diff options
| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:36:43 -0700 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:36:43 -0700 |
| commit | 88b3a861947ccea9df9b2cdb822094aa5f751e54 (patch) | |
| tree | 7fb6f9b4791d9641dfda9a3d32ab261ee0731d48 | |
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 11361-0.txt | 1528 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 11361-h/11361-h.htm | 2143 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 11361-h/images/377-1.png | bin | 0 -> 70727 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 11361-h/images/377-2.png | bin | 0 -> 25234 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/11361-8.txt | 1957 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/11361-8.zip | bin | 0 -> 40431 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/11361-h.zip | bin | 0 -> 139701 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/11361-h/11361-h.htm | 2544 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/11361-h/images/377-1.png | bin | 0 -> 70727 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/11361-h/images/377-2.png | bin | 0 -> 25234 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/11361.txt | 1957 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/11361.zip | bin | 0 -> 40410 bytes |
15 files changed, 10145 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/11361-0.txt b/11361-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1047ffd --- /dev/null +++ b/11361-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1528 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11361 *** + +Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this + file which includes the original illustrations. + See 11361-h.htm or 11361-h.zip: + (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/3/6/11361/11361-h/11361-h.htm) + or + (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/3/6/11361/11361-h.zip) + + + + + +THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION. + +VOL. 13, NO. 377.] SATURDAY, JUNE 27, 1829. [PRICE 2d. + + + + * * * * * + + + + +Loch Goil Head + + +[Illustration: Loch Goil Head] + + +AND RESIDENCE OF CAMPBELL, THE POET. + + +The Engraving represents Loch Goil Head, a small village in Argyleshire, +as it name imports, at the end of Loch Goil. It is an exquisite vignette, +of Alpine sublimity, and is rendered extremely interesting as the +residence of Thomas Campbell, Esq. author of the "Pleasures of Hope," &c. +and one of the most celebrated of British poets. His _château_, or +retreat, is represented on the left of the Engraving, and its romantic +position has probably inspired many of the soul-stirring compositions of +the illustrious resident. + +In this parish are the remains of Carrick Castle, which is said to have +been built by the Danes. It stands on a rock, and was formerly surrounded +by a ditch filled by the sea. The whole county in which Loch Goil is +situate, is indeed a region of romantic beauty and mountain wild; of the +last, Ben Cruchan is a sublime specimen, rising 3,300 feet above the +level of the sea. At Inverary, the splendid castle of the Duke of Argyle +rears in all the pride of art amidst the more lasting sublimities of +nature; and in the same vicinity is Loch Lomond, whose limpid streams +bathe the foot of Ben Lomond, where the tourist is fascinated with one of +the most glorious scenes in nature. The valley of Glencoe, too, is not +far distant, with all its opposite associations of massacre and maurauder, +by its severe and desert aspect, recalling to the traveller's mind the +most elevated defiles of the Alps, and whose massive heaps of rocks +covered with shaggy turf are the only charms to gladden the eye. At +Ardinglass, a few miles from Loch Goil, begins the country of _the +Campbells_, storied and consecrated with some of the most brilliant +epochs of Scottish lore. + +The steam-boat on the lake is an attractive object in such a district as +Loch Goil--by associating one of the boasted triumphs of art with the +stupendous grandeur of the sublime. + + * * * * * + + +HILLAH ON THE EUPHRATES. + + +The town of Hillah lies in latitude 32 deg. 31 min. 18 sec.; in longitude +12 min. 36 sec. west of Bagdad, and according to Turkish authorities, was +built in the fifth century of the Hegira, in the district of the +Euphrates, which the Arabs call El-Ared-Babel. Lying on a part of the +site of Babylon, nothing was more likely than that it should be built out +of a few of the fragments of that great city. The town is pleasantly +situated amidst gardens and groves of date trees; and spreads itself on +both sides of the river, where it is connected by a miserable wooden +bridge, the timbers of which are so rotten, that they tremble under the +foot of the passenger. The portion of the town, or as it is usually +called, the suburb, on the eastern bank, consists of one principal street +or bazaar, reaching from the small defenceless gate by which it is +entered from Bagdad, down to the edge of the water; this is deemed the +least considerable part of Hillah. On the other side, the inhabitants, +Jews, Turks, and Arabs, are much thicker, and the streets and bazaars +more numerous. + +From the great central bazaar, well filled with merchandize, branch off +in various directions minor ranges, amongst which are found the fish and +flesh markets. In the former are several varieties, and some of enormous +size, resembling the barbel. The fish in question is from 4 to 5 feet +long, and is covered with very large, thick scales. The head is about +one-third part of the length of the fish. They are said to eat coarse and +dry, but are, nevertheless, a favourite food with the inhabitants; and +are caught in great quantities near the town, and to a considerable +distance above it. The flesh market is sparingly served with meat, for +when Sir Robert Ker Porter visited the town, he states that the whole +contents of the market appeared to be no more than the dismembered +carcasses of two sheep, two goats, and the red, rough filaments of a +buffalo. This display was but scant provision for a population of 7,000. +The streets are narrow like those of Bagdad; a necessary evil in Eastern +climates, to exclude the power of the sun; but they are even more noisome +and filthy. In like manner also, they are crowded, but not with so many +persons in gay attire. Here are to be seen groups of dark, grim-looking, +half-naked Arabs, sitting idly on the sides of the streets, and so +numerously, as scarcely to leave room for a single horse to pass; and +even a cavalcade in line will not alarm them, so indifferent are they, +even when travellers are compelled, at some abrupt turn, almost to ride +over them. A few sombre garbed Israelites, and occasionally the Turks, +attendant on official duties of the Pashalic in this part of the +government, also mingle in the passing or seated crowd; when the solemn, +saturnine air of the latter, with their flowing, gaudy apparel, forms a +striking contrast to the daring, dirty, independent air of the almost +ungarmented, swarthy Arab. + +A few paces above the bridge, stands the palace of the governor, and the +citadel, which was built by order of Ali Pasha. This imposing fortress, +externally, is a handsome, smooth-faced, demi-fortified specimen of +modern Turkish architecture, erected with ancient materials. Within is a +spacious court, partly shaded with date trees. The whole of the town +towards the desert is defended by a pretty deep ditch, overlooked by a +proportionate number of brick-built towers (all the spoil of Babylon) +flanking the intermediate compartments of wall. In this rampart are three +gates. + +As far as the eye can reach, both up and down the river, the banks are +thickly shaded with groves of dates, displacing, it should seem, the +other species of trees, from which Isaiah names this scene "the Brook or +Valley of Willows," although the humble races of that graceful tribe, in +the osier, &c. are yet the prolific offspring of its shores. + +G.L.S. + + * * * * * + + +CURIOUS EXTRACTS FROM CURIOUS AUTHORS, FOR CURIOUS READERS. + +(_For the Mirror_.) + + +Hollingshed, who was contemporary with Queen Elizabeth, informs us, +"there were very few chimneys (in England in his time) even in the capital +towns; the fire was laid to the wall, and the smoke issued out at the +roof, or door, or window. The houses were wattled, and plastered over +with clay, and all the furniture and utensils were of wood. The people +slept on straw pallets, with a log of wood for a pillow." + +Cambrensis, Bishop of St. David's, says, "It was the common vice of the +English, from their first settlement in Britain, to expose their children +and relations to sale;" and it also appears, "that the wife of Earl +Godwin, who was sister to Canute, the Danish King of England, made great +gain by the trade she made of buying up English youths and maids to sell +to Denmark." + +Lord Bacon in his Apophthegms, says, "Ethelwold, Bishop of Winchester, +in a famine, sold all the rich vessels and ornaments of the church, to +relieve the poor with bread; and said, 'There was no reason that the dead +temples of God should be sumptuously furnished, and the living temples +suffer penury.'" Ingulphus tells us, "For want of parchment to draw the +deeds upon, great estates were frequently conveyed from one family to +another, only by the ceremony of a turf and a stone, delivered before +witnesses, and without any written agreement." Andrews, in his History of +Great Britain, says, "In France, A.D. 1147, the great vassals emulated +and even surpassed the sovereign in pomp and cost of living." As an +instance of the wild liberality of the age, we are informed, that Henry +the "munificent" Count of Champagne, being applied to by a poor gentleman +for a portion to enable him to marry his two daughters: his steward +remonstrated to him, "that he had given away every thing," "thou _liest_," +said Henry, "I have _thee_ left;" so he delivered over the steward to the +petitioner, who put him into confinement until he gave him 500 livres, a +handsome sum in those days. + +Bede tells us, "Archbishop Theodore, when (in the seventh century) he +gave lectures on medicine at Canterbury, remonstrated against bleeding on +the 4th day of the moon, since at that period (he said) the light of the +planet and the tides of the ocean were on the increase." Yet Theodore was, +for his era, deeply learned. + +William of Malmsbury says, "Very highly finished works in gold and silver, +were the produce even of our darkest ages. The monks were the best +artists. A jewel, now in the museum at Oxford, undoubtedly made by +command of, and worn by Alfred the Great, is an existing witness of the +height to which the art was carried. Curious reliquaries, finely wrought +and set with precious stones, were usually styled throughout Europe, +Opera Anglica." + +Howel tells us, "In the education of their children, the Anglo-Saxons +only sought to render them dauntless and apt for the two most important +occupations of their future lives--war and the chase. It was a usual +trial of a child's courage, to place him on the sloping roof of a +building, and if, without screaming or terror, he held fast, he was +styled a _stout-herce_, or brave boy." + +Fitz-Stephen says, "Thomas à Becket lived in such splendour, that besides +having silver bits to his horses, he had such numerous guests at his +banquets, that he was obliged to have rooms covered with clean hay or +straw, in winter, and green boughs or rushes in summer, every day, lest +his guests, not finding seats at his tables, should soil their gay +clothes by sitting on the floor." He would pay five pounds (equal nearly +to fifty pounds of our money) for a single dish of eels. Once riding +through London with Henry, the King seeing a wretched, shivering beggar, +"It would be a good deed (said he) to give that poor wretch a coat." +"True, (said Becket.) and you, sir, may let him have yours." "He shall +have _yours_" said Henry, and after a heavy scuffle, in which they had +nearly dismounted each other, Becket proved the weakest, and his coat was +allotted to the astonished mendicant. + +"When William the Conqueror was crowned at Westminster, the people (says +Andrews) within the Abbey shouted, on the crown being placed on his head, +the Normans without, thought the noise a signal of revolt, and began to +set fire to houses, and massacre the populace, nor were they satisfied +that all was well until considerable mischief had been done." + +"Dr. Henry, (says Sulivan) who has made a very full collection of the +facts mentioned by ancient authors, concerning the provincial government +of Britain, supposes its annual revenue amounted to no less than two +millions sterling; a sum nearly as great as that which was derived from +Egypt, in the time of the father of Cleopatra. But this calculation is +built upon the authority of Lipsius. Nor are there perhaps any accounts +transmitted by historians, from which the point can be accurately +determined. The Britons excelled in agriculture. They exported great +quantities of corn, for supplying the armies in other parts of the empire. +They had linen and woollen manufactures; as their mines of lead and tin +were inexhaustible. And further we know, that Britain, in consequence of +her supposed resources, was sometimes reduced to such distress, by the +demands of government, as to be obliged to borrow money at an exorbitant +interest. In this trade, the best citizens of Rome were not ashamed to +engage; and, though prohibited by law, Seneca, whose philosophy, it seems, +was not incompatible with the love of money, lent the Britons at one time +above three hundred and twenty thousand pounds." + +P.T.W. + + * * * * * + + +HINTS ON DRINKING. + +_Abridged from Mr. Richards's Treatise on Nervous Disorders._ + + +Without any intention of advocating the doctrine, or of commending the +reputed practice of the Pythagoreans, ancient or modern, I must be +allowed to reprobate the abuse of fermented liquors. Although wine was +invented, and its use allowed "to make glad the heart of man," and +although a moderate and prudent indulgence in it can never excite +reprobation, or cause mischief, still the sin of drunkenness is an +extensive and a filthy evil. Not only does it demoralize, debase, and +finally destroy its unhappy victim, but it renders him incapable of +performing the ordinary duties of his station; constituting him an object +of disgust to others, and of pitiable misery to himself. It is well to +talk of the Bacchanalian orgies of talented men, and to call them +hilarity and glee. The flashes of wit "that were wont to set the table in +a roar;" the brilliancy of genius, that casts a charm even over folly and +vice; the rank and fame of the individual, no doubt, increased the +fascination of his failings; but however bright and wonderful may be the +coruscations of his talent, while under the influence of wine, his frame +is debilitated, tottering, and imbecile, when the stimulus of the +potation has subsided. + +But I do not proscribe indiscriminately all stimulus. Those whose +occupations are laborious, and who are much exposed to our variable +climate, require an absolute stimulus, over and above what they eat. +Dr. Franklin advocated a contrary doctrine, and inculcated the fact, that +a twopenny loaf was much better for a man than a quart of beer; and he +adduces the horse and other beasts of burthen as examples of the +inefficacy of the use of fermented liquors. But all this is founded upon +decidedly erroneous premises. To enable a hard-working horse to go +through his toil with spirit, he must have corn, or some other article +subject to fermentation. Now, the horse, as well as many other animals, +have stomachs very capacious, and probably adapted to the production of +this fermentation. So that corn is, in fact, a powerful fermented +stimulus to the beast. + +Let us then assume, that stimulus in a certain degree is necessary to +sustain the strength and invigorate the frame of the toiling man; and the +best proof of its good effect is the comfort and energy which it imparts +to its consumer; but if this necessary stimulus be exceeded, then it is +abused, and every mouthful in addition becomes ultimately poisonous. The +first effect which is produced is upon the internal coat of the stomach, +as we may learn from the warmth which we feel. The repetition increases +the circulation of the blood, which seems, as it were, to dance through +the veins; the pulse becomes quick and full, the eyes sparkle, and the +imagination is quickened; in short, the whole frame is excited, as is +evinced by every word, look, and action. If the affair end here, well and +good; but we will suppose that the potation goes on, and very speedily a +new effect is produced. The brain, oppressed by the load of blood thrown +up into it, and irritated through its quick sympathy with the stomach; +oppressed, also, by the powerful pulsation of the larger arteries about +the head, becomes, in a degree, paralyzed. The tongue moves with +difficulty, and loses the power of distinct articulation; the limbs +become enfeebled and unsteady; the mind is deranged, being either worked +up into fury, or reduced to ridiculous puerility, and if the stimulus be +pushed farther than this, absolute insensibility ensues. Such is a brief +view of the physical progress of a debauch; and it is needless to point +out the effect of all this mischief upon the frame which is subjected to +it.[1] + +Although we have thus seen that fermented liquors, if taken to excess, +become pernicious in their effect, we must not condemn their _use_, +because their _abuse_ is bad. Why should we act and feel as if this +bountiful world, brilliant in beauty and overflowing with blessings, was +a collection of steel traps and spring guns, set to catch the body and +shoot the soul? Is it not much better and wiser to avail ourselves of the +many blessings which Providence has placed before us, than to set +ourselves to work to detect poison in our drink, and God knows what in +our meat? It savours of learning, doubtless, to do all this; but _cui +bono_? where is the _real_ utility which it produces? Our grandfathers +and their progenitors were well convinced that a good cup of +"sherris-sack" comforted the heart, and aided digestion; and why the same +opinion should not govern us, I must leave to the dieteticians to decide. + +The moderate use of wine and of malt liquors is exceedingly grateful to +our feelings, and abundantly beneficial to our constitution; but ardent +spirits are found to be so pernicious to most constitutions, and +especially to those: of the inhabitants of crowded towns and cities, that, +excepting under peculiar circumstances, it is better to discard them +altogether. A glass or two of good wine can never do any harm; neither +can a cup of good, genuine, "humming ale." The chemists tell us that the +London ale is a horrid and narcotic compound; and so, in truth, by far +the largest portion of it is. But there are two or three honest men in +the metropolis, who sell genuine Kennet, Nottingham, and Scotch ales, +from whom it is very easy to procure it quite pure. If, however, malt +liquor does not agree with the stomach, or what is the same thing, is +_supposed_ not to agree, it is a very easy matter to substitute wine for +it. + +A word or two, here, with regard to _genuine_ ale. Half of what is sold +under the name of Scotch, Kennet, &c. is manufactured at Bromley, or +elsewhere, according to prescriptions adapted to the peculiarities of +each kind. This, perhaps, is nothing very enormous; but the publicans +"_doctor_" their beer, after it has left the brewhouse, in a manner that +calls loudly for reprehension. Salt of tartar, carbonate of soda, oil of +vitriol, and green copperas (sulphate of iron) are some of the articles +in common use; and knowing this to be the case, it is really a matter of +importance to know where good, pure beer is to be obtained. The best +Kennet ale is to be had at Sherwood's, in Vine Street, Piccadilly, or at +Chapman's, in Wardour Street; both these dealers have it direct from +Butler's, at Kennet, and a very superior article it is. Nottingham ale +may be procured in casks at Sansom's, in Dean Street, Red Lion Square; +and the best Scotch ale in London, whether in draught or bottle, is at +Normington's, in Warren Street, Fitzroy Square. + + +[1] The reader, who is interested in this subject, will find in Mr. + Richards's treatise a candid description of the ill effects of + drunkenness, explained with a view to admonish, rather than to + censure the sufferer. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE SELECTOR AND LITERARY NOTICES OF NEW WORKS + + * * * * * + +VIDOCQ + + +[In our vol. xii. we gave a few extracts from vol. i. of the _Memoirs of +Vidocq_, the principal agent of the French Police, until 1827; which +extracts we have reason to know were received with high _gout_ by most of +our readers. The second and third volumes of these extraordinary +adventures have just appeared, and contain higher-coloured depravities +than their predecessors. Some of them, indeed, might have been spared; +but as a graphic illustration of the petty thievery of Paris, the +following extract bears great merit:--] + +I do not think that amongst the readers of these Memoirs one will be +found who, even by chance, has set foot at Guillotin's. + +"Eh! what?" some one will exclaim, "Guillotin!" + + Ce savant médecin + Que l'amour du prochain + Fit mourir de chagrin. + + +"You are mistaken; we all know the celebrated doctor, who ----;" but the +Guillotin of whom I am speaking is an unsophisticated adulterer of wines, +whose establishment, well known to the most degraded classes of robbers, +is situate opposite to the Cloaque Desnoyers, which the raff of the +Barriere call the drawing-room of la Courtille. A workman may be honest +to a certain extent, and venture in, _en passant_, to papa Desnoyers's. +If he be _awake_, and keep his eye on the company, although a row should +commence, he may, by the aid of the gendarmes, escape with only a few +blows, and pay no one's scot but his own. At Guillotin's he will not come +off so well, particularly if his _toggery_ be over spruce, and his +_pouch_ has _chink_ in it. + +Picture to yourself, reader, a square room of considerable magnitude, the +walls of which, once white, have been blackened by every species of +exhalation. Such is, in all its simple modesty, the aspect of a temple +consecrated to the worship of Bacchus and Terpsichore. At first, by a +very natural optical illusion, we are struck by the confined space before +us, but the eye, after a time, piercing through the thick atmosphere of a +thousand vapours which are most inodorous, the extent becomes visible by +details which escape in the first chaotic glimpse. It is the moment of +creation, all is bright, the fog disappears, becomes peopled, is animated, +forms appear, they move, they are agitated, they are no illusory shadows; +but, on the contrary, essentially material, which cross and recross at +every moment. What beatitudes! what joyous life! Never, even for the +Epicureans, were so many felicities assembled together. Those who like to +wallow in filth, can find it here to their heart's content; many seated +at tables, on which, without ever being wiped away, are renewed a hundred +times a day the most disgusting libations, close in a square space +reserved for what they call the dancers. At the further end of this +infected cave there is, supported by four worm-eaten pillars, a sort of +alcove, constructed from broken-up ship timber, which is graced by the +appearance of two or three rags of old tapestry. It is on this chicken +coop that the music is perched: two clarinets, a hurdy-gurdy, a cracked +trumpet, and a grumbling bassoon--five instruments whose harmonious +movements are regulated by the crutch of Monsieur Double-Croche, a lame +dwarf, who is called the leader of the orchestra. Here all is in +harmony--the faces, costumes, the food that is prepared; a general +appearance is scouted. There is no closet in which walking-sticks, +umbrellas, and cloaks are deposited; the women have their hair all in +confusion like a poodle dog, and the kerchief perched on the top of the +head, or in a knot tied in front with the corners in a rosette, or if you +prefer it, a cockade, which threatens the eye in the same manner as those +of the country mules. As for the men, it is a waistcoat with a cap and +falling collar, if they have a shirt, which is the regulated costume; +breeches are not insisted on; the supreme bon ton would be an +artilleryman's cap, the frock of an hussar, the pantaloon of a lancer, +the boots of a guardsman, in fact the cast-off attire of three or four +regiments, or the wardrobe of a field of battle. The ladies adore the +cavalry, and have a decided taste for the dress of the whole army; but +nothing so much pleases them as mustachios, and a broad red cap adorned +with leather of the same colour. + +In this assembly, a beaver hat, unless napless and brimless, would be +very rare; no one ever remembers to have seen a coat there, and should +any one dare to present himself in a great coat, unless _a family man_, +he would be sure to depart skirtless, or only in his waistcoat. In vain +would he ask pardon for those flaps which had offended the eyes of the +noble assembly; too happy would he be if, after having been bandied and +knocked about with the utmost unanimity as a greenhorn, only one skirt +should be left in the hands of these youthful beauties, who, in the +fervour of gaiety, rather roar out than sing. + +Desnoyers's is the Cadran bleu de la Canaille, (the resort of the lower +orders;) but before stepping over the threshold of the cabaret of +Guillotin, even the canaille themselves look twice, as in this repository +are only to be seen prostitutes with their bullies, pick-pockets and +thieves of all classes, some _prigs_ of the lowest grade, and many of +those nocturnal marauders who divide their existence into two parts, +consecrating it to the duties of theft and riot. It may be supposed that +slang is the only language of this delightful society: it is generally in +French, but so perverted from its primitive signification, that there is +not a member of the distinguished "company of forty" who can flatter +himself with a full knowledge of it, and yet the "dons of Guillotin's" +have their purists; those who assert that slang took its rise in the East, +and without thinking for a moment of disputing their talent as +Orientalists, they take that title to themselves without any ceremony; as +also that of Argonauts, when they have completed their studies under the +direction of the galley sergeants, in working, in the port of Toulon, the +dormant navigation on board a vessel in dock. If notes were pleasing to +me, I could here seize the opportunity of making some very learned +remarks. I should, perhaps, go into a profound disquisition, but I am +about to paint the paradise of these bacchanalians; the colours are +prepared--let us finish the picture. + +If they drink at Guillotin's they eat also, and the mysteries of the +kitchen of this place of delights are well worthy of being known. The +little father Guillotin has no butcher, but he has a purveyor; and in his +brass stewpans, the verdigris of which never poisons, the dead horse is +transformed into beef a-la-mode; the thighs of the dead dogs found in Rue +Guénegaud become legs of mutton from the salt-marshes; and the magic of a +piquant sauce gives to the _staggering bob_ (dead born veal) of the +cow-feeder the appetizing look of that of Pontoise. We are told that the +cheer in winter is excellent, when the rot prevails; and if ever (during +M. Delaveau's administration) bread were scarce in summer during the +"massacre of the innocents," mutton was to be had here at a very cheap +rate. In this country of metamorphoses the hare never had the right of +citizenship; it was compelled to yield to the rabbit, and the rabbit--how +happy the rats are! + + * * * * * + +Father Guillotin consumed generally more oil than cotton, but I can, +nevertheless, affirm, that, in my time, some banquets have been spread +at his cabaret, which, subtracting the liquids, could not have cost more +at the café Riche, or at Grignon's. I remember six individuals, named +Driancourt, Vilattes, Pitroux, and three others, who found means to +spend 166 francs there in one night. In fact, each of them had with him +his favourite _bella_. The citizen no doubt pretty well fleeced them, +but they did not complain, and that quarter of an hour which Rabelais +had so much difficulty in passing, caused them no trouble; they paid +like grandees, without forgetting the waiter. I apprehended them whilst +they were paying the bill, which they had not even taken the trouble of +examining. Thieves are generous when they are caught "i' the vein." +They had just committed many considerable robberies, which they are now +repenting in the bagnes of France. + +It can scarcely be believed that in the centre of civilization, there can +exist a den so hideous as the cave of Guillotin; it must be seen, as I +have seen it, to be believed. Men and women all smoked as they danced, +the pipe passed from mouth to mouth, and the most refined gallantry that +could be offered to the nymphs who came to this rendezvous, to display +their graces in the postures and attitudes of the indecent Chahut, was, +to offer them the _pruneau_, that is, the quid of tobacco, submitted or +not, according to the degree of familiarity, to the test of a previous +mastication. The peace-officers and inspectors were characters too +greatly distinguished to appear amongst such an assemblage, they kept +themselves most scrupulously aloof, to avoid so repugnant a contact; I +myself was much disgusted with it, but at the same time was persuaded, +that to discover and apprehend malefactors it would not do to wait until +they should come and throw themselves into my arms; I therefore +determined to seek them out, and that my searches might not be fruitless, +I endeavoured to find out their haunts, and then, like a fisherman who +has found a preserve, I cast my line out with a certainty of a bite. I +did not lose my time in searching for a needle in a bottle of hay, as +the saying is; when we lack water, it is useless to go to the source of a +dried-up stream and wait for a shower of rain; but to quit all metaphor, +and speak plainly--the spy who really means to ferret out the robbers, +ought, as much as possible, to dwell amongst them, that he may grasp at +every opportunity which presents itself of drawing down upon their heads +the sentence of the laws. Upon this principle I acted, and this caused my +recruits to say that I made men robbers; I certainly have, in this way, +made a vast many, particularly on my first connexion with the police. + + * * * * * + + +CONSUMPTION OF EUROPEAN MANUFACTURES. + +_From the Memoirs of General Miller_. + +_Second Edition_. + + +The aboriginal inhabitants of Peru are gradually beginning to experience +the benefit which has been conferred upon them, by the repeal of ancient +oppressive laws. In the districts that produce gold, their exertions will +be redoubled, for they now work for themselves. They can obtain this +precious metal by merely scratching the earth, and, although the +collection of each individual may be small, the aggregate quantity thus +obtained will be far from inconsiderable. As the aborigines attain +comparative wealth, they will acquire a taste for the minor comforts of +life. The consumption of European manufactures will be increased to an +incalculable degree, and the effect upon the general commerce of the +world will be sensibly perceived. It is for the first and most active +manufacturing country in Christendom to take a proper advantage of the +opening thus afforded. Already, in those countries, British manufactures +employ double the tonnage, and perhaps exceed twenty times the value, of +the importations from all other foreign nations put together. The wines +and tasteful bagatelles of France, and the flour and household furniture +of the United States, will bear no comparison in value to the cottons of +Manchester, the linens of Glasgow, the broadcloths of Leeds, or the +hardware of Birmingham. All this is proved by the great proportion of +precious metals sent to England, as compared with the remittances to +other nations. The very watches sent by Messrs. Roskell and Co. of +Liverpool, would out-balance the exports of some of the _nations_ which +trade to South America. + + * * * * * + + +SOUTH AMERICAN MANNERS. + + +Whether it be the romantic novelty of many places in South America, the +salubrity of the climate, the free unrestrained intercourse of the more +polished classes, or whether there be some undefinable charm in that +state of society which has not passed beyond a certain point of +civilization, certain it is that few foreigners have resided for any +length of time in Chile, Peru, or in the principal towns of the Pampas, +without feeling an ardent desire to revisit them. In this number might be +named several European naval officers who have served in the Pacific, and +who nave expressed these sentiments, although they move in the very +highest circles of England and France. Countries which have not reached +the utmost pitch of refinement have their peculiar attractions, as well +as the most highly polished nations; but, to the casual resident, the +former offers many advantages unattainable in Europe. The virtue of +hospitality, exiled by luxury and refinement, exhibits itself in the New +World under such noble and endearing forms as would almost tempt the +philosopher, as well as the weary traveller, to dread the approach of the +factitious civilization that would banish it. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE LABYRINTH, AT VERSAILLES. + + +[Illustration: The Labyrinth, at Versailles.] + + +This charming labyrinth is attached to _Le Petit Trianon_ at Versailles. +The palace and its gardens were formed under the reign of Louis XV., who +was there when he was attacked by the contagious disease of which he died. +Louis XVI. gave it to his queen, who took great delight in the spot, and +had the gardens laid out in the English style. The _château_, or palace, +is situated at one of the extremities of the park of the Grand Trianon, +and forms a pavilion, about seventy-two feet square. It consists of a +ground floor and two stories, decorated with fluted Corinthian columns +and pilasters crowned by a balustrade. The gardens are delightful: here +is a temple of love; there an artificial rock from which water rushes +into a lake; there a picturesque wooden bridge, a rural hamlet, grottoes, +cottages embowered in groves of trees, diversified with statues and +seats--and above all, the fascinating MAZE, the plan of which is +represented in the Engraving. + +Versailles, its magnificent palace and gardens, are altogether fraught +with melancholy associations. When we last saw them, the grounds and +buildings presented a sorry picture of neglect and decay. The mimic lakes +and ponds were green and slimy, the grottoes and shell-work crumbling +away, the fountains still, and the cascades dry. But the latter are +exhibited on certain days during the summer, when the gardens are +thronged with gay Parisians. The most interesting object however, is, the +orange-tree planted by Francis I. in 1421, which is in full health and +bearing: alas! we halted beside it, and thought of the wonderful +revolutions and uprootings that France had suffered since this tree was +planted. + +In _Le Petit Trianon_ and its grounds the interesting Queen Marie +Antoinette passed many happy hours of seclusion; and would that her +retreat had been confined to the _maze_ of Nature, rather than she had +been engaged in the political intrigues which exposed her to the fury of +a revolutionary mob. In the palace we were shown the chamber of Marie +Antoinette, where the ruffians stabbed through the covering of the bed, +the queen having previously escaped from this room to the king's chamber; +and, as if to keep up the folly of the splendid ruin, a gilder was +renovating the room of the ill-starred queen. + + * * * * * + + +RECENT BALLOON ASCENT. + +(_To the Editor of the Mirror_.) + + +I trust you will pardon my feeble attempt last week, and I wish you had +been in the car with us, to have witnessed the magnificent scene, and the +difficulty of describing it. At our ascent we rose, in a few seconds, 600 +feet; and instantly a flood of light and beautiful scenery burst forth. +Picture to yourself the Thames with its shipping; Greenwich with its +stately Hospital and Park; Blackwall, Blackheath, Peckham, Camberwell, +Dulwich, Norwood, St. Paul's, the Tower of London, &c. and the +surrounding country, all brought immediately into your view, all +apparently receding, and lit up into magnificence by the beams of a +brilliant evening sun, (twenty-seven minutes past seven,) and then say +who can portray or describe the scene, I say I cannot. + +P.T.W. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE NATURALIST. + + * * * * * + + +BEES. + + +The faculty, or instinct of bees is sometimes at fault, for we often hear +of their adopting the strangest and most unsuitable tenements for the +construction of cells. A hussar's cap, so suspended from a moderate sized +branch of a tree, as to be agitated by slight winds, was found filled +with bees and comb. An old coat, that had been thrown over the decayed +trunk of a tree and forgotten, was filled with comb and bees. Any thing, +in short, either near the habitations of man, or in the forests, will +serve the bees for a shelter to their combs. + +The average number of a hive, or swarm, is from fifteen to twenty +thousand bees. Nineteen thousand four hundred and ninety-nine are neuters +or working bees, five hundred are drones, and the remaining _one_ is the +queen or mother! Every living thing, from man down to an ephemeral insect, +pursues the bee to its destruction for the sake of the honey that is +deposited in its cell, or secreted in its honey-bag. To obtain that which +the bee is carrying to its hive, numerous birds and insects are on the +watch, and an incredible number of bees fall victims, in consequence, to +their enemies. Independently of this, there are the changes in the +weather, such as high winds, sudden showers, hot sunshine; and then there +is the liability to fall into rivers, besides a hundred other dangers to +which bees are exposed. + +When a queen bee ceases to animate the hive, the bees are conscious of +her loss; after searching for her through the hive, for a day or more, +they examine the royal cells, which are of a peculiar construction and +reversed in position, hanging vertically, with the mouth underneath. If +no eggs or larvae are to be found in these cells, they then _enlarge_ +several of those cells, which are appropriated to the eggs of neuters, +and in which _queen eggs have been deposited_. They soon attach a royal +cell to the enlarged surface, and the queen bee, enabled now to grow, +protrudes itself by degrees into the royal cell, and comes out perfectly +formed, to the great pleasure of the bees. + +The bee seeks only its own gratification in procuring honey and in +regulating its household, and as, according to the old proverb, what is +one man's meat is another's poison, it sometimes carries honey to its +cell, which is prejudicial to us. Dr. Barton in the fifth volume, of the +"American Philosophical Transactions," speaks of several plants that +yield a poisonous syrup, of which the bees partake without injury, but +which has been fatal to man. He has enumerated some of these plants, +which ought to be destroyed wherever they are seen, namely, dwarf-laurel, +great laurel, kalmia latifolia, broad-leaved moorwort, Pennsylvania +mountain-laurel, wild honeysuckle (the bees, cannot get much of this,) +and the stramonium or Jamestown-weed. + +A young bee can be readily distinguished from an old one, by the greyish +coloured down that covers it, and which it loses by the wear and tear of +hard labour; and if the bee be not destroyed before the season is over, +this down entirely disappears, and the groundwork of the insect is seen, +white or black. On a close examination, very few of these black or aged +bees, will be seen at the opening of the spring, as, not having the +stamina of those that are younger, they perish from inability to +encounter the vicissitudes of winter.--_American Farmer's Manual_. + + * * * * * + + +THE ELM. + +(_To the Editor of the Mirror_.) + + +I shall be obliged to any of your correspondents who can inform me from +whence came the term _witch-elm_, a name given to a species of elm tree, +to distinguish it from the common elm. Some people have conjectured that +it was a corruption of _white elm_, and so called from the silvery +whiteness of its leaves when the sun shines upon them; but this is hardly +probable, as Sir F. Bacon in his "_Silva Silvarum_, or Natural History, +in Ten Centuries," speaks of it under the name of _weech-elm_. + +H.B.A. + + * * * * * + + +CROP OF BIRDS. + + +Besides the stomach, most birds have a membranous sac, capable of +considerable distension; it is usually called a crop, (by the scientific +_Ingluvies_,) into which the food first descends after being swallowed. +This bag is very conspicuous in the granivorous tribes immediately after +eating. Its chief use seems to be to soften the food before it is +admitted into the gizzard. In _young fowls_ it becomes sometimes +preternaturally distended, while the bird pines for want of nourishment. +This is produced by something in the crop, such as straw, or other +obstructing matter, which prevents the descent of the food into the +gizzard. In such a case, a longitudinal incision may be made in the crop, +its contents removed, and, the incision being sewed up, the fowl will, in +general, do well. + +Another curious fact relative to this subject was stated by Mr. Brookes, +when lecturing on birds at the _Zoological Society_, May 1827. He had an +eagle, which was at liberty in his garden; happening to lay two dead rats, +which had been poisoned, under a pewter basin, to which the eagle could +have access, but who nevertheless did not see him place the rats under it, +he was surprised to see, some time afterwards, the crop of the bird +considerably distended; and finding the rats abstracted from beneath the +basin, he concluded that the eagle had devoured them. Fearing the +consequences, he lost no time in opening the crop, took out the rats, and +sewed up the incision; the eagle did well and is now alive. A proof this +of the acuteness of smell in the eagle, and also of the facility and +safety with which, even in grown birds, the operation of opening the crop +may be performed.--_Jennings's Ornithologia_. + + * * * * * + + +HATCHING. + + +The following singular fact was first brought into public notice by +Mr. Yarrel; and will be found in his papers in the second volume of the +_Zoological Journal_. The fact alluded to is, that there is attached to +the upper mandible of all young birds about to be hatched a _horny +appendage_, by which they are enabled more effectually to make +perforations in the shell, and contribute to their own liberation. This +sharp prominence, to use the words of Mr. Yarrel, becomes opposed to the +shell at various points, in a line extending throughout its whole +circumference, about one third below the larger end of the egg; and a +series of perforations more or less numerous are thus effected by the +increasing strength of the chick, weakening the shell in a direction +opposed to the muscular power of the bird; it is thus ultimately enabled, +by its own efforts, to break the walls of its prison. In the common fowl, +this horny appendage falls off in a day or two after the chick is hatched; +in the pigeon it sometimes remains on the beak ten or twelve days; this +arises, doubtless, from the young pigeons being fed by the parent bird +for some time after their being hatched; and thus there is no occasion +for the young using the beak for picking up its food.--_Ibid_. + + * * * * * + + +MAN.--A FRAGMENT. + + + Man is a monster, + The fool of passion and the slave of sin. + No laws can curb him when the will consents + To an unlawful deed. + +CYMBELINE. + + * * * * * + + + + +SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS + + * * * * * + + +THE CHOSEN ONE. + + + "Here's a long line of beauties--see! + Ay, and as varied as they're many-- + Say, can I guess the one would be + Your choice among them all--if any?" + + "I doubt it,--for I hold as dust + Charms many praise beyond all measure-- + While gems they treat as lightly, _must_ + Combine to form my chosen treasure." + + "Will this do?"--"No;--that hair of gold, + That brow of snow, that eye of splendour, + Cannot redeem the mien so cold, + The air so stiff, so quite _un-tender_." + + "This then?"--"Far worse! _Can_ lips like these + Thus smile as though they asked the kiss?-- + Thinks she that e'en such eyes can please, + Beaming--there is no word--like _this?_" + + "Look on that singer at the harp, + Of her you cannot speak thus--ah, no!" + --"Her! why she's _formed_ of flat and sharp-- + I doubt not she's a fine soprano!" + + "The next?"--"What, she who lowers her eyes + From sheer mock-modesty--so pert, + So doubtful-mannered?--I despise + Her, and all like her--she's a _Flirt!_ + + "And this is why my spleen's above + The power of words;--'tis that they can + Make the vile semblance be to Love + Just what the Monkey is to Man! + + "But yonder I, methinks, can trace + One _very_ different from these-- + Her features speak--her form is Grace + Completed by the touch of Ease! + + "That opening lip, that fine frank eye + Breathe Nature's own true gaiety-- + So sweet, so rare _when thus_, that I + Gaze on't with joy, nay ecstacy! + + "For when _'tis_ thus, you'll also see + That eye still richer gifts express-- + And on that lip there oft will be + A sighing smile of tenderness! + + "Yes! here a matchless spirit dwells + E'en for that lovely dwelling fit!-- + I gaze on her--my bosom swells + With feelings, thoughts,----oh! exquisite! + + "That such a being, noble, tender, + So fair, so delicate, so dear, + Would let one love her, and _befriend_ her!-- + --Ah, yes, _my_ Chosen One is here!" + +_London Magazine_. + + * * * * * + + +TRAVELLING ON THE CONTINENT. + + +The man whom we have known to be surrounded by respect and attachment at +home, whose life is honourable and useful within his proper sphere, we +have seen with his family drudging along continental roads, painfully +disputing with postilions in bad French, insulted by the menials of inns, +fretting his time and temper with the miserable creatures who inflict +their tedious ignorance under the name of guides, and only happy in +reaching any term to the journey which fashion or family entreaty have +forced upon him. We are willing, however, to regard such instances as +casual, and proving only that travelling, like other pleasures, has its +alloys; but stationary residence abroad brings with it other and more +serious evils. To the animation of a changing scene of travel, succeeds +the tedious idleness of a foreign town, with scanty resources of society, +and yet scantier of honourable or useful occupation. Here also we do but +describe what we have too frequently seen--the English gentleman, who at +home would have been improving his estates, and aiding the public +institutions of his country, abandoned to utter insignificance; his mind +and resources running waste for want of employment, or, perchance, turned +to objects to which even idleness might reasonably be preferred. We have +seen such a man loitering along his idle day in streets, promenades, or +coffee-houses; or sometimes squandering time and money at the +gambling-table, a victim because an idler. The objects of nature and art, +which originally interested him, cease altogether to do so. + +We admit many exceptions to this picture; but we, nevertheless, draw it +as one which will be familiar to all, who have been observers on the +continent. One circumstance must further be added to the outline; we mean, +the detachment from religious habits, which generally and naturally +attends such residence abroad. The means of public worship exist to our +countrymen but in few places; and there under circumstances the least +propitious to such duties. Days speedily become all alike; or if Sunday +be distinguished at all, it is but as the day of the favourite opera, or +most splendid ballet of the week. We are not puritanically severe in our +notions, and we intend no reproach to the religious or moral habits of +other nations. We simply assert, that English families removed from out +of the sphere of those proper duties, common to every people, and from +all opportunities of public worship or religious example, incur a risk +which is very serious in kind, especially to those still young and +unformed in character. + +_Quarterly Review._ + + * * * * * + + + + +RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS + + * * * * * + + +ANCIENT FARRIERY. + +(_For the Mirror_.) + + +The following curious verses are copied from an engraving which the +Farriers' Company have lately had taken from an old painting of their +pedigree, on vellum, at the George and Vulture Tavern. + + If suche may boast as by a subtile arte, + Canne without labour make excessive gayne, + And under name of Misterie imparte, + Unto the worlde the Crafie's but of their brayne. + How muche more doe their praise become men's themes + That bothe by art and labour gett their meanes. + + And of all artes that worthe or praise doeth merite, + To none the _Marshall Farrier's_ will submitt, + That bothe by Physicks, arte, force, hands, and spiritt + The Kinge and subject in peace and warre doe fitt, + Many of Tuball boast first Smythe that ever wrought, + But _Farriers_ more do, doe than Tuball ever taught. + + Three things there are that _Marshalry_ doe prove + To be a Misterie exceeding farre, + Those wilie Crafte's that many men doe love. + Is unfitt for peace and more unaptt for warre, + For Honor, Anncestrie, and for Utilitie, + _Farriers_ may boast their artes habilitie, + + For Honor, view, this anncient Pedigree[1] + Of Noble Howses, that did beare the name + Of _Farriers_, and were _Earles_; as you may see, + That used the arte and did supporte the same, + And to perpetuall honour of the Crafte, + Castells they buylt and to succession left. + + For anncestrie of tyme oh! who canne tell + The first beginning of so old a trade, + For Horses were before the Deluge fell, + And cures, and shoes, before that tyme were made, + We need not presse tyme farther then it beares, + A Company have _Farriers_ beene 300 Yeres!! + + And in this _Cittie London_ have remayned + Called by the name of _Marshall Farriers_, + Which title of Kinge Edward the Third was gaynde, + For service done unto him in his warres, + A _Maister_ and two _Wardens_ in skill expert, + The trade to rule and give men their desert. + + And for utilitie that cannot be denied, + That many are the Proffitts that arise + To all men by the _Farriers_ arte beside. + To them they are tied, by their necessities, + From the Kinge's steede unto the ploweman's cart, + All stande in neede of _Farriers_ skillfull arte. + + In peace at hande the _Farriers_ must be hadde, + For lanncing, healinge, bleedinge, and for shooeinge, + In Warres abroade of hym they wille be gladd + To cure the wounded Horsse, still he is douinge, + In peace or warre abroade, or ellse at home, + To Kinge and Countrie that some good may come. + + Loe! thus you heare the _Farriers_ endelesss praise, + God grant it last as many yeres as it hath lasted Daies. + +Anno Dni 1612. + +G.W. + + +[1] It commences from Henri de Ferrer, Lord of Tetbury, a Norman who came + over with William the Conqueror. + + * * * * * + + +CURIOUS SCRAPS. + + +We read of a beautiful table, "wherein Saturn was of copper, Jupiter of +gold, Mars of iron, and the Sun of silver, the eyes were charmed, and the +mind instructed by beholding the circles. The Zodiac and all its signs +formed with wonderful art, of metals and precious stones." + +Was not this an imperfect orrery? + +In 1283, say the annals of Dunstable, "We sold our slave by birth, +William Pike, with all his family, and received one mark from the buyer." +Men must have been cheaper than horses. + +In 1340, gunpowder and guns were first invented by Swartz, a monk of +Cologne. In 1346, Edward III. had four pieces of cannon, which +contributed to gain him the battle of Cressy. Bombs and mortars were +invented about this time. + +In 1386, the magnificent castle of Windsor was built by Edward III. and +his method of conducting the work may serve as a specimen of the +condition of the people in that age. Instead of engaging workmen by +contracts or wages, he assessed every county in England to send him a +certain number of masons, tilers, and carpenters, as if he had been +levying an army. + +In 1654, the air pump was invented by Otto Guericke, a German. + +1406, B.C. Iron first discovered by burning the woods on Mount Ida, in +Greece. + +720, B.C. The first lunar eclipse on record. + +Anaximander, the disciple of Thales, invented maps and globes; born about +610 B.C. + +894, B.C. Gold and silver money first coined at Argos, in Greece. + +274, A.D. Silk first imported from India. + +664, A.D. Glass first invented in England by O. Benalt, a monk. + +1284, A.D. The Alphonsine Astronomical Tables constructed, under the +patronage of Alphonso X. of Laon and Castile. + +1337, A.D. The first comet described with astronomical precision. + +The first diving bell we read of was a very large kettle suspended by +ropes with the mouth downwards, and planks fixed in the middle of its +concavity. Two Greeks at Toledo in 1583, made an experiment with it +before Charles V. They descended in it with a lighted candle to a great +depth. + +The Odyssey was written upon the skin of a serpent. + +Formerly pennies were marked with a double cross and crease, so that it +might easily be broken into two or four parts. + +HALBERT H. