_, the trembling ceased, and nothing could now be heard
+but the cries of the people; with that exception all was still and
+silent, and the stars appeared with all their brilliancy, as if smiling
+at this scene of human distress. Some persons asserted, that there were
+two distinct shocks, but I must confess I felt the earth in motion
+during the whole period of a minute or more; and being situated over the
+direction which the earthquake took, was therefore, better able to judge
+of this than others who were more distant, and particularly as I
+retained my presence of mind. Fortunately for me my house was well
+built, for had it fallen I should inevitably have been buried in the
+ruins. To describe the scene which ensued is difficult; the streets were
+filled with despair; some entirely and others half naked were seen on
+their knees imploring divine protection; no one knew what to do or where
+to fly, for all were in the same consternation and distress. After this
+had a little subsided, the city became soon deserted, and a fresh scene
+presented itself; all those who had horses were seen scampering through
+the streets towards the plain, to elude the terror of another shock;
+others on foot with their beds on their backs; and the sick, wrapped
+up in blankets, were conveyed in arm-chairs, with two sticks passed
+underneath them to form sedan-chairs, and some were conveyed in
+hammocks. This afflicting sight, accompanied by the cries of the
+distressed and the melancholy chant of their progress, was painful in
+the extreme; and hard, indeed, must be that heart who could view it
+with indifference; yet such was the apathy occasioned by terror, that
+scarcely any one offered assistance to his neighbour, and frequently
+neglected his own safety. When all was quiet I went out to examine the
+city. The first thing which attracted my notice was the turret of the
+stately cathedral partly demolished, and the building split and cracked
+in various places; the precious stones, consisting of diamonds,
+emeralds, and topazes, which adorned the interior, were scattered in all
+directions, and many of them broken, particularly a very large emerald
+weighing some ounces. This edifice had but just been repaired from the
+effects of the earthquake in the preceding year, and was, by this last,
+reduced to a tattered ruin. In all the streets which ran in the
+direction of N.W. and S.E., many houses were "levelled with the dust,"
+and others "rent in twain;" and some of the unfortunate inhabitants
+buried beneath their ruins. In all, fourteen persons have lost their
+lives; and the damage done to the city is estimated to be at least six
+millions of dollars, although it did not contain a larger population
+than 30,000 souls. Deserted streets, heaps of ruins, and tottering
+houses, threatening to crush the beholder, give but a faint idea of this
+desolate picture. General Soublette and General Bolivar were both
+present at the last fatal earthquake in Caraccas, and they both assert
+that this, of which I have now given a description, was at least as
+powerful, although the suffering in the town of Caraccas was much
+greater; and they attribute the happy escape of thousands of lives to
+the difference in the construction of houses in the two places. General
+Bolivar, as well as myself and others, were affected with sickness at
+the stomach after the shock. During the night of the earthquake in
+Bogota, on the 16th of November, 1827, tremulous motions of the earth
+were continually felt, and the following day, and every other since; and
+even whilst I am now writing, slight undulating motions are perceptible.
+
+Every person is still in the greatest alarm, dreading a second severe
+shock, which happened last year at the distance of four days from the
+first grand shock; should this happen now, scarcely one stone will
+remain upon another in Bogota.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE DRAUGHTSMAN;[3] OR, HINTS ON LANDSCAPE PAINTING.
+
+
+[Footnote 3: Vide MIRROR, vol. iv. pp 2, 22, 61, 102.]
+
+
+OBSERVATIONS ON, AND RULES FOR, SKETCHING.
+
+
+The following hints, tending to further the tyro's progress in the
+delightful art of drawing, will not I trust prove unacceptable to such
+of your readers as are interested in the subject. For my own use I
+epitomized various directions relative to sketching, when I met with
+them in Gilpin's "Three Essays on Picturesque Beauty," and I shall feel
+particularly happy should my attempt at condensing much artistical
+matter from that interesting volume prove useful to the _amateur_: the
+_professor_ undergoes a regular, severe, but _essential_ course of study
+in that beautiful art, which is to purchase for him fame and emolument;
+but he who takes up his pencil merely for pastime, will do well to
+regulate its movements by a few _rules_, not cumbrous to the memory, and
+of easy application.--It is my intention briefly to state the object of
+Gilpin's first and second essays; from the third I have deduced those
+_rules for sketching_ which appeared most obviously to result from the
+tenour of his observations:--
+
+Essay 1st discusses the difference between _actual_ and _picturesque_
+beauty; _smoothness_ is usually allowed to enter into our ideas of the
+former, but _roughness_, or _ruggedness_ is decidedly _essential_ to the
+latter: for example--The smooth shaven lawn, the neatly turned walk, the
+classic marble portico, &c. &c. are _beautiful_; but the ruined castle,
+the chasmed mountain, the tempestuous ocean, &c. are _picturesque_,
+i.e. with appropriate accompaniments; for, after remarking that the
+sublime and beautiful are, with many persons, the divisions of the
+_picturesque_, our acute observer of nature adds, "sublimity alone
+cannot make an object picturesque," it must in form, colour, or
+accompaniment, have some degree of _beauty_ to render the epithet just.
+"Nothing can be more _sublime_ than the ocean, but wholly unaccompanied
+it has little of the picturesque." It should also be remembered that
+objects of rough and careless contour, as the worn cart-horse, and the
+tattered beggar (neither of them laying claim to an iota of _sublimity_)
+please better in a painting, than the sleekest racer, and the most
+finished belle of the _Magazin des Modes_.[4]
+
+[Footnote 4: It is singular, but almost true to an axiom, that objects
+capable of exciting disgust in their _reality_, confer delight in their
+pictorial _representation_; the interior of some wretched hovel, a sty
+and its inmates, and a boorish revel, will exemplify this. Our pleasure
+in that case arises _perhaps_ not from the objects represented, but from
+the _truth of the representation_. I know not that this paradox has ever
+been solved, and therefore with diffidence offer, that we are rather
+pleased with the _artist_ than his _subject_.]
+
+Essay 2nd treats of travelling, as far as it regards the _picturesque_,
+which is to be sought in natural, and sometimes artificial, objects;
+these will constantly present themselves to the observer under all the
+varieties of light and shadow, and the different combinations of colour,
+form, and accompaniment, sometimes producing whole landscapes, but
+more frequently only beautiful parts of scenery. The _curious_ and
+_fantastic_ forms of nature are not subjects for the pencil,--and the
+draughtsman will endeavour to depict _animate_ as well as inanimate
+objects. The utility and amusement of travelling, are also considered
+in this essay, and hints thrown out for the improvement of barren and
+disagreeable country, by the observation of lights and shadows, tints
+of the season, distances, &c., with a recommendation to supply, if
+possible, every hiatus of nature, by the _imagination_ of all that is
+needed to render her perfectly picturesque. (An ingenious idea; but,
+alas! mountains will not always rise in a marsh, forests wave over a
+sterile heath, nor lakes and rivers adorn a wheat-field. This essay,
+however, is worthy the perusal of travellers even, who never touched
+a pencil.)
+
+Essay 3rd treats of sketching from nature from whence are deduced the
+following
+
+_Rules._
+
+1. Every landscape should have a _leading subject_; a rule too much
+neglected even by superior artists.
+
+2. Get the object, or subject you design to copy, into the _best_ point
+of view.
+
+3. Landscape consists of three general parts:--fore-ground, middle or
+second-ground, and distance; in sketching foreground, it is a good rule
+to have some part of it higher than the rest of the picture. (_Vide_
+Rule the 7th.)
+
+4. Mark the principal parts, (or points) of your landscape on paper,
+that you may more readily ascertain the relative distances and
+situations of the others.
+
+5. Pay attention to the _character_ of your subject; mingle not
+_trivial_ with _grand_ details.
+
+6. One landscape must not be crowded with circumstances sufficient for
+two or more.
+
+7. It is sufficient to give the principal feature of what you essay to
+represent; as a castle, abbey, bridge, &c.; but its accompaniments may
+(and to _make a picture_, should) be often different. The _fore-ground_
+of a drawing _must_ be the artist's own; and it should be ample, since
+an extended distance, and a narrow fore-ground is always awkward and bad
+in a picture--N.B. Taste and observation will direct the student to
+select for his fore-ground, clusters of trees, pieces of rock, or the
+fragments of ruined fabrics, &c., according to the nature of his
+subject.
+
+8. On the accurate observation of _distances_ the beauty of landscape
+depends; be careful therefore to get them correct at your outset, and
+to keep them so, by shading lightly with pen or brush your black-lead
+sketch, (should the parts be complicated,) whilst the view is before
+you, or fresh in your memory.
+
+9. The hand should be accustomed to the touch of various kinds of trees,
+though in a mere _sketch_, little variety is required; the distinction,
+however, between full foliaged, and straggling, branchy trees must be
+preserved, for both are necessary even in a sketch, and the artist
+should therefore be prepared to represent them.
+
+10. The artist must attend to the composition, and the disposition of
+his subject. By the _composition_ may be understood the objects with
+which he composes his view; by the _disposition_, their picturesque and
+tasteful arrangement.
+
+11. Figures, must be such as are appropriate to the scene; thus, history
+in miniature is bad, because a landscape is in itself a subject
+sufficient for the employment both of pencil and eye; therefore
+historical figures in a view, are lost and out of place.
+
+12. Birds may be introduced with good effect, if thrown into proper
+distance; to represent them _near_ is absurd: ruins and sea views are
+the best subjects in which they can appear.
+
+13. _Effect_ is to be produced best, by strong contrasts of _light_ and
+_shade_ both in earth and sky; but the student's taste must determine
+where these shall fall, and though the contrasts should be strong, yet
+_gradation_, in both, must be observed.
+
+14. A predominancy of _shade_ has the best effect; and light, though it
+should not be scattered, must not be drawn, as it were, into one focus.
+
+15. The light, in a picture, is best disposed when the fore-ground is
+in shadow, and it falls in the middle; but this rule is subject to many
+variations. Light should rarely be spread on the distance.[5]
+
+[Footnote 5: Extraordinary and beautiful effects, however, are, by
+superior painters, frequently produced by violating this latter rule.
+The writer would particularly notice the results of light thrown into
+the distance, in stormy sea-views.]
+
+16. It is useful to know, that the shadows of morning are darker than
+those of evening; also, that when objects are in _shadow_, their light
+(as it is then a reflected light,) falls on the opposite side to that on
+which it would come if they were enlightened.
+
+17. The _harmony_ of the whole should be studied; if the piece strikes
+you as defective in this respect, place it at evening in some situation
+where it will not be reached by a strong light, when the misplaced
+lights and shadows will strike you more forcibly than in the glare of
+day.
+
+18. To stain your paper with a slight reddish or yellowish tint, adds to
+the harmony of a sketch, yet it is a mere matter of taste; but, when it
+is desired, it had better be done after the drawing is completed,
+otherwise the colour risks looking patched from the rubber.[6]
+
+[Footnote 6: Coffee has been recommended for this purpose, but delicate
+and pleasing washes or glazings may be produced from burnt sienna,
+yellow ochre, burnt umbre, and lake, in various combinations, and laid
+on extremely attenuated by water.]
+
+19. In _colouring_, the _sky_ gives the _ruling tint_ to the landscape;
+it is absurd to unite a noonday sky, with a landscape of sunset glow.
+
+20. From the three virgin colours, red, blue, and yellow, all the tints
+of nature are composed.[7] There is not in nature a perfect white,
+except snow, and the petals of some flowers.
+
+
+[Footnote 7: The artist, however, cannot produce _his_ tints from those
+simple colours _entirely_, but the advice once given to the writer, by a
+painter, was:--"Never fancy that _many_ colours will effect your object;
+a _few_ well chosen will better succeed, and be more easily managed;
+half-a-dozen would, for _me_, answer every purpose." The student is
+warned against _gaudy colouring_, which, if allowable in _caricatures_
+seen _elsewhere_, reminds one of pedlar's pictures.]
+
+
+21. Sketch nothing but what you can _adorn_, (for the purpose of showing
+to friends, &c.) but do not adorn your first, or _rough_ sketch; _make
+another_, and refer to your _original_ draught, as you would do to the
+view itself, for it contains your _general ideas_--your first and
+freshest, which may be lost by endeavouring to refine and improve upon
+them in the original sketch.[8]
+
+
+[Footnote 8: The old masters are well known to have made carefully _many_
+sketches of the subjects they designed for pictures, ere they dreamt of
+painting compositions that were to last for ever.]
+
+
+22. In adorning your sketch, figures, both animate and inanimate, may
+be introduced, but _sparingly_; touch them slightly, for an attempt at
+_finish_ offends.
+
+I shall take the liberty of adding--endeavour to get a free and flowing
+outline; be not too minute either in detail or finishing; use pen or
+brush for your _rough_ sketch in preference to pencil; you will gain
+confidence, and _correctness_ will be your aim in your _adorned_ copy.
+Finally, study nature, art, and good writers.
+
+M.L.B.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+FINE ARTS.
+
+(_To the Editor of the Mirror._)
+
+
+Sir,--I have made repeated visits this season to the exhibition of the
+works of the old masters at the _British Institution_, for the express
+purpose of presenting you with _a few remarks_ on some of the most
+excellent paintings. As I have strictly adhered to the notes which I
+made at the institution, the accuracy of the subjoined may be depended
+upon:--
+
+
+BRITISH INSTITUTION.
+
+
+The present exhibition consists of the works of the Italian, Spanish,
+Flemish, and Dutch masters. There are one hundred and ninety pictures,
+which have chiefly been contributed to the institution by his Majesty
+and the nobility.
+
+No. 5, _Innocent the Tenth_, by Velasquez, is an uncommon fine portrait;
+it is very boldly executed, combining at the same time a sufficient
+degree of finish and great beauty of colour. His holiness is represented
+in quite a plain habit. The beauties of Guido's pencil will be traced in
+No. 6, _Hippomenes and Atalanta_. Claude, in his _Embarkation of St.
+Paul; Sea Port, Evening, &c._, charms us with his exquisite effects,
+which are so truly natural, that, while we view his representations, we
+may almost fancy ourselves transported to the magnificent scenery of
+Italy. In No. 42, _Titian's Daughter_, are seen the genuine tints
+adopted by the Venetian school of painting. No. 56, _St. Appolonia_,
+by Sebastian del Piombo, is a most admirable specimen of the master.
+No. 74, _Landscape and Cattle_, by Paul Potter, contains all that beauty
+of touch and delicacy of colour which render this famous artist so
+difficult to imitate. There are several very capital pictures by the
+younger Teniers; No. 77, _his own portrait_, and No. 95, _portrait of
+the painter and his son_, are truly excellent; as is No. 94, _Figures
+playing at Bowls_. A remarkable and very forcible effect is found in No.
+93, _The outside of a House with Figures_--painted by De Hooge. Nos.
+121 and 123, _Flowers and Fruit_, by the celebrated Van Huysum, are
+extremely elaborate in their execution. No. 161, _The Battle between
+Constantine and Maxentius_, is a sketch by Rubens, possessing wonderful
+fire and spirit, as well as great mellowness of colour.
+
+Besides the above pictures, there are many beautiful productions by Jan
+Steen, Cuyp, Poussin, Salvator Rosa, Guercino, Domenichino, Murillo,
+Albano, Vandyke, Ruysdael, Houdekoeter, Wouvermans, &c.
+
+G.W.N.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ANCIENT ROMAN FESTIVALS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+JULY.
+
+
+The _Caprotinia_, or feasts of Juno Caprotina, were celebrated on
+the 9th of July, in favour of the female slaves. During this solemnity
+they ran about, beating themselves with their fists and with rods.
+None but women assisted in the sacrifices offered at this feast. Kennet
+says, the origin of this feast, or the famous _Nonae Caprotinae_, or
+_Poplifugium_, is doubly related by Plutarch, according to the two
+common opinions. First, because Romulus disappeared on that day, when
+an assembly being held in the _Palus Capreae_, or _Goats'-Marsh_, on
+a sudden happened a most wonderful tempest, accompanied with terrible
+thunder, and other unusual disorders in the air. The common people fled
+all away to secure themselves; but, after the tempest was over, could
+never find their king. Or, else, from _Caprificus_, a wild fig-tree,
+because, in the Gallic war, a Roman virgin, who was prisoner in the
+enemy's camp, got up into a wild fig-tree, and holding out a lighted
+torch toward the city, gave the Romans a signal to fall on; which they
+did with such good success, as to obtain a considerable victory.
+
+The _Lucaria_ was an ancient feast, solemnized in the woods, where
+the Romans, defeated and pursued by the Gauls, retired and concealed
+themselves; it was held, on the 19th of July, in a wood, between the
+Tyber and the road called Via Salaria.
+
+The feast of _Neptunalia_ was held on the 23rd of July, in honour of
+Neptune.
+
+The _Furinalia_ were feasts instituted in honour of _Furina_, the
+goddess of robbers among the Romans; they took place on the 25th of
+July. This goddess had a temple at Rome, and was served by a particular
+priest, who was one of the fifteen Flamens.[9] Near the temple there was
+a sacred wood, in which Caius Gracchus was killed. Cicero takes her to
+be the same as one of the Furies.
+
+[Footnote 9: Flamen, among the ancient Romans, was a priest or minister
+of sacrifice.]
+
+P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NOTES OF A READER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CAPTAIN POPANILLA'S VOYAGE.
+
+
+Who has not read _Vivian Grey_, in five broad-margined volumes, with
+space enough between each line to allow the indulgence of a nap, when
+the poppy of the author predominated? Affectation, foppery, and conceit,
+have protracted the memoirs of this renowned personage to such an
+extent; but in spite of all that unfashionable critics have said, Vivian
+Grey has just produced a volume under the title of the Voyage of
+_Captain Popanilla_, with as much of the aforesaid qualities as the most
+listless drawing-room or boudoir reader could require. Nevertheless,
+"the voyage" has many touches of wit, humour, and caustic satire, and
+it has the soul and characteristic of wit--_brevity_; for we read the
+volume in little more than an hour; and, although Vivian may regard our
+analysis of his voyage like showing the sun with a lantern, we are
+disposed to venture upon the task for the gratification of our readers.
+
+To say that Popanilla resembles Swift's "Tale of a Tub," or Sir Thomas
+More's "Utopia," would be an advantageous comparison for our modern
+_voyager_, but it would not sufficiently illustrate the character of
+his work, since the latter books are so much less read than talked of.
+Swift wrote "for the universal improvement of mankind," but Popanilla
+publishes for the benefit of the people of England, whom he represents
+as living in a too artificial state. He tells his story as the native
+of an Indian isle, whose men combine "the vivacity of a faun with the
+strength of a Hercules, and the beauty of an Adonis," and whose women
+"magically sprung from the brilliant foam of that ocean, which is
+gradually subsiding before them." This favoured spot he calls the _Isle
+of Fantaisie_, about the shores of which appears a remarkable fish, or
+rather a ship, to the no small terror of the islanders. The ship is
+wrecked, and Popanilla "having in his fright, during the storm, lost a
+lock of hair which, in a moment of glorious favour, he had ravished from
+his fair mistress' brow," is next introduced in search of this precious
+_bijou_. "The favourite of all the women, the envy of all the men, &c.
+&c, and--you know the rest,--Popanilla passed an extremely pleasant
+life. No one was a better judge of wine--no one had a better taste for
+fruit--no one danced with more elegant vivacity--and no one whispered
+compliments in a more meaning tone. What a pity that such an amiable
+fellow should have got into such a scrape!"
+
+Instead of the dear lock, Popanilla finds a chest saved from the wreck,
+and filled with "Useful Knowledge Tracts," books on "the Hamiltonian
+system," &c. which our adventurer, like Faustus and his bible, turns to
+bad account; he falls asleep, is swallowed by a whale, and spouted forth
+again. "The dreamer awoke amidst real chattering, and scuffling, and
+clamour. A troop of green monkeys had been aroused by his unusual
+occupation, and had taken the opportunity of his slumber to become
+acquainted with some of the first principles of science. What progress
+they had made it is difficult to ascertain. It is said, however, that
+some monkeys have been since seen skipping about the island, with their
+tails cut off; and that they have even succeeded in passing themselves
+for human beings among those people who do not read novels, and are
+consequently unacquainted with mankind. As for Popanilla, he took up a
+treatise on hydrostatics, and read it straight through on the spot. For
+the rest of the day he was hydrostatically mad; nor could the commonest
+incident connected with the action or conveyance of water take place,
+without his speculating on its cause and consequence." So much for the
+first steps of "intellect;" now for the "march." Popanilla soon becomes
+a man of science: his wit flies off in tangents, and he tries to prove
+his sovereign a lantern, and himself a sun,[10] by undertaking to
+re-shape all the institutions of Fantaisie. Then follow a string of
+dogmas about utility, &c.; and man being a _developing animal_, till he
+decides that "there is no such thing as Nature; Nature is Art, or Art is
+Nature; that which is most useful is most natural, because utility is
+the test of Nature; therefore, a steam-engine is in fact a much more
+natural production than a mountain." Here, observing a smile upon his
+majesty's countenance, Popanilla tells the king that he is only a chief
+magistrate, and he has no more right to laugh at him than a constable.
+This is "too bad" for the royal mind; Popanilla is cut; rather
+crest-fallen, he sneaks home, and consoles himself for having nobody
+to speak to, by reading some very amusing "Conversations on Political
+Economy." But he sinks to rise again. He obtains many pupils, who had
+no sooner mastered the first principles of science, than they began to
+throw off their retired habits and uncommunicative manners. "Being not
+utterly ignorant of some of the rudiments of knowledge, and consequently
+having completed their education, it was now their duty, as members of
+society, to instruct and not to study; and on all occasions they seized
+opportunities of assisting the spread of knowledge. The voices of boys
+lecturing upon every lecturable topic, resounded in every part of the
+island. Their tones were so shrill, their manners so presuming, their
+knowledge so crude, and their general demeanour so completely unamiable,
+that it was impossible to hear them without the greatest, delight,
+advantage, and admiration." The king at last becomes impregnated with
+the liberal spirit of the age; Popanilla is "sent for" to court; he is
+overpowered with promotion, told that "with the aid of a treatise or
+two," he will make "a consummate naval commander," although he has
+"never been at sea in the whole course of his life," and at length
+thrust into a canoe, with some fresh water, bread, fruit, dried fish,
+and a basket of alligator pears. "Unhappy Popanilla! and all from that
+unlucky lock of hair!" His fright is ludicrously sketched. "Poor fellow!
+how could he know better? He certainly had enjoyed a seat at the
+Admiralty Board of Fantaisie, but then he was a lay-lord." Among his
+discoveries, on the second day, at 25 m. past 3 p.m., though at a
+considerable distance, he saw a mountain and an island: he called the
+first Alligator Mountain, in gratitude to the pears; and christened the
+second after his mistress; but the happy discoverer further found the
+mountain to be a mist, and the island a sea-weed. At length, on the
+third day, after being in a valley formed by two waves, each 3,000 feet
+high, and in as tremendous a tempest as ever raged in Chelsea or
+Battersea-reach, "great, square and solid, black clouds drew off like
+curtains, and revealed to him a magnificent city rising out of the sea.
+Tower and dome, arch, and column, and spire, and obelisk, and lofty
+terraces, and many-windowed palaces, rose in all directions from a mass
+of building, which appeared each instant to grow more huge, till at
+length it seemed to occupy the whole horizon." On his landing he is
+pestered with questions from the natives; but, thanks to the Hamiltonian
+system, "Popanilla, under these circumstances, was more loquacious than
+could have been Capt. Parry." He announces himself as the "most injured
+of human beings;" the women weep, the men shake hands with him, and all
+the boys huzza: he then narrates his ill-fortunes at Fantaisie, not
+forgetting the never-enough-to-be-lamented lock of hair. Other danger
+awaits him, for "to be strangled was not much better than to be starved;
+and certainly with half a dozen highly respectable females clinging
+round his neck, he was not reminded, for the first time in his life,
+what a domestic bowstring is an affectionate woman." He is next joined
+by an "influential personage," who informs him that he is in _Hubbabub_
+(London)--the largest city, not only that exists, but that ever did
+exist, and the capital of the Island of _Vraibleusia_, the most famous
+island, not only that is known, but that ever was known. "He provides
+himself with a purse, and exchanges his money with a banker, who offers
+him during his stay in Vraibleusia, the use of a couple of equipages, a
+villa, an opera box; insists upon sending to his hotel some pineapples
+and very rare wine; and gives him a perpetual ticket to his
+picture-gallery." Popanilla leaves his gold and takes the banker's pink
+shells, for "no genteel person has ever anything else in his pocket."
+Then follow some quips on the shell question (currency), and Mr.
+Secretary Perriwinkle, the most eminent conchologist, and the "debt" of
+the richest nation in the world; although, "a golden pyramid, with a
+base as big as the whole earth and an apex touching the heavens, would
+not supply sufficient metal to satisfy the creditors." "The annual
+interest upon our debt exceeds the whole wealth of the rest of the
+world; therefore we must be the richest nation in the world."
+
+
+[Footnote 10: "What boots it thee to call thyself a sun."]
