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diff --git a/11314-h/11314-h.htm b/11314-h/11314-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a7fd22a --- /dev/null +++ b/11314-h/11314-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,16930 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> +<html> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content= + "text/html; charset=UTF-8"> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Compilation of the Messages + and Papers of the Presidents, by James D. Richardson. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + <!-- + * { font-family: Times;} + P { text-indent: 1em; + margin-top: .75em; + font-size: 12pt; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; } + H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { text-align: center; } + HR { width: 33%; } + PRE { font-family: Courier, monospaced; } + .r { text-align: right; } + .q { margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 80%; } + // --> + </style> + </head> + <body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11314 ***</div> + + <h1> + A COMPILATION OF THE MESSAGES AND PAPERS OF THE PRESIDENTS + </h1> + <center> + <b>BY JAMES D. RICHARDSON</b> + </center> + <center> + A REPRESENTATIVE FROM THE STATE OF TENNESSEE + </center> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + VOLUME I + </h2> + <center> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p>PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF CONGRESS<br> + 1902<br> + Copyright 1897 by James D. Richardson + </center> + <hr> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + Prefatory Note + </h2> + <p> + In compliance with the authorization of the Joint Committee + on Printing, I have undertaken this compilation. + </p> + <p> + The messages of the several Presidents of the United + States—annual, veto, and special—are among the + most interesting, instructive, and valuable contributions to + the public literature of our Republic. They discuss from the + loftiest standpoint nearly all the great questions of + national policy and many subjects of minor interest which + have engaged the attention of the people from the beginning + of our history, and so constitute important and often vital + links in their progressive development. The proclamations, + also, contain matter and sentiment no less elevating, + interesting, and important. They inspire to the highest and + most exalted degree the patriotic fervor and love of country + in the hearts of the people. + </p> + <p> + It is believed that legislators and other public men, + students of our national history, and many others will hail + with satisfaction the compilation and publication of these + messages and proclamations in such compact form as will + render them easily accessible and of ready reference. The + work can not fail to be exceedingly convenient and useful to + all who have occasion to consult these documents. The + Government has never heretofore authorized a like + publication. + </p> + <p> + In executing the commission with which I have been charged I + have sought to bring together in the several volumes of the + series all Presidential proclamations, addresses, messages, + and communications to Congress excepting those nominating + persons to office and those which simply transmit treaties, + and reports of heads of Departments which contain no + recommendation from the Executive. The utmost effort has been + made to render the compilation accurate and exhaustive. + </p> + <p> + Although not required by the terms of the resolution + authorizing the compilation, it has been deemed wise and + wholly consistent with its purpose to incorporate in the + first volume authentic copies of the Declaration of + Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the + Constitution of the United States, together with steel + engravings of the Capitol, the Executive Mansion, and of the + historical painting the "Signing of the Declaration of + Independence." Steel portraits of the Presidents will be + inserted each in its appropriate place. + </p> + <p> + The compilation has not been brought even to its present + stage without much labor and close application, and the end + is far from view; but if it shall prove satisfactory to + Congress and the country, I will feel compensated for my time + and effort. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JAMES D. RICHARDSON.<br> + WASHINGTON, D.C., + </p> + <p> + <i>February 22, 1896</i>. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <hr style="width: 90%"> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + Declaration of Independence + </h2> + <h3> + July 4, 1776 + </h3> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + Declaration of Independence + </h2> + <center> + <b>NOTE</b>.—The words "Declaration of Independence" do + not appear on the original. + </center> + <h3> + IN CONGRESS, JULY 4, 1776. + </h3> + <p> + The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of + America, + </p> + <p> + When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for + one people to dissolve the political bands which have + connected them with another, and to assume among the powers + of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the + Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent + respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should + declare the causes which impel them to the + separation.—We hold these truths to be self-evident, + that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by + their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among + these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of + Happiness.—That to secure these rights, Governments are + instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the + consent of the governed,—That whenever any Form of + Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right + of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new + Government, laying its foundation on such principles and + organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem + most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, + indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should + not be changed for light and transient causes; and + accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more + disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right + themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are + accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, + pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to + reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it + is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide + new Guards for their future security.—Such has been the + patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the + necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems + of Government. The history of the present King of Great + Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, + all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute + Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be + submitted to a candid world.—He has refused his Assent + to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public + good.—He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of + immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their + operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so + suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to + them.—He has refused to pass other Laws for the + accommodation of large districts of people, unless those + people would relinquish the right of Representation in the + Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to + tyrants only.—He has called together legislative bodies + at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the + depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of + fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.—He + has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing + with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the + people.—He has refused for a long time, after such + dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the + Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned + to the People at large for their exercise; the State + remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of + invasion from without, and convulsions within.—He has + endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for + that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of + Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their + migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new + Appropriations of Lands.—He has obstructed the + Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for + establishing Judiciary powers.—He has made Judges + dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, + and the amount and payment of their salaries.—He has + erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of + Officers to harrass our people, and eat out their + substance.—He has kept among us, in times of peace, + Standing Armies without the Consent of our + legislatures.—He has affected to render the Military + independent of and superior to the Civil power.—He has + combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign + to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving + his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:—For + quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:—For + protecting them, by a mock Trial, from punishment for any + Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these + States:—For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the + world:—For imposing Taxes on us without our + Consent:—For depriving us in many cases, of the + benefits of Trial by Jury:—For transporting us beyond + Seas to be tried for pretended offences:—For abolishing + the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, + establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging + its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit + instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these + Colonies:—For taking away our Charters, abolishing our + most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of + our Governments:—For suspending our own Legislatures, + and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for + us in all cases whatsoever.—He has abdicated Government + here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War + against us.—He has plundered our seas, ravaged our + Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the Lives of our + people.—He is at this time transporting large Armies of + foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death, + desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of + Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most + barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized + nation.—He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken + Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, + to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or + to fall themselves by their Hands.—He has excited + domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to + bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless + Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an + undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and + conditions. In every stage of these Oppressions We have + Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated + Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A + Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may + define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. + Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our Brittish + brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts + by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction + over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our + emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their + native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by + the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, + which, would inevitably interrupt our connections and + correspondence They too have been deaf to the voice of + justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce + in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold + them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in + Peace Friends.— + </p> + <p> + <b>We, therefore</b>, the Representatives of the <b>united + States of America</b>, in General Congress, Assembled, + appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude + of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the + good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, + That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be + <b>Free and Independent States</b>; that they are Absolved + from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all + political connection between them and the State of Great + Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as + Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy + War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, + and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States + may of right do.—And for the support of this + Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of divine + Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our + Fortunes and our sacred Honor. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN HANCOCK + </p> + <p style="margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em;"> + JOSIAH BARTLETT, W'M WHIPPLE, SAM'L. ADAMS, JOHN ADAMS, + ROB'T. TREAT PAINE, ELBRIDGE GERRY, STEP. HOPKINS, WILLIAM + ELLERY, ROGER SHERMAN, SAM'EL HUNTINGTON, W'M WILLIAMS, + OLIVER WOLCOTT, MATTHEW THORNTON, W'M FLOYD, PHIL. + LIVINGSTON, FRAN'S LEWIS, LEWIS MORRIS, RICH'D STOCKTON, + JN'O. WITHERSPOON, FRA'S. HOPKINSON, JOHN HART, ABRA CLARK, + ROB'T. MORRIS, BENJAMIN RUSH, BENJ'A. FRANKLIN, JOHN MORTON, + GEO CLYMER, JA'S. SMITH, GEO. TAYLOR, JAMES WILSON, GEO. + ROSS, CAESAR RODNEY, GEO READ, THO M'KEAN, SAMUEL CHASE, W'M. + PACA, THO'S. STONE, CHARLES CARROLL of Carrollton, GEORGE + WYTHE, RICHARD HENRY LEE, TH. JEFFERSON, BENJ'A. HARRISON, + THO'S. NELSON jr., FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE, CARTER BRAXTON, + W'M. HOOPER, JOSEPH HEWES, JOHN PENN, EDWARD RUTLEDGE, THO'S. + HEYWARD Jun'r., THOMAS LYNCH Jun'r., ARTHUR MIDDLETON, BUTTON + GWINNETT, LYMAN HALL, GEO WALTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <hr style="width: 90%"> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + Articles of Confederation + </h2> + <center> + <b>NOTE</b>.—The original is indorsed: Act of + Confederation of The United States of America. + </center> + <p> + <b>To all to whom</b> these Presents shall come, we the + undersigned Delegates of the States affixed to our Names send + greeting. Whereas the Delegates of the United States of + America in Congress assembled did on the fifteenth day of + November in the Year of our Lord One Thousand Seven Hundred + and Seventy seven, and in the Second Year of the Independence + of America agree to certain articles of Confederation and + perpetual Union between the States of Newhampshire, + Massachusetts-bay, Rhodeisland and Providence Plantations, + Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, + Maryland, Virginia, North-Carolina, South-Carolina and + Georgia in the Words following, viz. "Articles of + Confederation and perpetual Union between the states of + Newhampshire, Massachusetts-bay, Rhodeisland and Providence + Plantations, Connecticut, New-York, New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, + Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North-Carolina, South-Carolina + and Georgia." + </p> + <p> + Article I. The Stile of this confederacy shall be "The United + States of America." + </p> + <p> + Article II. Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom an + independence, and every Power, Jurisdiction and right, which + is not by this confederation expressly delegated to the + United States, in Congress assembled. + </p> + <p> + Article III. The said states hereby severally enter into a + firm league of friendship with each other, for their common + defence, the security of their Liberties, and their mutual + and general welfare, binding themselves to assist each other, + against all force offered to, or attacks made upon them, or + any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or + any other pretence whatsoever. + </p> + <p> + Article IV. The better to secure and perpetuate mutual + friendship and intercourse among the people of the different + states in this union, the free inhabitants of each of these + states, paupers, vagabonds and fugitives from Justice + excepted, shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities + of free citizens in the several states; and the people of + each state shall have free ingress and regress to and from + any other state, and shall enjoy therein all the privileges + of trade and commerce, subject to the same duties, + impositions and restrictions as the inhabitants thereof + respectively, provided that such restriction shall not extend + so far as to prevent the removal of property imported into + any state, to any other state of which the Owner is an + inhabitant; provided also that no imposition, duties or + restriction shall be laid by any state, on the property of + the united states, or either of them. + </p> + <p> + If any Person guilty of, or charged with treason, felony, or + other high misdemeanor in any state, shall flee from Justice, + and be found in any of the united states, he shall upon + demand of the Governor or executive power, of the state from + which he fled, be delivered up and removed to the state + having jurisdiction of his offence. + </p> + <p> + Full faith and credit shall be given in each of these states + to the records, acts and judicial proceedings of the courts + and magistrates of every other state. + </p> + <p> + Article V. For the more convenient management of the general + interests of the united states, delegates shall be annually + appointed in such manner as the legislature of each state + shall direct, to meet in Congress on the first Monday in + November, in every year, with a power reserved to each state, + to recal its delegates, or any of them, at any time within + the year, and to send others in their stead, for the + remainder of the Year. + </p> + <p> + No state shall be represented in Congress by less than two, + nor by more than seven Members; and no person shall be + capable of being a delegate for more than three years in any + term of six years; nor shall any person, being a delegate, be + capable of holding any office under the united states, for + which he, or another for his benefit receives any salary, + fees or emolument of any kind. + </p> + <p> + Each state shall maintain its own delegates in a meeting of + the states, and while they act as members of the committee of + the states. + </p> + <p> + In determining questions in the united states, in Congress + assembled, each state shall have one vote. + </p> + <p> + Freedom of speech and debate in Congress shall not be + impeached or questioned in any Court, or place out of + Congress, and the members of congress shall be protected in + their persons from arrests and imprisonments, during the time + of their going to and from, and attendance on congress, + except for treason, felony, or breach of the peace. + </p> + <p> + Article VI. No state without the Consent of the united states + in congress assembled, shall send any embassy to, or receive + any embassy from, or enter into any conferrence, agreement, + alliance or treaty with any King prince or state; nor shall + any person holding any office of profit or trust under the + united states, or any of them, accept of any present, + emolument, office or title of any kind whatever from any + king, prince or foreign state; nor shall the united states in + congress assembled, or any of them, grant any title of + nobility. + </p> + <p> + No two or more states shall enter into any treaty, + confederation or alliance whatever between them, without the + consent of the united states in congress assembled, + specifying accurately the purposes for which the same is to + be entered into, and how long it shall continue. + </p> + <p> + No state shall lay any imposts or duties, which may interfere + with any stipulations in treaties, entered into by the united + states in congress assembled, with any king, prince or state, + in pursuance of any treaties already proposed by congress, to + the courts of France and Spain. + </p> + <p> + No vessels of war shall be kept up in time of peace by any + state, except such number only, as shall be deemed necessary + by the united states in congress assembled, for the defence + of such state, or its trade; nor shall any body of forces be + kept up by any state, in time of peace, except such number + only, as in the judgment of the united states, in congress + assembled, shall be deemed requisite to garrison the forts + necessary for the defence of such state; but every state + shall always keep up a well regulated and disciplined + militia, sufficiently armed and accoutred, and shall provide + and constantly have ready for use, in public stores, a due + number of field pieces and tents, and a proper quantity of + arms, ammunition and camp equipage. + </p> + <p> + No state shall engage in any war without the consent of the + united states in congress assembled, unless such state be + actually invaded by enemies, or shall have received certain + advice of a resolution being formed by some nation of Indians + to invade such state, and the danger is so imminent as not to + admit of a delay, till the united states in congress + assembled can be consulted: nor shall any state grant + commissions to any ships or vessels of war, nor letters of + marque or reprisal, except it be after a declaration of war + by the united states in congress assembled, and then only + against the kingdom or state and the subjects thereof, + against which war has been so declared, and under such + regulations as shall be established by the united states in + congress assembled, unless such state be infested by pirates, + in which case vessels of war may be fitted out for that + occasion, and kept so long as the danger shall continue, or + until the united states in congress assembled shall determine + otherwise. + </p> + <p> + Article VII. When land-forces are raised by any state for the + common defence, all officers of or under the rank of colonel, + shall be appointed by the legislature of each state + respectively by whom such forces shall be raised, or in such + manner as such state shall direct, and all vacancies shall be + filled up by the state which first made the appointment. + </p> + <p> + Article VIII. All charges of war, and all other expences that + shall be incurred for the common defence or general welfare, + and allowed by the united states in congress assembled, shall + be defrayed out of a common treasury, which shall be supplied + by the several states, in proportion to the value of all land + within each state, granted to or surveyed for any Person, as + such land and the buildings and improvements thereon shall be + estimated according to such mode as the united states in + congress assembled, shall from time to time direct and + appoint. The taxes for paying that proportion shall be laid + and levied by the authority and direction of the legislatures + of the several states within the time agreed upon by the + united states in congress assembled. + </p> + <p> + Article IX. The united states in congress assembled, shall + have the sole and exclusive right and power of determining on + peace and war, except in the cases mentioned in the sixth + article—of sending and receiving + ambassadors—entering into treaties and alliances, + provided that no treaty of commerce shall be made whereby the + legislative power of the respective states shall be + restrained from imposing such imposts and duties on + foreigners, as their own people are subjected to, or from + prohibiting the exportation or importation of any species of + goods or commodities whatsoever—of establishing rules + for deciding in all cases, what captures on land or water + shall be legal, and in what manner prizes taken by land or + naval forces in the service of the united states shall be + divided or appropriated.—of granting letters of marque + and reprisal in times of peace—appointing courts for + the trial of piracies and felonies committed on the high seas + and establishing courts for receiving and determining finally + appeals in all cases of captures, provided that no member of + congress shall be appointed a judge of any of the said + courts. + </p> + <p> + The united states in congress assembled shall also be the + last resort on appeal in all disputes and differences now + subsisting or that hereafter may arise between two or more + states concerning boundary, jurisdiction or any other cause + whatever; which authority shall always be exercised in the + manner following. Whenever the legislative or executive + authority or lawful agent of any state in controversy with + another shall present a petition to congress, stating the + matter in question and praying for a hearing, notice thereof + shall be given by order of congress to the legislative or + executive authority of the other state in controversy, and a + day assigned for the appearance of the parties by their + lawful agents, who shall then be directed to appoint by joint + consent, commissioners or judges to constitute a court for + hearing and determining the matter in question: but if they + cannot agree, congress shall name three persons out of each + of the united states, and from the list of such persons each + party shall alternately strike out one, the petitioners + beginning, until the number shall be reduced to thirteen; and + from that number not less than seven, nor more than nine + names as congress shall direct, shall in the presence of + congress be drawn out by lot, and the persons whose names + shall be so drawn or any five of them, shall be commissioners + or judges, to hear and finally determine the controversy, so + always as a major part of the judges who shall hear the cause + shall agree in the determination: and if either party shall + neglect to attend at the day appointed, without shewing + reasons, which congress shall judge sufficient, or being + present shall refuse to strike, the congress shall proceed to + nominate three persons out of each state, and the secretary + of congress shall strike in behalf of such party absent or + refusing; and the judgment and sentence of the court to be + appointed, in the manner before prescribed, shall be final + and conclusive; and if any of the parties shall refuse to + submit to the authority of such court, or to appear or defend + their claim or cause, the court shall nevertheless proceed to + pronounce sentence, or judgment, which shall in like manner + be final and decisive, the judgment or sentence and other + proceedings being in either case transmitted to congress, and + lodged among the acts of congress for the security of the + parties concerned: provided that every commissioner, before + he sits in judgment, shall take an oath to be administred by + one of the judges of the supreme or superior court of the + state, where the cause shall be tried, "well and truly to + hear and determine the matter in question, according to the + best of his judgment, without favour, affection or hope of + reward:" provided also that no state shall be deprived of + territory for the benefit of the united states. + </p> + <p> + All controversies concerning the private right of soil + claimed under different grants of two or more states, whose + jurisdictions as they may respect such lands, and the states + which passed such grants are adjusted, the said grants or + either of them being at the same time claimed to have + originated antecedent to such settlement of jurisdiction, + shall on the petition of either party to the congress of the + united states, be finally determined as near as may be in the + same manner as is before prescribed for deciding disputes + respecting territorial jurisdiction between different states. + </p> + <p> + The united states in congress assembled shall also have the + sole and exclusive right and power of regulating the alloy + and value of coin struck by their own authority, or by that + of the respective states—fixing the standard of weights + and measures throughout the united states.—regulating + the trade and managing all affairs with the Indians, not + members of any of the states, provided that the legislative + right of any state within its own limits be not infringed or + violated—establishing and regulating post-offices from + one state to another, throughout all the united states, and + exacting such postage on the papers passing thro' the same as + may be requisite to defray the expences of the said + office—appointing all officers of the land forces, in + the service of the united states, excepting regimental + officers.—appointing all the officers of the naval + forces, and commissioning all officers whatever in the + service of the united states—making rules for the + government and regulation of the said land and naval forces, + and directing their operations. + </p> + <p> + The united states in congress assembled shall have authority + to appoint a committee, to sit in the recess of congress, to + be denominated "A Committee of the States," and to consist of + one delegate from each state; and to appoint such other + committees and civil officers as may be necessary for + managing the general affairs of the united states under their + direction—to appoint one of their number to preside, + provided that no person be allowed to serve in the office of + president more than one year in any term of three years; to + ascertain the necessary sums of Money to be raised for the + service of the united states, and to appropriate and apply + the same for defraying the public expences—to borrow + money, or emit bills on the credit of the united states, + transmitting every half year to the respective states an + account of the sums of money so borrowed or emitted,—to + build and equip a navy—to agree upon the number of land + forces, and to make requisitions from each state for its + quota, in proportion to the number of white inhabitants in + such state; which requisition shall be binding, and thereupon + the legislature of each state shall appoint the regimental + officers, raise the men and cloath, arm and equip them in a + soldier like manner, at the expence of the united states, and + the officers and men so cloathed, armed and equipped shall + march to the place appointed, and within the time agreed on + by the united states in congress assembled: But if the united + states in congress assembled shall, on consideration of + circumstances judge proper that any state should not raise + men, or should raise a smaller number than its quota, and + that any other state should raise a greater number of men + than the quota thereof, such extra number shall be raised, + officered, cloathed, armed and equipped in the same manner as + the quota of such state, unless the legislature of such state + shall judge that such extra number cannot be safely spared + out of the same, in which case they shall raise officer, + cloath, arm and equip as many of such extra number as they + judge can be safely spared. And the officers and men so + cloathed, armed and equipped, shall march to the place + appointed, and within the time agreed on by the united states + in congress assembled. + </p> + <p> + The united states in congress assembled shall never engage in + a war, nor grant letters of marque and reprisal in time of + peace, nor enter into any treaties or alliances, nor coin + money, nor regulate the value thereof, nor ascertain the sums + and expences necessary for the defence and welfare of the + united states, or any of them, nor emit bills, nor borrow + money on the credit of the united states, nor appropriate + money, nor agree upon the number of vessels of war, to be + built or purchased, or the number of land or sea forces to be + raised, nor appoint a commander in chief of the army or navy, + unless nine states assent to the same: nor shall a question + on any other point, except for adjourning from day to day be + determined, unless by the votes of a majority of the united + states in congress assembled. + </p> + <p> + The congress of the united states shall have power to adjourn + to any time within the year, and to any place within the + united states, so that no period of adjournment be for a + longer duration than the space of six Months, and shall + publish the Journal of their proceedings monthly, except such + parts thereof relating to treaties, alliances or military + operations, as in their judgment require secresy; and the + yeas and nays of the delegates of each state on any question + shall be entered on the Journal, when it is desired by any + delegate; and the delegates of a state, or any of them, at + his or their request shall be furnished with a transcript of + the said Journal, except such parts as are above excepted, to + lay before the legislatures of the several states. + </p> + <p> + Article X. The committee of the states, or any nine of them, + shall be authorised to execute, in the recess of congress, + such of the powers of congress as the united states in + congress assembled, by the consent of nine states, shall from + time to time think expedient to vest them with; provided that + no power be delegated to the said committee, for the exercise + of which, by the articles of confederation, the voice of nine + states in the congress of the united states assembled is + requisite. + </p> + <p> + Article XI. Canada acceding to this confederation, and + joining in the measures of the united states, shall be + admitted into, and entitled to all the advantages of this + union: but no other colony shall be admitted into the same, + unless such admission be agreed to by nine states. + </p> + <p> + Article XII. All bills of credit emitted, monies borrowed and + debts contracted by, or under the authority of congress, + before the assembling of the united states, in pursuance of + the present confederation, shall be deemed and considered as + a charge against the united states, for payment and + satisfaction whereof the said united states, and the public + faith are hereby solemnly pledged. + </p> + <p> + Article XIII. Every state shall abide by the determinations + of the united states in congress assembled, on all questions + which by this confederation are submitted to them. And the + Articles of this confederation shall be inviolably observed + by every state, and the union shall be perpetual; nor shall + any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them; + unless such alteration be agreed to in a congress of the + united states, and be afterwards confirmed by the + legislatures of every state. + </p> + <p> + <b>And whereas</b> it hath pleased the Great Governor of the + World to incline the hearts of the legislatures we + respectively represent in congress, to approve of, and to + authorize us to ratify the said articles of confederation and + perpetual union. <b>Know Ye</b> that we the under-signed + delegates, by virtue of the power and authority to us given + for that purpose, do by these presents, in the name and in + behalf of our respective constituents, fully and entirely + ratify and confirm each and every of the said articles of + confederation and perpetual union, and all and singular the + matters and things therein contained: And we do further + solemnly plight and engage the faith of our respective + constituents, that they shall abide by the determinations of + the united states in congress assembled, on all questions, + which by the said confederation are submitted to them. And + that the articles thereof shall be inviolably observed by the + states we respectively represent, and that the union shall be + perpetual. In Witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands + in Congress. Done at Philadelphia in the state of + Pennsylvania the ninth Day of July in the Year of our Lord + one Thousand seven Hundred and Seventy-eight, and in the + third year of the independence of America. + </p> + <p> + On the part & behalf of the State of New Hampshire + </p> + <p style= + "margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"> + JOSIAH BARTLETT, JOHN WENTWORTH Jun'r. August 8th 1778 + </p> + <p> + On the part and behalf of The State of Massachusetts Bay + </p> + <p style= + "margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"> + JOHN HANCOCK, SAMUEL ADAMS, ELBRIDGE GERRY, FRANCIS DANA, + JAMES LOVELL, SAMUEL HOLTEN + </p> + <p> + On the part and behalf of the State of Rhode-Island and + Providence Plantations + </p> + <p style= + "margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"> + WILLIAM ELLARY, HENRY MARCHANT, JOHN COLLINS + </p> + <p> + On the part and behalf of the State of Connecticut + </p> + <p style= + "margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"> + ROGER SHERMAN, SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, OLIVER WOLCOTT, TITUS + HOSMER, ANDREW ADAMS + </p> + <p> + On the Part and Behalf of the State of New York + </p> + <p style= + "margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"> + JA'S. DUANE, FRA'S. LEWIS, W'M DUER., GOUV MORRIS + </p> + <p> + On the Part and in Behalf of the State of New Jersey. Nov'r. + 26, 1778— + </p> + <p style= + "margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"> + JNO. WITHERSPOON, NATHL. SCUDDER + </p> + <p> + On the part and behalf of the State of Pennsylvania + </p> + <p style= + "margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"> + ROB'T. MORRIS, DANIEL ROBERDEAU, JON'A. BAYARD SMITH., + WILLIAM CLINGAN, JOSEPH REED 22d July 1778 + </p> + <p> + On the part & behalf of the State of Delaware + </p> + <p style= + "margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"> + THO McKEAN Feby 12 1779, JOHN DICKINSON May 5th 1779, + NICHOLAS VAN DYKE + </p> + <p> + On the part and behalf of the State of Maryland + </p> + <p style= + "margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"> + JOHN HANSON March 1 1781, DANIEL CARROLL d'o + </p> + <p> + On the Part and Behalf of the State of Virginia + </p> + <p style= + "margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"> + RICHARD HENRY LEE, JOHN BANISTER, THOMAS ADAMS, JN'O. HARVIE, + FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE + </p> + <p> + On the part and Behalf of the State of N'o Carolina + </p> + <p style= + "margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"> + JOHN PENN July 21st 1778, CORN'S HARNETT, JN'O. WILLIAMS + </p> + <p> + On the part & behalf of the State of South-Carolina + </p> + <p style= + "margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"> + HENRY LAURENS., WILLIAM HENRY DRAYTON, JN'O. MATHEWS, RICH'D. + HUTSON., THO'S. HEYWARD Jun'r + </p> + <p> + On the part & behalf of the State of Georgia + </p> + <p style= + "margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"> + JN'O. WALTON 24th July 1778, ELW'D. TELFAIR., EDW'D. + LANGWORTHY. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <hr style="width: 90%"> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + The Constitution + </h2> + <center> + <b>NOTE</b>.—The words "The Constitution" do not appear + on the original. + </center> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + <span style="font-size: 200%"><b>We the People</b></span> of + the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, + establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for + the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure + the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do + ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States + of America. + </p> + <h3> + <b>Article 1.</b> + </h3> + <p> + Section. 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be + vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall + consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. + </p> + <p> + Section. 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of + Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several + States, and the Electors in each State shall have the + Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous + Branch of the State Legislature. + </p> + <p> + No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have + attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven + Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when + elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be + chosen. + </p> + <p> + Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among + the several States which may be included within this Union, + according to their respective Numbers, which shall be + determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, + including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and + excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other + Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three + Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United + States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in + such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of + Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty + Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one + Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the + State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, + Massachusetts eight, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations + one, Connecticut five, New-York six, New Jersey four, + Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, + North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. + </p> + <p> + When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, + the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election + to fill such Vacancies. + </p> + <p> + The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and + other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment. + </p> + <p> + Section. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed + of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature + thereof, for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote. + </p> + <p> + Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of + the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may + be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first + Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, + of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and + of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so + that one third may be chosen every second Year; and if + Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the + Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof + may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the + Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies. + </p> + <p> + No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to + the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the + United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an + Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. + </p> + <p> + The Vice President of the United States shall be President of + the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally + divided. + </p> + <p> + The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a + President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, + or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the + United States. + </p> + <p> + The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. + When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or + Affirmation. When the President of the United States is + tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall + be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the + Members present. + </p> + <p> + Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further + than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and + enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United + States: but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable + and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, + according to Law. + </p> + <p> + Section. 4. The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections + for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each + State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any + time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the + Places of chusing Senators. + </p> + <p> + The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and + such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless + they shall by Law appoint a different Day. + </p> + <p> + Section. 5. Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, + Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority + of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a + smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be + authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in + such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may + provide. + </p> + <p> + Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish + its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the + Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member. + </p> + <p> + Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from + time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in + their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the + Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire + of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal. + </p> + <p> + Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without + the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, + nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses + shall be sitting. + </p> + <p> + Section. 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a + Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, + and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall + in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, + be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the + Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and + returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in + either House, they shall not be questioned in any other + Place. + </p> + <p> + No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which + he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the + Authority of the United States which shall have been created, + or the Emoluments whereof shall have been encreased during + such time; and no Person holding any Office under the United + States, shall be a Member of either House during his + Continuance in Office. + </p> + <p> + Section. 7. All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in + the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or + concur with Amendments as on other Bills. + </p> + <p> + Every Bill which shall have passed the House of + Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a + Law, be presented to the President of the United States; If + he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, + with his Objections to that House in which it shall have + originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their + Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such + Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass + the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to + the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, + and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become + a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall + be determined by yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons + voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the + Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be + returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) + after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be + a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the + Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which + Case it shall not be a Law. + </p> + <p> + Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of + the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary + (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to + the President of the United States; and before the Same shall + take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved + by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and + House of Representatives, according to the Rules and + Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill. + </p> + <p> + Section. 8. The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect + Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and + provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the + United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be + uniform throughout the United States; + </p> + <p> + To borrow Money on the credit of the United States; + </p> + <p> + To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the + several States, and with the Indian Tribes; + </p> + <p> + To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform + Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United + States; + </p> + <p> + To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign + Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures; + </p> + <p> + To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the + Securities and current Coin of the United States; + </p> + <p> + To establish Post Offices and post Roads; + </p> + <p> + To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by + securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the + exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries; + </p> + <p> + To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court; + </p> + <p> + To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the + high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations; + </p> + <p> + To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and + make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; + </p> + <p> + To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to + that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years; + </p> + <p> + To provide and maintain a Navy; + </p> + <p> + To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land + and naval Forces; + </p> + <p> + To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws + of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions; + </p> + <p> + To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the + Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be + employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to + the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and + the Authority of training the Militia according to the + discipline prescribed by Congress; + </p> + <p> + To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, + over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, + by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of + Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United + States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places + purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in + which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, + Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful + Buildings;—And + </p> + <p> + To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for + carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other + Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the + United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof. + </p> + <p> + Section. 9. The Migration or Importation of such Persons as + any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, + shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one + thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be + imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for + each Person. + </p> + <p> + The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be + suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the + public Safety may require it. + </p> + <p> + No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. + </p> + <p> + No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in + Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before + directed to be taken. + </p> + <p> + No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any + State. + </p> + <p> + No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or + Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another: nor + shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to + enter, clear, or pay Duties in another. + </p> + <p> + No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence + of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and + Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money + shall be published from time to time. + </p> + <p> + No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: + And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under + them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of + any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind + whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State. + </p> + <p> + Section. 10. No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, + or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin + Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and + silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of + Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation + of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility. + </p> + <p> + No State shall, without the Consent of [the] Congress, lay + any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may + be absolutely necessary for executing it's inspection Laws: + and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any + State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the + Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be + subject to the Revision and Controul of [the] Congress. + </p> + <p> + No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty + of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, + enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or + with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually + invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of + delay. + </p> + <h3> + <b>Article II.</b> + </h3> + <p> + Section. 1. The executive Power shall be vested in a + President of the United States of America. He shall hold his + Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the + Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as + follows + </p> + <p> + Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature + thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole + Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may + be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or + Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or + Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an + Elector. + </p> + <p> + The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote + by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be + an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they + shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the + Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and + certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of + the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. + The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the + Senate and House of Representatives, open all the + Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person + having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, + if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors + appointed; and if there be more than one who have such + Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, then the House + of Representatives shall immediately chuse by Ballot one of + them for President; and if no Person have a Majority, then + from the five highest on the List the said House shall in + like Manner chuse the President. But in chusing the + President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the + Representation from each State having one Vote; A quorum for + this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two + thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall + be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of + the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes + of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there + should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate + shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vice President. + </p> + <p> + The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, + and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day + shall be the same throughout the United States. + </p> + <p> + No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the + United States, at the time of the Adoption of this + Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; + neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall + not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been + fourteen Years a Resident within the United States. + </p> + <p> + In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of + his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers + and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the + Vice President, and the Congress may by Law provide for the + Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the + President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall + then act as President, and such Officer shall act + accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President + shall be elected. + </p> + <p> + The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his + Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be encreased + nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been + elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any + other Emolument from the United States, or any of them. + </p> + <p> + Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take + the following Oath or Affirmation:—"I do solemnly swear + (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of + President of the United States, and will to the best of my + Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the + United States." + </p> + <p> + Section. 2. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the + Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the + several States, when called into the actual Service of the + United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the + principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon + any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective + Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and + Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in + Cases of Impeachment. + </p> + <p> + He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of + the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the + Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and + with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint + Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of + the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United + States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided + for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress + may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as + they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of + Law, or in the Heads of Departments. + </p> + <p> + The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that + may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting + Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next + Session. + </p> + <p> + Section. 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress + Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their + Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and + expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both + Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement + between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may + adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall + receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take + Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall + Commission all the Officers of the United States. + </p> + <p> + Section. 4. The President, Vice President and all civil + Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office + on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or + other high Crimes and Misdemeanors. + </p> + <h3> + <b>Article III.</b> + </h3> + <p> + Section. 1. The judicial Power of the United States, shall be + vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as + the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The + Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold + their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated + Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation, which + shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office. + </p> + <p> + Section. 2. The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in + Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of + the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, + under their Authority;—to all Cases affecting + Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls;—to all + Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;—to + Controversies to which the United States shall be a + Party;—to Controversies between two or more + States;—between a State and Citizens of another + State;—between Citizens of different + States,—between Citizens of the same State claiming + Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, + or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or + Subjects. + </p> + <p> + In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers + and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the + supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the + other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have + appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such + Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall + make. + </p> + <p> + The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, + shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State + where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not + committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place + or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed. + </p> + <p> + Section. 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist + only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their + Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be + convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses + to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court. + </p> + <p> + The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of + Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of + Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person + attainted. + </p> + <h3> + <b>Article. IV.</b> + </h3> + <p> + Section. 1. Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each + State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings + of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws + prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and + Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof. + </p> + <p> + Section. 2. The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to + all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several + States. + </p> + <p> + A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other + Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another + State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the + State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to + the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime. + </p> + <p> + No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the + Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of + any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such + Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the + Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due. + </p> + <p> + Section. 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into + this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected + within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be + formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of + States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States + concerned as well as of the Congress. + </p> + <p> + The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all + needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or + other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in + this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any + Claims of the United States, or of any particular State. + </p> + <p> + Section. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State + in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall + protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of + the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature + cannot be convened) against domestic Violence. + </p> + <h3> + <b>Article. V.</b> + </h3> + <p> + The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem + it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, + or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of + the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing + Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all + Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when + ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several + States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the + one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the + Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior + to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any + Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth + Section of the first Article; and that no State, without its + Consent, shall be deprived of it's equal Suffrage in the + Senate. + </p> + <h3> + <b>Article. VI.</b> + </h3> + <p> + All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the + Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the + United States under this Constitution, as under the + Confederation. + </p> + <p> + This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which + shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or + which shall be made, under the Authority of the United + States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges + in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the + Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary + notwithstanding. + </p> + <p> + The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the + Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive + and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the + several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to + support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever + be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust + under the United States. + </p> + <h3> + <b>Article. VII.</b> + </h3> + <p> + The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be + sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between + the States so ratifying the Same. + </p> + <div style= + "float: left; width: 35%; font-size: 40%; padding: 1em; background-color: #f0f0f0; border: 0; border-right: thin; border-style: dashed; margin-right: 1em;"> + <p> + The Word, "the," being interlined between the seventh and + eighth Lines of the first Page, The Word "Thirty" being + partly written on an Erazure in the fifteenth Line of the + first Page, The Words "is tried" being interlined between + the thirty second and thirty third Lines of the first Page + and the Word "the" being interlined between the forty third + and forty fourth Lines of the second Page.—Attest + WILLIAM JACKSON Secretary + </p> + </div> + <p> + <b>done</b> in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the + States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year + of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and + of the Independance of the United States of America the + Twelfth <b>In Witness</b> whereof We have hereunto subscribed + our Names, + </p> + <p style= + "margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON—Presidt. and deputy from Virginia. + </p> + <p style= + "margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"> + New Hampshire: JOHN LANGDON, NICHOLAS GILMAN. + </p> + <p style= + "margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"> + Massachusetts: NATHANIEL GORHAM, RUFUS KING. + </p> + <p style= + "margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"> + Connecticut: W'M SAM'L JOHNSON, ROGER SHERMAN. + </p> + <p style= + "margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"> + New York: ALEXANDER HAMILTON. + </p> + <p style= + "margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"> + New Jersey: WIL. LIVINGSTON, DAVID BREARLEY, W'M PATERSON, + JONA. DAYTON. + </p> + <p style= + "margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"> + Pensylvania: B FRANKLIN, THOMAS MIFFLIN, ROBT. MORRIS, GEO. + CLYMER, THO'S FITZSIMONS, JARED INGERSOLL, JAMES WILSON, GOUV + MORRIS. + </p> + <p style= + "margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"> + Delaware: GEO. READ, GUNNING BEDFORD jun, JOHN DICKINSON, + RICHARD BASSETT, JACO. BROOM. + </p> + <p style= + "margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"> + Maryland: JAMES McHENRY, DAN OF ST THO'S JENIFER, DAN'L + CARROLL. + </p> + <p style= + "margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"> + Virginia: JOHN BLAIR—, JAMES MADISON Jr. + </p> + <p style= + "margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"> + North Carolina: W'M BLOUNT, RICH'D DOBBS SPAIGHT, HU + WILLIAMSON. + </p> + <p style= + "margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"> + South Carolina: J. RUTLEDGE, CHARLES COTESWORTH PINCKNEY, + CHARLES PINCKNEY, PIERCE BUTLER. + </p> + <p style= + "margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; text-indent: 0em;"> + Georgia: WILLIAM FEW, ABR BALDWIN. + </p> + <h3> + <b>In Convention</b> Monday September 17th 1787. + </h3> + <center> + Present + </center> + <center> + The States of + </center> + <p> + New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Mr Hamilton from + New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, + Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. + </p> + <p> + That the preceding Constitution be laid before the United + States in Congress assembled, and that it is the Opinion of + this Convention, that it should afterwards be submitted to a + Convention of Delegates, chosen in each State by the People + thereof, under the Recommendation of its Legislature, for + their Assent and Ratification; and that each Convention + assenting to, and ratifying the Same, should give Notice + thereof to the United States in Congress assembled. + </p> + <p> + <span style="font-size: 125%;"><b>Resolved,</b></span> + </p> + <p> + That it is the Opinion of this Convention, that as soon as + the Conventions of nine States shall have ratified this + Constitution, the United States in Congress assembled should + fix a Day on which Electors should be appointed by the States + which shall have ratified the same, and a Day on which the + Electors should assemble to vote for the President, and the + Time and Place for commencing Proceedings under this + Constitution. That after such Publication the Electors should + be appointed, and the Senators and Representatives elected: + That the Electors should meet on the Day fixed for the + Election of the President, and should transmit their Votes + certified, signed, sealed and directed, as the Constitution + requires, to the Secretary of the United States in Congress + assembled, that the Senators and Representatives should + convene at the Time and Place assigned; that the Senators + should appoint a President of the Senate, for the sole + Purpose of receiving, opening and counting the Votes for + President; and, that after he shall be chosen, the Congress, + together with the President, should, without Delay, proceed + to execute this Constitution. + </p> + <p> + By the Unanimous Order of the Convention + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. Presid't + </p> + <p> + W. Jackson Secretary. + </p> + <p style= + "font-size: 110%; margin-left: 4em; margin-right: 2em; text-indent: -2em;"> + Articles in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of + the United States of America, proposed by Congress, and + ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to + the fifth Article of the original Constitution. + </p> + <h3> + [<b>Article I.