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE SKETCH-BOOK + + * * * * * + + +SKETCH OF THE BATTLE OF ALGIERS. + +_By an officer engaged._ + + +The Leander, fitted for the flag of Rear-Admiral Milne, was at Spithead, +in June, 1816, when Lord Exmouth arrived with a squadron from the +Mediterranean, where a dispute had arisen between the Dey of Algiers and +his lordship, in consequence of a massacre that took place at Bona, on +the persons of foreigners, then under the protection of the British flag. + +When the particulars were made known to government, Lord Exmouth was +ordered to return to Algiers, and to demand, in the name of the Prince +Regent, instant reparation for the insult offered to England. The +squadron being still on the war establishment, the crews were discharged, +and another expedition was ordered to be equipped with all possible +dispatch. The Leander instantly offered her services, and she soon had +the satisfaction to hear, that they were graciously accepted, and never +was greater joy expressed throughout her crew, than when her Captain +(Chetham) announced the determination of the Admiralty, that she was to +complete to the war complement; an extra lieutenant (Monk) was appointed, +a rendezvous for volunteers opened on the Point at Portsmouth, and in ten +days she was ready for sea, with 480 men on board. + +The flag of Rear-Admiral Milne was hoisted, and the Leander sailed for +Plymouth, where she anchored in two days, and joined part of the squadron +intended for the same service: the Queen Charlotte, bearing the flag of +Lord Exmouth, soon appeared, and on the 29th of July, the expedition +sailed from England with a fine easterly breeze. + +The expedition arrived at Gibraltar in eleven days, when it was joined by +a Dutch squadron of five frigates and a corvette, under the command of +Vice-Admiral Von Capellan; five gun-boats were fitted out and manned by +the ships of the line, and two transports were hired to attend with +ammunition, &c. All lumber and bulkheads, were landed at the dock-yard; +the ships were completed with water, and in all points ready for sea by +the 13th of August. The Rear-Admiral shifted his flag into the +Impregnable, and on the 14th the combined expedition sailed for Algiers. +The Leander was ordered to take a transport in tow, and keep on the +Admiral's weather-beam, and the Dutchmen kept to windward of all. We were +met by an easterly wind two days after leaving Gibraltar, and on the +third day we were joined by the Prometheus, from Algiers, whither she had +been dispatched to bring away the British Consul; the Dey, however, was +apprized of the expedition and detained him, as well as two boats' crews +of the Prometheus, but the Consul's wife and daughter escaped, and got +safely on board. + +The foul wind prevented the squadron making much way, but the +time was employed to advantage in constant exercise at the guns, and the +men were brought as near to perfection as they could be; in handling them +each man knew his own duty, as well as that of the captain of the gun, +fireman, boarder, powder-man, rammer, &c. Each took his turn to the +several duties, and continued changing up to the 27th. + +The coast of Africa was seen on Monday, and as the day dawned on Tuesday, +the 27th, Algiers appeared about ten miles off. The morning was +beautifully fine, with a haze which foretold the coming heat: as the +morning advanced, the breeze failed us, but at nine o'clock we had neared +the town to within about five miles; the long line of batteries were +distinctly seen, with the red flag flying in all directions, and the +masts of the shipping showed above the walls of the mole. The Severn, +with a flag of truce flying, was detached with the terms of the Prince +Regent, and this was a most anxious period, for we were in the dark as to +the feelings of the Dey, whether the offered terms were such as he could +consistently accept, or that left him no alternative but resistance. +During this state of suspense, our people were, as usual, exercised at +the guns, the boats hoisted out, and prepared for service by signal, and +at noon we were ready for action. + +The ship's company were piped to dinner, and at one o'clock the captain +and officers sat down to theirs in the gun-room, the principal dish of +which was a substantial sea pie; wine was pledged in a bumper to a +successful attack, and a general expression of hope for an unsuccessful +negotiation. At this time, the officer of the watch reported to the +captain, that the admiral had made the general telegraph "Are you ready?" +Chetham immediately directed that our answer "ready" should be shown, and +at the same moment the like signal was flying at the mastheads of the +entire squadron. The mess now broke up, each individual of it quietly +making arrangements with the other in the event of accident, and we had +scarcely reached the deck, when the signal "to bear up" was out, the +commander in-chief leading the way, with a fine, steady breeze blowing on +the land. We ran in on the admiral's larboard-beam, keeping within two +cables' length of him; the long guns were loaded with round and grape, +the carronades with grape only; our sail was reduced to the topsails, and +topgallant sails, the main-sail furled, and the boats dropped astern in +tow. The ships were now steering to their appointed stations, and the +gun-boats showing their eagerness, by a crowd of sail, to get alongside +the batteries. As we drew towards the shore, the Algerines were observed +loading their guns, and a vast number of spectators were assembled on the +beach, idly gazing at the approach of the squadron, seemingly quite +unconscious of what was about to happen. Far different were appearances +at the mouth of the mole as it opened; the row-boats, fully manned, were +lying on their oars, quite prepared for the attack, and we fully expected +they would attempt to board, should an opportunity offer; each boat had a +flag hanging over the stern. A frigate was moored across the mouth of the +mole, and a small brig was at anchor outside of her. + +At fifteen minutes before three P.M. the Queen Charlotte came to an +anchor by the stern, at the distance of sixty yards from the beach, and, +as was ascertained by measurement, ninety yards from the muzzles of the +guns of the mole batteries, unmolested, and with all the quietude of a +friendly harbour; her flag flew at the main, and the colours at the peak; +her starboard broadside flanked the whole range of batteries from the +mole head to the lighthouse; her topsail yards (as were those of the +squadron,) remained aloft, to be secure from fire, and the sails brought +snugly to the yards by head-lines previously fitted; the topgallant sails +and small sails only were furled, so that we had no man unnecessarily +exposed aloft. + +The Leander, following the motions of the admiral, was brought up with +two anchors by the stern, let go on his larboard beam, veered away, until +she obtained a position nearly a-head of him, then let go an anchor under +foot, open by this to a battery on the starboard side at the bottom of +the mole, and to the Fish-market battery on the larboard side. At this +moment Lord Exmouth was seen waving his hat on the poop to the idlers on +the beach to get out of the way, then a loud cheer was heard, and the +whole of the Queen Charlotte's tremendous broadside was thrown into the +batteries abreast of her; this measure was promptly taken, as the smoke +of a gun was observed to issue from some part of the enemy's works, so +that the sound of the British guns was heard almost in the same instant +with that to which the smoke belonged. The cheers of the Queen Charlotte +were loudly echoed by those of the Leander, and the contents of her +starboard broadside as quickly followed, carrying destruction into the +groups of row-boats; as the smoke opened, the fragments of boats were +seen floating, their crews swimming and scrambling, as many as escaped +the shot, to the shore; another broadside annihilated them. The enemy was +not slack in returning this warm salute, for almost before the shot +escaped from _our_ guns, a man standing on the forecastle bits, hauling +on the topsail buntlines, received a musket bullet in his left arm, which +broke the bone, and commenced the labours in the cockpit. The action +became general as soon as the ships had occupied their positions, and we +were engaged with the batteries on either side; so close were we, that +the enemy were distinctly seen loading their guns above us. After a few +broadsides, we brought our starboard broadside to bear on the Fish-market, +and our larboard side then looked to seaward. The rocket-boats were now +throwing rockets over our ships into the mole, the effects of which, were +occasionally seen on the shipping on our larboard bow. The Dutch flag was +to be seen flying at the fore of the Dutch Admiral, who, with his +squadron, were engaging the batteries to the eastward of the mole. The +fresh breeze which brought us in was gradually driven away by the +cannonade, and the smoke of our guns so hung about us, that we were +obliged to wait until it cleared; for the men took deliberate and certain +aims, training their guns until they were fully satisfied of their +precision. But our enemies gave us no reason to suppose that they were +idle; so great was the havoc which they made amongst us, that the surgeon +in his report stated, that sixty-five men were brought to him wounded +after the first and second broadsides. + +About four o'clock, a boat, with an officer, came with orders from the +admiral to cease firing, as an attempt to destroy the Algerine frigates +was about to be made. Accordingly three boats pushed into the mole, +running the gantlet in gallant style; they boarded the outermost frigate, +which was found deserted by her crew; and in a few minutes she was in a +blaze; in doing this the boats' crews suffered severely. The smoke of our +last broadside had scarcely left us, when the Algerines renewed their +fire of musketry upon our decks, fortunately the men were lying down by +the guns, and the officers alone were marks for them, but one midshipman +was their only victim at this time. The masts began to suffer in all +parts, splinters were falling from them, and shreds of canvass from the +sails came down upon us in great quantities; traces, bowlines, and other +running gear, suffered equally; the shrouds, fore and aft, got cut up so +quickly, that the rigging men attempted in vain to knot them, and were at +last forced to leave the rigging to its fate. + +When the boats returned, we recommenced our fire with renewed vigour; +occasionally a flag-staff was knocked down, a fact which was always +announced with a cheer, each captain of a gun believing himself to be the +faithful marksman. The Algerine squadron now began, as it were, to follow +the motions of the outer frigate; the rockets had taken effect, and they +all burned merrily together. A hot shot, about this time, struck a +powder-box, on which was sitting the powder-boy, he, poor fellow, was +blown up, and another near him was dreadfully scorched. + +Through the intervals of smoke, the sad devastation in the enemy's works +was made visible; the whole of the mole head, near the Queen Charlotte, +was a ruin, and the guns were consequently silenced; but we were not so +fortunate with the Fish-market; the guns there still annoyed us, and ours +seemed to make no impression. A battery in the upper angle of the town +was also untouched, and we were so much under it, that the shot actually +came through our decks, without touching the bulwarks, and we could not +elevate our guns sufficiently to check them. + +As the sun was setting behind the town, the whole of the shipping in the +mole were in flames; their cables burned through, left them at the mercy +of every breeze: the outermost frigate threatened the Queen Charlotte +with a similar fate, but a breeze sent her clear on towards the Leander; +a most intense heat came from her, and we expected every moment to be in +contact; the flames were burning with great power at the mast heads, and +the loose fire was flying about in such a way that there seemed little +chance of our escaping, but we checked her progress towards us, by firing +into her, and in the act of hauling out, we were rejoiced to see a +welcome sea-breeze alter the direction of the flames aloft, the same +breeze soon reached her hull, and we had the satisfaction in a few +minutes to see her touch the shore to which she belonged. + +The guns were now so much heated by the incessant fire kept up, that we +were forced to reduce the cartridges nearly one-half, as well as to wait +their cooling before reloading; the men, too, were so reduced at some +guns, that they required the assistance of the others to work them; the +aftermost gun on the gangway had only two men left untouched, Between +seven and eight o'clock, the fire of the enemy's guns had sensibly +diminished, and their people were running in crowds from the demolished +works to the great gate of the city; they were distinctly seen in all +their movements by the light of their burning navy and arsenal. The +battery in the upper angle of the town, which, was too high to fire upon, +kept up a galling fire, and another further to the eastward was still at +work. To bring our broadside to bear upon it, a hawser was run out to the +Severn, on our larboard bow, the ship was swung to the proper bearing, +and we soon checked them. At 45 minutes past nine, the squadron began to +haul out, some making sail, and taking advantage of a light air off the +land, while others were towing and warping: the only sail which we had +fit to set, was the main-topmast staysail, and this was of too stout +canvass to feel the breeze; the boats of our own ship were unable to move +her, after a kedge anchor, which was run out to the length of the +stream-cable, had come home; thus we were left, dependant either on a +breeze or the assistance of the squadron. An officer was sent to tell the +admiral our situation, but the boat was sunk from under the crew, who +were picked up by another; a second boat was more successful, and the +admiral ordered all the boats he could collect to our assistance. At this +time the Severn, near us, had caught the breeze, and was moving steadily +out; a hawser was made fast to her mizen-chains secured to its bare end, +which had just sufficient length to reach the painter of the headmost +boat, towing; by this means the Leander's head was checked round, and we +had again the gratification to see her following the others of the +squadron. The small portion of our sails were set to assist our progress; +but without the help of the Severn there we should have remained; our +mizen-topmast fell into the maintop, shot through. When the Algerines saw +us retiring they returned to the guns which they had previously abandoned, +and again commenced a fire on the boats, which made the water literally +in a foam; this fire was returned by our quarter guns, but with very +little effect. As we left the land, the breeze increased; the Severn cast +off her tow, and our boats returned on board: at 25 minutes past eleven +we fired our last gun, and the cannonade was succeeded by a storm of +thunder and lightning. At midnight we anchored within three miles of the +scene of action; the report of a gun on shore was still heard at +intervals, but all was soon quiet, except the shipping in the mole, which +continued to burn, keeping all around brilliantly illuminated. We now +attempted to furl sails, but the men were so thoroughly stiffened by the +short period of inaction since the firing had ceased, that they stuck +almost powerless to the yards; after great exertion, the gaskets were +somehow passed round the yards, and the labours of the day ended; grog +was served out, and the hammocks piped down, but few had the inclination +to hang them up. + +Soon after daylight we mustered at quarters, and found that 16 officers +and men were killed, and 120 wounded; the three lower masts badly wounded, +every spar wounded, except the spanker-boom; the shrouds cut in all parts, +leaving the masts unsupported, which would have fallen had there been the +least motion; the running gear entirely cut to pieces; the boats _all_ +shot through; the bulwarks riddled with grape and musketry; 96 round-shot +in the starboard side, some of them between wind and water; the guns were +all uninjured to any extent, and remained, the only part of the Leander, +efficient. + +The ship's company were again at work, clearing decks, unbending sails, +and making every preparation to renew the action; but at noon we had the +satisfaction to hear that the Dey had accepted the terms which were +offered him the day before; at the same time that this information was +conveyed to the squadron, a general order was issued to offer up "public +thanksgiving to Almighty God for the signal victory obtained by the arms +of England."--_United Service Journal_. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE GATHERER. + + + "A snapper-up of unconsidered trifles." +SHAKSPEARE. + + * * * * * + + +THE RANZ DES VACHES. + + +The Kurieholen, or Ranz des Vaches, the celebrated national air of the +Swiss, does not consist in articulated sounds, nor is it accompanied by +words; but is a simple melody formed by a kind of guttural intonation +very closely resembling the tones of a flute. Two of these voices at a +short distance produce the most pleasing effect, the echoes of the +surrounding rocks reverberating the music till it seems like enchantment; +but sometimes the illusion is dissipated by the appearance of the singers, +in the persons of two old women, returning from their labour in a +neighbouring valley. + +INA. + + * * * * * + + +NAPOLEON. + + +During a tour through France shortly before Bonaparte's accession to the +throne he received the addresses of the Priests and Prefects, who vied +with each other in the grossness and impiety of their adulation. The +Prefect of the Pas de Calais seems to have borne away the palm from all +his brethren. On Napoleon's entrance into his department, he addressed +him in the following manner:--"Tranquil with respect to our fate, we know +that to ensure the happiness and glory of France, to render to all people +the freedom of commerce and the seas, to humble the audacious destroyers +of the repose of the universe, and to fix, at length, peace upon the +earth, God created Bonaparte, and rested from his labour!" + +INA. + + * * * * * + + +APOSTLES. + + +In the diplomatic language of Charles I.'s time, were marginal notes, +generally in the king's hand, written on the margin of state papers. The +word, in somewhat a similar sense, had its origin in the canon law. There +are many instances of apostles by Charles I. in Archbishop Laud's Diary + +JAMES SILVESTER. + + * * * * * + + +When Voltaire was at Berlin, he wrote this epigram on his patron and host +the king of Prussia:-- + + "King, author, philosopher, hero, musician, + Freemason, economist, bard, politician, + How had Europe rejoiced if a _Christian_ he'd been, + If a man, how he then had enraptured his queen." + + +For this effort of wit, Voltaire was paid with thirty lashes on his bare +back, administered by the king's sergeant-at-arms, and was compelled to +sign the following curious receipt for the same:-- + + "Received from the righthand of Conrad + Backoffner, thirty lashes on my bare + back, being in full for an epigram on + Frederick the Third, King of Prussia." + + +I say received by me, VOLTAIRE. + +_Vive le Roi_! + + * * * * * + + +The church at Gondhurst, in Kent, is a fine old building, and remarkable +for several reasons; one of which is, that thirty-nine different parishes +may be distinctly seen from it, and in clear weather the sea, off +Hastings, a distance of twenty-seven miles and a half. + + * * * * * + + +SPECULATION. + + +Sir William Adams, afterwards Sir William Rawson, which name he took in +consequence of some property he succeeded to by right of his wife, was one +of the victims of the South American mining mania. He plunged deeply into +speculation, and wrote pamphlets to prove that so much gold and silver +must ultimately find its way into Europe from Mexico, that all the +existing relations of value would be utterly destroyed. He believed what +he wrote, though he failed to demonstrate what he believed. At one period +he might have withdrawn himself from all his speculations with at least a +hundred thousand pounds in his pocket; but he fancied he had discovered +the philosopher's stone--dreamed of wealth beyond what he could +count--went on--was beggared--and you know how and where he died. Poor +fellow! He deserved a better fate. He was a kind-hearted creature; and if +he coveted a princely fortune, I am satisfied he would have used it like +a prince. But I am forgetting my story. Well, then, it was after he had +totally relinquished his profession as an oculist, that he might devote +his entire time and attention to the Mexican mining affairs, that a +gentleman, ignorant of the circumstance, called upon him one morning to +consult him. Sir William looked at him for a moment, and then exclaimed, +in the words of Macbeth, addressing Banquo's ghost, "Avaunt--there is _no +speculation_ in those eyes!" + +_Monthly Magazine._ + + * * * * * + +THE SUPPLEMENT to Vol. xiii. containing _Title, Preface, Index, &c. with +a fine Steel-plate_ PORTRAIT _of the late_ SIR HUMPHRY DAVY, Bart. _and a +copious Memoir of his Life and Discoveries--will be published with the +next Number._ + + * * * * * + + +_LIMBIRD'S EDITIONS._ + +CHEAP and POPULAR WORKS published at the MIRROR OFFICE in the Strand, +near Somerset House. + +The ARABIAN NIGHTS' ENTERTAINMENTS, Embellished with nearly 150 +Engravings. Price 6s. 6d. boards. + +The TALES of the GENII. Price 2s. + +The MICROCOSM. By the Right Hon. G. CANNING. &c. Price 2s. + +PLUTARCH'S LIVES, with Fifty Portraits, 2 vols. price 13s. boards. + +COWPER'S POEMS, with 12 Engravings, price 3s. 6d. boards. + +COOK'S VOYAGES, 2 vols. price 8s. boards. + +The CABINET of CURIOSITIES: or, WONDERS of the WORLD DISPLAYED. Price 5s. +boards. + +BEAUTIES of SCOTT. 2 vols. price 7s. boards. + +The ARCANA of SCIENCE for 1828. Price 4s. 6d. + + +Any of the above Works can be purchased in Parts. + +GOLDSMITH'S ESSAYS. Price 8d. + +DR. FRANKLIN'S ESSAYS. Price 1s. 2d. + +BACON'S ESSAYS Price 8d. + +SALMAGUNDI. Price 1s. 8d. + + * * * * * + +_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset House,) +London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; and by all +Newsmen and Booksellers_. + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11361 *** diff --git a/11361-h/11361-h.htm b/11361-h/11361-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..31045d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/11361-h/11361-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2143 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 13, Issue 377, June 27, 1829, by Various</title> + <style type="text/css"> + /*<![CDATA[*/ + <!-- + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + p {text-align: justify;} + blockquote {text-align: justify;} + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center;} + pre {font-size: 0.7em;} + + hr {text-align: center; width: 50%;} + html>body hr {margin-right: 25%; margin-left: 25%; width: 50%;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + html>body hr.full {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;} + + .note, .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + + span.pagenum {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt;} + + .poem {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem p {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem p.i2 {margin-left: 1em;} + .poem p.i8 {margin-left: 5em;} + + .figure {padding: 1em; margin: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em; margin: auto;} + .figure img {border: none;} + .figure p + a:link {color:blue; + text-decoration:none} + link {color:blue; + text-decoration:none} + a:visited {color:blue; + text-decoration:none} + a:hover {color:red} + --> + /*]]>*/ + </style> +</head> +<body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11361 ***</div> +<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and +Instruction, Vol. 13, Issue 377, June 27, 1829, by Various</h1> +<br /> +<br /> +<center><b>E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Allen Siddle, David Garcia,<br /> + and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team</b></center> +<br /> +<br /> + <hr class="full" /> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page433" name="page433"></a>[pg + 433]</span> + <h1> + THE MIRROR<br /> + OF<br /> + LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION. + </h1> + <hr class="full" /> + <table width="100%" summary="Banner"> + <tr> + <td align="left"> + <b>VOL. XIII, NO. 377.]</b> + </td> + <td align="center"> + <b>SATURDAY, JUNE 27, 1829.</b> + </td> + <td align="right"> + <b>[PRICE 2d.</b> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + <hr class="full" /> + <h2> + Loch Goil Head + </h2> + <div class="figure" style="width: 100%;"> + <a href="images/377-1.png"><img width="100%" + src="images/377-1.png" alt="Loch Goil Head" /></a> + </div> + <h3> + AND RESIDENCE OF CAMPBELL, THE POET. + </h3> + <p> + The Engraving represents Loch Goil Head, a small village in + Argyleshire, as it name imports, at the end of Loch Goil. It + is an exquisite vignette, of Alpine sublimity, and is + rendered extremely interesting as the residence of Thomas + Campbell, Esq. author of the "Pleasures of Hope," &c. and + one of the most celebrated of British poets. His + <i>château</i>, or retreat, is represented on the left + of the Engraving, and its romantic position has probably + inspired many of the soul-stirring compositions of the + illustrious resident. + </p> + <p> + In this parish are the remains of Carrick Castle, which is + said to have been built by the Danes. It stands on a rock, + and was formerly surrounded + </p> + <p> + The steam-boat on the lake is an attractive object in such a + district as Loch Goil—by associating one of the boasted + triumphs of art with the stupendous grandeur of the sublime. + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page434" name="page434"></a>[pg + 434]</span> + </p> + <h3> + HILLAH ON THE EUPHRATES. + </h3> + <p> + The town of Hillah lies in latitude 32 deg. 31 min. 18 sec.; + in longitude 12 min. 36 sec. west of Bagdad, and according to + Turkish authorities, was built in the fifth century of the + Hegira, in the district of the Euphrates, which the Arabs + call El-Ared-Babel. Lying on a part of the site of Babylon, + nothing was more likely than that it should be built out of a + few of the fragments of that great city. The town is + pleasantly situated amidst gardens and groves of date trees; + and spreads itself on both sides of the river, where it is + connected by a miserable wooden bridge, the timbers of which + are so rotten, that they tremble under the foot of the + passenger. The portion of the town, or as it is usually + called, the suburb, on the eastern bank, consists of one + principal street or bazaar, reaching from the small + defenceless gate by which it is entered from Bagdad, down to + the edge of the water; this is deemed the least considerable + part of Hillah. On the other side, the inhabitants, Jews, + Turks, and Arabs, are much thicker, and the streets and + bazaars more numerous. + </p> + <p> + From the great central bazaar, well filled with merchandize, + branch off in various directions minor ranges, amongst which + are found the fish and flesh markets. In the former are + several varieties, and some of enormous size, resembling the + barbel. The fish in question is from 4 to 5 feet long, and is + covered with very large, thick scales. The head is about + one-third part of the length of the fish. They are said to + eat coarse and dry, but are, nevertheless, a favourite food + with the inhabitants; and are caught in great quantities near + the town, and to a considerable distance above it. The flesh + market is sparingly served with meat, for when Sir Robert Ker + Porter visited the town, he states that the whole contents of + the market appeared to be no more than the dismembered + carcasses of two sheep, two goats, and the red, rough + filaments of a buffalo. This display was but scant provision + for a population of 7,000. The streets are narrow like those + of Bagdad; a necessary evil in Eastern climates, to exclude + the power of the sun; but they are even more noisome and + filthy. In like manner also, they are crowded, but not with + so many persons in gay attire. Here are to be seen groups of + dark, grim-looking, half-naked Arabs, sitting idly on the + sides of the streets, and so numerously, as scarcely to leave + room for a single horse to pass; and even a cavalcade in line + will not alarm them, so indifferent are they, even when + travellers are compelled, at some abrupt turn, almost to ride + over them. A few sombre garbed Israelites, and occasionally + the Turks, attendant on official duties of the Pashalic in + this part of the government, also mingle in the passing or + seated crowd; when the solemn, saturnine air of the latter, + with their flowing, gaudy apparel, forms a striking contrast + to the daring, dirty, independent air of the almost + ungarmented, swarthy Arab. + </p> + <p> + A few paces above the bridge, stands the palace of the + governor, and the citadel, which was built by order of Ali + Pasha. This imposing fortress, externally, is a handsome, + smooth-faced, demi-fortified specimen of modern Turkish + architecture, erected with ancient materials. Within is a + spacious court, partly shaded with date trees. The whole of + the town towards the desert is defended by a pretty deep + ditch, overlooked by a proportionate number of brick-built + towers (all the spoil of Babylon) flanking the intermediate + compartments of wall. In this rampart are three gates. + </p> + <p> + As far as the eye can reach, both up and down the river, the + banks are thickly shaded with groves of dates, displacing, it + should seem, the other species of trees, from which Isaiah + names this scene "the Brook or Valley of Willows," although + the humble races of that graceful tribe, in the osier, + &c. are yet the prolific offspring of its shores. + </p> + <h4> + G.L.S. + </h4> + <hr /> + <h3> + CURIOUS EXTRACTS FROM CURIOUS AUTHORS, FOR CURIOUS READERS. + </h3> + <p> + (<i>For the Mirror</i>.) + </p> + <p> + Hollingshed, who was contemporary with Queen Elizabeth, + informs us, "there were very few chimneys (in England in his + time) even in the capital towns; the fire was laid to the + wall, and the smoke issued out at the roof, or door, or + window. The houses were wattled, and plastered over with + clay, and all the furniture and utensils were of wood. The + people slept on straw pallets, with a log of wood for a + pillow." + </p> + <p> + Cambrensis, Bishop of St. David's, says, "It was the common + vice of the English, from their first settlement in Britain, + to expose their children and relations to sale;" and it also + appears, "that the wife of Earl Godwin, who was sister to + Canute, the Danish King of England, made great gain by the + trade she made of buying up English youths and maids to sell + to Denmark." + </p> + <p> + Lord Bacon in his Apophthegms, says, + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page435" name="page435"></a>[pg + 435]</span> "Ethelwold, Bishop of Winchester, in a famine, + sold all the rich vessels and ornaments of the church, to + relieve the poor with bread; and said, 'There was no reason + that the dead temples of God should be sumptuously furnished, + and the living temples suffer penury.'" Ingulphus tells us, + "For want of parchment to draw the deeds upon, great estates + were frequently conveyed from one family to another, only by + the ceremony of a turf and a stone, delivered before + witnesses, and without any written agreement." Andrews, in + his History of Great Britain, says, "In France, A.D. 1147, + the great vassals emulated and even surpassed the sovereign + in pomp and cost of living." As an instance of the wild + liberality of the age, we are informed, that Henry the + "munificent" Count of Champagne, being applied to by a poor + gentleman for a portion to enable him to marry his two + daughters: his steward remonstrated to him, "that he had + given away every thing," "thou <i>liest</i>," said Henry, "I + have <i>thee</i> left;" so he delivered over the steward to + the petitioner, who put him into confinement until he gave + him 500 livres, a handsome sum in those days. + </p> + <p> + Bede tells us, "Archbishop Theodore, when (in the seventh + century) he gave lectures on medicine at Canterbury, + remonstrated against bleeding on the 4th day of the moon, + since at that period (he said) the light of the planet and + the tides of the ocean were on the increase." Yet Theodore + was, for his era, deeply learned. + </p> + <p> + William of Malmsbury says, "Very highly finished works in + gold and silver, were the produce even of our darkest ages. + The monks were the best artists. A jewel, now in the museum + at Oxford, undoubtedly made by command of, and worn by Alfred + the Great, is an existing witness of the height to which the + art was carried. Curious reliquaries, finely wrought and set + with precious stones, were usually styled throughout Europe, + Opera Anglica." + </p> + <p> + Howel tells us, "In the education of their children, the + Anglo-Saxons only sought to render them dauntless and apt for + the two most important occupations of their future + lives—war and the chase. It was a usual trial of a + child's courage, to place him on the sloping roof of a + building, and if, without screaming or terror, he held fast, + he was styled a <i>stout-herce</i>, or brave boy." + </p> + <p> + Fitz-Stephen says, "Thomas à Becket lived in such + splendour, that besides having silver bits to his horses, he + had such numerous guests at his banquets, that he was obliged + to have rooms covered with clean hay or straw, in winter, and + green boughs or rushes in summer, every day, lest his guests, + not finding seats at his tables, should soil their gay + clothes by sitting on the floor." He would pay five pounds + (equal nearly to fifty pounds of our money) for a single dish + of eels. Once riding through London with Henry, the King + seeing a wretched, shivering beggar, "It would be a good deed + (said he) to give that poor wretch a coat." "True, (said + Becket.) and you, sir, may let him have yours." "He shall + have <i>yours</i>" said Henry, and after a heavy scuffle, in + which they had nearly dismounted each other, Becket proved + the weakest, and his coat was allotted to the astonished + mendicant. + </p> + <p> + "When William the Conqueror was crowned at Westminster, the + people (says Andrews) within the Abbey shouted, on the crown + being placed on his head, the Normans without, thought the + noise a signal of revolt, and began to set fire to houses, + and massacre the populace, nor were they satisfied that all + was well until considerable mischief had been done." + </p> + <p> + "Dr. Henry, (says Sulivan) who has made a very full + collection of the facts mentioned by ancient authors, + concerning the provincial government of Britain, supposes its + annual revenue amounted to no less than two millions + sterling; a sum nearly as great as that which was derived + from Egypt, in the time of the father of Cleopatra. But this + calculation is built upon the authority of Lipsius. Nor are + there perhaps any accounts transmitted by historians, from + which the point can be accurately determined. The Britons + excelled in agriculture. They exported great quantities of + corn, for supplying the armies in other parts of the empire. + They had linen and woollen manufactures; as their mines of + lead and tin were inexhaustible. And further we know, that + Britain, in consequence of her supposed resources, was + sometimes reduced to such distress, by the demands of + government, as to be obliged to borrow money at an exorbitant + interest. In this trade, the best citizens of Rome were not + ashamed to engage; and, though prohibited by law, Seneca, + whose philosophy, it seems, was not incompatible with the + love of money, lent the Britons at one time above three + hundred and twenty thousand pounds." + </p> + <h4> + P.T.W. + </h4> + <hr /> + <p> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page436" name="page436"></a>[pg + 436]</span> + </p> + <h3> + HINTS ON DRINKING. + </h3> + <center> + <i>Abridged from Mr. Richards's Treatise on Nervous + Disorders.</i> + </center> + <p> + Without any intention of advocating the doctrine, or of + commending the reputed practice of the Pythagoreans, ancient + or modern, I must be allowed to reprobate the abuse of + fermented liquors. Although wine was invented, and its use + allowed "to make glad the heart of man," and although a + moderate and prudent indulgence in it can never excite + reprobation, or cause mischief, still the sin of drunkenness + is an extensive and a filthy evil. Not only does it + demoralize, debase, and finally destroy its unhappy victim, + but it renders him incapable of performing the ordinary + duties of his station; constituting him an object of disgust + to others, and of pitiable misery to himself. It is well to + talk of the Bacchanalian orgies of talented men, and to call + them hilarity and glee. The flashes of wit "that were wont to + set the table in a roar;" the brilliancy of genius, that + casts a charm even over folly and vice; the rank and fame of + the individual, no doubt, increased the fascination of his + failings; but however bright and wonderful may be the + coruscations of his talent, while under the influence of + wine, his frame is debilitated, tottering, and imbecile, when + the stimulus of the potation has subsided. + </p> + <p> + But I do not proscribe indiscriminately all stimulus. Those + whose occupations are laborious, and who are much exposed to + our variable climate, require an absolute stimulus, over and + above what they eat. Dr. Franklin advocated a contrary + doctrine, and inculcated the fact, that a twopenny loaf was + much better for a man than a quart of beer; and he adduces + the horse and other beasts of burthen as examples of the + inefficacy of the use of fermented liquors. But all this is + founded upon decidedly erroneous premises. To enable a + hard-working horse to go through his toil with spirit, he + must have corn, or some other article subject to + fermentation. Now, the horse, as well as many other animals, + have stomachs very capacious, and probably adapted to the + production of this fermentation. So that corn is, in fact, a + powerful fermented stimulus to the beast. + </p> + <p> + Let us then assume, that stimulus in a certain degree is + necessary to sustain the strength and invigorate the frame of + the toiling man; and the best proof of its good effect is the + comfort and energy which it imparts to its consumer; but if + this necessary stimulus be exceeded, then it is abused, and + every mouthful in addition becomes ultimately poisonous. The + first effect which is produced is upon the internal coat of + the stomach, as we may learn from the warmth which we feel. + The repetition increases the circulation of the blood, which + seems, as it were, to dance through the veins; the pulse + becomes quick and full, the eyes sparkle, and the imagination + is quickened; in short, the whole frame is excited, as is + evinced by every word, look, and action. If the affair end + here, well and good; but we will suppose that the potation + goes on, and very speedily a new effect is produced. The + brain, oppressed by the load of blood thrown up into it, and + irritated through its quick sympathy with the stomach; + oppressed, also, by the powerful pulsation of the larger + arteries about the head, becomes, in a degree, paralyzed. The + tongue moves with difficulty, and loses the power of distinct + articulation; the limbs become enfeebled and unsteady; the + mind is deranged, being either worked up into fury, or + reduced to ridiculous puerility, and if the stimulus be + pushed farther than this, absolute insensibility ensues. Such + is a brief view of the physical progress of a debauch; and it + is needless to point out the effect of all this mischief upon + the frame which is subjected to it.