+
+
+Our traveller being now settled at a splendid hotel in Hubbabub,
+Skindeep, his "gentleman in black," drives him about the city in an
+elegant equipage. The western migrations of fashion are humorously
+sketched, and the architecture of our metropolis comes in for a share
+of the author's banter. "In general, the massy Egyptian appropriately
+graced the attic stories; while the finer and more elaborate
+architecture of Corinth was placed on a level with the eye, so that its
+beauties might be more easily discovered. Spacious colonnades were
+flanked by porticoes, surmounted by domes; nor was the number of columns
+at all limited, for you occasionally met with porticoes of two tiers,
+the lower one of which consisted of three, the higher one of thirty
+columns. Pedestals of the purest Ionic Gothic, were ingeniously mixed
+with Palladian pediments; and the surging spire exquisitely harmonized
+with the horizontal architecture of the ancients. But, perhaps, after
+all, the most charming effect was produced by the pyramids, surmounted
+by weathercocks."
+
+A lively sketch of "the aboriginal inhabitant" introduces some smart
+satire on the agriculturists, and proves that, "between force, and fear,
+and flattery, the Vraibleusians paid for their corn nearly its weight in
+gold; but what did it signify to a nation with so many pink shells."
+Popanilla is next introduced to an eminent bookseller, who craves
+the honour of publishing a narrative of his voyage: he informs the
+"mercantile Mecaenas" that he does not know how to write; who replies
+that "he never had for a moment supposed that so sublime a savage could
+possess such a vulgar accomplishment, and that it was by no means
+difficult for a man to publish his travels without writing a line." This
+is a stale affair; but Popanilla's drinking a dozen of the bookseller's
+wine smacks more of novelty. His voyage is published, and contains a
+detailed account of every thing which took place during the whole of the
+three days, forming a quarto volume! Then we have a shower of squibs on
+_converzazioni_--as dukes imbibing a new theory of gas, a prime-minister
+studying pinmaking, a bishop the escapements of watches, a field-marshal
+intent on essence of hellebore. "But what most delighted Popanilla was
+hearing a lecture from the most eminent lawyer and statesman in
+Vraibleusia, on his first and favourite study of hydrostatics. His
+associations quite overcame him; all Fantaisie rushed upon his memory,
+and he was obliged to retire to a less frequented part of the room,
+to relieve his too excited feelings." The hostess too declares it
+"impossible for mankind ever to be happy and great, until, like
+herself and her friends," her company are "all soul!"
+
+Popanilla is now constituted ambassador from Fantaisie, and goes through
+all the courtly scenes of diplomacy, for which we have not room; but
+their gist will be readily understood among the stars of St. James's,
+especially the authors allusions to Navarino and the late ministry,
+which are in good set terms. The "Aboriginal," too, tells Popanilla
+"some long stories about a person who was chief manager, about five
+hundred years ago, to whom he said he was indebted for all his political
+principles."
+
+During Popanilla's sight-seeing career, he, of course, visits our
+theatres, and a tolerably broad caricature he gives of them. "To sit in
+a huge room hotter than a glass-house, in a posture emulating the most
+sanctified Faquir, with a throbbing head-ache, a breaking back, and
+twisted legs, with a heavy tube held over one eye, and the other
+covered with the unemployed hand, is, in Vraibleusia, called a public
+amusement." In one morning's lionizing, too, he acquires "a general
+knowledge of the chief arts and sciences, eats three hundred sandwiches,
+and tastes as many bottles of sherry."
+
+The frauds and fooleries of the joint stock company mania are, perhaps,
+among the least successful portion of the volume. The "literature" is
+somewhat better, as the establishment of a "Society for the Diffusion of
+Fashionable Knowledge"--its first treatise, Nonchalance--dissertations
+"on leaving cards," "cutting friends," "on bores," &c.--and a new novel
+called "Burlington"--the last a scratch at Popanilla's publisher. The
+"Clubs" are next recommended for those fond of solitude, and their satin
+luxuries humorously quizzed; but "the Colonial System," which follows,
+has more causticity. Popanilla, like all other great foreigners who
+visit England, falls ill; his disorder is "unquestionably nervous;" he
+is to count five between each word he utters, never ask questions, and
+avoid society, and only dine out once a day. This regimen brings on a
+slow fever; but his disorder is neither "liver," nor "nervous," but
+"mind." He next falls in with an Essay on Fruit, from which he learns
+that thousands of the Vraibleusians are dying with dyspepsia from eating
+pine-apples, which are denounced as "stupid, sour, and vulgar."
+
+Popanilla is ordered by his physician to Blunderland, where the women
+are "angelic," and the men "the most light-hearted, merry, obliging,
+entertaining fellows;" and where "instead of knives and forks being
+laid for the guests at dinner, the plates are flanked by daggers and
+pistols." A "row" springs up; "all the guests lay lifeless about the
+room;" "Popanilla rang the bell, and the waiters swept away the dead
+bodies, and brought him a roasted _potato_ for supper." He next enjoys
+the pleasures of the chase, and in revenge for a sharp fire, "burns
+two villages, slays 2 or 300 head of women, and bags children without
+number;" and in the evening Popanilla's powers of digestion are
+improved. He now returns to Vraibleusia, where all are _panic_-struck,
+and his friend, the banker, unlike his "perpetual ticket," has stopped
+payment, and all our traveller's resources. Popanilla consoles him with
+the joke that "things were not quite so bad as they appeared," till they
+get worse, by two gentlemen in blue, with red waistcoats, arresting the
+ambassador for high treason. This completes his "amusements." He fears
+"confined cells, overwhelming fetters, black bread, and green water, in
+the principal gaol in Hubbabub;" but becomes ensconced in Leigh Hunt's
+"elegantly furnished apartment, with French sash-windows and a piano.
+Its lofty walls were entirely hung with a fanciful paper, representing a
+Tuscan vineyard; the ceiling was covered with sky and clouds; roses were
+in abundance; and the windows, though well secured, excited no jarring
+associations in the mind of the individual they illumined, protected as
+they were by polished bars of cut-steel."
+
+"Next to being a plenipotentiary, Popanilla preferred being a prisoner.
+His daily meals consisted of every delicacy in season; a marble bath was
+ever at his service; a billiard-room and dumb-bells always ready; and
+his old friends, the most eminent physician, and the most celebrated
+practitioner in Hubbabub, called upon him daily to feel his pulse and
+look at his tongue. These attentions authorized a hope that he might yet
+again be an ambassador; that his native land might still be discovered,
+and its resources still be developed; but when his gaoler told him that
+the rest of the prisoners were treated in a manner equally indulgent,
+because the Vraibleusians are the most humane people in the world,
+Popanilla's spirits became somewhat depressed."
+
+"He was greatly consoled, however, by a daily visit from a body of the
+most beautiful, the most accomplished, and the most virtuous females
+in Hubbabub, who tasted his food to see that his cook did his duty,
+recommended him a plentiful use of pine-apple well peppered, and made
+him a present of a very handsome shirt, with worked frills and ruffles,
+to be hanged in. This enchanting committee generally confined their
+attentions to murderers, and other victims of the passions, who
+were deserted in their hour of need by the rest of the society they
+had outraged; but Popanilla being a foreigner, a prince, and a
+plenipotentiary, and not ill-looking, naturally attracted a great deal
+of notice from those who desire the amelioration of their species."
+
+"Popanilla was so pleased with his mode of life, and had acquired such a
+taste for poetry, pine-apples, and pepper, since he had ceased to be an
+active member of society, that he applied to have his trial postponed,
+on the ground of the prejudice which had been excited against him by
+the public press. As his trial was at present inconvenient to the
+government, the postponement was allowed on these grounds."
+
+In the meantime, up jumps a public instructor, Flummery Flam, who
+ascribes all the debt and distress to "a slight over-trading," chatters
+about demand, supply, rent, wages, profit, and, as a temporary relief,
+suggests "emigration." "Flummery-Flammism triumphs, and every person,
+from the managers down to the chalk-chewing mechanics, attend lectures
+on that enlightening science."
+
+At length Popanilla's trial comes on; the indictment is read; he is
+accused of stealing 219 camelopards; perceives that he has all the time
+been mistaken for another person: he is, however, detained, on the judge
+of Fort Jobation informing him, that in order to be tried in his court
+for a modern offence of high treason, he must first be introduced by
+fiction of law as a stealer of camelopards, and then being _in praesenti
+regio_, in a manner, the business proceeds by a special power for an
+absolute offence. This flummery is too much; but every body with whom
+Popanilla had conversed while in Vraibleusia is subpoenaed against him:
+the judge is about to sum up, when a trumpet sounds, and a government
+messenger presents a scroll, and informs him, that a remarkably clever
+young man, recently appointed one of the managers, had last night
+consolidated all the edicts into a single act. The judge then
+compliments the young consolidator, compared to whom, he said, Justinian
+was a country attorney. Popanilla is found "not guilty, and kicked out
+of court, amidst the hootings of the mob, without a stain upon his
+reputation." He then falls senseless on the steps of the Asiatic
+club-house, is recovered by the smell of mulligatawney soup, and
+moralizes till he perceives "it is possible for a nation to exist in too
+artificial a state." He then sees the opposite house lit up, and the
+words "Emigration Committee" written on a transparent blind. He enters,
+finds the last Emigration squadron is about to sail in a few minutes; is
+presented with a spade, blanket, and hard biscuit, and quits the port of
+Hubbabub: what became of him will "probably be discovered, if ever we
+obtain 'Popanilla's' second voyage"--and thus shuts to the scene.
+
+Here, gentle reader, you have the Captain's fun and _badinage_ on all
+the wonderful wonders of Hubbabub--_videlicet_ this wonderful town. They
+may serve to while away some of the _ennui_ of this season of roast,
+bake, and broil, or be read aloud during the halt of the "march of
+intellect" men. There are the principal incidents of his voyage; if you
+wish to see them expanded, consult the book itself--that is if you are
+gratified with our abstract--if the reverse, let well alone, lest you
+find it, like ceremony, "a penny-worth of spirit in a glass of water."
+But recollect, Popanilla's adventures have already been published in
+quarto.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Machine for Sharpening Knives at once,_
+
+Consists of a number of steel cylinders grooved transversely, and placed
+on two revolving axes parallel to each other, and so that the bosses and
+recesses of the one fit into those of the other cylinder. Along these
+the knife is drawn, and so is immediately sharpened.--_London Jour. of
+Arts._
+
+
+_Influence of Electricity on the developement of Seeds._
+
+M. Astier has discovered that seeds which are electrified, run through
+the first stages of vegetation more rapidly than others, and that China
+roses submitted to this experiment, produce flowers sooner, and in
+greater abundance.--_From the French._
+
+
+_Botany._
+
+The number of different species of plants which have been described is
+about 50,000; but botanists are generally agreed that probably as many
+still remain undescribed; and, that the number of vegetable species on
+the surface of the earth ought not to be estimated under 100,000. We may
+be struck at the amount of this number; but our astonishment abates when
+we find that our own island, which is but a mere misty speck, compared
+with those broad zones of sunshine, "where the flowers ever brighten,"
+contains about 1,500 native flowering plants. Of those which have been
+described, about 8,000, or nearly one-sixth, belong to the first of
+the two classes, and of these nearly 2,000 are grasses. In cold and
+temperate climates the species of this most interesting and important
+family are comparatively diminutive in size. In our climate, for
+instance, the grasses are somewhat remarkable among vegetables for their
+humble stature, and their inconspicuous appearance; while in the warmer
+regions of the earth, the bamboos and canes, which are species of the
+same family, emulate trees in height and beauty. But what our species
+want in individual magnitude, is far more than compensated by the
+comparative vastness of the number of individuals. In tropical climates,
+one plant may be seen here, and another there, which, in their size,
+astonish an European, when he is told that they belong to the family of
+the grasses; but there he would search in vain for those swards of
+grass, and green meadows, with which almost the whole aspect of his own
+climate is verdant. He might find one plant stately enough to shade him
+from the torrid sun, and to harbour among its boughs many a tropical
+bird with its bright metallic plumage; but he could not find a lea
+covered with lowing herds, or with bleating flocks, on the soft sward of
+which he could lie down, and listen to the lark that sings to him from
+heaven, sending down its clear notes on the first sunbeams of spring.
+It is in temperate climates--in those regions where man has made the
+greatest advances in civilization--where the comforts and conveniences
+of this life are most numerous around him--and the realities of that
+which is to come are most brightly seen above him--that this family
+of plants exists in greatest economic value. It is one of the most
+important in every climate; for it is from one species of grass or other
+that the present numbers of men, as well as the domestic animals that
+serve him, derive their sustenance. The maize or Indian corn of the
+west; the rice of the east; the wheat and other grains of the north;
+equally belong to this tribe of plants.--_Quar. Jour. of Agriculture_
+
+
+_Blight in Fruit Trees._
+
+Whenever you see the branch of a tree blighted, or eaten by insects,
+procure a shoemaker's awl, and pierce the lower extremity of the branch
+into the wood; then pour in two or three drops of crude mercury, (which
+is the quicksilver in common use) and stop up the hole with a small
+stick. In about forty-eight hours, the insects, not only upon that
+branch, but upon all the rest of the tree, will be destroyed, and the
+blights _will immediately_ cease.
+
+G.W.N.
+
+
+_On the Live Stock of Britain, France, &c._
+
+Dupin, in a work lately published, with a view to promote the numbers
+and breeds of the live stock of France, states, that, in Britain, the
+animal power is eleven times as great as the manual power; while in
+France it is only four times as great; hence, French labourers receive
+from animals only a third part of the aid yielded by them in Britain. He
+also states, that Great Britain consumes three times as much meat, milk,
+and cheese, as France. The following is the number of horses for every
+1,000 inhabitants in the countries mentioned. Hanover, 193; Sweden, 145;
+Canton de Vaud, (in Switzerland,) 140; Great Britain, 100; Prussia, (six
+provinces) 95; France, 79. Numbers, however, give a very imperfect idea
+of the relative amount of horse power, the breeds being so various in
+the different countries.
+
+
+_Supposed Nervous System in Plants._
+
+M. Dutrochet, in a volume on the moving powers which act in organized
+bodies, affirms, that there are seen on the walls of the cellular and
+fibrous tissue of vegetables, small semi-transparent globular bodies
+and linear bodies, which become opaque from the action of acids, and
+are rendered transparent by that of alkalies. He considers these small
+bodies as the elements of a diffused nervous system, to the action
+of which he ascribes the movements of plants, arising from what is
+denominated by him the _nervomotility_.--_From the French._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE NOVELIST.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE MARRIAGE LESSON.
+
+
+[We are indebted to the last Number (4) of the _Foreign Quarterly
+Review_ for the following lively nouvelette, from the _Conde Lucanor_ of
+the Infante Don Juan Manuel, written in the beginning of the fourteenth
+century. It has much of the _naďvete_ and light humour peculiar to the
+Spanish novelists, and, to quote the ingenious reviewer, "besides its
+own merit, possesses that of some striking resemblances to Shakspeare's
+_Taming of the Shrew_."]
+
+In a certain town there lived a noble Moor, who had one son, the best
+young man ever known perhaps in the world. He was not, however, wealthy
+enough to enable him to accomplish half the many laudable objects which
+his heart prompted him to undertake; and for this reason he was in great
+perplexity, having the will and not the power. Now in that same town
+dwelt another Moor, far more honoured and rich than the youth's father,
+and he too had an only daughter, who offered a strange contrast to this
+excellent young man, her manners being as violent and bad as his were
+good and pleasing, insomuch that no man liked to think of an union with
+such an infuriate shrew.
+
+Now that good youth one day came to his father, and said, "Father,
+I am well assured that you are not rich enough to support me according
+to what I conceive becoming and honourable. It will, therefore, be
+incumbent upon me to lead a mean and indolent life, or to quit the
+country; so that if it seem good unto you, I should prefer for the best
+to form some marriage alliance, by which I may be enabled to open myself
+a way to higher things." And the father replied, that it would please
+him well if his son should be enabled to marry according to his wishes.
+He then said to his father, that if he thought he should be able to
+manage it, he should be happy to have the only daughter of that good man
+given him in marriage. Hearing this, the father was much surprised, and
+answered, that as he understood the matter, there was not a single man
+whom he knew, how poor soever he might be, who would consent to marry
+such a vixen. And his son replied, that he asked it as a particular
+favour that he would bring about this marriage, and so far insisted,
+that however strange he thought the request, his father gave his
+consent. In consequence, he went directly to seek the good man, with
+whom he was on the most friendly terms, and having acquainted him with
+all that had passed, begged that he would be pleased to bestow his
+daughter's hand upon his son, who had courage enough to marry her. Now
+when the good man heard this proposal from the lips of his best friend,
+he said to him:--"Good God, my friend, if I were to do any such thing, I
+should serve you a very bad turn; for you possess an excellent son, and
+it would be a great piece of treachery on my part, if I were to consent
+to make him so unfortunate, and become accessory to his death. Nay I may
+say worse than death, for better would it be for him to be dead than to
+be married to my daughter! And you must not think that I say thus much
+to oppose your wishes; for as to that matter, I should be well pleased
+to give her to your son, or to any body's son, who would be foolish
+enough to rid my house of her." To this his friend replied, that he
+felt very sensibly the kind motives which led him to speak thus; and
+intreated that, as his son seemed so bent upon the match, he would be
+pleased to give the lady in marriage. He agreed, and accordingly the
+ceremony took place. The bride was brought to her husband's house, and
+it being a custom with the Moors to give the betrothed a supper and to
+set out the feast for them, and then to take leave and return to visit
+them on the ensuing day, the ceremony was performed accordingly.
+However, the fathers and mothers, and all the relations of the bride
+and bridegroom went away with many misgivings, fearing that when they
+returned the ensuing day they should either find the young man dead,
+or in some very bad plight indeed.
+
+So it came to pass, that as soon as the young people were left alone,
+they seated themselves at the table, and before the dreaded bride had
+time to open her lips, the bridegroom, looking behind him, saw stationed
+there his favourite mastiff dog, and he said to him somewhat sharply,
+"Mr. Mastiff, bring us some water for our hands;" and the dog stood
+still, and did not do it. His master then repeated the order more
+fiercely, but the dog stood still as before. His master then leaped up
+in a great passion from the table, and seizing his sword, ran towards
+the mastiff, who, seeing him coming, ran away, leaping over the chairs
+and tables and the fire, trying every place to make his escape, with the
+bridegroom hard in pursuit of him. At length reaching the dog, he smote
+off his head with his sword, then hewed off his legs, and all his body,
+until the whole place was covered with blood. He then resumed his place
+at table, all covered as he was with gore; and soon casting his eyes
+around, he beheld a lap-dog, and commanded him to bring him water for
+his hands, and because he was not obeyed, he said, "How, false traitor!
+see you not the fate of the mastiff, because he would not do as I
+commanded him? I vow, that if you offer to contend one moment with me,
+I will treat thee to the same fare as I did the mastiff;" and when he
+found it was not done, he arose, seized him by the legs, and dashing him
+against the wall, actually beat his brains out, showing even more rage
+than against the poor mastiff. Then in a great passion he returned to
+the table, and cast his eyes about on all sides, while his bride,
+fearful that he had taken leave of his senses, ventured not to utter
+a word. At length he fixed his eyes upon his horse that was standing
+before the door, though he had only that one; and he commanded him to
+bring him water, which the horse did not do. "How now, Mr. Horse," cried
+the husband, "do you imagine, because I have only you, that I shall
+suffer you to live, and not do as I command you! No! I will inflict as
+hard a death upon you as upon the others; yea, there is no living thing
+I have in the world which I will spare, if I be not obeyed." But the
+horse stood where he was, and his master approaching with the greatest
+rage, smote off his head, and cut him to pieces with his sword. And when
+his wife saw that he had actually killed his horse, having no other, and
+heard him declare he would do the same to any creature that ventured to
+disobey him, she found that he had by no means done it by way of jest,
+and took such an alarm, that she hardly knew if she were dead or alive.
+For all covered with gore as he was, he again seated himself at table,
+swearing that though he had a thousand horses or wives, or servants,
+if they refused to do his behest, he would kill them all; and he again
+began to look around him, holding his sword in his hand. And after he
+had looked well round him, and found no living thing near him, he turned
+his eyes fiercely towards his wife, and said in a great passion, "Get
+up, and bring me some water to wash my hands!" and his wife, expecting
+nothing less than to be cut to pieces, rose in a great hurry, and giving
+him water for his hands, said to him, "Ah, how I ought to return thanks
+to God, who inspired you with the thought of doing as you have done! for
+otherwise, owing to the wrong treatment of my foolish friends, I should
+have behaved the same to you as to them." Afterwards he commanded her to
+help him to something to eat, and that in such a tone, that she felt as
+if her head were on the point of dropping off upon the floor; so that in
+this way was the understanding between them settled during that night,
+and she never spoke, but only did every thing which he required her to
+do. After they had reposed some time, her husband said, "The passion I
+have been put into this night hinders me from sleeping; get up, and see
+that nobody comes to disturb me, and prepare for me something well
+cooked to eat."
+
+When it came full day, and the fathers, mothers, and other relatives
+arrived at the door, they all listened, and hearing no one speak, at
+first concluded that the unfortunate man was either dead, or mortally
+wounded by his ferocious bride. In this they were the more confirmed
+when they saw the bride standing at the door, and the bridegroom not
+there. But when the lady saw them advancing, she walked gently on tiptoe
+towards them, and whispered, "False friends, as you are, how dared you
+to come up to the door in that way, or to say a word! Be silent! as you
+value your lives, and mine also." And when they were all made acquainted
+with what she said, they greatly wondered; but when they learnt all that
+had passed during the night, their wonder was changed into admiration
+of the young man, for having so well known how to manage what concerned
+him, and to maintain order in his house. And from that day forth,
+so excellently was his wife governed, and well-conditioned in every
+respect, that they led a very pleasant life together. Such, indeed, was
+the good example set by the son-in-law, that a few days afterwards the
+father-in-law, desirous of the same happy change in his household, also
+killed a horse; but his wife only said to him, "By my faith, Don Fulano,
+you have thought of this plan somewhat too late in the day; we are now
+too well acquainted with each other."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SUMMER MORNING LANDSCAPE.--DELTA.
+
+
+  The eyelids of the morning are awake;
+  The dews are disappearing from the grass;
+  The sun is o'er the mountains; and the trees,
+  Moveless, are stretching through the blue of heaven,
+  Exuberantly green. All noiseless
+  The shadows of the twilight fleet away,
+  And draw their misty legion to the west,
+  Seen for awhile, 'mid the salubrious air,
+  Suspended in the silent atmosphere,
+  As in Medina's mosque Mahomet's tomb,--
+  Up from the coppice, on exulting wing,
+  Mounts, mounts the skylark through the clouds of dawn,--
+  The clouds, whose snow-white canopy is spread
+  Athwart, yet hiding not, at intervals,
+  The azure beauty of the summer sky;
+  And, at far distance heard, a bodiless note
+  Pours down, as if from cherub stray'd from Heaven!
+
+  Maternal Nature! all thy sights and sounds
+  Now breathe repose, and peace, and harmony.
+  The lake's unruffled bosom, cold and clear,
+  Expands beneath me, like a silver veil
+  Thrown o'er the level of subjacent fields,
+  Revealing, on its conscious countenance,
+  The shadows of the clouds that float above:--
+  Upon its central stone the heron sits
+  Stirless,--as in the wave its counterpart,--
+  Looking, with quiet eye, towards the shore
+  Of dark-green copse-wood, dark, save, here and there,
+  Where spangled with the broom's bright aureate flowers.--
+  The blue-winged sea-gull, sailing placidly
+  Above his landward haunts, dips down alert
+  His plumage in the waters, and, anon,
+  With quicken'd wing, in silence re-ascends.--
+  Whence comest thou, lone pilgrim of the wild?
+  Whence wanderest thou, lone Arab of the air?
+  Where makest thou thy dwelling-place? Afar,
+  O'er inland pastures, from the herbless rock,
+  Amid the weltering ocean, thou dost hold,
+  At early sunrise, thy unguided way,--
+  The visitants of Nature's varied realms,--
+  The habitant of Ocean, Earth, and Air,--
+  Sailing with sportive breast, mid wind and wave,
+  And, when the sober evening draws around
+  Her curtains, clasp'd together by her Star,
+  Returning to the sea-rock's breezy peak.
+
+  And now the wood engirds me, the tall stems
+  Of birch and beech tree hemming me around,
+  Like pillars of some natural temple vast;
+  And, here and there, some giant pines ascend,
+  Briareus-like, amid the stirless air,
+  High stretching; like a good man's virtuous thoughts
+  Forsaking earth for heaven. The cushat stands
+  Amid the topmost boughs, with azure vest,
+  And neck aslant, listening the amorous coo
+  Of her, his mate, who, with maternal wing
+  Wide-spread, sits brooding on opponent tree.
+  Why, from the rank grass underneath my feet,
+  Aside on ruffled pinion dost thou start,
+  Sweet minstrel of the morn? Behold her nest,
+  Thatch'd o'er with cunning skill, and there, her young
+  With sparkling eye, and thin-fledged russet wing;
+  Younglings of air! probationers of song!
+  From lurking dangers may ye rest secure,
+  Secure from prowling weazel, or the tread
+  Of steed incautious, wandering 'mid the flowers?
+  Secure beneath the fostering care of her
+  Who warm'd you into life, and gave you birth;
+  Till, plumed and strong unto the buoyant air,
+  Ye spread your equal wings, and to the morn,
+  Lifting your freckled bosoms, dew-besprent,
+  Salute with spirit-stirring song, the man
+  Wayfaring lonely. Hark! the striderous neigh!
+  There, o'er his dogrose fence, the chestnut foal,
+  Shaking his silver forelock, proudly stands,--
+  To snuff the balmy fragrance of the morn:--
+  Up comes his ebon compeer, and, anon,
+  Around the field in mimic chase they fly,
+  Startling the echoes of the woodland gloom.
+  Farewell, ye placid scenes! amid the land
+  Ye smile, an inland solitude: the voice
+  Of peace-destroying man is seldom heard
+  Amid your landscapes. Beautiful ye raise
+  Your green embowering groves, and smoothly spread
+  Your waters, glistening in a silver sheet.
+  The morning is a season of delight--
+  The morning is the self-possession'd hour--
+  'Tis then that feelings, sunk, but unsubdued,
+  Feelings of purer thoughts, and happier days,
+  Awake, and, like the sceptred images
+  Of Banquo's mirror, in succession pass!
+
+  And, first of all, and fairest, thou dost pass
+  In Memory's eye, beloved! though now afar
+  From those sweet vales, where we have often roam'd
+  Together. Do thy blue eyes now survey
+  The brightness of the morn in other scenes?
+  Other, but haply beautiful as these,
+  Which now I gaze on; but which, wanting thee,
+  Want half their charms, for, to thy poet's thought,
+  More deeply glow'd the heaven, when thy fine eye,
+  Surveying its grand arch, all kindling glow'd;
+  The white cloud to thy white brow was a foil;
+  And, by the soft tints of thy cheek outvied,
+  The dew-bent wild-rose droop'd despairingly.
+
+_Blackwood's Mag._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+  "A snapper-up of unconsidered trifles."
+SHAKSPEARE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CHANGING COIN.
+
+
+Judge Gould married his daughter to Lord Cavan. A gentleman asking what
+fortune, was answered, "it was all in _Gould_, and his lordship changed
+it the first day."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+VOLTAIRE.
+
+
+Voltaire said of a traveller, who made too long a stay with him at
+Ferney, "Don Quixote took inns for castles, but Mr. ---- takes castles
+for inns."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ABROAD AND AT HOME.
+
+
+The English abroad can never get to look as if they were at home. The
+Irish and Scotch, after being some time in a place, get the air of the
+natives; but an Englishman, in any foreign court, looks about him as if
+he was going to steal a tankard.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PARODY OF THE FIRST SONG IN THE BEGGAR'S OPERA.
+
+
+  Through all the odd noses in vogue,
+    Each nose is turn'd up at its brother;
+  Broad and blunt they call platter and pug,
+    And thus they take snuff at each other.
+
+  The short calls the long nose a snout,
+    The long calls the short nose a snub;
+  And the bottle nose being so stout,
+    Thinks every sharp one a scrub.
+
+T.H.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+GARRICK AND STERNE.
+
+
+Sterne, who used his wife very ill, was one day talking to Garrick in a
+fine sentimental manner, in praise of conjugal love and fidelity. "The
+husband," said Sterne, "who behaves unkindly to his wife, deserves to
+have his house burnt over his head." "If you think so," said Garrick,
+"I hope _your_ house is insured."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+UNPALATABLE IMPROVEMENT.
+
+
+Wilkes attended a city dinner, not long after his promotion to city
+honours. Among the guests was a noisy, vulgar deputy, a great glutton,
+who, on his entering the dinner-room, always with great deliberation
+took off his wig, suspended it on a pin, and with due solemnity put on
+a white cotton night-cap. Wilkes, who was a high bred man, and never
+accustomed to similar exhibitions, could not take his eyes from so
+strange and novel a picture. At length the deputy walked up to Wilkes,
+and asked him whether he did not think that his night-cap became him?
+"Oh! yes, Sir," replied Wilkes, "but it would look much better if it
+was pulled quite over your face."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CHARMS OF A DUEL.
+
+
+  It has a strange quick jar upon the ear,
+    That cocking of a pistol, when you know
+  A moment more will bring the sight to bear
+    Upon your person, twelve yards off, or so,
+  A gentlemanly distance, not too near,
+    If you have got a former friend for foe;
+  But after being fired at once or twice,
+  The ear becomes more Irish, and less nice.
+
+BYRON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WESTMINSTER HALL.
+
+
+A peasant newly arrived in London, asked what building was that,
+pointing to where the law courts are held. "It is a mill," said an
+attorney, to quiz the bumpkin. "I thought as much," replied the
+countryman, "for I see a good many asses at the door with sacks."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+OUT OF DEBT.
+
+
+  You say you nothing owe, and so I say,
+  He only owes who something has--to pay.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NEWSPAPER LIBELS.
+
+
+Writers in some journals, like rope-dancers, to engage the public
+attention, must venture their necks every step that they take. The
+pleasure people feel, arises from the risk that they run.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House), London: and published by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market,
+Liepsic; and sold by all Newsmen and Booksellers_.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT,
+AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 12, ISSUE 322, JULY 12, 1828***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 11362-8.txt or 11362-8.zip *******
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+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 12, Issue 322, July 12, 1828, by Various</title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+    /*<![CDATA[*/
+    <!--
+    body                 {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;}
+    p                    {text-align: justify;}
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+    pre                  {font-size: 0.7em;}
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+
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+
+    span.pagenum         {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt;}
+
+    .poem                {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;}
+    .poem .stanza        {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;}
+    .poem p              {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem p.i2           {margin-left: 1em;}
+
+    .figure              {padding: 1em; margin: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em; margin: auto;}
+    .figure img          {border: none;}
+    .figure p
+	a:link {color:blue;
+			text-decoration:none}
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+			text-decoration:none}
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+<body>
+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 12, Issue 322, July 12, 1828, by Various</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 12, Issue 322, July 12, 1828</p>
+<p>Author: Various</p>
+<p>Release Date: February 28, 2004  [eBook #11362]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: iso-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 12, ISSUE 322, JULY 12, 1828***</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+<center><b>E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Chew-Hung Lee, David Garcia,<br />
+           and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team</b></center>
+<br />
+<br />
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a id="page17" name="page17"></a>[pg
+    17]</span>
+    <h1>
+      THE MIRROR<br />
+       OF<br />
+       LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+    </h1>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <table width="100%" summary="Banner">
+      <tr>
+        <td align="left">
+          <b>VOL. XII, NO. 322.]</b>
+        </td>
+        <td align="center">
+          <b>SATURDAY, JULY 12, 1828.</b>
+        </td>
+        <td align="right">
+          <b>[PRICE 2d.</b>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <h2>
+      CLARENCE TERRACE, REGENT'S PARK.
+    </h2>
+    <div class="figure" style="width: 100%;">
+      <a href="images/322-1.png"><img width="100%"
+      src="images/322-1.png"
+      alt="Clarence Terrace, Regent's Park." /></a>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a id="page18" name="page18"></a>[pg
+      18]</span>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      CLARENCE TERRACE,
+    </h3>
+    <center>
+      REGENT'S PARK.
+    </center>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          O mortal man, who livest here,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Do not complain of this thy hard estate.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      <i>Thomson's Castle of Indolence.</i>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The annexed continuation of our illustrated ramble in the
+      Regent's Park is named <i>Clarence Terrace</i>, in compliment
+      to the illustrious Lord High Admiral of England. It consists
+      of a centre and two wings, of the Corinthian order, connected
+      by colonnades of the Ilyssus Ionic order, and altogether
+      presents a picturesque display of Grecian architecture. The
+      three stories are a rusticated entrance, or basement; and a
+      Corinthian drawing-room and chamber story; surmounted with an
+      elegant entablature and balustrade. In the details, the
+      spectator cannot fail to admire the boldness and richness of
+      the columns supporting the pediment in the centre, and the
+      classic beauty of the pilasters which decorate the wings.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <i>Clarence Terrace</i> is from the designs of Mr. Decimus
+      Burton, to whose ingenious pencil we are indebted for some of
+      the splendid architectural combinations in this district. The
+      present terrace is, we believe, the smallest in the park, but
+      yields to none in picturesque effect and harmonious design;
+      and the variety of its composition renders it one of the most
+      attractive illustrations of our series. It is likewise worthy
+      of remark, that this portion of the Regent's Park, from its
+      natural beauties, is entitled to the first-rate embellishment
+      of art, inasmuch as the basement of Clarence Terrace commands
+      a "living picture" of extraordinary luxuriance; and from the
+      drawing-room windows the lake may be seen studded with little
+      islands, and environed with lawny slopes and unusual
+      park-like vegetation:
+    </p>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          With Nature the creating pencil vies
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          With Nature joyous at the mimic strife.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      We have already indulged our fancy in anticipations of the
+      future splendour of the Regent's Park. As yet, art triumphs,
+      and here the lordlings of wealth may enjoy <i>otium cum
+      dignitate</i>: but in a few years Nature may enable this
+      domain to vie with Daphne of old, and become to London what
+      Daphne was to Antioch, whose voluptuousness and luxury are
+      perpetuated in history. But the beginnings of such triumphs
+      furnish more pleasing reflections than their decline.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Clarence Terrace is on the western side of the park, and
+      adjoins Sussex Place, whose cupola tops were the signals for
+      critical censure and ridicule among the first structures in
+      this quarter. The artists have, however, profited by the
+      lesson, and the architecture of the Regent's Park bids fair
+      to rank among the proudest successes of art.
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      ORIGIN OF PARISHES.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      (<i>For the Mirror.</i>)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      How ancient the division of parishes is, may at present be
+      difficult to ascertain. Mr. Camden says, England was divided
+      into parishes by Archbishop Honorius, about the year 630. Sir
+      Henry Hobart lays it down, that parishes were first erected
+      by the council of Lateran, which was held A.D. 1179. Each
+      widely differs from the other, and both of them perhaps from
+      the truth, which will probably be found in the medium,
+      between the two extremes. We find the distinction of
+      parishes, nay, even of mother churches, so early as in the
+      laws of King Edgar, about the year 970. The civil division of
+      England into counties, of counties into hundreds, of hundreds
+      into tithings, or towns, as it now stands, seems to owe its
+      original to King Alfred; who, to prevent the rapines and
+      disorders which formerly prevailed in the realm, instituted
+      tithings; so called, from the Saxon, because ten freeholders
+      with their families composed one. These all dwelt together,
+      and were sureties, or free-pledges to the king for the good
+      behaviour of each other; and if any offence were committed in
+      their district, they were bound to have the offender
+      forthcoming. And therefore, anciently, no man was suffered to
+      abide in England above forty days, unless he were enrolled in
+      some tithing or decennary. As ten families of freeholders
+      made up a tithing, so ten tithings composed a superior
+      division, called a hundred. In some of the more northern
+      counties these hundreds are called wapentakes. The
+      sub-division of hundreds into tithings seems to be most
+      peculiarly the invention of Alfred; the institution of
+      hundreds themselves he rather introduced than invented, for
+      they seem to have obtained in Denmark; and we find that in
+      France a regulation of this sort was made above 200 years
+      before; set on foot by Clotharicus and Childebert, with a
+      view of obliging each district to answer for the robberies
+      committed in its own division. In some counties there is an
+      intermediate division between the shire and the hundred, as
+      lathes in Kent, and rapes in Sussex, each of them containing
+      about three or four hundreds a-piece. Where a county is
+      divided into three of these intermediate jurisdictions, they
+      are called trithings, which still subsist in the large county
+      of York, where, by an easy corruption, they are denominated
+      ridings; the north, the east, and the west.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      J.M. C&mdash;&mdash;D.
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <p>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a id="page19" name="page19"></a>[pg
+      19]</span>
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      STANZAS,
+    </h3>
+    <center>
+      (BEING AN INTRODUCTION TO AN INTENDED VERSIFICATION OF ONE OF
+      THE TALES OF BOCCACCIO.)
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      (<i>For the Mirror.</i>)
+    </p>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          The young, fair Spring, is tripping o'er the Earth,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          With feet that ne'er can know the lag of age;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The Earth, her lover, conscious of her worth,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Flings down all his rich treasures to engage
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          That blushing wanderer: but she journeys forth
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Heedless of all his offerings. The hot rage
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Of love shall scorch his heart in tortures fell,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Till Winter comes with many an icicle.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          That loved-one yet is here; and flowers, and songs,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          And streams&mdash;to gush above her own free feet
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Of stainless ivory,&mdash;and countless throngs
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Of birds are living, her pure soul to greet.
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          And the lone spirit, thoughtfully that longs
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          For a dim view of Eden, from a seat
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          O'erhanging some green valley, now espies
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Nought that might dread compare with Paradise!
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          There is a glory gone forth from on high!&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          It quickens the heart's beat, whereon it flings
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Its fervour;&mdash;the flushed cheek and glowing eye
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Confess its influence;&mdash;and the many strings,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Voiceless too long in the young heart, reply
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          To the mute promptings of a thousand things
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Which Spring has conjured up;&mdash;all, all is
+          hers&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          That Glory without name&mdash;she ministers.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          Now&mdash;all the thoughts she wakens in the heart
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Are glorious Music!&mdash;divine Poesy!&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Now&mdash;all the dreams on Fancy's eyes that start,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          She will disown not, wayward though they be.
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Sweet Dreams!&mdash;down Lethe's billow they
+          depart&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Words are too weak to clothe them worthily.
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Rich incense, burnt upon some altar stone
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Censerless,&mdash;in a temple&mdash;desert&mdash;lone!
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          What shall we do in these delightful days,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          When the full, bounding heart, will not be still;&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          When the glad eye, absorbed in far-sent gaze,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Forgets Earth's plenitude of grief and ill;&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Shall we dream on, in a bewitching maze
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Of sweet affections and bold hopes, until
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Earth is not Earth&mdash;but Heaven? or shall we die
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Hourly, to some "dissolving minstrelsy?"
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          Sometimes, when day is dying&mdash;when twilight
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Brings its dim Vigil,&mdash;hour of quietness,&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          'Tis sweet to listen, till the cheated sight
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Pictures strange shadowings of awfulness,&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Some wild, old tale of goblin's ghastly spite,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Or antique strain of passionate distress;&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          And one, which has been wept o'er many a time
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          I seek, to mar, perchance, with feeble rhyme
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      <i>May, 1828.</i>
+    </p>
+    <h4>
+      THOMAS M&mdash;&mdash;s.
+    </h4>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      EXECUTION AND LAST MOMENTS OF LORD WILLIAM RUSSEL.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      (<i>For the Mirror.</i>)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This distinguished patriot and martyr to the cause of liberty
+      was the third son of William, the first Duke of Bedford, by a
+      daughter of the Earl of Somerset. He refused the generous
+      offer of Lord Cavendish to favour his escape, by changing
+      clothes with him in prison; and he also declined the Duke of
+      Monmouth's proposal to surrender himself, should Lord William
+      Russel think it might contribute to his safety. "It will be
+      no advantage to me," he said, "to have my friends die with
+      me." Conjugal affection was the feeling that clung to his
+      heart; and when he had taken his last farewell of his wife,
+      he said, "The bitterness of death is now over." He suffered
+      the sentences of his judges with resignation and composure.
+      Some of his expressions (says his biographer) imply much
+      good-humour in this last extremity. The day before his
+      execution, he was seized with a bleeding at the nose. "I
+      shall not now let blood to divert this distemper," said he to
+      Burnet, who was present; "that will be done to-morrow." A
+      little before the sheriffs conducted him to the scaffold, he
+      wound up his watch. "Now I have done," said he, "with time,
+      and henceforth must think solely of eternity." The sad
+      tragedy of the death of the virtuous Lord Russel, (says
+      Pennant,) who lost his head in the middle of
+      Lincoln's-Inn-Fields, took place on July 21st, 1683. Party
+      writers assert that he was brought here in preference to any
+      other spot, in order to mortify the citizens with the sight.
+      In fact, it was the nearest open space to Newgate, the place
+      of his lordship's confinement. Without the least change of
+      countenance, he laid his head on the block, and at two
+      strokes it was severed from his body. He was, at the time of
+      his death, only forty-two years of age. To his character for
+      probity, sincerity, and private worth, even the enemies to
+      his public principles bear testimony. At Woburn Abbey is
+      preserved, in gold letters, the speech of Lord Russel to the
+      sheriffs, together with the paper delivered by his lordship
+      to them at the place of execution.
+    </p>
+    <h4>
+      P.T.W.
+    </h4>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      INDEPENDENCE OF PORTUGAL.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      (<i>For the Mirror.</i>)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Portugal was first created into a monarchy on the 27th of
+      July, 1139; on which day, Dom Alphonso I., son of Henry,
+      Count of Burgundy, the son of Robert, king of France, was
+      proclaimed at Lisbon, after having vanquished and slain five
+      Moorish kings in the battle of Campo d'Ourique, where he was
+      unanimously chosen as sovereign of Portugal by his army. This
+      dignity was confirmed to him by the first assembly of the
+      states-general <span class="pagenum"><a id="page20"
+      name="page20"></a>[pg 20]</span> at Lamego. In commemoration
+      of this event, the Portuguese arms bear five standards and
+      five escudets.<a id="footnotetag1"
+      name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a>
+      After the unfortunate expedition of Dom Sebastian I. to
+      Africa, where he was slain in the battle of Alcazar, the
+      crown devolved upon his great uncle, the Cardinal Dom Henry,
+      a man of 67 years of age, and who reigned but 17 months. At
+      his death there were several claimants for the succession,
+      and the kingdom in consequence became the theatre of civil
+      war. Philip II. of Spain, the most powerful of these, sent an
+      army, under the Duke of Alba, into Portugal, and completed
+      the conquest of the country with little opposition. This
+      event took place in the year 1580, and the kingdom of
+      Portugal remained under the dominion of Spain until the 1st
+      of December, 1649, the day on which the Duke of Braganza was
+      proclaimed king with the title of Dom Joao IV. Since that
+      time Portugal has maintained its independence. For a more
+      detailed account, see L'Abb&eacute; Nertot's "Revolutions of
+      Portugal."
+    </p>
+    <h4>
+      C.V., A CONSTANT READER.
+    </h4>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      RECENT EARTHQUAKE IN COLOMBIA.
+    </h3>
+    <center>
+      (<i>Communicated by a Correspondent to Brande's Journal.</i>)
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      On the 16th of November, 1827, at a quarter past six o'clock
+      in the evening, the inhabitants of Bogota, in Colombia, were
+      thrown into the greatest consternation and alarm by the
+      severest shock of an earthquake which has ever been known to
+      visit that city.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At the moment of its occurrence, a subterraneous noise was
+      very distinctly heard, resembling the noise of a carriage
+      passing briskly over the pavement, and a white, thin,
+      transparent cloud was seen to hang over the city; this cloud
+      has been noticed in Italy, as generally, if not always,
+      present, near the volcanic commotions of that country,
+      previously, and at the time of these commotions. This cloud
+      is entirely unlike any other which I have ever noticed, and
+      resembles a thin gauze veil. I noticed it not only upon this
+      occasion, but also in the earthquake of June 17th, 1826, in
+      this city.<a id="footnotetag2"
+      name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The earthquake took a direction from S.E. to N.W., in which
+      it could plainly be traced by the havoc which it made. Its
+      effects on the city were partial in the above direction, but
+      every part was convulsed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The confusion and affliction which such a calamity occasions,
+      particularly in a catholic country, can neither be imagined,
+      nor described. I was sitting reading in a small house of one
+      story above the ground-floor, when the trembling commenced;
+      the table on which my book lay, first shook, and almost at
+      the same instant the chair on which I sat; I immediately got
+      on my legs, but found much difficulty in sustaining myself
+      without holding by some fixture; the house all this time
+      rocking to and fro as in a hurricane, but not a breath of air
+      stirred. After passing ten or more seconds in this way, I
+      collected my reason sufficiently to run down the steps into
+      the street; all this time the earth was in motion. When I
+      arrived at the portal of the door, I found it impossible to
+      stand without holding very tight by the doorway, and many
+      persons fell on their faces. During these moments, part of
+      the house adjoining mine fell with a terrible crash, and the
+      street was filled with a cloud of dust, out of which emerged
+      a man distorted with horror, but who had almost miraculously
+      escaped immolation, without any other hurt than what his
+      fright had occasioned. After continuing a <i>minute or
+      more</i>, the trembling ceased, and nothing could now be
+      heard but the cries of the people; with that exception all
+      was still and silent, and the stars appeared with all their
+      brilliancy, as if smiling at this scene of human distress.
+      Some persons asserted, that there were two distinct shocks,
+      but I must confess I felt the earth in motion during the
+      whole period of a minute or more; and being situated over the
+      direction which the earthquake took, was therefore, better
+      able to judge of this than others who were more distant, and
+      particularly as I retained my presence of mind. Fortunately
+      for me my house was well built, for had it fallen I should
+      inevitably have been buried in the ruins. To describe the
+      scene which ensued is difficult; the streets were filled with
+      despair; some entirely and others half naked were seen on
+      their knees imploring divine protection; no one knew what to
+      do or where to fly, for all were in the same consternation
+      and distress. After this had a little subsided, the city
+      became soon deserted, and a fresh scene presented itself; all
+      those who had horses were seen scampering through the streets
+      towards the plain, to elude the terror of another shock;
+      others on foot <span class="pagenum"><a id="page21"
+      name="page21"></a>[pg 21]</span> with their beds on their
+      backs; and the sick, wrapped up in blankets, were conveyed in
+      arm-chairs, with two sticks passed underneath them to form
+      sedan-chairs, and some were conveyed in hammocks. This
+      afflicting sight, accompanied by the cries of the distressed
+      and the melancholy chant of their progress, was painful in
+      the extreme; and hard, indeed, must be that heart who could
+      view it with indifference; yet such was the apathy occasioned
+      by terror, that scarcely any one offered assistance to his
+      neighbour, and frequently neglected his own safety. When all
+      was quiet I went out to examine the city. The first thing
+      which attracted my notice was the turret of the stately
+      cathedral partly demolished, and the building split and
+      cracked in various places; the precious stones, consisting of
+      diamonds, emeralds, and topazes, which adorned the interior,
+      were scattered in all directions, and many of them broken,
+      particularly a very large emerald weighing some ounces. This
+      edifice had but just been repaired from the effects of the
+      earthquake in the preceding year, and was, by this last,
+      reduced to a tattered ruin. In all the streets which ran in
+      the direction of N.W. and S.E., many houses were "levelled
+      with the dust," and others "rent in twain;" and some of the
+      unfortunate inhabitants buried beneath their ruins. In all,
+      fourteen persons have lost their lives; and the damage done
+      to the city is estimated to be at least six millions of
+      dollars, although it did not contain a larger population than
+      30,000 souls. Deserted streets, heaps of ruins, and tottering
+      houses, threatening to crush the beholder, give but a faint
+      idea of this desolate picture. General Soublette and General
+      Bolivar were both present at the last fatal earthquake in
+      Caraccas, and they both assert that this, of which I have now
+      given a description, was at least as powerful, although the
+      suffering in the town of Caraccas was much greater; and they
+      attribute the happy escape of thousands of lives to the
+      difference in the construction of houses in the two places.
+      General Bolivar, as well as myself and others, were affected
+      with sickness at the stomach after the shock. During the
+      night of the earthquake in Bogota, on the 16th of November,
+      1827, tremulous motions of the earth were continually felt,
+      and the following day, and every other since; and even whilst
+      I am now writing, slight undulating motions are perceptible.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Every person is still in the greatest alarm, dreading a
+      second severe shock, which happened last year at the distance
+      of four days from the first grand shock; should this happen
+      now, scarcely one stone will remain upon another in Bogota.
+    </p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <h2>
+      THE DRAUGHTSMAN;<a id="footnotetag3"
+      name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a>
+      OR, HINTS ON LANDSCAPE PAINTING.
+    </h2>
+    <h3>
+      OBSERVATIONS ON, AND RULES FOR, SKETCHING.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The following hints, tending to further the tyro's progress
+      in the delightful art of drawing, will not I trust prove
+      unacceptable to such of your readers as are interested in the
+      subject. For my own use I epitomized various directions
+      relative to sketching, when I met with them in Gilpin's
+      "Three Essays on Picturesque Beauty," and I shall feel
+      particularly happy should my attempt at condensing much
+      artistical matter from that interesting volume prove useful
+      to the <i>amateur</i>: the <i>professor</i> undergoes a
+      regular, severe, but <i>essential</i> course of study in that
+      beautiful art, which is to purchase for him fame and
+      emolument; but he who takes up his pencil merely for pastime,
+      will do well to regulate its movements by a few <i>rules</i>,
+      not cumbrous to the memory, and of easy application.&mdash;It
+      is my intention briefly to state the object of Gilpin's first
+      and second essays; from the third I have deduced those
+      <i>rules for sketching</i> which appeared most obviously to
+      result from the tenour of his observations:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Essay 1st discusses the difference between <i>actual</i> and
+      <i>picturesque</i> beauty; <i>smoothness</i> is usually
+      allowed to enter into our ideas of the former, but
+      <i>roughness</i>, or <i>ruggedness</i> is decidedly
+      <i>essential</i> to the latter: for example&mdash;The smooth
+      shaven lawn, the neatly turned walk, the classic marble
+      portico, &amp;c. &amp;c. are <i>beautiful</i>; but the ruined
+      castle, the chasmed mountain, the tempestuous ocean, &amp;c.