<a id="footnotetag1" + name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a> + </p> + <p> + Although we have thus seen that fermented liquors, if taken + to excess, become pernicious in their effect, we must not + condemn their <i>use</i>, because their <i>abuse</i> is bad. + Why should we act and feel as if this bountiful world, + brilliant in beauty and overflowing with blessings, was a + collection of steel traps and spring guns, set to catch the + body and shoot the soul? Is it not much better and wiser to + avail ourselves of the many blessings which Providence has + placed before us, than to set ourselves to work to detect + poison in our drink, and God knows what in our meat? It + savours of learning, doubtless, to do all this; but <i>cui + bono</i>? where is the <i>real</i> utility which it produces? + Our grandfathers and their progenitors were well convinced + that a good cup of "sherris-sack" comforted the heart, and + aided digestion; and why the same opinion should not govern + us, I must leave to the dieteticians to decide. + </p> + <p> + The moderate use of wine and of malt liquors is exceedingly + grateful to our feelings, and abundantly beneficial to our + constitution; but ardent spirits are found to be so + pernicious to most constitutions, and especially to those: of + the inhabitants <span class="pagenum"><a id="page437" + name="page437"></a>[pg 437]</span> of crowded towns and + cities, that, excepting under peculiar circumstances, it is + better to discard them altogether. A glass or two of good + wine can never do any harm; neither can a cup of good, + genuine, "humming ale." The chemists tell us that the London + ale is a horrid and narcotic compound; and so, in truth, by + far the largest portion of it is. But there are two or three + honest men in the metropolis, who sell genuine Kennet, + Nottingham, and Scotch ales, from whom it is very easy to + procure it quite pure. If, however, malt liquor does not + agree with the stomach, or what is the same thing, is + <i>supposed</i> not to agree, it is a very easy matter to + substitute wine for it. + </p> + <p> + A word or two, here, with regard to <i>genuine</i> ale. Half + of what is sold under the name of Scotch, Kennet, &c. is + manufactured at Bromley, or elsewhere, according to + prescriptions adapted to the peculiarities of each kind. + This, perhaps, is nothing very enormous; but the publicans + "<i>doctor</i>" their beer, after it has left the brewhouse, + in a manner that calls loudly for reprehension. Salt of + tartar, carbonate of soda, oil of vitriol, and green copperas + (sulphate of iron) are some of the articles in common use; + and knowing this to be the case, it is really a matter of + importance to know where good, pure beer is to be obtained. + The best Kennet ale is to be had at Sherwood's, in Vine + Street, Piccadilly, or at Chapman's, in Wardour Street; both + these dealers have it direct from Butler's, at Kennet, and a + very superior article it is. Nottingham ale may be procured + in casks at Sansom's, in Dean Street, Red Lion Square; and + the best Scotch ale in London, whether in draught or bottle, + is at Normington's, in Warren Street, Fitzroy Square. + </p> + <hr class="full" /> + <h2> + THE SELECTOR AND LITERARY NOTICES OF NEW WORKS + </h2> + <hr /> + <h3> + VIDOCQ + </h3> + <p> + [In our vol. xii. we gave a few extracts from vol. i. of the + <i>Memoirs of Vidocq</i>, the principal agent of the French + Police, until 1827; which extracts we have reason to know + were received with high <i>gout</i> by most of our readers. + The second and third volumes of these extraordinary + adventures have just appeared, and contain higher-coloured + depravities than their predecessors. Some of them, indeed, + might have been spared; but as a graphic illustration of the + petty thievery of Paris, the following extract bears great + merit:—] + </p> + <p> + I do not think that amongst the readers of these Memoirs one + will be found who, even by chance, has set foot at + Guillotin's. + </p> + <p> + "Eh! what?" some one will exclaim, "Guillotin!" + </p> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + Ce savant médecin + </p> + <p> + Que l'amour du prochain + </p> + <p> + Fit mourir de chagrin. + </p> + </div> + </div> + <p> + "You are mistaken; we all know the celebrated doctor, who + ——;" but the Guillotin of whom I am speaking is + an unsophisticated adulterer of wines, whose establishment, + well known to the most degraded classes of robbers, is + situate opposite to the Cloaque Desnoyers, which the raff of + the Barriere call the drawing-room of la Courtille. A workman + may be honest to a certain extent, and venture in, <i>en + passant</i>, to papa Desnoyers's. If he be <i>awake</i>, and + keep his eye on the company, although a row should commence, + he may, by the aid of the gendarmes, escape with only a few + blows, and pay no one's scot but his own. At Guillotin's he + will not come off so well, particularly if his <i>toggery</i> + be over spruce, and his <i>pouch</i> has <i>chink</i> in it. + </p> + <p> + Picture to yourself, reader, a square room of considerable + magnitude, the walls of which, once white, have been + blackened by every species of exhalation. Such is, in all its + simple modesty, the aspect of a temple consecrated to the + worship of Bacchus and Terpsichore. At first, by a very + natural optical illusion, we are struck by the confined space + before us, but the eye, after a time, piercing through the + thick atmosphere of a thousand vapours which are most + inodorous, the extent becomes visible by details which escape + in the first chaotic glimpse. It is the moment of creation, + all is bright, the fog disappears, becomes peopled, is + animated, forms appear, they move, they are agitated, they + are no illusory shadows; but, on the contrary, essentially + material, which cross and recross at every moment. What + beatitudes! what joyous life! Never, even for the Epicureans, + were so many felicities assembled together. Those who like to + wallow in filth, can find it here to their heart's content; + many seated at tables, on which, without ever being wiped + away, are renewed a hundred times a day the most disgusting + libations, close in a square space reserved for what they + call the dancers. At the further end of this infected cave + there is, supported by four worm-eaten pillars, a sort of + alcove, constructed from broken-up ship timber, which is + graced by the appearance of two + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page438" name="page438"></a>[pg + 438]</span> or three rags of old tapestry. It is on this + chicken coop that the music is perched: two clarinets, a + hurdy-gurdy, a cracked trumpet, and a grumbling + bassoon—five instruments whose harmonious movements are + regulated by the crutch of Monsieur Double-Croche, a lame + dwarf, who is called the leader of the orchestra. Here all is + in harmony—the faces, costumes, the food that is + prepared; a general appearance is scouted. There is no closet + in which walking-sticks, umbrellas, and cloaks are deposited; + the women have their hair all in confusion like a poodle dog, + and the kerchief perched on the top of the head, or in a knot + tied in front with the corners in a rosette, or if you prefer + it, a cockade, which threatens the eye in the same manner as + those of the country mules. As for the men, it is a waistcoat + with a cap and falling collar, if they have a shirt, which is + the regulated costume; breeches are not insisted on; the + supreme bon ton would be an artilleryman's cap, the frock of + an hussar, the pantaloon of a lancer, the boots of a + guardsman, in fact the cast-off attire of three or four + regiments, or the wardrobe of a field of battle. The ladies + adore the cavalry, and have a decided taste for the dress of + the whole army; but nothing so much pleases them as + mustachios, and a broad red cap adorned with leather of the + same colour. + </p> + <p> + In this assembly, a beaver hat, unless napless and brimless, + would be very rare; no one ever remembers to have seen a coat + there, and should any one dare to present himself in a great + coat, unless <i>a family man</i>, he would be sure to depart + skirtless, or only in his waistcoat. In vain would he ask + pardon for those flaps which had offended the eyes of the + noble assembly; too happy would he be if, after having been + bandied and knocked about with the utmost unanimity as a + greenhorn, only one skirt should be left in the hands of + these youthful beauties, who, in the fervour of gaiety, + rather roar out than sing. + </p> + <p> + Desnoyers's is the Cadran bleu de la Canaille, (the resort of + the lower orders;) but before stepping over the threshold of + the cabaret of Guillotin, even the canaille themselves look + twice, as in this repository are only to be seen prostitutes + with their bullies, pick-pockets and thieves of all classes, + some <i>prigs</i> of the lowest grade, and many of those + nocturnal marauders who divide their existence into two + parts, consecrating it to the duties of theft and riot. It + may be supposed that slang is the only language of this + delightful society: it is generally in French, but so + perverted from its primitive signification, that there is not + a member of the distinguished "company of forty" who can + flatter himself with a full knowledge of it, and yet the + "dons of Guillotin's" have their purists; those who assert + that slang took its rise in the East, and without thinking + for a moment of disputing their talent as Orientalists, they + take that title to themselves without any ceremony; as also + that of Argonauts, when they have completed their studies + under the direction of the galley sergeants, in working, in + the port of Toulon, the dormant navigation on board a vessel + in dock. If notes were pleasing to me, I could here seize the + opportunity of making some very learned remarks. I should, + perhaps, go into a profound disquisition, but I am about to + paint the paradise of these bacchanalians; the colours are + prepared—let us finish the picture. + </p> + <p> + If they drink at Guillotin's they eat also, and the mysteries + of the kitchen of this place of delights are well worthy of + being known. The little father Guillotin has no butcher, but + he has a purveyor; and in his brass stewpans, the verdigris + of which never poisons, the dead horse is transformed into + beef a-la-mode; the thighs of the dead dogs found in Rue + Guénegaud become legs of mutton from the salt-marshes; + and the magic of a piquant sauce gives to the <i>staggering + bob</i> (dead born veal) of the cow-feeder the appetizing + look of that of Pontoise. We are told that the cheer in + winter is excellent, when the rot prevails; and if ever + (during M. Delaveau's administration) bread were scarce in + summer during the "massacre of the innocents," mutton was to + be had here at a very cheap rate. In this country of + metamorphoses the hare never had the right of citizenship; it + was compelled to yield to the rabbit, and the + rabbit—how happy the rats are! + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + Father Guillotin consumed generally more oil than cotton, but + I can, nevertheless, affirm, that, in my time, some banquets + have been spread at his cabaret, which, subtracting the + liquids, could not have cost more at the café Riche, + or at Grignon's. I remember six individuals, named + Driancourt, Vilattes, Pitroux, and three others, who found + means to spend 166 francs there in one night. In fact, each + of them had with him his favourite <i>bella</i>. The citizen + no doubt pretty well fleeced them, but they did not complain, + and that quarter of an hour which Rabelais had so much + difficulty in passing, caused them no trouble; they paid like + grandees, without forgetting the waiter. I apprehended them + whilst they were paying the bill, which they had not even + taken the trouble of examining. Thieves + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page439" name="page439"></a>[pg + 439]</span> are generous when they are caught "i' the vein." + They had just committed many considerable robberies, which + they are now repenting in the bagnes of France. + </p> + <p> + It can scarcely be believed that in the centre of + civilization, there can exist a den so hideous as the cave of + Guillotin; it must be seen, as I have seen it, to be + believed. Men and women all smoked as they danced, the pipe + passed from mouth to mouth, and the most refined gallantry + that could be offered to the nymphs who came to this + rendezvous, to display their graces in the postures and + attitudes of the indecent Chahut, was, to offer them the + <i>pruneau</i>, that is, the quid of tobacco, submitted or + not, according to the degree of familiarity, to the test of a + previous mastication. The peace-officers and inspectors were + characters too greatly distinguished to appear amongst such + an assemblage, they kept themselves most scrupulously aloof, + to avoid so repugnant a contact; I myself was much disgusted + with it, but at the same time was persuaded, that to discover + and apprehend malefactors it would not do to wait until they + should come and throw themselves into my arms; I therefore + determined to seek them out, and that my searches might not + be fruitless, I endeavoured to find out their haunts, and + then, like a fisherman who has found a preserve, I cast my + line out with a certainty of a bite. I did not lose my time + in searching for a needle in a bottle of hay, as the saying + is; when we lack water, it is useless to go to the source of + a dried-up stream and wait for a shower of rain; but to quit + all metaphor, and speak plainly—the spy who really + means to ferret out the robbers, ought, as much as possible, + to dwell amongst them, that he may grasp at every opportunity + which presents itself of drawing down upon their heads the + sentence of the laws. Upon this principle I acted, and this + caused my recruits to say that I made men robbers; I + certainly have, in this way, made a vast many, particularly + on my first connexion with the police. + </p> + <hr /> + <h3> + CONSUMPTION OF EUROPEAN MANUFACTURES. + </h3> + <center> + <i>From the Memoirs of General Miller</i>. + </center> + <center> + <i>Second Edition</i>. + </center> + <p> + The aboriginal inhabitants of Peru are gradually beginning to + experience the benefit which has been conferred upon them, by + the repeal of ancient oppressive laws. In the districts that + produce gold, their exertions will be redoubled, for they now + work for themselves. They can obtain this precious metal by + merely scratching the earth, and, although the collection of + each individual may be small, the aggregate quantity thus + obtained will be far from inconsiderable. As the aborigines + attain comparative wealth, they will acquire a taste for the + minor comforts of life. The consumption of European + manufactures will be increased to an incalculable degree, and + the effect upon the general commerce of the world will be + sensibly perceived. It is for the first and most active + manufacturing country in Christendom to take a proper + advantage of the opening thus afforded. Already, in those + countries, British manufactures employ double the tonnage, + and perhaps exceed twenty times the value, of the + importations from all other foreign nations put together. The + wines and tasteful bagatelles of France, and the flour and + household furniture of the United States, will bear no + comparison in value to the cottons of Manchester, the linens + of Glasgow, the broadcloths of Leeds, or the hardware of + Birmingham. All this is proved by the great proportion of + precious metals sent to England, as compared with the + remittances to other nations. The very watches sent by + Messrs. Roskell and Co. of Liverpool, would out-balance the + exports of some of the <i>nations</i> which trade to South + America. + </p> + <hr /> + <h3> + SOUTH AMERICAN MANNERS. + </h3> + <p> + Whether it be the romantic novelty of many places in South + America, the salubrity of the climate, the free unrestrained + intercourse of the more polished classes, or whether there be + some undefinable charm in that state of society which has not + passed beyond a certain point of civilization, certain it is + that few foreigners have resided for any length of time in + Chile, Peru, or in the principal towns of the Pampas, without + feeling an ardent desire to revisit them. In this number + might be named several European naval officers who have + served in the Pacific, and who nave expressed these + sentiments, although they move in the very highest circles of + England and France. Countries which have not reached the + utmost pitch of refinement have their peculiar attractions, + as well as the most highly polished nations; but, to the + casual resident, the former offers many advantages + unattainable in Europe. The virtue of hospitality, exiled by + luxury and refinement, exhibits itself in the New World under + such noble and endearing forms as would almost tempt the + philosopher, as well as the weary traveller, to dread the + approach of the factitious civilization that would banish it. + </p> + <hr class="full" /> + <p> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page440" name="page440"></a>[pg + 440]</span> + </p> + <h2> + The Labyrinth, at Versailles. + </h2> + <div class="figure" style="width: 100%;"> + <a href="images/377-2.png"><img width="100%" + src="images/377-2.png" alt="The Labyrinth, at Versailles." /> + </a> + </div> + <p> + This charming labyrinth is attached to <i>Le Petit + Trianon</i> at Versailles. The palace and its gardens were + formed under the reign of Louis XV., who was there when he + was attacked by the contagious disease of which he died. + Louis XVI. gave it to his queen, who took great delight in + the spot, and had the gardens laid out in the English style. + The <i>château</i>, or palace, is situated at one of + the extremities of the park of the Grand Trianon, and forms a + pavilion, about seventy-two feet square. It consists of a + ground floor and two stories, decorated with fluted + Corinthian columns and pilasters crowned by a balustrade. The + gardens are delightful: here is a temple of love; there an + artificial rock from which water rushes into a lake; there a + picturesque wooden bridge, a rural hamlet, grottoes, cottages + embowered in groves of trees, diversified with statues and + seats—and above all, the fascinating MAZE, the plan of + which is represented in the Engraving. + </p> + <p> + Versailles, its magnificent palace and gardens, are + altogether fraught with melancholy associations. When we last + saw them, the grounds and buildings presented a sorry picture + of neglect and decay. The mimic lakes and ponds were green + and slimy, the grottoes and shell-work crumbling away, the + fountains still, and the cascades dry. But the latter are + exhibited on certain days during the summer, when the gardens + are thronged with gay Parisians. The most interesting object + however, is, the orange-tree planted by Francis I. in 1421, + which is in full health and bearing: alas! we halted beside + it, and thought of the wonderful revolutions and uprootings + that France had suffered since this tree was planted. + </p> + <p> + In <i>Le Petit Trianon</i> and its grounds the interesting + Queen Marie Antoinette passed many happy hours of seclusion; + and would that her retreat had been confined to the + <i>maze</i> of Nature, rather than she had been engaged in + the political intrigues which exposed her to the fury of a + revolutionary mob. In the palace we were shown the chamber of + Marie Antoinette, where the ruffians stabbed through the + covering of the bed, the queen having previously escaped from + this room to the king's chamber; and, as if to keep up the + folly of the splendid ruin, a gilder was renovating the room + of the ill-starred queen. + </p> + <hr /> + <h3> + RECENT BALLOON ASCENT. + </h3> + <p> + (<i>To the Editor of the Mirror</i>.) + </p> + <p> + I trust you will pardon my feeble attempt last week, and I + wish you had been in the car with us, to have witnessed the + magnificent scene, and the difficulty of describing it. At + our ascent we rose, in a few seconds, 600 feet; and instantly + a flood of light and beautiful scenery burst forth. Picture + to yourself the Thames with its shipping; Greenwich with its + stately Hospital and Park; Blackwall, Blackheath, Peckham, + Camberwell, Dulwich, Norwood, St. Paul's, the Tower of + London, &c. and the surrounding country, all brought + immediately into your view, all apparently receding, and lit + up into magnificence by the beams of a brilliant evening sun, + (twenty-seven minutes past seven,) and then say who can + portray or describe the scene, I say I cannot. + </p> + <h4> + P.T.W. + </h4> + <hr class="full" /> + <p> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page441" name="page441"></a>[pg + 441]</span> + </p> + <h2> + THE NATURALIST. + </h2> + <hr /> + <h3> + BEES. + </h3> + <p> + The faculty, or instinct of bees is sometimes at fault, for + we often hear of their adopting the strangest and most + unsuitable tenements for the construction of cells. A + hussar's cap, so suspended from a moderate sized branch of a + tree, as to be agitated by slight winds, was found filled + with bees and comb. An old coat, that had been thrown over + the decayed trunk of a tree and forgotten, was filled with + comb and bees. Any thing, in short, either near the + habitations of man, or in the forests, will serve the bees + for a shelter to their combs. + </p> + <p> + The average number of a hive, or swarm, is from fifteen to + twenty thousand bees. Nineteen thousand four hundred and + ninety-nine are neuters or working bees, five hundred are + drones, and the remaining <i>one</i> is the queen or mother! + Every living thing, from man down to an ephemeral insect, + pursues the bee to its destruction for the sake of the honey + that is deposited in its cell, or secreted in its honey-bag. + To obtain that which the bee is carrying to its hive, + numerous birds and insects are on the watch, and an + incredible number of bees fall victims, in consequence, to + their enemies. Independently of this, there are the changes + in the weather, such as high winds, sudden showers, hot + sunshine; and then there is the liability to fall into + rivers, besides a hundred other dangers to which bees are + exposed. + </p> + <p> + When a queen bee ceases to animate the hive, the bees are + conscious of her loss; after searching for her through the + hive, for a day or more, they examine the royal cells, which + are of a peculiar construction and reversed in position, + hanging vertically, with the mouth underneath. If no eggs or + larvae are to be found in these cells, they then + <i>enlarge</i> several of those cells, which are appropriated + to the eggs of neuters, and in which <i>queen eggs have been + deposited</i>. They soon attach a royal cell to the enlarged + surface, and the queen bee, enabled now to grow, protrudes + itself by degrees into the royal cell, and comes out + perfectly formed, to the great pleasure of the bees. + </p> + <p> + The bee seeks only its own gratification in procuring honey + and in regulating its household, and as, according to the old + proverb, what is one man's meat is another's poison, it + sometimes carries honey to its cell, which is prejudicial to + us. Dr. Barton in the fifth volume, of the "American + Philosophical Transactions," speaks of several plants that + yield a poisonous syrup, of which the bees partake without + injury, but which has been fatal to man. He has enumerated + some of these plants, which ought to be destroyed wherever + they are seen, namely, dwarf-laurel, great laurel, kalmia + latifolia, broad-leaved moorwort, Pennsylvania + mountain-laurel, wild honeysuckle (the bees, cannot get much + of this,) and the stramonium or Jamestown-weed. + </p> + <p> + A young bee can be readily distinguished from an old one, by + the greyish coloured down that covers it, and which it loses + by the wear and tear of hard labour; and if the bee be not + destroyed before the season is over, this down entirely + disappears, and the groundwork of the insect is seen, white + or black. On a close examination, very few of these black or + aged bees, will be seen at the opening of the spring, as, not + having the stamina of those that are younger, they perish + from inability to encounter the vicissitudes of + winter.—<i>American Farmer's Manual</i>. + </p> + <hr /> + <h3> + THE ELM. + </h3> + <p> + (<i>To the Editor of the Mirror</i>.) + </p> + <p> + I shall be obliged to any of your correspondents who can + inform me from whence came the term <i>witch-elm</i>, a name + given to a species of elm tree, to distinguish it from the + common elm. Some people have conjectured that it was a + corruption of <i>white elm</i>, and so called from the + silvery whiteness of its leaves when the sun shines upon + them; but this is hardly probable, as Sir F. Bacon in his + "<i>Silva Silvarum</i>, or Natural History, in Ten + Centuries," speaks of it under the name of <i>weech-elm</i>. + </p> + <h4> + H.B.A. + </h4> + <hr /> + <h3> + CROP OF BIRDS. + </h3> + <p> + Besides the stomach, most birds have a membranous sac, + capable of considerable distension; it is usually called a + crop, (by the scientific <i>Ingluvies</i>,) into which the + food first descends after being swallowed. This bag is very + conspicuous in the granivorous tribes immediately after + eating. Its chief use seems to be to soften the food before + it is admitted into the gizzard. In <i>young fowls</i> it + becomes sometimes preternaturally distended, while the bird + pines for want of nourishment. This is produced by something + in the crop, such as straw, or other obstructing matter, + which prevents the descent of the food into the gizzard. In + such a case, a longitudinal incision may + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page442" name="page442"></a>[pg + 442]</span> be made in the crop, its contents removed, and, + the incision being sewed up, the fowl will, in general, do + well. + </p> + <p> + Another curious fact relative to this subject was stated by + Mr. Brookes, when lecturing on birds at the <i>Zoological + Society</i>, May 1827. He had an eagle, which was at liberty + in his garden; happening to lay two dead rats, which had been + poisoned, under a pewter basin, to which the eagle could have + access, but who nevertheless did not see him place the rats + under it, he was surprised to see, some time afterwards, the + crop of the bird considerably distended; and finding the rats + abstracted from beneath the basin, he concluded that the + eagle had devoured them. Fearing the consequences, he lost no + time in opening the crop, took out the rats, and sewed up the + incision; the eagle did well and is now alive. A proof this + of the acuteness of smell in the eagle, and also of the + facility and safety with which, even in grown birds, the + operation of opening the crop may be + performed.—<i>Jennings's Ornithologia</i>. + </p> + <hr /> + <h3> + HATCHING. + </h3> + <p> + The following singular fact was first brought into public + notice by Mr. Yarrel; and will be found in his papers in the + second volume of the <i>Zoological Journal</i>. The fact + alluded to is, that there is attached to the upper mandible + of all young birds about to be hatched a <i>horny + appendage</i>, by which they are enabled more effectually to + make perforations in the shell, and contribute to their own + liberation. This sharp prominence, to use the words of Mr. + Yarrel, becomes opposed to the shell at various points, in a + line extending throughout its whole circumference, about one + third below the larger end of the egg; and a series of + perforations more or less numerous are thus effected by the + increasing strength of the chick, weakening the shell in a + direction opposed to the muscular power of the bird; it is + thus ultimately enabled, by its own efforts, to break the + walls of its prison. In the common fowl, this horny appendage + falls off in a day or two after the chick is hatched; in the + pigeon it sometimes remains on the beak ten or twelve days; + this arises, doubtless, from the young pigeons being fed by + the parent bird for some time after their being hatched; and + thus there is no occasion for the young using the beak for + picking up its food.—<i>Ibid</i>. + </p> + <hr /> + <h3> + MAN.—A FRAGMENT. + </h3> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i8"> + Man is a monster, + </p> + <p> + The fool of passion and the slave of sin. + </p> + <p> + No laws can curb him when the will consents + </p> + <p> + To an unlawful deed. + </p> + <p> + CYMBELINE. + </p> + </div> + </div> + <hr class="full" /> + <h2> + SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS + </h2> + <hr /> + <h3> + THE CHOSEN ONE. + </h3> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + "Here's a long line of beauties—see! + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Ay, and as varied as they're many— + </p> + <p> + Say, can I guess the one would be + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Your choice among them all—if any?" + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + "I doubt it,—for I hold as dust + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Charms many praise beyond all measure— + </p> + <p> + While gems they treat as lightly, <i>must</i> + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Combine to form my chosen treasure." + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + "Will this do?"—"No;—that hair of gold, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + That brow of snow, that eye of splendour, + </p> + <p> + Cannot redeem the mien so cold, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + The air so stiff, so quite <i>un-tender</i>." + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + "This then?"—"Far worse! <i>Can</i> lips like + these + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Thus smile as though they asked the kiss?— + </p> + <p> + Thinks she that e'en such eyes can please, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Beaming—there is no word—like <i>this?</i>" + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + "Look on that singer at the harp, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Of her you cannot speak thus—ah, no!" + </p> + <p> + —"Her! why she's <i>formed</i> of flat and + sharp— + </p> + <p class="i2"> + I doubt not she's a fine soprano!" + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + "The next?"—"What, she who lowers her eyes + </p> + <p class="i2"> + From sheer mock-modesty—so pert, + </p> + <p> + So doubtful-mannered?—I despise + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Her, and all like her—she's a <i>Flirt!</i> + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + "And this is why my spleen's above + </p> + <p class="i2"> + The power of words;—'tis that they can + </p> + <p> + Make the vile semblance be to Love + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Just what the Monkey is to Man! + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + "But yonder I, methinks, can trace + </p> + <p class="i2"> + One <i>very</i> different from these— + </p> + <p> + Her features speak—her form is Grace + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Completed by the touch of Ease! + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + "That opening lip, that fine frank eye + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Breathe Nature's own true gaiety— + </p> + <p> + So sweet, so rare <i>when thus</i>, that I + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Gaze on't with joy, nay ecstacy! + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + "For when <i>'tis</i> thus, you'll also see + </p> + <p class="i2"> + That eye still richer gifts express— + </p> + <p> + And on that lip there oft will be + </p> + <p class="i2"> + A sighing smile of tenderness! + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + "Yes! here a matchless spirit dwells + </p> + <p class="i2"> + E'en for that lovely dwelling fit!— + </p> + <p> + I gaze on her—my bosom swells + </p> + <p class="i2"> + With feelings, thoughts,——oh! exquisite! + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + "That such a being, noble, tender, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + So fair, so delicate, so dear, + </p> + <p> + Would let one love her, and <i>befriend</i> her!— + </p> + <p class="i2"> + —Ah, yes, <i>my</i> Chosen One is here!" + </p> + </div> + </div> + <p> + <i>London Magazine</i>. + </p> + <hr /> + <h3> + TRAVELLING ON THE CONTINENT. + </h3> + <p> + The man whom we have known to be surrounded by respect and + attachment at home, whose life is honourable and useful + within his proper sphere, we have seen with his family + drudging along continental roads, painfully disputing with + postilions in bad French, insulted by the menials of inns, + fretting his time and temper with the miserable creatures who + inflict their tedious ignorance under the name of guides, and + only happy in reaching any term to the journey which fashion + or family entreaty have forced upon him. We are willing, + however, to regard such instances as casual, and proving only + that <span class="pagenum"><a id="page443" + name="page443"></a>[pg 443]</span> travelling, like other + pleasures, has its alloys; but stationary residence abroad + brings with it other and more serious evils. To the animation + of a changing scene of travel, succeeds the tedious idleness + of a foreign town, with scanty resources of society, and yet + scantier of honourable or useful occupation. Here also we do + but describe what we have too frequently seen—the + English gentleman, who at home would have been improving his + estates, and aiding the public institutions of his country, + abandoned to utter insignificance; his mind and resources + running waste for want of employment, or, perchance, turned + to objects to which even idleness might reasonably be + preferred. We have seen such a man loitering along his idle + day in streets, promenades, or coffee-houses; or sometimes + squandering time and money at the gambling-table, a victim + because an idler. The objects of nature and art, which + originally interested him, cease altogether to do so. + </p> + <p> + We admit many exceptions to this picture; but we, + nevertheless, draw it as one which will be familiar to all, + who have been observers on the continent. One circumstance + must further be added to the outline; we mean, the detachment + from religious habits, which generally and naturally attends + such residence abroad. The means of public worship exist to + our countrymen but in few places; and there under + circumstances the least propitious to such duties. Days + speedily become all alike; or if Sunday be distinguished at + all, it is but as the day of the favourite opera, or most + splendid ballet of the week. We are not puritanically severe + in our notions, and we intend no reproach to the religious or + moral habits of other nations. We simply assert, that English + families removed from out of the sphere of those proper + duties, common to every people, and from all opportunities of + public worship or religious example, incur a risk which is + very serious in kind, especially to those still young and + unformed in character. + </p> + <p> + <i>Quarterly Review.</i> + </p> + <hr class="full" /> + <h2> + RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS + </h2> + <hr /> + <h3> + ANCIENT FARRIERY. + </h3> + <p> + (<i>For the Mirror</i>.) + </p> + <p> + The following curious verses are copied from an engraving + which the Farriers' Company have lately had taken from an old + painting of their pedigree, on vellum, at the George and + Vulture Tavern. + </p> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + If suche may boast as by a subtile arte, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Canne without labour make excessive gayne, + </p> + <p> + And under name of Misterie imparte, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Unto the worlde the Crafie's but of their brayne. + </p> + <p> + How muche more doe their praise become men's themes + </p> + <p class="i2"> + That bothe by art and labour gett their meanes. + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + And of all artes that worthe or praise doeth merite, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + To none the <i>Marshall Farrier's</i> will submitt, + </p> + <p> + That bothe by Physicks, arte, force, hands, and spiritt + </p> + <p class="i2"> + The Kinge and subject in peace and warre doe fitt, + </p> + <p> + Many of Tuball boast first Smythe that ever wrought, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + But <i>Farriers</i> more do, doe than Tuball ever taught. + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + Three things there are that <i>Marshalry</i> doe prove + </p> + <p class="i2"> + To be a Misterie exceeding farre, + </p> + <p> + Those wilie Crafte's that many men doe love. + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Is unfitt for peace and more unaptt for warre, + </p> + <p> + For Honor, Anncestrie, and for Utilitie, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + <i>Farriers</i> may boast their artes habilitie, + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + For Honor, view, this anncient + Pedigree<a id="footnotetag2" + name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Of Noble Howses, that did beare the name + </p> + <p> + Of <i>Farriers</i>, and were <i>Earles</i>; as you may + see, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + That used the arte and did supporte the same, + </p> + <p> + And to perpetuall honour of the Crafte, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Castells they buylt and to succession left. + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + For anncestrie of tyme oh! who canne tell + </p> + <p class="i2"> + The first beginning of so old a trade, + </p> + <p> + For Horses were before the Deluge fell, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + And cures, and shoes, before that tyme were made, + </p> + <p> + We need not presse tyme farther then it beares, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + A Company have <i>Farriers</i> beene 300 Yeres!! + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + And in this <i>Cittie London</i> have remayned + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Called by the name of <i>Marshall Farriers</i>, + </p> + <p> + Which title of Kinge Edward the Third was gaynde, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + For service done unto him in his warres, + </p> + <p> + A <i>Maister</i> and two <i>Wardens</i> in skill expert, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + The trade to rule and give men their desert. + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + And for utilitie that cannot be denied, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + That many are the Proffitts that arise + </p> + <p> + To all men by the <i>Farriers</i> arte beside. + </p> + <p class="i2"> + To them they are tied, by their necessities, + </p> + <p> + From the Kinge's steede unto the ploweman's cart, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + All stande in neede of <i>Farriers</i> skillfull arte. + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + In peace at hande the <i>Farriers</i> must be hadde, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + For lanncing, healinge, bleedinge, and for shooeinge, + </p> + <p> + In Warres abroade of hym they wille be gladd + </p> + <p class="i2"> + To cure the wounded Horsse, still he is douinge, + </p> + <p> + In peace or warre abroade, or ellse at home, + </p> + <p> + To Kinge and Countrie that some good may come. + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + Loe! thus you heare the <i>Farriers</i> endelesss praise, + </p> + <p> + God grant it last as many yeres as it hath lasted Daies. + </p> + </div> + </div> + <p> + Anno Dni 1612. + </p> + <h4> + G.W. + </h4> + <hr /> + <h3> + CURIOUS SCRAPS. + </h3> + <p> + We read of a beautiful table, "wherein Saturn was of copper, + Jupiter of gold, Mars of iron, and the Sun of silver, the + eyes were charmed, and the mind instructed by beholding the + circles. The Zodiac and all its signs formed with wonderful + art, of metals and precious stones." + </p> + <p> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page444" name="page444"></a>[pg + 444]</span> Was not this an imperfect orrery? + </p> + <p> + In 1283, say the annals of Dunstable, "We sold our slave by + birth, William Pike, with all his family, and received one + mark from the buyer." Men must have been cheaper than horses. + </p> + <p> + In 1340, gunpowder and guns were first invented by Swartz, a + monk of Cologne. In 1346, Edward III. had four pieces of + cannon, which contributed to gain him the battle of Cressy. + Bombs and mortars were invented about this time. + </p> + <p> + In 1386, the magnificent castle of Windsor was built by + Edward III. and his method of conducting the work may serve + as a specimen of the condition of the people in that age. + Instead of engaging workmen by contracts or wages, he + assessed every county in England to send him a certain number + of masons, tilers, and carpenters, as if he had been levying + an army. + </p> + <p> + In 1654, the air pump was invented by Otto Guericke, a + German. + </p> + <p> + 1406, B.C. Iron first discovered by burning the woods on + Mount Ida, in Greece. + </p> + <p> + 720, B.C. The first lunar eclipse on record. + </p> + <p> + Anaximander, the disciple of Thales, invented maps and + globes; born about 610 B.C. + </p> + <p> + 894, B.C. Gold and silver money first coined at Argos, in + Greece. + </p> + <p> + 274, A.D. Silk first imported from India. + </p> + <p> + 664, A.D. Glass first invented in England by O. Benalt, a + monk. + </p> + <p> + 1284, A.D. The Alphonsine Astronomical Tables constructed, + under the patronage of Alphonso X. of Laon and Castile. + </p> + <p> + 1337, A.D. The first comet described with astronomical + precision. + </p> + <p> + The first diving bell we read of was a very large kettle + suspended by ropes with the mouth downwards, and planks fixed + in the middle of its concavity. Two Greeks at Toledo in 1583, + made an experiment with it before Charles V. They descended + in it with a lighted candle to a great depth. + </p> + <p> + The Odyssey was written upon the skin of a serpent. + </p> + <p> + Formerly pennies were marked with a double cross and crease, + so that it might easily be broken into two or four parts. + </p> + <h4> + HALBERT H. + </h4> + <hr class="full" /> + <h2> + THE SKETCH-BOOK + </h2> + <hr /> + <h3> + SKETCH OF THE BATTLE OF ALGIERS. + </h3> + <center> + <i>By an officer engaged.</i> + </center> + <p> + The Leander, fitted for the flag of Rear-Admiral Milne, was + at Spithead, in June, 1816, when Lord Exmouth arrived with a + squadron from the Mediterranean, where a dispute had arisen + between the Dey of Algiers and his lordship, in consequence + of a massacre that took place at Bona, on the persons of + foreigners, then under the protection of the British flag. + </p> + <p> + When the particulars were made known to government, Lord + Exmouth was ordered to return to Algiers, and to demand, in + the name of the Prince Regent, instant reparation for the + insult offered to England. The squadron being still on the + war establishment, the crews were discharged, and another + expedition was ordered to be equipped with all possible + dispatch. The Leander instantly offered her services, and she + soon had the satisfaction to hear, that they were graciously + accepted, and never was greater joy expressed throughout her + crew, than when her Captain (Chetham) announced the + determination of the Admiralty, that she was to complete to + the war complement; an extra lieutenant (Monk) was appointed, + a rendezvous for volunteers opened on the Point at + Portsmouth, and in ten days she was ready for sea, with 480 + men on board. + </p> + <p> + The flag of Rear-Admiral Milne was hoisted, and the Leander + sailed for Plymouth, where she anchored in two days, and + joined part of the squadron intended for the same service: + the Queen Charlotte, bearing the flag of Lord Exmouth, soon + appeared, and on the 29th of July, the expedition sailed from + England with a fine easterly breeze. + </p> + <p> + The expedition arrived at Gibraltar in eleven days, when it + was joined by a Dutch squadron of five frigates and a + corvette, under the command of Vice-Admiral Von Capellan; + five gun-boats were fitted out and manned by the ships of the + line, and two transports were hired to attend with + ammunition, &c. All lumber and bulkheads, were landed at + the dock-yard; the ships were completed with water, and in + all points ready for sea by the 13th of August. The + Rear-Admiral shifted his flag into the Impregnable, and on + the 14th the combined expedition sailed for Algiers. The + Leander was ordered to take a transport in tow, and keep on + the Admiral's weather-beam, and the Dutchmen kept to windward + of all. We were met by an easterly wind two days after + leaving Gibraltar, and on the third day we were joined by the + Prometheus, from Algiers, whither she had been dispatched to + bring away the British Consul; the Dey, however, was apprized + of the expedition and detained him, as well as two boats' + crews of the Prometheus, but the Consul's wife and daughter + escaped, and got safely on board. + </p> + <p> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page445" name="page445"></a>[pg + 445]</span> The foul wind prevented the squadron making much + way, but the time was employed to advantage in constant + exercise at the guns, and the men were brought as near to + perfection as they could be; in handling them each man knew + his own duty, as well as that of the captain of the gun, + fireman, boarder, powder-man, rammer, &c. Each took his + turn to the several duties, and continued changing up to the + 27th. + </p> + <p> + The coast of Africa was seen on Monday, and as the day dawned + on Tuesday, the 27th, Algiers appeared about ten miles off. + The morning was beautifully fine, with a haze which foretold + the coming heat: as the morning advanced, the breeze failed + us, but at nine o'clock we had neared the town to within + about five miles; the long line of batteries were distinctly + seen, with the red flag flying in all directions, and the + masts of the shipping showed above the walls of the mole. The + Severn, with a flag of truce flying, was detached with the + terms of the Prince Regent, and this was a most anxious + period, for we were in the dark as to the feelings of the + Dey, whether the offered terms were such as he could + consistently accept, or that left him no alternative but + resistance. During this state of suspense, our people were, + as usual, exercised at the guns, the boats hoisted out, and + prepared for service by signal, and at noon we were ready for + action. + </p> + <p> + The ship's company were piped to dinner, and at one o'clock + the captain and officers sat down to theirs in the gun-room, + the principal dish of which was a substantial sea pie; wine + was pledged in a bumper to a successful attack, and a general + expression of hope for an unsuccessful negotiation. At this + time, the officer of the watch reported to the captain, that + the admiral had made the general telegraph "Are you ready?" + Chetham immediately directed that our answer "ready" should + be shown, and at the same moment the like signal was flying + at the mastheads of the entire squadron. The mess now broke + up, each individual of it quietly making arrangements with + the other in the event of accident, and we had scarcely + reached the deck, when the signal "to bear up" was out, the + commander in-chief leading the way, with a fine, steady + breeze blowing on the land. We ran in on the admiral's + larboard-beam, keeping within two cables' length of him; the + long guns were loaded with round and grape, the carronades + with grape only; our sail was reduced to the topsails, and + topgallant sails, the main-sail furled, and the boats dropped + astern in tow. The ships were now steering to their appointed + stations, and the gun-boats showing their eagerness, by a + crowd of sail, to get alongside the batteries. As we drew + towards the shore, the Algerines were observed loading their + guns, and a vast number of spectators were assembled on the + beach, idly gazing at the approach of the squadron, seemingly + quite unconscious of what was about to happen. Far different + were appearances at the mouth of the mole as it opened; the + row-boats, fully manned, were lying on their oars, quite + prepared for the attack, and we fully expected they would + attempt to board, should an opportunity offer; each boat had + a flag hanging over the stern. A frigate was moored across + the mouth of the mole, and a small brig was at anchor outside + of her. + </p> + <p> + At fifteen minutes before three P.M. the Queen Charlotte came + to an anchor by the stern, at the distance of sixty yards + from the beach, and, as was ascertained by measurement, + ninety yards from the muzzles of the guns of the mole + batteries, unmolested, and with all the quietude of a + friendly harbour; her flag flew at the main, and the colours + at the peak; her starboard broadside flanked the whole range + of batteries from the mole head to the lighthouse; her + topsail yards (as were those of the squadron,) remained + aloft, to be secure from fire, and the sails brought snugly + to the yards by head-lines previously fitted; the topgallant + sails and small sails only were furled, so that we had no man + unnecessarily exposed aloft. + </p> + <p> + The Leander, following the motions of the admiral, was + brought up with two anchors by the stern, let go on his + larboard beam, veered away, until she obtained a position + nearly a-head of him, then let go an anchor under foot, open + by this to a battery on the starboard side at the bottom of + the mole, and to the Fish-market battery on the larboard + side. At this moment Lord Exmouth was seen waving his hat on + the poop to the idlers on the beach to get out of the way, + then a loud cheer was heard, and the whole of the Queen + Charlotte's tremendous broadside was thrown into the + batteries abreast of her; this measure was promptly taken, as + the smoke of a gun was observed to issue from some part of + the enemy's works, so that the sound of the British guns was + heard almost in the same instant with that to which the smoke + belonged. The cheers of the Queen Charlotte were loudly + echoed by those of the Leander, and the contents of her + starboard broadside as quickly followed, carrying destruction + into the groups of row-boats; as the smoke opened, the + fragments of <span class="pagenum"><a id="page446" + name="page446"></a>[pg 446]</span> boats were seen floating, + their crews swimming and scrambling, as many as escaped the + shot, to the shore; another broadside annihilated them. The + enemy was not slack in returning this warm salute, for almost + before the shot escaped from <i>our</i> guns, a man standing + on the forecastle bits, hauling on the topsail buntlines, + received a musket bullet in his left arm, which broke the + bone, and commenced the labours in the cockpit. The action + became general as soon as the ships had occupied their + positions, and we were engaged with the batteries on either + side; so close were we, that the enemy were distinctly seen + loading their guns above us. After a few broadsides, we + brought our starboard broadside to bear on the Fish-market, + and our larboard side then looked to seaward. The + rocket-boats were now throwing rockets over our ships into + the mole, the effects of which, were occasionally seen on the + shipping on our larboard bow. The Dutch flag was to be seen + flying at the fore of the Dutch Admiral, who, with his + squadron, were engaging the batteries to the eastward of the + mole. The fresh breeze which brought us in was gradually + driven away by the cannonade, and the smoke of our guns so + hung about us, that we were obliged to wait until it cleared; + for the men took deliberate and certain aims, training their + guns until they were fully satisfied of their precision. But + our enemies gave us no reason to suppose that they were idle; + so great was the havoc which they made amongst us, that the + surgeon in his report stated, that sixty-five men were + brought to him wounded after the first and second broadsides. + </p> + <p> + About four o'clock, a boat, with an officer, came with orders + from the admiral to cease firing, as an attempt to destroy + the Algerine frigates was about to be made. Accordingly three + boats pushed into the mole, running the gantlet in gallant + style; they boarded the outermost frigate, which was found + deserted by her crew; and in a few minutes she was in a + blaze; in doing this the boats' crews suffered severely. The + smoke of our last broadside had scarcely left us, when the + Algerines renewed their fire of musketry upon our decks, + fortunately the men were lying down by the guns, and the + officers alone were marks for them, but one midshipman was + their only victim at this time. The masts began to suffer in + all parts, splinters were falling from them, and shreds of + canvass from the sails came down upon us in great quantities; + traces, bowlines, and other running gear, suffered equally; + the shrouds, fore and aft, got cut up so quickly, that the + rigging men attempted in vain to knot them, and were at last + forced to leave the rigging to its fate. + </p> + <p> + When the boats returned, we recommenced our fire with renewed + vigour; occasionally a flag-staff was knocked down, a fact + which was always announced with a cheer, each captain of a + gun believing himself to be the faithful marksman. The + Algerine squadron now began, as it were, to follow the + motions of the outer frigate; the rockets had taken effect, + and they all burned merrily together. A hot shot, about this + time, struck a powder-box, on which was sitting the + powder-boy, he, poor fellow, was blown up, and another near + him was dreadfully scorched. + </p> + <p> + Through the intervals of smoke, the sad devastation in the + enemy's works was made visible; the whole of the mole head, + near the Queen Charlotte, was a ruin, and the guns were + consequently silenced; but we were not so fortunate with the + Fish-market; the guns there still annoyed us, and ours seemed + to make no impression. A battery in the upper angle of the + town was also untouched, and we were so much under it, that + the shot actually came through our decks, without touching + the bulwarks, and we could not elevate our guns sufficiently + to check them. + </p> + <p> + As the sun was setting behind the town, the whole of the + shipping in the mole were in flames; their cables burned + through, left them at the mercy of every breeze: the + outermost frigate threatened the Queen Charlotte with a + similar fate, but a breeze sent her clear on towards the + Leander; a most intense heat came from her, and we expected + every moment to be in contact; the flames were burning with + great power at the mast heads, and the loose fire was flying + about in such a way that there seemed little chance of our + escaping, but we checked her progress towards us, by firing + into her, and in the act of hauling out, we were rejoiced to + see a welcome sea-breeze alter the direction of the flames + aloft, the same breeze soon reached her hull, and we had the + satisfaction in a few minutes to see her touch the shore to + which she belonged. + </p> + <p> + The guns were now so much heated by the incessant fire kept + up, that we were forced to reduce the cartridges nearly + one-half, as well as to wait their cooling before reloading; + the men, too, were so reduced at some guns, that they + required the assistance of the others to work them; the + aftermost gun on the gangway had only two men left untouched, + Between seven and eight o'clock, the fire of the + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page447" name="page447"></a>[pg + 447]</span> enemy's guns had sensibly diminished, and their + people were running in crowds from the demolished works to + the great gate of the city; they were distinctly seen in all + their movements by the light of their burning navy and + arsenal. The battery in the upper angle of the town, which, + was too high to fire upon, kept up a galling fire, and + another further to the eastward was still at work. To bring + our broadside to bear upon it, a hawser was run out to the + Severn, on our larboard bow, the ship was swung to the proper + bearing, and we soon checked them. At 45 minutes past nine, + the squadron began to haul out, some making sail, and taking + advantage of a light air off the land, while others were + towing and warping: the only sail which we had fit to set, + was the main-topmast staysail, and this was of too stout + canvass to feel the breeze; the boats of our own ship were + unable to move her, after a kedge anchor, which was run out + to the length of the stream-cable, had come home; thus we + were left, dependant either on a breeze or the assistance of + the squadron. An officer was sent to tell the admiral our + situation, but the boat was sunk from under the crew, who + were picked up by another; a second boat was more successful, + and the admiral ordered all the boats he could collect to our + assistance. At this time the Severn, near us, had caught the + breeze, and was moving steadily out; a hawser was made fast + to her mizen-chains secured to its bare end, which had just + sufficient length to reach the painter of the headmost boat, + towing; by this means the Leander's head was checked round, + and we had again the gratification to see her following the + others of the squadron. The small portion of our sails were + set to assist our progress; but without the help of the + Severn there we should have remained; our mizen-topmast fell + into the maintop, shot through. When the Algerines saw us + retiring they returned to the guns which they had previously + abandoned, and again commenced a fire on the boats, which + made the water literally in a foam; this fire was returned by + our quarter guns, but with very little effect. As we left the + land, the breeze increased; the Severn cast off her tow, and + our boats returned on board: at 25 minutes past eleven we + fired our last gun, and the cannonade was succeeded by a + storm of thunder and lightning. At midnight we anchored + within three miles of the scene of action; the report of a + gun on shore was still heard at intervals, but all was soon + quiet, except the shipping in the mole, which continued to + burn, keeping all around brilliantly illuminated. We now + attempted to furl sails, but the men were so thoroughly + stiffened by the short period of inaction since the firing + had ceased, that they stuck almost powerless to the yards; + after great exertion, the gaskets were somehow passed round + the yards, and the labours of the day ended; grog was served + out, and the hammocks piped down, but few had the inclination + to hang them up. + </p> + <p> + Soon after daylight we mustered at quarters, and found that + 16 officers and men were killed, and 120 wounded; the three + lower masts badly wounded, every spar wounded, except the + spanker-boom; the shrouds cut in all parts, leaving the masts + unsupported, which would have fallen had there been the least + motion; the running gear entirely cut to pieces; the boats + <i>all</i> shot through; the bulwarks riddled with grape and + musketry; 96 round-shot in the starboard side, some of them + between wind and water; the guns were all uninjured to any + extent, and remained, the only part of the Leander, + efficient. + </p> + <p> + The ship's company were again at work, clearing decks, + unbending sails, and making every preparation to renew the + action; but at noon we had the satisfaction to hear that the + Dey had accepted the terms which were offered him the day + before; at the same time that this information was conveyed + to the squadron, a general order was issued to offer up + "public thanksgiving to Almighty God for the signal victory + obtained by the arms of England."