+      are <i>picturesque</i>, i.e. with appropriate accompaniments;
+      for, after remarking that the sublime and beautiful are, with
+      many persons, the divisions of the <i>picturesque</i>, our
+      acute observer of nature adds, "sublimity alone cannot make
+      an object picturesque," it must in form, colour, or
+      accompaniment, have some degree of <i>beauty</i> to render
+      the epithet just. "Nothing can be more <i>sublime</i> than
+      the ocean, but wholly unaccompanied it has little of the
+      picturesque." It should also be remembered that objects of
+      rough and careless contour, as the worn cart-horse, and the
+      tattered beggar (neither of them laying claim to an iota of
+      <i>sublimity</i>) please better in a painting, than the
+      sleekest <span class="pagenum"><a id="page22"
+      name="page22"></a>[pg 22]</span> racer, and the most finished
+      belle of the <i>Magazin des Modes</i>.<a id="footnotetag4"
+      name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Essay 2nd treats of travelling, as far as it regards the
+      <i>picturesque</i>, which is to be sought in natural, and
+      sometimes artificial, objects; these will constantly present
+      themselves to the observer under all the varieties of light
+      and shadow, and the different combinations of colour, form,
+      and accompaniment, sometimes producing whole landscapes, but
+      more frequently only beautiful parts of scenery. The
+      <i>curious</i> and <i>fantastic</i> forms of nature are not
+      subjects for the pencil,&mdash;and the draughtsman will
+      endeavour to depict <i>animate</i> as well as inanimate
+      objects. The utility and amusement of travelling, are also
+      considered in this essay, and hints thrown out for the
+      improvement of barren and disagreeable country, by the
+      observation of lights and shadows, tints of the season,
+      distances, &amp;c., with a recommendation to supply, if
+      possible, every hiatus of nature, by the <i>imagination</i>
+      of all that is needed to render her perfectly picturesque.
+      (An ingenious idea; but, alas! mountains will not always rise
+      in a marsh, forests wave over a sterile heath, nor lakes and
+      rivers adorn a wheat-field. This essay, however, is worthy
+      the perusal of travellers even, who never touched a pencil.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Essay 3rd treats of sketching from nature from whence are
+      deduced the following
+    </p>
+    <center>
+      <i>Rules.</i>
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      1. Every landscape should have a <i>leading subject</i>; a
+      rule too much neglected even by superior artists.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      2. Get the object, or subject you design to copy, into the
+      <i>best</i> point of view.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      3. Landscape consists of three general
+      parts:&mdash;fore-ground, middle or second-ground, and
+      distance; in sketching foreground, it is a good rule to have
+      some part of it higher than the rest of the picture.
+      (<i>Vide</i> Rule the 7th.)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      4. Mark the principal parts, (or points) of your landscape on
+      paper, that you may more readily ascertain the relative
+      distances and situations of the others.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      5. Pay attention to the <i>character</i> of your subject;
+      mingle not <i>trivial</i> with <i>grand</i> details.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      6. One landscape must not be crowded with circumstances
+      sufficient for two or more.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      7. It is sufficient to give the principal feature of what you
+      essay to represent; as a castle, abbey, bridge, &amp;c.; but
+      its accompaniments may (and to <i>make a picture</i>, should)
+      be often different. The <i>fore-ground</i> of a drawing
+      <i>must</i> be the artist's own; and it should be ample,
+      since an extended distance, and a narrow fore-ground is
+      always awkward and bad in a picture&mdash;N.B. Taste and
+      observation will direct the student to select for his
+      fore-ground, clusters of trees, pieces of rock, or the
+      fragments of ruined fabrics, &amp;c., according to the nature
+      of his subject.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      8. On the accurate observation of <i>distances</i> the beauty
+      of landscape depends; be careful therefore to get them
+      correct at your outset, and to keep them so, by shading
+      lightly with pen or brush your black-lead sketch, (should the
+      parts be complicated,) whilst the view is before you, or
+      fresh in your memory.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      9. The hand should be accustomed to the touch of various
+      kinds of trees, though in a mere <i>sketch</i>, little
+      variety is required; the distinction, however, between full
+      foliaged, and straggling, branchy trees must be preserved,
+      for both are necessary even in a sketch, and the artist
+      should therefore be prepared to represent them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      10. The artist must attend to the composition, and the
+      disposition of his subject. By the <i>composition</i> may be
+      understood the objects with which he composes his view; by
+      the <i>disposition</i>, their picturesque and tasteful
+      arrangement.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      11. Figures, must be such as are appropriate to the scene;
+      thus, history in miniature is bad, because a landscape is in
+      itself a subject sufficient for the employment both of pencil
+      and eye; therefore historical figures in a view, are lost and
+      out of place.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      12. Birds may be introduced with good effect, if thrown into
+      proper distance; to represent them <i>near</i> is absurd:
+      ruins and sea views are the best subjects in which they can
+      appear.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      13. <i>Effect</i> is to be produced best, by strong contrasts
+      of <i>light</i> and <i>shade</i> both in earth and sky; but
+      the student's taste must determine where these shall fall,
+      and though the contrasts should be strong, yet
+      <i>gradation</i>, in both, must be observed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      14. A predominancy of <i>shade</i> has the best effect; and
+      light, though it should not be scattered, must not be drawn,
+      as it were, into one focus.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      15. The light, in a picture, is best disposed when the
+      fore-ground is in shadow, and it falls in the middle; but
+      this rule is subject to many variations. Light
+      <span class="pagenum"><a id="page23" name="page23"></a>[pg
+      23]</span> should rarely be spread on the
+      distance.<a id="footnotetag5"
+      name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      16. It is useful to know, that the shadows of morning are
+      darker than those of evening; also, that when objects are in
+      <i>shadow</i>, their light (as it is then a reflected light,)
+      falls on the opposite side to that on which it would come if
+      they were enlightened.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      17. The <i>harmony</i> of the whole should be studied; if the
+      piece strikes you as defective in this respect, place it at
+      evening in some situation where it will not be reached by a
+      strong light, when the misplaced lights and shadows will
+      strike you more forcibly than in the glare of day.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      18. To stain your paper with a slight reddish or yellowish
+      tint, adds to the harmony of a sketch, yet it is a mere
+      matter of taste; but, when it is desired, it had better be
+      done after the drawing is completed, otherwise the colour
+      risks looking patched from the rubber.<a id="footnotetag6"
+      name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      19. In <i>colouring</i>, the <i>sky</i> gives the <i>ruling
+      tint</i> to the landscape; it is absurd to unite a noonday
+      sky, with a landscape of sunset glow.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      20. From the three virgin colours, red, blue, and yellow, all
+      the tints of nature are composed.<a id="footnotetag7"
+      name="footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a>
+      There is not in nature a perfect white, except snow, and the
+      petals of some flowers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      21. Sketch nothing but what you can <i>adorn</i>, (for the
+      purpose of showing to friends, &amp;c.) but do not adorn your
+      first, or <i>rough</i> sketch; <i>make another</i>, and refer
+      to your <i>original</i> draught, as you would do to the view
+      itself, for it contains your <i>general ideas</i>&mdash;your
+      first and freshest, which may be lost by endeavouring to
+      refine and improve upon them in the original
+      sketch.<a id="footnotetag8"
+      name="footnotetag8"></a><a href="#footnote8"><sup>8</sup></a>
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      22. In adorning your sketch, figures, both animate and
+      inanimate, may be introduced, but <i>sparingly</i>; touch
+      them slightly, for an attempt at <i>finish</i> offends.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I shall take the liberty of adding&mdash;endeavour to get a
+      free and flowing outline; be not too minute either in detail
+      or finishing; use pen or brush for your <i>rough</i> sketch
+      in preference to pencil; you will gain confidence, and
+      <i>correctness</i> will be your aim in your <i>adorned</i>
+      copy. Finally, study nature, art, and good writers.
+    </p>
+    <h4>
+      M.L.B.
+    </h4>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <h2>
+      FINE ARTS.
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      (<i>To the Editor of the Mirror.</i>)
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Sir,&mdash;I have made repeated visits this season to the
+      exhibition of the works of the old masters at the <i>British
+      Institution</i>, for the express purpose of presenting you
+      with <i>a few remarks</i> on some of the most excellent
+      paintings. As I have strictly adhered to the notes which I
+      made at the institution, the accuracy of the subjoined may be
+      depended upon:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <h3>
+      BRITISH INSTITUTION.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The present exhibition consists of the works of the Italian,
+      Spanish, Flemish, and Dutch masters. There are one hundred
+      and ninety pictures, which have chiefly been contributed to
+      the institution by his Majesty and the nobility.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      No. 5, <i>Innocent the Tenth</i>, by Velasquez, is an
+      uncommon fine portrait; it is very boldly executed, combining
+      at the same time a sufficient degree of finish and great
+      beauty of colour. His holiness is represented in quite a
+      plain habit. The beauties of Guido's pencil will be traced in
+      No. 6, <i>Hippomenes and Atalanta</i>. Claude, in his
+      <i>Embarkation of St. Paul; Sea Port, Evening, &amp;c.</i>,
+      charms us with his exquisite effects, which are so truly
+      natural, that, while we view his representations, we may
+      almost fancy ourselves transported to the magnificent scenery
+      of Italy. In No. 42, <i>Titian's Daughter</i>, are seen the
+      genuine tints adopted by the Venetian school of painting. No.
+      56, <i>St. Appolonia</i>, by Sebastian del Piombo, is a most
+      admirable specimen of the master. No. 74, <i>Landscape and
+      Cattle</i>, by Paul Potter, contains all that beauty of touch
+      and delicacy of colour which render this famous artist so
+      difficult to imitate. There are several very capital pictures
+      by the younger Teniers; No. 77, <i>his own portrait</i>, and
+      No. 95, <i>portrait of the painter and his son</i>, are truly
+      excellent; as is No. 94, <i>Figures playing at Bowls</i>. A
+      remarkable and very forcible effect is found in No. 93,
+      <i>The outside of a House with Figures</i>&mdash;painted by
+      De Hooge. Nos. 121 and 123, <i>Flowers and Fruit</i>, by the
+      celebrated Van Huysum, are extremely elaborate in their
+      execution. No. 161, <i>The Battle</i>
+      <span class="pagenum"><a id="page24" name="page24"></a>[pg
+      24]</span> <i>between Constantine and Maxentius</i>, is a
+      sketch by Rubens, possessing wonderful fire and spirit, as
+      well as great mellowness of colour.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Besides the above pictures, there are many beautiful
+      productions by Jan Steen, Cuyp, Poussin, Salvator Rosa,
+      Guercino, Domenichino, Murillo, Albano, Vandyke, Ruysdael,
+      Houdekoeter, Wouvermans, &amp;c.
+    </p>
+    <h4>
+      G.W.N.
+    </h4>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      ANCIENT ROMAN FESTIVALS.
+    </h3>
+    <hr />
+    <center>
+      JULY.
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      The <i>Caprotinia</i>, or feasts of Juno Caprotina, were
+      celebrated on the 9th of July, in favour of the female
+      slaves. During this solemnity they ran about, beating
+      themselves with their fists and with rods. None but women
+      assisted in the sacrifices offered at this feast. Kennet
+      says, the origin of this feast, or the famous <i>Nonae
+      Caprotinae</i>, or <i>Poplifugium</i>, is doubly related by
+      Plutarch, according to the two common opinions. First,
+      because Romulus disappeared on that day, when an assembly
+      being held in the <i>Palus Capreae</i>, or
+      <i>Goats'-Marsh</i>, on a sudden happened a most wonderful
+      tempest, accompanied with terrible thunder, and other unusual
+      disorders in the air. The common people fled all away to
+      secure themselves; but, after the tempest was over, could
+      never find their king. Or, else, from <i>Caprificus</i>, a
+      wild fig-tree, because, in the Gallic war, a Roman virgin,
+      who was prisoner in the enemy's camp, got up into a wild
+      fig-tree, and holding out a lighted torch toward the city,
+      gave the Romans a signal to fall on; which they did with such
+      good success, as to obtain a considerable victory.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The <i>Lucaria</i> was an ancient feast, solemnized in the
+      woods, where the Romans, defeated and pursued by the Gauls,
+      retired and concealed themselves; it was held, on the 19th of
+      July, in a wood, between the Tyber and the road called Via
+      Salaria.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The feast of <i>Neptunalia</i> was held on the 23rd of July,
+      in honour of Neptune.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The <i>Furinalia</i> were feasts instituted in honour of
+      <i>Furina</i>, the goddess of robbers among the Romans; they
+      took place on the 25th of July. This goddess had a temple at
+      Rome, and was served by a particular priest, who was one of
+      the fifteen Flamens.<a id="footnotetag9"
+      name="footnotetag9"></a><a href="#footnote9"><sup>9</sup></a>
+      Near the temple there was a sacred wood, in which Caius
+      Gracchus was killed. Cicero takes her to be the same as one
+      of the Furies.
+    </p>
+    <h4>
+      P.T.W.
+    </h4>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <h2>
+      NOTES OF A READER.
+    </h2>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      CAPTAIN POPANILLA'S VOYAGE.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Who has not read <i>Vivian Grey</i>, in five broad-margined
+      volumes, with space enough between each line to allow the
+      indulgence of a nap, when the poppy of the author
+      predominated? Affectation, foppery, and conceit, have
+      protracted the memoirs of this renowned personage to such an
+      extent; but in spite of all that unfashionable critics have
+      said, Vivian Grey has just produced a volume under the title
+      of the Voyage of <i>Captain Popanilla</i>, with as much of
+      the aforesaid qualities as the most listless drawing-room or
+      boudoir reader could require. Nevertheless, "the voyage" has
+      many touches of wit, humour, and caustic satire, and it has
+      the soul and characteristic of wit&mdash;<i>brevity</i>; for
+      we read the volume in little more than an hour; and, although
+      Vivian may regard our analysis of his voyage like showing the
+      sun with a lantern, we are disposed to venture upon the task
+      for the gratification of our readers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To say that Popanilla resembles Swift's "Tale of a Tub," or
+      Sir Thomas More's "Utopia," would be an advantageous
+      comparison for our modern <i>voyager</i>, but it would not
+      sufficiently illustrate the character of his work, since the
+      latter books are so much less read than talked of. Swift
+      wrote "for the universal improvement of mankind," but
+      Popanilla publishes for the benefit of the people of England,
+      whom he represents as living in a too artificial state. He
+      tells his story as the native of an Indian isle, whose men
+      combine "the vivacity of a faun with the strength of a
+      Hercules, and the beauty of an Adonis," and whose women
+      "magically sprung from the brilliant foam of that ocean,
+      which is gradually subsiding before them." This favoured spot
+      he calls the <i>Isle of Fantaisie</i>, about the shores of
+      which appears a remarkable fish, or rather a ship, to the no
+      small terror of the islanders. The ship is wrecked, and
+      Popanilla "having in his fright, during the storm, lost a
+      lock of hair which, in a moment of glorious favour, he had
+      ravished from his fair mistress' brow," is next introduced in
+      search of this precious <i>bijou</i>. "The favourite of all
+      the women, the envy of all the men, &amp;c. &amp;c,
+      and&mdash;you know the rest,&mdash;Popanilla passed an
+      extremely pleasant life. No one was a better judge of
+      wine&mdash;no one had a better taste for fruit&mdash;no one
+      danced with more elegant vivacity&mdash;and no one whispered
+      compliments in a more meaning tone. What a pity that such an
+      <span class="pagenum"><a id="page25" name="page25"></a>[pg
+      25]</span> amiable fellow should have got into such a
+      scrape!"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Instead of the dear lock, Popanilla finds a chest saved from
+      the wreck, and filled with "Useful Knowledge Tracts," books
+      on "the Hamiltonian system," &amp;c. which our adventurer,
+      like Faustus and his bible, turns to bad account; he falls
+      asleep, is swallowed by a whale, and spouted forth again.
+      "The dreamer awoke amidst real chattering, and scuffling, and
+      clamour. A troop of green monkeys had been aroused by his
+      unusual occupation, and had taken the opportunity of his
+      slumber to become acquainted with some of the first
+      principles of science. What progress they had made it is
+      difficult to ascertain. It is said, however, that some
+      monkeys have been since seen skipping about the island, with
+      their tails cut off; and that they have even succeeded in
+      passing themselves for human beings among those people who do
+      not read novels, and are consequently unacquainted with
+      mankind. As for Popanilla, he took up a treatise on
+      hydrostatics, and read it straight through on the spot. For
+      the rest of the day he was hydrostatically mad; nor could the
+      commonest incident connected with the action or conveyance of
+      water take place, without his speculating on its cause and
+      consequence." So much for the first steps of "intellect;" now
+      for the "march." Popanilla soon becomes a man of science: his
+      wit flies off in tangents, and he tries to prove his
+      sovereign a lantern, and himself a sun,<a id="footnotetag10"
+      name="footnotetag10"></a><a href="#footnote10"><sup>10</sup></a>
+      by undertaking to re-shape all the institutions of Fantaisie.
+      Then follow a string of dogmas about utility, &amp;c.; and
+      man being a <i>developing animal</i>, till he decides that
+      "there is no such thing as Nature; Nature is Art, or Art is
+      Nature; that which is most useful is most natural, because
+      utility is the test of Nature; therefore, a steam-engine is
+      in fact a much more natural production than a mountain."
+      Here, observing a smile upon his majesty's countenance,
+      Popanilla tells the king that he is only a chief magistrate,
+      and he has no more right to laugh at him than a constable.
+      This is "too bad" for the royal mind; Popanilla is cut;
+      rather crest-fallen, he sneaks home, and consoles himself for
+      having nobody to speak to, by reading some very amusing
+      "Conversations on Political Economy." But he sinks to rise
+      again. He obtains many pupils, who had no sooner mastered the
+      first principles of science, than they began to throw off
+      their retired habits and uncommunicative manners. "Being not
+      utterly ignorant of some of the rudiments of knowledge, and
+      consequently having completed their education, it was now
+      their duty, as members of society, to instruct and not to
+      study; and on all occasions they seized opportunities of
+      assisting the spread of knowledge. The voices of boys
+      lecturing upon every lecturable topic, resounded in every
+      part of the island. Their tones were so shrill, their manners
+      so presuming, their knowledge so crude, and their general
+      demeanour so completely unamiable, that it was impossible to
+      hear them without the greatest, delight, advantage, and
+      admiration." The king at last becomes impregnated with the
+      liberal spirit of the age; Popanilla is "sent for" to court;
+      he is overpowered with promotion, told that "with the aid of
+      a treatise or two," he will make "a consummate naval
+      commander," although he has "never been at sea in the whole
+      course of his life," and at length thrust into a canoe, with
+      some fresh water, bread, fruit, dried fish, and a basket of
+      alligator pears. "Unhappy Popanilla! and all from that
+      unlucky lock of hair!" His fright is ludicrously sketched.
+      "Poor fellow! how could he know better? He certainly had
+      enjoyed a seat at the Admiralty Board of Fantaisie, but then
+      he was a lay-lord." Among his discoveries, on the second day,
+      at 25 m. past 3 p.m., though at a considerable distance, he
+      saw a mountain and an island: he called the first Alligator
+      Mountain, in gratitude to the pears; and christened the
+      second after his mistress; but the happy discoverer further
+      found the mountain to be a mist, and the island a sea-weed.
+      At length, on the third day, after being in a valley formed
+      by two waves, each 3,000 feet high, and in as tremendous a
+      tempest as ever raged in Chelsea or Battersea-reach, "great,
+      square and solid, black clouds drew off like curtains, and
+      revealed to him a magnificent city rising out of the sea.
+      Tower and dome, arch, and column, and spire, and obelisk, and
+      lofty terraces, and many-windowed palaces, rose in all
+      directions from a mass of building, which appeared each
+      instant to grow more huge, till at length it seemed to occupy
+      the whole horizon." On his landing he is pestered with
+      questions from the natives; but, thanks to the Hamiltonian
+      system, "Popanilla, under these circumstances, was more
+      loquacious than could have been Capt. Parry." He announces
+      himself as the "most injured of human beings;" the women
+      weep, the men shake hands with him, and all the boys huzza:
+      he then narrates his ill-fortunes at Fantaisie, not
+      forgetting the never-enough-to-be-lamented lock of hair.
+      Other danger awaits him, for "to be strangled was not much
+      better than to be <span class="pagenum"><a id="page26"
+      name="page26"></a>[pg 26]</span> starved; and certainly with
+      half a dozen highly respectable females clinging round his
+      neck, he was not reminded, for the first time in his life,
+      what a domestic bowstring is an affectionate woman." He is
+      next joined by an "influential personage," who informs him
+      that he is in <i>Hubbabub</i> (London)&mdash;the largest
+      city, not only that exists, but that ever did exist, and the
+      capital of the Island of <i>Vraibleusia</i>, the most famous
+      island, not only that is known, but that ever was known. "He
+      provides himself with a purse, and exchanges his money with a
+      banker, who offers him during his stay in Vraibleusia, the
+      use of a couple of equipages, a villa, an opera box; insists
+      upon sending to his hotel some pineapples and very rare wine;
+      and gives him a perpetual ticket to his picture-gallery.
+      Popanilla leaves his gold and takes the banker's pink shells,
+      for "no genteel person has ever anything else in his pocket."
+      Then follow some quips on the shell question (currency), and
+      Mr. Secretary Perriwinkle, the most eminent conchologist, and
+      the "debt" of the richest nation in the world; although, "a
+      golden pyramid, with a base as big as the whole earth and an
+      apex touching the heavens, would not supply sufficient metal
+      to satisfy the creditors." "The annual interest upon our debt
+      exceeds the whole wealth of the rest of the world; therefore
+      we must be the richest nation in the world."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Our traveller being now settled at a splendid hotel in
+      Hubbabub, Skindeep, his "gentleman in black," drives him
+      about the city in an elegant equipage. The western migrations
+      of fashion are humorously sketched, and the architecture of
+      our metropolis comes in for a share of the author's banter.
+      "In general, the massy Egyptian appropriately graced the
+      attic stories; while the finer and more elaborate
+      architecture of Corinth was placed on a level with the eye,
+      so that its beauties might be more easily discovered.
+      Spacious colonnades were flanked by porticoes, surmounted by
+      domes; nor was the number of columns at all limited, for you
+      occasionally met with porticoes of two tiers, the lower one
+      of which consisted of three, the higher one of thirty
+      columns. Pedestals of the purest Ionic Gothic, were
+      ingeniously mixed with Palladian pediments; and the surging
+      spire exquisitely harmonized with the horizontal architecture
+      of the ancients. But, perhaps, after all, the most charming
+      effect was produced by the pyramids, surmounted by
+      weathercocks."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A lively sketch of "the aboriginal inhabitant" introduces
+      some smart satire on the agriculturists, and proves that,
+      "between force, and fear, and flattery, the Vraibleusians
+      paid for their corn nearly its weight in gold; but what did
+      it signify to a nation with so many pink shells." Popanilla
+      is next introduced to an eminent bookseller, who craves the
+      honour of publishing a narrative of his voyage: he informs
+      the "mercantile Mecaenas" that he does not know how to write;
+      who replies that "he never had for a moment supposed that so
+      sublime a savage could possess such a vulgar accomplishment,
+      and that it was by no means difficult for a man to publish
+      his travels without writing a line." This is a stale affair;
+      but Popanilla's drinking a dozen of the bookseller's wine
+      smacks more of novelty. His voyage is published, and contains
+      a detailed account of every thing which took place during the
+      whole of the three days, forming a quarto volume! Then we
+      have a shower of squibs on <i>converzazioni</i>&mdash;as
+      dukes imbibing a new theory of gas, a prime-minister studying
+      pinmaking, a bishop the escapements of watches, a
+      field-marshal intent on essence of hellebore. "But what most
+      delighted Popanilla was hearing a lecture from the most
+      eminent lawyer and statesman in Vraibleusia, on his first and
+      favourite study of hydrostatics. His associations quite
+      overcame him; all Fantaisie rushed upon his memory, and he
+      was obliged to retire to a less frequented part of the room,
+      to relieve his too excited feelings." The hostess too
+      declares it "impossible for mankind ever to be happy and
+      great, until, like herself and her friends," her company are
+      "all soul!"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Popanilla is now constituted ambassador from Fantaisie, and
+      goes through all the courtly scenes of diplomacy, for which
+      we have not room; but their gist will be readily understood
+      among the stars of St. James's, especially the authors
+      allusions to Navarino and the late ministry, which are in
+      good set terms. The "Aboriginal," too, tells Popanilla "some
+      long stories about a person who was chief manager, about five
+      hundred years ago, to whom he said he was indebted for all
+      his political principles."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      During Popanilla's sight-seeing career, he, of course, visits
+      our theatres, and a tolerably broad caricature he gives of
+      them. "To sit in a huge room hotter than a glass-house, in a
+      posture emulating the most sanctified Faquir, with a
+      throbbing head-ache, a breaking back, and twisted legs, with
+      a heavy tube held over one eye, and the other covered with
+      the unemployed hand, is, in Vraibleusia, called a public
+      amusement." In one morning's lionizing, too, he acquires "a
+      general knowledge of the chief arts and sciences, eats three
+      <span class="pagenum"><a id="page27" name="page27"></a>[pg
+      27]</span> hundred sandwiches, and tastes as many bottles of
+      sherry."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The frauds and fooleries of the joint stock company mania
+      are, perhaps, among the least successful portion of the
+      volume. The "literature" is somewhat better, as the
+      establishment of a "Society for the Diffusion of Fashionable
+      Knowledge"&mdash;its first treatise,
+      Nonchalance&mdash;dissertations "on leaving cards," "cutting
+      friends," "on bores," &amp;c.&mdash;and a new novel called
+      "Burlington"&mdash;the last a scratch at Popanilla's
+      publisher. The "Clubs" are next recommended for those fond of
+      solitude, and their satin luxuries humorously quizzed; but
+      "the Colonial System," which follows, has more causticity.
+      Popanilla, like all other great foreigners who visit England,
+      falls ill; his disorder is "unquestionably nervous;" he is to
+      count five between each word he utters, never ask questions,
+      and avoid society, and only dine out once a day. This regimen
+      brings on a slow fever; but his disorder is neither "liver,"
+      nor "nervous," but "mind." He next falls in with an Essay on
+      Fruit, from which he learns that thousands of the
+      Vraibleusians are dying with dyspepsia from eating
+      pine-apples, which are denounced as "stupid, sour, and
+      vulgar."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Popanilla is ordered by his physician to Blunderland, where
+      the women are "angelic," and the men "the most light-hearted,
+      merry, obliging, entertaining fellows;" and where "instead of
+      knives and forks being laid for the guests at dinner, the
+      plates are flanked by daggers and pistols." A "row" springs
+      up; "all the guests lay lifeless about the room;" "Popanilla
+      rang the bell, and the waiters swept away the dead bodies,
+      and brought him a roasted <i>potato</i> for supper." He next
+      enjoys the pleasures of the chase, and in revenge for a sharp
+      fire, "burns two villages, slays 2 or 300 head of women, and
+      bags children without number;" and in the evening Popanilla's
+      powers of digestion are improved. He now returns to
+      Vraibleusia, where all are <i>panic</i>-struck, and his
+      friend, the banker, unlike his "perpetual ticket," has
+      stopped payment, and all our traveller's resources. Popanilla
+      consoles him with the joke that "things were not quite so bad
+      as they appeared," till they get worse, by two gentlemen in
+      blue, with red waistcoats, arresting the ambassador for high
+      treason. This completes his "amusements." He fears "confined
+      cells, overwhelming fetters, black bread, and green water, in
+      the principal gaol in Hubbabub;" but becomes ensconced in
+      Leigh Hunt's "elegantly furnished apartment, with French
+      sash-windows and a piano. Its lofty walls were entirely hung
+      with a fanciful paper, representing a Tuscan vineyard; the
+      ceiling was covered with sky and clouds; roses were in
+      abundance; and the windows, though well secured, excited no
+      jarring associations in the mind of the individual they
+      illumined, protected as they were by polished bars of
+      cut-steel."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Next to being a plenipotentiary, Popanilla preferred being a
+      prisoner. His daily meals consisted of every delicacy in
+      season; a marble bath was ever at his service; a
+      billiard-room and dumb-bells always ready; and his old
+      friends, the most eminent physician, and the most celebrated
+      practitioner in Hubbabub, called upon him daily to feel his
+      pulse and look at his tongue. These attentions authorized a
+      hope that he might yet again be an ambassador; that his
+      native land might still be discovered, and its resources
+      still be developed; but when his gaoler told him that the
+      rest of the prisoners were treated in a manner equally
+      indulgent, because the Vraibleusians are the most humane
+      people in the world, Popanilla's spirits became somewhat
+      depressed."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "He was greatly consoled, however, by a daily visit from a
+      body of the most beautiful, the most accomplished, and the
+      most virtuous females in Hubbabub, who tasted his food to see
+      that his cook did his duty, recommended him a plentiful use
+      of pine-apple well peppered, and made him a present of a very
+      handsome shirt, with worked frills and ruffles, to be hanged
+      in. This enchanting committee generally confined their
+      attentions to murderers, and other victims of the passions,
+      who were deserted in their hour of need by the rest of the
+      society they had outraged; but Popanilla being a foreigner, a
+      prince, and a plenipotentiary, and not ill-looking, naturally
+      attracted a great deal of notice from those who desire the
+      amelioration of their species."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Popanilla was so pleased with his mode of life, and had
+      acquired such a taste for poetry, pine-apples, and pepper,
+      since he had ceased to be an active member of society, that
+      he applied to have his trial postponed, on the ground of the
+      prejudice which had been excited against him by the public
+      press. As his trial was at present inconvenient to the
+      government, the postponement was allowed on these grounds."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the meantime, up jumps a public instructor, Flummery Flam,
+      who ascribes all the debt and distress to "a slight
+      over-trading," chatters about demand, supply, rent, wages,
+      profit, and, as a temporary relief, suggests "emigration."
+      "Flummery-Flammism triumphs, and every person, from the
+      managers down to the chalk-chewing mechanics, attend lectures
+      on that enlightening science."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At length Popanilla's trial comes on; the indictment is read;
+      he is accused of stealing 219 camelopards; perceives that he
+      has all the time been mistaken for another person: he is,
+      however, detained, on the judge of Fort Jobation informing
+      him, that in order to be tried in his court for a modern
+      offence of high treason, he must first be introduced by
+      fiction of law as a stealer of camelopards, and then being
+      <i>in praesenti regio</i>, in a manner, the business proceeds
+      by a special power for an absolute offence. This flummery is
+      too much; but every body with whom Popanilla had conversed
+      while in Vraibleusia is subpoenaed against him: the judge is
+      about to sum up, when a trumpet sounds, and a government
+      messenger presents a scroll, and informs him, that a
+      remarkably clever young man, recently appointed one of the
+      managers, had last night consolidated all the edicts into a
+      single act. The judge then compliments the young
+      consolidator, compared to whom, he said, Justinian was a
+      country attorney. Popanilla is found "not guilty, and kicked
+      out of court, amidst the hootings of the mob, without a stain
+      upon his reputation." He then falls senseless on the steps of
+      the Asiatic club-house, is recovered by the smell of
+      mulligatawney soup, and moralizes till he perceives "it is
+      possible for a nation to exist in too artificial a state." He
+      then sees the opposite house lit up, and the words
+      "Emigration Committee" written on a transparent blind. He
+      enters, finds the last Emigration squadron is about to sail
+      in a few minutes; is presented with a spade, blanket, and
+      hard biscuit, and quits the port of Hubbabub: what became of
+      him will "probably be discovered, if ever we obtain
+      'Popanilla's' second voyage"&mdash;and thus shuts to the
+      scene.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Here, gentle reader, you have the Captain's fun and
+      <i>badinage</i> on all the wonderful wonders of
+      Hubbabub&mdash;<i>videlicet</i> this wonderful town. They may
+      serve to while away some of the <i>ennui</i> of this season
+      of roast, bake, and broil, or be read aloud during the halt
+      of the "march of intellect" men. There are the principal
+      incidents of his voyage; if you wish to see them expanded,
+      consult the book itself&mdash;that is if you are gratified
+      with our abstract&mdash;if the reverse, let well alone, lest
+      you find it, like ceremony, "a penny-worth of spirit in a
+      glass of water." But recollect, Popanilla's adventures have
+      already been published in quarto.
+    </p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <h2>
+      SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY.
+    </h2>
+    <hr />
+    <center>
+      <i>Machine for Sharpening Knives at once,</i>
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      Consists of a number of steel cylinders grooved transversely,
+      and placed on two revolving axes parallel to each other, and
+      so that the bosses and recesses of the one fit into those of
+      the other cylinder. Along these the knife is drawn, and so is
+      immediately sharpened.&mdash;<i>London Jour. of Arts.</i>
+    </p>
+    <center>
+      <i>Influence of Electricity on the developement of Seeds.</i>
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      M. Astier has discovered that seeds which are electrified,
+      run through the first stages of vegetation more rapidly than
+      others, and that China roses submitted to this experiment,
+      produce flowers sooner, and in greater
+      abundance.&mdash;<i>From the French.</i>
+    </p>
+    <center>
+      <i>Botany.</i>
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      The number of different species of plants which have been
+      described is about 50,000; but botanists are generally agreed
+      that probably as many still remain undescribed; and, that the
+      number of vegetable species on the surface of the earth ought
+      not to be estimated under 100,000. We may be struck at the
+      amount of this number; but our astonishment abates when we
+      find that our own island, which is but a mere misty speck,
+      compared with those broad zones of sunshine, "where the
+      flowers ever brighten," contains about 1,500 native flowering
+      plants. Of those which have been described, about 8,000, or
+      nearly one-sixth, belong to the first of the two classes, and
+      of these nearly 2,000 are grasses. In cold and temperate
+      climates the species of this most interesting and important
+      family are comparatively diminutive in size. In our climate,
+      for instance, the grasses are somewhat remarkable among
+      vegetables for their humble stature, and their inconspicuous
+      appearance; while in the warmer regions of the earth, the
+      bamboos and canes, which are species of the same family,
+      emulate trees in height and beauty. But what our species want
+      in individual magnitude, is far more than compensated by the
+      comparative vastness of the number of individuals. In
+      tropical climates, one plant may be seen here, and another
+      there, which, in their size, astonish an European, when he is
+      told that they belong to the family of the grasses; but there
+      he would search in vain for those swards of grass, and green
+      meadows, with which almost the whole aspect of his own
+      climate is verdant. He might find one plant stately enough to
+      shade him from the torrid sun, and to harbour among its
+      boughs many a tropical bird with its
+      <span class="pagenum"><a id="page29" name="page29"></a>[pg
+      29]</span> bright metallic plumage; but he could not find a
+      lea covered with lowing herds, or with bleating flocks, on
+      the soft sward of which he could lie down, and listen to the
+      lark that sings to him from heaven, sending down its clear
+      notes on the first sunbeams of spring. It is in temperate
+      climates&mdash;in those regions where man has made the
+      greatest advances in civilization&mdash;where the comforts
+      and conveniences of this life are most numerous around
+      him&mdash;and the realities of that which is to come are most
+      brightly seen above him&mdash;that this family of plants
+      exists in greatest economic value. It is one of the most
+      important in every climate; for it is from one species of
+      grass or other that the present numbers of men, as well as
+      the domestic animals that serve him, derive their sustenance.
+      The maize or Indian corn of the west; the rice of the east;
+      the wheat and other grains of the north; equally belong to
+      this tribe of plants.&mdash;<i>Quar. Jour. of Agriculture</i>
+    </p>
+    <center>
+      <i>Blight in Fruit Trees.</i>
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      Whenever you see the branch of a tree blighted, or eaten by
+      insects, procure a shoemaker's awl, and pierce the lower
+      extremity of the branch into the wood; then pour in two or
+      three drops of crude mercury, (which is the quicksilver in
+      common use) and stop up the hole with a small stick. In about
+      forty-eight hours, the insects, not only upon that branch,
+      but upon all the rest of the tree, will be destroyed, and the
+      blights <i>will immediately</i> cease.
+    </p>
+    <h4>
+      G.W.N.
+    </h4>
+    <center>
+      <i>On the Live Stock of Britain, France, &amp;c.</i>
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      Dupin, in a work lately published, with a view to promote the
+      numbers and breeds of the live stock of France, states, that,
+      in Britain, the animal power is eleven times as great as the
+      manual power; while in France it is only four times as great;
+      hence, French labourers receive from animals only a third
+      part of the aid yielded by them in Britain. He also states,
+      that Great Britain consumes three times as much meat, milk,
+      and cheese, as France. The following is the number of horses
+      for every 1,000 inhabitants in the countries mentioned.
+      Hanover, 193; Sweden, 145; Canton de Vaud, (in Switzerland,)
+      140; Great Britain, 100; Prussia, (six provinces) 95; France,
+      79. Numbers, however, give a very imperfect idea of the
+      relative amount of horse power, the breeds being so various
+      in the different countries.
+    </p>
+    <center>
+      <i>Supposed Nervous System in Plants.</i>
+    </center>
+    <p>
+      M. Dutrochet, in a volume on the moving powers which act in
+      organized bodies, affirms, that there are seen on the walls
+      of the cellular and fibrous tissue of vegetables, small
+      semi-transparent globular bodies and linear bodies, which
+      become opaque from the action of acids, and are rendered
+      transparent by that of alkalies. He considers these small
+      bodies as the elements of a diffused nervous system, to the
+      action of which he ascribes the movements of plants, arising
+      from what is denominated by him the
+      <i>nervomotility</i>.&mdash;<i>From the French.</i>
+    </p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <h2>
+      THE NOVELIST.
+    </h2>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      THE MARRIAGE LESSON.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      [We are indebted to the last Number (4) of the <i>Foreign
+      Quarterly Review</i> for the following lively nouvelette,
+      from the <i>Conde Lucanor</i> of the Infante Don Juan Manuel,
+      written in the beginning of the fourteenth century. It has
+      much of the <i>na&iuml;vete</i> and light humour peculiar to
+      the Spanish novelists, and, to quote the ingenious reviewer,
+      "besides its own merit, possesses that of some striking
+      resemblances to Shakspeare's <i>Taming of the Shrew</i>."]
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In a certain town there lived a noble Moor, who had one son,
+      the best young man ever known perhaps in the world. He was
+      not, however, wealthy enough to enable him to accomplish half
+      the many laudable objects which his heart prompted him to
+      undertake; and for this reason he was in great perplexity,
+      having the will and not the power. Now in that same town
+      dwelt another Moor, far more honoured and rich than the
+      youth's father, and he too had an only daughter, who offered
+      a strange contrast to this excellent young man, her manners
+      being as violent and bad as his were good and pleasing,
+      insomuch that no man liked to think of an union with such an
+      infuriate shrew.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Now that good youth one day came to his father, and said,
+      "Father, I am well assured that you are not rich enough to
+      support me according to what I conceive becoming and
+      honourable. It will, therefore, be incumbent upon me to lead
+      a mean and indolent life, or to quit the country; so that if
+      it seem good unto you, I should prefer for the best to form
+      some marriage alliance, by which I may be enabled to open
+      myself a way to higher things." And the father replied, that
+      it would please him well if his son should be enabled to
+      marry according to his wishes. He then said to his father,
+      that if he thought he should be able to manage it, he should
+      be happy to have the only daughter of that good man given him
+      in marriage. Hearing this, the father was much surprised, and
+      answered, that as he understood the matter, there was not a
+      <span class="pagenum"><a id="page30" name="page30"></a>[pg
+      30]</span> single man whom he knew, how poor soever he might
+      be, who would consent to marry such a vixen. And his son
+      replied, that he asked it as a particular favour that he
+      would bring about this marriage, and so far insisted, that
+      however strange he thought the request, his father gave his
+      consent. In consequence, he went directly to seek the good
+      man, with whom he was on the most friendly terms, and having
+      acquainted him with all that had passed, begged that he would
+      be pleased to bestow his daughter's hand upon his son, who
+      had courage enough to marry her. Now when the good man heard
+      this proposal from the lips of his best friend, he said to
+      him:&mdash;"Good God, my friend, if I were to do any such
+      thing, I should serve you a very bad turn; for you possess an
+      excellent son, and it would be a great piece of treachery on
+      my part, if I were to consent to make him so unfortunate, and
+      become accessory to his death. Nay I may say worse than
+      death, for better would it be for him to be dead than to be
+      married to my daughter! And you must not think that I say
+      thus much to oppose your wishes; for as to that matter, I
+      should be well pleased to give her to your son, or to any
+      body's son, who would be foolish enough to rid my house of
+      her." To this his friend replied, that he felt very sensibly
+      the kind motives which led him to speak thus; and intreated
+      that, as his son seemed so bent upon the match, he would be
+      pleased to give the lady in marriage. He agreed, and
+      accordingly the ceremony took place. The bride was brought to
+      her husband's house, and it being a custom with the Moors to
+      give the betrothed a supper and to set out the feast for
+      them, and then to take leave and return to visit them on the
+      ensuing day, the ceremony was performed accordingly. However,
+      the fathers and mothers, and all the relations of the bride
+      and bridegroom went away with many misgivings, fearing that
+      when they returned the ensuing day they should either find
+      the young man dead, or in some very bad plight indeed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So it came to pass, that as soon as the young people were
+      left alone, they seated themselves at the table, and before
+      the dreaded bride had time to open her lips, the bridegroom,
+      looking behind him, saw stationed there his favourite mastiff
+      dog, and he said to him somewhat sharply, "Mr. Mastiff, bring
+      us some water for our hands;" and the dog stood still, and
+      did not do it. His master then repeated the order more
+      fiercely, but the dog stood still as before. His master then
+      leaped up in a great passion from the table, and seizing his
+      sword, ran towards the mastiff, who, seeing him coming, ran
+      away, leaping over the chairs and tables and the fire, trying
+      every place to make his escape, with the bridegroom hard in
+      pursuit of him. At length reaching the dog, he smote off his
+      head with his sword, then hewed off his legs, and all his
+      body, until the whole place was covered with blood. He then
+      resumed his place at table, all covered as he was with gore;
+      and soon casting his eyes around, he beheld a lap-dog, and
+      commanded him to bring him water for his hands, and because
+      he was not obeyed, he said, "How, false traitor! see you not
+      the fate of the mastiff, because he would not do as I
+      commanded him? I vow, that if you offer to contend one moment
+      with me, I will treat thee to the same fare as I did the
+      mastiff;" and when he found it was not done, he arose, seized
+      him by the legs, and dashing him against the wall, actually
+      beat his brains out, showing even more rage than against the
+      poor mastiff. Then in a great passion he returned to the
+      table, and cast his eyes about on all sides, while his bride,
+      fearful that he had taken leave of his senses, ventured not
+      to utter a word. At length he fixed his eyes upon his horse
+      that was standing before the door, though he had only that
+      one; and he commanded him to bring him water, which the horse
+      did not do. "How now, Mr. Horse," cried the husband, "do you
+      imagine, because I have only you, that I shall suffer you to
+      live, and not do as I command you! No! I will inflict as hard
+      a death upon you as upon the others; yea, there is no living
+      thing I have in the world which I will spare, if I be not
+      obeyed." But the horse stood where he was, and his master
+      approaching with the greatest rage, smote off his head, and
+      cut him to pieces with his sword. And when his wife saw that
+      he had actually killed his horse, having no other, and heard
+      him declare he would do the same to any creature that
+      ventured to disobey him, she found that he had by no means
+      done it by way of jest, and took such an alarm, that she
+      hardly knew if she were dead or alive. For all covered with
+      gore as he was, he again seated himself at table, swearing
+      that though he had a thousand horses or wives, or servants,
+      if they refused to do his behest, he would kill them all; and
+      he again began to look around him, holding his sword in his
+      hand. And after he had looked well round him, and found no
+      living thing near him, he turned his eyes fiercely towards
+      his wife, and said in a great passion, "Get up, and bring me
+      some water to wash my hands!" and his wife, expecting nothing
+      less than to be cut to pieces, rose in a great hurry, and
+      giving him water for his <span class="pagenum"><a id="page31"
+      name="page31"></a>[pg 31]</span> hands, said to him, "Ah, how
+      I ought to return thanks to God, who inspired you with the
+      thought of doing as you have done! for otherwise, owing to
+      the wrong treatment of my foolish friends, I should have
+      behaved the same to you as to them." Afterwards he commanded
+      her to help him to something to eat, and that in such a tone,
+      that she felt as if her head were on the point of dropping
+      off upon the floor; so that in this way was the understanding
+      between them settled during that night, and she never spoke,
+      but only did every thing which he required her to do. After
+      they had reposed some time, her husband said, "The passion I
+      have been put into this night hinders me from sleeping; get
+      up, and see that nobody comes to disturb me, and prepare for
+      me something well cooked to eat."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When it came full day, and the fathers, mothers, and other
+      relatives arrived at the door, they all listened, and hearing
+      no one speak, at first concluded that the unfortunate man was
+      either dead, or mortally wounded by his ferocious bride. In
+      this they were the more confirmed when they saw the bride
+      standing at the door, and the bridegroom not there. But when
+      the lady saw them advancing, she walked gently on tiptoe
+      towards them, and whispered, "False friends, as you are, how
+      dared you to come up to the door in that way, or to say a
+      word! Be silent! as you value your lives, and mine also." And
+      when they were all made acquainted with what she said, they
+      greatly wondered; but when they learnt all that had passed
+      during the night, their wonder was changed into admiration of
+      the young man, for having so well known how to manage what
+      concerned him, and to maintain order in his house. And from
+      that day forth, so excellently was his wife governed, and
+      well-conditioned in every respect, that they led a very
+      pleasant life together. Such, indeed, was the good example
+      set by the son-in-law, that a few days afterwards the
+      father-in-law, desirous of the same happy change in his
+      household, also killed a horse; but his wife only said to
+      him, "By my faith, Don Fulano, you have thought of this plan
+      somewhat too late in the day; we are now too well acquainted
+      with each other."
+    </p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <h2>
+      SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+    </h2>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      SUMMER MORNING LANDSCAPE.&mdash;DELTA.
+    </h3>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          The eyelids of the morning are awake;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The dews are disappearing from the grass;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The sun is o'er the mountains; and the trees,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Moveless, are stretching through the blue of heaven,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Exuberantly green. All noiseless
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The shadows of the twilight fleet away,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          And draw their misty legion to the west,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Seen for awhile, 'mid the salubrious air,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Suspended in the silent atmosphere,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          As in Medina's mosque Mahomet's tomb,&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Up from the coppice, on exulting wing,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Mounts, mounts the skylark through the clouds of
+          dawn,&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The clouds, whose snow-white canopy is spread
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Athwart, yet hiding not, at intervals,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The azure beauty of the summer sky;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          And, at far distance heard, a bodiless note
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Pours down, as if from cherub stray'd from Heaven!
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          Maternal Nature! all thy sights and sounds
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Now breathe repose, and peace, and harmony.
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The lake's unruffled bosom, cold and clear,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Expands beneath me, like a silver veil
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Thrown o'er the level of subjacent fields,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Revealing, on its conscious countenance,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The shadows of the clouds that float above:&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Upon its central stone the heron sits
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Stirless,&mdash;as in the wave its counterpart,&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Looking, with quiet eye, towards the shore
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Of dark-green copse-wood, dark, save, here and there,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Where spangled with the broom's bright aureate
+          flowers.&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The blue-winged sea-gull, sailing placidly
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Above his landward haunts, dips down alert
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          His plumage in the waters, and, anon,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          With quicken'd wing, in silence re-ascends.&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Whence comest thou, lone pilgrim of the wild?
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Whence wanderest thou, lone Arab of the air?
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Where makest thou thy dwelling-place? Afar,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          O'er inland pastures, from the herbless rock,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Amid the weltering ocean, thou dost hold,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          At early sunrise, thy unguided way,&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The visitants of Nature's varied realms,&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The habitant of Ocean, Earth, and Air,&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Sailing with sportive breast, mid wind and wave,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          And, when the sober evening draws around
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Her curtains, clasp'd together by her Star,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Returning to the sea-rock's breezy peak.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          And now the wood engirds me, the tall stems
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Of birch and beech tree hemming me around,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Like pillars of some natural temple vast;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          And, here and there, some giant pines ascend,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Briareus-like, amid the stirless air,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          High stretching; like a good man's virtuous thoughts
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Forsaking earth for heaven. The cushat stands
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Amid the topmost boughs, with azure vest,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          And neck aslant, listening the amorous coo
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Of her, his mate, who, with maternal wing
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Wide-spread, sits brooding on opponent tree.
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Why, from the rank grass underneath my feet,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Aside on ruffled pinion dost thou start,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Sweet minstrel of the morn? Behold her nest,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Thatch'd o'er with cunning skill, and there, her young
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          With sparkling eye, and thin-fledged russet wing;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Younglings of air! probationers of song!
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          From lurking dangers may ye rest secure,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Secure from prowling weazel, or the tread
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Of steed incautious, wandering 'mid the flowers?
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Secure beneath the fostering care of her
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Who warm'd you into life, and gave you birth;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Till, plumed and strong unto the buoyant air,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Ye spread your equal wings, and to the morn,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Lifting your freckled bosoms, dew-besprent,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Salute with spirit-stirring song, the man
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Wayfaring lonely. Hark! the striderous neigh!
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          There, o'er his dogrose fence, the chestnut foal,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Shaking his silver forelock, proudly stands,&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          To snuff the balmy fragrance of the morn:&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Up comes his ebon compeer, and, anon,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Around the field in mimic chase they fly,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Startling the echoes of the woodland gloom.
+        </p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page32"
+        name="page32"></a>[pg 32]</span>
+        <p>
+          Farewell, ye placid scenes! amid the land
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Ye smile, an inland solitude: the voice
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Of peace-destroying man is seldom heard
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Amid your landscapes. Beautiful ye raise
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Your green embowering groves, and smoothly spread
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Your waters, glistening in a silver sheet.
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The morning is a season of delight&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The morning is the self-possession'd hour&mdash;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          'Tis then that feelings, sunk, but unsubdued,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Feelings of purer thoughts, and happier days,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Awake, and, like the sceptred images
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Of Banquo's mirror, in succession pass!
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          And, first of all, and fairest, thou dost pass
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          In Memory's eye, beloved! though now afar
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          From those sweet vales, where we have often roam'd
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Together. Do thy blue eyes now survey
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The brightness of the morn in other scenes?
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Other, but haply beautiful as these,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Which now I gaze on; but which, wanting thee,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Want half their charms, for, to thy poet's thought,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          More deeply glow'd the heaven, when thy fine eye,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Surveying its grand arch, all kindling glow'd;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The white cloud to thy white brow was a foil;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          And, by the soft tints of thy cheek outvied,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The dew-bent wild-rose droop'd despairingly.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <p>
+      <i>Blackwood's Mag.</i>
+    </p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <h2>
+      THE GATHERER.
+    </h2>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          "A snapper-up of unconsidered trifles."