—<i>United Service + Journal</i>. + </p> + <hr class="full" /> + <h2> + THE GATHERER. + </h2> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + "A snapper-up of unconsidered trifles." + </p> + <p> + SHAKSPEARE. + </p> + </div> + </div> + <hr /> + <h3> + THE RANZ DES VACHES. + </h3> + <p> + The Kurieholen, or Ranz des Vaches, the celebrated national + air of the Swiss, does not consist in articulated sounds, nor + is it accompanied by words; but is a simple melody formed by + a kind of guttural intonation very closely resembling the + tones of a flute. Two of these voices at a short distance + produce the most pleasing effect, the echoes of the + surrounding rocks reverberating the music till it seems like + enchantment; but sometimes the illusion is dissipated by the + appearance of the singers, in the persons of two old women, + returning from their labour in a neighbouring valley. + </p> + <h4> + INA. + </h4> + <hr /> + <h3> + NAPOLEON. + </h3> + <p> + During a tour through France shortly before Bonaparte's + accession to the throne <span class="pagenum"><a id="page448" + name="page448"></a>[pg 448]</span> he received the addresses + of the Priests and Prefects, who vied with each other in the + grossness and impiety of their adulation. The Prefect of the + Pas de Calais seems to have borne away the palm from all his + brethren. On Napoleon's entrance into his department, he + addressed him in the following manner:—"Tranquil with + respect to our fate, we know that to ensure the happiness and + glory of France, to render to all people the freedom of + commerce and the seas, to humble the audacious destroyers of + the repose of the universe, and to fix, at length, peace upon + the earth, God created Bonaparte, and rested from his + labour!" + </p> + <h4> + INA. + </h4> + <hr /> + <h3> + APOSTLES. + </h3> + <p> + In the diplomatic language of Charles I.'s time, were + marginal notes, generally in the king's hand, written on the + margin of state papers. The word, in somewhat a similar + sense, had its origin in the canon law. There are many + instances of apostles by Charles I. in Archbishop Laud's + Diary + </p> + <h4> + JAMES SILVESTER. + </h4> + <hr /> + <p> + When Voltaire was at Berlin, he wrote this epigram on his + patron and host the king of Prussia:— + </p> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + "King, author, philosopher, hero, musician, + </p> + <p> + Freemason, economist, bard, politician, + </p> + <p> + How had Europe rejoiced if a <i>Christian</i> he'd been, + </p> + <p> + If a man, how he then had enraptured his queen." + </p> + </div> + </div> + <p> + For this effort of wit, Voltaire was paid with thirty lashes + on his bare back, administered by the king's + sergeant-at-arms, and was compelled to sign the following + curious receipt for the same:— + </p> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + "Received from the righthand of Conrad + </p> + <p> + Backoffner, thirty lashes on my bare + </p> + <p> + back, being in full for an epigram on + </p> + <p> + Frederick the Third, King of Prussia." + </p> + </div> + </div> + <p> + I say received by me, VOLTAIRE. + </p> + <p> + <i>Vive le Roi</i>! + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + The church at Gondhurst, in Kent, is a fine old building, and + remarkable for several reasons; one of which is, that + thirty-nine different parishes may be distinctly seen from + it, and in clear weather the sea, off Hastings, a distance of + twenty-seven miles and a half. + </p> + <hr /> + <h3> + SPECULATION. + </h3> + <p> + Sir William Adams, afterwards Sir William Rawson, which name + he took in consequence of some property he succeeded to by + right of his wife, was one of the victims of the South + American mining mania. He plunged deeply into speculation, + and wrote pamphlets to prove that so much gold and silver + must ultimately find its way into Europe from Mexico, that + all the existing relations of value would be utterly + destroyed. He believed what he wrote, though he failed to + demonstrate what he believed. At one period he might have + withdrawn himself from all his speculations with at least a + hundred thousand pounds in his pocket; but he fancied he had + discovered the philosopher's stone—dreamed of wealth + beyond what he could count—went on—was + beggared—and you know how and where he died. Poor + fellow! He deserved a better fate. He was a kind-hearted + creature; and if he coveted a princely fortune, I am + satisfied he would have used it like a prince. But I am + forgetting my story. Well, then, it was after he had totally + relinquished his profession as an oculist, that he might + devote his entire time and attention to the Mexican mining + affairs, that a gentleman, ignorant of the circumstance, + called upon him one morning to consult him. Sir William + looked at him for a moment, and then exclaimed, in the words + of Macbeth, addressing Banquo's ghost, "Avaunt—there is + <i>no speculation</i> in those eyes!" + </p> + <p> + <i>Monthly Magazine.</i> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + THE SUPPLEMENT to Vol. xiii. containing <i>Title, Preface, + Index, &c. with a fine Steel-plate</i> PORTRAIT <i>of the + late</i> SIR HUMPHRY DAVY, Bart. <i>and a copious Memoir of + his Life and Discoveries—will be published with the + next Number.</i> + </p> + <hr /> + <h4> + <i>LIMBIRD'S EDITIONS.</i> + </h4> + <p> + CHEAP and POPULAR WORKS published at the MIRROR OFFICE in the + Strand, near Somerset House. + </p> + <p> + The ARABIAN NIGHTS' ENTERTAINMENTS, Embellished with nearly + 150 Engravings. Price 6s. 6d. boards. + </p> + <p> + The TALES of the GENII. Price 2s. + </p> + <p> + The MICROCOSM. By the Right Hon. G. CANNING. &c. Price + 2s. + </p> + <p> + PLUTARCH'S LIVES, with Fifty Portraits, 2 vols. price 13s. + boards. + </p> + <p> + COWPER'S POEMS, with 12 Engravings, price 3s. 6d. boards. + </p> + <p> + COOK'S VOYAGES, 2 vols. price 8s. boards. + </p> + <p> + The CABINET of CURIOSITIES: or, WONDERS of the WORLD + DISPLAYED. Price 5s. boards. + </p> + <p> + BEAUTIES of SCOTT. 2 vols. price 7s. boards. + </p> + <p> + The ARCANA of SCIENCE for 1828. Price 4s. 6d. + </p> + <p> + Any of the above Works can be purchased in Parts. + </p> + <p> + GOLDSMITH'S ESSAYS. Price 8d. + </p> + <p> + DR. FRANKLIN'S ESSAYS. Price 1s. 2d. + </p> + <p> + BACON'S ESSAYS Price 8d. + </p> + <p> + SALMAGUNDI. Price 1s. 8d. + </p> + <hr class="full" /> + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a> <b>Footnote 1</b>: + <a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a> + <p> + The reader, who is interested in this subject, will find in + Mr. Richards's treatise a candid description of the ill + effects of drunkenness, explained with a view to admonish, + rather than to censure the sufferer. + </p> + </blockquote> + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a> <b>Footnote 2</b>: + <a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a> + <p> + It commences from Henri de Ferrer, Lord of Tetbury, a + Norman who came over with William the Conqueror. + </p> + </blockquote> + <hr class="full" /> + <p> + <i>Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near + Somerset House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New + Market, Leipsic; and by all Newsmen and Booksellers</i>. + </p> +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11361 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/11361-h/images/377-1.png b/11361-h/images/377-1.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..248e889 --- /dev/null +++ b/11361-h/images/377-1.png diff --git a/11361-h/images/377-2.png b/11361-h/images/377-2.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..cb77c73 --- /dev/null +++ b/11361-h/images/377-2.png diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aa08bb4 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #11361 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11361) diff --git a/old/11361-8.txt b/old/11361-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..731591b --- /dev/null +++ b/old/11361-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1957 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and +Instruction, Vol. 13, Issue 377, June 27, 1829, by Various + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 13, +Issue 377, June 27, 1829 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: February 28, 2004 [eBook #11361] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: iso-8859-1 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, +AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 13, ISSUE 377, JUNE 27, 1829*** + + +E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Allen Siddle, David Garcia, and the +Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team + + + +Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this + file which includes the original illustrations. + See 11361-h.htm or 11361-h.zip: + (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/3/6/11361/11361-h/11361-h.htm) + or + (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/3/6/11361/11361-h.zip) + + + + + +THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION. + +VOL. 13, NO. 377.] SATURDAY, JUNE 27, 1829. [PRICE 2d. + + + + * * * * * + + + + +Loch Goil Head + + +[Illustration: Loch Goil Head] + + +AND RESIDENCE OF CAMPBELL, THE POET. + + +The Engraving represents Loch Goil Head, a small village in Argyleshire, +as it name imports, at the end of Loch Goil. It is an exquisite vignette, +of Alpine sublimity, and is rendered extremely interesting as the +residence of Thomas Campbell, Esq. author of the "Pleasures of Hope," &c. +and one of the most celebrated of British poets. His _château_, or +retreat, is represented on the left of the Engraving, and its romantic +position has probably inspired many of the soul-stirring compositions of +the illustrious resident. + +In this parish are the remains of Carrick Castle, which is said to have +been built by the Danes. It stands on a rock, and was formerly surrounded +by a ditch filled by the sea. The whole county in which Loch Goil is +situate, is indeed a region of romantic beauty and mountain wild; of the +last, Ben Cruchan is a sublime specimen, rising 3,300 feet above the +level of the sea. At Inverary, the splendid castle of the Duke of Argyle +rears in all the pride of art amidst the more lasting sublimities of +nature; and in the same vicinity is Loch Lomond, whose limpid streams +bathe the foot of Ben Lomond, where the tourist is fascinated with one of +the most glorious scenes in nature. The valley of Glencoe, too, is not +far distant, with all its opposite associations of massacre and maurauder, +by its severe and desert aspect, recalling to the traveller's mind the +most elevated defiles of the Alps, and whose massive heaps of rocks +covered with shaggy turf are the only charms to gladden the eye. At +Ardinglass, a few miles from Loch Goil, begins the country of _the +Campbells_, storied and consecrated with some of the most brilliant +epochs of Scottish lore. + +The steam-boat on the lake is an attractive object in such a district as +Loch Goil--by associating one of the boasted triumphs of art with the +stupendous grandeur of the sublime. + + * * * * * + + +HILLAH ON THE EUPHRATES. + + +The town of Hillah lies in latitude 32 deg. 31 min. 18 sec.; in longitude +12 min. 36 sec. west of Bagdad, and according to Turkish authorities, was +built in the fifth century of the Hegira, in the district of the +Euphrates, which the Arabs call El-Ared-Babel. Lying on a part of the +site of Babylon, nothing was more likely than that it should be built out +of a few of the fragments of that great city. The town is pleasantly +situated amidst gardens and groves of date trees; and spreads itself on +both sides of the river, where it is connected by a miserable wooden +bridge, the timbers of which are so rotten, that they tremble under the +foot of the passenger. The portion of the town, or as it is usually +called, the suburb, on the eastern bank, consists of one principal street +or bazaar, reaching from the small defenceless gate by which it is +entered from Bagdad, down to the edge of the water; this is deemed the +least considerable part of Hillah. On the other side, the inhabitants, +Jews, Turks, and Arabs, are much thicker, and the streets and bazaars +more numerous. + +From the great central bazaar, well filled with merchandize, branch off +in various directions minor ranges, amongst which are found the fish and +flesh markets. In the former are several varieties, and some of enormous +size, resembling the barbel. The fish in question is from 4 to 5 feet +long, and is covered with very large, thick scales. The head is about +one-third part of the length of the fish. They are said to eat coarse and +dry, but are, nevertheless, a favourite food with the inhabitants; and +are caught in great quantities near the town, and to a considerable +distance above it. The flesh market is sparingly served with meat, for +when Sir Robert Ker Porter visited the town, he states that the whole +contents of the market appeared to be no more than the dismembered +carcasses of two sheep, two goats, and the red, rough filaments of a +buffalo. This display was but scant provision for a population of 7,000. +The streets are narrow like those of Bagdad; a necessary evil in Eastern +climates, to exclude the power of the sun; but they are even more noisome +and filthy. In like manner also, they are crowded, but not with so many +persons in gay attire. Here are to be seen groups of dark, grim-looking, +half-naked Arabs, sitting idly on the sides of the streets, and so +numerously, as scarcely to leave room for a single horse to pass; and +even a cavalcade in line will not alarm them, so indifferent are they, +even when travellers are compelled, at some abrupt turn, almost to ride +over them. A few sombre garbed Israelites, and occasionally the Turks, +attendant on official duties of the Pashalic in this part of the +government, also mingle in the passing or seated crowd; when the solemn, +saturnine air of the latter, with their flowing, gaudy apparel, forms a +striking contrast to the daring, dirty, independent air of the almost +ungarmented, swarthy Arab. + +A few paces above the bridge, stands the palace of the governor, and the +citadel, which was built by order of Ali Pasha. This imposing fortress, +externally, is a handsome, smooth-faced, demi-fortified specimen of +modern Turkish architecture, erected with ancient materials. Within is a +spacious court, partly shaded with date trees. The whole of the town +towards the desert is defended by a pretty deep ditch, overlooked by a +proportionate number of brick-built towers (all the spoil of Babylon) +flanking the intermediate compartments of wall. In this rampart are three +gates. + +As far as the eye can reach, both up and down the river, the banks are +thickly shaded with groves of dates, displacing, it should seem, the +other species of trees, from which Isaiah names this scene "the Brook or +Valley of Willows," although the humble races of that graceful tribe, in +the osier, &c. are yet the prolific offspring of its shores. + +G.L.S. + + * * * * * + + +CURIOUS EXTRACTS FROM CURIOUS AUTHORS, FOR CURIOUS READERS. + +(_For the Mirror_.) + + +Hollingshed, who was contemporary with Queen Elizabeth, informs us, +"there were very few chimneys (in England in his time) even in the capital +towns; the fire was laid to the wall, and the smoke issued out at the +roof, or door, or window. The houses were wattled, and plastered over +with clay, and all the furniture and utensils were of wood. The people +slept on straw pallets, with a log of wood for a pillow." + +Cambrensis, Bishop of St. David's, says, "It was the common vice of the +English, from their first settlement in Britain, to expose their children +and relations to sale;" and it also appears, "that the wife of Earl +Godwin, who was sister to Canute, the Danish King of England, made great +gain by the trade she made of buying up English youths and maids to sell +to Denmark." + +Lord Bacon in his Apophthegms, says, "Ethelwold, Bishop of Winchester, +in a famine, sold all the rich vessels and ornaments of the church, to +relieve the poor with bread; and said, 'There was no reason that the dead +temples of God should be sumptuously furnished, and the living temples +suffer penury.'" Ingulphus tells us, "For want of parchment to draw the +deeds upon, great estates were frequently conveyed from one family to +another, only by the ceremony of a turf and a stone, delivered before +witnesses, and without any written agreement." Andrews, in his History of +Great Britain, says, "In France, A.D. 1147, the great vassals emulated +and even surpassed the sovereign in pomp and cost of living." As an +instance of the wild liberality of the age, we are informed, that Henry +the "munificent" Count of Champagne, being applied to by a poor gentleman +for a portion to enable him to marry his two daughters: his steward +remonstrated to him, "that he had given away every thing," "thou _liest_," +said Henry, "I have _thee_ left;" so he delivered over the steward to the +petitioner, who put him into confinement until he gave him 500 livres, a +handsome sum in those days. + +Bede tells us, "Archbishop Theodore, when (in the seventh century) he +gave lectures on medicine at Canterbury, remonstrated against bleeding on +the 4th day of the moon, since at that period (he said) the light of the +planet and the tides of the ocean were on the increase." Yet Theodore was, +for his era, deeply learned. + +William of Malmsbury says, "Very highly finished works in gold and silver, +were the produce even of our darkest ages. The monks were the best +artists. A jewel, now in the museum at Oxford, undoubtedly made by +command of, and worn by Alfred the Great, is an existing witness of the +height to which the art was carried. Curious reliquaries, finely wrought +and set with precious stones, were usually styled throughout Europe, +Opera Anglica." + +Howel tells us, "In the education of their children, the Anglo-Saxons +only sought to render them dauntless and apt for the two most important +occupations of their future lives--war and the chase. It was a usual +trial of a child's courage, to place him on the sloping roof of a +building, and if, without screaming or terror, he held fast, he was +styled a _stout-herce_, or brave boy." + +Fitz-Stephen says, "Thomas à Becket lived in such splendour, that besides +having silver bits to his horses, he had such numerous guests at his +banquets, that he was obliged to have rooms covered with clean hay or +straw, in winter, and green boughs or rushes in summer, every day, lest +his guests, not finding seats at his tables, should soil their gay +clothes by sitting on the floor." He would pay five pounds (equal nearly +to fifty pounds of our money) for a single dish of eels. Once riding +through London with Henry, the King seeing a wretched, shivering beggar, +"It would be a good deed (said he) to give that poor wretch a coat." +"True, (said Becket.) and you, sir, may let him have yours." "He shall +have _yours_" said Henry, and after a heavy scuffle, in which they had +nearly dismounted each other, Becket proved the weakest, and his coat was +allotted to the astonished mendicant. + +"When William the Conqueror was crowned at Westminster, the people (says +Andrews) within the Abbey shouted, on the crown being placed on his head, +the Normans without, thought the noise a signal of revolt, and began to +set fire to houses, and massacre the populace, nor were they satisfied +that all was well until considerable mischief had been done." + +"Dr. Henry, (says Sulivan) who has made a very full collection of the +facts mentioned by ancient authors, concerning the provincial government +of Britain, supposes its annual revenue amounted to no less than two +millions sterling; a sum nearly as great as that which was derived from +Egypt, in the time of the father of Cleopatra. But this calculation is +built upon the authority of Lipsius. Nor are there perhaps any accounts +transmitted by historians, from which the point can be accurately +determined. The Britons excelled in agriculture. They exported great +quantities of corn, for supplying the armies in other parts of the empire. +They had linen and woollen manufactures; as their mines of lead and tin +were inexhaustible. And further we know, that Britain, in consequence of +her supposed resources, was sometimes reduced to such distress, by the +demands of government, as to be obliged to borrow money at an exorbitant +interest. In this trade, the best citizens of Rome were not ashamed to +engage; and, though prohibited by law, Seneca, whose philosophy, it seems, +was not incompatible with the love of money, lent the Britons at one time +above three hundred and twenty thousand pounds." + +P.T.W. + + * * * * * + + +HINTS ON DRINKING. + +_Abridged from Mr. Richards's Treatise on Nervous Disorders._ + + +Without any intention of advocating the doctrine, or of commending the +reputed practice of the Pythagoreans, ancient or modern, I must be +allowed to reprobate the abuse of fermented liquors. Although wine was +invented, and its use allowed "to make glad the heart of man," and +although a moderate and prudent indulgence in it can never excite +reprobation, or cause mischief, still the sin of drunkenness is an +extensive and a filthy evil. Not only does it demoralize, debase, and +finally destroy its unhappy victim, but it renders him incapable of +performing the ordinary duties of his station; constituting him an object +of disgust to others, and of pitiable misery to himself. It is well to +talk of the Bacchanalian orgies of talented men, and to call them +hilarity and glee. The flashes of wit "that were wont to set the table in +a roar;" the brilliancy of genius, that casts a charm even over folly and +vice; the rank and fame of the individual, no doubt, increased the +fascination of his failings; but however bright and wonderful may be the +coruscations of his talent, while under the influence of wine, his frame +is debilitated, tottering, and imbecile, when the stimulus of the +potation has subsided. + +But I do not proscribe indiscriminately all stimulus. Those whose +occupations are laborious, and who are much exposed to our variable +climate, require an absolute stimulus, over and above what they eat. +Dr. Franklin advocated a contrary doctrine, and inculcated the fact, that +a twopenny loaf was much better for a man than a quart of beer; and he +adduces the horse and other beasts of burthen as examples of the +inefficacy of the use of fermented liquors. But all this is founded upon +decidedly erroneous premises. To enable a hard-working horse to go +through his toil with spirit, he must have corn, or some other article +subject to fermentation. Now, the horse, as well as many other animals, +have stomachs very capacious, and probably adapted to the production of +this fermentation. So that corn is, in fact, a powerful fermented +stimulus to the beast. + +Let us then assume, that stimulus in a certain degree is necessary to +sustain the strength and invigorate the frame of the toiling man; and the +best proof of its good effect is the comfort and energy which it imparts +to its consumer; but if this necessary stimulus be exceeded, then it is +abused, and every mouthful in addition becomes ultimately poisonous. The +first effect which is produced is upon the internal coat of the stomach, +as we may learn from the warmth which we feel. The repetition increases +the circulation of the blood, which seems, as it were, to dance through +the veins; the pulse becomes quick and full, the eyes sparkle, and the +imagination is quickened; in short, the whole frame is excited, as is +evinced by every word, look, and action. If the affair end here, well and +good; but we will suppose that the potation goes on, and very speedily a +new effect is produced. The brain, oppressed by the load of blood thrown +up into it, and irritated through its quick sympathy with the stomach; +oppressed, also, by the powerful pulsation of the larger arteries about +the head, becomes, in a degree, paralyzed. The tongue moves with +difficulty, and loses the power of distinct articulation; the limbs +become enfeebled and unsteady; the mind is deranged, being either worked +up into fury, or reduced to ridiculous puerility, and if the stimulus be +pushed farther than this, absolute insensibility ensues. Such is a brief +view of the physical progress of a debauch; and it is needless to point +out the effect of all this mischief upon the frame which is subjected to +it.[1] + +Although we have thus seen that fermented liquors, if taken to excess, +become pernicious in their effect, we must not condemn their _use_, +because their _abuse_ is bad. Why should we act and feel as if this +bountiful world, brilliant in beauty and overflowing with blessings, was +a collection of steel traps and spring guns, set to catch the body and +shoot the soul? Is it not much better and wiser to avail ourselves of the +many blessings which Providence has placed before us, than to set +ourselves to work to detect poison in our drink, and God knows what in +our meat? It savours of learning, doubtless, to do all this; but _cui +bono_? where is the _real_ utility which it produces? Our grandfathers +and their progenitors were well convinced that a good cup of +"sherris-sack" comforted the heart, and aided digestion; and why the same +opinion should not govern us, I must leave to the dieteticians to decide. + +The moderate use of wine and of malt liquors is exceedingly grateful to +our feelings, and abundantly beneficial to our constitution; but ardent +spirits are found to be so pernicious to most constitutions, and +especially to those: of the inhabitants of crowded towns and cities, that, +excepting under peculiar circumstances, it is better to discard them +altogether. A glass or two of good wine can never do any harm; neither +can a cup of good, genuine, "humming ale." The chemists tell us that the +London ale is a horrid and narcotic compound; and so, in truth, by far +the largest portion of it is. But there are two or three honest men in +the metropolis, who sell genuine Kennet, Nottingham, and Scotch ales, +from whom it is very easy to procure it quite pure. If, however, malt +liquor does not agree with the stomach, or what is the same thing, is +_supposed_ not to agree, it is a very easy matter to substitute wine for +it. + +A word or two, here, with regard to _genuine_ ale. Half of what is sold +under the name of Scotch, Kennet, &c. is manufactured at Bromley, or +elsewhere, according to prescriptions adapted to the peculiarities of +each kind. This, perhaps, is nothing very enormous; but the publicans +"_doctor_" their beer, after it has left the brewhouse, in a manner that +calls loudly for reprehension. Salt of tartar, carbonate of soda, oil of +vitriol, and green copperas (sulphate of iron) are some of the articles +in common use; and knowing this to be the case, it is really a matter of +importance to know where good, pure beer is to be obtained. The best +Kennet ale is to be had at Sherwood's, in Vine Street, Piccadilly, or at +Chapman's, in Wardour Street; both these dealers have it direct from +Butler's, at Kennet, and a very superior article it is. Nottingham ale +may be procured in casks at Sansom's, in Dean Street, Red Lion Square; +and the best Scotch ale in London, whether in draught or bottle, is at +Normington's, in Warren Street, Fitzroy Square. + + +[1] The reader, who is interested in this subject, will find in Mr. + Richards's treatise a candid description of the ill effects of + drunkenness, explained with a view to admonish, rather than to + censure the sufferer. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE SELECTOR AND LITERARY NOTICES OF NEW WORKS + + * * * * * + +VIDOCQ + + +[In our vol. xii. we gave a few extracts from vol. i. of the _Memoirs of +Vidocq_, the principal agent of the French Police, until 1827; which +extracts we have reason to know were received with high _gout_ by most of +our readers. The second and third volumes of these extraordinary +adventures have just appeared, and contain higher-coloured depravities +than their predecessors. Some of them, indeed, might have been spared; +but as a graphic illustration of the petty thievery of Paris, the +following extract bears great merit:--] + +I do not think that amongst the readers of these Memoirs one will be +found who, even by chance, has set foot at Guillotin's. + +"Eh! what?" some one will exclaim, "Guillotin!" + + Ce savant médecin + Que l'amour du prochain + Fit mourir de chagrin. + + +"You are mistaken; we all know the celebrated doctor, who ----;" but the +Guillotin of whom I am speaking is an unsophisticated adulterer of wines, +whose establishment, well known to the most degraded classes of robbers, +is situate opposite to the Cloaque Desnoyers, which the raff of the +Barriere call the drawing-room of la Courtille. A workman may be honest +to a certain extent, and venture in, _en passant_, to papa Desnoyers's. +If he be _awake_, and keep his eye on the company, although a row should +commence, he may, by the aid of the gendarmes, escape with only a few +blows, and pay no one's scot but his own. At Guillotin's he will not come +off so well, particularly if his _toggery_ be over spruce, and his +_pouch_ has _chink_ in it. + +Picture to yourself, reader, a square room of considerable magnitude, the +walls of which, once white, have been blackened by every species of +exhalation. Such is, in all its simple modesty, the aspect of a temple +consecrated to the worship of Bacchus and Terpsichore. At first, by a +very natural optical illusion, we are struck by the confined space before +us, but the eye, after a time, piercing through the thick atmosphere of a +thousand vapours which are most inodorous, the extent becomes visible by +details which escape in the first chaotic glimpse. It is the moment of +creation, all is bright, the fog disappears, becomes peopled, is animated, +forms appear, they move, they are agitated, they are no illusory shadows; +but, on the contrary, essentially material, which cross and recross at +every moment. What beatitudes! what joyous life! Never, even for the +Epicureans, were so many felicities assembled together. Those who like to +wallow in filth, can find it here to their heart's content; many seated +at tables, on which, without ever being wiped away, are renewed a hundred +times a day the most disgusting libations, close in a square space +reserved for what they call the dancers. At the further end of this +infected cave there is, supported by four worm-eaten pillars, a sort of +alcove, constructed from broken-up ship timber, which is graced by the +appearance of two or three rags of old tapestry. It is on this chicken +coop that the music is perched: two clarinets, a hurdy-gurdy, a cracked +trumpet, and a grumbling bassoon--five instruments whose harmonious +movements are regulated by the crutch of Monsieur Double-Croche, a lame +dwarf, who is called the leader of the orchestra. Here all is in +harmony--the faces, costumes, the food that is prepared; a general +appearance is scouted. There is no closet in which walking-sticks, +umbrellas, and cloaks are deposited; the women have their hair all in +confusion like a poodle dog, and the kerchief perched on the top of the +head, or in a knot tied in front with the corners in a rosette, or if you +prefer it, a cockade, which threatens the eye in the same manner as those +of the country mules. As for the men, it is a waistcoat with a cap and +falling collar, if they have a shirt, which is the regulated costume; +breeches are not insisted on; the supreme bon ton would be an +artilleryman's cap, the frock of an hussar, the pantaloon of a lancer, +the boots of a guardsman, in fact the cast-off attire of three or four +regiments, or the wardrobe of a field of battle. The ladies adore the +cavalry, and have a decided taste for the dress of the whole army; but +nothing so much pleases them as mustachios, and a broad red cap adorned +with leather of the same colour. + +In this assembly, a beaver hat, unless napless and brimless, would be +very rare; no one ever remembers to have seen a coat there, and should +any one dare to present himself in a great coat, unless _a family man_, +he would be sure to depart skirtless, or only in his waistcoat. In vain +would he ask pardon for those flaps which had offended the eyes of the +noble assembly; too happy would he be if, after having been bandied and +knocked about with the utmost unanimity as a greenhorn, only one skirt +should be left in the hands of these youthful beauties, who, in the +fervour of gaiety, rather roar out than sing. + +Desnoyers's is the Cadran bleu de la Canaille, (the resort of the lower +orders;) but before stepping over the threshold of the cabaret of +Guillotin, even the canaille themselves look twice, as in this repository +are only to be seen prostitutes with their bullies, pick-pockets and +thieves of all classes, some _prigs_ of the lowest grade, and many of +those nocturnal marauders who divide their existence into two parts, +consecrating it to the duties of theft and riot. It may be supposed that +slang is the only language of this delightful society: it is generally in +French, but so perverted from its primitive signification, that there is +not a member of the distinguished "company of forty" who can flatter +himself with a full knowledge of it, and yet the "dons of Guillotin's" +have their purists; those who assert that slang took its rise in the East, +and without thinking for a moment of disputing their talent as +Orientalists, they take that title to themselves without any ceremony; as +also that of Argonauts, when they have completed their studies under the +direction of the galley sergeants, in working, in the port of Toulon, the +dormant navigation on board a vessel in dock. If notes were pleasing to +me, I could here seize the opportunity of making some very learned +remarks. I should, perhaps, go into a profound disquisition, but I am +about to paint the paradise of these bacchanalians; the colours are +prepared--let us finish the picture. + +If they drink at Guillotin's they eat also, and the mysteries of the +kitchen of this place of delights are well worthy of being known. The +little father Guillotin has no butcher, but he has a purveyor; and in his +brass stewpans, the verdigris of which never poisons, the dead horse is +transformed into beef a-la-mode; the thighs of the dead dogs found in Rue +Guénegaud become legs of mutton from the salt-marshes; and the magic of a +piquant sauce gives to the _staggering bob_ (dead born veal) of the +cow-feeder the appetizing look of that of Pontoise. We are told that the +cheer in winter is excellent, when the rot prevails; and if ever (during +M. Delaveau's administration) bread were scarce in summer during the +"massacre of the innocents," mutton was to be had here at a very cheap +rate. In this country of metamorphoses the hare never had the right of +citizenship; it was compelled to yield to the rabbit, and the rabbit--how +happy the rats are! + + * * * * * + +Father Guillotin consumed generally more oil than cotton, but I can, +nevertheless, affirm, that, in my time, some banquets have been spread +at his cabaret, which, subtracting the liquids, could not have cost more +at the café Riche, or at Grignon's. I remember six individuals, named +Driancourt, Vilattes, Pitroux, and three others, who found means to +spend 166 francs there in one night. In fact, each of them had with him +his favourite _bella_. The citizen no doubt pretty well fleeced them, +but they did not complain, and that quarter of an hour which Rabelais +had so much difficulty in passing, caused them no trouble; they paid +like grandees, without forgetting the waiter. I apprehended them whilst +they were paying the bill, which they had not even taken the trouble of +examining. Thieves are generous when they are caught "i' the vein." +They had just committed many considerable robberies, which they are now +repenting in the bagnes of France. + +It can scarcely be believed that in the centre of civilization, there can +exist a den so hideous as the cave of Guillotin; it must be seen, as I +have seen it, to be believed. Men and women all smoked as they danced, +the pipe passed from mouth to mouth, and the most refined gallantry that +could be offered to the nymphs who came to this rendezvous, to display +their graces in the postures and attitudes of the indecent Chahut, was, +to offer them the _pruneau_, that is, the quid of tobacco, submitted or +not, according to the degree of familiarity, to the test of a previous +mastication. The peace-officers and inspectors were characters too +greatly distinguished to appear amongst such an assemblage, they kept +themselves most scrupulously aloof, to avoid so repugnant a contact; I +myself was much disgusted with it, but at the same time was persuaded, +that to discover and apprehend malefactors it would not do to wait until +they should come and throw themselves into my arms; I therefore +determined to seek them out, and that my searches might not be fruitless, +I endeavoured to find out their haunts, and then, like a fisherman who +has found a preserve, I cast my line out with a certainty of a bite. I +did not lose my time in searching for a needle in a bottle of hay, as +the saying is; when we lack water, it is useless to go to the source of a +dried-up stream and wait for a shower of rain; but to quit all metaphor, +and speak plainly--the spy who really means to ferret out the robbers, +ought, as much as possible, to dwell amongst them, that he may grasp at +every opportunity which presents itself of drawing down upon their heads +the sentence of the laws. Upon this principle I acted, and this caused my +recruits to say that I made men robbers; I certainly have, in this way, +made a vast many, particularly on my first connexion with the police. + + * * * * * + + +CONSUMPTION OF EUROPEAN MANUFACTURES. + +_From the Memoirs of General Miller_. + +_Second Edition_. + + +The aboriginal inhabitants of Peru are gradually beginning to experience +the benefit which has been conferred upon them, by the repeal of ancient +oppressive laws. In the districts that produce gold, their exertions will +be redoubled, for they now work for themselves. They can obtain this +precious metal by merely scratching the earth, and, although the +collection of each individual may be small, the aggregate quantity thus +obtained will be far from inconsiderable. As the aborigines attain +comparative wealth, they will acquire a taste for the minor comforts of +life. The consumption of European manufactures will be increased to an +incalculable degree, and the effect upon the general commerce of the +world will be sensibly perceived. It is for the first and most active +manufacturing country in Christendom to take a proper advantage of the +opening thus afforded. Already, in those countries, British manufactures +employ double the tonnage, and perhaps exceed twenty times the value, of +the importations from all other foreign nations put together. The wines +and tasteful bagatelles of France, and the flour and household furniture +of the United States, will bear no comparison in value to the cottons of +Manchester, the linens of Glasgow, the broadcloths of Leeds, or the +hardware of Birmingham. All this is proved by the great proportion of +precious metals sent to England, as compared with the remittances to +other nations. The very watches sent by Messrs. Roskell and Co. of +Liverpool, would out-balance the exports of some of the _nations_ which +trade to South America. + + * * * * * + + +SOUTH AMERICAN MANNERS. + + +Whether it be the romantic novelty of many places in South America, the +salubrity of the climate, the free unrestrained intercourse of the more +polished classes, or whether there be some undefinable charm in that +state of society which has not passed beyond a certain point of +civilization, certain it is that few foreigners have resided for any +length of time in Chile, Peru, or in the principal towns of the Pampas, +without feeling an ardent desire to revisit them. In this number might be +named several European naval officers who have served in the Pacific, and +who nave expressed these sentiments, although they move in the very +highest circles of England and France. Countries which have not reached +the utmost pitch of refinement have their peculiar attractions, as well +as the most highly polished nations; but, to the casual resident, the +former offers many advantages unattainable in Europe. The virtue of +hospitality, exiled by luxury and refinement, exhibits itself in the New +World under such noble and endearing forms as would almost tempt the +philosopher, as well as the weary traveller, to dread the approach of the +factitious civilization that would banish it. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE LABYRINTH, AT VERSAILLES. + + +[Illustration: The Labyrinth, at Versailles.] + + +This charming labyrinth is attached to _Le Petit Trianon_ at Versailles. +The palace and its gardens were formed under the reign of Louis XV., who +was there when he was attacked by the contagious disease of which he died. +Louis XVI. gave it to his queen, who took great delight in the spot, and +had the gardens laid out in the English style. The _château_, or palace, +is situated at one of the extremities of the park of the Grand Trianon, +and forms a pavilion, about seventy-two feet square. It consists of a +ground floor and two stories, decorated with fluted Corinthian columns +and pilasters crowned by a balustrade. The gardens are delightful: here +is a temple of love; there an artificial rock from which water rushes +into a lake; there a picturesque wooden bridge, a rural hamlet, grottoes, +cottages embowered in groves of trees, diversified with statues and +seats--and above all, the fascinating MAZE, the plan of which is +represented in the Engraving. + +Versailles, its magnificent palace and gardens, are altogether fraught +with melancholy associations. When we last saw them, the grounds and +buildings presented a sorry picture of neglect and decay. The mimic lakes +and ponds were green and slimy, the grottoes and shell-work crumbling +away, the fountains still, and the cascades dry. But the latter are +exhibited on certain days during the summer, when the gardens are +thronged with gay Parisians. The most interesting object however, is, the +orange-tree planted by Francis I. in 1421, which is in full health and +bearing: alas! we halted beside it, and thought of the wonderful +revolutions and uprootings that France had suffered since this tree was +planted. + +In _Le Petit Trianon_ and its grounds the interesting Queen Marie +Antoinette passed many happy hours of seclusion; and would that her +retreat had been confined to the _maze_ of Nature, rather than she had +been engaged in the political intrigues which exposed her to the fury of +a revolutionary mob. In the palace we were shown the chamber of Marie +Antoinette, where the ruffians stabbed through the covering of the bed, +the queen having previously escaped from this room to the king's chamber; +and, as if to keep up the folly of the splendid ruin, a gilder was +renovating the room of the ill-starred queen. + + * * * * * + + +RECENT BALLOON ASCENT. + +(_To the Editor of the Mirror_.) + + +I trust you will pardon my feeble attempt last week, and I wish you had +been in the car with us, to have witnessed the magnificent scene, and the +difficulty of describing it. At our ascent we rose, in a few seconds, 600 +feet; and instantly a flood of light and beautiful scenery burst forth. +Picture to yourself the Thames with its shipping; Greenwich with its +stately Hospital and Park; Blackwall, Blackheath, Peckham, Camberwell, +Dulwich, Norwood, St. Paul's, the Tower of London, &c. and the +surrounding country, all brought immediately into your view, all +apparently receding, and lit up into magnificence by the beams of a +brilliant evening sun, (twenty-seven minutes past seven,) and then say +who can portray or describe the scene, I say I cannot. + +P.T.W. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE NATURALIST. + + * * * * * + + +BEES. + + +The faculty, or instinct of bees is sometimes at fault, for we often hear +of their adopting the strangest and most unsuitable tenements for the +construction of cells. A hussar's cap, so suspended from a moderate sized +branch of a tree, as to be agitated by slight winds, was found filled +with bees and comb. An old coat, that had been thrown over the decayed +trunk of a tree and forgotten, was filled with comb and bees. Any thing, +in short, either near the habitations of man, or in the forests, will +serve the bees for a shelter to their combs. + +The average number of a hive, or swarm, is from fifteen to twenty +thousand bees. Nineteen thousand four hundred and ninety-nine are neuters +or working bees, five hundred are drones, and the remaining _one_ is the +queen or mother! Every living thing, from man down to an ephemeral insect, +pursues the bee to its destruction for the sake of the honey that is +deposited in its cell, or secreted in its honey-bag. To obtain that which +the bee is carrying to its hive, numerous birds and insects are on the +watch, and an incredible number of bees fall victims, in consequence, to +their enemies. Independently of this, there are the changes in the +weather, such as high winds, sudden showers, hot sunshine; and then there +is the liability to fall into rivers, besides a hundred other dangers to +which bees are exposed. + +When a queen bee ceases to animate the hive, the bees are conscious of +her loss; after searching for her through the hive, for a day or more, +they examine the royal cells, which are of a peculiar construction and +reversed in position, hanging vertically, with the mouth underneath. If +no eggs or larvae are to be found in these cells, they then _enlarge_ +several of those cells, which are appropriated to the eggs of neuters, +and in which _queen eggs have been deposited_. They soon attach a royal +cell to the enlarged surface, and the queen bee, enabled now to grow, +protrudes itself by degrees into the royal cell, and comes out perfectly +formed, to the great pleasure of the bees. + +The bee seeks only its own gratification in procuring honey and in +regulating its household, and as, according to the old proverb, what is +one man's meat is another's poison, it sometimes carries honey to its +cell, which is prejudicial to us. Dr. Barton in the fifth volume, of the +"American Philosophical Transactions," speaks of several plants that +yield a poisonous syrup, of which the bees partake without injury, but +which has been fatal to man. He has enumerated some of these plants, +which ought to be destroyed wherever they are seen, namely, dwarf-laurel, +great laurel, kalmia latifolia, broad-leaved moorwort, Pennsylvania +mountain-laurel, wild honeysuckle (the bees, cannot get much of this,) +and the stramonium or Jamestown-weed. + +A young bee can be readily distinguished from an old one, by the greyish +coloured down that covers it, and which it loses by the wear and tear of +hard labour; and if the bee be not destroyed before the season is over, +this down entirely disappears, and the groundwork of the insect is seen, +white or black. On a close examination, very few of these black or aged +bees, will be seen at the opening of the spring, as, not having the +stamina of those that are younger, they perish from inability to +encounter the vicissitudes of winter.--_American Farmer's Manual_. + + * * * * * + + +THE ELM. + +(_To the Editor of the Mirror_.) + + +I shall be obliged to any of your correspondents who can inform me from +whence came the term _witch-elm_, a name given to a species of elm tree, +to distinguish it from the common elm. Some people have conjectured that +it was a corruption of _white elm_, and so called from the silvery +whiteness of its leaves when the sun shines upon them; but this is hardly +probable, as Sir F. Bacon in his "_Silva Silvarum_, or Natural History, +in Ten Centuries," speaks of it under the name of _weech-elm_. + +H.B.A. + + * * * * * + + +CROP OF BIRDS. + + +Besides the stomach, most birds have a membranous sac, capable of +considerable distension; it is usually called a crop, (by the scientific +_Ingluvies_,) into which the food first descends after being swallowed. +This bag is very conspicuous in the granivorous tribes immediately after +eating. Its chief use seems to be to soften the food before it is +admitted into the gizzard. In _young fowls_ it becomes sometimes +preternaturally distended, while the bird pines for want of nourishment. +This is produced by something in the crop, such as straw, or other +obstructing matter, which prevents the descent of the food into the +gizzard. In such a case, a longitudinal incision may be made in the crop, +its contents removed, and, the incision being sewed up, the fowl will, in +general, do well. + +Another curious fact relative to this subject was stated by Mr. Brookes, +when lecturing on birds at the _Zoological Society_, May 1827. He had an +eagle, which was at liberty in his garden; happening to lay two dead rats, +which had been poisoned, under a pewter basin, to which the eagle could +have access, but who nevertheless did not see him place the rats under it, +he was surprised to see, some time afterwards, the crop of the bird +considerably distended; and finding the rats abstracted from beneath the +basin, he concluded that the eagle had devoured them. Fearing the +consequences, he lost no time in opening the crop, took out the rats, and +sewed up the incision; the eagle did well and is now alive. A proof this +of the acuteness of smell in the eagle, and also of the facility and +safety with which, even in grown birds, the operation of opening the crop +may be performed.