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          SHAKSPEARE.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      CHANGING COIN.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Judge Gould married his daughter to Lord Cavan. A gentleman
+      asking what fortune, was answered, "it was all in
+      <i>Gould</i>, and his lordship changed it the first day."
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      VOLTAIRE.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Voltaire said of a traveller, who made too long a stay with
+      him at Ferney, "Don Quixote took inns for castles, but
+      Mr.&mdash;&mdash; takes castles for inns."
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      ABROAD AND AT HOME.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      The English abroad can never get to look as if they were at
+      home. The Irish and Scotch, after being some time in a place,
+      get the air of the natives; but an Englishman, in any foreign
+      court, looks about him as if he was going to steal a tankard.
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      PARODY OF THE FIRST SONG IN THE BEGGAR'S OPERA.
+    </h3>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          Through all the odd noses in vogue,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Each nose is turn'd up at its brother;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          Broad and blunt they call platter and pug,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          And thus they take snuff at each other.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          The short calls the long nose a snout,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          The long calls the short nose a snub;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          And the bottle nose being so stout,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Thinks every sharp one a scrub.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <h4>
+      T.H.
+    </h4>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      GARRICK AND STERNE.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Sterne, who used his wife very ill, was one day talking to
+      Garrick in a fine sentimental manner, in praise of conjugal
+      love and fidelity. "The husband," said Sterne, "who behaves
+      unkindly to his wife, deserves to have his house burnt over
+      his head." "If you think so," said Garrick, "I hope
+      <i>your</i> house is insured."
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      UNPALATABLE IMPROVEMENT.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Wilkes attended a city dinner, not long after his promotion
+      to city honours. Among the guests was a noisy, vulgar deputy,
+      a great glutton, who, on his entering the dinner-room, always
+      with great deliberation took off his wig, suspended it on a
+      pin, and with due solemnity put on a white cotton night-cap.
+      Wilkes, who was a high bred man, and never accustomed to
+      similar exhibitions, could not take his eyes from so strange
+      and novel a picture. At length the deputy walked up to
+      Wilkes, and asked him whether he did not think that his
+      night-cap became him? "Oh! yes, Sir," replied Wilkes, "but it
+      would look much better if it was pulled quite over your
+      face."
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      CHARMS OF A DUEL.
+    </h3>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          It has a strange quick jar upon the ear,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          That cocking of a pistol, when you know
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          A moment more will bring the sight to bear
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          Upon your person, twelve yards off, or so,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          A gentlemanly distance, not too near,
+        </p>
+        <p class="i2">
+          If you have got a former friend for foe;
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          But after being fired at once or twice,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          The ear becomes more Irish, and less nice.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <h4>
+      BYRON.
+    </h4>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      WESTMINSTER HALL.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      A peasant newly arrived in London, asked what building was
+      that, pointing to where the law courts are held. "It is a
+      mill," said an attorney, to quiz the bumpkin. "I thought as
+      much," replied the countryman, "for I see a good many asses
+      at the door with sacks."
+    </p>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      OUT OF DEBT.
+    </h3>
+    <div class="poem">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <p>
+          You say you nothing owe, and so I say,
+        </p>
+        <p>
+          He only owes who something has&mdash;to pay.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <h3>
+      NEWSPAPER LIBELS.
+    </h3>
+    <p>
+      Writers in some journals, like rope-dancers, to engage the
+      public attention, must venture their necks every step that
+      they take. The pleasure people feel, arises from the risk
+      that they run.
+    </p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+      <a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a> <b>Footnote 1</b>:
+      <a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+      <p>
+        See Succession Chronologica de los Reyes de Portugal.
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+      <a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a> <b>Footnote 2</b>:
+      <a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+      <p>
+        If I may be allowed to offer a conjecture on the cause of
+        this singular white veil, or cloud, I can only attribute it
+        to the vapour of water which escapes from the earth from
+        the heated mass below, and which is condensed on rising
+        into the cold air, and thus rendered visible. Bogota,
+        according to my measurement, which corresponds very nearly
+        with that of Baron Humboldt, is 9,600 feet above the level
+        of the sea, and is distant at least one hundred miles from
+        any known volcano.]
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+      <a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"></a> <b>Footnote 3</b>:
+      <a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a>
+      <p>
+        Vide MIRROR, vol. iv. pp 2, 22, 61, 102.]
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+      <a id="footnote4" name="footnote4"></a> <b>Footnote 4</b>:
+      <a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a>
+      <p>
+        It is singular, but almost true to an axiom, that objects
+        capable of exciting disgust in their <i>reality</i>, confer
+        delight in their pictorial <i>representation</i>; the
+        interior of some wretched hovel, a sty and its inmates, and
+        a boorish revel, will exemplify this. Our pleasure in that
+        case arises <i>perhaps</i> not from the objects
+        represented, but from the <i>truth of the
+        representation</i>. I know not that this paradox has ever
+        been solved, and therefore with diffidence offer, that we
+        are rather pleased with the <i>artist</i> than his
+        <i>subject</i>.
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+      <a id="footnote5" name="footnote5"></a> <b>Footnote 5</b>:
+      <a href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a>
+      <p>
+        Extraordinary and beautiful effects, however, are, by
+        superior painters, frequently produced by violating this
+        latter rule. The writer would particularly notice the
+        results of light thrown into the distance, in stormy
+        sea-views.
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+      <a id="footnote6" name="footnote6"></a> <b>Footnote 6</b>:
+      <a href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a>
+      <p>
+        Coffee has been recommended for this purpose, but delicate
+        and pleasing washes or glazings may be produced from burnt
+        sienna, yellow ochre, burnt umbre, and lake, in various
+        combinations, and laid on extremely attenuated by water.
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+      <a id="footnote7" name="footnote7"></a> <b>Footnote 7</b>:
+      <a href="#footnotetag7">(return)</a>
+      <p>
+        The artist, however, cannot produce <i>his</i> tints from
+        those simple colours <i>entirely</i>, but the advice once
+        given to the writer, by a painter, was:&mdash;"Never fancy
+        that <i>many</i> colours will effect your object; a
+        <i>few</i> well chosen will better succeed, and be more
+        easily managed; half-a-dozen would, for <i>me</i>, answer
+        every purpose." The student is warned against <i>gaudy
+        colouring</i>, which, if allowable in <i>caricatures</i>
+        seen <i>elsewhere</i>, reminds one of pedlar's pictures.
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+      <a id="footnote8" name="footnote8"></a> <b>Footnote 8</b>:
+      <a href="#footnotetag8">(return)</a>
+      <p>
+        The old masters are well known to have made carefully
+        <i>many</i> sketches of the subjects they designed for
+        pictures, ere they dreamt of painting compositions that
+        were to last for ever.
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+      <a id="footnote9" name="footnote9"></a> <b>Footnote 9</b>:
+      <a href="#footnotetag9">(return)</a>
+      <p>
+        Flamen, among the ancient Romans, was a priest or minister
+        of sacrifice.
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+      <a id="footnote10" name="footnote10"></a> <b>Footnote 10</b>:
+      <a href="#footnotetag10">(return)</a>
+      <p>
+        "What boots it thee to call thyself a sun."
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <p>
+      <i>Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near
+      Somerset House), London: and published by ERNEST FLEISCHER,
+      626, New Market, Liepsic; and sold by all Newsmen and
+      Booksellers</i>.
+    </p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 12, ISSUE 322, JULY 12, 1828***</p>
+<p>******* This file should be named 11362-h.txt or 11362-h.zip *******</p>
+<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br />
+<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/3/6/11362">https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/3/6/11362</a></p>
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 12, Issue 322, July 12, 1828, by Various
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 12,
+Issue 322, July 12, 1828
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: February 28, 2004  [eBook #11362]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: US-ASCII
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE,
+AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 12, ISSUE 322, JULY 12, 1828***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Chew-Hung Lee, David Garcia, and the
+Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustration.
+      See 11362-h.htm or 11362-h.zip:
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/3/6/11362/11362-h/11362-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/3/6/11362/11362-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. 12, No. 322.] SATURDAY, JULY 12, 1828. [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CLARENCE TERRACE, REGENT'S PARK.
+
+
+[Illustration: CLARENCE TERRACE, REGENT'S PARK.]
+
+
+CLARENCE TERRACE,
+
+REGENT'S PARK.
+
+
+  O mortal man, who livest here,
+  Do not complain of this thy hard estate.
+
+_Thomson's Castle of Indolence._
+
+
+The annexed continuation of our illustrated ramble in the Regent's Park
+is named _Clarence Terrace_, in compliment to the illustrious Lord High
+Admiral of England. It consists of a centre and two wings, of the
+Corinthian order, connected by colonnades of the Ilyssus Ionic order,
+and altogether presents a picturesque display of Grecian architecture.
+The three stories are a rusticated entrance, or basement; and a
+Corinthian drawing-room and chamber story; surmounted with an elegant
+entablature and balustrade. In the details, the spectator cannot fail to
+admire the boldness and richness of the columns supporting the pediment
+in the centre, and the classic beauty of the pilasters which decorate
+the wings.
+
+_Clarence Terrace_ is from the designs of Mr. Decimus Burton, to whose
+ingenious pencil we are indebted for some of the splendid architectural
+combinations in this district. The present terrace is, we believe, the
+smallest in the park, but yields to none in picturesque effect and
+harmonious design; and the variety of its composition renders it one of
+the most attractive illustrations of our series. It is likewise worthy
+of remark, that this portion of the Regent's Park, from its natural
+beauties, is entitled to the first-rate embellishment of art, inasmuch
+as the basement of Clarence Terrace commands a "living picture" of
+extraordinary luxuriance; and from the drawing-room windows the lake may
+be seen studded with little islands, and environed with lawny slopes and
+unusual park-like vegetation:
+
+
+  With Nature the creating pencil vies
+  With Nature joyous at the mimic strife.
+
+
+We have already indulged our fancy in anticipations of the future
+splendour of the Regent's Park. As yet, art triumphs, and here the
+lordlings of wealth may enjoy _otium cum dignitate_: but in a few years
+Nature may enable this domain to vie with Daphne of old, and become to
+London what Daphne was to Antioch, whose voluptuousness and luxury are
+perpetuated in history. But the beginnings of such triumphs furnish more
+pleasing reflections than their decline.
+
+Clarence Terrace is on the western side of the park, and adjoins Sussex
+Place, whose cupola tops were the signals for critical censure and
+ridicule among the first structures in this quarter. The artists have,
+however, profited by the lesson, and the architecture of the Regent's
+Park bids fair to rank among the proudest successes of art.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ORIGIN OF PARISHES.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+How ancient the division of parishes is, may at present be difficult
+to ascertain. Mr. Camden says, England was divided into parishes by
+Archbishop Honorius, about the year 630. Sir Henry Hobart lays it down,
+that parishes were first erected by the council of Lateran, which was
+held A.D. 1179. Each widely differs from the other, and both of them
+perhaps from the truth, which will probably be found in the medium,
+between the two extremes. We find the distinction of parishes, nay, even
+of mother churches, so early as in the laws of King Edgar, about the
+year 970. The civil division of England into counties, of counties into
+hundreds, of hundreds into tithings, or towns, as it now stands, seems
+to owe its original to King Alfred; who, to prevent the rapines and
+disorders which formerly prevailed in the realm, instituted tithings;
+so called, from the Saxon, because ten freeholders with their families
+composed one. These all dwelt together, and were sureties, or
+free-pledges to the king for the good behaviour of each other; and if
+any offence were committed in their district, they were bound to have
+the offender forthcoming. And therefore, anciently, no man was suffered
+to abide in England above forty days, unless he were enrolled in some
+tithing or decennary. As ten families of freeholders made up a tithing,
+so ten tithings composed a superior division, called a hundred. In some
+of the more northern counties these hundreds are called wapentakes. The
+sub-division of hundreds into tithings seems to be most peculiarly the
+invention of Alfred; the institution of hundreds themselves he rather
+introduced than invented, for they seem to have obtained in Denmark; and
+we find that in France a regulation of this sort was made above 200
+years before; set on foot by Clotharicus and Childebert, with a view of
+obliging each district to answer for the robberies committed in its own
+division. In some counties there is an intermediate division between the
+shire and the hundred, as lathes in Kent, and rapes in Sussex, each of
+them containing about three or four hundreds a-piece. Where a county is
+divided into three of these intermediate jurisdictions, they are called
+trithings, which still subsist in the large county of York, where, by an
+easy corruption, they are denominated ridings; the north, the east, and
+the west.
+
+J.M. C----D.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+STANZAS,
+
+(BEING AN INTRODUCTION TO AN INTENDED VERSIFICATION OF ONE OF THE TALES
+OF BOCCACCIO.)
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+  The young, fair Spring, is tripping o'er the Earth,
+    With feet that ne'er can know the lag of age;
+  The Earth, her lover, conscious of her worth,
+    Flings down all his rich treasures to engage
+  That blushing wanderer: but she journeys forth
+    Heedless of all his offerings. The hot rage
+  Of love shall scorch his heart in tortures fell,
+  Till Winter comes with many an icicle.
+
+  That loved-one yet is here; and flowers, and songs,
+    And streams--to gush above her own free feet
+  Of stainless ivory,--and countless throngs
+    Of birds are living, her pure soul to greet.
+  And the lone spirit, thoughtfully that longs
+    For a dim view of Eden, from a seat
+  O'erhanging some green valley, now espies
+  Nought that might dread compare with Paradise!
+
+  There is a glory gone forth from on high!--
+    It quickens the heart's beat, whereon it flings
+  Its fervour;--the flushed cheek and glowing eye
+    Confess its influence;--and the many strings,
+  Voiceless too long in the young heart, reply
+    To the mute promptings of a thousand things
+  Which Spring has conjured up;--all, all is hers--
+  That Glory without name--she ministers.
+
+  Now--all the thoughts she wakens in the heart
+    Are glorious Music!--divine Poesy!--
+  Now--all the dreams on Fancy's eyes that start,
+    She will disown not, wayward though they be.
+  Sweet Dreams!--down Lethe's billow they depart--
+    Words are too weak to clothe them worthily.
+  Rich incense, burnt upon some altar stone
+  Censerless,--in a temple--desert--lone!
+
+  What shall we do in these delightful days,
+    When the full, bounding heart, will not be still;--
+  When the glad eye, absorbed in far-sent gaze,
+    Forgets Earth's plenitude of grief and ill;--
+  Shall we dream on, in a bewitching maze
+    Of sweet affections and bold hopes, until
+  Earth is not Earth--but Heaven? or shall we die
+  Hourly, to some "dissolving minstrelsy?"
+
+  Sometimes, when day is dying--when twilight
+    Brings its dim Vigil,--hour of quietness,--
+  'Tis sweet to listen, till the cheated sight
+    Pictures strange shadowings of awfulness,--
+  Some wild, old tale of goblin's ghastly spite,
+    Or antique strain of passionate distress;--
+  And one, which has been wept o'er many a time
+  I seek, to mar, perchance, with feeble rhyme
+
+_May, 1828._
+
+THOMAS M----s.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+EXECUTION AND LAST MOMENTS OF LORD WILLIAM RUSSEL.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+This distinguished patriot and martyr to the cause of liberty was the
+third son of William, the first Duke of Bedford, by a daughter of the
+Earl of Somerset. He refused the generous offer of Lord Cavendish to
+favour his escape, by changing clothes with him in prison; and he also
+declined the Duke of Monmouth's proposal to surrender himself, should
+Lord William Russel think it might contribute to his safety. "It will be
+no advantage to me," he said, "to have my friends die with me." Conjugal
+affection was the feeling that clung to his heart; and when he had taken
+his last farewell of his wife, he said, "The bitterness of death is now
+over." He suffered the sentences of his judges with resignation and
+composure. Some of his expressions (says his biographer) imply much
+good-humour in this last extremity. The day before his execution, he was
+seized with a bleeding at the nose. "I shall not now let blood to divert
+this distemper," said he to Burnet, who was present; "that will be done
+to-morrow." A little before the sheriffs conducted him to the scaffold,
+he wound up his watch. "Now I have done," said he, "with time, and
+henceforth must think solely of eternity." The sad tragedy of the death
+of the virtuous Lord Russel, (says Pennant,) who lost his head in the
+middle of Lincoln's-Inn-Fields, took place on July 21st, 1683. Party
+writers assert that he was brought here in preference to any other spot,
+in order to mortify the citizens with the sight. In fact, it was the
+nearest open space to Newgate, the place of his lordship's confinement.
+Without the least change of countenance, he laid his head on the block,
+and at two strokes it was severed from his body. He was, at the time of
+his death, only forty-two years of age. To his character for probity,
+sincerity, and private worth, even the enemies to his public principles
+bear testimony. At Woburn Abbey is preserved, in gold letters, the
+speech of Lord Russel to the sheriffs, together with the paper delivered
+by his lordship to them at the place of execution.
+
+P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+INDEPENDENCE OF PORTUGAL.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+Portugal was first created into a monarchy on the 27th of July, 1139;
+on which day, Dom Alphonso I., son of Henry, Count of Burgundy, the
+son of Robert, king of France, was proclaimed at Lisbon, after having
+vanquished and slain five Moorish kings in the battle of Campo
+d'Ourique, where he was unanimously chosen as sovereign of Portugal by
+his army. This dignity was confirmed to him by the first assembly of the
+states-general at Lamego. In commemoration of this event, the Portuguese
+arms bear five standards and five escudets.[1] After the unfortunate
+expedition of Dom Sebastian I. to Africa, where he was slain in the
+battle of Alcazar, the crown devolved upon his great uncle, the Cardinal
+Dom Henry, a man of 67 years of age, and who reigned but 17 months.
+At his death there were several claimants for the succession, and the
+kingdom in consequence became the theatre of civil war. Philip II. of
+Spain, the most powerful of these, sent an army, under the Duke of Alba,
+into Portugal, and completed the conquest of the country with little
+opposition. This event took place in the year 1580, and the kingdom of
+Portugal remained under the dominion of Spain until the 1st of December,
+1649, the day on which the Duke of Braganza was proclaimed king with the
+title of Dom Joao IV. Since that time Portugal has maintained its
+independence. For a more detailed account, see L'Abbe Nertot's
+"Revolutions of Portugal."
+
+
+    [Footnote 1: See Succession Chronologica de los Reyes de Portugal.]
+
+
+C.V., A CONSTANT READER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+RECENT EARTHQUAKE IN COLOMBIA.
+
+(_Communicated by a Correspondent to Brande's Journal._)
+
+
+On the 16th of November, 1827, at a quarter past six o'clock in the
+evening, the inhabitants of Bogota, in Colombia, were thrown into the
+greatest consternation and alarm by the severest shock of an earthquake
+which has ever been known to visit that city.
+
+At the moment of its occurrence, a subterraneous noise was very
+distinctly heard, resembling the noise of a carriage passing briskly
+over the pavement, and a white, thin, transparent cloud was seen to hang
+over the city; this cloud has been noticed in Italy, as generally, if
+not always, present, near the volcanic commotions of that country,
+previously, and at the time of these commotions. This cloud is entirely
+unlike any other which I have ever noticed, and resembles a thin gauze
+veil. I noticed it not only upon this occasion, but also in the
+earthquake of June 17th, 1826, in this city.[2]
+
+[Footnote 2: If I may be allowed to offer a conjecture on the cause
+of this singular white veil, or cloud, I can only attribute it to the
+vapour of water which escapes from the earth from the heated mass below,
+and which is condensed on rising into the cold air, and thus rendered
+visible. Bogota, according to my measurement, which corresponds very
+nearly with that of Baron Humboldt, is 9,600 feet above the level of the
+sea, and is distant at least one hundred miles from any known volcano.]
+
+The earthquake took a direction from S.E. to N.W., in which it could
+plainly be traced by the havoc which it made. Its effects on the city
+were partial in the above direction, but every part was convulsed.
+
+The confusion and affliction which such a calamity occasions,
+particularly in a catholic country, can neither be imagined, nor
+described. I was sitting reading in a small house of one story above the
+ground-floor, when the trembling commenced; the table on which my book
+lay, first shook, and almost at the same instant the chair on which
+I sat; I immediately got on my legs, but found much difficulty in
+sustaining myself without holding by some fixture; the house all this
+time rocking to and fro as in a hurricane, but not a breath of air
+stirred. After passing ten or more seconds in this way, I collected my
+reason sufficiently to run down the steps into the street; all this time
+the earth was in motion. When I arrived at the portal of the door, I
+found it impossible to stand without holding very tight by the doorway,
+and many persons fell on their faces. During these moments, part of the
+house adjoining mine fell with a terrible crash, and the street was
+filled with a cloud of dust, out of which emerged a man distorted with
+horror, but who had almost miraculously escaped immolation, without any
+other hurt than what his fright had occasioned. After continuing a
+_minute or more_, the trembling ceased, and nothing could now be heard
+but the cries of the people; with that exception all was still and
+silent, and the stars appeared with all their brilliancy, as if smiling
+at this scene of human distress. Some persons asserted, that there were
+two distinct shocks, but I must confess I felt the earth in motion
+during the whole period of a minute or more; and being situated over the
+direction which the earthquake took, was therefore, better able to judge
+of this than others who were more distant, and particularly as I
+retained my presence of mind. Fortunately for me my house was well
+built, for had it fallen I should inevitably have been buried in the
+ruins. To describe the scene which ensued is difficult; the streets were
+filled with despair; some entirely and others half naked were seen on
+their knees imploring divine protection; no one knew what to do or where
+to fly, for all were in the same consternation and distress. After this
+had a little subsided, the city became soon deserted, and a fresh scene
+presented itself; all those who had horses were seen scampering through
+the streets towards the plain, to elude the terror of another shock;
+others on foot with their beds on their backs; and the sick, wrapped
+up in blankets, were conveyed in arm-chairs, with two sticks passed
+underneath them to form sedan-chairs, and some were conveyed in
+hammocks. This afflicting sight, accompanied by the cries of the
+distressed and the melancholy chant of their progress, was painful in
+the extreme; and hard, indeed, must be that heart who could view it
+with indifference; yet such was the apathy occasioned by terror, that
+scarcely any one offered assistance to his neighbour, and frequently
+neglected his own safety. When all was quiet I went out to examine the
+city. The first thing which attracted my notice was the turret of the
+stately cathedral partly demolished, and the building split and cracked
+in various places; the precious stones, consisting of diamonds,
+emeralds, and topazes, which adorned the interior, were scattered in all
+directions, and many of them broken, particularly a very large emerald
+weighing some ounces. This edifice had but just been repaired from the
+effects of the earthquake in the preceding year, and was, by this last,
+reduced to a tattered ruin. In all the streets which ran in the
+direction of N.W. and S.E., many houses were "levelled with the dust,"
+and others "rent in twain;" and some of the unfortunate inhabitants
+buried beneath their ruins. In all, fourteen persons have lost their
+lives; and the damage done to the city is estimated to be at least six
+millions of dollars, although it did not contain a larger population
+than 30,000 souls. Deserted streets, heaps of ruins, and tottering
+houses, threatening to crush the beholder, give but a faint idea of this
+desolate picture. General Soublette and General Bolivar were both
+present at the last fatal earthquake in Caraccas, and they both assert
+that this, of which I have now given a description, was at least as
+powerful, although the suffering in the town of Caraccas was much
+greater; and they attribute the happy escape of thousands of lives to
+the difference in the construction of houses in the two places. General
+Bolivar, as well as myself and others, were affected with sickness at
+the stomach after the shock. During the night of the earthquake in
+Bogota, on the 16th of November, 1827, tremulous motions of the earth
+were continually felt, and the following day, and every other since; and
+even whilst I am now writing, slight undulating motions are perceptible.
+
+Every person is still in the greatest alarm, dreading a second severe
+shock, which happened last year at the distance of four days from the
+first grand shock; should this happen now, scarcely one stone will
+remain upon another in Bogota.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE DRAUGHTSMAN;[3] OR, HINTS ON LANDSCAPE PAINTING.
+
+
+[Footnote 3: Vide MIRROR, vol. iv. pp 2, 22, 61, 102.]
+
+
+OBSERVATIONS ON, AND RULES FOR, SKETCHING.
+
+
+The following hints, tending to further the tyro's progress in the
+delightful art of drawing, will not I trust prove unacceptable to such
+of your readers as are interested in the subject. For my own use I
+epitomized various directions relative to sketching, when I met with
+them in Gilpin's "Three Essays on Picturesque Beauty," and I shall feel
+particularly happy should my attempt at condensing much artistical
+matter from that interesting volume prove useful to the _amateur_: the
+_professor_ undergoes a regular, severe, but _essential_ course of study
+in that beautiful art, which is to purchase for him fame and emolument;
+but he who takes up his pencil merely for pastime, will do well to
+regulate its movements by a few _rules_, not cumbrous to the memory, and
+of easy application.--It is my intention briefly to state the object of
+Gilpin's first and second essays; from the third I have deduced those
+_rules for sketching_ which appeared most obviously to result from the
+tenour of his observations:--
+
+Essay 1st discusses the difference between _actual_ and _picturesque_
+beauty; _smoothness_ is usually allowed to enter into our ideas of the
+former, but _roughness_, or _ruggedness_ is decidedly _essential_ to the
+latter: for example--The smooth shaven lawn, the neatly turned walk, the
+classic marble portico, &c. &c. are _beautiful_; but the ruined castle,
+the chasmed mountain, the tempestuous ocean, &c. are _picturesque_,
+i.e. with appropriate accompaniments; for, after remarking that the
+sublime and beautiful are, with many persons, the divisions of the
+_picturesque_, our acute observer of nature adds, "sublimity alone
+cannot make an object picturesque," it must in form, colour, or
+accompaniment, have some degree of _beauty_ to render the epithet just.
+"Nothing can be more _sublime_ than the ocean, but wholly unaccompanied
+it has little of the picturesque." It should also be remembered that
+objects of rough and careless contour, as the worn cart-horse, and the
+tattered beggar (neither of them laying claim to an iota of _sublimity_)
+please better in a painting, than the sleekest racer, and the most
+finished belle of the _Magazin des Modes_.[4]
+
+[Footnote 4: It is singular, but almost true to an axiom, that objects
+capable of exciting disgust in their _reality_, confer delight in their
+pictorial _representation_; the interior of some wretched hovel, a sty
+and its inmates, and a boorish revel, will exemplify this. Our pleasure
+in that case arises _perhaps_ not from the objects represented, but from
+the _truth of the representation_. I know not that this paradox has ever
+been solved, and therefore with diffidence offer, that we are rather
+pleased with the _artist_ than his _subject_.]
+
+Essay 2nd treats of travelling, as far as it regards the _picturesque_,
+which is to be sought in natural, and sometimes artificial, objects;
+these will constantly present themselves to the observer under all the
+varieties of light and shadow, and the different combinations of colour,
+form, and accompaniment, sometimes producing whole landscapes, but
+more frequently only beautiful parts of scenery. The _curious_ and
+_fantastic_ forms of nature are not subjects for the pencil,--and the
+draughtsman will endeavour to depict _animate_ as well as inanimate
+objects. The utility and amusement of travelling, are also considered
+in this essay, and hints thrown out for the improvement of barren and
+disagreeable country, by the observation of lights and shadows, tints
+of the season, distances, &c., with a recommendation to supply, if
+possible, every hiatus of nature, by the _imagination_ of all that is
+needed to render her perfectly picturesque. (An ingenious idea; but,
+alas! mountains will not always rise in a marsh, forests wave over a
+sterile heath, nor lakes and rivers adorn a wheat-field. This essay,
+however, is worthy the perusal of travellers even, who never touched
+a pencil.)
+
+Essay 3rd treats of sketching from nature from whence are deduced the
+following
+
+_Rules._
+
+1. Every landscape should have a _leading subject_; a rule too much
+neglected even by superior artists.
+
+2. Get the object, or subject you design to copy, into the _best_ point
+of view.
+
+3. Landscape consists of three general parts:--fore-ground, middle or
+second-ground, and distance; in sketching foreground, it is a good rule
+to have some part of it higher than the rest of the picture. (_Vide_
+Rule the 7th.)
+
+4. Mark the principal parts, (or points) of your landscape on paper,
+that you may more readily ascertain the relative distances and
+situations of the others.
+
+5. Pay attention to the _character_ of your subject; mingle not
+_trivial_ with _grand_ details.
+
+6. One landscape must not be crowded with circumstances sufficient for
+two or more.
+
+7. It is sufficient to give the principal feature of what you essay to
+represent; as a castle, abbey, bridge, &c.; but its accompaniments may
+(and to _make a picture_, should) be often different. The _fore-ground_
+of a drawing _must_ be the artist's own; and it should be ample, since
+an extended distance, and a narrow fore-ground is always awkward and bad
+in a picture--N.B. Taste and observation will direct the student to
+select for his fore-ground, clusters of trees, pieces of rock, or the
+fragments of ruined fabrics, &c., according to the nature of his
+subject.
+
+8. On the accurate observation of _distances_ the beauty of landscape
+depends; be careful therefore to get them correct at your outset, and
+to keep them so, by shading lightly with pen or brush your black-lead
+sketch, (should the parts be complicated,) whilst the view is before
+you, or fresh in your memory.
+
+9. The hand should be accustomed to the touch of various kinds of trees,
+though in a mere _sketch_, little variety is required; the distinction,
+however, between full foliaged, and straggling, branchy trees must be
+preserved, for both are necessary even in a sketch, and the artist
+should therefore be prepared to represent them.
+
+10. The artist must attend to the composition, and the disposition of
+his subject. By the _composition_ may be understood the objects with
+which he composes his view; by the _disposition_, their picturesque and
+tasteful arrangement.
+
+11. Figures, must be such as are appropriate to the scene; thus, history
+in miniature is bad, because a landscape is in itself a subject
+sufficient for the employment both of pencil and eye; therefore
+historical figures in a view, are lost and out of place.
+
+12. Birds may be introduced with good effect, if thrown into proper
+distance; to represent them _near_ is absurd: ruins and sea views are
+the best subjects in which they can appear.
+
+13. _Effect_ is to be produced best, by strong contrasts of _light_ and
+_shade_ both in earth and sky; but the student's taste must determine
+where these shall fall, and though the contrasts should be strong, yet
+_gradation_, in both, must be observed.
+
+14. A predominancy of _shade_ has the best effect; and light, though it
+should not be scattered, must not be drawn, as it were, into one focus.
+
+15. The light, in a picture, is best disposed when the fore-ground is
+in shadow, and it falls in the middle; but this rule is subject to many
+variations. Light should rarely be spread on the distance.[5]
+
+[Footnote 5: Extraordinary and beautiful effects, however, are, by
+superior painters, frequently produced by violating this latter rule.
+The writer would particularly notice the results of light thrown into
+the distance, in stormy sea-views.]
+
+16. It is useful to know, that the shadows of morning are darker than
+those of evening; also, that when objects are in _shadow_, their light
+(as it is then a reflected light,) falls on the opposite side to that on
+which it would come if they were enlightened.
+
+17. The _harmony_ of the whole should be studied; if the piece strikes
+you as defective in this respect, place it at evening in some situation
+where it will not be reached by a strong light, when the misplaced
+lights and shadows will strike you more forcibly than in the glare of
+day.
+
+18. To stain your paper with a slight reddish or yellowish tint, adds to
+the harmony of a sketch, yet it is a mere matter of taste; but, when it
+is desired, it had better be done after the drawing is completed,
+otherwise the colour risks looking patched from the rubber.[6]
+
+[Footnote 6: Coffee has been recommended for this purpose, but delicate
+and pleasing washes or glazings may be produced from burnt sienna,
+yellow ochre, burnt umbre, and lake, in various combinations, and laid
+on extremely attenuated by water.]
+
+19. In _colouring_, the _sky_ gives the _ruling tint_ to the landscape;
+it is absurd to unite a noonday sky, with a landscape of sunset glow.
+
+20. From the three virgin colours, red, blue, and yellow, all the tints
+of nature are composed.[7] There is not in nature a perfect white,
+except snow, and the petals of some flowers.
+
+
+[Footnote 7: The artist, however, cannot produce _his_ tints from those
+simple colours _entirely_, but the advice once given to the writer, by a
+painter, was:--"Never fancy that _many_ colours will effect your object;
+a _few_ well chosen will better succeed, and be more easily managed;
+half-a-dozen would, for _me_, answer every purpose." The student is
+warned against _gaudy colouring_, which, if allowable in _caricatures_
+seen _elsewhere_, reminds one of pedlar's pictures.]
+
+
+21. Sketch nothing but what you can _adorn_, (for the purpose of showing
+to friends, &c.) but do not adorn your first, or _rough_ sketch; _make
+another_, and refer to your _original_ draught, as you would do to the
+view itself, for it contains your _general ideas_--your first and
+freshest, which may be lost by endeavouring to refine and improve upon
+them in the original sketch.[8]
+
+
+[Footnote 8: The old masters are well known to have made carefully _many_
+sketches of the subjects they designed for pictures, ere they dreamt of
+painting compositions that were to last for ever.]
+
+
+22. In adorning your sketch, figures, both animate and inanimate, may
+be introduced, but _sparingly_; touch them slightly, for an attempt at
+_finish_ offends.
+
+I shall take the liberty of adding--endeavour to get a free and flowing
+outline; be not too minute either in detail or finishing; use pen or
+brush for your _rough_ sketch in preference to pencil; you will gain
+confidence, and _correctness_ will be your aim in your _adorned_ copy.
+Finally, study nature, art, and good writers.
+
+M.L.B.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+FINE ARTS.
+
+(_To the Editor of the Mirror._)
+
+
+Sir,--I have made repeated visits this season to the exhibition of the
+works of the old masters at the _British Institution_, for the express
+purpose of presenting you with _a few remarks_ on some of the most
+excellent paintings. As I have strictly adhered to the notes which I
+made at the institution, the accuracy of the subjoined may be depended
+upon:--
+
+
+BRITISH INSTITUTION.
+
+
+The present exhibition consists of the works of the Italian, Spanish,
+Flemish, and Dutch masters. There are one hundred and ninety pictures,
+which have chiefly been contributed to the institution by his Majesty
+and the nobility.
+
+No. 5, _Innocent the Tenth_, by Velasquez, is an uncommon fine portrait;
+it is very boldly executed, combining at the same time a sufficient
+degree of finish and great beauty of colour. His holiness is represented
+in quite a plain habit. The beauties of Guido's pencil will be traced in
+No. 6, _Hippomenes and Atalanta_. Claude, in his _Embarkation of St.
+Paul; Sea Port, Evening, &c._, charms us with his exquisite effects,
+which are so truly natural, that, while we view his representations, we
+may almost fancy ourselves transported to the magnificent scenery of
+Italy. In No. 42, _Titian's Daughter_, are seen the genuine tints
+adopted by the Venetian school of painting. No. 56, _St. Appolonia_,
+by Sebastian del Piombo, is a most admirable specimen of the master.
+No. 74, _Landscape and Cattle_, by Paul Potter, contains all that beauty
+of touch and delicacy of colour which render this famous artist so
+difficult to imitate. There are several very capital pictures by the
+younger Teniers; No. 77, _his own portrait_, and No. 95, _portrait of
+the painter and his son_, are truly excellent; as is No. 94, _Figures
+playing at Bowls_. A remarkable and very forcible effect is found in No.
+93, _The outside of a House with Figures_--painted by De Hooge. Nos.
+121 and 123, _Flowers and Fruit_, by the celebrated Van Huysum, are
+extremely elaborate in their execution. No. 161, _The Battle between
+Constantine and Maxentius_, is a sketch by Rubens, possessing wonderful
+fire and spirit, as well as great mellowness of colour.
+
+Besides the above pictures, there are many beautiful productions by Jan
+Steen, Cuyp, Poussin, Salvator Rosa, Guercino, Domenichino, Murillo,
+Albano, Vandyke, Ruysdael, Houdekoeter, Wouvermans, &c.
+
+G.W.N.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ANCIENT ROMAN FESTIVALS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+JULY.
+
+
+The _Caprotinia_, or feasts of Juno Caprotina, were celebrated on
+the 9th of July, in favour of the female slaves. During this solemnity
+they ran about, beating themselves with their fists and with rods.
+None but women assisted in the sacrifices offered at this feast. Kennet
+says, the origin of this feast, or the famous _Nonae Caprotinae_, or
+_Poplifugium_, is doubly related by Plutarch, according to the two
+common opinions. First, because Romulus disappeared on that day, when
+an assembly being held in the _Palus Capreae_, or _Goats'-Marsh_, on
+a sudden happened a most wonderful tempest, accompanied with terrible
+thunder, and other unusual disorders in the air. The common people fled
+all away to secure themselves; but, after the tempest was over, could
+never find their king. Or, else, from _Caprificus_, a wild fig-tree,
+because, in the Gallic war, a Roman virgin, who was prisoner in the
+enemy's camp, got up into a wild fig-tree, and holding out a lighted
+torch toward the city, gave the Romans a signal to fall on; which they
+did with such good success, as to obtain a considerable victory.
+
+The _Lucaria_ was an ancient feast, solemnized in the woods, where
+the Romans, defeated and pursued by the Gauls, retired and concealed
+themselves; it was held, on the 19th of July, in a wood, between the
+Tyber and the road called Via Salaria.
+
+The feast of _Neptunalia_ was held on the 23rd of July, in honour of
+Neptune.
+
+The _Furinalia_ were feasts instituted in honour of _Furina_, the
+goddess of robbers among the Romans; they took place on the 25th of
+July. This goddess had a temple at Rome, and was served by a particular
+priest, who was one of the fifteen Flamens.[9] Near the temple there was
+a sacred wood, in which Caius Gracchus was killed. Cicero takes her to
+be the same as one of the Furies.
+
+[Footnote 9: Flamen, among the ancient Romans, was a priest or minister
+of sacrifice.]
+
+P.T.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NOTES OF A READER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CAPTAIN POPANILLA'S VOYAGE.
+
+
+Who has not read _Vivian Grey_, in five broad-margined volumes, with
+space enough between each line to allow the indulgence of a nap, when
+the poppy of the author predominated? Affectation, foppery, and conceit,
+have protracted the memoirs of this renowned personage to such an
+extent; but in spite of all that unfashionable critics have said, Vivian
+Grey has just produced a volume under the title of the Voyage of
+_Captain Popanilla_, with as much of the aforesaid qualities as the most
+listless drawing-room or boudoir reader could require. Nevertheless,
+"the voyage" has many touches of wit, humour, and caustic satire, and
+it has the soul and characteristic of wit--_brevity_; for we read the
+volume in little more than an hour; and, although Vivian may regard our
+analysis of his voyage like showing the sun with a lantern, we are
+disposed to venture upon the task for the gratification of our readers.
+
+To say that Popanilla resembles Swift's "Tale of a Tub," or Sir Thomas
+More's "Utopia," would be an advantageous comparison for our modern
+_voyager_, but it would not sufficiently illustrate the character of
+his work, since the latter books are so much less read than talked of.
+Swift wrote "for the universal improvement of mankind," but Popanilla
+publishes for the benefit of the people of England, whom he represents
+as living in a too artificial state. He tells his story as the native
+of an Indian isle, whose men combine "the vivacity of a faun with the
+strength of a Hercules, and the beauty of an Adonis," and whose women
+"magically sprung from the brilliant foam of that ocean, which is
+gradually subsiding before them." This favoured spot he calls the _Isle
+of Fantaisie_, about the shores of which appears a remarkable fish, or
+rather a ship, to the no small terror of the islanders. The ship is
+wrecked, and Popanilla "having in his fright, during the storm, lost a
+lock of hair which, in a moment of glorious favour, he had ravished from
+his fair mistress' brow," is next introduced in search of this precious
+_bijou_. "The favourite of all the women, the envy of all the men, &c.
+&c, and--you know the rest,--Popanilla passed an extremely pleasant
+life. No one was a better judge of wine--no one had a better taste for
+fruit--no one danced with more elegant vivacity--and no one whispered
+compliments in a more meaning tone. What a pity that such an amiable
+fellow should have got into such a scrape!"
+
+Instead of the dear lock, Popanilla finds a chest saved from the wreck,
+and filled with "Useful Knowledge Tracts," books on "the Hamiltonian
+system," &c. which our adventurer, like Faustus and his bible, turns to
+bad account; he falls asleep, is swallowed by a whale, and spouted forth
+again. "The dreamer awoke amidst real chattering, and scuffling, and
+clamour. A troop of green monkeys had been aroused by his unusual
+occupation, and had taken the opportunity of his slumber to become
+acquainted with some of the first principles of science. What progress
+they had made it is difficult to ascertain. It is said, however, that
+some monkeys have been since seen skipping about the island, with their
+tails cut off; and that they have even succeeded in passing themselves
+for human beings among those people who do not read novels, and are
+consequently unacquainted with mankind. As for Popanilla, he took up a
+treatise on hydrostatics, and read it straight through on the spot. For
+the rest of the day he was hydrostatically mad; nor could the commonest
+incident connected with the action or conveyance of water take place,
+without his speculating on its cause and consequence." So much for the
+first steps of "intellect;" now for the "march." Popanilla soon becomes
+a man of science: his wit flies off in tangents, and he tries to prove
+his sovereign a lantern, and himself a sun,[10] by undertaking to
+re-shape all the institutions of Fantaisie. Then follow a string of
+dogmas about utility, &c.; and man being a _developing animal_, till he
+decides that "there is no such thing as Nature; Nature is Art, or Art is
+Nature; that which is most useful is most natural, because utility is
+the test of Nature; therefore, a steam-engine is in fact a much more
+natural production than a mountain." Here, observing a smile upon his
+majesty's countenance, Popanilla tells the king that he is only a chief
+magistrate, and he has no more right to laugh at him than a constable.
+This is "too bad" for the royal mind; Popanilla is cut; rather
+crest-fallen, he sneaks home, and consoles himself for having nobody
+to speak to, by reading some very amusing "Conversations on Political
+Economy." But he sinks to rise again. He obtains many pupils, who had
+no sooner mastered the first principles of science, than they began to
+throw off their retired habits and uncommunicative manners. "Being not
+utterly ignorant of some of the rudiments of knowledge, and consequently
+having completed their education, it was now their duty, as members of
+society, to instruct and not to study; and on all occasions they seized
+opportunities of assisting the spread of knowledge. The voices of boys
+lecturing upon every lecturable topic, resounded in every part of the
+island. Their tones were so shrill, their manners so presuming, their
+knowledge so crude, and their general demeanour so completely unamiable,
+that it was impossible to hear them without the greatest, delight,
+advantage, and admiration." The king at last becomes impregnated with
+the liberal spirit of the age; Popanilla is "sent for" to court; he is
+overpowered with promotion, told that "with the aid of a treatise or
+two," he will make "a consummate naval commander," although he has
+"never been at sea in the whole course of his life," and at length
+thrust into a canoe, with some fresh water, bread, fruit, dried fish,
+and a basket of alligator pears. "Unhappy Popanilla! and all from that
+unlucky lock of hair!" His fright is ludicrously sketched. "Poor fellow!
+how could he know better? He certainly had enjoyed a seat at the
+Admiralty Board of Fantaisie, but then he was a lay-lord." Among his
+discoveries, on the second day, at 25 m. past 3 p.m., though at a
+considerable distance, he saw a mountain and an island: he called the
+first Alligator Mountain, in gratitude to the pears; and christened the
+second after his mistress; but the happy discoverer further found the
+mountain to be a mist, and the island a sea-weed. At length, on the
+third day, after being in a valley formed by two waves, each 3,000 feet
+high, and in as tremendous a tempest as ever raged in Chelsea or
+Battersea-reach, "great, square and solid, black clouds drew off like
+curtains, and revealed to him a magnificent city rising out of the sea.
+Tower and dome, arch, and column, and spire, and obelisk, and lofty
+terraces, and many-windowed palaces, rose in all directions from a mass
+of building, which appeared each instant to grow more huge, till at
+length it seemed to occupy the whole horizon." On his landing he is
+pestered with questions from the natives; but, thanks to the Hamiltonian
+system, "Popanilla, under these circumstances, was more loquacious than
+could have been Capt. Parry." He announces himself as the "most injured
+of human beings;" the women weep, the men shake hands with him, and all
+the boys huzza: he then narrates his ill-fortunes at Fantaisie, not
+forgetting the never-enough-to-be-lamented lock of hair. Other danger
+awaits him, for "to be strangled was not much better than to be starved;
+and certainly with half a dozen highly respectable females clinging
+round his neck, he was not reminded, for the first time in his life,
+what a domestic bowstring is an affectionate woman." He is next joined
+by an "influential personage," who informs him that he is in _Hubbabub_
+(London)--the largest city, not only that exists, but that ever did
+exist, and the capital of the Island of _Vraibleusia_, the most famous
+island, not only that is known, but that ever was known. "He provides
+himself with a purse, and exchanges his money with a banker, who offers
+him during his stay in Vraibleusia, the use of a couple of equipages, a
+villa, an opera box; insists upon sending to his hotel some pineapples
+and very rare wine; and gives him a perpetual ticket to his
+picture-gallery." Popanilla leaves his gold and takes the banker's pink
+shells, for "no genteel person has ever anything else in his pocket."
+Then follow some quips on the shell question (currency), and Mr.
+Secretary Perriwinkle, the most eminent conchologist, and the "debt" of
+the richest nation in the world; although, "a golden pyramid, with a
+base as big as the whole earth and an apex touching the heavens, would
+not supply sufficient metal to satisfy the creditors." "The annual
+interest upon our debt exceeds the whole wealth of the rest of the
+world; therefore we must be the richest nation in the world."
+
+
+[Footnote 10: "What boots it thee to call thyself a sun."]
+
+
+Our traveller being now settled at a splendid hotel in Hubbabub,
+Skindeep, his "gentleman in black," drives him about the city in an
+elegant equipage. The western migrations of fashion are humorously
+sketched, and the architecture of our metropolis comes in for a share
+of the author's banter. "In general, the massy Egyptian appropriately
+graced the attic stories; while the finer and more elaborate
+architecture of Corinth was placed on a level with the eye, so that its
+beauties might be more easily discovered. Spacious colonnades were
+flanked by porticoes, surmounted by domes; nor was the number of columns
+at all limited, for you occasionally met with porticoes of two tiers,
+the lower one of which consisted of three, the higher one of thirty
+columns. Pedestals of the purest Ionic Gothic, were ingeniously mixed
+with Palladian pediments; and the surging spire exquisitely harmonized
+with the horizontal architecture of the ancients. But, perhaps, after
+all, the most charming effect was produced by the pyramids, surmounted
+by weathercocks."
+
+A lively sketch of "the aboriginal inhabitant" introduces some smart
+satire on the agriculturists, and proves that, "between force, and fear,
+and flattery, the Vraibleusians paid for their corn nearly its weight in
+gold; but what did it signify to a nation with so many pink shells."
+Popanilla is next introduced to an eminent bookseller, who craves
+the honour of publishing a narrative of his voyage: he informs the
+"mercantile Mecaenas" that he does not know how to write; who replies
+that "he never had for a moment supposed that so sublime a savage could
+possess such a vulgar accomplishment, and that it was by no means
+difficult for a man to publish his travels without writing a line." This
+is a stale affair; but Popanilla's drinking a dozen of the bookseller's
+wine smacks more of novelty. His voyage is published, and contains a
+detailed account of every thing which took place during the whole of the
+three days, forming a quarto volume! Then we have a shower of squibs on
+_converzazioni_--as dukes imbibing a new theory of gas, a prime-minister
+studying pinmaking, a bishop the escapements of watches, a field-marshal
+intent on essence of hellebore. "But what most delighted Popanilla was
+hearing a lecture from the most eminent lawyer and statesman in
+Vraibleusia, on his first and favourite study of hydrostatics. His
+associations quite overcame him; all Fantaisie rushed upon his memory,
+and he was obliged to retire to a less frequented part of the room,
+to relieve his too excited feelings." The hostess too declares it
+"impossible for mankind ever to be happy and great, until, like
+herself and her friends," her company are "all soul!"
+
+Popanilla is now constituted ambassador from Fantaisie, and goes through
+all the courtly scenes of diplomacy, for which we have not room; but
+their gist will be readily understood among the stars of St. James's,
+especially the authors allusions to Navarino and the late ministry,
+which are in good set terms. The "Aboriginal," too, tells Popanilla
+"some long stories about a person who was chief manager, about five
+hundred years ago, to whom he said he was indebted for all his political
+principles."
+
+During Popanilla's sight-seeing career, he, of course, visits our
+theatres, and a tolerably broad caricature he gives of them. "To sit in
+a huge room hotter than a glass-house, in a posture emulating the most
+sanctified Faquir, with a throbbing head-ache, a breaking back, and
+twisted legs, with a heavy tube held over one eye, and the other
+covered with the unemployed hand, is, in Vraibleusia, called a public
+amusement." In one morning's lionizing, too, he acquires "a general
+knowledge of the chief arts and sciences, eats three hundred sandwiches,
+and tastes as many bottles of sherry."
+
+The frauds and fooleries of the joint stock company mania are, perhaps,
+among the least successful portion of the volume. The "literature" is
+somewhat better, as the establishment of a "Society for the Diffusion of
+Fashionable Knowledge"--its first treatise, Nonchalance--dissertations
+"on leaving cards," "cutting friends," "on bores," &c.--and a new novel
+called "Burlington"--the last a scratch at Popanilla's publisher. The
+"Clubs" are next recommended for those fond of solitude, and their satin
+luxuries humorously quizzed; but "the Colonial System," which follows,
+has more causticity. Popanilla, like all other great foreigners who
+visit England, falls ill; his disorder is "unquestionably nervous;" he
+is to count five between each word he utters, never ask questions, and
+avoid society, and only dine out once a day. This regimen brings on a
+slow fever; but his disorder is neither "liver," nor "nervous," but
+"mind." He next falls in with an Essay on Fruit, from which he learns
+that thousands of the Vraibleusians are dying with dyspepsia from eating
+pine-apples, which are denounced as "stupid, sour, and vulgar."
+
+Popanilla is ordered by his physician to Blunderland, where the women
+are "angelic," and the men "the most light-hearted, merry, obliging,
+entertaining fellows;" and where "instead of knives and forks being
+laid for the guests at dinner, the plates are flanked by daggers and
+pistols." A "row" springs up; "all the guests lay lifeless about the
+room;" "Popanilla rang the bell, and the waiters swept away the dead
+bodies, and brought him a roasted _potato_ for supper." He next enjoys
+the pleasures of the chase, and in revenge for a sharp fire, "burns
+two villages, slays 2 or 300 head of women, and bags children without
+number;" and in the evening Popanilla's powers of digestion are
+improved. He now returns to Vraibleusia, where all are _panic_-struck,
+and his friend, the banker, unlike his "perpetual ticket," has stopped
+payment, and all our traveller's resources. Popanilla consoles him with
+the joke that "things were not quite so bad as they appeared," till they
+get worse, by two gentlemen in blue, with red waistcoats, arresting the
+ambassador for high treason. This completes his "amusements." He fears
+"confined cells, overwhelming fetters, black bread, and green water, in
+the principal gaol in Hubbabub;" but becomes ensconced in Leigh Hunt's
+"elegantly furnished apartment, with French sash-windows and a piano.