--_Jennings's Ornithologia_. + + * * * * * + + +HATCHING. + + +The following singular fact was first brought into public notice by +Mr. Yarrel; and will be found in his papers in the second volume of the +_Zoological Journal_. The fact alluded to is, that there is attached to +the upper mandible of all young birds about to be hatched a _horny +appendage_, by which they are enabled more effectually to make +perforations in the shell, and contribute to their own liberation. This +sharp prominence, to use the words of Mr. Yarrel, becomes opposed to the +shell at various points, in a line extending throughout its whole +circumference, about one third below the larger end of the egg; and a +series of perforations more or less numerous are thus effected by the +increasing strength of the chick, weakening the shell in a direction +opposed to the muscular power of the bird; it is thus ultimately enabled, +by its own efforts, to break the walls of its prison. In the common fowl, +this horny appendage falls off in a day or two after the chick is hatched; +in the pigeon it sometimes remains on the beak ten or twelve days; this +arises, doubtless, from the young pigeons being fed by the parent bird +for some time after their being hatched; and thus there is no occasion +for the young using the beak for picking up its food.--_Ibid_. + + * * * * * + + +MAN.--A FRAGMENT. + + + Man is a monster, + The fool of passion and the slave of sin. + No laws can curb him when the will consents + To an unlawful deed. + +CYMBELINE. + + * * * * * + + + + +SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS + + * * * * * + + +THE CHOSEN ONE. + + + "Here's a long line of beauties--see! + Ay, and as varied as they're many-- + Say, can I guess the one would be + Your choice among them all--if any?" + + "I doubt it,--for I hold as dust + Charms many praise beyond all measure-- + While gems they treat as lightly, _must_ + Combine to form my chosen treasure." + + "Will this do?"--"No;--that hair of gold, + That brow of snow, that eye of splendour, + Cannot redeem the mien so cold, + The air so stiff, so quite _un-tender_." + + "This then?"--"Far worse! _Can_ lips like these + Thus smile as though they asked the kiss?-- + Thinks she that e'en such eyes can please, + Beaming--there is no word--like _this?_" + + "Look on that singer at the harp, + Of her you cannot speak thus--ah, no!" + --"Her! why she's _formed_ of flat and sharp-- + I doubt not she's a fine soprano!" + + "The next?"--"What, she who lowers her eyes + From sheer mock-modesty--so pert, + So doubtful-mannered?--I despise + Her, and all like her--she's a _Flirt!_ + + "And this is why my spleen's above + The power of words;--'tis that they can + Make the vile semblance be to Love + Just what the Monkey is to Man! + + "But yonder I, methinks, can trace + One _very_ different from these-- + Her features speak--her form is Grace + Completed by the touch of Ease! + + "That opening lip, that fine frank eye + Breathe Nature's own true gaiety-- + So sweet, so rare _when thus_, that I + Gaze on't with joy, nay ecstacy! + + "For when _'tis_ thus, you'll also see + That eye still richer gifts express-- + And on that lip there oft will be + A sighing smile of tenderness! + + "Yes! here a matchless spirit dwells + E'en for that lovely dwelling fit!-- + I gaze on her--my bosom swells + With feelings, thoughts,----oh! exquisite! + + "That such a being, noble, tender, + So fair, so delicate, so dear, + Would let one love her, and _befriend_ her!-- + --Ah, yes, _my_ Chosen One is here!" + +_London Magazine_. + + * * * * * + + +TRAVELLING ON THE CONTINENT. + + +The man whom we have known to be surrounded by respect and attachment at +home, whose life is honourable and useful within his proper sphere, we +have seen with his family drudging along continental roads, painfully +disputing with postilions in bad French, insulted by the menials of inns, +fretting his time and temper with the miserable creatures who inflict +their tedious ignorance under the name of guides, and only happy in +reaching any term to the journey which fashion or family entreaty have +forced upon him. We are willing, however, to regard such instances as +casual, and proving only that travelling, like other pleasures, has its +alloys; but stationary residence abroad brings with it other and more +serious evils. To the animation of a changing scene of travel, succeeds +the tedious idleness of a foreign town, with scanty resources of society, +and yet scantier of honourable or useful occupation. Here also we do but +describe what we have too frequently seen--the English gentleman, who at +home would have been improving his estates, and aiding the public +institutions of his country, abandoned to utter insignificance; his mind +and resources running waste for want of employment, or, perchance, turned +to objects to which even idleness might reasonably be preferred. We have +seen such a man loitering along his idle day in streets, promenades, or +coffee-houses; or sometimes squandering time and money at the +gambling-table, a victim because an idler. The objects of nature and art, +which originally interested him, cease altogether to do so. + +We admit many exceptions to this picture; but we, nevertheless, draw it +as one which will be familiar to all, who have been observers on the +continent. One circumstance must further be added to the outline; we mean, +the detachment from religious habits, which generally and naturally +attends such residence abroad. The means of public worship exist to our +countrymen but in few places; and there under circumstances the least +propitious to such duties. Days speedily become all alike; or if Sunday +be distinguished at all, it is but as the day of the favourite opera, or +most splendid ballet of the week. We are not puritanically severe in our +notions, and we intend no reproach to the religious or moral habits of +other nations. We simply assert, that English families removed from out +of the sphere of those proper duties, common to every people, and from +all opportunities of public worship or religious example, incur a risk +which is very serious in kind, especially to those still young and +unformed in character. + +_Quarterly Review._ + + * * * * * + + + + +RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS + + * * * * * + + +ANCIENT FARRIERY. + +(_For the Mirror_.) + + +The following curious verses are copied from an engraving which the +Farriers' Company have lately had taken from an old painting of their +pedigree, on vellum, at the George and Vulture Tavern. + + If suche may boast as by a subtile arte, + Canne without labour make excessive gayne, + And under name of Misterie imparte, + Unto the worlde the Crafie's but of their brayne. + How muche more doe their praise become men's themes + That bothe by art and labour gett their meanes. + + And of all artes that worthe or praise doeth merite, + To none the _Marshall Farrier's_ will submitt, + That bothe by Physicks, arte, force, hands, and spiritt + The Kinge and subject in peace and warre doe fitt, + Many of Tuball boast first Smythe that ever wrought, + But _Farriers_ more do, doe than Tuball ever taught. + + Three things there are that _Marshalry_ doe prove + To be a Misterie exceeding farre, + Those wilie Crafte's that many men doe love. + Is unfitt for peace and more unaptt for warre, + For Honor, Anncestrie, and for Utilitie, + _Farriers_ may boast their artes habilitie, + + For Honor, view, this anncient Pedigree[1] + Of Noble Howses, that did beare the name + Of _Farriers_, and were _Earles_; as you may see, + That used the arte and did supporte the same, + And to perpetuall honour of the Crafte, + Castells they buylt and to succession left. + + For anncestrie of tyme oh! who canne tell + The first beginning of so old a trade, + For Horses were before the Deluge fell, + And cures, and shoes, before that tyme were made, + We need not presse tyme farther then it beares, + A Company have _Farriers_ beene 300 Yeres!! + + And in this _Cittie London_ have remayned + Called by the name of _Marshall Farriers_, + Which title of Kinge Edward the Third was gaynde, + For service done unto him in his warres, + A _Maister_ and two _Wardens_ in skill expert, + The trade to rule and give men their desert. + + And for utilitie that cannot be denied, + That many are the Proffitts that arise + To all men by the _Farriers_ arte beside. + To them they are tied, by their necessities, + From the Kinge's steede unto the ploweman's cart, + All stande in neede of _Farriers_ skillfull arte. + + In peace at hande the _Farriers_ must be hadde, + For lanncing, healinge, bleedinge, and for shooeinge, + In Warres abroade of hym they wille be gladd + To cure the wounded Horsse, still he is douinge, + In peace or warre abroade, or ellse at home, + To Kinge and Countrie that some good may come. + + Loe! thus you heare the _Farriers_ endelesss praise, + God grant it last as many yeres as it hath lasted Daies. + +Anno Dni 1612. + +G.W. + + +[1] It commences from Henri de Ferrer, Lord of Tetbury, a Norman who came + over with William the Conqueror. + + * * * * * + + +CURIOUS SCRAPS. + + +We read of a beautiful table, "wherein Saturn was of copper, Jupiter of +gold, Mars of iron, and the Sun of silver, the eyes were charmed, and the +mind instructed by beholding the circles. The Zodiac and all its signs +formed with wonderful art, of metals and precious stones." + +Was not this an imperfect orrery? + +In 1283, say the annals of Dunstable, "We sold our slave by birth, +William Pike, with all his family, and received one mark from the buyer." +Men must have been cheaper than horses. + +In 1340, gunpowder and guns were first invented by Swartz, a monk of +Cologne. In 1346, Edward III. had four pieces of cannon, which +contributed to gain him the battle of Cressy. Bombs and mortars were +invented about this time. + +In 1386, the magnificent castle of Windsor was built by Edward III. and +his method of conducting the work may serve as a specimen of the +condition of the people in that age. Instead of engaging workmen by +contracts or wages, he assessed every county in England to send him a +certain number of masons, tilers, and carpenters, as if he had been +levying an army. + +In 1654, the air pump was invented by Otto Guericke, a German. + +1406, B.C. Iron first discovered by burning the woods on Mount Ida, in +Greece. + +720, B.C. The first lunar eclipse on record. + +Anaximander, the disciple of Thales, invented maps and globes; born about +610 B.C. + +894, B.C. Gold and silver money first coined at Argos, in Greece. + +274, A.D. Silk first imported from India. + +664, A.D. Glass first invented in England by O. Benalt, a monk. + +1284, A.D. The Alphonsine Astronomical Tables constructed, under the +patronage of Alphonso X. of Laon and Castile. + +1337, A.D. The first comet described with astronomical precision. + +The first diving bell we read of was a very large kettle suspended by +ropes with the mouth downwards, and planks fixed in the middle of its +concavity. Two Greeks at Toledo in 1583, made an experiment with it +before Charles V. They descended in it with a lighted candle to a great +depth. + +The Odyssey was written upon the skin of a serpent. + +Formerly pennies were marked with a double cross and crease, so that it +might easily be broken into two or four parts. + +HALBERT H. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE SKETCH-BOOK + + * * * * * + + +SKETCH OF THE BATTLE OF ALGIERS. + +_By an officer engaged._ + + +The Leander, fitted for the flag of Rear-Admiral Milne, was at Spithead, +in June, 1816, when Lord Exmouth arrived with a squadron from the +Mediterranean, where a dispute had arisen between the Dey of Algiers and +his lordship, in consequence of a massacre that took place at Bona, on +the persons of foreigners, then under the protection of the British flag. + +When the particulars were made known to government, Lord Exmouth was +ordered to return to Algiers, and to demand, in the name of the Prince +Regent, instant reparation for the insult offered to England. The +squadron being still on the war establishment, the crews were discharged, +and another expedition was ordered to be equipped with all possible +dispatch. The Leander instantly offered her services, and she soon had +the satisfaction to hear, that they were graciously accepted, and never +was greater joy expressed throughout her crew, than when her Captain +(Chetham) announced the determination of the Admiralty, that she was to +complete to the war complement; an extra lieutenant (Monk) was appointed, +a rendezvous for volunteers opened on the Point at Portsmouth, and in ten +days she was ready for sea, with 480 men on board. + +The flag of Rear-Admiral Milne was hoisted, and the Leander sailed for +Plymouth, where she anchored in two days, and joined part of the squadron +intended for the same service: the Queen Charlotte, bearing the flag of +Lord Exmouth, soon appeared, and on the 29th of July, the expedition +sailed from England with a fine easterly breeze. + +The expedition arrived at Gibraltar in eleven days, when it was joined by +a Dutch squadron of five frigates and a corvette, under the command of +Vice-Admiral Von Capellan; five gun-boats were fitted out and manned by +the ships of the line, and two transports were hired to attend with +ammunition, &c. All lumber and bulkheads, were landed at the dock-yard; +the ships were completed with water, and in all points ready for sea by +the 13th of August. The Rear-Admiral shifted his flag into the +Impregnable, and on the 14th the combined expedition sailed for Algiers. +The Leander was ordered to take a transport in tow, and keep on the +Admiral's weather-beam, and the Dutchmen kept to windward of all. We were +met by an easterly wind two days after leaving Gibraltar, and on the +third day we were joined by the Prometheus, from Algiers, whither she had +been dispatched to bring away the British Consul; the Dey, however, was +apprized of the expedition and detained him, as well as two boats' crews +of the Prometheus, but the Consul's wife and daughter escaped, and got +safely on board. + +The foul wind prevented the squadron making much way, but the +time was employed to advantage in constant exercise at the guns, and the +men were brought as near to perfection as they could be; in handling them +each man knew his own duty, as well as that of the captain of the gun, +fireman, boarder, powder-man, rammer, &c. Each took his turn to the +several duties, and continued changing up to the 27th. + +The coast of Africa was seen on Monday, and as the day dawned on Tuesday, +the 27th, Algiers appeared about ten miles off. The morning was +beautifully fine, with a haze which foretold the coming heat: as the +morning advanced, the breeze failed us, but at nine o'clock we had neared +the town to within about five miles; the long line of batteries were +distinctly seen, with the red flag flying in all directions, and the +masts of the shipping showed above the walls of the mole. The Severn, +with a flag of truce flying, was detached with the terms of the Prince +Regent, and this was a most anxious period, for we were in the dark as to +the feelings of the Dey, whether the offered terms were such as he could +consistently accept, or that left him no alternative but resistance. +During this state of suspense, our people were, as usual, exercised at +the guns, the boats hoisted out, and prepared for service by signal, and +at noon we were ready for action. + +The ship's company were piped to dinner, and at one o'clock the captain +and officers sat down to theirs in the gun-room, the principal dish of +which was a substantial sea pie; wine was pledged in a bumper to a +successful attack, and a general expression of hope for an unsuccessful +negotiation. At this time, the officer of the watch reported to the +captain, that the admiral had made the general telegraph "Are you ready?" +Chetham immediately directed that our answer "ready" should be shown, and +at the same moment the like signal was flying at the mastheads of the +entire squadron. The mess now broke up, each individual of it quietly +making arrangements with the other in the event of accident, and we had +scarcely reached the deck, when the signal "to bear up" was out, the +commander in-chief leading the way, with a fine, steady breeze blowing on +the land. We ran in on the admiral's larboard-beam, keeping within two +cables' length of him; the long guns were loaded with round and grape, +the carronades with grape only; our sail was reduced to the topsails, and +topgallant sails, the main-sail furled, and the boats dropped astern in +tow. The ships were now steering to their appointed stations, and the +gun-boats showing their eagerness, by a crowd of sail, to get alongside +the batteries. As we drew towards the shore, the Algerines were observed +loading their guns, and a vast number of spectators were assembled on the +beach, idly gazing at the approach of the squadron, seemingly quite +unconscious of what was about to happen. Far different were appearances +at the mouth of the mole as it opened; the row-boats, fully manned, were +lying on their oars, quite prepared for the attack, and we fully expected +they would attempt to board, should an opportunity offer; each boat had a +flag hanging over the stern. A frigate was moored across the mouth of the +mole, and a small brig was at anchor outside of her. + +At fifteen minutes before three P.M. the Queen Charlotte came to an +anchor by the stern, at the distance of sixty yards from the beach, and, +as was ascertained by measurement, ninety yards from the muzzles of the +guns of the mole batteries, unmolested, and with all the quietude of a +friendly harbour; her flag flew at the main, and the colours at the peak; +her starboard broadside flanked the whole range of batteries from the +mole head to the lighthouse; her topsail yards (as were those of the +squadron,) remained aloft, to be secure from fire, and the sails brought +snugly to the yards by head-lines previously fitted; the topgallant sails +and small sails only were furled, so that we had no man unnecessarily +exposed aloft. + +The Leander, following the motions of the admiral, was brought up with +two anchors by the stern, let go on his larboard beam, veered away, until +she obtained a position nearly a-head of him, then let go an anchor under +foot, open by this to a battery on the starboard side at the bottom of +the mole, and to the Fish-market battery on the larboard side. At this +moment Lord Exmouth was seen waving his hat on the poop to the idlers on +the beach to get out of the way, then a loud cheer was heard, and the +whole of the Queen Charlotte's tremendous broadside was thrown into the +batteries abreast of her; this measure was promptly taken, as the smoke +of a gun was observed to issue from some part of the enemy's works, so +that the sound of the British guns was heard almost in the same instant +with that to which the smoke belonged. The cheers of the Queen Charlotte +were loudly echoed by those of the Leander, and the contents of her +starboard broadside as quickly followed, carrying destruction into the +groups of row-boats; as the smoke opened, the fragments of boats were +seen floating, their crews swimming and scrambling, as many as escaped +the shot, to the shore; another broadside annihilated them. The enemy was +not slack in returning this warm salute, for almost before the shot +escaped from _our_ guns, a man standing on the forecastle bits, hauling +on the topsail buntlines, received a musket bullet in his left arm, which +broke the bone, and commenced the labours in the cockpit. The action +became general as soon as the ships had occupied their positions, and we +were engaged with the batteries on either side; so close were we, that +the enemy were distinctly seen loading their guns above us. After a few +broadsides, we brought our starboard broadside to bear on the Fish-market, +and our larboard side then looked to seaward. The rocket-boats were now +throwing rockets over our ships into the mole, the effects of which, were +occasionally seen on the shipping on our larboard bow. The Dutch flag was +to be seen flying at the fore of the Dutch Admiral, who, with his +squadron, were engaging the batteries to the eastward of the mole. The +fresh breeze which brought us in was gradually driven away by the +cannonade, and the smoke of our guns so hung about us, that we were +obliged to wait until it cleared; for the men took deliberate and certain +aims, training their guns until they were fully satisfied of their +precision. But our enemies gave us no reason to suppose that they were +idle; so great was the havoc which they made amongst us, that the surgeon +in his report stated, that sixty-five men were brought to him wounded +after the first and second broadsides. + +About four o'clock, a boat, with an officer, came with orders from the +admiral to cease firing, as an attempt to destroy the Algerine frigates +was about to be made. Accordingly three boats pushed into the mole, +running the gantlet in gallant style; they boarded the outermost frigate, +which was found deserted by her crew; and in a few minutes she was in a +blaze; in doing this the boats' crews suffered severely. The smoke of our +last broadside had scarcely left us, when the Algerines renewed their +fire of musketry upon our decks, fortunately the men were lying down by +the guns, and the officers alone were marks for them, but one midshipman +was their only victim at this time. The masts began to suffer in all +parts, splinters were falling from them, and shreds of canvass from the +sails came down upon us in great quantities; traces, bowlines, and other +running gear, suffered equally; the shrouds, fore and aft, got cut up so +quickly, that the rigging men attempted in vain to knot them, and were at +last forced to leave the rigging to its fate. + +When the boats returned, we recommenced our fire with renewed vigour; +occasionally a flag-staff was knocked down, a fact which was always +announced with a cheer, each captain of a gun believing himself to be the +faithful marksman. The Algerine squadron now began, as it were, to follow +the motions of the outer frigate; the rockets had taken effect, and they +all burned merrily together. A hot shot, about this time, struck a +powder-box, on which was sitting the powder-boy, he, poor fellow, was +blown up, and another near him was dreadfully scorched. + +Through the intervals of smoke, the sad devastation in the enemy's works +was made visible; the whole of the mole head, near the Queen Charlotte, +was a ruin, and the guns were consequently silenced; but we were not so +fortunate with the Fish-market; the guns there still annoyed us, and ours +seemed to make no impression. A battery in the upper angle of the town +was also untouched, and we were so much under it, that the shot actually +came through our decks, without touching the bulwarks, and we could not +elevate our guns sufficiently to check them. + +As the sun was setting behind the town, the whole of the shipping in the +mole were in flames; their cables burned through, left them at the mercy +of every breeze: the outermost frigate threatened the Queen Charlotte +with a similar fate, but a breeze sent her clear on towards the Leander; +a most intense heat came from her, and we expected every moment to be in +contact; the flames were burning with great power at the mast heads, and +the loose fire was flying about in such a way that there seemed little +chance of our escaping, but we checked her progress towards us, by firing +into her, and in the act of hauling out, we were rejoiced to see a +welcome sea-breeze alter the direction of the flames aloft, the same +breeze soon reached her hull, and we had the satisfaction in a few +minutes to see her touch the shore to which she belonged. + +The guns were now so much heated by the incessant fire kept up, that we +were forced to reduce the cartridges nearly one-half, as well as to wait +their cooling before reloading; the men, too, were so reduced at some +guns, that they required the assistance of the others to work them; the +aftermost gun on the gangway had only two men left untouched, Between +seven and eight o'clock, the fire of the enemy's guns had sensibly +diminished, and their people were running in crowds from the demolished +works to the great gate of the city; they were distinctly seen in all +their movements by the light of their burning navy and arsenal. The +battery in the upper angle of the town, which, was too high to fire upon, +kept up a galling fire, and another further to the eastward was still at +work. To bring our broadside to bear upon it, a hawser was run out to the +Severn, on our larboard bow, the ship was swung to the proper bearing, +and we soon checked them. At 45 minutes past nine, the squadron began to +haul out, some making sail, and taking advantage of a light air off the +land, while others were towing and warping: the only sail which we had +fit to set, was the main-topmast staysail, and this was of too stout +canvass to feel the breeze; the boats of our own ship were unable to move +her, after a kedge anchor, which was run out to the length of the +stream-cable, had come home; thus we were left, dependant either on a +breeze or the assistance of the squadron. An officer was sent to tell the +admiral our situation, but the boat was sunk from under the crew, who +were picked up by another; a second boat was more successful, and the +admiral ordered all the boats he could collect to our assistance. At this +time the Severn, near us, had caught the breeze, and was moving steadily +out; a hawser was made fast to her mizen-chains secured to its bare end, +which had just sufficient length to reach the painter of the headmost +boat, towing; by this means the Leander's head was checked round, and we +had again the gratification to see her following the others of the +squadron. The small portion of our sails were set to assist our progress; +but without the help of the Severn there we should have remained; our +mizen-topmast fell into the maintop, shot through. When the Algerines saw +us retiring they returned to the guns which they had previously abandoned, +and again commenced a fire on the boats, which made the water literally +in a foam; this fire was returned by our quarter guns, but with very +little effect. As we left the land, the breeze increased; the Severn cast +off her tow, and our boats returned on board: at 25 minutes past eleven +we fired our last gun, and the cannonade was succeeded by a storm of +thunder and lightning. At midnight we anchored within three miles of the +scene of action; the report of a gun on shore was still heard at +intervals, but all was soon quiet, except the shipping in the mole, which +continued to burn, keeping all around brilliantly illuminated. We now +attempted to furl sails, but the men were so thoroughly stiffened by the +short period of inaction since the firing had ceased, that they stuck +almost powerless to the yards; after great exertion, the gaskets were +somehow passed round the yards, and the labours of the day ended; grog +was served out, and the hammocks piped down, but few had the inclination +to hang them up. + +Soon after daylight we mustered at quarters, and found that 16 officers +and men were killed, and 120 wounded; the three lower masts badly wounded, +every spar wounded, except the spanker-boom; the shrouds cut in all parts, +leaving the masts unsupported, which would have fallen had there been the +least motion; the running gear entirely cut to pieces; the boats _all_ +shot through; the bulwarks riddled with grape and musketry; 96 round-shot +in the starboard side, some of them between wind and water; the guns were +all uninjured to any extent, and remained, the only part of the Leander, +efficient. + +The ship's company were again at work, clearing decks, unbending sails, +and making every preparation to renew the action; but at noon we had the +satisfaction to hear that the Dey had accepted the terms which were +offered him the day before; at the same time that this information was +conveyed to the squadron, a general order was issued to offer up "public +thanksgiving to Almighty God for the signal victory obtained by the arms +of England."--_United Service Journal_. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE GATHERER. + + + "A snapper-up of unconsidered trifles." +SHAKSPEARE. + + * * * * * + + +THE RANZ DES VACHES. + + +The Kurieholen, or Ranz des Vaches, the celebrated national air of the +Swiss, does not consist in articulated sounds, nor is it accompanied by +words; but is a simple melody formed by a kind of guttural intonation +very closely resembling the tones of a flute. Two of these voices at a +short distance produce the most pleasing effect, the echoes of the +surrounding rocks reverberating the music till it seems like enchantment; +but sometimes the illusion is dissipated by the appearance of the singers, +in the persons of two old women, returning from their labour in a +neighbouring valley. + +INA. + + * * * * * + + +NAPOLEON. + + +During a tour through France shortly before Bonaparte's accession to the +throne he received the addresses of the Priests and Prefects, who vied +with each other in the grossness and impiety of their adulation. The +Prefect of the Pas de Calais seems to have borne away the palm from all +his brethren. On Napoleon's entrance into his department, he addressed +him in the following manner:--"Tranquil with respect to our fate, we know +that to ensure the happiness and glory of France, to render to all people +the freedom of commerce and the seas, to humble the audacious destroyers +of the repose of the universe, and to fix, at length, peace upon the +earth, God created Bonaparte, and rested from his labour!" + +INA. + + * * * * * + + +APOSTLES. + + +In the diplomatic language of Charles I.'s time, were marginal notes, +generally in the king's hand, written on the margin of state papers. The +word, in somewhat a similar sense, had its origin in the canon law. There +are many instances of apostles by Charles I. in Archbishop Laud's Diary + +JAMES SILVESTER. + + * * * * * + + +When Voltaire was at Berlin, he wrote this epigram on his patron and host +the king of Prussia:-- + + "King, author, philosopher, hero, musician, + Freemason, economist, bard, politician, + How had Europe rejoiced if a _Christian_ he'd been, + If a man, how he then had enraptured his queen." + + +For this effort of wit, Voltaire was paid with thirty lashes on his bare +back, administered by the king's sergeant-at-arms, and was compelled to +sign the following curious receipt for the same:-- + + "Received from the righthand of Conrad + Backoffner, thirty lashes on my bare + back, being in full for an epigram on + Frederick the Third, King of Prussia." + + +I say received by me, VOLTAIRE. + +_Vive le Roi_! + + * * * * * + + +The church at Gondhurst, in Kent, is a fine old building, and remarkable +for several reasons; one of which is, that thirty-nine different parishes +may be distinctly seen from it, and in clear weather the sea, off +Hastings, a distance of twenty-seven miles and a half. + + * * * * * + + +SPECULATION. + + +Sir William Adams, afterwards Sir William Rawson, which name he took in +consequence of some property he succeeded to by right of his wife, was one +of the victims of the South American mining mania. He plunged deeply into +speculation, and wrote pamphlets to prove that so much gold and silver +must ultimately find its way into Europe from Mexico, that all the +existing relations of value would be utterly destroyed. He believed what +he wrote, though he failed to demonstrate what he believed. At one period +he might have withdrawn himself from all his speculations with at least a +hundred thousand pounds in his pocket; but he fancied he had discovered +the philosopher's stone--dreamed of wealth beyond what he could +count--went on--was beggared--and you know how and where he died. Poor +fellow! He deserved a better fate. He was a kind-hearted creature; and if +he coveted a princely fortune, I am satisfied he would have used it like +a prince. But I am forgetting my story. Well, then, it was after he had +totally relinquished his profession as an oculist, that he might devote +his entire time and attention to the Mexican mining affairs, that a +gentleman, ignorant of the circumstance, called upon him one morning to +consult him. Sir William looked at him for a moment, and then exclaimed, +in the words of Macbeth, addressing Banquo's ghost, "Avaunt--there is _no +speculation_ in those eyes!" + +_Monthly Magazine._ + + * * * * * + +THE SUPPLEMENT to Vol. xiii. containing _Title, Preface, Index, &c. with +a fine Steel-plate_ PORTRAIT _of the late_ SIR HUMPHRY DAVY, Bart. _and a +copious Memoir of his Life and Discoveries--will be published with the +next Number._ + + * * * * * + + +_LIMBIRD'S EDITIONS._ + +CHEAP and POPULAR WORKS published at the MIRROR OFFICE in the Strand, +near Somerset House. + +The ARABIAN NIGHTS' ENTERTAINMENTS, Embellished with nearly 150 +Engravings. Price 6s. 6d. boards. + +The TALES of the GENII. Price 2s. + +The MICROCOSM. By the Right Hon. G. CANNING. &c. Price 2s. + +PLUTARCH'S LIVES, with Fifty Portraits, 2 vols. price 13s. boards. + +COWPER'S POEMS, with 12 Engravings, price 3s. 6d. boards. + +COOK'S VOYAGES, 2 vols. price 8s. boards. + +The CABINET of CURIOSITIES: or, WONDERS of the WORLD DISPLAYED. Price 5s. +boards. + +BEAUTIES of SCOTT. 2 vols. price 7s. boards. + +The ARCANA of SCIENCE for 1828. Price 4s. 6d. + + +Any of the above Works can be purchased in Parts. + +GOLDSMITH'S ESSAYS. Price 8d. + +DR. FRANKLIN'S ESSAYS. Price 1s. 2d. + +BACON'S ESSAYS Price 8d. + +SALMAGUNDI. Price 1s. 8d. + + * * * * * + +_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset House,) +London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; and by all +Newsmen and Booksellers_. + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, +AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 13, ISSUE 377, JUNE 27, 1829*** + + +******* This file should be named 11361-8.txt or 11361-8.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/3/6/11361 + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS,' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + +Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's +eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII, +compressed (zipped), HTML and others. + +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks replace the old file and take over +the old filename and etext number. The replaced older file is renamed. +VERSIONS based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving +new filenames and etext numbers. + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + +https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + +EBooks posted prior to November 2003, with eBook numbers BELOW #10000, +are filed in directories based on their release date. If you want to +download any of these eBooks directly, rather than using the regular +search system you may utilize the following addresses and just +download by the etext year. + +http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/etext06 + + (Or /etext 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99, + 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90) + +EBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are +filed in a different way. The year of a release date is no longer part +of the directory path. The path is based on the etext number (which is +identical to the filename). The path to the file is made up of single +digits corresponding to all but the last digit in the filename. For +example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at: + +https://www.gutenberg.org/1/0/2/3/10234 + +or filename 24689 would be found at: +https://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/6/8/24689 + +An alternative method of locating eBooks: +https://www.gutenberg.org/GUTINDEX.ALL + +*** END: FULL LICENSE *** diff --git a/old/11361-8.zip b/old/11361-8.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a23e26a --- /dev/null +++ b/old/11361-8.zip diff --git a/old/11361-h.zip b/old/11361-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b0703f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/11361-h.zip diff --git a/old/11361-h/11361-h.htm b/old/11361-h/11361-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e0cc4e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/11361-h/11361-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2544 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 13, Issue 377, June 27, 1829, by Various</title> + <style type="text/css"> + /*<![CDATA[*/ + <!-- + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + p {text-align: justify;} + blockquote {text-align: justify;} + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center;} + pre {font-size: 0.7em;} + + hr {text-align: center; width: 50%;} + html>body hr {margin-right: 25%; margin-left: 25%; width: 50%;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + html>body hr.full {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;} + + .note, .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + + span.pagenum {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt;} + + .poem {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem p {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem p.i2 {margin-left: 1em;} + .poem p.i8 {margin-left: 5em;} + + .figure {padding: 1em; margin: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em; margin: auto;} + .figure img {border: none;} + .figure p + a:link {color:blue; + text-decoration:none} + link {color:blue; + text-decoration:none} + a:visited {color:blue; + text-decoration:none} + a:hover {color:red} + --> + /*]]>*/ + </style> +</head> +<body> +<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and +Instruction, Vol. 13, Issue 377, June 27, 1829, by Various</h1> +<pre> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a href = "https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre> +<p>Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 13, Issue 377, June 27, 1829</p> +<p>Author: Various</p> +<p>Release Date: February 28, 2004 [eBook #11361]</p> +<p>Language: English</p> +<p>Character set encoding: iso-8859-1</p> +<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 13, ISSUE 377, JUNE 27, 1829***</p> +<br /> +<br /> +<center><b>E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Allen Siddle, David Garcia,<br /> + and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team</b></center> +<br /> +<br /> + <hr class="full" /> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page433" name="page433"></a>[pg + 433]</span> + <h1> + THE MIRROR<br /> + OF<br /> + LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION. + </h1> + <hr class="full" /> + <table width="100%" summary="Banner"> + <tr> + <td align="left"> + <b>VOL. XIII, NO. 377.]</b> + </td> + <td align="center"> + <b>SATURDAY, JUNE 27, 1829.</b> + </td> + <td align="right"> + <b>[PRICE 2d.</b> + </td> + </tr> + </table> + <hr class="full" /> + <h2> + Loch Goil Head + </h2> + <div class="figure" style="width: 100%;"> + <a href="images/377-1.png"><img width="100%" + src="images/377-1.png" alt="Loch Goil Head" /></a> + </div> + <h3> + AND RESIDENCE OF CAMPBELL, THE POET. + </h3> + <p> + The Engraving represents Loch Goil Head, a small village in + Argyleshire, as it name imports, at the end of Loch Goil. It + is an exquisite vignette, of Alpine sublimity, and is + rendered extremely interesting as the residence of Thomas + Campbell, Esq. author of the "Pleasures of Hope," &c. and + one of the most celebrated of British poets. His + <i>château</i>, or retreat, is represented on the left + of the Engraving, and its romantic position has probably + inspired many of the soul-stirring compositions of the + illustrious resident. + </p> + <p> + In this parish are the remains of Carrick Castle, which is + said to have been built by the Danes. It stands on a rock, + and was formerly surrounded + </p> + <p> + The steam-boat on the lake is an attractive object in such a + district as Loch Goil—by associating one of the boasted + triumphs of art with the stupendous grandeur of the sublime. + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page434" name="page434"></a>[pg + 434]</span> + </p> + <h3> + HILLAH ON THE EUPHRATES. + </h3> + <p> + The town of Hillah lies in latitude 32 deg. 31 min. 18 sec.; + in longitude 12 min. 36 sec. west of Bagdad, and according to + Turkish authorities, was built in the fifth century of the + Hegira, in the district of the Euphrates, which the Arabs + call El-Ared-Babel. Lying on a part of the site of Babylon, + nothing was more likely than that it should be built out of a + few of the fragments of that great city. The town is + pleasantly situated amidst gardens and groves of date trees; + and spreads itself on both sides of the river, where it is + connected by a miserable wooden bridge, the timbers of which + are so rotten, that they tremble under the foot of the + passenger. The portion of the town, or as it is usually + called, the suburb, on the eastern bank, consists of one + principal street or bazaar, reaching from the small + defenceless gate by which it is entered from Bagdad, down to + the edge of the water; this is deemed the least considerable + part of Hillah. On the other side, the inhabitants, Jews, + Turks, and Arabs, are much thicker, and the streets and + bazaars more numerous. + </p> + <p> + From the great central bazaar, well filled with merchandize, + branch off in various directions minor ranges, amongst which + are found the fish and flesh markets. In the former are + several varieties, and some of enormous size, resembling the + barbel. The fish in question is from 4 to 5 feet long, and is + covered with very large, thick scales. The head is about + one-third part of the length of the fish. They are said to + eat coarse and dry, but are, nevertheless, a favourite food + with the inhabitants; and are caught in great quantities near + the town, and to a considerable distance above it. The flesh + market is sparingly served with meat, for when Sir Robert Ker + Porter visited the town, he states that the whole contents of + the market appeared to be no more than the dismembered + carcasses of two sheep, two goats, and the red, rough + filaments of a buffalo. This display was but scant provision + for a population of 7,000. The streets are narrow like those + of Bagdad; a necessary evil in Eastern climates, to exclude + the power of the sun; but they are even more noisome and + filthy. In like manner also, they are crowded, but not with + so many persons in gay attire. Here are to be seen groups of + dark, grim-looking, half-naked Arabs, sitting idly on the + sides of the streets, and so numerously, as scarcely to leave + room for a single horse to pass; and even a cavalcade in line + will not alarm them, so indifferent are they, even when + travellers are compelled, at some abrupt turn, almost to ride + over them. A few sombre garbed Israelites, and occasionally + the Turks, attendant on official duties of the Pashalic in + this part of the government, also mingle in the passing or + seated crowd; when the solemn, saturnine air of the latter, + with their flowing, gaudy apparel, forms a striking contrast + to the daring, dirty, independent air of the almost + ungarmented, swarthy Arab. + </p> + <p> + A few paces above the bridge, stands the palace of the + governor, and the citadel, which was built by order of Ali + Pasha. This imposing fortress, externally, is a handsome, + smooth-faced, demi-fortified specimen of modern Turkish + architecture, erected with ancient materials. Within is a + spacious court, partly shaded with date trees. The whole of + the town towards the desert is defended by a pretty deep + ditch, overlooked by a proportionate number of brick-built + towers (all the spoil of Babylon) flanking the intermediate + compartments of wall. In this rampart are three gates. + </p> + <p> + As far as the eye can reach, both up and down the river, the + banks are thickly shaded with groves of dates, displacing, it + should seem, the other species of trees, from which Isaiah + names this scene "the Brook or Valley of Willows," although + the humble races of that graceful tribe, in the osier, + &c. are yet the prolific offspring of its shores. + </p> + <h4> + G.L.S. + </h4> + <hr /> + <h3> + CURIOUS EXTRACTS FROM CURIOUS AUTHORS, FOR CURIOUS READERS. + </h3> + <p> + (<i>For the Mirror</i>.) + </p> + <p> + Hollingshed, who was contemporary with Queen Elizabeth, + informs us, "there were very few chimneys (in England in his + time) even in the capital towns; the fire was laid to the + wall, and the smoke issued out at the roof, or door, or + window. The houses were wattled, and plastered over with + clay, and all the furniture and utensils were of wood. The + people slept on straw pallets, with a log of wood for a + pillow." + </p> + <p> + Cambrensis, Bishop of St. David's, says, "It was the common + vice of the English, from their first settlement in Britain, + to expose their children and relations to sale;" and it also + appears, "that the wife of Earl Godwin, who was sister to + Canute, the Danish King of England, made great gain by the + trade she made of buying up English youths and maids to sell + to Denmark." + </p> + <p> + Lord Bacon in his Apophthegms, says, + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page435" name="page435"></a>[pg + 435]</span> "Ethelwold, Bishop of Winchester, in a famine, + sold all the rich vessels and ornaments of the church, to + relieve the poor with bread; and said, 'There was no reason + that the dead temples of God should be sumptuously furnished, + and the living temples suffer penury.'" Ingulphus tells us, + "For want of parchment to draw the deeds upon, great estates + were frequently conveyed from one family to another, only by + the ceremony of a turf and a stone, delivered before + witnesses, and without any written agreement." Andrews, in + his History of Great Britain, says, "In France, A.D. 1147, + the great vassals emulated and even surpassed the sovereign + in pomp and cost of living." As an instance of the wild + liberality of the age, we are informed, that Henry the + "munificent" Count of Champagne, being applied to by a poor + gentleman for a portion to enable him to marry his two + daughters: his steward remonstrated to him, "that he had + given away every thing," "thou <i>liest</i>," said Henry, "I + have <i>thee</i> left;" so he delivered over the steward to + the petitioner, who put him into confinement until he gave + him 500 livres, a handsome sum in those days. + </p> + <p> + Bede tells us, "Archbishop Theodore, when (in the seventh + century) he gave lectures on medicine at Canterbury, + remonstrated against bleeding on the 4th day of the moon, + since at that period (he said) the light of the planet and + the tides of the ocean were on the increase." Yet Theodore + was, for his era, deeply learned. + </p> + <p> + William of Malmsbury says, "Very highly finished works in + gold and silver, were the produce even of our darkest ages. + The monks were the best artists. A jewel, now in the museum + at Oxford, undoubtedly made by command of, and worn by Alfred + the Great, is an existing witness of the height to which the + art was carried. Curious reliquaries, finely wrought and set + with precious stones, were usually styled throughout Europe, + Opera Anglica." + </p> + <p> + Howel tells us, "In the education of their children, the + Anglo-Saxons only sought to render them dauntless and apt for + the two most important occupations of their future + lives—war and the chase. It was a usual trial of a + child's courage, to place him on the sloping roof of a + building, and if, without screaming or terror, he held fast, + he was styled a <i>stout-herce</i>, or brave boy." + </p> + <p> + Fitz-Stephen says, "Thomas à Becket lived in such + splendour, that besides having silver bits to his horses, he + had such numerous guests at his banquets, that he was obliged + to have rooms covered with clean hay or straw, in winter, and + green boughs or rushes in summer, every day, lest his guests, + not finding seats at his tables, should soil their gay + clothes by sitting on the floor." He would pay five pounds + (equal nearly to fifty pounds of our money) for a single dish + of eels. Once riding through London with Henry, the King + seeing a wretched, shivering beggar, "It would be a good deed + (said he) to give that poor wretch a coat." "True, (said + Becket.) and you, sir, may let him have yours." "He shall + have <i>yours</i>" said Henry, and after a heavy scuffle, in + which they had nearly dismounted each other, Becket proved + the weakest, and his coat was allotted to the astonished + mendicant. + </p> + <p> + "When William the Conqueror was crowned at Westminster, the + people (says Andrews) within the Abbey shouted, on the crown + being placed on his head, the Normans without, thought the + noise a signal of revolt, and began to set fire to houses, + and massacre the populace, nor were they satisfied that all + was well until considerable mischief had been done." + </p> + <p> + "Dr. Henry, (says Sulivan) who has made a very full + collection of the facts mentioned by ancient authors, + concerning the provincial government of Britain, supposes its + annual revenue amounted to no less than two millions + sterling; a sum nearly as great as that which was derived + from Egypt, in the time of the father of Cleopatra. But this + calculation is built upon the authority of Lipsius. Nor are + there perhaps any accounts transmitted by historians, from + which the point can be accurately determined. The Britons + excelled in agriculture. They exported great quantities of + corn, for supplying the armies in other parts of the empire. + They had linen and woollen manufactures; as their mines of + lead and tin were inexhaustible. And further we know, that + Britain, in consequence of her supposed resources, was + sometimes reduced to such distress, by the demands of + government, as to be obliged to borrow money at an exorbitant + interest. In this trade, the best citizens of Rome were not + ashamed to engage; and, though prohibited by law, Seneca, + whose philosophy, it seems, was not incompatible with the + love of money, lent the Britons at one time above three + hundred and twenty thousand pounds." + </p> + <h4> + P.T.W. + </h4> + <hr /> + <p> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page436" name="page436"></a>[pg + 436]</span> + </p> + <h3> + HINTS ON DRINKING. + </h3> + <center> + <i>Abridged from Mr. Richards's Treatise on Nervous + Disorders.</i> + </center> + <p> + Without any intention of advocating the doctrine, or of + commending the reputed practice of the Pythagoreans, ancient + or modern, I must be allowed to reprobate the abuse of + fermented liquors. Although wine was invented, and its use + allowed "to make glad the heart of man," and although a + moderate and prudent indulgence in it can never excite + reprobation, or cause mischief, still the sin of drunkenness + is an extensive and a filthy evil. Not only does it + demoralize, debase, and finally destroy its unhappy victim, + but it renders him incapable of performing the ordinary + duties of his station; constituting him an object of disgust + to others, and of pitiable misery to himself. It is well to + talk of the Bacchanalian orgies of talented men, and to call + them hilarity and glee. The flashes of wit "that were wont to + set the table in a roar;" the brilliancy of genius, that + casts a charm even over folly and vice; the rank and fame of + the individual, no doubt, increased the fascination of his + failings; but however bright and wonderful may be the + coruscations of his talent, while under the influence of + wine, his frame is debilitated, tottering, and imbecile, when + the stimulus of the potation has subsided. + </p> + <p> + But I do not proscribe indiscriminately all stimulus. Those + whose occupations are laborious, and who are much exposed to + our variable climate, require an absolute stimulus, over and + above what they eat. Dr. Franklin advocated a contrary + doctrine, and inculcated the fact, that a twopenny loaf was + much better for a man than a quart of beer; and he adduces + the horse and other beasts of burthen as examples of the + inefficacy of the use of fermented liquors. But all this is + founded upon decidedly erroneous premises. To enable a + hard-working horse to go through his toil with spirit, he + must have corn, or some other article subject to + fermentation. Now, the horse, as well as many other animals, + have stomachs very capacious, and probably adapted to the + production of this fermentation. So that corn is, in fact, a + powerful fermented stimulus to the beast. + </p> + <p> + Let us then assume, that stimulus in a certain degree is + necessary to sustain the strength and invigorate the frame of + the toiling man; and the best proof of its good effect is the + comfort and energy which it imparts to its consumer; but if + this necessary stimulus be exceeded, then it is abused, and + every mouthful in addition becomes ultimately poisonous. The + first effect which is produced is upon the internal coat of + the stomach, as we may learn from the warmth which we feel. + The repetition increases the circulation of the blood, which + seems, as it were, to dance through the veins; the pulse + becomes quick and full, the eyes sparkle, and the imagination + is quickened; in short, the whole frame is excited, as is + evinced by every word, look, and action. If the affair end + here, well and good; but we will suppose that the potation + goes on, and very speedily a new effect is produced. The + brain, oppressed by the load of blood thrown up into it, and + irritated through its quick sympathy with the stomach; + oppressed, also, by the powerful pulsation of the larger + arteries about the head, becomes, in a degree, paralyzed. The + tongue moves with difficulty, and loses the power of distinct + articulation; the limbs become enfeebled and unsteady; the + mind is deranged, being either worked up into fury, or + reduced to ridiculous puerility, and if the stimulus be + pushed farther than this, absolute insensibility ensues. Such + is a brief view of the physical progress of a debauch; and it + is needless to point out the effect of all this mischief upon + the frame which is subjected to it.<a id="footnotetag1" + name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a> + </p> + <p> + Although we have thus seen that fermented liquors, if taken + to excess, become pernicious in their effect, we must not + condemn their <i>use</i>, because their <i>abuse</i> is bad. + Why should we act and feel as if this bountiful world, + brilliant in beauty and overflowing with blessings, was a + collection of steel traps and spring guns, set to catch the + body and shoot the soul? Is it not much better and wiser to + avail ourselves of the many blessings which Providence has + placed before us, than to set ourselves to work to detect + poison in our drink, and God knows what in our meat? It + savours of learning, doubtless, to do all this; but <i>cui + bono</i>? where is the <i>real</i> utility which it produces? + Our grandfathers and their progenitors were well convinced + that a good cup of "sherris-sack" comforted the heart, and + aided digestion; and why the same opinion should not govern + us, I must leave to the dieteticians to decide. + </p> + <p> + The moderate use of wine and of malt liquors is exceedingly + grateful to our feelings, and abundantly beneficial to our + constitution; but ardent spirits are found to be so + pernicious to most constitutions, and especially to those: of + the inhabitants <span class="pagenum"><a id="page437" + name="page437"></a>[pg 437]</span> of crowded towns and + cities, that, excepting under peculiar circumstances, it is + better to discard them altogether. A glass or two of good + wine can never do any harm; neither can a cup of good, + genuine, "humming ale." The chemists tell us that the London + ale is a horrid and narcotic compound; and so, in truth, by + far the largest portion of it is. But there are two or three + honest men in the metropolis, who sell genuine Kennet, + Nottingham, and Scotch ales, from whom it is very easy to + procure it quite pure. If, however, malt liquor does not + agree with the stomach, or what is the same thing, is + <i>supposed</i> not to agree, it is a very easy matter to + substitute wine for it. + </p> + <p> + A word or two, here, with regard to <i>genuine</i> ale. Half + of what is sold under the name of Scotch, Kennet, &c. is + manufactured at Bromley, or elsewhere, according to + prescriptions adapted to the peculiarities of each kind. + This, perhaps, is nothing very enormous; but the publicans + "<i>doctor</i>" their beer, after it has left the brewhouse, + in a manner that calls loudly for reprehension. Salt of + tartar, carbonate of soda, oil of vitriol, and green copperas + (sulphate of iron) are some of the articles in common use; + and knowing this to be the case, it is really a matter of + importance to know where good, pure beer is to be obtained. + The best Kennet ale is to be had at Sherwood's, in Vine + Street, Piccadilly, or at Chapman's, in Wardour Street; both + these dealers have it direct from Butler's, at Kennet, and a + very superior article it is. Nottingham ale may be procured + in casks at Sansom's, in Dean Street, Red Lion Square; and + the best Scotch ale in London, whether in draught or bottle, + is at Normington's, in Warren Street, Fitzroy Square. + </p> + <hr class="full" /> + <h2> + THE SELECTOR AND LITERARY NOTICES OF NEW WORKS + </h2> + <hr /> + <h3> + VIDOCQ + </h3> + <p> + [In our vol. xii. we gave a few extracts from vol. i. of the + <i>Memoirs of Vidocq</i>, the principal agent of the French + Police, until 1827; which extracts we have reason to know + were received with high <i>gout</i> by most of our readers. + The second and third volumes of these extraordinary + adventures have just appeared, and contain higher-coloured + depravities than their predecessors. Some of them, indeed, + might have been spared; but as a graphic illustration of the + petty thievery of Paris, the following extract bears great + merit:—] + </p> + <p> + I do not think that amongst the readers of these Memoirs one + will be found who, even by chance, has set foot at + Guillotin's. + </p> + <p> + "Eh! what?" some one will exclaim, "Guillotin!" + </p> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + Ce savant médecin + </p> + <p> + Que l'amour du prochain + </p> + <p> + Fit mourir de chagrin. + </p> + </div> + </div> + <p> + "You are mistaken; we all know the celebrated doctor, who + ——;" but the Guillotin of whom I am speaking is + an unsophisticated adulterer of wines, whose establishment, + well known to the most degraded classes of robbers, is + situate opposite to the Cloaque Desnoyers, which the raff of + the Barriere call the drawing-room of la Courtille. A workman + may be honest to a certain extent, and venture in, <i>en + passant</i>, to papa Desnoyers's. If he be <i>awake</i>, and + keep his eye on the company, although a row should commence, + he may, by the aid of the gendarmes, escape with only a few + blows, and pay no one's scot but his own. At Guillotin's he + will not come off so well, particularly if his <i>toggery</i> + be over spruce, and his <i>pouch</i> has <i>chink</i> in it. + </p> + <p> + Picture to yourself, reader, a square room of considerable + magnitude, the walls of which, once white, have been + blackened by every species of exhalation. Such is, in all its + simple modesty, the aspect of a temple consecrated to the + worship of Bacchus and Terpsichore. At first, by a very + natural optical illusion, we are struck by the confined space + before us, but the eye, after a time, piercing through the + thick atmosphere of a thousand vapours which are most + inodorous, the extent becomes visible by details which escape + in the first chaotic glimpse. It is the moment of creation, + all is bright, the fog disappears, becomes peopled, is + animated, forms appear, they move, they are agitated, they + are no illusory shadows; but, on the contrary, essentially + material, which cross and recross at every moment. What + beatitudes! what joyous life! Never, even for the Epicureans, + were so many felicities assembled together. Those who like to + wallow in filth, can find it here to their heart's content; + many seated at tables, on which, without ever being wiped + away, are renewed a hundred times a day the most disgusting + libations, close in a square space reserved for what they + call the dancers. At the further end of this infected cave + there is, supported by four worm-eaten pillars, a sort of + alcove, constructed from broken-up ship timber, which is + graced by the appearance of two + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page438" name="page438"></a>[pg + 438]</span> or three rags of old tapestry. It is on this + chicken coop that the music is perched: two clarinets, a + hurdy-gurdy, a cracked trumpet, and a grumbling + bassoon—five instruments whose harmonious movements are + regulated by the crutch of Monsieur Double-Croche, a lame + dwarf, who is called the leader of the orchestra. Here all is + in harmony—the faces, costumes, the food that is + prepared; a general appearance is scouted. There is no closet + in which walking-sticks, umbrellas, and cloaks are deposited; + the women have their hair all in confusion like a poodle dog, + and the kerchief perched on the top of the head, or in a knot + tied in front with the corners in a rosette, or if you prefer + it, a cockade, which threatens the eye in the same manner as + those of the country mules. As for the men, it is a waistcoat + with a cap and falling collar, if they have a shirt, which is + the regulated costume; breeches are not insisted on; the + supreme bon ton would be an artilleryman's cap, the frock of + an hussar, the pantaloon of a lancer, the boots of a + guardsman, in fact the cast-off attire of three or four + regiments, or the wardrobe of a field of battle. The ladies + adore the cavalry, and have a decided taste for the dress of + the whole army; but nothing so much pleases them as + mustachios, and a broad red cap adorned with leather of the + same colour. + </p> + <p> + In this assembly, a beaver hat, unless napless and brimless, + would be very rare; no one ever remembers to have seen a coat + there, and should any one dare to present himself in a great + coat, unless <i>a family man</i>, he would be sure to depart + skirtless, or only in his waistcoat. In vain would he ask + pardon for those flaps which had offended the eyes of the + noble assembly; too happy would he be if, after having been + bandied and knocked about with the utmost unanimity as a + greenhorn, only one skirt should be left in the hands of + these youthful beauties, who, in the fervour of gaiety, + rather roar out than sing. + </p> + <p> + Desnoyers's is the Cadran bleu de la Canaille, (the resort of + the lower orders;) but before stepping over the threshold of + the cabaret of Guillotin, even the canaille themselves look + twice, as in this repository are only to be seen prostitutes + with their bullies, pick-pockets and thieves of all classes, + some <i>prigs</i> of the lowest grade, and many of those + nocturnal marauders who divide their existence into two + parts, consecrating it to the duties of theft and riot. It + may be supposed that slang is the only language of this + delightful society: it is generally in French, but so + perverted from its primitive signification, that there is not + a member of the distinguished "company of forty" who can + flatter himself with a full knowledge of it, and yet the + "dons of Guillotin's" have their purists; those who assert + that slang took its rise in the East, and without thinking + for a moment of disputing their talent as Orientalists, they + take that title to themselves without any ceremony; as also + that of Argonauts, when they have completed their studies + under the direction of the galley sergeants, in working, in + the port of Toulon, the dormant navigation on board a vessel + in dock. If notes were pleasing to me, I could here seize the + opportunity of making some very learned remarks. I should, + perhaps, go into a profound disquisition, but I am about to + paint the paradise of these bacchanalians; the colours are + prepared—let us finish the picture. + </p> + <p> + If they drink at Guillotin's they eat also, and the mysteries + of the kitchen of this place of delights are well worthy of + being known. The little father Guillotin has no butcher, but + he has a purveyor; and in his brass stewpans, the verdigris + of which never poisons, the dead horse is transformed into + beef a-la-mode; the thighs of the dead dogs found in Rue + Guénegaud become legs of mutton from the salt-marshes; + and the magic of a piquant sauce gives to the <i>staggering + bob</i> (dead born veal) of the cow-feeder the appetizing + look of that of Pontoise. We are told that the cheer in + winter is excellent, when the rot prevails; and if ever + (during M. Delaveau's administration) bread were scarce in + summer during the "massacre of the innocents," mutton was to + be had here at a very cheap rate. In this country of + metamorphoses the hare never had the right of citizenship; it + was compelled to yield to the rabbit, and the + rabbit—how happy the rats are! + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + Father Guillotin consumed generally more oil than cotton, but + I can, nevertheless, affirm, that, in my time, some banquets + have been spread at his cabaret, which, subtracting the + liquids, could not have cost more at the café Riche, + or at Grignon's. I remember six individuals, named + Driancourt, Vilattes, Pitroux, and three others, who found + means to spend 166 francs there in one night. In fact, each + of them had with him his favourite <i>bella</i>. The citizen + no doubt pretty well fleeced them, but they did not complain, + and that quarter of an hour which Rabelais had so much + difficulty in passing, caused them no trouble; they paid like + grandees, without forgetting the waiter. I apprehended them + whilst they were paying the bill, which they had not even + taken the trouble of examining. Thieves + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page439" name="page439"></a>[pg + 439]</span> are generous when they are caught "i' the vein." + They had just committed many considerable robberies, which + they are now repenting in the bagnes of France. + </p> + <p> + It can scarcely be believed that in the centre of + civilization, there can exist a den so hideous as the cave of + Guillotin; it must be seen, as I have seen it, to be + believed. Men and women all smoked as they danced, the pipe + passed from mouth to mouth, and the most refined gallantry + that could be offered to the nymphs who came to this + rendezvous, to display their graces in the postures and + attitudes of the indecent Chahut, was, to offer them the + <i>pruneau</i>, that is, the quid of tobacco, submitted or + not, according to the degree of familiarity, to the test of a + previous mastication. The peace-officers and inspectors were + characters too greatly distinguished to appear amongst such + an assemblage, they kept themselves most scrupulously aloof, + to avoid so repugnant a contact; I myself was much disgusted + with it, but at the same time was persuaded, that to discover + and apprehend malefactors it would not do to wait until they + should come and throw themselves into my arms; I therefore + determined to seek them out, and that my searches might not + be fruitless, I endeavoured to find out their haunts, and + then, like a fisherman who has found a preserve, I cast my + line out with a certainty of a bite. I did not lose my time + in searching for a needle in a bottle of hay, as the saying + is; when we lack water, it is useless to go to the source of + a dried-up stream and wait for a shower of rain; but to quit + all metaphor, and speak plainly—the spy who really + means to ferret out the robbers, ought, as much as possible, + to dwell amongst them, that he may grasp at every opportunity + which presents itself of drawing down upon their heads the + sentence of the laws. Upon this principle I acted, and this + caused my recruits to say that I made men robbers; I + certainly have, in this way, made a vast many, particularly + on my first connexion with the police. + </p> + <hr /> + <h3> + CONSUMPTION OF EUROPEAN MANUFACTURES. + </h3> + <center> + <i>From the Memoirs of General Miller</i>. + </center> + <center> + <i>Second Edition</i>. + </center> + <p> + The aboriginal inhabitants of Peru are gradually beginning to + experience the benefit which has been conferred upon them, by + the repeal of ancient oppressive laws. In the districts that + produce gold, their exertions will be redoubled, for they now + work for themselves. They can obtain this precious metal by + merely scratching the earth, and, although the collection of + each individual may be small, the aggregate quantity thus + obtained will be far from inconsiderable. As the aborigines + attain comparative wealth, they will acquire a taste for the + minor comforts of life. The consumption of European + manufactures will be increased to an incalculable degree, and + the effect upon the general commerce of the world will be + sensibly perceived. It is for the first and most active + manufacturing country in Christendom to take a proper + advantage of the opening thus afforded. Already, in those + countries, British manufactures employ double the tonnage, + and perhaps exceed twenty times the value, of the + importations from all other foreign nations put together. The + wines and tasteful bagatelles of France, and the flour and + household furniture of the United States, will bear no + comparison in value to the cottons of Manchester, the linens + of Glasgow, the broadcloths of Leeds, or the hardware of + Birmingham. All this is proved by the great proportion of + precious metals sent to England, as compared with the + remittances to other nations. The very watches sent by + Messrs. Roskell and Co. of Liverpool, would out-balance the + exports of some of the <i>nations</i> which trade to South + America. + </p> + <hr /> + <h3> + SOUTH AMERICAN MANNERS. + </h3> + <p> + Whether it be the romantic novelty of many places in South + America, the salubrity of the climate, the free unrestrained + intercourse of the more polished classes, or whether there be + some undefinable charm in that state of society which has not + passed beyond a certain point of civilization, certain it is + that few foreigners have resided for any length of time in + Chile, Peru, or in the principal towns of the Pampas, without + feeling an ardent desire to revisit them. In this number + might be named several European naval officers who have + served in the Pacific, and who nave expressed these + sentiments, although they move in the very highest circles of + England and France. Countries which have not reached the + utmost pitch of refinement have their peculiar attractions, + as well as the most highly polished nations; but, to the + casual resident, the former offers many advantages + unattainable in Europe. The virtue of hospitality, exiled by + luxury and refinement, exhibits itself in the New World under + such noble and endearing forms as would almost tempt the + philosopher, as well as the weary traveller, to dread the + approach of the factitious civilization that would banish it. + </p> + <hr class="full" /> + <p> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page440" name="page440"></a>[pg + 440]</span> + </p> + <h2> + The Labyrinth, at Versailles. + </h2> + <div class="figure" style="width: 100%;"> + <a href="images/377-2.png"><img width="100%" + src="images/377-2.png" alt="The Labyrinth, at Versailles." /> + </a> + </div> + <p> + This charming labyrinth is attached to <i>Le Petit + Trianon</i> at Versailles. The palace and its gardens were + formed under the reign of Louis XV., who was there when he + was attacked by the contagious disease of which he died. + Louis XVI. gave it to his queen, who took great delight in + the spot, and had the gardens laid out in the English style. + The <i>château</i>, or palace, is situated at one of + the extremities of the park of the Grand Trianon, and forms a + pavilion, about seventy-two feet square. It consists of a + ground floor and two stories, decorated with fluted + Corinthian columns and pilasters crowned by a balustrade. The + gardens are delightful: here is a temple of love; there an + artificial rock from which water rushes into a lake; there a + picturesque wooden bridge, a rural hamlet, grottoes, cottages + embowered in groves of trees, diversified with statues and + seats—and above all, the fascinating MAZE, the plan of + which is represented in the Engraving. + </p> + <p> + Versailles, its magnificent palace and gardens, are + altogether fraught with melancholy associations. When we last + saw them, the grounds and buildings presented a sorry picture + of neglect and decay. The mimic lakes and ponds were green + and slimy, the grottoes and shell-work crumbling away, the + fountains still, and the cascades dry. But the latter are + exhibited on certain days during the summer, when the gardens + are thronged with gay Parisians. The most interesting object + however, is, the orange-tree planted by Francis I. in 1421, + which is in full health and bearing: alas! we halted beside + it, and thought of the wonderful revolutions and uprootings + that France had suffered since this tree was planted. + </p> + <p> + In <i>Le Petit Trianon</i> and its grounds the interesting + Queen Marie Antoinette passed many happy hours of seclusion; + and would that her retreat had been confined to the + <i>maze</i> of Nature, rather than she had been engaged in + the political intrigues which exposed her to the fury of a + revolutionary mob. In the palace we were shown the chamber of + Marie Antoinette, where the ruffians stabbed through the + covering of the bed, the queen having previously escaped from + this room to the king's chamber; and, as if to keep up the + folly of the splendid ruin, a gilder was renovating the room + of the ill-starred queen. + </p> + <hr /> + <h3> + RECENT BALLOON ASCENT. + </h3> + <p> + (<i>To the Editor of the Mirror</i>.) + </p> + <p> + I trust you will pardon my feeble attempt last week, and I + wish you had been in the car with us, to have witnessed the + magnificent scene, and the difficulty of describing it. At + our ascent we rose, in a few seconds, 600 feet; and instantly + a flood of light and beautiful scenery burst forth. Picture + to yourself the Thames with its shipping; Greenwich with its + stately Hospital and Park; Blackwall, Blackheath, Peckham, + Camberwell, Dulwich, Norwood, St. Paul's, the Tower of + London, &c. and the surrounding country, all brought + immediately into your view, all apparently receding, and lit + up into magnificence by the beams of a brilliant evening sun, + (twenty-seven minutes past seven,) and then say who can + portray or describe the scene, I say I cannot. + </p> + <h4> + P.T.W. + </h4> + <hr class="full" /> + <p> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page441" name="page441"></a>[pg + 441]</span> + </p> + <h2> + THE NATURALIST. + </h2> + <hr /> + <h3> + BEES. + </h3> + <p> + The faculty, or instinct of bees is sometimes at fault, for + we often hear of their adopting the strangest and most + unsuitable tenements for the construction of cells. A + hussar's cap, so suspended from a moderate sized branch of a + tree, as to be agitated by slight winds, was found filled + with bees and comb. An old coat, that had been thrown over + the decayed trunk of a tree and forgotten, was filled with + comb and bees. Any thing, in short, either near the + habitations of man, or in the forests, will serve the bees + for a shelter to their combs. + </p> + <p> + The average number of a hive, or swarm, is from fifteen to + twenty thousand bees. Nineteen thousand four hundred and + ninety-nine are neuters or working bees, five hundred are + drones, and the remaining <i>one</i> is the queen or mother! + Every living thing, from man down to an ephemeral insect, + pursues the bee to its destruction for the sake of the honey + that is deposited in its cell, or secreted in its honey-bag. + To obtain that which the bee is carrying to its hive, + numerous birds and insects are on the watch, and an + incredible number of bees fall victims, in consequence, to + their enemies. Independently of this, there are the changes + in the weather, such as high winds, sudden showers, hot + sunshine; and then there is the liability to fall into + rivers, besides a hundred other dangers to which bees are + exposed. + </p> + <p> + When a queen bee ceases to animate the hive, the bees are + conscious of her loss; after searching for her through the + hive, for a day or more, they examine the royal cells, which + are of a peculiar construction and reversed in position, + hanging vertically, with the mouth underneath. If no eggs or + larvae are to be found in these cells, they then + <i>enlarge</i> several of those cells, which are appropriated + to the eggs of neuters, and in which <i>queen eggs have been + deposited</i>. They soon attach a royal cell to the enlarged + surface, and the queen bee, enabled now to grow, protrudes + itself by degrees into the royal cell, and comes out + perfectly formed, to the great pleasure of the bees. + </p> + <p> + The bee seeks only its own gratification in procuring honey + and in regulating its household, and as, according to the old + proverb, what is one man's meat is another's poison, it + sometimes carries honey to its cell, which is prejudicial to + us. Dr. Barton in the fifth volume, of the "American + Philosophical Transactions," speaks of several plants that + yield a poisonous syrup, of which the bees partake without + injury, but which has been fatal to man. He has enumerated + some of these plants, which ought to be destroyed wherever + they are seen, namely, dwarf-laurel, great laurel, kalmia + latifolia, broad-leaved moorwort, Pennsylvania + mountain-laurel, wild honeysuckle (the bees, cannot get much + of this,) and the stramonium or Jamestown-weed. + </p> + <p> + A young bee can be readily distinguished from an old one, by + the greyish coloured down that covers it, and which it loses + by the wear and tear of hard labour; and if the bee be not + destroyed before the season is over, this down entirely + disappears, and the groundwork of the insect is seen, white + or black. On a close examination, very few of these black or + aged bees, will be seen at the opening of the spring, as, not + having the stamina of those that are younger, they perish + from inability to encounter the vicissitudes of + winter.—<i>American Farmer's Manual</i>. + </p> + <hr /> + <h3> + THE ELM. + </h3> + <p> + (<i>To the Editor of the Mirror</i>.) + </p> + <p> + I shall be obliged to any of your correspondents who can + inform me from whence came the term <i>witch-elm</i>, a name + given to a species of elm tree, to distinguish it from the + common elm. Some people have conjectured that it was a + corruption of <i>white elm</i>, and so called from the + silvery whiteness of its leaves when the sun shines upon + them; but this is hardly probable, as Sir F. Bacon in his + "<i>Silva Silvarum</i>, or Natural History, in Ten + Centuries," speaks of it under the name of <i>weech-elm</i>. + </p> + <h4> + H.B.A. + </h4> + <hr /> + <h3> + CROP OF BIRDS. + </h3> + <p> + Besides the stomach, most birds have a membranous sac, + capable of considerable distension; it is usually called a + crop, (by the scientific <i>Ingluvies</i>,) into which the + food first descends after being swallowed. This bag is very + conspicuous in the granivorous tribes immediately after + eating. Its chief use seems to be to soften the food before + it is admitted into the gizzard. In <i>young fowls</i> it + becomes sometimes preternaturally distended, while the bird + pines for want of nourishment. This is produced by something + in the crop, such as straw, or other obstructing matter, + which prevents the descent of the food into the gizzard. In + such a case, a longitudinal incision may + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page442" name="page442"></a>[pg + 442]</span> be made in the crop, its contents removed, and, + the incision being sewed up, the fowl will, in general, do + well. + </p> + <p> + Another curious fact relative to this subject was stated by + Mr. Brookes, when lecturing on birds at the <i>Zoological + Society</i>, May 1827. He had an eagle, which was at liberty + in his garden; happening to lay two dead rats, which had been + poisoned, under a pewter basin, to which the eagle could have + access, but who nevertheless did not see him place the rats + under it, he was surprised to see, some time afterwards, the + crop of the bird considerably distended; and finding the rats + abstracted from beneath the basin, he concluded that the + eagle had devoured them. Fearing the consequences, he lost no + time in opening the crop, took out the rats, and sewed up the + incision; the eagle did well and is now alive. A proof this + of the acuteness of smell in the eagle, and also of the + facility and safety with which, even in grown birds, the + operation of opening the crop may be + performed.—<i>Jennings's Ornithologia</i>. + </p> + <hr /> + <h3> + HATCHING. + </h3> + <p> + The following singular fact was first brought into public + notice by Mr. Yarrel; and will be found in his papers in the + second volume of the <i>Zoological Journal</i>. The fact + alluded to is, that there is attached to the upper mandible + of all young birds about to be hatched a <i>horny + appendage</i>, by which they are enabled more effectually to + make perforations in the shell, and contribute to their own + liberation. This sharp prominence, to use the words of Mr. + Yarrel, becomes opposed to the shell at various points, in a + line extending throughout its whole circumference, about one + third below the larger end of the egg; and a series of + perforations more or less numerous are thus effected by the + increasing strength of the chick, weakening the shell in a + direction opposed to the muscular power of the bird; it is + thus ultimately enabled, by its own efforts, to break the + walls of its prison. In the common fowl, this horny appendage + falls off in a day or two after the chick is hatched; in the + pigeon it sometimes remains on the beak ten or twelve days; + this arises, doubtless, from the young pigeons being fed by + the parent bird for some time after their being hatched; and + thus there is no occasion for the young using the beak for + picking up its food.—<i>Ibid</i>. + </p> + <hr /> + <h3> + MAN.—A FRAGMENT. + </h3> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i8"> + Man is a monster, + </p> + <p> + The fool of passion and the slave of sin. + </p> + <p> + No laws can curb him when the will consents + </p> + <p> + To an unlawful deed. + </p> + <p> + CYMBELINE. + </p> + </div> + </div> + <hr class="full" /> + <h2> + SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS + </h2> + <hr /> + <h3> + THE CHOSEN ONE. + </h3> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + "Here's a long line of beauties—see! + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Ay, and as varied as they're many— + </p> + <p> + Say, can I guess the one would be + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Your choice among them all—if any?" + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + "I doubt it,—for I hold as dust + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Charms many praise beyond all measure— + </p> + <p> + While gems they treat as lightly, <i>must</i> + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Combine to form my chosen treasure." + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + "Will this do?"—"No;—that hair of gold, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + That brow of snow, that eye of splendour, + </p> + <p> + Cannot redeem the mien so cold, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + The air so stiff, so quite <i>un-tender</i>." + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + "This then?"—"Far worse! <i>Can</i> lips like + these + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Thus smile as though they asked the kiss?— + </p> + <p> + Thinks she that e'en such eyes can please, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Beaming—there is no word—like <i>this?</i>" + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + "Look on that singer at the harp, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Of her you cannot speak thus—ah, no!" + </p> + <p> + —"Her! why she's <i>formed</i> of flat and + sharp— + </p> + <p class="i2"> + I doubt not she's a fine soprano!" + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + "The next?"—"What, she who lowers her eyes + </p> + <p class="i2"> + From sheer mock-modesty—so pert, + </p> + <p> + So doubtful-mannered?—I despise + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Her, and all like her—she's a <i>Flirt!</i> + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + "And this is why my spleen's above + </p> + <p class="i2"> + The power of words;—'tis that they can + </p> + <p> + Make the vile semblance be to Love + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Just what the Monkey is to Man! + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + "But yonder I, methinks, can trace + </p> + <p class="i2"> + One <i>very</i> different from these— + </p> + <p> + Her features speak—her form is Grace + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Completed by the touch of Ease! + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + "That opening lip, that fine frank eye + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Breathe Nature's own true gaiety— + </p> + <p> + So sweet, so rare <i>when thus</i>, that I + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Gaze on't with joy, nay ecstacy! + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + "For when <i>'tis</i> thus, you'll also see + </p> + <p class="i2"> + That eye still richer gifts express— + </p> + <p> + And on that lip there oft will be + </p> + <p class="i2"> + A sighing smile of tenderness! + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + "Yes! here a matchless spirit dwells + </p> + <p class="i2"> + E'en for that lovely dwelling fit!— + </p> + <p> + I gaze on her—my bosom swells + </p> + <p class="i2"> + With feelings, thoughts,——oh! exquisite! + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + "That such a being, noble, tender, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + So fair, so delicate, so dear, + </p> + <p> + Would let one love her, and <i>befriend</i> her!— + </p> + <p class="i2"> + —Ah, yes, <i>my</i> Chosen One is here!" + </p> + </div> + </div> + <p> + <i>London Magazine</i>. + </p> + <hr /> + <h3> + TRAVELLING ON THE CONTINENT. + </h3> + <p> + The man whom we have known to be surrounded by respect and + attachment at home, whose life is honourable and useful + within his proper sphere, we have seen with his family + drudging along continental roads, painfully disputing with + postilions in bad French, insulted by the menials of inns, + fretting his time and temper with the miserable creatures who + inflict their tedious ignorance under the name of guides, and + only happy in reaching any term to the journey which fashion + or family entreaty have forced upon him. We are willing, + however, to regard such instances as casual, and proving only + that <span class="pagenum"><a id="page443" + name="page443"></a>[pg 443]</span> travelling, like other + pleasures, has its alloys; but stationary residence abroad + brings with it other and more serious evils. To the animation + of a changing scene of travel, succeeds the tedious idleness + of a foreign town, with scanty resources of society, and yet + scantier of honourable or useful occupation. Here also we do + but describe what we have too frequently seen—the + English gentleman, who at home would have been improving his + estates, and aiding the public institutions of his country, + abandoned to utter insignificance; his mind and resources + running waste for want of employment, or, perchance, turned + to objects to which even idleness might reasonably be + preferred. We have seen such a man loitering along his idle + day in streets, promenades, or coffee-houses; or sometimes + squandering time and money at the gambling-table, a victim + because an idler. The objects of nature and art, which + originally interested him, cease altogether to do so. + </p> + <p> + We admit many exceptions to this picture; but we, + nevertheless, draw it as one which will be familiar to all, + who have been observers on the continent. One circumstance + must further be added to the outline; we mean, the detachment + from religious habits, which generally and naturally attends + such residence abroad. The means of public worship exist to + our countrymen but in few places; and there under + circumstances the least propitious to such duties. Days + speedily become all alike; or if Sunday be distinguished at + all, it is but as the day of the favourite opera, or most + splendid ballet of the week. We are not puritanically severe + in our notions, and we intend no reproach to the religious or + moral habits of other nations. We simply assert, that English + families removed from out of the sphere of those proper + duties, common to every people, and from all opportunities of + public worship or religious example, incur a risk which is + very serious in kind, especially to those still young and + unformed in character. + </p> + <p> + <i>Quarterly Review.</i> + </p> + <hr class="full" /> + <h2> + RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS + </h2> + <hr /> + <h3> + ANCIENT FARRIERY. + </h3> + <p> + (<i>For the Mirror</i>.) + </p> + <p> + The following curious verses are copied from an engraving + which the Farriers' Company have lately had taken from an old + painting of their pedigree, on vellum, at the George and + Vulture Tavern. + </p> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + If suche may boast as by a subtile arte, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Canne without labour make excessive gayne, + </p> + <p> + And under name of Misterie imparte, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Unto the worlde the Crafie's but of their brayne. + </p> + <p> + How muche more doe their praise become men's themes + </p> + <p class="i2"> + That bothe by art and labour gett their meanes. + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + And of all artes that worthe or praise doeth merite, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + To none the <i>Marshall Farrier's</i> will submitt, + </p> + <p> + That bothe by Physicks, arte, force, hands, and spiritt + </p> + <p class="i2"> + The Kinge and subject in peace and warre doe fitt, + </p> + <p> + Many of Tuball boast first Smythe that ever wrought, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + But <i>Farriers</i> more do, doe than Tuball ever taught. + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + Three things there are that <i>Marshalry</i> doe prove + </p> + <p class="i2"> + To be a Misterie exceeding farre, + </p> + <p> + Those wilie Crafte's that many men doe love. + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Is unfitt for peace and more unaptt for warre, + </p> + <p> + For Honor, Anncestrie, and for Utilitie, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + <i>Farriers</i> may boast their artes habilitie, + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + For Honor, view, this anncient + Pedigree<a id="footnotetag2" + name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Of Noble Howses, that did beare the name + </p> + <p> + Of <i>Farriers</i>, and were <i>Earles</i>; as you may + see, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + That used the arte and did supporte the same, + </p> + <p> + And to perpetuall honour of the Crafte, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Castells they buylt and to succession left. + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + For anncestrie of tyme oh! who canne tell + </p> + <p class="i2"> + The first beginning of so old a trade, + </p> + <p> + For Horses were before the Deluge fell, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + And cures, and shoes, before that tyme were made, + </p> + <p> + We need not presse tyme farther then it beares, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + A Company have <i>Farriers</i> beene 300 Yeres!! + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + And in this <i>Cittie London</i> have remayned + </p> + <p class="i2"> + Called by the name of <i>Marshall Farriers</i>, + </p> + <p> + Which title of Kinge Edward the Third was gaynde, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + For service done unto him in his warres, + </p> + <p> + A <i>Maister</i> and two <i>Wardens</i> in skill expert, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + The trade to rule and give men their desert. + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + And for utilitie that cannot be denied, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + That many are the Proffitts that arise + </p> + <p> + To all men by the <i>Farriers</i> arte beside. + </p> + <p class="i2"> + To them they are tied, by their necessities, + </p> + <p> + From the Kinge's steede unto the ploweman's cart, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + All stande in neede of <i>Farriers</i> skillfull arte. + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + In peace at hande the <i>Farriers</i> must be hadde, + </p> + <p class="i2"> + For lanncing, healinge, bleedinge, and for shooeinge, + </p> + <p> + In Warres abroade of hym they wille be gladd + </p> + <p class="i2"> + To cure the wounded Horsse, still he is douinge, + </p> + <p> + In peace or warre abroade, or ellse at home, + </p> + <p> + To Kinge and Countrie that some good may come. + </p> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + Loe! thus you heare the <i>Farriers</i> endelesss praise, + </p> + <p> + God grant it last as many yeres as it hath lasted Daies. + </p> + </div> + </div> + <p> + Anno Dni 1612. + </p> + <h4> + G.W. + </h4> + <hr /> + <h3> + CURIOUS SCRAPS. + </h3> + <p> + We read of a beautiful table, "wherein Saturn was of copper, + Jupiter of gold, Mars of iron, and the Sun of silver, the + eyes were charmed, and the mind instructed by beholding the + circles. The Zodiac and all its signs formed with wonderful + art, of metals and precious stones." + </p> + <p> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page444" name="page444"></a>[pg + 444]</span> Was not this an imperfect orrery? + </p> + <p> + In 1283, say the annals of Dunstable, "We sold our slave by + birth, William Pike, with all his family, and received one + mark from the buyer." Men must have been cheaper than horses. + </p> + <p> + In 1340, gunpowder and guns were first invented by Swartz, a + monk of Cologne. In 1346, Edward III. had four pieces of + cannon, which contributed to gain him the battle of Cressy. + Bombs and mortars were invented about this time. + </p> + <p> + In 1386, the magnificent castle of Windsor was built by + Edward III. and his method of conducting the work may serve + as a specimen of the condition of the people in that age. + Instead of engaging workmen by contracts or wages, he + assessed every county in England to send him a certain number + of masons, tilers, and carpenters, as if he had been levying + an army. + </p> + <p> + In 1654, the air pump was invented by Otto Guericke, a + German. + </p> + <p> + 1406, B.C. Iron first discovered by burning the woods on + Mount Ida, in Greece. + </p> + <p> + 720, B.C. The first lunar eclipse on record. + </p> + <p> + Anaximander, the disciple of Thales, invented maps and + globes; born about 610 B.C. + </p> + <p> + 894, B.C. Gold and silver money first coined at Argos, in + Greece. + </p> + <p> + 274, A.D. Silk first imported from India. + </p> + <p> + 664, A.D. Glass first invented in England by O. Benalt, a + monk. + </p> + <p> + 1284, A.D. The Alphonsine Astronomical Tables constructed, + under the patronage of Alphonso X. of Laon and Castile. + </p> + <p> + 1337, A.D. The first comet described with astronomical + precision. + </p> + <p> + The first diving bell we read of was a very large kettle + suspended by ropes with the mouth downwards, and planks fixed + in the middle of its concavity. Two Greeks at Toledo in 1583, + made an experiment with it before Charles V. They descended + in it with a lighted candle to a great depth. + </p> + <p> + The Odyssey was written upon the skin of a serpent. + </p> + <p> + Formerly pennies were marked with a double cross and crease, + so that it might easily be broken into two or four parts. + </p> + <h4> + HALBERT H. + </h4> + <hr class="full" /> + <h2> + THE SKETCH-BOOK + </h2> + <hr /> + <h3> + SKETCH OF THE BATTLE OF ALGIERS. + </h3> + <center> + <i>By an officer engaged.