+Its lofty walls were entirely hung with a fanciful paper, representing a
+Tuscan vineyard; the ceiling was covered with sky and clouds; roses were
+in abundance; and the windows, though well secured, excited no jarring
+associations in the mind of the individual they illumined, protected as
+they were by polished bars of cut-steel."
+
+"Next to being a plenipotentiary, Popanilla preferred being a prisoner.
+His daily meals consisted of every delicacy in season; a marble bath was
+ever at his service; a billiard-room and dumb-bells always ready; and
+his old friends, the most eminent physician, and the most celebrated
+practitioner in Hubbabub, called upon him daily to feel his pulse and
+look at his tongue. These attentions authorized a hope that he might yet
+again be an ambassador; that his native land might still be discovered,
+and its resources still be developed; but when his gaoler told him that
+the rest of the prisoners were treated in a manner equally indulgent,
+because the Vraibleusians are the most humane people in the world,
+Popanilla's spirits became somewhat depressed."
+
+"He was greatly consoled, however, by a daily visit from a body of the
+most beautiful, the most accomplished, and the most virtuous females
+in Hubbabub, who tasted his food to see that his cook did his duty,
+recommended him a plentiful use of pine-apple well peppered, and made
+him a present of a very handsome shirt, with worked frills and ruffles,
+to be hanged in. This enchanting committee generally confined their
+attentions to murderers, and other victims of the passions, who
+were deserted in their hour of need by the rest of the society they
+had outraged; but Popanilla being a foreigner, a prince, and a
+plenipotentiary, and not ill-looking, naturally attracted a great deal
+of notice from those who desire the amelioration of their species."
+
+"Popanilla was so pleased with his mode of life, and had acquired such a
+taste for poetry, pine-apples, and pepper, since he had ceased to be an
+active member of society, that he applied to have his trial postponed,
+on the ground of the prejudice which had been excited against him by
+the public press. As his trial was at present inconvenient to the
+government, the postponement was allowed on these grounds."
+
+In the meantime, up jumps a public instructor, Flummery Flam, who
+ascribes all the debt and distress to "a slight over-trading," chatters
+about demand, supply, rent, wages, profit, and, as a temporary relief,
+suggests "emigration." "Flummery-Flammism triumphs, and every person,
+from the managers down to the chalk-chewing mechanics, attend lectures
+on that enlightening science."
+
+At length Popanilla's trial comes on; the indictment is read; he is
+accused of stealing 219 camelopards; perceives that he has all the time
+been mistaken for another person: he is, however, detained, on the judge
+of Fort Jobation informing him, that in order to be tried in his court
+for a modern offence of high treason, he must first be introduced by
+fiction of law as a stealer of camelopards, and then being _in praesenti
+regio_, in a manner, the business proceeds by a special power for an
+absolute offence. This flummery is too much; but every body with whom
+Popanilla had conversed while in Vraibleusia is subpoenaed against him:
+the judge is about to sum up, when a trumpet sounds, and a government
+messenger presents a scroll, and informs him, that a remarkably clever
+young man, recently appointed one of the managers, had last night
+consolidated all the edicts into a single act. The judge then
+compliments the young consolidator, compared to whom, he said, Justinian
+was a country attorney. Popanilla is found "not guilty, and kicked out
+of court, amidst the hootings of the mob, without a stain upon his
+reputation." He then falls senseless on the steps of the Asiatic
+club-house, is recovered by the smell of mulligatawney soup, and
+moralizes till he perceives "it is possible for a nation to exist in too
+artificial a state." He then sees the opposite house lit up, and the
+words "Emigration Committee" written on a transparent blind. He enters,
+finds the last Emigration squadron is about to sail in a few minutes; is
+presented with a spade, blanket, and hard biscuit, and quits the port of
+Hubbabub: what became of him will "probably be discovered, if ever we
+obtain 'Popanilla's' second voyage"--and thus shuts to the scene.
+
+Here, gentle reader, you have the Captain's fun and _badinage_ on all
+the wonderful wonders of Hubbabub--_videlicet_ this wonderful town. They
+may serve to while away some of the _ennui_ of this season of roast,
+bake, and broil, or be read aloud during the halt of the "march of
+intellect" men. There are the principal incidents of his voyage; if you
+wish to see them expanded, consult the book itself--that is if you are
+gratified with our abstract--if the reverse, let well alone, lest you
+find it, like ceremony, "a penny-worth of spirit in a glass of water."
+But recollect, Popanilla's adventures have already been published in
+quarto.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Machine for Sharpening Knives at once,_
+
+Consists of a number of steel cylinders grooved transversely, and placed
+on two revolving axes parallel to each other, and so that the bosses and
+recesses of the one fit into those of the other cylinder. Along these
+the knife is drawn, and so is immediately sharpened.--_London Jour. of
+Arts._
+
+
+_Influence of Electricity on the developement of Seeds._
+
+M. Astier has discovered that seeds which are electrified, run through
+the first stages of vegetation more rapidly than others, and that China
+roses submitted to this experiment, produce flowers sooner, and in
+greater abundance.--_From the French._
+
+
+_Botany._
+
+The number of different species of plants which have been described is
+about 50,000; but botanists are generally agreed that probably as many
+still remain undescribed; and, that the number of vegetable species on
+the surface of the earth ought not to be estimated under 100,000. We may
+be struck at the amount of this number; but our astonishment abates when
+we find that our own island, which is but a mere misty speck, compared
+with those broad zones of sunshine, "where the flowers ever brighten,"
+contains about 1,500 native flowering plants. Of those which have been
+described, about 8,000, or nearly one-sixth, belong to the first of
+the two classes, and of these nearly 2,000 are grasses. In cold and
+temperate climates the species of this most interesting and important
+family are comparatively diminutive in size. In our climate, for
+instance, the grasses are somewhat remarkable among vegetables for their
+humble stature, and their inconspicuous appearance; while in the warmer
+regions of the earth, the bamboos and canes, which are species of the
+same family, emulate trees in height and beauty. But what our species
+want in individual magnitude, is far more than compensated by the
+comparative vastness of the number of individuals. In tropical climates,
+one plant may be seen here, and another there, which, in their size,
+astonish an European, when he is told that they belong to the family of
+the grasses; but there he would search in vain for those swards of
+grass, and green meadows, with which almost the whole aspect of his own
+climate is verdant. He might find one plant stately enough to shade him
+from the torrid sun, and to harbour among its boughs many a tropical
+bird with its bright metallic plumage; but he could not find a lea
+covered with lowing herds, or with bleating flocks, on the soft sward of
+which he could lie down, and listen to the lark that sings to him from
+heaven, sending down its clear notes on the first sunbeams of spring.
+It is in temperate climates--in those regions where man has made the
+greatest advances in civilization--where the comforts and conveniences
+of this life are most numerous around him--and the realities of that
+which is to come are most brightly seen above him--that this family
+of plants exists in greatest economic value. It is one of the most
+important in every climate; for it is from one species of grass or other
+that the present numbers of men, as well as the domestic animals that
+serve him, derive their sustenance. The maize or Indian corn of the
+west; the rice of the east; the wheat and other grains of the north;
+equally belong to this tribe of plants.--_Quar. Jour. of Agriculture_
+
+
+_Blight in Fruit Trees._
+
+Whenever you see the branch of a tree blighted, or eaten by insects,
+procure a shoemaker's awl, and pierce the lower extremity of the branch
+into the wood; then pour in two or three drops of crude mercury, (which
+is the quicksilver in common use) and stop up the hole with a small
+stick. In about forty-eight hours, the insects, not only upon that
+branch, but upon all the rest of the tree, will be destroyed, and the
+blights _will immediately_ cease.
+
+G.W.N.
+
+
+_On the Live Stock of Britain, France, &c._
+
+Dupin, in a work lately published, with a view to promote the numbers
+and breeds of the live stock of France, states, that, in Britain, the
+animal power is eleven times as great as the manual power; while in
+France it is only four times as great; hence, French labourers receive
+from animals only a third part of the aid yielded by them in Britain. He
+also states, that Great Britain consumes three times as much meat, milk,
+and cheese, as France. The following is the number of horses for every
+1,000 inhabitants in the countries mentioned. Hanover, 193; Sweden, 145;
+Canton de Vaud, (in Switzerland,) 140; Great Britain, 100; Prussia, (six
+provinces) 95; France, 79. Numbers, however, give a very imperfect idea
+of the relative amount of horse power, the breeds being so various in
+the different countries.
+
+
+_Supposed Nervous System in Plants._
+
+M. Dutrochet, in a volume on the moving powers which act in organized
+bodies, affirms, that there are seen on the walls of the cellular and
+fibrous tissue of vegetables, small semi-transparent globular bodies
+and linear bodies, which become opaque from the action of acids, and
+are rendered transparent by that of alkalies. He considers these small
+bodies as the elements of a diffused nervous system, to the action
+of which he ascribes the movements of plants, arising from what is
+denominated by him the _nervomotility_.--_From the French._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE NOVELIST.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE MARRIAGE LESSON.
+
+
+[We are indebted to the last Number (4) of the _Foreign Quarterly
+Review_ for the following lively nouvelette, from the _Conde Lucanor_ of
+the Infante Don Juan Manuel, written in the beginning of the fourteenth
+century. It has much of the _naivete_ and light humour peculiar to the
+Spanish novelists, and, to quote the ingenious reviewer, "besides its
+own merit, possesses that of some striking resemblances to Shakspeare's
+_Taming of the Shrew_."]
+
+In a certain town there lived a noble Moor, who had one son, the best
+young man ever known perhaps in the world. He was not, however, wealthy
+enough to enable him to accomplish half the many laudable objects which
+his heart prompted him to undertake; and for this reason he was in great
+perplexity, having the will and not the power. Now in that same town
+dwelt another Moor, far more honoured and rich than the youth's father,
+and he too had an only daughter, who offered a strange contrast to this
+excellent young man, her manners being as violent and bad as his were
+good and pleasing, insomuch that no man liked to think of an union with
+such an infuriate shrew.
+
+Now that good youth one day came to his father, and said, "Father,
+I am well assured that you are not rich enough to support me according
+to what I conceive becoming and honourable. It will, therefore, be
+incumbent upon me to lead a mean and indolent life, or to quit the
+country; so that if it seem good unto you, I should prefer for the best
+to form some marriage alliance, by which I may be enabled to open myself
+a way to higher things." And the father replied, that it would please
+him well if his son should be enabled to marry according to his wishes.
+He then said to his father, that if he thought he should be able to
+manage it, he should be happy to have the only daughter of that good man
+given him in marriage. Hearing this, the father was much surprised, and
+answered, that as he understood the matter, there was not a single man
+whom he knew, how poor soever he might be, who would consent to marry
+such a vixen. And his son replied, that he asked it as a particular
+favour that he would bring about this marriage, and so far insisted,
+that however strange he thought the request, his father gave his
+consent. In consequence, he went directly to seek the good man, with
+whom he was on the most friendly terms, and having acquainted him with
+all that had passed, begged that he would be pleased to bestow his
+daughter's hand upon his son, who had courage enough to marry her. Now
+when the good man heard this proposal from the lips of his best friend,
+he said to him:--"Good God, my friend, if I were to do any such thing, I
+should serve you a very bad turn; for you possess an excellent son, and
+it would be a great piece of treachery on my part, if I were to consent
+to make him so unfortunate, and become accessory to his death. Nay I may
+say worse than death, for better would it be for him to be dead than to
+be married to my daughter! And you must not think that I say thus much
+to oppose your wishes; for as to that matter, I should be well pleased
+to give her to your son, or to any body's son, who would be foolish
+enough to rid my house of her." To this his friend replied, that he
+felt very sensibly the kind motives which led him to speak thus; and
+intreated that, as his son seemed so bent upon the match, he would be
+pleased to give the lady in marriage. He agreed, and accordingly the
+ceremony took place. The bride was brought to her husband's house, and
+it being a custom with the Moors to give the betrothed a supper and to
+set out the feast for them, and then to take leave and return to visit
+them on the ensuing day, the ceremony was performed accordingly.
+However, the fathers and mothers, and all the relations of the bride
+and bridegroom went away with many misgivings, fearing that when they
+returned the ensuing day they should either find the young man dead,
+or in some very bad plight indeed.
+
+So it came to pass, that as soon as the young people were left alone,
+they seated themselves at the table, and before the dreaded bride had
+time to open her lips, the bridegroom, looking behind him, saw stationed
+there his favourite mastiff dog, and he said to him somewhat sharply,
+"Mr. Mastiff, bring us some water for our hands;" and the dog stood
+still, and did not do it. His master then repeated the order more
+fiercely, but the dog stood still as before. His master then leaped up
+in a great passion from the table, and seizing his sword, ran towards
+the mastiff, who, seeing him coming, ran away, leaping over the chairs
+and tables and the fire, trying every place to make his escape, with the
+bridegroom hard in pursuit of him. At length reaching the dog, he smote
+off his head with his sword, then hewed off his legs, and all his body,
+until the whole place was covered with blood. He then resumed his place
+at table, all covered as he was with gore; and soon casting his eyes
+around, he beheld a lap-dog, and commanded him to bring him water for
+his hands, and because he was not obeyed, he said, "How, false traitor!
+see you not the fate of the mastiff, because he would not do as I
+commanded him? I vow, that if you offer to contend one moment with me,
+I will treat thee to the same fare as I did the mastiff;" and when he
+found it was not done, he arose, seized him by the legs, and dashing him
+against the wall, actually beat his brains out, showing even more rage
+than against the poor mastiff. Then in a great passion he returned to
+the table, and cast his eyes about on all sides, while his bride,
+fearful that he had taken leave of his senses, ventured not to utter
+a word. At length he fixed his eyes upon his horse that was standing
+before the door, though he had only that one; and he commanded him to
+bring him water, which the horse did not do. "How now, Mr. Horse," cried
+the husband, "do you imagine, because I have only you, that I shall
+suffer you to live, and not do as I command you! No! I will inflict as
+hard a death upon you as upon the others; yea, there is no living thing
+I have in the world which I will spare, if I be not obeyed." But the
+horse stood where he was, and his master approaching with the greatest
+rage, smote off his head, and cut him to pieces with his sword. And when
+his wife saw that he had actually killed his horse, having no other, and
+heard him declare he would do the same to any creature that ventured to
+disobey him, she found that he had by no means done it by way of jest,
+and took such an alarm, that she hardly knew if she were dead or alive.
+For all covered with gore as he was, he again seated himself at table,
+swearing that though he had a thousand horses or wives, or servants,
+if they refused to do his behest, he would kill them all; and he again
+began to look around him, holding his sword in his hand. And after he
+had looked well round him, and found no living thing near him, he turned
+his eyes fiercely towards his wife, and said in a great passion, "Get
+up, and bring me some water to wash my hands!" and his wife, expecting
+nothing less than to be cut to pieces, rose in a great hurry, and giving
+him water for his hands, said to him, "Ah, how I ought to return thanks
+to God, who inspired you with the thought of doing as you have done! for
+otherwise, owing to the wrong treatment of my foolish friends, I should
+have behaved the same to you as to them." Afterwards he commanded her to
+help him to something to eat, and that in such a tone, that she felt as
+if her head were on the point of dropping off upon the floor; so that in
+this way was the understanding between them settled during that night,
+and she never spoke, but only did every thing which he required her to
+do. After they had reposed some time, her husband said, "The passion I
+have been put into this night hinders me from sleeping; get up, and see
+that nobody comes to disturb me, and prepare for me something well
+cooked to eat."
+
+When it came full day, and the fathers, mothers, and other relatives
+arrived at the door, they all listened, and hearing no one speak, at
+first concluded that the unfortunate man was either dead, or mortally
+wounded by his ferocious bride. In this they were the more confirmed
+when they saw the bride standing at the door, and the bridegroom not
+there. But when the lady saw them advancing, she walked gently on tiptoe
+towards them, and whispered, "False friends, as you are, how dared you
+to come up to the door in that way, or to say a word! Be silent! as you
+value your lives, and mine also." And when they were all made acquainted
+with what she said, they greatly wondered; but when they learnt all that
+had passed during the night, their wonder was changed into admiration
+of the young man, for having so well known how to manage what concerned
+him, and to maintain order in his house. And from that day forth,
+so excellently was his wife governed, and well-conditioned in every
+respect, that they led a very pleasant life together. Such, indeed, was
+the good example set by the son-in-law, that a few days afterwards the
+father-in-law, desirous of the same happy change in his household, also
+killed a horse; but his wife only said to him, "By my faith, Don Fulano,
+you have thought of this plan somewhat too late in the day; we are now
+too well acquainted with each other."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SUMMER MORNING LANDSCAPE.--DELTA.
+
+
+  The eyelids of the morning are awake;
+  The dews are disappearing from the grass;
+  The sun is o'er the mountains; and the trees,
+  Moveless, are stretching through the blue of heaven,
+  Exuberantly green. All noiseless
+  The shadows of the twilight fleet away,
+  And draw their misty legion to the west,
+  Seen for awhile, 'mid the salubrious air,
+  Suspended in the silent atmosphere,
+  As in Medina's mosque Mahomet's tomb,--
+  Up from the coppice, on exulting wing,
+  Mounts, mounts the skylark through the clouds of dawn,--
+  The clouds, whose snow-white canopy is spread
+  Athwart, yet hiding not, at intervals,
+  The azure beauty of the summer sky;
+  And, at far distance heard, a bodiless note
+  Pours down, as if from cherub stray'd from Heaven!
+
+  Maternal Nature! all thy sights and sounds
+  Now breathe repose, and peace, and harmony.
+  The lake's unruffled bosom, cold and clear,
+  Expands beneath me, like a silver veil
+  Thrown o'er the level of subjacent fields,
+  Revealing, on its conscious countenance,
+  The shadows of the clouds that float above:--
+  Upon its central stone the heron sits
+  Stirless,--as in the wave its counterpart,--
+  Looking, with quiet eye, towards the shore
+  Of dark-green copse-wood, dark, save, here and there,
+  Where spangled with the broom's bright aureate flowers.--
+  The blue-winged sea-gull, sailing placidly
+  Above his landward haunts, dips down alert
+  His plumage in the waters, and, anon,
+  With quicken'd wing, in silence re-ascends.--
+  Whence comest thou, lone pilgrim of the wild?
+  Whence wanderest thou, lone Arab of the air?
+  Where makest thou thy dwelling-place? Afar,
+  O'er inland pastures, from the herbless rock,
+  Amid the weltering ocean, thou dost hold,
+  At early sunrise, thy unguided way,--
+  The visitants of Nature's varied realms,--
+  The habitant of Ocean, Earth, and Air,--
+  Sailing with sportive breast, mid wind and wave,
+  And, when the sober evening draws around
+  Her curtains, clasp'd together by her Star,
+  Returning to the sea-rock's breezy peak.
+
+  And now the wood engirds me, the tall stems
+  Of birch and beech tree hemming me around,
+  Like pillars of some natural temple vast;
+  And, here and there, some giant pines ascend,
+  Briareus-like, amid the stirless air,
+  High stretching; like a good man's virtuous thoughts
+  Forsaking earth for heaven. The cushat stands
+  Amid the topmost boughs, with azure vest,
+  And neck aslant, listening the amorous coo
+  Of her, his mate, who, with maternal wing
+  Wide-spread, sits brooding on opponent tree.
+  Why, from the rank grass underneath my feet,
+  Aside on ruffled pinion dost thou start,
+  Sweet minstrel of the morn? Behold her nest,
+  Thatch'd o'er with cunning skill, and there, her young
+  With sparkling eye, and thin-fledged russet wing;
+  Younglings of air! probationers of song!
+  From lurking dangers may ye rest secure,
+  Secure from prowling weazel, or the tread
+  Of steed incautious, wandering 'mid the flowers?
+  Secure beneath the fostering care of her
+  Who warm'd you into life, and gave you birth;
+  Till, plumed and strong unto the buoyant air,
+  Ye spread your equal wings, and to the morn,
+  Lifting your freckled bosoms, dew-besprent,
+  Salute with spirit-stirring song, the man
+  Wayfaring lonely. Hark! the striderous neigh!
+  There, o'er his dogrose fence, the chestnut foal,
+  Shaking his silver forelock, proudly stands,--
+  To snuff the balmy fragrance of the morn:--
+  Up comes his ebon compeer, and, anon,
+  Around the field in mimic chase they fly,
+  Startling the echoes of the woodland gloom.
+  Farewell, ye placid scenes! amid the land
+  Ye smile, an inland solitude: the voice
+  Of peace-destroying man is seldom heard
+  Amid your landscapes. Beautiful ye raise
+  Your green embowering groves, and smoothly spread
+  Your waters, glistening in a silver sheet.
+  The morning is a season of delight--
+  The morning is the self-possession'd hour--
+  'Tis then that feelings, sunk, but unsubdued,
+  Feelings of purer thoughts, and happier days,
+  Awake, and, like the sceptred images
+  Of Banquo's mirror, in succession pass!
+
+  And, first of all, and fairest, thou dost pass
+  In Memory's eye, beloved! though now afar
+  From those sweet vales, where we have often roam'd
+  Together. Do thy blue eyes now survey
+  The brightness of the morn in other scenes?
+  Other, but haply beautiful as these,
+  Which now I gaze on; but which, wanting thee,
+  Want half their charms, for, to thy poet's thought,
+  More deeply glow'd the heaven, when thy fine eye,
+  Surveying its grand arch, all kindling glow'd;
+  The white cloud to thy white brow was a foil;
+  And, by the soft tints of thy cheek outvied,
+  The dew-bent wild-rose droop'd despairingly.
+
+_Blackwood's Mag._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+  "A snapper-up of unconsidered trifles."
+SHAKSPEARE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CHANGING COIN.
+
+
+Judge Gould married his daughter to Lord Cavan. A gentleman asking what
+fortune, was answered, "it was all in _Gould_, and his lordship changed
+it the first day."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+VOLTAIRE.
+
+
+Voltaire said of a traveller, who made too long a stay with him at
+Ferney, "Don Quixote took inns for castles, but Mr. ---- takes castles
+for inns."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ABROAD AND AT HOME.
+
+
+The English abroad can never get to look as if they were at home. The
+Irish and Scotch, after being some time in a place, get the air of the
+natives; but an Englishman, in any foreign court, looks about him as if
+he was going to steal a tankard.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PARODY OF THE FIRST SONG IN THE BEGGAR'S OPERA.
+
+
+  Through all the odd noses in vogue,
+    Each nose is turn'd up at its brother;
+  Broad and blunt they call platter and pug,
+    And thus they take snuff at each other.
+
+  The short calls the long nose a snout,
+    The long calls the short nose a snub;
+  And the bottle nose being so stout,
+    Thinks every sharp one a scrub.
+
+T.H.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+GARRICK AND STERNE.
+
+
+Sterne, who used his wife very ill, was one day talking to Garrick in a
+fine sentimental manner, in praise of conjugal love and fidelity. "The
+husband," said Sterne, "who behaves unkindly to his wife, deserves to
+have his house burnt over his head." "If you think so," said Garrick,
+"I hope _your_ house is insured."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+UNPALATABLE IMPROVEMENT.
+
+
+Wilkes attended a city dinner, not long after his promotion to city
+honours. Among the guests was a noisy, vulgar deputy, a great glutton,
+who, on his entering the dinner-room, always with great deliberation
+took off his wig, suspended it on a pin, and with due solemnity put on
+a white cotton night-cap. Wilkes, who was a high bred man, and never
+accustomed to similar exhibitions, could not take his eyes from so
+strange and novel a picture. At length the deputy walked up to Wilkes,
+and asked him whether he did not think that his night-cap became him?
+"Oh! yes, Sir," replied Wilkes, "but it would look much better if it
+was pulled quite over your face."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CHARMS OF A DUEL.
+
+
+  It has a strange quick jar upon the ear,
+    That cocking of a pistol, when you know
+  A moment more will bring the sight to bear
+    Upon your person, twelve yards off, or so,
+  A gentlemanly distance, not too near,
+    If you have got a former friend for foe;
+  But after being fired at once or twice,
+  The ear becomes more Irish, and less nice.
+
+BYRON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+WESTMINSTER HALL.
+
+
+A peasant newly arrived in London, asked what building was that,
+pointing to where the law courts are held. "It is a mill," said an
+attorney, to quiz the bumpkin. "I thought as much," replied the
+countryman, "for I see a good many asses at the door with sacks."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+OUT OF DEBT.
+
+
+  You say you nothing owe, and so I say,
+  He only owes who something has--to pay.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NEWSPAPER LIBELS.
+
+
+Writers in some journals, like rope-dancers, to engage the public
+attention, must venture their necks every step that they take. The
+pleasure people feel, arises from the risk that they run.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House), London: and published by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market,
+Liepsic; and sold by all Newsmen and Booksellers_.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT,
+AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 12, ISSUE 322, JULY 12, 1828***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 11362.txt or 11362.zip *******
+
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