</i> + </center> + <p> + The Leander, fitted for the flag of Rear-Admiral Milne, was + at Spithead, in June, 1816, when Lord Exmouth arrived with a + squadron from the Mediterranean, where a dispute had arisen + between the Dey of Algiers and his lordship, in consequence + of a massacre that took place at Bona, on the persons of + foreigners, then under the protection of the British flag. + </p> + <p> + When the particulars were made known to government, Lord + Exmouth was ordered to return to Algiers, and to demand, in + the name of the Prince Regent, instant reparation for the + insult offered to England. The squadron being still on the + war establishment, the crews were discharged, and another + expedition was ordered to be equipped with all possible + dispatch. The Leander instantly offered her services, and she + soon had the satisfaction to hear, that they were graciously + accepted, and never was greater joy expressed throughout her + crew, than when her Captain (Chetham) announced the + determination of the Admiralty, that she was to complete to + the war complement; an extra lieutenant (Monk) was appointed, + a rendezvous for volunteers opened on the Point at + Portsmouth, and in ten days she was ready for sea, with 480 + men on board. + </p> + <p> + The flag of Rear-Admiral Milne was hoisted, and the Leander + sailed for Plymouth, where she anchored in two days, and + joined part of the squadron intended for the same service: + the Queen Charlotte, bearing the flag of Lord Exmouth, soon + appeared, and on the 29th of July, the expedition sailed from + England with a fine easterly breeze. + </p> + <p> + The expedition arrived at Gibraltar in eleven days, when it + was joined by a Dutch squadron of five frigates and a + corvette, under the command of Vice-Admiral Von Capellan; + five gun-boats were fitted out and manned by the ships of the + line, and two transports were hired to attend with + ammunition, &c. All lumber and bulkheads, were landed at + the dock-yard; the ships were completed with water, and in + all points ready for sea by the 13th of August. The + Rear-Admiral shifted his flag into the Impregnable, and on + the 14th the combined expedition sailed for Algiers. The + Leander was ordered to take a transport in tow, and keep on + the Admiral's weather-beam, and the Dutchmen kept to windward + of all. We were met by an easterly wind two days after + leaving Gibraltar, and on the third day we were joined by the + Prometheus, from Algiers, whither she had been dispatched to + bring away the British Consul; the Dey, however, was apprized + of the expedition and detained him, as well as two boats' + crews of the Prometheus, but the Consul's wife and daughter + escaped, and got safely on board. + </p> + <p> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page445" name="page445"></a>[pg + 445]</span> The foul wind prevented the squadron making much + way, but the time was employed to advantage in constant + exercise at the guns, and the men were brought as near to + perfection as they could be; in handling them each man knew + his own duty, as well as that of the captain of the gun, + fireman, boarder, powder-man, rammer, &c. Each took his + turn to the several duties, and continued changing up to the + 27th. + </p> + <p> + The coast of Africa was seen on Monday, and as the day dawned + on Tuesday, the 27th, Algiers appeared about ten miles off. + The morning was beautifully fine, with a haze which foretold + the coming heat: as the morning advanced, the breeze failed + us, but at nine o'clock we had neared the town to within + about five miles; the long line of batteries were distinctly + seen, with the red flag flying in all directions, and the + masts of the shipping showed above the walls of the mole. The + Severn, with a flag of truce flying, was detached with the + terms of the Prince Regent, and this was a most anxious + period, for we were in the dark as to the feelings of the + Dey, whether the offered terms were such as he could + consistently accept, or that left him no alternative but + resistance. During this state of suspense, our people were, + as usual, exercised at the guns, the boats hoisted out, and + prepared for service by signal, and at noon we were ready for + action. + </p> + <p> + The ship's company were piped to dinner, and at one o'clock + the captain and officers sat down to theirs in the gun-room, + the principal dish of which was a substantial sea pie; wine + was pledged in a bumper to a successful attack, and a general + expression of hope for an unsuccessful negotiation. At this + time, the officer of the watch reported to the captain, that + the admiral had made the general telegraph "Are you ready?" + Chetham immediately directed that our answer "ready" should + be shown, and at the same moment the like signal was flying + at the mastheads of the entire squadron. The mess now broke + up, each individual of it quietly making arrangements with + the other in the event of accident, and we had scarcely + reached the deck, when the signal "to bear up" was out, the + commander in-chief leading the way, with a fine, steady + breeze blowing on the land. We ran in on the admiral's + larboard-beam, keeping within two cables' length of him; the + long guns were loaded with round and grape, the carronades + with grape only; our sail was reduced to the topsails, and + topgallant sails, the main-sail furled, and the boats dropped + astern in tow. The ships were now steering to their appointed + stations, and the gun-boats showing their eagerness, by a + crowd of sail, to get alongside the batteries. As we drew + towards the shore, the Algerines were observed loading their + guns, and a vast number of spectators were assembled on the + beach, idly gazing at the approach of the squadron, seemingly + quite unconscious of what was about to happen. Far different + were appearances at the mouth of the mole as it opened; the + row-boats, fully manned, were lying on their oars, quite + prepared for the attack, and we fully expected they would + attempt to board, should an opportunity offer; each boat had + a flag hanging over the stern. A frigate was moored across + the mouth of the mole, and a small brig was at anchor outside + of her. + </p> + <p> + At fifteen minutes before three P.M. the Queen Charlotte came + to an anchor by the stern, at the distance of sixty yards + from the beach, and, as was ascertained by measurement, + ninety yards from the muzzles of the guns of the mole + batteries, unmolested, and with all the quietude of a + friendly harbour; her flag flew at the main, and the colours + at the peak; her starboard broadside flanked the whole range + of batteries from the mole head to the lighthouse; her + topsail yards (as were those of the squadron,) remained + aloft, to be secure from fire, and the sails brought snugly + to the yards by head-lines previously fitted; the topgallant + sails and small sails only were furled, so that we had no man + unnecessarily exposed aloft. + </p> + <p> + The Leander, following the motions of the admiral, was + brought up with two anchors by the stern, let go on his + larboard beam, veered away, until she obtained a position + nearly a-head of him, then let go an anchor under foot, open + by this to a battery on the starboard side at the bottom of + the mole, and to the Fish-market battery on the larboard + side. At this moment Lord Exmouth was seen waving his hat on + the poop to the idlers on the beach to get out of the way, + then a loud cheer was heard, and the whole of the Queen + Charlotte's tremendous broadside was thrown into the + batteries abreast of her; this measure was promptly taken, as + the smoke of a gun was observed to issue from some part of + the enemy's works, so that the sound of the British guns was + heard almost in the same instant with that to which the smoke + belonged. The cheers of the Queen Charlotte were loudly + echoed by those of the Leander, and the contents of her + starboard broadside as quickly followed, carrying destruction + into the groups of row-boats; as the smoke opened, the + fragments of <span class="pagenum"><a id="page446" + name="page446"></a>[pg 446]</span> boats were seen floating, + their crews swimming and scrambling, as many as escaped the + shot, to the shore; another broadside annihilated them. The + enemy was not slack in returning this warm salute, for almost + before the shot escaped from <i>our</i> guns, a man standing + on the forecastle bits, hauling on the topsail buntlines, + received a musket bullet in his left arm, which broke the + bone, and commenced the labours in the cockpit. The action + became general as soon as the ships had occupied their + positions, and we were engaged with the batteries on either + side; so close were we, that the enemy were distinctly seen + loading their guns above us. After a few broadsides, we + brought our starboard broadside to bear on the Fish-market, + and our larboard side then looked to seaward. The + rocket-boats were now throwing rockets over our ships into + the mole, the effects of which, were occasionally seen on the + shipping on our larboard bow. The Dutch flag was to be seen + flying at the fore of the Dutch Admiral, who, with his + squadron, were engaging the batteries to the eastward of the + mole. The fresh breeze which brought us in was gradually + driven away by the cannonade, and the smoke of our guns so + hung about us, that we were obliged to wait until it cleared; + for the men took deliberate and certain aims, training their + guns until they were fully satisfied of their precision. But + our enemies gave us no reason to suppose that they were idle; + so great was the havoc which they made amongst us, that the + surgeon in his report stated, that sixty-five men were + brought to him wounded after the first and second broadsides. + </p> + <p> + About four o'clock, a boat, with an officer, came with orders + from the admiral to cease firing, as an attempt to destroy + the Algerine frigates was about to be made. Accordingly three + boats pushed into the mole, running the gantlet in gallant + style; they boarded the outermost frigate, which was found + deserted by her crew; and in a few minutes she was in a + blaze; in doing this the boats' crews suffered severely. The + smoke of our last broadside had scarcely left us, when the + Algerines renewed their fire of musketry upon our decks, + fortunately the men were lying down by the guns, and the + officers alone were marks for them, but one midshipman was + their only victim at this time. The masts began to suffer in + all parts, splinters were falling from them, and shreds of + canvass from the sails came down upon us in great quantities; + traces, bowlines, and other running gear, suffered equally; + the shrouds, fore and aft, got cut up so quickly, that the + rigging men attempted in vain to knot them, and were at last + forced to leave the rigging to its fate. + </p> + <p> + When the boats returned, we recommenced our fire with renewed + vigour; occasionally a flag-staff was knocked down, a fact + which was always announced with a cheer, each captain of a + gun believing himself to be the faithful marksman. The + Algerine squadron now began, as it were, to follow the + motions of the outer frigate; the rockets had taken effect, + and they all burned merrily together. A hot shot, about this + time, struck a powder-box, on which was sitting the + powder-boy, he, poor fellow, was blown up, and another near + him was dreadfully scorched. + </p> + <p> + Through the intervals of smoke, the sad devastation in the + enemy's works was made visible; the whole of the mole head, + near the Queen Charlotte, was a ruin, and the guns were + consequently silenced; but we were not so fortunate with the + Fish-market; the guns there still annoyed us, and ours seemed + to make no impression. A battery in the upper angle of the + town was also untouched, and we were so much under it, that + the shot actually came through our decks, without touching + the bulwarks, and we could not elevate our guns sufficiently + to check them. + </p> + <p> + As the sun was setting behind the town, the whole of the + shipping in the mole were in flames; their cables burned + through, left them at the mercy of every breeze: the + outermost frigate threatened the Queen Charlotte with a + similar fate, but a breeze sent her clear on towards the + Leander; a most intense heat came from her, and we expected + every moment to be in contact; the flames were burning with + great power at the mast heads, and the loose fire was flying + about in such a way that there seemed little chance of our + escaping, but we checked her progress towards us, by firing + into her, and in the act of hauling out, we were rejoiced to + see a welcome sea-breeze alter the direction of the flames + aloft, the same breeze soon reached her hull, and we had the + satisfaction in a few minutes to see her touch the shore to + which she belonged. + </p> + <p> + The guns were now so much heated by the incessant fire kept + up, that we were forced to reduce the cartridges nearly + one-half, as well as to wait their cooling before reloading; + the men, too, were so reduced at some guns, that they + required the assistance of the others to work them; the + aftermost gun on the gangway had only two men left untouched, + Between seven and eight o'clock, the fire of the + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page447" name="page447"></a>[pg + 447]</span> enemy's guns had sensibly diminished, and their + people were running in crowds from the demolished works to + the great gate of the city; they were distinctly seen in all + their movements by the light of their burning navy and + arsenal. The battery in the upper angle of the town, which, + was too high to fire upon, kept up a galling fire, and + another further to the eastward was still at work. To bring + our broadside to bear upon it, a hawser was run out to the + Severn, on our larboard bow, the ship was swung to the proper + bearing, and we soon checked them. At 45 minutes past nine, + the squadron began to haul out, some making sail, and taking + advantage of a light air off the land, while others were + towing and warping: the only sail which we had fit to set, + was the main-topmast staysail, and this was of too stout + canvass to feel the breeze; the boats of our own ship were + unable to move her, after a kedge anchor, which was run out + to the length of the stream-cable, had come home; thus we + were left, dependant either on a breeze or the assistance of + the squadron. An officer was sent to tell the admiral our + situation, but the boat was sunk from under the crew, who + were picked up by another; a second boat was more successful, + and the admiral ordered all the boats he could collect to our + assistance. At this time the Severn, near us, had caught the + breeze, and was moving steadily out; a hawser was made fast + to her mizen-chains secured to its bare end, which had just + sufficient length to reach the painter of the headmost boat, + towing; by this means the Leander's head was checked round, + and we had again the gratification to see her following the + others of the squadron. The small portion of our sails were + set to assist our progress; but without the help of the + Severn there we should have remained; our mizen-topmast fell + into the maintop, shot through. When the Algerines saw us + retiring they returned to the guns which they had previously + abandoned, and again commenced a fire on the boats, which + made the water literally in a foam; this fire was returned by + our quarter guns, but with very little effect. As we left the + land, the breeze increased; the Severn cast off her tow, and + our boats returned on board: at 25 minutes past eleven we + fired our last gun, and the cannonade was succeeded by a + storm of thunder and lightning. At midnight we anchored + within three miles of the scene of action; the report of a + gun on shore was still heard at intervals, but all was soon + quiet, except the shipping in the mole, which continued to + burn, keeping all around brilliantly illuminated. We now + attempted to furl sails, but the men were so thoroughly + stiffened by the short period of inaction since the firing + had ceased, that they stuck almost powerless to the yards; + after great exertion, the gaskets were somehow passed round + the yards, and the labours of the day ended; grog was served + out, and the hammocks piped down, but few had the inclination + to hang them up. + </p> + <p> + Soon after daylight we mustered at quarters, and found that + 16 officers and men were killed, and 120 wounded; the three + lower masts badly wounded, every spar wounded, except the + spanker-boom; the shrouds cut in all parts, leaving the masts + unsupported, which would have fallen had there been the least + motion; the running gear entirely cut to pieces; the boats + <i>all</i> shot through; the bulwarks riddled with grape and + musketry; 96 round-shot in the starboard side, some of them + between wind and water; the guns were all uninjured to any + extent, and remained, the only part of the Leander, + efficient. + </p> + <p> + The ship's company were again at work, clearing decks, + unbending sails, and making every preparation to renew the + action; but at noon we had the satisfaction to hear that the + Dey had accepted the terms which were offered him the day + before; at the same time that this information was conveyed + to the squadron, a general order was issued to offer up + "public thanksgiving to Almighty God for the signal victory + obtained by the arms of England."—<i>United Service + Journal</i>. + </p> + <hr class="full" /> + <h2> + THE GATHERER. + </h2> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + "A snapper-up of unconsidered trifles." + </p> + <p> + SHAKSPEARE. + </p> + </div> + </div> + <hr /> + <h3> + THE RANZ DES VACHES. + </h3> + <p> + The Kurieholen, or Ranz des Vaches, the celebrated national + air of the Swiss, does not consist in articulated sounds, nor + is it accompanied by words; but is a simple melody formed by + a kind of guttural intonation very closely resembling the + tones of a flute. Two of these voices at a short distance + produce the most pleasing effect, the echoes of the + surrounding rocks reverberating the music till it seems like + enchantment; but sometimes the illusion is dissipated by the + appearance of the singers, in the persons of two old women, + returning from their labour in a neighbouring valley. + </p> + <h4> + INA. + </h4> + <hr /> + <h3> + NAPOLEON. + </h3> + <p> + During a tour through France shortly before Bonaparte's + accession to the throne <span class="pagenum"><a id="page448" + name="page448"></a>[pg 448]</span> he received the addresses + of the Priests and Prefects, who vied with each other in the + grossness and impiety of their adulation. The Prefect of the + Pas de Calais seems to have borne away the palm from all his + brethren. On Napoleon's entrance into his department, he + addressed him in the following manner:—"Tranquil with + respect to our fate, we know that to ensure the happiness and + glory of France, to render to all people the freedom of + commerce and the seas, to humble the audacious destroyers of + the repose of the universe, and to fix, at length, peace upon + the earth, God created Bonaparte, and rested from his + labour!" + </p> + <h4> + INA. + </h4> + <hr /> + <h3> + APOSTLES. + </h3> + <p> + In the diplomatic language of Charles I.'s time, were + marginal notes, generally in the king's hand, written on the + margin of state papers. The word, in somewhat a similar + sense, had its origin in the canon law. There are many + instances of apostles by Charles I. in Archbishop Laud's + Diary + </p> + <h4> + JAMES SILVESTER. + </h4> + <hr /> + <p> + When Voltaire was at Berlin, he wrote this epigram on his + patron and host the king of Prussia:— + </p> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + "King, author, philosopher, hero, musician, + </p> + <p> + Freemason, economist, bard, politician, + </p> + <p> + How had Europe rejoiced if a <i>Christian</i> he'd been, + </p> + <p> + If a man, how he then had enraptured his queen." + </p> + </div> + </div> + <p> + For this effort of wit, Voltaire was paid with thirty lashes + on his bare back, administered by the king's + sergeant-at-arms, and was compelled to sign the following + curious receipt for the same:— + </p> + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p> + "Received from the righthand of Conrad + </p> + <p> + Backoffner, thirty lashes on my bare + </p> + <p> + back, being in full for an epigram on + </p> + <p> + Frederick the Third, King of Prussia." + </p> + </div> + </div> + <p> + I say received by me, VOLTAIRE. + </p> + <p> + <i>Vive le Roi</i>! + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + The church at Gondhurst, in Kent, is a fine old building, and + remarkable for several reasons; one of which is, that + thirty-nine different parishes may be distinctly seen from + it, and in clear weather the sea, off Hastings, a distance of + twenty-seven miles and a half. + </p> + <hr /> + <h3> + SPECULATION. + </h3> + <p> + Sir William Adams, afterwards Sir William Rawson, which name + he took in consequence of some property he succeeded to by + right of his wife, was one of the victims of the South + American mining mania. He plunged deeply into speculation, + and wrote pamphlets to prove that so much gold and silver + must ultimately find its way into Europe from Mexico, that + all the existing relations of value would be utterly + destroyed. He believed what he wrote, though he failed to + demonstrate what he believed. At one period he might have + withdrawn himself from all his speculations with at least a + hundred thousand pounds in his pocket; but he fancied he had + discovered the philosopher's stone—dreamed of wealth + beyond what he could count—went on—was + beggared—and you know how and where he died. Poor + fellow! He deserved a better fate. He was a kind-hearted + creature; and if he coveted a princely fortune, I am + satisfied he would have used it like a prince. But I am + forgetting my story. Well, then, it was after he had totally + relinquished his profession as an oculist, that he might + devote his entire time and attention to the Mexican mining + affairs, that a gentleman, ignorant of the circumstance, + called upon him one morning to consult him. Sir William + looked at him for a moment, and then exclaimed, in the words + of Macbeth, addressing Banquo's ghost, "Avaunt—there is + <i>no speculation</i> in those eyes!" + </p> + <p> + <i>Monthly Magazine.</i> + </p> + <hr /> + <p> + THE SUPPLEMENT to Vol. xiii. containing <i>Title, Preface, + Index, &c. with a fine Steel-plate</i> PORTRAIT <i>of the + late</i> SIR HUMPHRY DAVY, Bart. <i>and a copious Memoir of + his Life and Discoveries—will be published with the + next Number.</i> + </p> + <hr /> + <h4> + <i>LIMBIRD'S EDITIONS.</i> + </h4> + <p> + CHEAP and POPULAR WORKS published at the MIRROR OFFICE in the + Strand, near Somerset House. + </p> + <p> + The ARABIAN NIGHTS' ENTERTAINMENTS, Embellished with nearly + 150 Engravings. Price 6s. 6d. boards. + </p> + <p> + The TALES of the GENII. Price 2s. + </p> + <p> + The MICROCOSM. By the Right Hon. G. CANNING. &c. Price + 2s. + </p> + <p> + PLUTARCH'S LIVES, with Fifty Portraits, 2 vols. price 13s. + boards. + </p> + <p> + COWPER'S POEMS, with 12 Engravings, price 3s. 6d. boards. + </p> + <p> + COOK'S VOYAGES, 2 vols. price 8s. boards. + </p> + <p> + The CABINET of CURIOSITIES: or, WONDERS of the WORLD + DISPLAYED. Price 5s. boards. + </p> + <p> + BEAUTIES of SCOTT. 2 vols. price 7s. boards. + </p> + <p> + The ARCANA of SCIENCE for 1828. Price 4s. 6d. + </p> + <p> + Any of the above Works can be purchased in Parts. + </p> + <p> + GOLDSMITH'S ESSAYS. Price 8d. + </p> + <p> + DR. FRANKLIN'S ESSAYS. Price 1s. 2d. + </p> + <p> + BACON'S ESSAYS Price 8d. + </p> + <p> + SALMAGUNDI. Price 1s. 8d. + </p> + <hr class="full" /> + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a> <b>Footnote 1</b>: + <a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a> + <p> + The reader, who is interested in this subject, will find in + Mr. Richards's treatise a candid description of the ill + effects of drunkenness, explained with a view to admonish, + rather than to censure the sufferer. + </p> + </blockquote> + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a> <b>Footnote 2</b>: + <a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a> + <p> + It commences from Henri de Ferrer, Lord of Tetbury, a + Norman who came over with William the Conqueror. + </p> + </blockquote> + <hr class="full" /> + <p> + <i>Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near + Somerset House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New + Market, Leipsic; and by all Newsmen and Booksellers</i>. + </p> + <hr class="full" /> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 13, ISSUE 377, JUNE 27, 1829***</p> +<p>******* This file should be named 11361-h.txt or 11361-h.zip *******</p> +<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> +<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/3/6/11361">https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/3/6/11361</a></p> +<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed.</p> + +<p>Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution.</p> + + + +<pre> +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +<a href="https://gutenberg.org/license">https://gutenberg.org/license)</a>. + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS,' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + +Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's +eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII, +compressed (zipped), HTML and others. + +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks replace the old file and take over +the old filename and etext number. The replaced older file is renamed. +VERSIONS based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving +new filenames and etext numbers. + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + +<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">https://www.gutenberg.org</a> + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + +EBooks posted prior to November 2003, with eBook numbers BELOW #10000, +are filed in directories based on their release date. If you want to +download any of these eBooks directly, rather than using the regular +search system you may utilize the following addresses and just +download by the etext year. + +<a href="http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/etext06">http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/etext06</a> + + (Or /etext 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99, + 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90) + +EBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are +filed in a different way. The year of a release date is no longer part +of the directory path. The path is based on the etext number (which is +identical to the filename). The path to the file is made up of single +digits corresponding to all but the last digit in the filename. For +example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at: + +https://www.gutenberg.org/1/0/2/3/10234 + +or filename 24689 would be found at: +https://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/6/8/24689 + +An alternative method of locating eBooks: +<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/GUTINDEX.ALL">https://www.gutenberg.org/GUTINDEX.ALL</a> + +*** END: FULL LICENSE *** +</pre> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/old/11361-h/images/377-1.png b/old/11361-h/images/377-1.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..248e889 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/11361-h/images/377-1.png diff --git a/old/11361-h/images/377-2.png b/old/11361-h/images/377-2.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..cb77c73 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/11361-h/images/377-2.png diff --git a/old/11361.txt b/old/11361.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5ded57c --- /dev/null +++ b/old/11361.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1957 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and +Instruction, Vol. 13, Issue 377, June 27, 1829, by Various + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 13, +Issue 377, June 27, 1829 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: February 28, 2004 [eBook #11361] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: US-ASCII + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, +AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 13, ISSUE 377, JUNE 27, 1829*** + + +E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Allen Siddle, David Garcia, and the +Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team + + + +Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this + file which includes the original illustrations. + See 11361-h.htm or 11361-h.zip: + (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/3/6/11361/11361-h/11361-h.htm) + or + (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/3/6/11361/11361-h.zip) + + + + + +THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION. + +VOL. 13, NO. 377.] SATURDAY, JUNE 27, 1829. [PRICE 2d. + + + + * * * * * + + + + +Loch Goil Head + + +[Illustration: Loch Goil Head] + + +AND RESIDENCE OF CAMPBELL, THE POET. + + +The Engraving represents Loch Goil Head, a small village in Argyleshire, +as it name imports, at the end of Loch Goil. It is an exquisite vignette, +of Alpine sublimity, and is rendered extremely interesting as the +residence of Thomas Campbell, Esq. author of the "Pleasures of Hope," &c. +and one of the most celebrated of British poets. His _chateau_, or +retreat, is represented on the left of the Engraving, and its romantic +position has probably inspired many of the soul-stirring compositions of +the illustrious resident. + +In this parish are the remains of Carrick Castle, which is said to have +been built by the Danes. It stands on a rock, and was formerly surrounded +by a ditch filled by the sea. The whole county in which Loch Goil is +situate, is indeed a region of romantic beauty and mountain wild; of the +last, Ben Cruchan is a sublime specimen, rising 3,300 feet above the +level of the sea. At Inverary, the splendid castle of the Duke of Argyle +rears in all the pride of art amidst the more lasting sublimities of +nature; and in the same vicinity is Loch Lomond, whose limpid streams +bathe the foot of Ben Lomond, where the tourist is fascinated with one of +the most glorious scenes in nature. The valley of Glencoe, too, is not +far distant, with all its opposite associations of massacre and maurauder, +by its severe and desert aspect, recalling to the traveller's mind the +most elevated defiles of the Alps, and whose massive heaps of rocks +covered with shaggy turf are the only charms to gladden the eye. At +Ardinglass, a few miles from Loch Goil, begins the country of _the +Campbells_, storied and consecrated with some of the most brilliant +epochs of Scottish lore. + +The steam-boat on the lake is an attractive object in such a district as +Loch Goil--by associating one of the boasted triumphs of art with the +stupendous grandeur of the sublime. + + * * * * * + + +HILLAH ON THE EUPHRATES. + + +The town of Hillah lies in latitude 32 deg. 31 min. 18 sec.; in longitude +12 min. 36 sec. west of Bagdad, and according to Turkish authorities, was +built in the fifth century of the Hegira, in the district of the +Euphrates, which the Arabs call El-Ared-Babel. Lying on a part of the +site of Babylon, nothing was more likely than that it should be built out +of a few of the fragments of that great city. The town is pleasantly +situated amidst gardens and groves of date trees; and spreads itself on +both sides of the river, where it is connected by a miserable wooden +bridge, the timbers of which are so rotten, that they tremble under the +foot of the passenger. The portion of the town, or as it is usually +called, the suburb, on the eastern bank, consists of one principal street +or bazaar, reaching from the small defenceless gate by which it is +entered from Bagdad, down to the edge of the water; this is deemed the +least considerable part of Hillah. On the other side, the inhabitants, +Jews, Turks, and Arabs, are much thicker, and the streets and bazaars +more numerous. + +From the great central bazaar, well filled with merchandize, branch off +in various directions minor ranges, amongst which are found the fish and +flesh markets. In the former are several varieties, and some of enormous +size, resembling the barbel. The fish in question is from 4 to 5 feet +long, and is covered with very large, thick scales. The head is about +one-third part of the length of the fish. They are said to eat coarse and +dry, but are, nevertheless, a favourite food with the inhabitants; and +are caught in great quantities near the town, and to a considerable +distance above it. The flesh market is sparingly served with meat, for +when Sir Robert Ker Porter visited the town, he states that the whole +contents of the market appeared to be no more than the dismembered +carcasses of two sheep, two goats, and the red, rough filaments of a +buffalo. This display was but scant provision for a population of 7,000. +The streets are narrow like those of Bagdad; a necessary evil in Eastern +climates, to exclude the power of the sun; but they are even more noisome +and filthy. In like manner also, they are crowded, but not with so many +persons in gay attire. Here are to be seen groups of dark, grim-looking, +half-naked Arabs, sitting idly on the sides of the streets, and so +numerously, as scarcely to leave room for a single horse to pass; and +even a cavalcade in line will not alarm them, so indifferent are they, +even when travellers are compelled, at some abrupt turn, almost to ride +over them. A few sombre garbed Israelites, and occasionally the Turks, +attendant on official duties of the Pashalic in this part of the +government, also mingle in the passing or seated crowd; when the solemn, +saturnine air of the latter, with their flowing, gaudy apparel, forms a +striking contrast to the daring, dirty, independent air of the almost +ungarmented, swarthy Arab. + +A few paces above the bridge, stands the palace of the governor, and the +citadel, which was built by order of Ali Pasha. This imposing fortress, +externally, is a handsome, smooth-faced, demi-fortified specimen of +modern Turkish architecture, erected with ancient materials. Within is a +spacious court, partly shaded with date trees. The whole of the town +towards the desert is defended by a pretty deep ditch, overlooked by a +proportionate number of brick-built towers (all the spoil of Babylon) +flanking the intermediate compartments of wall. In this rampart are three +gates. + +As far as the eye can reach, both up and down the river, the banks are +thickly shaded with groves of dates, displacing, it should seem, the +other species of trees, from which Isaiah names this scene "the Brook or +Valley of Willows," although the humble races of that graceful tribe, in +the osier, &c. are yet the prolific offspring of its shores. + +G.L.S. + + * * * * * + + +CURIOUS EXTRACTS FROM CURIOUS AUTHORS, FOR CURIOUS READERS. + +(_For the Mirror_.) + + +Hollingshed, who was contemporary with Queen Elizabeth, informs us, +"there were very few chimneys (in England in his time) even in the capital +towns; the fire was laid to the wall, and the smoke issued out at the +roof, or door, or window. The houses were wattled, and plastered over +with clay, and all the furniture and utensils were of wood. The people +slept on straw pallets, with a log of wood for a pillow." + +Cambrensis, Bishop of St. David's, says, "It was the common vice of the +English, from their first settlement in Britain, to expose their children +and relations to sale;" and it also appears, "that the wife of Earl +Godwin, who was sister to Canute, the Danish King of England, made great +gain by the trade she made of buying up English youths and maids to sell +to Denmark." + +Lord Bacon in his Apophthegms, says, "Ethelwold, Bishop of Winchester, +in a famine, sold all the rich vessels and ornaments of the church, to +relieve the poor with bread; and said, 'There was no reason that the dead +temples of God should be sumptuously furnished, and the living temples +suffer penury.'" Ingulphus tells us, "For want of parchment to draw the +deeds upon, great estates were frequently conveyed from one family to +another, only by the ceremony of a turf and a stone, delivered before +witnesses, and without any written agreement." Andrews, in his History of +Great Britain, says, "In France, A.D. 1147, the great vassals emulated +and even surpassed the sovereign in pomp and cost of living." As an +instance of the wild liberality of the age, we are informed, that Henry +the "munificent" Count of Champagne, being applied to by a poor gentleman +for a portion to enable him to marry his two daughters: his steward +remonstrated to him, "that he had given away every thing," "thou _liest_," +said Henry, "I have _thee_ left;" so he delivered over the steward to the +petitioner, who put him into confinement until he gave him 500 livres, a +handsome sum in those days. + +Bede tells us, "Archbishop Theodore, when (in the seventh century) he +gave lectures on medicine at Canterbury, remonstrated against bleeding on +the 4th day of the moon, since at that period (he said) the light of the +planet and the tides of the ocean were on the increase." Yet Theodore was, +for his era, deeply learned. + +William of Malmsbury says, "Very highly finished works in gold and silver, +were the produce even of our darkest ages. The monks were the best +artists. A jewel, now in the museum at Oxford, undoubtedly made by +command of, and worn by Alfred the Great, is an existing witness of the +height to which the art was carried. Curious reliquaries, finely wrought +and set with precious stones, were usually styled throughout Europe, +Opera Anglica." + +Howel tells us, "In the education of their children, the Anglo-Saxons +only sought to render them dauntless and apt for the two most important +occupations of their future lives--war and the chase. It was a usual +trial of a child's courage, to place him on the sloping roof of a +building, and if, without screaming or terror, he held fast, he was +styled a _stout-herce_, or brave boy." + +Fitz-Stephen says, "Thomas a Becket lived in such splendour, that besides +having silver bits to his horses, he had such numerous guests at his +banquets, that he was obliged to have rooms covered with clean hay or +straw, in winter, and green boughs or rushes in summer, every day, lest +his guests, not finding seats at his tables, should soil their gay +clothes by sitting on the floor." He would pay five pounds (equal nearly +to fifty pounds of our money) for a single dish of eels. Once riding +through London with Henry, the King seeing a wretched, shivering beggar, +"It would be a good deed (said he) to give that poor wretch a coat." +"True, (said Becket.) and you, sir, may let him have yours." "He shall +have _yours_" said Henry, and after a heavy scuffle, in which they had +nearly dismounted each other, Becket proved the weakest, and his coat was +allotted to the astonished mendicant. + +"When William the Conqueror was crowned at Westminster, the people (says +Andrews) within the Abbey shouted, on the crown being placed on his head, +the Normans without, thought the noise a signal of revolt, and began to +set fire to houses, and massacre the populace, nor were they satisfied +that all was well until considerable mischief had been done." + +"Dr. Henry, (says Sulivan) who has made a very full collection of the +facts mentioned by ancient authors, concerning the provincial government +of Britain, supposes its annual revenue amounted to no less than two +millions sterling; a sum nearly as great as that which was derived from +Egypt, in the time of the father of Cleopatra. But this calculation is +built upon the authority of Lipsius. Nor are there perhaps any accounts +transmitted by historians, from which the point can be accurately +determined. The Britons excelled in agriculture. They exported great +quantities of corn, for supplying the armies in other parts of the empire. +They had linen and woollen manufactures; as their mines of lead and tin +were inexhaustible. And further we know, that Britain, in consequence of +her supposed resources, was sometimes reduced to such distress, by the +demands of government, as to be obliged to borrow money at an exorbitant +interest. In this trade, the best citizens of Rome were not ashamed to +engage; and, though prohibited by law, Seneca, whose philosophy, it seems, +was not incompatible with the love of money, lent the Britons at one time +above three hundred and twenty thousand pounds." + +P.T.W. + + * * * * * + + +HINTS ON DRINKING. + +_Abridged from Mr. Richards's Treatise on Nervous Disorders._ + + +Without any intention of advocating the doctrine, or of commending the +reputed practice of the Pythagoreans, ancient or modern, I must be +allowed to reprobate the abuse of fermented liquors. Although wine was +invented, and its use allowed "to make glad the heart of man," and +although a moderate and prudent indulgence in it can never excite +reprobation, or cause mischief, still the sin of drunkenness is an +extensive and a filthy evil. Not only does it demoralize, debase, and +finally destroy its unhappy victim, but it renders him incapable of +performing the ordinary duties of his station; constituting him an object +of disgust to others, and of pitiable misery to himself. It is well to +talk of the Bacchanalian orgies of talented men, and to call them +hilarity and glee. The flashes of wit "that were wont to set the table in +a roar;" the brilliancy of genius, that casts a charm even over folly and +vice; the rank and fame of the individual, no doubt, increased the +fascination of his failings; but however bright and wonderful may be the +coruscations of his talent, while under the influence of wine, his frame +is debilitated, tottering, and imbecile, when the stimulus of the +potation has subsided. + +But I do not proscribe indiscriminately all stimulus. Those whose +occupations are laborious, and who are much exposed to our variable +climate, require an absolute stimulus, over and above what they eat. +Dr. Franklin advocated a contrary doctrine, and inculcated the fact, that +a twopenny loaf was much better for a man than a quart of beer; and he +adduces the horse and other beasts of burthen as examples of the +inefficacy of the use of fermented liquors. But all this is founded upon +decidedly erroneous premises. To enable a hard-working horse to go +through his toil with spirit, he must have corn, or some other article +subject to fermentation. Now, the horse, as well as many other animals, +have stomachs very capacious, and probably adapted to the production of +this fermentation. So that corn is, in fact, a powerful fermented +stimulus to the beast. + +Let us then assume, that stimulus in a certain degree is necessary to +sustain the strength and invigorate the frame of the toiling man; and the +best proof of its good effect is the comfort and energy which it imparts +to its consumer; but if this necessary stimulus be exceeded, then it is +abused, and every mouthful in addition becomes ultimately poisonous. The +first effect which is produced is upon the internal coat of the stomach, +as we may learn from the warmth which we feel. The repetition increases +the circulation of the blood, which seems, as it were, to dance through +the veins; the pulse becomes quick and full, the eyes sparkle, and the +imagination is quickened; in short, the whole frame is excited, as is +evinced by every word, look, and action. If the affair end here, well and +good; but we will suppose that the potation goes on, and very speedily a +new effect is produced. The brain, oppressed by the load of blood thrown +up into it, and irritated through its quick sympathy with the stomach; +oppressed, also, by the powerful pulsation of the larger arteries about +the head, becomes, in a degree, paralyzed. The tongue moves with +difficulty, and loses the power of distinct articulation; the limbs +become enfeebled and unsteady; the mind is deranged, being either worked +up into fury, or reduced to ridiculous puerility, and if the stimulus be +pushed farther than this, absolute insensibility ensues. Such is a brief +view of the physical progress of a debauch; and it is needless to point +out the effect of all this mischief upon the frame which is subjected to +it.[1] + +Although we have thus seen that fermented liquors, if taken to excess, +become pernicious in their effect, we must not condemn their _use_, +because their _abuse_ is bad. Why should we act and feel as if this +bountiful world, brilliant in beauty and overflowing with blessings, was +a collection of steel traps and spring guns, set to catch the body and +shoot the soul? Is it not much better and wiser to avail ourselves of the +many blessings which Providence has placed before us, than to set +ourselves to work to detect poison in our drink, and God knows what in +our meat? It savours of learning, doubtless, to do all this; but _cui +bono_? where is the _real_ utility which it produces? Our grandfathers +and their progenitors were well convinced that a good cup of +"sherris-sack" comforted the heart, and aided digestion; and why the same +opinion should not govern us, I must leave to the dieteticians to decide. + +The moderate use of wine and of malt liquors is exceedingly grateful to +our feelings, and abundantly beneficial to our constitution; but ardent +spirits are found to be so pernicious to most constitutions, and +especially to those: of the inhabitants of crowded towns and cities, that, +excepting under peculiar circumstances, it is better to discard them +altogether. A glass or two of good wine can never do any harm; neither +can a cup of good, genuine, "humming ale." The chemists tell us that the +London ale is a horrid and narcotic compound; and so, in truth, by far +the largest portion of it is. But there are two or three honest men in +the metropolis, who sell genuine Kennet, Nottingham, and Scotch ales, +from whom it is very easy to procure it quite pure. If, however, malt +liquor does not agree with the stomach, or what is the same thing, is +_supposed_ not to agree, it is a very easy matter to substitute wine for +it. + +A word or two, here, with regard to _genuine_ ale. Half of what is sold +under the name of Scotch, Kennet, &c. is manufactured at Bromley, or +elsewhere, according to prescriptions adapted to the peculiarities of +each kind. This, perhaps, is nothing very enormous; but the publicans +"_doctor_" their beer, after it has left the brewhouse, in a manner that +calls loudly for reprehension. Salt of tartar, carbonate of soda, oil of +vitriol, and green copperas (sulphate of iron) are some of the articles +in common use; and knowing this to be the case, it is really a matter of +importance to know where good, pure beer is to be obtained. The best +Kennet ale is to be had at Sherwood's, in Vine Street, Piccadilly, or at +Chapman's, in Wardour Street; both these dealers have it direct from +Butler's, at Kennet, and a very superior article it is. Nottingham ale +may be procured in casks at Sansom's, in Dean Street, Red Lion Square; +and the best Scotch ale in London, whether in draught or bottle, is at +Normington's, in Warren Street, Fitzroy Square. + + +[1] The reader, who is interested in this subject, will find in Mr. + Richards's treatise a candid description of the ill effects of + drunkenness, explained with a view to admonish, rather than to + censure the sufferer. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE SELECTOR AND LITERARY NOTICES OF NEW WORKS + + * * * * * + +VIDOCQ + + +[In our vol. xii. we gave a few extracts from vol. i. of the _Memoirs of +Vidocq_, the principal agent of the French Police, until 1827; which +extracts we have reason to know were received with high _gout_ by most of +our readers. The second and third volumes of these extraordinary +adventures have just appeared, and contain higher-coloured depravities +than their predecessors. Some of them, indeed, might have been spared; +but as a graphic illustration of the petty thievery of Paris, the +following extract bears great merit:--] + +I do not think that amongst the readers of these Memoirs one will be +found who, even by chance, has set foot at Guillotin's. + +"Eh! what?" some one will exclaim, "Guillotin!" + + Ce savant medecin + Que l'amour du prochain + Fit mourir de chagrin. + + +"You are mistaken; we all know the celebrated doctor, who ----;" but the +Guillotin of whom I am speaking is an unsophisticated adulterer of wines, +whose establishment, well known to the most degraded classes of robbers, +is situate opposite to the Cloaque Desnoyers, which the raff of the +Barriere call the drawing-room of la Courtille. A workman may be honest +to a certain extent, and venture in, _en passant_, to papa Desnoyers's. +If he be _awake_, and keep his eye on the company, although a row should +commence, he may, by the aid of the gendarmes, escape with only a few +blows, and pay no one's scot but his own. At Guillotin's he will not come +off so well, particularly if his _toggery_ be over spruce, and his +_pouch_ has _chink_ in it. + +Picture to yourself, reader, a square room of considerable magnitude, the +walls of which, once white, have been blackened by every species of +exhalation. Such is, in all its simple modesty, the aspect of a temple +consecrated to the worship of Bacchus and Terpsichore. At first, by a +very natural optical illusion, we are struck by the confined space before +us, but the eye, after a time, piercing through the thick atmosphere of a +thousand vapours which are most inodorous, the extent becomes visible by +details which escape in the first chaotic glimpse. It is the moment of +creation, all is bright, the fog disappears, becomes peopled, is animated, +forms appear, they move, they are agitated, they are no illusory shadows; +but, on the contrary, essentially material, which cross and recross at +every moment. What beatitudes! what joyous life! Never, even for the +Epicureans, were so many felicities assembled together. Those who like to +wallow in filth, can find it here to their heart's content; many seated +at tables, on which, without ever being wiped away, are renewed a hundred +times a day the most disgusting libations, close in a square space +reserved for what they call the dancers. At the further end of this +infected cave there is, supported by four worm-eaten pillars, a sort of +alcove, constructed from broken-up ship timber, which is graced by the +appearance of two or three rags of old tapestry. It is on this chicken +coop that the music is perched: two clarinets, a hurdy-gurdy, a cracked +trumpet, and a grumbling bassoon--five instruments whose harmonious +movements are regulated by the crutch of Monsieur Double-Croche, a lame +dwarf, who is called the leader of the orchestra. Here all is in +harmony--the faces, costumes, the food that is prepared; a general +appearance is scouted. There is no closet in which walking-sticks, +umbrellas, and cloaks are deposited; the women have their hair all in +confusion like a poodle dog, and the kerchief perched on the top of the +head, or in a knot tied in front with the corners in a rosette, or if you +prefer it, a cockade, which threatens the eye in the same manner as those +of the country mules. As for the men, it is a waistcoat with a cap and +falling collar, if they have a shirt, which is the regulated costume; +breeches are not insisted on; the supreme bon ton would be an +artilleryman's cap, the frock of an hussar, the pantaloon of a lancer, +the boots of a guardsman, in fact the cast-off attire of three or four +regiments, or the wardrobe of a field of battle. The ladies adore the +cavalry, and have a decided taste for the dress of the whole army; but +nothing so much pleases them as mustachios, and a broad red cap adorned +with leather of the same colour. + +In this assembly, a beaver hat, unless napless and brimless, would be +very rare; no one ever remembers to have seen a coat there, and should +any one dare to present himself in a great coat, unless _a family man_, +he would be sure to depart skirtless, or only in his waistcoat. In vain +would he ask pardon for those flaps which had offended the eyes of the +noble assembly; too happy would he be if, after having been bandied and +knocked about with the utmost unanimity as a greenhorn, only one skirt +should be left in the hands of these youthful beauties, who, in the +fervour of gaiety, rather roar out than sing. + +Desnoyers's is the Cadran bleu de la Canaille, (the resort of the lower +orders;) but before stepping over the threshold of the cabaret of +Guillotin, even the canaille themselves look twice, as in this repository +are only to be seen prostitutes with their bullies, pick-pockets and +thieves of all classes, some _prigs_ of the lowest grade, and many of +those nocturnal marauders who divide their existence into two parts, +consecrating it to the duties of theft and riot. It may be supposed that +slang is the only language of this delightful society: it is generally in +French, but so perverted from its primitive signification, that there is +not a member of the distinguished "company of forty" who can flatter +himself with a full knowledge of it, and yet the "dons of Guillotin's" +have their purists; those who assert that slang took its rise in the East, +and without thinking for a moment of disputing their talent as +Orientalists, they take that title to themselves without any ceremony; as +also that of Argonauts, when they have completed their studies under the +direction of the galley sergeants, in working, in the port of Toulon, the +dormant navigation on board a vessel in dock. If notes were pleasing to +me, I could here seize the opportunity of making some very learned +remarks. I should, perhaps, go into a profound disquisition, but I am +about to paint the paradise of these bacchanalians; the colours are +prepared--let us finish the picture. + +If they drink at Guillotin's they eat also, and the mysteries of the +kitchen of this place of delights are well worthy of being known. The +little father Guillotin has no butcher, but he has a purveyor; and in his +brass stewpans, the verdigris of which never poisons, the dead horse is +transformed into beef a-la-mode; the thighs of the dead dogs found in Rue +Guenegaud become legs of mutton from the salt-marshes; and the magic of a +piquant sauce gives to the _staggering bob_ (dead born veal) of the +cow-feeder the appetizing look of that of Pontoise. We are told that the +cheer in winter is excellent, when the rot prevails; and if ever (during +M. Delaveau's administration) bread were scarce in summer during the +"massacre of the innocents," mutton was to be had here at a very cheap +rate. In this country of metamorphoses the hare never had the right of +citizenship; it was compelled to yield to the rabbit, and the rabbit--how +happy the rats are! + + * * * * * + +Father Guillotin consumed generally more oil than cotton, but I can, +nevertheless, affirm, that, in my time, some banquets have been spread +at his cabaret, which, subtracting the liquids, could not have cost more +at the cafe Riche, or at Grignon's. I remember six individuals, named +Driancourt, Vilattes, Pitroux, and three others, who found means to +spend 166 francs there in one night. In fact, each of them had with him +his favourite _bella_. The citizen no doubt pretty well fleeced them, +but they did not complain, and that quarter of an hour which Rabelais +had so much difficulty in passing, caused them no trouble; they paid +like grandees, without forgetting the waiter. I apprehended them whilst +they were paying the bill, which they had not even taken the trouble of +examining. Thieves are generous when they are caught "i' the vein." +They had just committed many considerable robberies, which they are now +repenting in the bagnes of France. + +It can scarcely be believed that in the centre of civilization, there can +exist a den so hideous as the cave of Guillotin; it must be seen, as I +have seen it, to be believed. Men and women all smoked as they danced, +the pipe passed from mouth to mouth, and the most refined gallantry that +could be offered to the nymphs who came to this rendezvous, to display +their graces in the postures and attitudes of the indecent Chahut, was, +to offer them the _pruneau_, that is, the quid of tobacco, submitted or +not, according to the degree of familiarity, to the test of a previous +mastication. The peace-officers and inspectors were characters too +greatly distinguished to appear amongst such an assemblage, they kept +themselves most scrupulously aloof, to avoid so repugnant a contact; I +myself was much disgusted with it, but at the same time was persuaded, +that to discover and apprehend malefactors it would not do to wait until +they should come and throw themselves into my arms; I therefore +determined to seek them out, and that my searches might not be fruitless, +I endeavoured to find out their haunts, and then, like a fisherman who +has found a preserve, I cast my line out with a certainty of a bite. I +did not lose my time in searching for a needle in a bottle of hay, as +the saying is; when we lack water, it is useless to go to the source of a +dried-up stream and wait for a shower of rain; but to quit all metaphor, +and speak plainly--the spy who really means to ferret out the robbers, +ought, as much as possible, to dwell amongst them, that he may grasp at +every opportunity which presents itself of drawing down upon their heads +the sentence of the laws. Upon this principle I acted, and this caused my +recruits to say that I made men robbers; I certainly have, in this way, +made a vast many, particularly on my first connexion with the police. + + * * * * * + + +CONSUMPTION OF EUROPEAN MANUFACTURES. + +_From the Memoirs of General Miller_. + +_Second Edition_. + + +The aboriginal inhabitants of Peru are gradually beginning to experience +the benefit which has been conferred upon them, by the repeal of ancient +oppressive laws. In the districts that produce gold, their exertions will +be redoubled, for they now work for themselves. They can obtain this +precious metal by merely scratching the earth, and, although the +collection of each individual may be small, the aggregate quantity thus +obtained will be far from inconsiderable. As the aborigines attain +comparative wealth, they will acquire a taste for the minor comforts of +life. The consumption of European manufactures will be increased to an +incalculable degree, and the effect upon the general commerce of the +world will be sensibly perceived. It is for the first and most active +manufacturing country in Christendom to take a proper advantage of the +opening thus afforded. Already, in those countries, British manufactures +employ double the tonnage, and perhaps exceed twenty times the value, of +the importations from all other foreign nations put together. The wines +and tasteful bagatelles of France, and the flour and household furniture +of the United States, will bear no comparison in value to the cottons of +Manchester, the linens of Glasgow, the broadcloths of Leeds, or the +hardware of Birmingham. All this is proved by the great proportion of +precious metals sent to England, as compared with the remittances to +other nations. The very watches sent by Messrs. Roskell and Co. of +Liverpool, would out-balance the exports of some of the _nations_ which +trade to South America. + + * * * * * + + +SOUTH AMERICAN MANNERS. + + +Whether it be the romantic novelty of many places in South America, the +salubrity of the climate, the free unrestrained intercourse of the more +polished classes, or whether there be some undefinable charm in that +state of society which has not passed beyond a certain point of +civilization, certain it is that few foreigners have resided for any +length of time in Chile, Peru, or in the principal towns of the Pampas, +without feeling an ardent desire to revisit them. In this number might be +named several European naval officers who have served in the Pacific, and +who nave expressed these sentiments, although they move in the very +highest circles of England and France. Countries which have not reached +the utmost pitch of refinement have their peculiar attractions, as well +as the most highly polished nations; but, to the casual resident, the +former offers many advantages unattainable in Europe. The virtue of +hospitality, exiled by luxury and refinement, exhibits itself in the New +World under such noble and endearing forms as would almost tempt the +philosopher, as well as the weary traveller, to dread the approach of the +factitious civilization that would banish it. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE LABYRINTH, AT VERSAILLES. + + +[Illustration: The Labyrinth, at Versailles.] + + +This charming labyrinth is attached to _Le Petit Trianon_ at Versailles. +The palace and its gardens were formed under the reign of Louis XV., who +was there when he was attacked by the contagious disease of which he died. +Louis XVI. gave it to his queen, who took great delight in the spot, and +had the gardens laid out in the English style. The _chateau_, or palace, +is situated at one of the extremities of the park of the Grand Trianon, +and forms a pavilion, about seventy-two feet square. It consists of a +ground floor and two stories, decorated with fluted Corinthian columns +and pilasters crowned by a balustrade. The gardens are delightful: here +is a temple of love; there an artificial rock from which water rushes +into a lake; there a picturesque wooden bridge, a rural hamlet, grottoes, +cottages embowered in groves of trees, diversified with statues and +seats--and above all, the fascinating MAZE, the plan of which is +represented in the Engraving. + +Versailles, its magnificent palace and gardens, are altogether fraught +with melancholy associations. When we last saw them, the grounds and +buildings presented a sorry picture of neglect and decay. The mimic lakes +and ponds were green and slimy, the grottoes and shell-work crumbling +away, the fountains still, and the cascades dry. But the latter are +exhibited on certain days during the summer, when the gardens are +thronged with gay Parisians. The most interesting object however, is, the +orange-tree planted by Francis I. in 1421, which is in full health and +bearing: alas! we halted beside it, and thought of the wonderful +revolutions and uprootings that France had suffered since this tree was +planted. + +In _Le Petit Trianon_ and its grounds the interesting Queen Marie +Antoinette passed many happy hours of seclusion; and would that her +retreat had been confined to the _maze_ of Nature, rather than she had +been engaged in the political intrigues which exposed her to the fury of +a revolutionary mob. In the palace we were shown the chamber of Marie +Antoinette, where the ruffians stabbed through the covering of the bed, +the queen having previously escaped from this room to the king's chamber; +and, as if to keep up the folly of the splendid ruin, a gilder was +renovating the room of the ill-starred queen. + + * * * * * + + +RECENT BALLOON ASCENT. + +(_To the Editor of the Mirror_.) + + +I trust you will pardon my feeble attempt last week, and I wish you had +been in the car with us, to have witnessed the magnificent scene, and the +difficulty of describing it. At our ascent we rose, in a few seconds, 600 +feet; and instantly a flood of light and beautiful scenery burst forth. +Picture to yourself the Thames with its shipping; Greenwich with its +stately Hospital and Park; Blackwall, Blackheath, Peckham, Camberwell, +Dulwich, Norwood, St. Paul's, the Tower of London, &c. and the +surrounding country, all brought immediately into your view, all +apparently receding, and lit up into magnificence by the beams of a +brilliant evening sun, (twenty-seven minutes past seven,) and then say +who can portray or describe the scene, I say I cannot. + +P.T.W. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE NATURALIST. + + * * * * * + + +BEES. + + +The faculty, or instinct of bees is sometimes at fault, for we often hear +of their adopting the strangest and most unsuitable tenements for the +construction of cells. A hussar's cap, so suspended from a moderate sized +branch of a tree, as to be agitated by slight winds, was found filled +with bees and comb. An old coat, that had been thrown over the decayed +trunk of a tree and forgotten, was filled with comb and bees. Any thing, +in short, either near the habitations of man, or in the forests, will +serve the bees for a shelter to their combs. + +The average number of a hive, or swarm, is from fifteen to twenty +thousand bees. Nineteen thousand four hundred and ninety-nine are neuters +or working bees, five hundred are drones, and the remaining _one_ is the +queen or mother! Every living thing, from man down to an ephemeral insect, +pursues the bee to its destruction for the sake of the honey that is +deposited in its cell, or secreted in its honey-bag. To obtain that which +the bee is carrying to its hive, numerous birds and insects are on the +watch, and an incredible number of bees fall victims, in consequence, to +their enemies. Independently of this, there are the changes in the +weather, such as high winds, sudden showers, hot sunshine; and then there +is the liability to fall into rivers, besides a hundred other dangers to +which bees are exposed. + +When a queen bee ceases to animate the hive, the bees are conscious of +her loss; after searching for her through the hive, for a day or more, +they examine the royal cells, which are of a peculiar construction and +reversed in position, hanging vertically, with the mouth underneath. If +no eggs or larvae are to be found in these cells, they then _enlarge_ +several of those cells, which are appropriated to the eggs of neuters, +and in which _queen eggs have been deposited_. They soon attach a royal +cell to the enlarged surface, and the queen bee, enabled now to grow, +protrudes itself by degrees into the royal cell, and comes out perfectly +formed, to the great pleasure of the bees. + +The bee seeks only its own gratification in procuring honey and in +regulating its household, and as, according to the old proverb, what is +one man's meat is another's poison, it sometimes carries honey to its +cell, which is prejudicial to us. Dr. Barton in the fifth volume, of the +"American Philosophical Transactions," speaks of several plants that +yield a poisonous syrup, of which the bees partake without injury, but +which has been fatal to man. He has enumerated some of these plants, +which ought to be destroyed wherever they are seen, namely, dwarf-laurel, +great laurel, kalmia latifolia, broad-leaved moorwort, Pennsylvania +mountain-laurel, wild honeysuckle (the bees, cannot get much of this,) +and the stramonium or Jamestown-weed. + +A young bee can be readily distinguished from an old one, by the greyish +coloured down that covers it, and which it loses by the wear and tear of +hard labour; and if the bee be not destroyed before the season is over, +this down entirely disappears, and the groundwork of the insect is seen, +white or black. On a close examination, very few of these black or aged +bees, will be seen at the opening of the spring, as, not having the +stamina of those that are younger, they perish from inability to +encounter the vicissitudes of winter.--_American Farmer's Manual_. + + * * * * * + + +THE ELM. + +(_To the Editor of the Mirror_.) + + +I shall be obliged to any of your correspondents who can inform me from +whence came the term _witch-elm_, a name given to a species of elm tree, +to distinguish it from the common elm. Some people have conjectured that +it was a corruption of _white elm_, and so called from the silvery +whiteness of its leaves when the sun shines upon them; but this is hardly +probable, as Sir F. Bacon in his "_Silva Silvarum_, or Natural History, +in Ten Centuries," speaks of it under the name of _weech-elm_. + +H.B.A. + + * * * * * + + +CROP OF BIRDS. + + +Besides the stomach, most birds have a membranous sac, capable of +considerable distension; it is usually called a crop, (by the scientific +_Ingluvies_,) into which the food first descends after being swallowed. +This bag is very conspicuous in the granivorous tribes immediately after +eating. Its chief use seems to be to soften the food before it is +admitted into the gizzard. In _young fowls_ it becomes sometimes +preternaturally distended, while the bird pines for want of nourishment. +This is produced by something in the crop, such as straw, or other +obstructing matter, which prevents the descent of the food into the +gizzard. In such a case, a longitudinal incision may be made in the crop, +its contents removed, and, the incision being sewed up, the fowl will, in +general, do well. + +Another curious fact relative to this subject was stated by Mr. Brookes, +when lecturing on birds at the _Zoological Society_, May 1827. He had an +eagle, which was at liberty in his garden; happening to lay two dead rats, +which had been poisoned, under a pewter basin, to which the eagle could +have access, but who nevertheless did not see him place the rats under it, +he was surprised to see, some time afterwards, the crop of the bird +considerably distended; and finding the rats abstracted from beneath the +basin, he concluded that the eagle had devoured them. Fearing the +consequences, he lost no time in opening the crop, took out the rats, and +sewed up the incision; the eagle did well and is now alive. A proof this +of the acuteness of smell in the eagle, and also of the facility and +safety with which, even in grown birds, the operation of opening the crop +may be performed.--_Jennings's Ornithologia_. + + * * * * * + + +HATCHING. + + +The following singular fact was first brought into public notice by +Mr. Yarrel; and will be found in his papers in the second volume of the +_Zoological Journal_. The fact alluded to is, that there is attached to +the upper mandible of all young birds about to be hatched a _horny +appendage_, by which they are enabled more effectually to make +perforations in the shell, and contribute to their own liberation. This +sharp prominence, to use the words of Mr. Yarrel, becomes opposed to the +shell at various points, in a line extending throughout its whole +circumference, about one third below the larger end of the egg; and a +series of perforations more or less numerous are thus effected by the +increasing strength of the chick, weakening the shell in a direction +opposed to the muscular power of the bird; it is thus ultimately enabled, +by its own efforts, to break the walls of its prison. In the common fowl, +this horny appendage falls off in a day or two after the chick is hatched; +in the pigeon it sometimes remains on the beak ten or twelve days; this +arises, doubtless, from the young pigeons being fed by the parent bird +for some time after their being hatched; and thus there is no occasion +for the young using the beak for picking up its food.--_Ibid_. + + * * * * * + + +MAN.--A FRAGMENT. + + + Man is a monster, + The fool of passion and the slave of sin. + No laws can curb him when the will consents + To an unlawful deed. + +CYMBELINE. + + * * * * * + + + + +SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS + + * * * * * + + +THE CHOSEN ONE. + + + "Here's a long line of beauties--see! + Ay, and as varied as they're many-- + Say, can I guess the one would be + Your choice among them all--if any?" + + "I doubt it,--for I hold as dust + Charms many praise beyond all measure-- + While gems they treat as lightly, _must_ + Combine to form my chosen treasure." + + "Will this do?"--"No;--that hair of gold, + That brow of snow, that eye of splendour, + Cannot redeem the mien so cold, + The air so stiff, so quite _un-tender_." + + "This then?"--"Far worse! _Can_ lips like these + Thus smile as though they asked the kiss?-- + Thinks she that e'en such eyes can please, + Beaming--there is no word--like _this?_" + + "Look on that singer at the harp, + Of her you cannot speak thus--ah, no!" + --"Her! why she's _formed_ of flat and sharp-- + I doubt not she's a fine soprano!" + + "The next?"--"What, she who lowers her eyes + From sheer mock-modesty--so pert, + So doubtful-mannered?--I despise + Her, and all like her--she's a _Flirt!_ + + "And this is why my spleen's above + The power of words;--'tis that they can + Make the vile semblance be to Love + Just what the Monkey is to Man! + + "But yonder I, methinks, can trace + One _very_ different from these-- + Her features speak--her form is Grace + Completed by the touch of Ease! + + "That opening lip, that fine frank eye + Breathe Nature's own true gaiety-- + So sweet, so rare _when thus_, that I + Gaze on't with joy, nay ecstacy! + + "For when _'tis_ thus, you'll also see + That eye still richer gifts express-- + And on that lip there oft will be + A sighing smile of tenderness! + + "Yes! here a matchless spirit dwells + E'en for that lovely dwelling fit!-- + I gaze on her--my bosom swells + With feelings, thoughts,----oh! exquisite! + + "That such a being, noble, tender, + So fair, so delicate, so dear, + Would let one love her, and _befriend_ her!-- + --Ah, yes, _my_ Chosen One is here!" + +_London Magazine_. + + * * * * * + + +TRAVELLING ON THE CONTINENT. + + +The man whom we have known to be surrounded by respect and attachment at +home, whose life is honourable and useful within his proper sphere, we +have seen with his family drudging along continental roads, painfully +disputing with postilions in bad French, insulted by the menials of inns, +fretting his time and temper with the miserable creatures who inflict +their tedious ignorance under the name of guides, and only happy in +reaching any term to the journey which fashion or family entreaty have +forced upon him. We are willing, however, to regard such instances as +casual, and proving only that travelling, like other pleasures, has its +alloys; but stationary residence abroad brings with it other and more +serious evils. To the animation of a changing scene of travel, succeeds +the tedious idleness of a foreign town, with scanty resources of society, +and yet scantier of honourable or useful occupation. Here also we do but +describe what we have too frequently seen--the English gentleman, who at +home would have been improving his estates, and aiding the public +institutions of his country, abandoned to utter insignificance; his mind +and resources running waste for want of employment, or, perchance, turned +to objects to which even idleness might reasonably be preferred. We have +seen such a man loitering along his idle day in streets, promenades, or +coffee-houses; or sometimes squandering time and money at the +gambling-table, a victim because an idler. The objects of nature and art, +which originally interested him, cease altogether to do so. + +We admit many exceptions to this picture; but we, nevertheless, draw it +as one which will be familiar to all, who have been observers on the +continent. One circumstance must further be added to the outline; we mean, +the detachment from religious habits, which generally and naturally +attends such residence abroad. The means of public worship exist to our +countrymen but in few places; and there under circumstances the least +propitious to such duties. Days speedily become all alike; or if Sunday +be distinguished at all, it is but as the day of the favourite opera, or +most splendid ballet of the week. We are not puritanically severe in our +notions, and we intend no reproach to the religious or moral habits of +other nations. We simply assert, that English families removed from out +of the sphere of those proper duties, common to every people, and from +all opportunities of public worship or religious example, incur a risk +which is very serious in kind, especially to those still young and +unformed in character. + +_Quarterly Review._ + + * * * * * + + + + +RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS + + * * * * * + + +ANCIENT FARRIERY. + +(_For the Mirror_.) + + +The following curious verses are copied from an engraving which the +Farriers' Company have lately had taken from an old painting of their +pedigree, on vellum, at the George and Vulture Tavern. + + If suche may boast as by a subtile arte, + Canne without labour make excessive gayne, + And under name of Misterie imparte, + Unto the worlde the Crafie's but of their brayne. + How muche more doe their praise become men's themes + That bothe by art and labour gett their meanes. + + And of all artes that worthe or praise doeth merite, + To none the _Marshall Farrier's_ will submitt, + That bothe by Physicks, arte, force, hands, and spiritt + The Kinge and subject in peace and warre doe fitt, + Many of Tuball boast first Smythe that ever wrought, + But _Farriers_ more do, doe than Tuball ever taught. + + Three things there are that _Marshalry_ doe prove + To be a Misterie exceeding farre, + Those wilie Crafte's that many men doe love. + Is unfitt for peace and more unaptt for warre, + For Honor, Anncestrie, and for Utilitie, + _Farriers_ may boast their artes habilitie, + + For Honor, view, this anncient Pedigree[1] + Of Noble Howses, that did beare the name + Of _Farriers_, and were _Earles_; as you may see, + That used the arte and did supporte the same, + And to perpetuall honour of the Crafte, + Castells they buylt and to succession left. + + For anncestrie of tyme oh! who canne tell + The first beginning of so old a trade, + For Horses were before the Deluge fell, + And cures, and shoes, before that tyme were made, + We need not presse tyme farther then it beares, + A Company have _Farriers_ beene 300 Yeres!! + + And in this _Cittie London_ have remayned + Called by the name of _Marshall Farriers_, + Which title of Kinge Edward the Third was gaynde, + For service done unto him in his warres, + A _Maister_ and two _Wardens_ in skill expert, + The trade to rule and give men their desert. + + And for utilitie that cannot be denied, + That many are the Proffitts that arise + To all men by the _Farriers_ arte beside. + To them they are tied, by their necessities, + From the Kinge's steede unto the ploweman's cart, + All stande in neede of _Farriers_ skillfull arte. + + In peace at hande the _Farriers_ must be hadde, + For lanncing, healinge, bleedinge, and for shooeinge, + In Warres abroade of hym they wille be gladd + To cure the wounded Horsse, still he is douinge, + In peace or warre abroade, or ellse at home, + To Kinge and Countrie that some good may come. + + Loe! thus you heare the _Farriers_ endelesss praise, + God grant it last as many yeres as it hath lasted Daies. + +Anno Dni 1612. + +G.W. + + +[1] It commences from Henri de Ferrer, Lord of Tetbury, a Norman who came + over with William the Conqueror. + + * * * * * + + +CURIOUS SCRAPS. + + +We read of a beautiful table, "wherein Saturn was of copper, Jupiter of +gold, Mars of iron, and the Sun of silver, the eyes were charmed, and the +mind instructed by beholding the circles. The Zodiac and all its signs +formed with wonderful art, of metals and precious stones." + +Was not this an imperfect orrery? + +In 1283, say the annals of Dunstable, "We sold our slave by birth, +William Pike, with all his family, and received one mark from the buyer." +Men must have been cheaper than horses. + +In 1340, gunpowder and guns were first invented by Swartz, a monk of +Cologne. In 1346, Edward III. had four pieces of cannon, which +contributed to gain him the battle of Cressy. Bombs and mortars were +invented about this time. + +In 1386, the magnificent castle of Windsor was built by Edward III. and +his method of conducting the work may serve as a specimen of the +condition of the people in that age. Instead of engaging workmen by +contracts or wages, he assessed every county in England to send him a +certain number of masons, tilers, and carpenters, as if he had been +levying an army. + +In 1654, the air pump was invented by Otto Guericke, a German. + +1406, B.C. Iron first discovered by burning the woods on Mount Ida, in +Greece. + +720, B.C. The first lunar eclipse on record. + +Anaximander, the disciple of Thales, invented maps and globes; born about +610 B.C. + +894, B.C. Gold and silver money first coined at Argos, in Greece. + +274, A.D. Silk first imported from India. + +664, A.D. Glass first invented in England by O. Benalt, a monk. + +1284, A.D. The Alphonsine Astronomical Tables constructed, under the +patronage of Alphonso X. of Laon and Castile. + +1337, A.D. The first comet described with astronomical precision. + +The first diving bell we read of was a very large kettle suspended by +ropes with the mouth downwards, and planks fixed in the middle of its +concavity. Two Greeks at Toledo in 1583, made an experiment with it +before Charles V. They descended in it with a lighted candle to a great +depth. + +The Odyssey was written upon the skin of a serpent. + +Formerly pennies were marked with a double cross and crease, so that it +might easily be broken into two or four parts. + +HALBERT H. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE SKETCH-BOOK + + * * * * * + + +SKETCH OF THE BATTLE OF ALGIERS. + +_By an officer engaged._ + + +The Leander, fitted for the flag of Rear-Admiral Milne, was at Spithead, +in June, 1816, when Lord Exmouth arrived with a squadron from the +Mediterranean, where a dispute had arisen between the Dey of Algiers and +his lordship, in consequence of a massacre that took place at Bona, on +the persons of foreigners, then under the protection of the British flag. + +When the particulars were made known to government, Lord Exmouth was +ordered to return to Algiers, and to demand, in the name of the Prince +Regent, instant reparation for the insult offered to England. The +squadron being still on the war establishment, the crews were discharged, +and another expedition was ordered to be equipped with all possible +dispatch. The Leander instantly offered her services, and she soon had +the satisfaction to hear, that they were graciously accepted, and never +was greater joy expressed throughout her crew, than when her Captain +(Chetham) announced the determination of the Admiralty, that she was to +complete to the war complement; an extra lieutenant (Monk) was appointed, +a rendezvous for volunteers opened on the Point at Portsmouth, and in ten +days she was ready for sea, with 480 men on board. + +The flag of Rear-Admiral Milne was hoisted, and the Leander sailed for +Plymouth, where she anchored in two days, and joined part of the squadron +intended for the same service: the Queen Charlotte, bearing the flag of +Lord Exmouth, soon appeared, and on the 29th of July, the expedition +sailed from England with a fine easterly breeze. + +The expedition arrived at Gibraltar in eleven days, when it was joined by +a Dutch squadron of five frigates and a corvette, under the command of +Vice-Admiral Von Capellan; five gun-boats were fitted out and manned by +the ships of the line, and two transports were hired to attend with +ammunition, &c. All lumber and bulkheads, were landed at the dock-yard; +the ships were completed with water, and in all points ready for sea by +the 13th of August. The Rear-Admiral shifted his flag into the +Impregnable, and on the 14th the combined expedition sailed for Algiers. +The Leander was ordered to take a transport in tow, and keep on the +Admiral's weather-beam, and the Dutchmen kept to windward of all. We were +met by an easterly wind two days after leaving Gibraltar, and on the +third day we were joined by the Prometheus, from Algiers, whither she had +been dispatched to bring away the British Consul; the Dey, however, was +apprized of the expedition and detained him, as well as two boats' crews +of the Prometheus, but the Consul's wife and daughter escaped, and got +safely on board. + +The foul wind prevented the squadron making much way, but the +time was employed to advantage in constant exercise at the guns, and the +men were brought as near to perfection as they could be; in handling them +each man knew his own duty, as well as that of the captain of the gun, +fireman, boarder, powder-man, rammer, &c. Each took his turn to the +several duties, and continued changing up to the 27th. + +The coast of Africa was seen on Monday, and as the day dawned on Tuesday, +the 27th, Algiers appeared about ten miles off. The morning was +beautifully fine, with a haze which foretold the coming heat: as the +morning advanced, the breeze failed us, but at nine o'clock we had neared +the town to within about five miles; the long line of batteries were +distinctly seen, with the red flag flying in all directions, and the +masts of the shipping showed above the walls of the mole. The Severn, +with a flag of truce flying, was detached with the terms of the Prince +Regent, and this was a most anxious period, for we were in the dark as to +the feelings of the Dey, whether the offered terms were such as he could +consistently accept, or that left him no alternative but resistance. +During this state of suspense, our people were, as usual, exercised at +the guns, the boats hoisted out, and prepared for service by signal, and +at noon we were ready for action. + +The ship's company were piped to dinner, and at one o'clock the captain +and officers sat down to theirs in the gun-room, the principal dish of +which was a substantial sea pie; wine was pledged in a bumper to a +successful attack, and a general expression of hope for an unsuccessful +negotiation. At this time, the officer of the watch reported to the +captain, that the admiral had made the general telegraph "Are you ready?" +Chetham immediately directed that our answer "ready" should be shown, and +at the same moment the like signal was flying at the mastheads of the +entire squadron. The mess now broke up, each individual of it quietly +making arrangements with the other in the event of accident, and we had +scarcely reached the deck, when the signal "to bear up" was out, the +commander in-chief leading the way, with a fine, steady breeze blowing on +the land. We ran in on the admiral's larboard-beam, keeping within two +cables' length of him; the long guns were loaded with round and grape, +the carronades with grape only; our sail was reduced to the topsails, and +topgallant sails, the main-sail furled, and the boats dropped astern in +tow. The ships were now steering to their appointed stations, and the +gun-boats showing their eagerness, by a crowd of sail, to get alongside +the batteries. As we drew towards the shore, the Algerines were observed +loading their guns, and a vast number of spectators were assembled on the +beach, idly gazing at the approach of the squadron, seemingly quite +unconscious of what was about to happen. Far different were appearances +at the mouth of the mole as it opened; the row-boats, fully manned, were +lying on their oars, quite prepared for the attack, and we fully expected +they would attempt to board, should an opportunity offer; each boat had a +flag hanging over the stern. A frigate was moored across the mouth of the +mole, and a small brig was at anchor outside of her. + +At fifteen minutes before three P.M. the Queen Charlotte came to an +anchor by the stern, at the distance of sixty yards from the beach, and, +as was ascertained by measurement, ninety yards from the muzzles of the +guns of the mole batteries, unmolested, and with all the quietude of a +friendly harbour; her flag flew at the main, and the colours at the peak; +her starboard broadside flanked the whole range of batteries from the +mole head to the lighthouse; her topsail yards (as were those of the +squadron,) remained aloft, to be secure from fire, and the sails brought +snugly to the yards by head-lines previously fitted; the topgallant sails +and small sails only were furled, so that we had no man unnecessarily +exposed aloft. + +The Leander, following the motions of the admiral, was brought up with +two anchors by the stern, let go on his larboard beam, veered away, until +she obtained a position nearly a-head of him, then let go an anchor under +foot, open by this to a battery on the starboard side at the bottom of +the mole, and to the Fish-market battery on the larboard side. At this +moment Lord Exmouth was seen waving his hat on the poop to the idlers on +the beach to get out of the way, then a loud cheer was heard, and the +whole of the Queen Charlotte's tremendous broadside was thrown into the +batteries abreast of her; this measure was promptly taken, as the smoke +of a gun was observed to issue from some part of the enemy's works, so +that the sound of the British guns was heard almost in the same instant +with that to which the smoke belonged. The cheers of the Queen Charlotte +were loudly echoed by those of the Leander, and the contents of her +starboard broadside as quickly followed, carrying destruction into the +groups of row-boats; as the smoke opened, the fragments of boats were +seen floating, their crews swimming and scrambling, as many as escaped +the shot, to the shore; another broadside annihilated them. The enemy was +not slack in returning this warm salute, for almost before the shot +escaped from _our_ guns, a man standing on the forecastle bits, hauling +on the topsail buntlines, received a musket bullet in his left arm, which +broke the bone, and commenced the labours in the cockpit. The action +became general as soon as the ships had occupied their positions, and we +were engaged with the batteries on either side; so close were we, that +the enemy were distinctly seen loading their guns above us. After a few +broadsides, we brought our starboard broadside to bear on the Fish-market, +and our larboard side then looked to seaward. The rocket-boats were now +throwing rockets over our ships into the mole, the effects of which, were +occasionally seen on the shipping on our larboard bow. The Dutch flag was +to be seen flying at the fore of the Dutch Admiral, who, with his +squadron, were engaging the batteries to the eastward of the mole. The +fresh breeze which brought us in was gradually driven away by the +cannonade, and the smoke of our guns so hung about us, that we were +obliged to wait until it cleared; for the men took deliberate and certain +aims, training their guns until they were fully satisfied of their +precision. But our enemies gave us no reason to suppose that they were +idle; so great was the havoc which they made amongst us, that the surgeon +in his report stated, that sixty-five men were brought to him wounded +after the first and second broadsides. + +About four o'clock, a boat, with an officer, came with orders from the +admiral to cease firing, as an attempt to destroy the Algerine frigates +was about to be made. Accordingly three boats pushed into the mole, +running the gantlet in gallant style; they boarded the outermost frigate, +which was found deserted by her crew; and in a few minutes she was in a +blaze; in doing this the boats' crews suffered severely. The smoke of our +last broadside had scarcely left us, when the Algerines renewed their +fire of musketry upon our decks, fortunately the men were lying down by +the guns, and the officers alone were marks for them, but one midshipman +was their only victim at this time. The masts began to suffer in all +parts, splinters were falling from them, and shreds of canvass from the +sails came down upon us in great quantities; traces, bowlines, and other +running gear, suffered equally; the shrouds, fore and aft, got cut up so +quickly, that the rigging men attempted in vain to knot them, and were at +last forced to leave the rigging to its fate. + +When the boats returned, we recommenced our fire with renewed vigour; +occasionally a flag-staff was knocked down, a fact which was always +announced with a cheer, each captain of a gun believing himself to be the +faithful marksman. The Algerine squadron now began, as it were, to follow +the motions of the outer frigate; the rockets had taken effect, and they +all burned merrily together. A hot shot, about this time, struck a +powder-box, on which was sitting the powder-boy, he, poor fellow, was +blown up, and another near him was dreadfully scorched. + +Through the intervals of smoke, the sad devastation in the enemy's works +was made visible; the whole of the mole head, near the Queen Charlotte, +was a ruin, and the guns were consequently silenced; but we were not so +fortunate with the Fish-market; the guns there still annoyed us, and ours +seemed to make no impression. A battery in the upper angle of the town +was also untouched, and we were so much under it, that the shot actually +came through our decks, without touching the bulwarks, and we could not +elevate our guns sufficiently to check them. + +As the sun was setting behind the town, the whole of the shipping in the +mole were in flames; their cables burned through, left them at the mercy +of every breeze: the outermost frigate threatened the Queen Charlotte +with a similar fate, but a breeze sent her clear on towards the Leander; +a most intense heat came from her, and we expected every moment to be in +contact; the flames were burning with great power at the mast heads, and +the loose fire was flying about in such a way that there seemed little +chance of our escaping, but we checked her progress towards us, by firing +into her, and in the act of hauling out, we were rejoiced to see a +welcome sea-breeze alter the direction of the flames aloft, the same +breeze soon reached her hull, and we had the satisfaction in a few +minutes to see her touch the shore to which she belonged. + +The guns were now so much heated by the incessant fire kept up, that we +were forced to reduce the cartridges nearly one-half, as well as to wait +their cooling before reloading; the men, too, were so reduced at some +guns, that they required the assistance of the others to work them; the +aftermost gun on the gangway had only two men left untouched, Between +seven and eight o'clock, the fire of the enemy's guns had sensibly +diminished, and their people were running in crowds from the demolished +works to the great gate of the city; they were distinctly seen in all +their movements by the light of their burning navy and arsenal. The +battery in the upper angle of the town, which, was too high to fire upon, +kept up a galling fire, and another further to the eastward was still at +work. To bring our broadside to bear upon it, a hawser was run out to the +Severn, on our larboard bow, the ship was swung to the proper bearing, +and we soon checked them. At 45 minutes past nine, the squadron began to +haul out, some making sail, and taking advantage of a light air off the +land, while others were towing and warping: the only sail which we had +fit to set, was the main-topmast staysail, and this was of too stout +canvass to feel the breeze; the boats of our own ship were unable to move +her, after a kedge anchor, which was run out to the length of the +stream-cable, had come home; thus we were left, dependant either on a +breeze or the assistance of the squadron. An officer was sent to tell the +admiral our situation, but the boat was sunk from under the crew, who +were picked up by another; a second boat was more successful, and the +admiral ordered all the boats he could collect to our assistance. At this +time the Severn, near us, had caught the breeze, and was moving steadily +out; a hawser was made fast to her mizen-chains secured to its bare end, +which had just sufficient length to reach the painter of the headmost +boat, towing; by this means the Leander's head was checked round, and we +had again the gratification to see her following the others of the +squadron. The small portion of our sails were set to assist our progress; +but without the help of the Severn there we should have remained; our +mizen-topmast fell into the maintop, shot through. When the Algerines saw +us retiring they returned to the guns which they had previously abandoned, +and again commenced a fire on the boats, which made the water literally +in a foam; this fire was returned by our quarter guns, but with very +little effect. As we left the land, the breeze increased; the Severn cast +off her tow, and our boats returned on board: at 25 minutes past eleven +we fired our last gun, and the cannonade was succeeded by a storm of +thunder and lightning. At midnight we anchored within three miles of the +scene of action; the report of a gun on shore was still heard at +intervals, but all was soon quiet, except the shipping in the mole, which +continued to burn, keeping all around brilliantly illuminated. We now +attempted to furl sails, but the men were so thoroughly stiffened by the +short period of inaction since the firing had ceased, that they stuck +almost powerless to the yards; after great exertion, the gaskets were +somehow passed round the yards, and the labours of the day ended; grog +was served out, and the hammocks piped down, but few had the inclination +to hang them up. + +Soon after daylight we mustered at quarters, and found that 16 officers +and men were killed, and 120 wounded; the three lower masts badly wounded, +every spar wounded, except the spanker-boom; the shrouds cut in all parts, +leaving the masts unsupported, which would have fallen had there been the +least motion; the running gear entirely cut to pieces; the boats _all_ +shot through; the bulwarks riddled with grape and musketry; 96 round-shot +in the starboard side, some of them between wind and water; the guns were +all uninjured to any extent, and remained, the only part of the Leander, +efficient. + +The ship's company were again at work, clearing decks, unbending sails, +and making every preparation to renew the action; but at noon we had the +satisfaction to hear that the Dey had accepted the terms which were +offered him the day before; at the same time that this information was +conveyed to the squadron, a general order was issued to offer up "public +thanksgiving to Almighty God for the signal victory obtained by the arms +of England."--_United Service Journal_. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE GATHERER. + + + "A snapper-up of unconsidered trifles." +SHAKSPEARE. + + * * * * * + + +THE RANZ DES VACHES. + + +The Kurieholen, or Ranz des Vaches, the celebrated national air of the +Swiss, does not consist in articulated sounds, nor is it accompanied by +words; but is a simple melody formed by a kind of guttural intonation +very closely resembling the tones of a flute. Two of these voices at a +short distance produce the most pleasing effect, the echoes of the +surrounding rocks reverberating the music till it seems like enchantment; +but sometimes the illusion is dissipated by the appearance of the singers, +in the persons of two old women, returning from their labour in a +neighbouring valley. + +INA. + + * * * * * + + +NAPOLEON. + + +During a tour through France shortly before Bonaparte's accession to the +throne he received the addresses of the Priests and Prefects, who vied +with each other in the grossness and impiety of their adulation. The +Prefect of the Pas de Calais seems to have borne away the palm from all +his brethren. On Napoleon's entrance into his department, he addressed +him in the following manner:--"Tranquil with respect to our fate, we know +that to ensure the happiness and glory of France, to render to all people +the freedom of commerce and the seas, to humble the audacious destroyers +of the repose of the universe, and to fix, at length, peace upon the +earth, God created Bonaparte, and rested from his labour!" + +INA. + + * * * * * + + +APOSTLES. + + +In the diplomatic language of Charles I.'s time, were marginal notes, +generally in the king's hand, written on the margin of state papers. The +word, in somewhat a similar sense, had its origin in the canon law. There +are many instances of apostles by Charles I. in Archbishop Laud's Diary + +JAMES SILVESTER. + + * * * * * + + +When Voltaire was at Berlin, he wrote this epigram on his patron and host +the king of Prussia:-- + + "King, author, philosopher, hero, musician, + Freemason, economist, bard, politician, + How had Europe rejoiced if a _Christian_ he'd been, + If a man, how he then had enraptured his queen." + + +For this effort of wit, Voltaire was paid with thirty lashes on his bare +back, administered by the king's sergeant-at-arms, and was compelled to +sign the following curious receipt for the same:-- + + "Received from the righthand of Conrad + Backoffner, thirty lashes on my bare + back, being in full for an epigram on + Frederick the Third, King of Prussia." + + +I say received by me, VOLTAIRE. + +_Vive le Roi_! + + * * * * * + + +The church at Gondhurst, in Kent, is a fine old building, and remarkable +for several reasons; one of which is, that thirty-nine different parishes +may be distinctly seen from it, and in clear weather the sea, off +Hastings, a distance of twenty-seven miles and a half. + + * * * * * + + +SPECULATION. + + +Sir William Adams, afterwards Sir William Rawson, which name he took in +consequence of some property he succeeded to by right of his wife, was one +of the victims of the South American mining mania. He plunged deeply into +speculation, and wrote pamphlets to prove that so much gold and silver +must ultimately find its way into Europe from Mexico, that all the +existing relations of value would be utterly destroyed. He believed what +he wrote, though he failed to demonstrate what he believed. At one period +he might have withdrawn himself from all his speculations with at least a +hundred thousand pounds in his pocket; but he fancied he had discovered +the philosopher's stone--dreamed of wealth beyond what he could +count--went on--was beggared--and you know how and where he died. Poor +fellow! He deserved a better fate. He was a kind-hearted creature; and if +he coveted a princely fortune, I am satisfied he would have used it like +a prince. But I am forgetting my story. Well, then, it was after he had +totally relinquished his profession as an oculist, that he might devote +his entire time and attention to the Mexican mining affairs, that a +gentleman, ignorant of the circumstance, called upon him one morning to +consult him. Sir William looked at him for a moment, and then exclaimed, +in the words of Macbeth, addressing Banquo's ghost, "Avaunt--there is _no +speculation_ in those eyes!" + +_Monthly Magazine._ + + * * * * * + +THE SUPPLEMENT to Vol. xiii. containing _Title, Preface, Index, &c. with +a fine Steel-plate_ PORTRAIT _of the late_ SIR HUMPHRY DAVY, Bart. _and a +copious Memoir of his Life and Discoveries--will be published with the +next Number._ + + * * * * * + + +_LIMBIRD'S EDITIONS._ + +CHEAP and POPULAR WORKS published at the MIRROR OFFICE in the Strand, +near Somerset House. + +The ARABIAN NIGHTS' ENTERTAINMENTS, Embellished with nearly 150 +Engravings. Price 6s. 6d. boards. + +The TALES of the GENII. Price 2s. + +The MICROCOSM. By the Right Hon. G. CANNING. &c. Price 2s. + +PLUTARCH'S LIVES, with Fifty Portraits, 2 vols. price 13s. boards. + +COWPER'S POEMS, with 12 Engravings, price 3s. 6d. boards. + +COOK'S VOYAGES, 2 vols. price 8s. boards. + +The CABINET of CURIOSITIES: or, WONDERS of the WORLD DISPLAYED. Price 5s. +boards. + +BEAUTIES of SCOTT. 2 vols. price 7s. boards. + +The ARCANA of SCIENCE for 1828. Price 4s. 6d. + + +Any of the above Works can be purchased in Parts. + +GOLDSMITH'S ESSAYS. Price 8d. + +DR. FRANKLIN'S ESSAYS. Price 1s. 2d. + +BACON'S ESSAYS Price 8d. + +SALMAGUNDI. Price 1s. 8d. + + * * * * * + +_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset House,) +London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic; and by all +Newsmen and Booksellers_. + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, +AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 13, ISSUE 377, JUNE 27, 1829*** + + +******* This file should be named 11361.txt or 11361.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/3/6/11361 + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS,' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + +Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's +eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII, +compressed (zipped), HTML and others. + +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks replace the old file and take over +the old filename and etext number. The replaced older file is renamed. +VERSIONS based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving +new filenames and etext numbers. + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + +https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + +EBooks posted prior to November 2003, with eBook numbers BELOW #10000, +are filed in directories based on their release date. If you want to +download any of these eBooks directly, rather than using the regular +search system you may utilize the following addresses and just +download by the etext year. + +http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/etext06 + + (Or /etext 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99, + 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90) + +EBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are +filed in a different way. The year of a release date is no longer part +of the directory path. The path is based on the etext number (which is +identical to the filename). The path to the file is made up of single +digits corresponding to all but the last digit in the filename. For +example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at: + +https://www.gutenberg.org/1/0/2/3/10234 + +or filename 24689 would be found at: +https://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/6/8/24689 + +An alternative method of locating eBooks: +https://www.gutenberg.org/GUTINDEX.ALL + +*** END: FULL LICENSE *** diff --git a/old/11361.zip b/old/11361.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..6c6e43a --- /dev/null +++ b/old/11361.zip |