</b>] + </h3> + <p> + Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of + religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or + abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the + right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition + the Government for a redress of grievances. + </p> + <h3> + [<b>Article II.</b>] + </h3> + <p> + A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of + a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, + shall not be infringed. + </p> + <h3> + [<b>Article III.</b>] + </h3> + <p> + No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, + without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in + a manner to be prescribed by law. + </p> + <h3> + [<b>Article IV.</b>] + </h3> + <p> + The right of the people to be secure in their persons, + houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches + and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall + issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or + affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be + searched, and the persons or things to be seized. + </p> + <h3> + [<b>Article V.</b>] + </h3> + <p> + No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise + infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a + Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval + forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of + War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the + same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor + shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness + against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or + property, without due process of law; nor shall private + property be taken for public use, without just compensation. + </p> + <h3> + [<b>Article VI.</b>] + </h3> + <p> + In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the + right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of + the State and district wherein the crime shall have been + committed, which district shall have been previously + ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and + cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses + against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining + witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel + for his defence. + </p> + <h3> + [<b>Article VII.</b>] + </h3> + <p> + In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall + exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be + preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise + re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according + to the rules of the common law. + </p> + <h3> + [<b>Article VIII.</b>] + </h3> + <p> + Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines + imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. + </p> + <h3> + [<b>Article IX.</b>] + </h3> + <p> + The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall + not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the + people. + </p> + <h3> + [<b>Article X.</b>] + </h3> + <p> + The powers not delegated to the United States by the + Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are + reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. + </p> + <h3> + [<b>Article XI.</b>] + </h3> + <p> + The Judicial power of the United States shall not be + construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced + or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of + another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign + State. + </p> + <h3> + [<b>Article XII.</b>] + </h3> + <p> + The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote + by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at + least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with + themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted + for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted + for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of + all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted + for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, + which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed + to the seat of the government of the United States, directed + to the President of the Senate;—The President of the + Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of + Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes + shall then be counted;—The person having the greatest + number of votes for President, shall be the President, if + such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors + appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the + persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the + list of those voted for as President, the House of + Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the + President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be + taken by states, the representation from each state having + one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member + or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of + all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the + House of Representatives shall not choose a President + whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before + the fourth day of March next following, then the + Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the + death or other constitutional disability of the + President.—The person having the greatest number of + votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such + number be a majority of the whole number of Electors + appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the + two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the + Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of + two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of + the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no + person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President + shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United + States. + </p> + <h3> + <b>Article XIII.</b> + </h3> + <p> + Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except + as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been + duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any + place subject to their jurisdiction. + </p> + <p> + Section. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article + by appropriate legislation. + </p> + <h3> + <b>Article XIV.</b> + </h3> + <p> + Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United + States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens + of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No + State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the + privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; + nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or + property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person + within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. + </p> + <p> + Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the + several States according to their respective numbers, + counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding + Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election + for the choice of electors for President and Vice President + of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the + Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of + the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male + inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and + citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except + for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of + representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion + which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the + whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such + State. + </p> + <p> + Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in + Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold + any office, civil or military, under the United States, or + under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a + member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or + as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or + judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of + the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or + rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the + enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of + each House, remove such disability. + </p> + <p> + Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United + States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for + payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing + insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But + neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay + any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or + rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the + loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, + obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. + </p> + <p> + Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by + appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. + </p> + <h3> + <b>Article XV.</b> + </h3> + <p> + Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote + shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by + any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of + servitude— + </p> + <p> + Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this + article by appropriate legislation— + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <hr style="width: 90%"> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + George Washington + </h2> + <h3> + April 30, 1789, to March 4, 1797 + </h3> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + George Washington + </h2> + <p> + George Washington was born at Bridges Creek, on the Potomac + River, in Westmoreland County, Va., on the 22d day of + February (or 11th, old style), 1732. Augustine Washington, + his father, was a son of Lawrence Washington, whose father, + John Washington, came to Virginia from England in 1657, and + settled at Bridges Creek. Augustine Washington died in 1743, + leaving several children, George being the eldest by his + second wife, Mary Ball. At the early age of 19 years he was + appointed adjutant-general of one of the districts of + Virginia, with the rank of major. In November, 1753, he was + sent by Lieutenant-Governor Dinwiddie, of Virginia, to visit + the French army in the Ohio Valley on important business. War + followed, and in 1754 he was promoted to the rank of + lieutenant-colonel, and engaged in the war. In 1755 he acted + as aid-de-camp to General Braddock. Soon after this he was + appointed by the legislature commander in chief of all the + forces of the Colony, and for three years devoted himself to + recruiting and organizing troops for her defense. In 1758 he + commanded a successful expedition to Fort Du Quesne. He then + left the Army, and was married to Mrs. Martha Custis, a widow + lady of Virginia. For sixteen years he resided at Mount + Vernon, occasionally acting as a magistrate or as a member of + the legislature. He was a delegate to the Williamsburg + convention, August, 1773, which resolved that taxation and + representation were inseparable. In 1774 he was sent to the + Continental Congress as a delegate from Virginia. The + following year he was unanimously chosen commander in chief, + and assumed the command of the Continental Army July 2, 1775. + He commanded the armies throughout the War for Independence. + At the close he resigned his commission, December 23, 1783, + and retired to private life. He was a delegate to, and + president of, the National Convention which met in + Philadelphia, Pa., in May, 1787, and adopted a new + Constitution, that greatly increased the power of the Federal + Government. He was unanimously elected the first President of + the United States, and was inaugurated on the 30th of April, + 1789, in New York City, and at the end of his first term was + unanimously reelected. He retired March 4, 1797, having + declined a third term. In September, 1796, he issued his + Farewell Address to the people. July 3, 1798, he was again + appointed to the command of the armies of the United States, + with the rank of lieutenant-general. He was a Freemason, and + served as master of his lodge. He died at Mount Vernon, Va., + after a short illness, December 14, 1799, and was buried + there. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + PROCEEDINGS INITIATORY TO THE FIRST PRESIDENTIAL + INAUGURATION. + </h3> + <center> + [From the Washington Papers (Executive Proceedings, vol. 17), + Department of State.] + </center> + <p> + Charles Thomson, esq., Secretary of the late Congress, being + appointed by the Senate of the United States to carry to + General Washington the official information of his unanimous + election to the office of President of the United States of + America, arrived at Mount Vernon on the 14th day of April, + A.D. 1789, when he communicated to General Washington the + purport of his mission in the following words: + </p> + <p> + SIR: The President of the Senate chosen for the special + purpose, having opened and counted the votes of the electors + in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, I was + honored with the commands of the Senate to wait upon Your + Excellency with the information of your being elected to the + office of President of the United States of America. This + commission was intrusted to me on account of my having been + long in the confidence of the late Congress, and charged with + the duties of one of the principal civil departments of + Government. + </p> + <p> + I have now, sir, to inform you that the proofs you have given + of your patriotism, and of your readiness to sacrifice + domestic ease and private enjoyments to preserve the + happiness of your country, did not permit the two Houses to + harbor a doubt of your undertaking this great and important + office, to which you are called, not only by the unanimous + vote of the electors, but by the voice of America. + </p> + <p> + I have it, therefore, in command to accompany you to New + York, where the Senate and House of Representatives are + convened for the dispatch of public business. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + To which General Washington replied: + </p> + <p> + SIR: I have been accustomed to pay so much respect to the + opinion of my fellow-citizens that the knowledge of their + having given their unanimous suffrages in my favor scarcely + leaves me the alternative for an option. I can not, I + believe, give a greater evidence of my sensibility of the + honor which they have done me than by accepting the + appointment. + </p> + <p> + I am so much affected by this fresh proof of my country's + esteem and confidence that silence can best explain my + gratitude. While I realize the arduous nature of the task + which is imposed upon me, and feel my own inability to + perform it, I wish, however, that there may not be reason for + regretting the choice, for, indeed, all I can promise is only + to accomplish that which can be done by an honest zeal. + </p> + <p> + Upon considering how long time some of the gentlemen of both + Houses of Congress have been at New York, how anxiously + desirous they must be to proceed to business, and how deeply + the public mind appears to be impressed with the necessity of + doing it speedily, I can not find myself at liberty to delay + my journey. I shall therefore be in readiness to set out the + day after to-morrow, and shall be happy in the pleasure of + your company, for you will permit me to say that it is a + peculiar gratification to have received the communication + from you. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + OFFICIAL INFORMATION OF THE ELECTION OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE + UNITED STATES, APRIL 6, 1789. + </h3> + <p> + Be it known that the Senate and House of Representatives of + the United States of America, being convened in the city and + State of New York, this 6th day of April, A.D. 1789, the + underwritten, appointed President of the Senate for the sole + purpose of receiving, opening, and counting the votes of the + electors, did, in the presence of the said Senate and House + of Representatives, open all the certificates and count all + the votes of the electors for a President and Vice-President, + by which it appears that His Excellency George Washington, + esq., was unanimously elected, agreeably to the Constitution, + to the office of President of the said United States of + America. + </p> + <p> + In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN LANGDON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + MOUNT VERNON, <i>April 14, 1789</i>. + </p> + <p> + To the Honorable JOHN LANGDON,<br> + <i>President pro tempore of the Senate of the United + States</i>. + </p> + <p> + SIR: I had the honor to receive your official communication, + by the hand of Mr. Secretary Thomson, about 1 o'clock this + day. Having concluded to obey the important and flattering + call of my country, and having been impressed with an idea of + the expediency of my being with Congress at as early a period + as possible, I propose to commence my journey on Thursday + morning, which will be the day after to-morrow. + </p> + <p> + I have the honor to be, with sentiments of esteem, sir, your + most obedient servant, + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + RESOLVE OF THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES RESPECTING MR. + OSGOOD'S PREPARING HIS HOUSE FOR THE RECEPTION OF THE + PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. + </h3> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES OF AMERICA<br> + <i>In Senate, April 15, 1789</i>. + </p> + <p> + The committee to whom it was referred to consider of and + report to the House respecting the ceremonial of receiving + the President, and to whom also was referred a letter from + the chairman of a committee of the Senate to the Speaker, + communicating an instruction from that House to a committee + thereof to report if any and what arrangements are necessary + for the reception of the Vice-President, have agreed to the + following report: + </p> + <p> + That Mr. Osgood, the proprietor of the house lately occupied + by the President of Congress, be requested to put the same + and the furniture thereof in proper condition for the + residence and use of the President of the United States, and + otherwise, at the expense of the United States, to provide + for his temporary accommodation. + </p> + <p> + That it will be more eligible, in the first instance, that a + committee of three members from the Senate and five members + from the House of Representatives, to be appointed by the two + Houses respectively, attend to receive the President at such + place as he shall embark from New Jersey for this city, and + conduct him without form to the house lately occupied by the + President of Congress, and at such time thereafter as the + President shall signify it will be most convenient for him, + he be formally received by both Houses. + </p> + <p> + Read and accepted. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + IN SENATE, <i>April 16, 1789</i>. + </p> + <p> + The Senate proceeded by ballot to the choice of a committee, + agreeably to the report of the committee of both Houses + agreed to the 15th instant, when the Honorable Mr. Langdon, + the Honorable Mr. Carroll, and the Honorable Mr. Johnson were + chosen. + </p> + <p> + A true copy from the Journals of the Senate. + </p> + <p> + Attest: + </p> + <p class="r"> + SAM. A. OTIS, <i>Secretary</i>. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + RESOLVE OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES + RESPECTING MR. OSGOOD'S PREPARING HIS HOUSE FOR THE RECEPTION + OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. + </h3> + <p class="r"> + IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES<br> + <i>Wednesday, April 15, 1789</i>. + </p> + <p> + Mr. Benson reported from the committee to whom it was + referred to consider of and report to the House respecting + the ceremonial of receiving the President, and to whom was + also referred a letter from the chairman of a committee of + the Senate to the Speaker, communicating an instruction from + that House to a committee thereof to report if any and what + arrangements are necessary for the reception of the + Vice-President, that the committee had, according to order, + considered of the same, and had agreed to a report thereupon, + which he delivered in at the Clerk's table, and where the + same was thrice read, and the question put thereupon agreed + to by the House as followeth: + </p> + <p> + That Mr. Osgood, the proprietor of the house lately occupied + by the President of Congress, be requested to put the same + and the furniture therein in proper order for the residence + and use of the President of the United States, and otherwise, + at the expense of the United States, to provide for his + temporary accommodation. + </p> + <p> + That it will be most eligible, in the first instance, that a + committee of three members from the Senate and five members + from the House of Representatives, to be appointed by the + Houses respectively, attend to receive the President at such + place as he shall embark from New Jersey for this city, and + conduct him without form to the house lately occupied by the + President of Congress, and that at such time thereafter as + the President shall signify it will be most convenient for + him, he be formally received by both Houses. + </p> + <p> + Extract from the Journal. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN BECKLEY, <i>Clerk</i>. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + RESOLVE OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES RESPECTING A + COMMITTEE TO MEET THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. + </h3> + <p class="r"> + IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES,<br> + <i>Wednesday, April</i> 15, <i>1789</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Resolved</i>, That it will be most eligible, in the first + instance, that a committee of three members from the Senate + and five members from the House of Representatives, to be + appointed by the Houses respectively, attend to receive the + President at such place as he shall embark from New Jersey + for this city, and conduct him without form to the house + lately occupied by the President of Congress, and that at + such time thereafter as the President shall signify, he be + formally received by both Houses. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + THURSDAY, <i>April 16, 1789</i>. + </p> + <p> + The committee elected on the part of this House, Mr. + Boudinot, Mr. Bland, Mr. Tucker, Mr. Benson, and Mr. + Lawrance. + </p> + <p> + Extract from the Journal. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN BECKLEY, <i>Clerk</i>. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + REQUEST OF THE COMMITTEE APPOINTED BY CONGRESS TO KNOW WHEN + THEY SHOULD MEET THE PRESIDENT. + </h3> + <p> + The committee appointed in consequence of the resolutions of + both Houses of Congress, and which accompany this note, most + respectfully communicate their appointment to the President + of the United States, with a request that he will please to + have it signified to them when they shall attend, with a + barge which has been prepared for that purpose, to receive + him at Elizabeth Town, or at such other place as he shall + choose to embark from New Jersey for this city. + </p> + <p> + NEW YORK, <i>April 17, 1789</i>. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN LANGDON.<br> + CHARGES CARROLL, of Carrollton.<br> + WM. SAMUEL JOHNSON.<br> + ELIAS BOUDINOT.<br> + THEODORICK BLAND.<br> + THOS. TUDR. TUCKER.<br> + EGBT. BENSON.<br> + JOHN LAWRANCE. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + TO THE COMMITTEE OF CONGRESS RESPECTING THE TIME OF THE + PRESIDENT MEETING THEM AT ELIZABETH TOWN. + </h3> + <p class="r"> + PHILADELPHIA, <i>April 20, 1789</i>. + </p> + <p> + GENTLEMEN: Upon my arrival in this city I received your note, + with the resolutions of the two Houses which accompanied it, + and in answer thereto beg leave to inform you that, knowing + how anxious both Houses must be to proceed to business, I + shall continue my journey dispatch as possible. To-morrow + evening I purpose to be at Trenton, the night following at + Brunswick, and hope to have the pleasure of meeting you at + Elizabeth Town point on Thursday at 12 o'clock. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + LETTER FROM THE HONORABLE ELIAS BOUDINOT. + </h3> + <p class="r"> + NEW YORK, <i>April 21, 1789</i>. + </p> + <p> + His Excellency GEORGE WASHINGTON, Esq. + </p> + <p> + SIR: The committee have just received Your Excellency's + letter of the 20th, and will be at Elizabeth Town on Thursday + morning. + </p> + <p> + I must beg Your Excellency will alight at my house, where the + committee will attend, and where it will give me (in a + particular manner) the utmost pleasure to receive you. + </p> + <p> + I have the honor to be, with the most profound respect, sir, + your most obedient and very humble servant, + </p> + <p class="r"> + ELIAS BOUDINOT. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + LETTER FROM THE HONORABLE ELIAS BOUDINOT, APRIL 23, 1789. + </h3> + <p class="r"> + ELIZABETH TOWN, <i>Wednesday Evening</i>. + </p> + <p> + His Excellency GEORGE WASHINGTON, Esq. + </p> + <p> + SIR: I have the honor of informing Your Excellency that the + committees of both Houses arrived here this afternoon, and + will be ready to receive Your Excellency at my house as soon + as you can arrive here to-morrow morning. + </p> + <p> + If you, sir, will honor us with your company at breakfast, it + will give us great pleasure. We shall wait Your Excellency's + arrival in hopes of that gratification. You can have a room + to dress in, if you should think it necessary, as convenient + as you can have it in town. + </p> + <p> + I have the honor to be Your Excellency's most obedient humble + servant, + </p> + <p class="r"> + ELIAS BOUDINOT. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF CONGRESS RESPECTING THE TIME OF + THE INAUGURATION OF THE PRESIDENT. + </h3> + <p class="r"> + IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES<br> + <i>Saturday, April 25, 1789</i>. + </p> + <p> + Mr. Benson, from the committee appointed to consider of the + time, place, and manner in which, and of the person by whom, + the oath prescribed by the Constitution shall be administered + to the President of the United States, and to confer with a + committee of the Senate, appointed for the purpose, reported + as followeth: + </p> + <p> + That the President hath been pleased to signify to them that + any time or place which both Houses may think proper to + appoint and any manner which shall appear most eligible to + them will be convenient and acceptable to him. + </p> + <p> + That requisite preparations can not probably be made before + Thursday next; that the President be on that day formally + received in the Senate Chamber; that the Representatives' + Chamber being capable of receiving the greater number of + persons, that therefore the President do take the oath in + that place and in the presence of both Houses; that after the + formal reception of the President in the Senate Chamber he be + attended by both Houses to the Representatives' Chamber, and + that the oath be administered by the chancellor of this + State. + </p> + <p> + The committee further report it as their opinion that it will + be proper that a committee of both Houses be appointed to + take order for further conducting the ceremonial. + </p> + <p> + The said report was twice read, and on the question put + thereupon was agreed to by the House. + </p> + <p> + <i>Ordered</i>, That Mr. Benson, Mr. Ames, and Mr. Carroll be + a committee on the part of this House pursuant to the said + report. + </p> + <p> + Extract from the Journal. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN BECKLEY, <i>Clerk</i>. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF CONGRESS TO THE SENATE RESPECTING + THE TIME OF THE INAUGURATION OF THE PRESIDENT. + </h3> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,<br> + <i>In Senate</i>, <i>April 25, 1789</i>. + </p> + <p> + The committee appointed to consider of the time, place, and + manner in which and of the person by whom the oath prescribed + by the Constitution shall be administered to the President of + the United States, and to confer with a committee of the + House appointed for that purpose, report: + </p> + <p> + That the President hath been pleased to signify to them that + any time or place which both Houses may think proper to + appoint and any manner which shall appear most eligible to + them will be convenient and acceptable to him; that requisite + preparations can not probably be made before Thursday next; + that the President be on that day formally received in the + Senate Chamber by both Houses; that the Representatives' + Chamber being capable of receiving the greater number of + persons, that therefore the President do take the oath in + that place in presence of both Houses; that after the formal + reception of the President in the Senate Chamber he be + attended by both Houses to the Representatives' Chamber, and + that the oath be administered by the chancellor of this + State. + </p> + <p> + The committee further report it as their opinion that it will + be proper that a committee of both Houses be appointed to + take order for conducting the ceremonial. + </p> + <p> + Read and accepted. + </p> + <p> + And Mr. Lee, Mr. Izard, and Mr. Dalton, on the part of the + Senate, together with the committee that may be appointed on + the part of the House, are empowered to take order for + conducting the business. + </p> + <p> + A true copy from the Journals of Senate. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + IN SENATE, <i>April 27</i>, <i>1789</i> + </p> + <p> + The committees appointed to take order for conducting the + ceremonial of the formal reception, etc., of the President + report that it appears to them more eligible that the oath + should be administered to the President in the outer gallery + adjoining the Senate Chamber than in the Representatives' + Chamber, and therefore submit to the respective Houses the + propriety of authorizing their committees to take order as to + the place where the oath shall be administered to the + President, the resolutions of Saturday assigning the + Representatives' Chamber as the place notwithstanding. + </p> + <p> + Read and accepted. + </p> + <p> + A true copy from the Journals of the Senate. + </p> + <p class="r"> + SAM. A. OTIS, <i>Secretary</i>. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + ORDER FOR CONDUCTING THE CEREMONIAL FOR THE INAUGURATION OF + THE PRESIDENT. + </h3> + <p> + The committees of both Houses of Congress appointed to take + order for conducting the ceremonial for the formal reception, + etc., of the President of the United States on Thursday next + have agreed to the following order thereon, viz: + </p> + <p> + That General Webb, Colonel Smith, Lieutenant-Colonel Fish, + Major Franks, Major L'Enfant, Major Bleeker, and Mr. John R. + Livingston be requested to serve as assistants on the + occasion. + </p> + <p> + That a chair be placed in the Senate Chamber for the + President. + </p> + <p> + That a chair be placed in the Senate Chamber for the + Vice-President, to the right of the President's chair, and + that the Senators take their seats on that side of the + Chamber on which the Vice-President's chair shall be placed. + That a chair be placed in the Senate Chamber for the Speaker + of the House of Representatives, to the left of the + President's chair, and that the Representatives take their + seats on that side of the Chamber on which the Speaker's + chair shall be placed. + </p> + <p> + That seats be provided in the Senate Chamber sufficient to + accommodate the late President of Congress, the governor of + the Western Territory, the five persons being the heads of + the great Departments, the minister plenipotentiary of + France, the encargado de negocios of Spain, the chaplains of + Congress, the persons in the suite of the President, and also + to accommodate the following public officers of the State, + viz: The governor, lieutenant-governor, the chancellor, the + chief justice of the supreme court and other judges thereof, + and the mayor of the city. + </p> + <p> + That one of the assistants wait on these gentlemen and inform + them that seats are provided for their accommodation, and + also to signify to them that no precedence of seats is + intended, and that no salutation is expected from them on + their entrance into or their departure from the Senate + Chamber. + </p> + <p> + That the members of both Houses assemble in their respective + chambers precisely at 12 o'clock, and that the + Representatives, preceded by their Speaker and attended by + their Clerk and other officers, proceed to the Senate + Chamber, there to be received by the Vice-President and + Senators rising. + </p> + <p> + That the committees attend the President from his residence + to the Senate Chamber, and that he be there received by the + Vice-President, the Senators and Representatives rising, and + by the Vice-President conducted to his chair. + </p> + <p> + That after the President shall be seated in his chair and the + Vice-President, Senators, and Representatives shall be again + seated, the Vice-President shall announce to the President + that the members of both Houses will attend him to be present + at his taking the oath of office required by the + Constitution. + </p> + <p> + To the end that the oath of office may be administered to the + President in the most public manner and that the greatest + number of the people of the United States, and without + distinction, may be witnesses to the solemnity, that + therefore the oath be administered in the outer gallery + adjoining to the Senate Chamber. + </p> + <p> + That when the President shall proceed to the gallery to take + the oath he be attended by the Vice-President, and be + followed by the chancellor of the State, and pass through the + middle door; that the Senators pass through the door on the + right, and the Representatives pass through the door on the + left, and such of the persons who may have been admitted into + the Senate Chamber and may be desirous to go into the gallery + are then also to pass through the door on the right. + </p> + <p> + That when the President shall have taken the oath and + returned into the Senate Chamber, attended by the + Vice-President, and shall be seated in his chair, that + Senators and Representatives also return into the Senate + Chamber, and that the Vice-President and they resume their + respective seats. + </p> + <p> + That when the President retire from the Senate Chamber he be + conducted by the Vice-President to the door, the members of + both Houses rising, and that he be there received by the + committees and attended to his residence. + </p> + <p> + That immediately as the President shall retire the + Representatives do also return from the Senate Chamber to + their own. + </p> + <p> + That it be intrusted to the assistants to take proper + precautions for keeping the avenues to the hall open, and for + that purpose they wait on his excellency the governor of this + State, and in the name of the committees request his aid by + an order or recommendation to the civil officers or militia + of the city to attend and serve on the occasion as he shall + judge most proper, + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + RESOLVE OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES UPON THE REPORT OF + THE COMMITTEE RESPECTING THE INAUGURATION OF THE PRESIDENT. + </h3> + <p class="r"> + IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES<br> + <i>Monday, April 27, 1789</i>. + </p> + <p> + Mr. Benson, from the committee of both Houses appointed to + take order for conducting the ceremonial of the formal + reception of the President of the United States, reported as + followeth: + </p> + <p> + That it appears to the committee more eligible that the oath + should be administered to the President in the outer gallery + adjoining the Senate Chamber than in the Representatives' + Chamber, and therefore submits to the respective Houses the + propriety of authorizing their committees to take order as to + the place where the oath shall be administered to the + President, the resolutions of Saturday assigning the + Representatives' Chamber as the place notwithstanding. + </p> + <p> + The said report being twice read, + </p> + <p> + <i>Resolved</i>, That this House doth concur in the said + report and authorize the committee to take order for the + change of place thereby proposed. + </p> + <p> + Extract from the Journal. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN BECKLEY, <i>Clerk</i>. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + FIRST INAUGURAL ADDRESS. + </h2> + <p class="r"> + IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK.<br> + APRIL 30, 1789. + </p> + <p> + <i>Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + Among the vicissitudes incident to life no event could have + filled me with greater anxieties than that of which the + notification was transmitted by your order, and received on + the 14th day of the present month. On the one hand, I was + summoned by my country, whose voice I can never hear but with + veneration and love, from a retreat which I had chosen with + the fondest predilection, and, in my flattering hopes, with + an immutable decision, as the asylum of my declining + years—a retreat which was rendered every day more + necessary as well as more dear to me by the addition of habit + to inclination, and of frequent interruptions in my health to + the gradual waste committed on it by time. On the other hand, + the magnitude and difficulty of the trust to which the voice + of my country called me, being sufficient to awaken in the + wisest and most experienced of her citizens a distrustful + scrutiny into his qualifications, could not but overwhelm + with despondence one who (inheriting inferior endowments from + nature and unpracticed in the duties of civil administration) + ought to be peculiarly conscious of his own deficiencies. In + this conflict of emotions all I dare aver is that it has been + my faithful study to collect my duty from a just appreciation + of every circumstance by which it might be affected. All I + dare hope is that if, in executing this task, I have been too + much swayed by a grateful remembrance of former instances, or + by an affectionate sensibility to this transcendent proof of + the confidence of my fellow-citizens, and have thence too + little consulted my incapacity as well as disinclination for + the weighty and untried cares before me, my error will be + palliated by the motives which mislead me, and its + consequences be judged by my country with some share of the + partiality in which they originated. + </p> + <p> + Such being the impressions under which I have, in obedience + to the public summons, repaired to the present station, it + would be peculiarly improper to omit in this first official + act my fervent supplications to that Almighty Being who rules + over the universe, who presides in the councils of nations, + and whose providential aids can supply every human defect, + that His benediction may consecrate to the liberties and + happiness of the people of the United States a Government + instituted by themselves for these essential purposes, and + may enable every instrument employed in its administration to + execute with success the functions allotted to his charge. In + tendering this homage to the Great Author of every public and + private good, I assure myself that it expresses your + sentiments not less than my own, nor those of my + fellow-citizens at large less than either. No people can be + bound to acknowledge and adore the Invisible Hand which + conducts the affairs of men more than those of the United + States. Every step by which they have advanced to the + character of an independent nation seems to have been + distinguished by some token of providential agency; and in + the important revolution just accomplished in the system of + their united government the tranquil deliberations and + voluntary consent of so many distinct communities from which + the event has resulted can not be compared with the means by + which most governments have been established without some + return of pious gratitude, along with an humble anticipation + of the future blessings which the past seem to presage. These + reflections, arising out of the present crisis, have forced + themselves too strongly on my mind to be suppressed. You will + join with me, I trust, in thinking that there are none under + the influence of which the proceedings of a new and free + government can more auspiciously commence. + </p> + <p> + By the article establishing the executive department it is + made the duty of the President "to recommend to your + consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and + expedient." The circumstances under which I now meet you will + acquit me from entering into that subject further than to + refer to the great constitutional charter under which you are + assembled, and which, in defining your powers, designates the + objects to which your attention is to be given. It will be + more consistent with those circumstances, and far more + congenial with the feelings which actuate me, to substitute, + in place of a recommendation of particular measures, the + tribute that is due to the talents, the rectitude, and the + patriotism which adorn the characters selected to devise and + adopt them. In these honorable qualifications I behold the + surest pledges that as on one side no local prejudices or + attachments, no separate views nor party animosities, will + misdirect the comprehensive and equal eye which ought to + watch over this great assemblage of communities and + interests, so, on another, that the foundation of our + national policy will be laid in the pure and immutable + principles of private morality, and the preeminence of free + government be exemplified by all the attributes which can win + the affections of its citizens and command the respect of the + world. I dwell on this prospect with every satisfaction which + an ardent love for my country can inspire, since there is no + truth more thoroughly established than that there exists in + the economy and course of nature an indissoluble union + between virtue and happiness; between duty and advantage; + between the genuine maxims of an honest and magnanimous + policy and the solid rewards of public prosperity and + felicity; since we ought to be no less persuaded that the + propitious smiles of Heaven can never be expected on a nation + that disregards the eternal rules of order and right which + Heaven itself has ordained; and since the preservation of the + sacred fire of liberty and the destiny of the republican + model of government are justly considered, perhaps, as + <i>deeply</i>, as <i>finally</i>, staked on the experiment + intrusted to the hands of the American people. + </p> + <p> + Besides the ordinary objects submitted to your care, it will + remain with your judgment to decide how far an exercise of + the occasional power delegated by the fifth article of the + Constitution is rendered expedient at the present juncture by + the nature of objections which have been urged against the + system, or by the degree of inquietude which has given birth + to them. Instead of undertaking particular recommendations on + this subject, in which I could be guided by no lights derived + from official opportunities, I shall again give way to my + entire confidence in your discernment and pursuit of the + public good; for I assure myself that whilst you carefully + avoid every alteration which might endanger the benefits of + an united and effective government, or which ought to await + the future lessons of experience, a reverence for the + characteristic rights of freemen and a regard for the public + harmony will sufficiently influence your deliberations on the + question how far the former can be impregnably fortified or + the latter be safely and advantageously promoted. + </p> + <p> + To the foregoing observations I have one to add, which will + be most properly addressed to the House of Representatives. + It concerns myself, and will therefore be as brief as + possible. When I was first honored with a call into the + service of my country, then on the eve of an arduous struggle + for its liberties, the light in which I contemplated my duty + required that I should renounce every pecuniary compensation. + From this resolution I have in no instance departed; and + being still under the impressions which produced it, I must + decline as inapplicable to myself any share in the personal + emoluments which may be indispensably included in a permanent + provision for the executive department, and must accordingly + pray that the pecuniary estimates for the station in which I + am placed may during my continuance in it be limited to such + actual expenditures as the public good may be thought to + require. + </p> + <p> + Having thus imparted to you my sentiments as they have been + awakened by the occasion which brings us together, I shall + take my present leave; but not without resorting once more to + the benign Parent of the Human Race in humble supplication + that, since He has been pleased to favor the American people + with opportunities for deliberating in perfect tranquillity, + and dispositions for deciding with unparalleled unanimity on + a form of government for the security of their union and the + advancement of their happiness, so His divine blessing may be + equally <i>conspicuous</i> in the enlarged views, the + temperate consultations, and the wise measures on which the + success of this Government must depend. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + ADDRESS OF THE SENATE TO GEORGE WASHINGTON, PRESIDENT OF THE + UNITED STATES. + </h3> + <p> + SIR: We, the Senate of the United States, return you our + sincere thanks for your excellent speech delivered to both + Houses of Congress, congratulate you on the complete + organization of the Federal Government, and felicitate + ourselves and our fellow-citizens on your elevation to the + office of President, an office highly important by the powers + constitutionally annexed to it and extremely honorable from + the manner in which the appointment is made. The unanimous + suffrage of the elective body in your favor is peculiarly + expressive of the gratitude, confidence, and affection of the + citizens of America, and is the highest testimonial at once + of your merit and their esteem. We are sensible, sir, that + nothing but the voice of your fellow-citizens could have + called you from a retreat chosen with the fondest + predilection, endeared by habit, and consecrated to the + repose of declining years. We rejoice, and with us all + America, that in obedience to the call of our common country + you have returned once more to public life. In you all + parties confide; in you all interests unite; and we have no + doubt that your past services, great as they have been, will + be equaled by your future exertions, and that your prudence + and sagacity as a statesman will tend to avert the dangers to + which we were exposed, to give stability to the present + Government and dignity and splendor to that country which + your skill and valor as a soldier so eminently contributed to + raise to independence and empire. + </p> + <p> + When we contemplate the coincidence of circumstances and + wonderful combination of causes which gradually prepared the + people of this country for independence; when we contemplate + the rise, progress, and termination of the late war, which + gave them a name among the nations of the earth, we are with + you unavoidably led to acknowledge and adore the Great + Arbiter of the Universe, by whom empires rise and fall. A + review of the many signal instances of divine interposition + in favor of this country claims our most pious gratitude; and + permit us, sir, to observe that among the great events which + have led to the formation and establishment of a Federal + Government we esteem your acceptance of the office of + President as one of the most propitious and important. + </p> + <p> + In the execution of the trust reposed in us we shall endeavor + to pursue that enlarged and liberal policy to which your + speech so happily directs. We are conscious that the + prosperity of each State is inseparably connected with the + welfare of all, and that in promoting the latter we shall + effectually advance the former. In full persuasion of this + truth, it shall be our invariable aim to divest ourselves of + local prejudices and attachments, and to view the great + assemblage of communities and interests committed to our + charge with an equal eye. We feel, sir, the force and + acknowledge the justness of the observation that the + foundation of our national policy should be laid in private + morality. If individuals be not influenced by moral + principles, it is in vain to look for public virtue. It is + therefore the duty of legislators to enforce, both by precept + and example, the utility as well as the necessity of a strict + adherence to the rules of distributive justice. We beg you to + be assured that the Senate will at all times cheerfully + cooperate in every measure which may strengthen the Union, + conduce to the happiness or secure and perpetuate the + liberties of this great confederated Republic. + </p> + <p> + We commend you, sir, to the protection of Almighty God, + earnestly beseeching Him long to preserve a life so valuable + and dear to the people of the United States, and that your + Administration may be prosperous to the nation and glorious + to yourself. + </p> + <p> + MAY 7, 1789. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. + </h3> + <p> + GENTLEMEN: I thank you for your address, in which the most + affectionate sentiments are expressed in the most obliging + terms. The coincidence of circumstances which led to this + auspicious crisis, the confidence reposed in me by my + fellow-citizens, and the assistance I may expect from + counsels which will be dictated by an enlarged and liberal + policy seem to presage a more prosperous issue to my + Administration than a diffidence of my abilities had taught + me to anticipate. I now feel myself inexpressibly happy in a + belief that Heaven, which has done so much for our infant + nation, will not withdraw its providential influence before + our political felicity shall have been completed, and in a + conviction that the Senate will at all times cooperate in + every measure which may tend to promote the welfare of this + confederated Republic. Thus supported by a firm trust in the + Great Arbiter of the Universe, aided by the collected wisdom + of the Union, and imploring the divine benediction on our + joint exertions in the service of our country, I readily + engage with you in the arduous but pleasing task of + attempting to make a nation happy. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + MAY 18, 1789. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + ADDRESS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES TO GEORGE WASHINGTON, + PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. + </h3> + <p> + SIR: The Representatives of the people of the United States + present their congratulations on the event by which your + fellow-citizens have attested the preeminence of your merit. + You have long held the first place in their esteem. You have + often received tokens of their affection. You now possess the + only proof that remained of their gratitude for your + services, of their reverence for your wisdom, and of their + confidence in your virtues. You enjoy the highest, because + the truest, honor of being the first Magistrate by the + unanimous choice of the freest people on the face of the + earth. + </p> + <p> + We well know the anxieties with which you must have obeyed a + summons from the repose reserved for your declining years + into public scenes, of which you had taken your leave + forever. But the obedience was due to the occasion. It is + already applauded by the universal joy which welcomes you to + your station. And we can not doubt that it will be rewarded + with all the satisfaction with which an ardent love for your + fellow-citizens must review successful efforts to promote + their happiness. + </p> + <p> + This anticipation is not justified merely by the past + experience of your signal services. It is particularly + suggested by the pious impressions under which you commence + your Administration and the enlightened maxims by which you + mean to conduct it. We feel with you the strongest + obligations to adore the Invisible Hand which has led the + American people through so many difficulties, to cherish a + conscious responsibility for the destiny of republican + liberty, and to seek the only sure means of preserving and + recommending the precious deposit in a system of legislation + founded on the principles of an honest policy and directed by + the spirit of a diffusive patriotism. + </p> + <p> + The question arising out of the fifth article of the + Constitution will receive all the attention demanded by its + importance, and will, we trust, be decided under the + influence of all the considerations to which you allude. + </p> + <p> + In forming the pecuniary provisions for the executive + department we shall not lose sight of a wish resulting from + motives which give it a peculiar claim to our regard. Your + resolution, in a moment critical to the liberties of your + country, to renounce all personal emolument, was among the + many presages of your patriotic services which have been + amply fulfilled; and your scrupulous adherence now to the law + then imposed on yourself can not fail to demonstrate the + purity, whilst it increases the luster, of a character which + has so many titles to admiration. + </p> + <p> + Such are the sentiments which we have thought fit to address + to you. They flow from our own hearts, and we verily believe + that among the millions we represent there is not a virtuous + citizen whose heart will disown them. + </p> + <p> + All that remains is that we join in our fervent supplications + for the blessings of Heaven on our country, and that we add + our own for the choicest of these blessings on the most + beloved of her citizens. + </p> + <p> + MAY 5, 1789. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. + </h3> + <p> + GENTLEMEN: Your very affectionate address produces emotions + which I know not how to express. I feel that my past + endeavors in the service of my country are far overpaid by + its goodness, and I fear much that my future ones may not + fulfill your kind anticipation. All that I can promise is + that they will be invariably directed by an honest and an + ardent zeal. Of this resource my heart assures me. For all + beyond I rely on the wisdom and patriotism of those with whom + I am to cooperate and a continuance of the blessings of + Heaven on our beloved country. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + MAY 8, 1789. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + SPECIAL MESSAGES. + </h2> + <p class="r"> + NEW YORK, <i>May 25, 1789</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + In pursuance of the order of the late Congress, treaties + between the United States and several nations of Indians have + been negotiated and signed. These treaties, with sundry + papers respecting them, I now lay before you, for your + consideration and advice, by the hands of General Knox, under + whose official superintendence the business was transacted, + and who will be ready to communicate to you any information + on such points as may appear to require it, + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + NEW YORK, <i>June 11, 1789</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + A convention between His Most Christian Majesty and the + United States, for the purposes of determining and fixing the + functions and prerogatives of their respective consuls, + vice-consuls, agents, and commissaries, was signed by their + respective plenipotentiaries on the 29th of July, 1784. + </p> + <p> + It appearing to the late Congress that certain alterations in + that convention ought to be made, they instructed their + minister at the Court of France to endeavor to obtain them. + </p> + <p> + It has accordingly been altered in several respects, and as + amended was signed by the plenipotentiaries of the + contracting powers on the 14th of November, 1788. + </p> + <p> + The sixteenth article provides that it shall be in force + during the term of twelve years, to be counted from the day + of the exchange <i>of ratifications, which shall be given in + proper form</i>, and exchanged on both sides within the space + of one year, or sooner if possible. + </p> + <p> + I now lay before you the original by the hands of Mr. Jay for + your consideration and advice. The papers relative to this + negotiation are in his custody, and he has my orders to + communicate to you whatever official papers and information + on the subject he may possess and you may require. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + NEW YORK, <i>June 15, 1789</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + Mr. Jefferson, the present minister of the United States at + the Court of France, having applied for permission to return + home for a few months, and it appearing to me proper to + comply with his request, it becomes necessary that some + person be appointed <i>to take charge</i> of our affairs at + that Court during his absence. + </p> + <p> + For this purpose I nominate William Short, esq., and request + your advice on the propriety of appointing him. + </p> + <p> + There are in the Office for Foreign Affairs papers which will + acquaint you with his character, and which Mr. Jay has my + directions to lay before you at such time as you may think + proper to assign. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + NEW YORK, <i>August 6, 1789</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + My nomination of Benjamin Fishbourn for the place of naval + officer of the port of Savannah not having met with your + concurrence, I now nominate Lachlan McIntosh for that office. + </p> + <p> + Whatever may have been the reasons which induced your + dissent, I am persuaded they were such as you deemed + sufficient. Permit me to submit to your consideration whether + on occasions where the propriety of nominations appear + questionable to you it would not be expedient to communicate + that circumstance to me, and thereby avail yourselves of the + information which led me to make them, and which I would with + pleasure lay before you. Probably my reasons for nominating + Mr. Fishbourn may tend to show that such a mode of proceeding + in such cases might be useful. I will therefore detail them. + </p> + <p> + First. While Colonel Fishbourn was an officer in actual + service and chiefly under my own eye, his conduct appeared to + me irreproachable; nor did I ever hear anything injurious to + his reputation as an officer or a gentleman. At the storm of + Stony Point his behavior was represented to have been active + and brave, and he was charged by his general to bring the + account of that success to the headquarters of the Army. + </p> + <p> + Secondly. Since his residence in Georgia he has been + repeatedly elected to the assembly as a representative of the + county of Chatham, in which the port of Savannah is situated, + and sometimes of the counties of Glynn and Camden; he has + been chosen a member of the executive council of the State + and has lately been president of the same; he has been + elected by the officers of the militia in the county of + Chatham lieutenant-colonel of the militia in that district, + and on a very recent occasion, to wit, in the month of May + last, he has been appointed by the council (on the suspension + of the late collector) to an office in the port of Savannah + nearly similar to that for which I nominated him, which + office he actually holds at this time. To these reasons for + nominating Mr. Fishbourn I might add that I received private + letters of recommendation and oral testimonials in his favor + from some of the most respectable characters in that State; + but as they were secondary considerations with me, I do not + think it necessary to communicate them to you. + </p> + <p> + It appeared, therefore, to me that Mr. Fishbourn must have + enjoyed the <i>confidence</i> of the militia officers in + order to have been elected to a military rank; the + <i>confidence</i> of the freemen to have been elected to the + assembly; the <i>confidence</i> of the assembly to have been + selected for the council, and the <i>confidence</i> of the + council to have been appointed collector of the port of + Savannah. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + NEW YORK, <i>August 7, 1789</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + The business which has hitherto been under the consideration + of Congress has been of so much importance that I was + unwilling to draw their attention from it to any other + subject; but the disputes which exist between some of the + United States and several powerful tribes of Indians within + the limits of the Union, and the hostilities which have in + several instances been committed on the frontiers, seem to + require the immediate interposition of the General + Government. + </p> + <p> + I have therefore directed the several statements and papers + which have been submitted to me on this subject by General + Knox to be laid before you for your information. + </p> + <p> + While the measures of Government ought to be calculated to + protect its citizens from all injury and violence, a due + regard should be extended to those Indian tribes whose + happiness in the course of events so materially depends on + the national justice and humanity of the United States. + </p> + <p> + If it should be the judgment of Congress that it would be + most expedient to terminate all differences in the Southern + district, and to lay the foundation for future confidence by + an amicable treaty with the Indian tribes in that quarter, I + think proper to suggest the consideration of the expediency + of instituting a temporary commission for that purpose, to + consist of three persons, whose authority should expire with + the occasion. How far such a measure, unassisted by posts, + would be competent to the establishment and preservation of + peace and tranquillity on the frontiers is also a matter + which merits your serious consideration. + </p> + <p> + Along with this object I am induced to suggest another, with + the national importance and necessity of which I am deeply + impressed; I mean some uniform and effective system for the + militia of the United States. It is unnecessary to offer + arguments in recommendation of a measure on which the honor, + safety, and well-being of our country so evidently and so + essentially depend; but it may not be amiss to observe that I + am particularly anxious it should receive as early attention + as circumstances will admit, because it is now in our power + to avail ourselves of the military knowledge disseminated + throughout the several States by means of the many + well-instructed officers and soldiers of the late Army, a + resource which is daily diminishing by death and other + causes. To suffer this peculiar advantage to pass away + unimproved would be to neglect an opportunity which will + never again occur, unless, unfortunately, we should again be + involved in a long and arduous war. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + NEW YORK, <i>August 10, 1789</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + I have directed a statement of the troops in the service of + the United States to be laid before you for your information. + </p> + <p> + These troops were raised by virtue of the resolves of + Congress of the 20th October, 1786, and the 3d of October, + 1787, in order to protect the frontiers from the depredations + of the hostile Indians, to prevent all intrusions on the + public lands, and to facilitate the surveying and selling of + the same for the purpose of reducing the public debt. + </p> + <p> + As these important objects continue to require the aid of the + troops, it is necessary that the establishment thereof should + in all respects be conformed by law to the Constitution of + the United States. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + NEW YORK, <i>August 20, 1789</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i> + </p> + <p> + In consequence of an act providing for the expenses which may + attend negotiations or treaties with the Indian tribes and + the appointment of commissioners for managing the same, I + nominate Benjamin Lincoln as one of three commissioners whom + I shall propose to be employed to negotiate a treaty with the + Southern Indians. My reason for nominating him at this early + moment is that it will not be possible for the public to + avail itself of his services on this occasion unless his + appointment can be forwarded to him by the mail which will + leave this place to-morrow morning. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + NEW YORK, <i>August 21, 1789</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + The President of the United States will meet the Senate in + the Senate Chamber at half past 11 o'clock to-morrow, to + advise with them on the terms of the treaty to be negotiated + with the Southern Indians. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + SEPTEMBER 16, 1789. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + The governor of the Western territory has made a statement to + me of the reciprocal hostilities of the Wabash Indians and + the people inhabiting the frontiers bordering on the river + Ohio, which I herewith lay before Congress. + </p> + <p> + The United States in Congress assembled, by their acts of the + 21st day of July, 1787, and of the 12th August, 1788, made a + provisional arrangement for calling forth the militia of + Virginia and Pennsylvania in the proportions therein + specified. + </p> + <p> + As the circumstances which occasioned the said arrangement + continue nearly the same, I think proper to suggest to your + consideration the expediency of making some temporary + provision for calling forth the militia of the United States + for the purposes stated in the Constitution, which would + embrace the cases apprehended by the governor of the Western + territory. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + SEPTEMBER 17, 1789. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + It doubtless is important that all treaties and compacts + formed by the United States with other nations, whether + civilized or not, should be made with caution and executed + with fidelity. + </p> + <p> + It is said to be the general understanding and practice of + nations, as a check on the mistakes and indiscretions of + ministers or commissioners, not to consider any treaty + negotiated and signed by such officers as final and + conclusive until ratified by the sovereign or government from + whom they derive their powers. This practice has been adopted + by the United States respecting their treaties with European + nations, and I am inclined to think it would be advisable to + observe it in the conduct of our treaties with the Indians; + for though such treaties, being on their part made by their + chiefs or rulers, need not be ratified by them, yet, being + formed on our part by the agency of subordinate officers, it + seems to be both prudent and reasonable that their acts + should not be binding on the nation until approved and + ratified by the Government. It strikes me that this point + should be well considered and settled, so that our national + proceedings in this respect may become uniform and be + directed by fixed and stable principles. + </p> + <p> + The treaties with certain Indian nations, which were laid + before you with my message of the 25th May last, suggested + two questions to my mind, viz: First, whether those treaties + were to be considered as perfected and consequently as + obligatory without being ratified. If not, then secondly, + whether both or either, and which, of them ought to be + ratified. On these questions I request your opinion and + advice. + </p> + <p> + You have, indeed, advised me "<i>to execute and enjoin an + observance of</i>" the treaty with the Wyandottes, etc. You, + gentlemen, doubtless intended to be clear and explicit, and + yet, without further explanation, I fear I may misunderstand + your meaning, for if by my <i>executing</i> that treaty you + mean that I should make it (in a more particular and + immediate manner than it now is) the act of Government, then + it follows that I am to ratify it. If you mean by my + <i>executing it</i> that I am to see that it be carried into + effect and operation, then I am led to conclude either that + you consider it as being perfect and obligatory in its + present state, and therefore to be executed and observed, or + that you consider it as to derive its completion and + obligation from the silent approbation and ratification which + my proclamation may be construed to imply. Although I am + inclined to think that the latter is your intention, yet it + certainly is best that all doubts respecting it be removed. + </p> + <p> + Permit me to observe that it will be proper for me to be + informed of your sentiments relative to the treaty with the + Six Nations previous to the departure of the governor of the + Western territory, and therefore I recommend it to your early + consideration. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>September 29, 1789</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate:</i> + </p> + <p> + His Most Christian Majesty, by a letter dated the 7th of June + last, addressed to the President and members of the General + Congress of the United States of North America, announces the + much lamented death of his son, the Dauphin. The generous + conduct of the French monarch and nation toward this country + renders every event that may affect his or their prosperity + interesting to us, and I shall take care to assure him of the + sensibility with which the United States participate in the + affliction which a loss so much to be regretted must have + occasioned both to him and to them. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>September 29, 1789</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate:</i> + </p> + <p> + Agreeably to the act of Congress for adapting the + establishment of the troops in public service to the + Constitution of the United States, I nominate the persons + specified in the inclosed list to be the commissioned + officers thereof. + </p> + <p> + This nomination differs from the existing arrangement only in + the following cases, to wit: Lieutenant Erkuries Beatty, + promoted to a vacant captaincy in the infantry; Ensign Edward + Spear, promoted to a vacant lieutenancy of artillery; Jacob + Melcher, who has been serving as a volunteer, to be an + ensign, vice Benjamin Lawrence, who was appointed nearly + three years past and has never been mustered or joined the + troops. + </p> + <p> + It is to be observed that the order in which the captains and + subalterns are named is not to affect their relative rank, + which has been hitherto but imperfectly settled owing to the + perplexity of promotions in the State quotas conformably to + the late Confederation. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>September 29, 1789</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + Having been yesterday informed by a joint committee of both + Houses of Congress that they had agreed to a recess to + commence this day and to continue until the first Monday of + January next, I take the earliest opportunity of acquainting + you that, considering how long and laborious this session has + been and the reasons which I presume have produced this + resolution, it does not appear to me expedient to recommend + any measures to their consideration at present, or now to + call your attention, gentlemen, to any of those matters in my + department which require your advice and consent and yet + remain to be dispatched. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>September 29, 1789</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the House of Representatives:</i> + </p> + <p> + Having been yesterday informed by a joint committee of both + Houses of Congress that they had agreed to a recess to + commence this day and to continue until the first Monday of + January next, I take the earliest opportunity of acquainting + you that, considering how long and laborious this session has + been and the reasons which I presume have produced this + resolution, it does not appear to me expedient to recommend + any measures to their consideration at present. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + PROCLAMATION. + </h2> + <h3> + A NATIONAL THANKSGIVING. + </h3> + <center> + [From Sparks's Washington, Vol. XII, p. 119.] + </center> + <p> + Whereas it is the duty of all nations to acknowledge the + providence of Almighty God, to obey His will, to be grateful + for His benefits, and humbly to implore His protection and + favor; and + </p> + <p> + Whereas both Houses of Congress have, by their joint + committee, requested me "to recommend to the people of the + United States a day of public thanksgiving and prayer, to be + observed by acknowledging with grateful hearts the many and + signal favors of Almighty God, especially by affording them + an opportunity peaceably to establish a form of government + for their safety and happiness:" + </p> + <p> + Now, therefore, I do recommend and assign Thursday, the 26th + day of November next, to be devoted by the people of these + States to the service of that great and glorious Being who is + the beneficent author of all the good that was, that is, or + that will be; that we may then all unite in rendering unto + Him our sincere and humble thanks for His kind care and + protection of the people of this country previous to their + becoming a nation; for the signal and manifold mercies and + the favorable interpositions of His providence in the course + and conclusion of the late war; for the great degree of + tranquillity, union, and plenty which we have since enjoyed; + for the peaceable and rational manner in which we have been + enabled to establish constitutions of government for our + safety and happiness, and particularly the national one now + lately instituted; for the civil and religious liberty with + which we are blessed, and the means we have of acquiring and + diffusing useful knowledge; and, in general, for all the + great and various favors which He has been pleased to confer + upon us. + </p> + <p> + And also that we may then unite in most humbly offering our + prayers and supplications to the great Lord and Ruler of + Nations, and beseech Him to pardon our national and other + trangressions; to enable us all, whether in public or private + stations, to perform our several and relative duties properly + and punctually; to render our National Government a blessing + to all the people by constantly being a Government of wise, + just, and constitutional laws, discreetly and faithfully + executed and obeyed; to protect and guide all sovereigns and + nations (especially such as have shown kindness to us), and + to bless them with good governments, peace, and concord; to + promote the knowledge and practice of true religion and + virtue, and the increase of science among them and us; and, + generally, to grant unto all mankind such a degree of + temporal prosperity as He alone knows to be best. + </p> + <p> + Given under my hand, at the city of New York, the 3d day of + October, A.D. 1789. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + FIRST ANNUAL ADDRESS. + </h2> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 8, 1790</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I embrace with great satisfaction the opportunity which now + presents itself of congratulating you on the present + favorable prospects of our public affairs. The recent + accession of the important State of North Carolina to the + Constitution of the United States (of which official + information has been received), the rising credit and + respectability of our country, the general and increasing + good will toward the Government of the Union, and the + concord, peace, and plenty with which we are blessed are + circumstances auspicious in an eminent degree to our national + prosperity. + </p> + <p> + In resuming your consultations for the general good you can + not but derive encouragement from the reflection that the + measures of the last session have been as satisfactory to + your constituents as the novelty and difficulty of the work + allowed you to hope. Still further to realize their + expectations and to secure the blessings which a gracious + Providence has placed within our reach will in the course of + the present important session call for the cool and, + deliberate exertion of your patriotism, firmness, and wisdom. + </p> + <p> + Among the many interesting objects which will engage your + attention that of providing for the common defense will merit + particular regard. To be prepared for war is one of the most + effectual means of preserving peace. + </p> + <p> + A free people ought not only to be armed, but disciplined; to + which end a uniform and well-digested plan is requisite; and + their safety and interest require that they should promote + such manufactories as tend to render them independent of + others for essential, particularly military, supplies. + </p> + <p> + The proper establishment of the troops which may be deemed + indispensable will be entitled to mature consideration. In + the arrangements which may be made respecting it it will be + of importance to conciliate the comfortable support of the + officers and soldiers with a due regard to economy. + </p> + <p> + There was reason to hope that the pacific measures adopted + with regard to certain hostile tribes of Indians would have + relieved the inhabitants of our Southern and Western + frontiers from their depredations, but you will perceive from + the information contained in the papers which I shall direct + to be laid before you (comprehending a communication from the + Commonwealth of Virginia) that we ought to be prepared to + afford protection to those parts of the Union, and, if + necessary, to punish aggressors. + </p> + <p> + The interests of the United States require that our + intercourse with other nations should be facilitated by such + provisions as will enable me to fulfill my duty in that + respect in the manner which circumstances may render most + conducive to the public good, and to this end that the + compensations to be made to the persons who may be employed + should, according to the nature of their appointments, be + defined by law, and a competent fund designated for defraying + the expenses incident to the conduct of our foreign affairs. + </p> + <p> + Various considerations also render it expedient that the + terms on which foreigners may be admitted to the rights of + citizens should be speedily ascertained by a uniform rule of + naturalization. + </p> + <p> + Uniformity in the currency, weights, and measures of the + United States is an object of great importance, and will, I + am persuaded, be duly attended to. + </p> + <p> + The advancement of agriculture, commerce, and manufactures by + all proper means will not, I trust, need recommendation; but + I can not forbear intimating to you the expediency of giving + effectual encouragement as well to the introduction of new + and useful inventions from abroad as to the exertions of + skill and genius in producing them at home, and of + facilitating the intercourse between the distant parts of our + country by a due attention to the post-office and post-roads. + </p> + <p> + Nor am I less persuaded that you will agree with me in + opinion that there is nothing which can better deserve your + patronage than the promotion of science and literature. + Knowledge is in every country the surest basis of public + happiness. In one in which the measures of government receive + their impressions so immediately from the sense of the + community as in ours it is proportionably essential. To the + security of a free constitution it contributes in various + ways—by convincing those who are intrusted with the + public administration that every valuable end of government + is best answered by the enlightened confidence of the people, + and by teaching the people themselves to know and to value + their own rights; to discern and provide against invasions of + them; to distinguish between oppression and the necessary + exercise of lawful authority; between burthens proceeding + from a disregard to their convenience and those resulting + from the inevitable exigencies of society; to discriminate + the spirit of liberty from that of + licentiousness—cherishing the first, avoiding the + last—and uniting a speedy but temperate vigilance + against encroachments, with an inviolable respect to the + laws. + </p> + <p> + Whether this desirable object will be best promoted by + affording aids to seminaries of learning already established, + by the institution of a national university, or by any other + expedients will be well worthy of a place in the + deliberations of the Legislature. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I saw with peculiar pleasure at the close of the last session + the resolution entered into by you expressive of your opinion + that an adequate provision for the support of the public + credit is a matter of high importance to the national honor + and prosperity. In this sentiment I entirely concur; and to a + perfect confidence in your best endeavors to devise such a + provision as will be truly consistent with the end I add an + equal reliance on the cheerful cooperation of the other + branch of the Legislature. It would be superfluous to specify + inducements to a measure in which the character and permanent + interests of the United States are so obviously and so deeply + concerned, and which has received so explicit a sanction from + your declaration. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I have directed the proper officers to lay before you, + respectively, such papers and estimates as regard the affairs + particularly recommended to your consideration, and necessary + to convey to you that information of the state of the Union + which it is my duty to afford. + </p> + <p> + The welfare of our country is the great object to which our + cares and efforts ought to be directed, and I shall derive + great satisfaction from a cooperation with you in the + pleasing though arduous task of insuring to our + fellow-citizens the blessings which they have a right to + expect from a free, efficient, and equal government. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + ADDRESS OF THE SENATE TO GEORGE WASHINGTON, PRESIDENT OF THE + UNITED STATES. + </h3> + <p> + The PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. + </p> + <p> + SIR: We, the Senate of the United States, return you our + thanks for your speech delivered to both Houses of Congress. + The accession of the State of North Carolina to the + Constitution of the United States gives us much pleasure, and + we offer you our congratulations on that event, which at the + same time adds strength to our Union and affords a proof that + the more the Constitution has been considered the more the + goodness of it has appeared. The information which we have + received, that the measures of the last session have been as + satisfactory to our constituents as we had reason to expect + from the difficulty of the work in which we were engaged, + will afford us much consolation and encouragement in resuming + our deliberations in the present session for the public good, + and every exertion on our part shall be made to realize and + secure to our country those blessings which a gracious + Providence has placed within her reach. We are persuaded that + one of the most effectual means of preserving peace is to be + prepared for war, and our attention shall be directed to the + objects of common defense and to the adoption of such plans + as shall appear the most likely to prevent our dependence on + other countries for essential supplies. In the arrangements + to be made respecting the establishment of such troops as may + be deemed indispensable we shall with pleasure provide for + the comfortable support of the officers and soldiers, with a + due regard to economy. We regret that the pacific measures + adopted by Government with regard to certain hostile tribes + of Indians have not been attended with the beneficial effects + toward the inhabitants of our Southern and Western frontiers + which we had reason to hope; and we shall cheerfully + cooperate in providing the most effectual means for their + protection, and, if necessary, for the punishment of + aggressors. The uniformity of the currency and of weights and + measures, the introduction of new and useful inventions from + abroad and the exertions of skill and genius in producing + them at home, the facilitating the communication between the + distant parts of our country by means of the post-office and + post-roads, a provision for the support of the Department of + Foreign Affairs, and a uniform rule of naturalization, by + which foreigners may be admitted to the rights of citizens, + are objects which shall receive such early attention as their + respective importance requires. Literature and science are + essential to the preservation of a free constitution; the + measures of Government should therefore be calculated to + strengthen the confidence that is due to that important + truth. Agriculture, commerce, and manufactures, forming the + basis of the wealth and strength of our confederated + Republic, must be the frequent subject of our deliberation, + and shall be advanced by all proper means in our power. + Public credit being an object of great importance, we shall + cheerfully cooperate in all proper measures for its support. + Proper attention shall be given to such papers and estimates + as you may be pleased to lay before us. Our cares and efforts + shall be directed to the welfare of our country, and we have + the most perfect dependence upon your cooperating with us on + all occasions in such measures as will insure to our + fellow-citizens the blessings which they have a right to + expect from a free, efficient, and equal government. + </p> + <p> + JANUARY 11, 1790. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. + </h3> + <p> + GENTLEMEN: I thank you for your address, and for the + assurances which it contains of attention to the several + matters suggested by me to your consideration. + </p> + <p> + Relying on the continuance of your exertions for the public + good, I anticipate for our country the salutary effects of + upright and prudent counsels. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + JANUARY 14, 1790. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + ADDRESS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES TO GEORGE WASHINGTON, + PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. + </h3> + <p> + SIR: The Representatives of the people of the United States + have taken into consideration your speech to both Houses of + Congress at the opening of the present session. + </p> + <p> + We reciprocate your congratulations on the accession of the + State of North Carolina, an event which, while it is a + testimony of the increasing good will toward the Government + of the Union, can not fail to give additional dignity and + strength to the American Republic, already rising in the + estimation of the world in national character and + respectability. + </p> + <p> + The information that our measures of the last session have + not proved dissatisfactory to our constituents affords us + much encouragement at this juncture, when we are resuming the + arduous task of legislating for so extensive an empire. + </p> + <p> + Nothing can be more gratifying to the Representatives of a + free people than the reflection that their labors are + rewarded by the approbation of their fellow-citizens. Under + this impression we shall make every exertion to realize their + expectations, and to secure to them those blessings which + Providence has placed within their reach. Still prompted by + the same desire to promote their interests which then + actuated us, we shall in the present session diligently and + anxiously pursue those measures which shall appear to us + conducive to that end. + </p> + <p> + We concur with you in the sentiment that agriculture, + commerce, and manufactures are entitled to legislative + protection, and that the promotion of science and literature + will contribute to the security of a free Government; in the + progress of our deliberations we shall not lose sight of + objects so worthy of our regard. + </p> + <p> + The various and weighty matters which you have judged + necessary to recommend to our attention appear to us + essential to the tranquillity and welfare of the Union, and + claim our early and most serious consideration. We shall + proceed without delay to bestow on them that calm discussion + which their importance requires. + </p> + <p> + We regret that the pacific arrangements pursued with regard + to certain hostile tribes of Indians have not been attended + with that success which we had reason to expect from them. We + shall not hesitate to concur in such further measures as may + best obviate any ill effects which might be apprehended from + the failure of those negotiations. + </p> + <p> + Your approbation of the vote of this House at the last + session respecting the provision for the public creditors is + very acceptable to us. The proper mode of carrying that + resolution into effect, being a subject in which the future + character and happiness of these States are deeply involved, + will be among the first to deserve our attention. + </p> + <p> + The prosperity of the United States is the primary object of + all our deliberations, and we cherish the reflection that + every measure which we may adopt for its advancement will not + only receive your cheerful concurrence, but will at the same + time derive from your cooperation additional efficacy, in + insuring to our fellow-citizens the blessings of a free, + efficient, and equal government. + </p> + <p> + JANUARY 12, 1790. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. + </h3> + <p> + GENTLEMEN: I receive with pleasure the assurances you give me + that you will diligently and anxiously pursue such measures + as shall appear to you conducive to the interest of your + constituents, and that an early and serious consideration + will be given to the various and weighty matters recommended + by me to your attention. + </p> + <p> + I have full confidence that your deliberations will continue + to be directed by an enlightened and virtuous zeal for the + happiness of our country. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + JANUARY 14, 1790. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + SPECIAL MESSAGES. + </h2> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 11, 1790</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + Having advised with you upon the terms of a treaty to be + offered to the Creek Nation of Indians, I think it proper you + should be informed of the result of that business previous to + its coming before you in your legislative capacity. I have + therefore directed the Secretary for the Department of War to + lay before you my instructions to the commissioners and their + report in consequence thereof. + </p> + <p> + The apparently critical state of the Southern frontier will + render it expedient for me to communicate to both Houses of + Congress, with other papers, the whole of the transactions + relative to the Creeks, in order that they may be enabled to + form a judgment of the measures which the case may require, + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 11, 1790</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I have directed Mr. Lear, my private secretary, to lay before + you a copy of the adoption and ratification of the + Constitution of the United States by the State of North + Carolina, together with a copy of a letter from His + Excellency Samuel Johnston, president of the convention of + said State, to the President of the United States. + </p> + <p> + The originals of the papers which are herewith transmitted to + you will be lodged in the office of the Secretary of State. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 12, 1790</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you a statement of the Southwestern frontiers + and of the Indian Department, which have been submitted to me + by the Secretary for the Department of War. + </p> + <p> + I conceive that an unreserved but confidential communication + of all the papers relative to the recent negotiations with + some of the Southern tribes of Indians is indispensably + requisite for the information of Congress. I am persuaded + that they will effectually prevent either transcripts or + publications of all such circumstances as might be injurious + to the public interests, + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 21, 1790</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + The Secretary for the Department of War has submitted to me + certain principles to serve as a plan for the general + arrangement of the militia of the United States. + </p> + <p> + Conceiving the subject to be of the highest importance to the + welfare of our country and liable to be placed in various + points of view, I have directed him to lay the plan before + Congress for their information, in order that they may make + such use thereof as they may judge proper. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 25, 1790</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I have received from His Excellency John E. Howard, governor + of the State of Maryland, an act of the legislature of + Maryland to ratify certain articles in addition to and + amendment of the Constitution of the United States of + America, proposed by Congress to the legislatures of the + several States, and have directed my secretary to lay a copy + of the same before you, together with the copy of a letter, + accompanying the above act, from his excellency the governor + of Maryland to the President of the United States. + </p> + <p> + The originals will be deposited in the office of the + Secretary of State. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 28, 1790</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I have directed my secretary to lay before you the copy of an + act of the legislature of Rhode Island and Providence + Plantations entitled "An act for calling a convention to take + into consideration the Constitution proposed for the United + States, passed on the 17th day of September, A.D. 1787, by + the General Convention held at Philadelphia," together with + the copy of a letter, accompanying said act, from His + Excellency John Collins, governor of the State of Rhode + Island and Providence Plantations, to the President of the + United States. + </p> + <p> + The originals of the foregoing act and letter will be + deposited in the office of the Secretary of State. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 1, 1790</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I have received from His Excellency Alexander Martin, + governor of the State of North Carolina, an act of the + general assembly of that State entitled "An act for the + purpose of ceding to the United States of America certain + western lands therein described," and have directed my + secretary to lay a copy of the same before you, together with + a copy of a letter, accompanying said act, from His + Excellency Governor Martin to the President of the United + States. + </p> + <p> + The originals of the foregoing act and letter will be + deposited in the office of the Secretary of State. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 9, 1790</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i> + </p> + <p> + You will perceive from the papers herewith delivered, and + which are enumerated in the annexed list, that a difference + subsists between Great Britain and the United States relative + to the boundary line between our eastern and their + territories. A plan for deciding this difference was laid + before the late Congress, and whether that or some other plan + of a like kind would not now be eligible is submitted to your + consideration. + </p> + <p> + In my opinion, it is desirable that all questions between + this and other nations be speedily and amicably settled, and + in this instance I think it advisable to postpone any + negotiations on the subject until I shall be informed of the + result of your deliberations and receive your advice as to + the propositions most proper to be offered on the part of the + United States. + </p> + <p> + As I am taking measures for learning the intentions of Great + Britain respecting the further detention of our posts, etc., + I am the more solicitous that the business now submitted to + you may be prepared for negotiation as soon as the other + important affairs which engage your attention will permit. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 15, 1790</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I have directed my secretary to lay before you the copy of a + vote of the legislature of the State of New Hampshire, to + accept the articles proposed in addition to and amendment of + the Constitution of the United States of America, except the + second article. At the same time will be delivered to you the + copy of a letter from his excellency the president of the + State of New Hampshire to the President of the United States. + </p> + <p> + The originals of the above-mentioned vote and letter will be + lodged in the office of the Secretary of State. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 18, 1790</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + By the mail of last evening I received a letter from His + Excellency John Hancock, governor of the Commonwealth of + Massachusetts, inclosing a resolve of the senate and house of + representatives of that Commonwealth and sundry documents + relative to the eastern boundary of the United States. + </p> + <p> + I have directed a copy of the letter and resolve to be laid + before you. The documents which accompanied them being but + copies of some of the papers which were delivered to you with + my communication of the 9th of this month, I have thought it + unnecessary to lay them before you at this time. They will be + deposited in the office of the Secretary of State, together + with the originals of the above-mentioned letters and + resolve. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>March 8, 1790</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I have received from His Excellency Joshua Clayton, president + of the State of Delaware, the articles proposed by Congress + to the legislatures of the several States as amendments to + the Constitution of the United States, which articles were + transmitted to him for the consideration of the legislature + of Delaware, and are now returned with the following + resolutions annexed to them, viz: + </p> + <p class="q"> + The general assembly of Delaware having taken into their + consideration the above amendments, proposed by Congress to + the respective legislatures of the several States, + </p> + <p class="q"> + <i>Resolved</i>, That the first article be postponed; + </p> + <p class="q"> + <i>Resolved</i>, That the general assembly do agree to the + second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, + tenth, eleventh, and twelfth articles, and we do hereby + assent to, ratify, and confirm the same as part of the + Constitution of the United States. + </p> + <p class="q"> + In testimony whereof we have caused the great seal of the + State to be hereunto affixed this 28th day of January, A.D. + 1790, and in the fourteenth year of the independence of the + Delaware State. + </p> + <p> + Signed by order of council. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE MITCHELL, <i>Speaker</i>. + </p> + <p> + Signed by order of the house of assembly. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JEHU DAVIS, <i>Speaker</i>. + </p> + <p> + I have directed a copy of the letter which accompanied the + said articles, from His Excellency Joshua Clayton to the + President of the United States, to be laid before you. + </p> + <p> + The before-mentioned articles and the original of the letter + will be lodged in the office of the Secretary of State. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>March 16, 1790</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I have directed my secretary to lay before you the copy of an + act and the form of ratification of certain articles of + amendment to the Constitution of the United States by the + legislature of the State of Pennsylvania, together with the + copy of a letter which accompanied the said act, from the + speaker of the house of assembly of Pennsylvania to the + President of the United States. + </p> + <p> + The originals of the above will be lodged in the office of + the Secretary of State. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>April 1, 1790</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I have directed my private secretary to lay before you a copy + of the adoption by the legislature of South Carolina of the + articles proposed by Congress to the legislatures of the + several States as amendments to the Constitution of the + United States, together with the copy of a letter from the + governor of the State of South Carolina to the President of + the United States, which have lately come to my hands. + </p> + <p> + The originals of the foregoing will be lodged in the office + of the Secretary of State. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>April 5, 1790</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I have directed my private secretary to lay before you copies + of three acts of the legislature of the State of New York, + which have been transmitted to me by the governor thereof, + viz: + </p> + <p> + "An act declaring it to be the duty of the sheriffs of the + several counties within this State to receive and safe keep + such prisoners as shall be committed under the authority of + the United States." + </p> + <p> + "An act for vesting in the United States of America the + light-house and the lands thereunto belonging at Sandy Hook." + </p> + <p> + "An act ratifying certain articles in addition to and + amendment of the Constitution of the United States of + America, proposed by Congress." + </p> + <p> + A copy of a letter accompanying said acts, from the governor + of the State of New York to the President of the United + States, will at the same time be laid before you, and the + originals be deposited in the office of the Secretary of + State. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>May 31, 1790</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + Mr. de Poiery served in the American Army for several of the + last years of the late war as secretary to Major-General the + Marquis de Lafayette, and might probably at that time have + obtained the commission of captain from Congress upon + application to that body. At present he is an officer in the + French national guards, and solicits a brevet commission from + the United States of America. I am authorized to add, that + while the compliance will involve no expense on our part, it + will be particularly grateful to that friend of America, the + Marquis de Lafayette. I therefore nominate M. de Poiery to be + a captain by brevet. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>June 1, 1790</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + Having received official information of the accession of the + State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations to the + Constitution of the United States, I take the earliest + opportunity of communicating the same to you, with my + congratulations on this happy event, which unites under the + General Government all the States which were originally + confederated, and have directed my secretary to lay before + you a copy of the letter from the president of the convention + of the State of Rhode Island to the President of the United + States. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>June 11, 1790</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I have directed my secretary to lay before you a copy of the + ratification of the amendments to the Constitution of the + United States by the State of North Carolina, together with + an extract from a letter, accompanying said ratification, + from the governor of the State of North Carolina to the + President of the United States. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>June 16, 1790</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + The ratification of the Constitution of the United States of + America by the State of Rhode Island and Providence + Plantations was received by me last night, together with a + letter to the President of the United States from the + president of the convention. I have directed my secretary to + lay before you a copy of each. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>June 30, 1790</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + An act of the legislature of the State of Rhode Island and + Providence Plantations, for ratifying certain articles as + amendments to the Constitution of the United States, was + yesterday put into my hands, and I have directed my secretary + to lay a copy of the same before you. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GO. WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>August 4, 1790</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>; + </p> + <p> + In consequence of the general principles agreed to by the + Senate in August, 1789, the adjustment of the terms of a + treaty is far advanced between the United States and the + chiefs of the Creek Indians, now in this city, in behalf of + themselves and the whole Creek Nation. + </p> + <p> + In preparing the articles of this treaty the present + arrangements of the trade with the Creeks have caused much + embarrassment. It seems to be well ascertained that the said + trade is almost exclusively in the hands of a company of + British merchants, who by agreement make their importations + of goods from England into the Spanish ports. + </p> + <p> + As the trade of the Indians is a main mean of their political + management, it is therefore obvious that the United States + can not possess any security for the performance of treaties + with the Creeks while their trade is liable to be interrupted + or withheld at the caprice of two foreign powers. + </p> + <p> + Hence it becomes an object of real importance to form new + channels for the commerce of the Creeks through the United + States. But this operation will require time, as the present + arrangements can not be suddenly broken without the greatest + violation of faith and morals. + </p> + <p> + It therefore appears to be important to form a secret article + of a treaty similar to the one which accompanies this + message. + </p> + <p> + If the Senate should require any further explanation, the + Secretary of War will attend them for that purpose. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + The President of the United States states the following + question for the consideration and advice of the Senate: If + it should be found essential to a treaty for the firm + establishment of peace with the Creek Nation of Indians that + an article to the following effect should be inserted + therein, will such an article be proper? viz: + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + SECRET ARTICLE. + </h3> + <p> + The commerce necessary for the Creek Nation shall be carried + on through the ports and by the citizens of the United States + if substantial and effectual arrangements shall be made for + that purpose by the United States on or before the 1st day of + August, 1792. In the meantime the said commerce may be + carried on through its present channels and according to its + present regulations. + </p> + <p> + And whereas the trade of the said Creek Nation is now carried + on wholly or principally through the territories of Spain, + and obstructions thereto may happen by war or prohibitions of + the Spanish Government, it is therefore agreed between the + said parties that in the event of any such obstructions + happening it shall be lawful for such persons as + —— —— —— —— + shall designate to introduce into and transport through the + territories of the United States to the country of the said + Creek Nation any quantity of goods, wares, and merchandise + not exceeding in value in any one year $60,000, and that free + from any duties or impositions whatsoever, but subject to + such regulations for guarding against abuse as the United + States shall judge necessary, which privilege shall continue + as long as such obstruction shall continue. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>August 6, 1790</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + Considering the circumstances which prevented the late + commissioners from concluding a peace with the Creek Nation + of Indians, it appeared to me most prudent that all + subsequent measures for disposing them to a treaty should in + the first instance be informal. + </p> + <p> + I informed you on the 4th instant that the adjustment of the + terms of a treaty with their chiefs, now here, was far + advanced. Such further progress has since been made that I + think measures may at present be taken for conducting and + concluding that business in form. It therefore becomes + necessary that a proper person be appointed and authorized to + treat with these chiefs and to conclude a treaty with them. + For this purpose I nominate to you Henry Knox. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GO. WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>August 6, 1790</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I have directed my secretary to lay before you a copy of an + exemplified copy of a law to ratify on the part of the State + of New Jersey certain amendments to the Constitution of the + United States, together with a copy of a letter, which + accompanied said ratification, from Hon. Elisha Lawrence, + esq., vice-president of the State of New Jersey, to the + President of the United States. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GO. WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>August 7, 1790</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate:</i> + </p> + <p> + I lay before you a treaty between the United States and the + chiefs of the Creek Nation, now in this city, in behalf of + themselves and the whole Creek Nation, subject to the + ratification of the President of the United States with the + advice and consent of the Senate. + </p> + <p> + While I flatter myself that this treaty will be productive of + present peace and prosperity to our Southern frontier, it is + to be expected that it will also in its consequences be the + means of firmly attaching the Creeks and the neighboring + tribes to the interests of the United States. + </p> + <p> + At the same time it is to be hoped that it will afford solid + grounds of satisfaction to the State of Georgia, as it + contains a regular, full, and definitive relinquishment on + the part of the Creek Nation of the Oconee land in the utmost + extent in which it has been claimed by that State, and thus + extinguishes the principal cause of those hostilities from + which it has more than once experienced such severe + calamities. + </p> + <p> + But although the most valuable of the disputed land is + included, yet there is a certain claim of Georgia, arising + out of the treaty made by that State at Galphinston in + November, 1785, of land to the eastward of a new temporary + line from the forks of the Oconee and Oakmulgee in a + southwest direction to the St. Marys River, which tract of + land the Creeks in this city absolutely refuse to yield. + </p> + <p> + This land is reported to be generally barren, sunken, and + unfit for cultivation, except in some instances on the margin + of the rivers, on which by improvement rice might be + cultivated, its chief value depending on the timber fit for + the building of ships, with which it is represented as + abounding. + </p> + <p> + While it is thus circumstanced on the one hand, it is stated + by the Creeks on the other to be of the highest importance to + them as constituting some of their most valuable winter + hunting ground. + </p> + <p> + I have directed the commissioner to whom the charge of + adjusting this treaty has been committed to lay before you + such papers and documents and to communicate to you such + information relatively to it as you may require. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>August 11, 1790</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + Although the treaty with the Creeks may be regarded as the + main foundation of the future peace and prosperity of the + Southwestern frontier of the United States, yet in order + fully to effect so desirable an object the treaties which + have been entered into with the other tribes in that quarter + must be faithfully performed on our parts. + </p> + <p> + During the last year I laid before the Senate a particular + statement of the case of the Cherokees. By a reference to + that paper it will appear that the United States formed a + treaty with the Cherokees in November, 1785; that the said + Cherokees thereby placed themselves under the protection of + the United States and had a boundary assigned them; that the + white people settled on the frontiers had openly violated the + said boundary by intruding on the Indian lands; that the + United States in Congress assembled did, on the 1st day of + September, 1788, issue their proclamation forbidding all such + unwarrantable intrusions, and enjoined all those who had + settled upon the hunting grounds of the Cherokees to depart + with their families and effects without loss of time, as they + would answer their disobedience to the injunctions and + prohibitions expressed at their peril. + </p> + <p> + But information has been received that notwithstanding the + said treaty and proclamation upward of 500 families have + settled on the Cherokee lands exclusively of those settled + between the fork of French Broad and Holstein rivers, + mentioned in the said treaty. + </p> + <p> + As the obstructions to a proper conduct on this matter have + been removed since it was mentioned to the Senate on the 22d + of August, 1789, by the accession of North Carolina to the + present Union and the cessions of the land in question, I + shall conceive myself bound to exert the powers intrusted to + me by the Constitution in order to carry into faithful + execution the treaty of Hopewell, unless it shall be thought + proper to attempt to arrange a new boundary with the + Cherokees, embracing the settlements, and compensating the + Cherokees for the cessions they shall make on the occasion. + On this point, therefore, I state the following questions and + request the advice of the Senate thereon: + </p> + <p> + First. Is it the judgment of the Senate that overtures shall + be made to the Cherokees to arrange a new boundary so as to + embrace the settlements made by the white people since the + treaty of Hopewell, in November, 1785? + </p> + <p> + Second. If so, shall compensation to the amount of + —— dollars annually, or of —— dollars + in gross, be made to the Cherokees for the land they shall + relinquish, holding the occupiers of the land accountable to + the United States for its value? + </p> + <p> + Third. Shall the United States stipulate solemnly to + guarantee the new boundary which may be arranged? + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + PROCLAMATIONS. + </h2> + <center> + [From the Gazette of the United States (New York), September + 15, 1790, in the Library of Congress.] + </center> + <h3> + BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. + </h3> + <h4> + A PROCLAMATION. + </h4> + <p> + Whereas a treaty of peace and friendship between the United + States and the Creek Nation was made and concluded on the 7th + day of the present month of August; and + </p> + <p> + Whereas I have, by and with the advice and consent of the + Senate, in due form ratified the said treaty: + </p> + <p> + Now, therefore, to the end that the same may be observed and + performed with good faith on the part of the United States, I + have ordered the said treaty to be herewith published; and I + do hereby enjoin and require all officers of the United + States, civil and military, and all other citizens and + inhabitants thereof, faithfully to observe and fulfill the + same. + </p> + <p> + Given under my hand and the seal of the United States, in the + city of New York, the 14th day of August, A.D. 1790, and in + the fifteenth year of the Sovereignty and Independence of the + United States. + </p> + <p> + [SEAL.] + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + <br> + By the President:<br> + THOMAS JEFFERSON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <center> + [From Miscellaneous letters, Department of State, vol. 3.] + </center> + <h3> + BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. + </h3> + <h4> + A PROCLAMATION. + </h4> + <p> + Whereas it hath at this time become peculiarly necessary to + warn the citizens of the United States against a violation of + the treaties made at Hopewell, on the Keowee, on the 28th day + of November, 1785, and on the 3d and 10th days of January, + 1786, between the United States and the Cherokee, Choctaw, + and Chickasaw nations of Indians, and to enforce an act + entitled "An act to regulate trade and intercourse with the + Indian tribes," copies of which treaties and act are hereunto + annexed, I have therefore thought fit to require, and I do by + these presents require, all officers of the United States, as + well civil as military, and all other citizens and + inhabitants thereof, to govern themselves according to the + treaties and act aforesaid, as they will answer the contrary + at their peril. + </p> + <p> + Given under my hand and the seal of the United States, in the + city of New York, the 26th day of August, A.D. 1790, and in + the fifteenth year of the Sovereignty and Independence of the + United States. + </p> + <p> + [SEAL.] + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + <br> + By the President:<br> + THOMAS JEFFERSON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + SECOND ANNUAL ADDRESS. + </h2> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>December 8, 1790</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + In meeting you again I feel much satisfaction in being able + to repeat my congratulations on the favorable prospects which + continue to distinguish our public affairs. The abundant + fruits of another year have blessed our country with plenty + and with the means of a flourishing commerce. The progress of + public credit is witnessed by a considerable rise of American + stock abroad as well as at home, and the revenues allotted + for this and other national purposes have been productive + beyond the calculations by which they were regulated. This + latter circumstance is the more pleasing, as it is not only a + proof of the fertility of our resources, but as it assures us + of a further increase of the national respectability and + credit, and, let me add, as it bears an honorable testimony + to the patriotism and integrity of the mercantile and marine + part of our citizens. The punctuality of the former in + discharging their engagements has been exemplary. + </p> + <p> + In conformity to the powers vested in me by acts of the last + session, a loan of 3,000,000 florins, toward which some + provisional measures had previously taken place, has been + completed in Holland. As well the celerity with which it has + been filled as the nature of the terms (considering the more + than ordinary demand for borrowing created by the situation + of Europe) give a reasonable hope that the further execution + of those powers may proceed with advantage and success. The + Secretary of the Treasury has my directions to communicate + such further particulars as may be requisite for more precise + information. + </p> + <p> + Since your last sessions I have received communications by + which it appears that the district of Kentucky, at present a + part of Virginia, has concurred in certain propositions + contained in a law of that State, in consequence of which the + district is to become a distinct member of the Union, in case + the requisite sanction of Congress be added. For this + sanction application is now made. I shall cause the papers on + this very important transaction to be laid before you. The + liberality and harmony with which it has been conducted will + be found to do great honor to both the parties, and the + sentiments of warm attachment to the Union and its present + Government expressed by our fellow-citizens of Kentucky can + not fail to add an affectionate concern for their particular + welfare to the great national impressions under which you + will decide on the case submitted to you. + </p> + <p> + It has been heretofore known to Congress that frequent + incursions have been made on our frontier settlements by + certain banditti of Indians from the northwest side of the + Ohio. These, with some of the tribes dwelling on and near the + Wabash, have of late been particularly active in their + depredations, and being emboldened by the impunity of their + crimes and aided by such parts of the neighboring tribes as + could be seduced to join in their hostilities or afford them + a retreat for their prisoners and plunder, they have, instead + of listening to the humane invitations and overtures made on + the part of the United States, renewed their violences with + fresh alacrity and greater effect. The lives of a number of + valuable citizens have thus been sacrificed, and some of them + under circumstances peculiarly shocking, whilst others have + been carried into a deplorable captivity. + </p> + <p> + These aggravated provocations rendered it essential to the + safety of the Western settlements that the aggressors should + be made sensible that the Government of the Union is not less + capable of punishing their crimes than it is disposed to + respect their rights and reward their attachments. As this + object could not be effected by defensive measures, it became + necessary to put in force the act which empowers the + President to call out the militia for the protection of the + frontiers, and I have accordingly authorized an expedition in + which the regular troops in that quarter are combined with + such drafts of militia as were deemed sufficient. The event + of the measure is yet unknown to me. The Secretary of War is + directed to lay before you a statement of the information on + which it is founded, as well as an estimate of the expense + with which it will be attended. + </p> + <p> + The disturbed situation of Europe, and particularly the + critical posture of the great maritime powers, whilst it + ought to make us the more thankful for the general peace and + security enjoyed by the United States, reminds us at the same + time of the circumspection with which it becomes us to + preserve these blessings. It requires also that we should not + overlook the tendency of a war, and even of preparations for + a war, among the nations most concerned in active commerce + with this country to abridge the means, and thereby at least + enhance the price, of transporting its valuable productions + to their proper markets. I recommend it to your serious + reflections how far and in what mode it may be expedient to + guard against embarrassments from these contingencies by such + encouragements to our own navigation as will render our + commerce and agriculture less dependent on foreign bottoms, + which may fail us in the very moments most interesting to + both of these great objects. Our fisheries and the + transportation of our own produce offer us abundant means for + guarding ourselves against this evil. + </p> + <p> + Your attention seems to be not less due to that particular + branch of our trade which belongs to the Mediterranean. So + many circumstances unite in rendering the present state of it + distressful to us that you will not think any deliberations + misemployed which may lead to its relief and protection. + </p> + <p> + The laws you have already passed for the establishment of a + judiciary system have opened the doors of justice to all + descriptions of persons. You will consider in your wisdom + whether improvements in that system may yet be made, and + particularly whether an uniform process of execution on + sentences issuing from the Federal courts be not desirable + through all the States. + </p> + <p> + The patronage of our commerce, of our merchants and seamen, + has called for the appointment of consuls in foreign + countries. It seems expedient to regulate by law the exercise + of that jurisdiction and those functions which are permitted + them, either by express convention or by a friendly + indulgence, in the places of their residence. The consular + convention, too, with His Most Christian Majesty has + stipulated in certain cases the aid of the national authority + to his consuls established here. Some legislative provision + is requisite to carry these stipulations into full effect. + </p> + <p> + The establishment of the militia, of a mint, of standards of + weights and measures, of the post-office and post-roads are + subjects which I presume you will resume of course, and which + are abundantly urged by their own importance. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + The sufficiency of the revenues you have established for the + objects to which they are appropriated leaves no doubt that + the residuary provisions will be commensurate to the other + objects for which the public faith stands now pledged. Allow + me, moreover, to hope that it will be a favorite policy with + you, not merely to secure a payment of the interest of the + debt funded, but as far and as fast as the growing resources + of the country will permit to exonerate it of the principal + itself. The appropriation you have made of the Western land + explains your dispositions on this subject, and I am + persuaded that the sooner that valuable fund can be made to + contribute, along with other means, to the actual reduction + of the public debt the more salutary will the measure be to + every public interest, as well as the more satisfactory to + our constituents. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + In pursuing the various and weighty business of the present + session I indulge the fullest persuasion that your + consultations will be equally marked with wisdom and animated + by the love of your country. In whatever belongs to my duty + you shall have all the cooperation which an undiminished zeal + for its welfare can inspire. It will be happy for us both, + and our best reward, if, by a successful administration of + our respective trusts, we can make the established Government + more and more instrumental in promoting the good of our + fellow-citizens, and more and more the object of their + attachment and confidence. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + ADDRESS OF THE SENATE TO GEORGE WASHINGTON, PRESIDENT OF THE + UNITED STATES. + </h3> + <p> + The PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: + </p> + <p> + We receive, sir, with particular satisfaction the + communications contained in your speech, which confirm to us + the progressive state of the public credit and afford at the + same time a new proof of the solidity of the foundation on + which it rests; and we cheerfully join in the acknowledgment + which is due to the probity and patriotism of the mercantile + and marine part of our fellow-citizens, whose enlightened + attachment to the principles of good government is not less + conspicuous in this than it has been in other important + respects. + </p> + <p> + In confidence that every constitutional preliminary has been + observed, we assure you of our disposition to concur in + giving the requisite sanction to the admission of Kentucky as + a distinct member of the Union; in doing which we shall + anticipate the happy effects to be expected from the + sentiments of attachment toward the Union and its present + Government which have been expressed by the patriotic + inhabitants of that district. + </p> + <p> + While we regret that the continuance and increase of the + hostilities and depredations which have distressed our + Northwestern frontiers should have rendered offensive + measures necessary, we feel an entire confidence in the + sufficiency of the motives which have produced them and in + the wisdom of the dispositions which have been concerted in + pursuance of the powers vested in you, and whatever may have + been the event, we shall cheerfully concur in the provisions + which the expedition that has been undertaken may require on + the part of the Legislature, and in any other which the + future peace and safety of our frontier settlements may call + for. + </p> + <p> + The critical posture of the European powers will engage a due + portion of our attention, and we shall be ready to adopt any + measures which a prudent circumspection may suggest for the + preservation of the blessings of peace. The navigation and + the fisheries of the United States are objects too + interesting not to inspire a disposition to promote them by + all the means which shall appear to us consistent with their + natural progress and permanent prosperity. + </p> + <p> + Impressed with the importance of a free intercourse with the + Mediterranean, we shall not think any deliberations + misemployed which may conduce to the adoption of proper + measures for removing the impediments that obstruct it. + </p> + <p> + The improvement of the judiciary system and the other + important objects to which you have pointed our attention + will not fail to engage the consideration they respectively + merit. + </p> + <p> + In the course of our deliberations upon every subject we + shall rely upon that cooperation which an undiminished zeal + and incessant anxiety for the public welfare on your part so + thoroughly insure; and as it is our anxious desire so it + shall be our constant endeavor to render the established + Government more and more instrumental in promoting the good + of our fellow-citizens, and more and more the object of their + attachment and confidence. + </p> + <p> + DECEMBER 10, 1790. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. + </h3> + <p> + GENTLEMEN: These assurances of favorable attention to the + subjects I have recommended and of entire confidence in my + views make the impression on me which I ought to feel. I + thank you for them both, and shall continue to rely much for + the success of all our measures for the public good on the + aid they will receive from the wisdom and integrity of your + councils. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + DECEMBER 13, 1790. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + ADDRESS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES TO GEORGE WASHINGTON, + PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. + </h3> + <p> + SIR: The Representatives of the people of the United States + have taken into consideration your address to the two Houses + at the opening of the present session of Congress. + </p> + <p> + We share in the satisfaction inspired by the prospects which + continue to be so auspicious to our public affairs. The + blessings resulting from the smiles of Heaven on our + agriculture, the rise of public credit, with the further + advantages promised by it, and the fertility of resources + which are found so little burdensome to the community, fully + authorize our mutual congratulations on the present occasion. + Nor can we learn without an additional gratification that the + energy of the laws for providing adequate revenues have been + so honorably seconded by those classes of citizens whose + patriotism and probity were more immediately concerned. + </p> + <p> + The success of the loan opened in Holland, under the + disadvantages of the present moment, is the more important, + as it not only denotes the confidence already placed in the + United States, but as the effect of a judicious application + of that aid will still further illustrate the solidity of the + foundation on which the public credit rests. + </p> + <p> + The preparatory steps taken by the State of Virginia, in + concert with the district of Kentucky, toward the erection of + the latter into a distinct member of the Union exhibit a + liberality mutually honorable to the parties. We shall bestow + on this important subject the favorable consideration which + it merits, and, with the national policy which ought to + govern our decision, shall not fail to mingle the + affectionate sentiments which are awakened by those expressed + on behalf of our fellow-citizens of Kentucky. + </p> + <p> + Whilst we regret the necessity which has produced offensive + hostilities against some of the Indian tribes northwest of + the Ohio, we sympathize too much with our Western brethren + not to behold with approbation the watchfulness and vigor + which have been exerted by the executive authority for their + protection, and which we trust will make the aggressors + sensible that it is their interest to merit by a peaceable + behavior the friendship and humanity which the United States + are always ready to extend to them. + </p> + <p> + The encouragement of our own navigation has at all times + appeared to us highly important. The point of view under + which you have recommended it to us is strongly enforced by + the actual state of things in Europe. It will be incumbent on + us to consider in what mode our commerce and agriculture can + be best relieved from an injurious dependence on the + navigation of other nations, which the frequency of their + wars renders a too precarious resource for conveying the + productions of our country to market. + </p> + <p> + The present state of our trade to the Mediterranean seems not + less to demand, and will accordingly receive, the attention + which you have recommended. + </p> + <p> + Having already concurred in establishing a judiciary system + which opens the doors of justice to all, without distinction + of persons, it will be our disposition to incorporate every + improvement which experience may suggest. And we shall + consider in particular how far the uniformity which in other + cases is found convenient in the administration of the + General Government through all the States may be introduced + into the forms and rules of executing sentences issuing from + the Federal courts. + </p> + <p> + The proper regulation of the jurisdiction and functions which + may be exercised by consuls of the United States in foreign + countries, with the provisions stipulated to those of His + Most Christian Majesty established here, are subjects of too + much consequence to the public interest and honor not to + partake of our deliberations. + </p> + <p> + We shall renew our attention to the establishment of the + militia and the other subjects unfinished at the last + session, and shall proceed in them with all the dispatch + which the magnitude of all and the difficulty of some of them + will allow. + </p> + <p> + Nothing has given us more satisfaction than to find that the + revenues heretofore established have proved adequate to the + purposes to which they were allotted. In extending the + provision to the residuary objects it will be equally our + care to secure sufficiency and punctuality in the payments + due from the Treasury of the United States. We shall also + never lose sight of the policy of diminishing the public debt + as fast as the increase of the public resources will permit, + and are particularly sensible of the many considerations + which press a resort to the auxiliary resource furnished by + the public lands. + </p> + <p> + In pursuing every branch of the weighty business of the + present session it will be our constant study to direct our + deliberations to the public welfare. Whatever our success may + be, we can at least answer for the fervent love of our + country, which ought to animate our endeavors. In your + cooperation we are sure of a resource which fortifies our + hopes that the fruits of the established Government will + justify the confidence which has been placed in it, and + recommend it more and more to the affection and attachment of + our fellow-citizens. + </p> + <p> + DECEMBER 11, 1790. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. + </h3> + <p> + GENTLEMEN: The sentiments expressed in your address are + entitled to my particular acknowledgment. + </p> + <p> + Having no object but the good of our country, this testimony + of approbation and confidence from its immediate + Representatives must be among my best rewards, as the support + of your enlightened patriotism has been among my greatest + encouragements. Being persuaded that you will continue to be + actuated by the same auspicious principle, I look forward to + the happiest consequences from your deliberations during the + present session. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + DECEMBER 13, 1790. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + SPECIAL MESSAGES. + </h2> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>December 23, 1790</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + It appearing by the report of the secretary of the government + northwest of the Ohio that there are certain cases respecting + grants of land within that territory which require the + interference of the Legislature of the United States, I have + directed a copy of said report and the papers therein + referred to to be laid before you, together with a copy of + the report of the Secretary of State upon the same subject. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>December 30, 1790</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you a report of the Secretary of State on the + subject of the citizens of the United States in captivity at + Algiers, that you may provide on their behalf what to you + shall seem most expedient. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 3, 1791</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you a copy of an exemplified copy of an act + passed by the legislature of the State of New Jersey for + vesting in the United States of America the jurisdiction of a + lot of land at Sandy Hook, in the county of Monmouth, and a + copy of a letter which accompanied said act, from the + governor of the State of New Jersey to the President of the + United States. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 17, 1791</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you an official statement of the appropriation + of $10,000, granted to defray the contingent expenses of + Government by an act of the 26th March, 1790. + </p> + <p> + A copy of two resolutions of the legislature of Virginia, and + a petition of sundry officers and assignees of officers and + soldiers of the Virginia line on continental establishment, + on the subject of bounty lands allotted to them on the + northwest side of the Ohio; and + </p> + <p> + A copy of an act of the legislature of Maryland to empower + the wardens of the port of Baltimore to levy and collect the + duty therein mentioned. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 17, 1791</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you a letter from His Most Christian Majesty, + addressed to the President and Members of Congress of the + United States of America. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + <i>To our very dear friends and allies, the President and + Members of the General Congress of the United States of North + America</i>. + </p> + <p> + VERY DEAR GREAT FRIENDS AND ALLIES: We have received the + letter by which you inform us of the new mark of confidence + that you have shown to Mr. Jefferson, and which puts a period + to his appointment of minister plenipotentiary at our Court. + </p> + <p> + The manner in which he conducted during his residence with us + has merited our esteem and entire approbation, and it is with + pleasure that we now give him this testimony of it. + </p> + <p> + It is with the most sincere pleasure that we embrace this + opportunity of renewing these assurances of regard and + friendship which we feel for the United States in general and + for each of them in particular. Under their influence we pray + God that He will keep you, very dear friends and allies, + under His holy and beneficent protection. + </p> + <p> + Done at Paris this 11th September, 1790. + </p> + <p> + Your good friend and ally, + </p> + <p class="r"> + LOUIS. + </p> + <p> + MONTMORIN. [SEAL.] + </p> + <p> + The UNITED STATES OF NORTH AMERICA. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 10, 1791</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you a representation of the chargé + d'affaires of France, made by order of his Court, on the acts + of Congress of the 20th of July, 1789 and 1790, imposing an + extra tonnage on foreign vessels, not excepting those of that + country, together with the report of the Secretary of State + thereon, and I recommend the same to your consideration, that + I may be enabled to give to it such answer as may best + comport with the justice and the interests of the United + States. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + DOCUMENTS. + </h3> + <p class="r"> + JANUARY 18, 1791. + </p> + <p> + The Secretary of State having received from the chargé + d'affaires of France a note on the tonnage payable by French + vessels in the ports of the United States, has had the same + under his consideration, and thereupon makes the following + report to the President of the United States: + </p> + <p> + The chargé d'affaires of France, by a note of the 13th + of December, represents, by order of his Court, that they + consider so much of the acts of Congress of July 20, 1789 and + 1790, as imposes an extraordinary tonnage on foreign vessels + without excepting those of France, to be in contravention of + the fifth article of the treaty of amity and commerce between + the two nations; that this would have authorized on their + part a proportional modification in the favors granted to the + American navigation, but that his Sovereign had thought it + more conformable to his principles of friendship and + attachment to the United States to order him to make + representations thereon, and to ask in favor of French + vessels a modification of the acts which impose an + extraordinary tonnage on foreign vessels. + </p> + <p> + The Secretary of State, in giving in this paper to the + President of the United States, thinks it his duty to + accompany it with the following observations: + </p> + <p> + The third and fourth articles of the treaty of amity and + commerce between France and the United States subject the + vessels of each nation to pay in the ports of the other only + such duties as are paid by the most favored nation, and give + them reciprocally all the privileges and exemptions in + navigation and commerce which are given by either to the most + favored nations. Had the contracting parties stopped here, + they would have been free to raise or lower their tonnage as + they should find it expedient, only taking care to keep the + other on the footing of the most favored nation. The + question, then, is whether the fifth article cited in the + note is anything more than an application of the principle + comprised in the third and fourth to a particular object, or + whether it is an additional stipulation of something not so + comprised. + </p> + <p> + I. That it is merely an application of a principle comprised + in the preceding articles is declared by the express words of + the article, to wit: "<i>Dans l'exemption ci-dessus est + nommément compris</i>," etc., "<i>in the above + exemption is particularly comprised</i>, the imposition of + 100 sols per ton established in France on foreign vessels." + Here, then, is at once an express declaration that the + exemption from the duty of 100 sols is <i>comprised</i> in + the third and fourth articles; that is to say, it was one of + the exemptions enjoyed by the most favored nations, and as + such extended to us by those articles. If the exemption + spoken of in this first member of the fifth article was + <i>comprised</i> in the third and fourth articles, as is + expressly declared, then the reservation by France out of + that exemption (which makes the second member of the same + article) <i>was also comprised</i>; that is to say, if <i>the + whole</i> was comprised, <i>the part</i> was comprised. And + if this reservation of France in the second member was + comprised in the third and fourth articles, then the counter + reservation by the United States (which constitutes the third + and last member of the same article) was also comprised, + because it is but a corresponding portion of a similar whole + on our part, which had been comprised by the same terms with + theirs. + </p> + <p> + In short, the whole article relates to a particular duty of + 100 sols, laid by some antecedent law of France on the + vessels of foreign nations, relinquished as to the most + favored, and consequently to us. It is not a new and + additional stipulation, then, but a declared application of + the stipulations comprised in the preceding articles to a + particular case by way of greater caution. + </p> + <p> + The doctrine laid down generally in the third and fourth + articles, and exemplified specially in the fifth, amounts to + this: "The vessels of the most favored nations coming from + foreign ports are exempted from the duty of 100 sols; + therefore you are exempted from it by the third and fourth + articles. The vessels of the most favored nations coming + coastwise pay that duty; therefore you are to pay it by the + third and fourth articles. We shall not think it unfriendly + in you to lay a like duty on coasters, because it will be no + more than we have done ourselves. You are free also to lay + that or any other duty on vessels coming from foreign ports, + provided they apply to all other nations, even the most + favored. We are free to do the same under the same + restriction. Our exempting you from a duty which the most + favored nations do not pay does not exempt you from one which + they do pay." + </p> + <p> + In this view, it is evident that the fifth article neither + enlarges nor abridges the stipulations of the third and + fourth. The effect of the treaty would have been precisely + the same had it been omitted altogether; consequently it may + be truly said that the reservation by the United States in + this article is completely useless. And it may be added with + equal truth that the equivalent reservation by France is + completely useless, as well as her previous abandonment of + the same duty, and, in short, the whole article. Each party, + then, remains free to raise or lower its tonnage, provided + the change operates on all nations, even the most favored. + </p> + <p> + Without undertaking to affirm, we may obviously conjecture + that this article has been inserted on the part of the United + States from an overcaution to guard, <i>nommément, by + name</i>, against a particular aggrievance, which they + thought they could never be too well secured against; and + that has happened which generally happens—doubts have + been produced by the too great number of words used to + prevent doubt. + </p> + <p> + II. The Court of France, however, understands this article as + intended to introduce something to which the preceding + articles had not reached, and not merely as an application of + them to a particular case. Their opinion seems to be founded + on the general rule in the construction of instruments, to + leave no words merely useless for which any rational meaning + can be found. They say that the reservation by the United + States of a right to lay a duty equivalent to that of the 100 + sols, reserved by France, would have been completely useless + if they were left free by the preceding articles to lay a + tonnage to any extent whatever; consequently, that the + reservation of a part proves a relinquishment of the residue. + </p> + <p> + If some meaning, and such a one, is to be given to the last + member of the article, some meaning, and a similar one, must + be given to the corresponding member. If the reservation by + the United States of a right to lay an equivalent duty + implies a relinquishment of their right to lay any other, the + reservation by France of a right to continue the specified + duty to which it is an equivalent must imply a relinquishment + of the right on her part to lay or continue any other. + Equivalent reservations by both must imply equivalent + restrictions on both. The exact reciprocity stipulated in the + preceding articles, and which pervades every part of the + treaty, insures a counter right to each party for every right + ceded to the other. + </p> + <p> + Let it be further considered that the duty called + <i>tonnage</i> in the United States is in lieu of the duties + for anchorage, for the support of buoys, beacons, and + light-houses, to guide the mariner into harbor and along the + coast, which are provided and supported at the expense of the + United States, and for fees to measurers, weighers, gangers, + etc., who are paid by the United States, for which articles, + among many others (light-house money excepted), duties are + paid by us in the ports of France under their specific names. + That Government has hitherto thought these duties consistent + with the treaty, and consequently the same duties under a + general instead of specific names, with us, must be equally + consistent with it. It is not the name, but the thing, which + is essential. If we have renounced the right to lay any port + duties, they must be understood to have equally renounced + that of either laying new or continuing the old. If we ought + to refund the port duties received from their vessels since + the date of the act of Congress, they should refund the port + duties they have received from our vessels since the date of + the treaty, for nothing short of this is the reciprocity of + the treaty. + </p> + <p> + If this construction be adopted, then each party has forever + renounced the right of laying any duties on the vessels of + the other coming from any foreign port, or more than 100 sols + on those coming coastwise. Could this relinquishment be + confined to the two contracting parties alone, the United + States would be the gainers, for it is well known that a much + greater number of American than of French vessels are + employed in the commerce between the two countries; but the + exemption once conceded by the one nation to the other + becomes immediately the property of all others who are on the + footing of the most favored nations. It is true that those + others would be obliged to yield the same compensation, that + is to say, to receive our vessels duty free. Whether we + should gain or lose in the exchange of the measure with them + is not easy to say. + </p> + <p> + Another consequence of this construction will be that the + vessels of the most favored nations paying no duties will be + on a better footing than those of natives which pay a + moderate duty; consequently either the duty on these also + must be given up or they will be supplanted by foreign + vessels in our own ports. + </p> + <p> + The resource, then, of duty on vessels for the purposes + either of revenue or regulation will be forever lost to both. + It is hardly conceivable that either party looking forward to + all these consequences would see their interest in them. + </p> + <p> + III. But if France persists in claiming this exemption, what + is to be done? The claim, indeed, is couched in mild and + friendly terms; but the idea leaks out that a refusal would + authorize them to modify proportionally the favors granted by + the same article to our navigation. Perhaps they may do what + we should feel much more severely, they may turn their eyes + to the favors granted us by their arrets of December 29, + 1787, and December 7, 1788, which hang on their will alone, + unconnected with the treaty. Those arrets, among other + advantages, admit our whale oils to the exclusion of that of + all other foreigners. And this monopoly procures a vent for + seven-twelfths of the produce of that fishery, which + experience has taught us could find no other market. Near + two-thirds of the produce of our cod fisheries, too, have + lately found a free vent in the colonies of France. This, + indeed, has been an irregularity growing out of the anarchy + reigning in those colonies. Yet the demands of the colonists, + even of the Government party among them (if an auxiliary + disposition can be excited by some marks of friendship and + distinction on our part), may perhaps produce a + constitutional concession to them to procure their provisions + at the cheapest market; that is to say, at ours. + </p> + <p> + Considering the value of the interests we have at stake and + considering the smallness of difference between foreign and + native tonnage on French vessels alone, it might perhaps be + thought advisable to make the sacrifice asked, and especially + if it can be so done as to give no title to other the most + favored nations to claim it. If the act should put French + vessels on the footing of those of natives, and declare it to + be in consideration of the favors granted us by the arrets of + December 29, 1787, and December 7, 1788 (and perhaps this + would satisfy them), no nation could then demand the same + favor without offering an equivalent compensation. It might + strengthen, too, the tenure by which those arrets are held, + which must be precarious so long as they are gratuitous. + </p> + <p> + It is desirable in many instances to exchange mutual + advantages by legislative acts rather than by treaty, because + the former, though understood to be in consideration of each + other, and therefore greatly respected, yet when they become + too inconvenient can be dropped at the will of either party; + whereas stipulations by treaty are forever irrevocable but by + joint consent, let a change of circumstances render them ever + so burdensome. + </p> + <p> + On the whole, if it be the opinion that the first + construction is to be insisted on as ours, in opposition to + the second urged by the Court of France, and that no + relaxation is to be admitted, an answer shall be given to + that Court defending that construction, and explaining in as + friendly terms as possible the difficulties opposed to the + exemption they claim. + </p> + <p> + 2. If it be the opinion that it is advantageous for us to + close with France in her interpretation of a reciprocal and + perpetual exemption from tonnage, a repeal of so much of the + tonnage law will be the answer. + </p> + <p> + 3. If it be thought better to waive rigorous and nice + discussions of right and to make the modification an act of + friendship and of compensation for favors received, the + passage of such a bill will then be the answer. + </p> + <p class="r"> + TH. JEFFERSON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <center> + [Translation.] + </center> + <center> + <i>L.G. Otto to the Secretary of State</i>. + </center> + <p class="r"> + PHILADELPHIA, <i>December 13, 1790</i>. + </p> + <p> + SIR: During the long stay you made in France you had + opportunities of being satisfied of the favorable + dispositions of His Majesty to render permanent the ties that + united the two nations and to give stability to the treaties + of alliance and of commerce which form the basis of this + union. These treaties were so well maintained by the Congress + formed under the ancient Confederation that they thought it + their duty to interpose their authority whenever any laws + made by individual States appeared to infringe their + stipulations, and particularly in 1785, when the States of + New Hampshire and of Massachusetts had imposed an + extraordinary tonnage on foreign vessels without exempting + those of the French nation. The reflections that I have the + honor to address to you in the subjoined note being founded + on the same principles, I flatter myself that they will merit + on the part of the Government of the United States the most + serious attention. + </p> + <p> + I am, with respect, etc., + </p> + <p class="r"> + L.G. OTTO. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <center> + [Translation.] + </center> + <center> + <i>L.G. Otto to the Secretary of State</i>. + </center> + <p class="r"> + PHILADELPHIA, <i>December 13, 1790</i>. + </p> + <p> + NOTE.—The underwritten, chargé d'affaires of + France, has received the express order of his Court to + represent to the United States that the act passed by + Congress the 20th July, 1789, and renewed the 20th July of + the present year, which imposes an extraordinary tonnage on + foreign vessels without excepting French vessels, is directly + contrary to the spirit and to the object of the treaty of + commerce which unites the two nations, and of which His + Majesty has not only scrupulously observed the tenor, but of + which he has extended the advantages by many regulations very + favorable to the commerce and navigation of the United + States. + </p> + <p> + By the fifth article of this treaty the citizens of these + States are declared exempt from the tonnage duty imposed in + France on foreign vessels, and they are not subject to that + duty but in the coasting business. Congress has reserved the + privilege of establishing <i>a duty equivalent to this + last</i>, a stipulation founded on the state in which matters + were in America at the time of the signature of the treaty. + There did not exist at that epoch any duty on tonnage in the + United States. + </p> + <p> + It is evident that it was the nonexistence of this duty and + the motive of a perfect reciprocity stipulated in the + preamble of the treaty that had determined the King to grant + the exemption contained in the article fifth; and a proof + that Congress had no intention to contravene this reciprocity + is that <i>it only reserves a privilege of establishing on + the coasting business a duty equivalent to that which is + levied in France</i>. This reservation would have been + completely useless if by the words of the treaty Congress + thought themselves at liberty to lay <i>any</i> tonnage they + should think proper on French vessels. + </p> + <p> + The undersigned has the honor to observe that this + contravention of the fifth article of the treaty of commerce + might have authorized His Majesty to modify proportionately + the favors granted by the same article to the American + navigation; but the King, always faithful to the principles + of friendship and attachment to the United States, and + desirous of strengthening more and more the ties which + subsist so happily between the French nation and these + States, thinks it more conformable to these views to order + the undersigned to make representations on this subject, and + to ask in favor of French vessels a modification of the act + which imposes an extraordinary tonnage on foreign vessels. + His Majesty does not doubt but that the United States will + acknowledge the justice of this claim, and will be disposed + to restore things to the footing on which they were at the + signature of the treaty of the 6th February, 1778. + </p> + <p class="r"> + L.G. OTTO. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <center> + [Translation.] + </center> + <center> + <i>L.G. Otto to the Secretary of State</i>. + </center> + <p class="r"> + NEW YORK, <i>January 8, 1791</i>. + </p> + <p> + His Excellency M. JEFFERSON,<br> + <i>Secretary of State</i>. + </p> + <p> + SIR: I have the honor herewith to send you a letter from the + King to Congress, and one which M. de Montmorin has written + to yourself. You will find therein the sincere sentiments + with which you have inspired our Government, and the regret + of the minister in not having a more near relation of + correspondence with you. In these every person who has had + the advantage of knowing you in France participates. + </p> + <p> + At the same time, it gives me pain, sir, to be obliged to + announce to you that the complaints of our merchants on the + subject of the tonnage duty increase, and that they have + excited not only the attention of the King but that of + several departments of the Kingdom. I have received new + orders to request of the United States a decision on this + matter and to solicit in favor of the aggrieved merchants the + restitution of the duties which have already been paid. I + earnestly beg of you, sir, not to lose sight of an object + which, as I have already had the honor to tell you verbally, + is of the greatest importance for cementing the future + commercial connections between the two nations. + </p> + <p> + In more particularly examining this question you will perhaps + find that motives of convenience are as powerful as those of + justice to engage the United States to give to His Majesty + the satisfaction which he requires. At least twice as many + American vessels enter the ports of France as do those of + France the ports of America. The exemption of the tonnage of + duty, then, is evidently less advantageous for the French + than for the navigators of the United States. Be this as it + may, I can assure you, sir, that the delay of a decision in + this respect by augmenting the just complaints of the French + merchants will only augment the difficulties. + </p> + <p> + I therefore beg of you to enable me before the sailing of the + packet, which will take place toward the last of this month, + to give to my Court a satisfactory answer. + </p> + <p> + I have the honor to be, etc., + </p> + <p class="r"> + L.G. OTTO. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 24, 1791</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you a statement relative to the frontiers of the + United States, which has been submitted to me by the + Secretary for the Department of War. + </p> + <p> + I rely upon your wisdom to make such arrangements as may be + essential for the preservation of good order and the + effectual protection of the frontiers. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 24, 1791</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + In execution of the powers with which Congress were pleased + to invest me by their act entitled "An act for establishing + the temporary and permanent seat of Government of the United + States," and on mature consideration of the advantages and + disadvantages of the several positions within the limits + prescribed by the said act, I have by a proclamation bearing + date this day (a copy of which is herewith transmitted) + directed commissioners, appointed in pursuance of the act, to + survey and limit a part of the territory of 10 miles square + on both sides of the river Potomac, so as to comprehend + Georgetown, in Maryland, and extend to the Eastern Branch. + </p> + <p> + I have not by this first act given to the said territory the + whole extent of which it is susceptible in the direction of + the river, because I thought it important that Congress + should have an opportunity of considering whether by an + amendatory law they would authorize the location of the + residue at the lower end of the present, so as to comprehend + the Eastern Branch itself and some of the country on its + lower side, in the State of Maryland, and the town of + Alexandria, in Virginia. If, however, they are of opinion + that the Federal territory should be bounded by the water + edge of the Eastern Branch, the location of the residue will + be to be made at the upper end of what is now directed. + </p> + <p> + I have thought best to await a survey of the territory before + it is decided on what particular spot on the northeastern + side of the river the public buildings shall be erected. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 26, 1791</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you the copy of a letter from the President of + the National Assembly of France to the President of the + United States, and of a decree of that Assembly, which was + transmitted with the above-mentioned letter. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 27, 1791</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + In order that you may be fully informed of the situation of + the frontiers and the prospect of hostility in that quarter, + I lay before you the intelligence of some recent + depredations, received since my message to you upon this + subject of the 24th instant. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 9, 1791</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I have received from the governor of Vermont authentic + documents, expressing the consent of the legislatures of New + York and of the Territory of Vermont that the said Territory + shall be admitted to be a distinct member of our Union; and a + memorial of Nathaniel Chipman and Lewis R. Morris, + commissioners from the said Territory, praying the consent of + Congress to that admission, by the name and style of the + State of Vermont, copies of which I now lay before Congress, + with whom the Constitution has vested the object of these + proceedings. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 14, 1791</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + Soon after I was called to the administration of the + Government I found it important to come to an understanding + with the Court of London on several points interesting to the + United States, and particularly to know whether they were + disposed to enter into arrangements by mutual consent which + might fix the commerce between the two nations on principles + of reciprocal advantage. For this purpose I authorized + informal conferences with their ministers, and from these I + do not infer any disposition on their part to enter into any + arrangements merely commercial. I have thought it proper to + give you this information, as it might at some time have + influence on matters under your consideration. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 14, 1791</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + Conceiving that in the possible event of a refusal of justice + on the part of Great Britain we should stand less committed + should it be made to a private rather than to a public + person, I employed Mr. Gouverneur Morris, who was on the + spot, and without giving him any definite character, to enter + informally into the conferences before mentioned. For your + more particular information I lay before you the instructions + I gave him and those parts of his communications wherein the + British ministers appear either in conversation or by letter. + These are two letters from the Duke of Leeds to Mr. Morris, + and three letters of Mr. Morris giving an account of two + conferences with the Duke of Leeds and one with him and Mr. + Pitt. The sum of these is that they declare without scruple + they do not mean to fulfill what remains of the treaty of + peace to be fulfilled on their part (by which we are to + understand the delivery of the posts and payment for property + carried off) till performance on our part, and compensation + where the delay has rendered the performance now + impracticable; that on the subject of a treaty of commerce + they avoided direct answers, so as to satisfy Mr. Morris they + did not mean to enter into one unless it could be extended to + a treaty of alliance offensive and defensive, or unless in + the event of a rupture with Spain. + </p> + <p> + As to the sending a minister here, they made excuses at the + first conference, seemed disposed to it in the second, and in + the last express an intention of so doing. + </p> + <p> + Their views being thus sufficiently ascertained, I have + directed Mr. Morris to discontinue his communications with + them. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 18, 1791</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + The aspect of affairs in Europe during the last summer, and + especially between Spain and England, gave reason to expect a + favorable occasion for pressing to accommodation the + unsettled matters between them and us. Mr. Carmichael, our + charge d'affaires at Madrid, having been long absent from his + country, great changes having taken place in our + circumstances and sentiments during that interval, it was + thought expedient to send some person, in a private + character, fully acquainted with the present state of things + here, to be the bearer of written and confidential + instructions to him, and at the same time to possess him in + full and frequent conversations of all those details of facts + and topics of argument which could not be conveyed in + writing, but which would be necessary to enable him to meet + the reasonings of that Court with advantage. Colonel David + Humphreys was therefore sent for these purposes. + </p> + <p> + An additional motive for this confidential mission arose in + the same quarter. The Court of Lisbon had on several + occasions made the most amicable advances for cultivating + friendship and intercourse with the United States. The + exchange of a diplomatic character had been informally, but + repeatedly, suggested on their part. It was our interest to + meet this nation in its friendly dispositions and to concur + in the exchange proposed. But my wish was at the same time + that the character to be exchanged should be of the lowest + and most economical grade. To this it was known that certain + rules of long standing at that Court would produce obstacles. + Colonel Humphreys was charged with dispatches to the prime + minister of Portugal and with instructions to endeavor to + arrange this to our views. It happened, however, that + previous to his arrival at Lisbon the Queen had appointed a + minister <i>resident</i> to the United States. This + embarrassment seems to have rendered the difficulty + completely insurmountable. The minister of that Court in his + conferences with Colonel Humphreys, professing every wish to + accommodate, yet expresses his regrets that circumstances do + not permit them to concur in the grade of chargé + d'affaires, a grade of little privilege or respectability by + the rules of their Court and held in so low estimation with + them that no proper character would accept it to go abroad. + In a letter to the Secretary of State he expresses the same + sentiments, and announces the appointment on their part of a + minister <i>resident</i> to the United States, and the + pleasure with which the Queen will receive one from us at her + Court. A copy of his letter, and also of Colonel Humphreys's + giving the details of this transaction, will be delivered to + you. + </p> + <p> + On consideration of all circumstances I have determined to + accede to the desire of the Court of Lisbon in the article of + grade. I am aware that the consequences will not end here, + and that this is not the only instance in which a like change + may be pressed. But should it be necessary to yield elsewhere + also, I shall think it a less evil than to disgust a + government so friendly and so interesting to us as that of + Portugal. + </p> + <p> + I do not mean that the change of grade shall render the + mission more expensive. + </p> + <p> + I have therefore nominated David Humphreys minister resident + from the United States to Her Most Faithful Majesty the Queen + of Portugal. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 22, 1791</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + I will proceed to take measures for the ransom of our + citizens in captivity at Algiers, in conformity with your + resolution of advice of the 1st instant, so soon as the + moneys necessary shall be appropriated by the Legislature and + shall be in readiness. + </p> + <p> + The recognition of our treaty with the new Emperor of Morocco + requires also previous appropriation and provision. The + importance of this last to the liberty and property of our + citizens induces me to urge it on your earliest attention. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 23, 1791</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + Information having been received from Thomas Auldjo, who was + appointed vice-consul of the United States at Cowes, in Great + Britain, that his commission has not been recognized by that + Government because it is a port at which no foreign consul + has yet been received, and that it has been intimated to him + that his appointment to the port of Poole and parts nearer to + that than to the residence of any other consul of the United + States would be recognized and his residence at Cowes not + noticed, I have therefore thought it expedient to nominate + Thomas Auldjo to be vice-consul for the United States at the + port of Poole, in Great Britain, and such parts within the + allegiance of His Britannic Majesty as shall be nearer + thereto than to the residence of any other consul or + vice-consul of the United States within the same allegiance. + </p> + <p> + I also nominate James Yard, of Pennsylvania, to be consul for + the United States in the island of Santa Cruz and such other + parts within the allegiance of His Danish Majesty as shall be + nearer thereto than to the residence of any other consul or + vice-consul of the United States within the same allegiance. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>March 4, 1791</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + The act for the admission of the State of Vermont into this + Union having fixed on this as the day of its admission, it + was thought that this would also be the first day on which + any officer of the Union might legally perform any act of + authority relating to that State. I therefore required your + attendance to receive nominations of the several officers + necessary to put the Federal Government into motion in that + State.[<a href="#note-1">1</a>] + </p> + <p> + For this purpose I nominate Nathaniel Chipman to be judge of + the district of Vermont; Stephen Jacobs to be attorney for + the United States in the district of Vermont; Lewis R. Morris + to be marshal of the district of Vermont, and Stephen Keyes + to be collector of the port of Allburgh, in the State of + Vermont. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>March 4, 1791</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + Pursuant to the powers vested in me by the act entitled "An + act repealing after the last day of June next the duties + heretofore laid upon distilled spirits imported from abroad + and laying others in their stead, and also upon spirits + distilled within the United States, and for appropriating the + same," I have thought fit to divide the United States into + the following districts, namely: + </p> + <p> + The district of New Hampshire, to consist of the State of New + Hampshire; the district of Massachusetts, to consist of the + State of Massachusetts; the district of Rhode Island and + Providence Plantations, to consist of the State of Rhode + Island and Providence Plantations; the district of + Connecticut, to consist of the State of Connecticut; the + district of Vermont, to consist of the State of Vermont; the + district of New York, to consist of the State of New York; + the district of New Jersey, to consist of the State of New + Jersey; the district of Pennsylvania, to consist of the State + of Pennsylvania; the district of Delaware, to consist of the + State of Delaware; the district of Maryland, to consist of + the State of Maryland; the district of Virginia, to consist + of the State of Virginia; the district of North Carolina, to + consist of the State of North Carolina; the district of South + Carolina, to consist of the State of South Carolina; and the + district of Georgia, to consist of the State of Georgia. + </p> + <p> + And I hereby nominate as supervisors of the said districts, + respectively, the following persons, viz: + </p> + <p> + For the district of New Hampshire, Joshua Wentworth; for the + district of Massachusetts, Nathaniel Gorham; for the district + of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, John S. Dexter; + for the district of Connecticut, John Chester; for the + district of Vermont, Noah Smith; for the district of New + York, William S. Smith; for the district of New Jersey, Aaron + Dunham; for the district of Pennsylvania, George Clymer; for + the district of Delaware, Henry Latimer; for the district of + Maryland, George Gale; for the district of Virginia, Edward + Carrington; for the district of North Carolina, William Polk; + for the district of South Carolina, Daniel Stevens; for the + district of Georgia, John Mathews. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + PROCLAMATIONS. + </h2> + <center> + [From a broadside in the archives of the Department of + State.] + </center> + <h3> + BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. + </h3> + <h4> + A PROCLAMATION. + </h4> + <p> + Whereas the general assembly of the State of Maryland, by an + act passed on the 23d day of December, A.D. 1788, intituled + "An act to cede to Congress a district of 10 miles square in + this State for the seat of the Government of the United + States," did enact that the Representatives of the said State + in the House of Representatives of the Congress of the United + States, appointed to assemble at New York on the first + Wednesday of March then next ensuing, should be, and they + were thereby, authorized and required on the behalf of the + said State to cede to the Congress of the United States any + district in the said State not exceeding 10 miles square + which the Congress might fix upon and accept for the seat of + Government of the United States; + </p> + <p> + And the general assembly of the Commonwealth of Virginia, by + an act passed on the 3d day of December, 1789, and intituled + "An act for the cession of 10 miles square, or any lesser + quantity, of territory within this State to the United States + in Congress assembled, for the permanent seat of the General + Government," did enact that a tract of country not exceeding + 10 miles square, or any lesser quantity, to be located within + the limits of the said State, and in any part thereof, as + Congress might by law direct, should be, and the same was + thereby, forever ceded and relinquished to the Congress and + Government of the United States, in full and absolute right + and exclusive jurisdiction, as well of soil as of persons + residing or to reside thereon, pursuant to the tenor and + effect of the eighth section of the first article of the + Constitution of Government of the United States; + </p> + <p> + And the Congress of the United States, by their act passed + the 16th day of July, 1790, and intituled "An act for + establishing the temporary and permanent seat of the + Government of the United States," authorized the President of + the United States to appoint three commissioners to survey + under his direction and by proper metes and bounds to limit a + district of territory, not exceeding 10 miles square, on the + river Potomac, at some place between the mouths of the + Eastern Branch and Connogocheque, which district, so to be + located and limited, was accepted by the said act of Congress + as the district for the permanent seat of the Government of + the United States: + </p> + <p> + Now, therefore, in pursuance of the powers to me confided, + and after duly examining and weighing the advantages and + disadvantages of the several situations within the limits + aforesaid, I do hereby declare and make known that the + location of one part of the said district of 10 miles square + shall be found by running four lines of experiment in the + following manner, that is to say: Running from the + court-house of Alexandria, in Virginia, due southwest half a + mile, and thence a due southeast course till it shall strike + Hunting Creek, to fix the beginning of the said four lines of + experiment. + </p> + <p> + Then beginning the first of the said four lines of experiment + at the point on Hunting Creek where the said southeast course + shall have struck the same, and running the said first line + due northwest 10 miles; thence the second line into Maryland + due northeast 10 miles; thence the third line due southeast + 10 miles, and thence the fourth line due southwest 10 miles + to the beginning on Hunting Creek. + </p> + <p> + And the said four lines of experiment being so run, I do + hereby declare and make known that all that part within the + said four lines of experiment which shall be within the State + of Maryland and above the Eastern Branch, and all that part + within the same four lines of experiment which shall be + within the Commonwealth of Virginia and above a line to be + run from the point of land forming the upper cape of the + mouth of the Eastern Branch due southwest, and no more, is + now fixed upon and directed to be surveyed, defined, limited, + and located for a part of the said district accepted by the + said act of Congress for the permanent seat of the Government + of the United States (hereby expressly reserving the + direction of the survey and location of the remaining part of + the said district to be made hereafter contiguous to such + part or parts of the present location as is or shall be + agreeable to law). + </p> + <p> + And I do accordingly direct the said commissioners, appointed + agreeably to the tenor of the said act, to proceed forthwith + to run the said lines of experiment, and the same being run, + to survey and by proper metes and bounds to define and limit + the part within the same which is hereinbefore directed for + immediate location and acceptance, and thereof to make due + report to me under their hands and seals. + </p> + <p> + In testimony whereof I have caused the seal of the United + States to be affixed to these presents and signed the same + with my hand. + </p> + <p> + [SEAL.] + </p> + <p> + Done at the city of Philadelphia, the 24th day of January, + A.D. 1791, and of the Independence of the United States the + fifteenth. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + <br> + By the President:<br> + TH: JEFFERSON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <center> + [From a broadside in the archives of the Department of + State.] + </center> + <h3> + BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. + </h3> + <h4> + A PROCLAMATION. + </h4> + <p> + Whereas it hath been represented to me that James O'Fallon is + levying an armed force in that part of the State of Virginia + which is called Kentucky, disturbs the public peace, and sets + at defiance the treaties of the United States with the Indian + tribes, the act of Congress intituled "An act to regulate + trade and intercourse with the Indian tribes," and my + proclamations of the 14th and 26th days of August last + founded thereon; and it is my earnest desire that those who + have incautiously associated themselves with the said James + O'Fallon may be warned of their danger, I have therefore + thought fit to publish this proclamation, hereby declaring + that all persons violating the treaties and act aforesaid + shall be prosecuted with the utmost rigor of the law. + </p> + <p> + And I do, moreover, require all officers of the United States + whom it may concern to use their best exertions to bring to + justice any persons offending in the premises. + </p> + <p> + In testimony whereof I have caused the seal of the United + States to be affixed to these presents and signed the same + with my hand. + </p> + <p> + [SEAL.] + </p> + <p> + Done at the city of Philadelphia, the 19th day of March, A.D. + 1791, and of the Independence of the United States the + fifteenth. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + <br> + By the President:<br> + TH: JEFFERSON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <center> + [From the Washington Papers (Executive Proceedings), vol. 20, + p. 191.] + </center> + <h3> + BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. + </h3> + <h4> + A PROCLAMATION. + </h4> + <p> + Whereas by a proclamation bearing date the 24th day of + January of this present year, and in pursuance of certain + acts of the States of Maryland and Virginia and of the + Congress of the United States, therein mentioned, certain + lines of experiment were directed to be run in the + neighborhood of Georgetown, in Maryland, for the purpose of + determining the location of a part of the territory of 10 + miles square for the permanent seat of the Government of the + United States, and a certain part was directed to be located + within the said lines of experiment on both sides of the + Potomac and above the limit of the Eastern Branch prescribed + by the said act of Congress; + </p> + <p> + And Congress by an amendatory act passed on the 3d day of the + present month of March have given further authority to the + President of the United States "to make any part of the + territory below the said limit and above the mouth of Hunting + Creek a part of the said district, so as to include a + convenient part of the Eastern Branch and of the lands lying + on the lower side thereof, and also the town of Alexandria": + </p> + <p> + Now, therefore, for the purpose of amending and completing + the location of the whole of the said territory of 10 miles + square in conformity with the said amendatory act of + Congress, I do hereby declare and make known that the whole + of the said territory shall be located and included within + the four lines following, that is to say: + </p> + <p> + Beginning at Jones's Point, being the upper cape of Hunting + Creek, in Virginia, and at an angle in the outset of 45 + degrees west of the north, and running in a direct line 10 + miles for the first line; then beginning again at the same + Jones's Point and running another direct line at a right + angle with the first across the Potomac 10 miles for the + second line; then from the termination of the said first and + second lines running two other direct lines of 10 miles each, + the one crossing the Eastern Branch aforesaid and the other + the Potomac, and meeting each other in a point. + </p> + <p> + And I do accordingly direct the commissioners named under the + authority of the said first-mentioned act of Congress to + proceed forthwith to have the said four lines run, and by + proper metes and bounds defined and limited, and thereof to + make due report under their hands and seals; and the + territory so to be located, defined, and limited shall be the + whole territory accepted by the said acts of Congress as the + district for the permanent seat of the Government of the + United States. + </p> + <p> + In testimony whereof I have caused the seal of the United + States to be affixed to these presents and signed the same + with my hand. + </p> + <p> + [SEAL.] + </p> + <p> + Done at Georgetown aforesaid, the 30th day of March, A.D. + 1791, and of the Independence of the United States the + fifteenth. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + THIRD ANNUAL ADDRESS. + </h2> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>October 25, 1791</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I meet you upon the present occasion with the feelings which + are naturally inspired by a strong impression of the + prosperous situation of our common country, and by a + persuasion equally strong that the labors of the session + which has just commenced will, under the guidance of a spirit + no less prudent than patriotic, issue in measures conducive + to the stability and increase of national prosperity. + </p> + <p> + Numerous as are the providential blessings which demand our + grateful acknowledgments, the abundance with which another + year has again rewarded the industry of the husbandman is too + important to escape recollection. + </p> + <p> + Your own observations in your respective situations will have + satisfied you of the progressive state of agriculture, + manufactures, commerce, and navigation. In tracing their + causes you will have remarked with particular pleasure the + happy effects of that revival of confidence, public as well + as private, to which the Constitution and laws of the United + States have so eminently contributed; and you will have + observed with no less interest new and decisive proofs of the + increasing reputation and credit of the nation. But you + nevertheless can not fail to derive satisfaction from the + confirmation of these circumstances which will be disclosed + in the several official communications that will be made to + you in the course of your deliberations. + </p> + <p> + The rapid subscriptions to the Bank of the United States, + which completed the sum allowed to be subscribed in a single + day, is among the striking and pleasing evidences which + present themselves, not only of confidence in the Government, + but of resource in the community. + </p> + <p> + In the interval of your recess due attention has been paid to + the execution of the different objects which were specially + provided for by the laws and resolutions of the last session. + </p> + <p> + Among the most important of these is the defense and security + of the Western frontiers. To accomplish it on the most humane + principles was a primary wish. + </p> + <p> + Accordingly, at the same time that treaties have been + provisionally concluded and other proper means used to attach + the wavering and to confirm in their friendship the + well-disposed tribes of Indians, effectual measures have been + adopted to make those of a hostile description sensible that + a pacification was desired upon terms of moderation and + justice. + </p> + <p> + Those measures having proved unsuccessful, it became + necessary to convince the refractory of the power of the + United States to punish their depredations. Offensive + operations have therefore been directed, to be conducted, + however, as consistently as possible with the dictates of + humanity. Some of these have been crowned with full success + and others are yet depending. The expeditions which have been + completed were carried on under the authority and at the + expense of the United States by the militia of Kentucky, + whose enterprise, intrepidity, and good conduct are entitled + to peculiar commendation. + </p> + <p> + Overtures of peace are still continued to the deluded tribes, + and considerable numbers of individuals belonging to them + have lately renounced all further opposition, removed from + their former situations, and placed themselves under the + immediate protection of the United States. + </p> + <p> + It is sincerely to be desired that all need of coercion in + future may cease and that an intimate intercourse may + succeed, calculated to advance the happiness of the Indians + and to attach them firmly to the United States. + </p> + <p> + In order to this it seems necessary— + </p> + <p> + That they should experience the benefits of an impartial + dispensation of justice. + </p> + <p> + That the mode of alienating their lands, the main source of + discontent and war, should be so defined and regulated as to + obviate imposition and as far as may be practicable + controversy concerning the reality and extent of the + alienations which are made. + </p> + <p> + That commerce with them should be promoted under regulations + tending to secure an equitable deportment toward them, and + that such rational experiments should be made for imparting + to them the blessings of civilization as may from time to + time suit their condition. + </p> + <p> + That the Executive of the United States should be enabled to + employ the means to which the Indians have been long + accustomed for uniting their immediate interests with the + preservation of peace. + </p> + <p> + And that efficacious provision should be made for inflicting + adequate penalties upon all those who, by violating their + rights, shall infringe the treaties and endanger the peace of + the Union. + </p> + <p> + A system corresponding with the mild principles of religion + and philanthropy toward an unenlightened race of men, whose + happiness materially depends on the conduct of the United + States, would be as honorable to the national character as + conformable to the dictates of sound policy. + </p> + <p> + The powers specially vested in me by the act laying certain + duties on distilled spirits; which respect the subdivisions + of the districts into surveys, the appointment of officers, + and the assignment of compensations, have likewise been + carried into effect. In a matter in which both materials and + experience were wanting to guide the calculation it will be + readily conceived that there must have been difficulty in + such an adjustment of the rates of compensation as would + conciliate a reasonable competency with a proper regard to + the limits prescribed by the law. It is hoped that the + circumspection which has been used will be found in the + result to have secured the last of the two objects; but it is + probable that with a view to the first in some instances a + revision of the provision will be found advisable. + </p> + <p> + The impressions with which this law has been received by the + community have been upon the whole such as were to be + expected among enlightened and well-disposed citizens from + the propriety and necessity of the measure. The novelty, + however, of the tax in a considerable part of the United + States and a misconception of some of its provisions have + given occasion in particular places to some degree of + discontent; but it is satisfactory to know that this + disposition yields to proper explanations and more just + apprehensions of the true nature of the law, and I entertain + a full confidence that it will in all give way to motives + which arise out of a just sense of duty and a virtuous regard + to the public welfare. + </p> + <p> + If there are any circumstances in the law which consistently + with its main design may be so varied as to remove any + well-intentioned objections that may happen to exist, it will + consist with a wise moderation to make the proper variations. + It is desirable on all occasions to unite with a steady and + firm adherence to constitutional and necessary acts of + Government the fullest evidence of a disposition as far as + may be practicable to consult the wishes of every part of the + community and to lay the foundations of the public + administration in the affections of the people. + </p> + <p> + Pursuant to the authority contained in the several acts on + that subject, a district of 10 miles square for the permanent + seat of the Government of the United States has been fixed + and announced by proclamation, which district will comprehend + lands on both sides of the river Potomac and the towns of + Alexandria and Georgetown. A city has also been laid out + agreeably to a plan which will be placed before Congress, and + as there is a prospect, favored by the rate of sales which + have already taken place, of ample funds for carrying on the + necessary public buildings, there is every expectation of + their due progress. + </p> + <p> + The completion of the census of the inhabitants, for which + provision was made by law, has been duly notified (excepting + one instance in which the return has been informal, and + another in which it has been omitted or miscarried), and the + returns of the officers who were charged with this duty, + which will be laid before you, will give you the pleasing + assurance that the present population of the United States + borders on 4,000,000 persons. + </p> + <p> + It is proper also to inform you that a further loan of + 2,500,000 florins has been completed in Holland, the terms of + which are similar to those of the one last announced, except + as to a small reduction of charges. Another, on like terms, + for 6,000,000 florins, had been set on foot under + circumstances that assured an immediate completion. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + Two treaties which have been provisionally concluded with the + Cherokees and Six Nations of Indians will be laid before you + for your consideration and ratification. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + In entering upon the discharge of your legislative trust you + must anticipate with pleasure that many of the difficulties + necessarily incident to the first arrangements of a new + government for an extensive country have been happily + surmounted by the zealous and judicious exertions of your + predecessors in cooperation with the other branch of the + Legislature. The important objects which remain to be + accomplished will, I am persuaded, be conducted upon + principles equally comprehensive and equally well calculated + for the advancement of the general weal. + </p> + <p> + The time limited for receiving subscriptions to the loans + proposed by the act making provision for the debt of the + United States having expired, statements from the proper + department will as soon as possible apprise you of the exact + result. Enough, however, is known already to afford an + assurance that the views of that act have been substantially + fulfilled. The subscription in the domestic debt of the + United States has embraced by far the greatest proportion of + that debt, affording at the same time proof of the general + satisfaction of the public creditors with the system which + has been proposed to their acceptance and of the spirit of + accommodation to the convenience of the Government with which + they are actuated. The subscriptions in the debts of the + respective States as far as the provisions of the law have + permitted may be said to be yet more general. The part of the + debt of the United States which remains unsubscribed will + naturally engage your further deliberations. + </p> + <p> + It is particularly pleasing to me to be able to announce to + you that the revenues which have been established promise to + be adequate to their objects, and may be permitted, if no + unforeseen exigency occurs, to supersede for the present the + necessity of any new burthens upon our constituents. + </p> + <p> + An object which will claim your early attention is a + provision for the current service of the ensuing year, + together with such ascertained demands upon the Treasury as + require to be immediately discharged, and such casualties as + may have arisen in the execution of the public business, for + which no specific appropriation may have yet been made; of + all which a proper estimate will be laid before you. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I shall content myself with a general reference to former + communications for several objects upon which the urgency of + other affairs has hitherto postponed any definitive + resolution. Their importance will recall them to your + attention, and I trust that the progress already made in the + most arduous arrangements of the Government will afford you + leisure to resume them with advantage. + </p> + <p> + There are, however, some of them of which I can not forbear a + more particular mention. These are the militia, the + post-office and post-roads, the mint, weights and measures, a + provision for the sale of the vacant lands of the United + States. + </p> + <p> + The first is certainly an object of primary importance + whether viewed in reference to the national security to the + satisfaction of the community or to the preservation of + order. In connection with this the establishment of competent + magazines and arsenals and the fortification of such places + as are peculiarly important and vulnerable naturally present + themselves to consideration. The safety of the United States + under divine protection ought to rest on the basis of + systematic and solid arrangements, exposed as little as + possible to the hazards of fortuitous circumstances. + </p> + <p> + The importance of the post-office and post-roads on a plan + sufficiently liberal and comprehensive, as they respect the + expedition, safety, and facility of communication, is + increased by their instrumentality in diffusing a knowledge + of the laws and proceedings of the Government, which, while + it contributes to the security of the people, serves also to + guard them against the effects of misrepresentation and + misconception. The establishment of additional cross posts, + especially to some of the important points in the Western and + Northern parts of the Union, can not fail to be of material + utility. + </p> + <p> + The disorders in the existing currency, and especially the + scarcity of small change, a scarcity so peculiarly + distressing to the poorer classes, strongly recommend the + carrying into immediate effect the resolution already entered + into concerning the establishment of a mint. Measures have + been taken pursuant to that resolution for procuring some of + the most necessary artists, together with the requisite + apparatus. + </p> + <p> + An uniformity in the weights and measures of the country is + among the important objects submitted to you by the + Constitution, and if it can be derived from a standard at + once invariable and universal, must be no less honorable to + the public councils than conducive to the public convenience. + </p> + <p> + A provision for the sale of the vacant lands of the United + States is particularly urged, among other reasons, by the + important considerations that they are pledged as a fund for + reimbursing the public debt; that if timely and judiciously + applied they may save the necessity of burthening our + citizens with new taxes for the extinguishment of the + principal; and that being free to discharge the principal but + in a limited proportion, no opportunity ought to be lost for + availing the public of its right. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + ADDRESS OF THE SENATE TO GEORGE WASHINGTON, PRESIDENT OF THE + UNITED STATES. + </h3> + <p> + The PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. + </p> + <p> + SIR: The Senate of the United States have received with the + highest satisfaction the assurances of public prosperity + contained in your speech to both Houses. The multiplied + blessings of Providence have not escaped our notice or failed + to excite our gratitude. + </p> + <p> + The benefits which flow from the restoration of public and + private confidence are conspicuous and important, and the + pleasure with which we contemplate them is heightened by your + assurance of those further communications which shall confirm + their existence and indicate their source. + </p> + <p> + While we rejoice in the success of those military operations + which have been directed against the hostile Indians, we + lament with you the necessity that has produced them, and we + participate the hope that the present prospect of a general + peace on terms of moderation and justice may be wrought into + complete and permanent effect, and that the measures of + Government may equally embrace the security of our frontiers + and the general interests of humanity, our solicitude to + obtain which will insure our zealous attention to an object + so warmly espoused by the principles of benevolence and so + highly interesting to the honor and welfare of the nation. + </p> + <p> + The several subjects which you have particularly recommended + and those which remain of former sessions will engage our + early consideration. We are encouraged to prosecute them with + alacrity and steadiness by the belief that they will interest + no passion but that for the general welfare, by the assurance + of concert, and by a view of those arduous and important + arrangements which have been already accomplished. + </p> + <p> + We observe, sir, the constancy and activity of your zeal for + the public good. The example will animate our efforts to + promote the happiness of our country. + </p> + <p> + OCTOBER 28, 1791. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. + </h3> + <p> + GENTLEMEN: This manifestation of your zeal for the honor and + the happiness of our country derives its full value from the + share which your deliberations have already had in promoting + both. + </p> + <p> + I thank you for the favorable sentiments with which you view + the part I have borne in the arduous trust committed to the + Government of the United States, and desire you to be assured + that all my zeal will continue to second those further + efforts for the public good which are insured by the spirit + in which you are entering on the present session. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + OCTOBER 31, 1791. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + ADDRESS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES TO GEORGE WASHINGTON, + PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. + </h3> + <p> + SIR: In receiving your address at the opening of the present + session the House of Representatives have taken an ample + share in the feelings inspired by the actual prosperity and + flattering prospects of our country, and whilst with becoming + gratitude to Heaven we ascribe this happiness to the true + source from which it flows, we behold with an animating + pleasure the degree in which the Constitution and laws of the + United States have been instrumental in dispensing it. + </p> + <p> + It yields us particular satisfaction to learn the success + with which the different important measures of the Government + have proceeded, as well those specially provided for at the + last session as those of preceding date. The safety of our + Western frontier, in which the lives and repose of so many of + our fellow-citizens are involved, being peculiarly + interesting, your communications on that subject are + proportionally grateful to us. The gallantry and good conduct + of the militia, whose services were called for, is an + honorable confirmation of the efficacy of that precious + resource of a free state, and we anxiously wish that the + consequences of their successful enterprises and of the other + proceedings to which you have referred may leave the United + States free to pursue the most benevolent policy toward the + unhappy and deluded race of people in our neighborhood. + </p> + <p> + The amount of the population of the United States, determined + by the returns of the census, is a source of the most + pleasing reflections whether it be viewed in relation to our + national safety and respectability or as a proof of that + felicity in the situation of our country which favors so + unexampled a rapidity in its growth. Nor ought any to be + insensible to the additional motive suggested by this + important fact to perpetuate the free Government established, + with a wise administration of it, to a portion of the earth + which promises such an increase of the number which is to + enjoy those blessings within the limits of the United States. + </p> + <p> + We shall proceed with all the respect due to your patriotic + recommendations and with a deep sense of the trust committed + to us by our fellow-citizens to take into consideration the + various and important matters falling within the present + session; and in discussing and deciding each we shall feel + every disposition whilst we are pursuing the public welfare, + which must be the supreme object with all our constituents, + to accommodate as far as possible the means of attaining it + to the sentiments and wishes of every part of them. + </p> + <p> + OCTOBER 27, 1791. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. + </h3> + <p> + GENTLEMEN: The pleasure I derive from an assurance of your + attention to the objects I have recommended to you is doubled + by your concurrence in the testimony I have borne to the + prosperous condition of our public affairs. + </p> + <p> + Relying on the sanctions of your enlightened judgment and on + your patriotic aid, I shall be the more encouraged in all my + endeavors for the public weal, and particularly in those + which may be required on my part for executing the salutary + measures I anticipate from your present deliberations. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + OCTOBER 28, 1791. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + SPECIAL MESSAGES. + </h2> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>October 26, 1791</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you copies of the following acts, which have + been transmitted to me during the recess of Congress, viz: + </p> + <p> + An act passed by the legislature of New Hampshire for ceding + to the United States the fort and light-house belonging to + the said State. + </p> + <p> + An act of the legislature of Pennsylvania ratifying on behalf + of said State the first article of amendment to the + Constitution of the United States as proposed by Congress; + and + </p> + <p> + An act of the legislature of North Carolina granting the use + of the jails within that State to the United States. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>October 26, 1791</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + I have directed the Secretary of War to lay before you for + your consideration all the papers relative to the late + negotiations with the Cherokee Indians, and the treaty + concluded with that tribe on the 2d day of July last by the + superintendent of the southern district, and I request your + advice whether I shall ratify the same. + </p> + <p> + I also lay before you the instructions to Colonel Pickering + and his conferences with the Six Nations of Indians. These + conferences were for the purpose of conciliation, and at a + critical period, to withdraw those Indians to a greater + distance from the theater of war, in order to prevent their + being involved therein. + </p> + <p> + It might not have been necessary to have requested your + opinion on this business had not the commissioner, with good + intentions, but incautiously, made certain ratifications of + lands unauthorized by his instructions and unsupported by the + Constitution. + </p> + <p> + It therefore became necessary to disavow the transaction + explicitly in a letter written by my orders to the governor + of New York on the 17th of August last. + </p> + <p> + The speeches to the Complanter and other Seneca chiefs, the + instructions to Colonel Proctor, and his report, and other + messages and directions are laid before you for your + information and as evidences that all proper lenient measures + preceded the exercise of coercion. + </p> + <p> + The letters to the chief of the Creeks are also laid before + you, to evince that the requisite steps have been taken to + produce a full compliance with the treaty made with that + nation on the 7th of August, 1790. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>October 27, 1791</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you a copy of a letter and of sundry documents + which I have received from the governor of Pennsylvania, + respecting certain persons who are said to have fled from + justice out of the State of Pennsylvania into that of + Virginia, together with a report of the Attorney-General of + the United States upon the same subject. + </p> + <p> + I have received from the governor of North Carolina a copy of + an act of the general assembly of that State, authorizing him + to convey to the United States the right and jurisdiction of + the said State over 1 acre of land in Occacock Island and 10 + acres on the Cape Island, within the said State, for the + purpose of erecting light-houses thereon, together with the + deed of the governor in pursuance thereof and the original + conveyances made to the State by the individual proprietors, + which original conveyances contain conditions that the + light-house on Occacock shall be built before the 1st day of + January, 1801, and that on the Cape Island before the 8th day + of October, 1800. And I have caused these several papers to + be deposited in the office of the Secretary of State. + </p> + <p> + A statement of the returns of the enumeration of the + inhabitants of the United States which have been received + will at this time be laid before you. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>October 27, 1791</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I have directed the Secretary of War to lay before you, for + your information, the reports of Brigadier-General Scott and + Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant Wilkinson, the officers who + commanded the two expeditions against the Wabash Indians in + the months of June and August last, together with the + instructions by virtue of which the said expeditions were + undertaken. When the operations now depending shall be + terminated, the reports relative thereto shall also be laid + before you. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>October 31, 1791</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I send you herewith the arrangement which has been made by + me, pursuant to the act entitled "An act repealing after the + last day of June next the duties heretofore laid upon + distilled spirits imported from abroad and laying others in + their stead, and also upon spirits distilled within the + United States, and for appropriating the same," in respect to + the subdivision of the several districts created by the said + act into surveys of inspection, the appointment of officers + for the same, and the assignment of compensations. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>November 1, 1791</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I received yesterday from the judge of the district of South + Carolina a letter, inclosing the presentments of the grand + jury to him, and stating the causes which have prevented the + return of the census from that district, copies of which are + now laid before you. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>November 10, 1791</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + The resolution passed at the last session of Congress, + requesting the President of the United States to cause an + estimate to be laid before Congress at their next session of + the quantity and situation of the lands not claimed by the + Indians nor granted to nor claimed by any of the citizens of + the United States within the territory ceded to the United + States by the State of North Carolina and within the + territory of the United States northwest of the river Ohio, + has been referred to the Secretary of State, a copy of whose + report on that subject I now lay before you, together with + the copy of a letter accompanying it. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>November 11, 1791</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I have received from the governor of Virginia a resolution of + the general assembly of that Commonwealth, ratifying the + first article of the amendments proposed by Congress to the + Constitution of the United States, a copy of which and of the + letter accompanying it I now lay before you. + </p> + <p> + Sundry papers relating to the purchase by Judge Symmes of the + lands on the Great Miami having been communicated to me, I + have thought it proper to lay the same before you for your + information on that subject. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>December 12, 1791</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + It is with great concern that I communicate to you the + information received from Major-General St. Clair of the + misfortune which has befallen the troops under his command. + </p> + <p> + Although the national loss is considerable according to the + scale of the event, yet it may be repaired without great + difficulty, excepting as to the brave men who have fallen on + the occasion, and who are a subject of public as well as + private regret. + </p> + <p> + A further communication will shortly be made of all such + matters as shall be necessary to enable the Legislature to + judge of the future measures which it may be proper to + pursue. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>December 13, 1791</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I place before you the plan of a city that has been laid out + within the district of 10 miles square, which was fixed upon + for the permanent seat of the Government of the United + States. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>December 20, 1791</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you the copy of a letter which I have received + from the governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and of + sundry documents which accompanied it, relative to a contract + for the purchase of a certain tract of land bounding on Lake + Erie, together with a copy of a report of the Secretary of + State on the same subject. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>December 30, 1791</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you a copy of the ratification by the + Commonwealth of Virginia of the articles of amendment + proposed by Congress to the Constitution of the United + States, and a copy of a letter which accompanied said + ratification from the governor of Virginia. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 11, 1792</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you the following report, which has been made to + me by the Secretary of State: + </p> + <p class="r"> + DECEMBER 22, 1791. + </p> + <p class="q"> + The Secretary of State reports to the President of the United + States that one of the commissioners of Spain, in the name of + both, has lately communicated to him verbally, by order of + his Court, that His Catholic Majesty, apprised of our + solicitude to have some arrangements made respecting our free + navigation of the river Mississippi and the use of a port + thereon, is ready to enter into treaty thereon at Madrid. + </p> + <p class="q"> + The Secretary of State is of opinion that this overture + should be attended to without delay, and that the proposal of + treating at Madrid, though not what might have been desired, + should yet be accepted, and a commission plenipotentiary made + out for the purpose. + </p> + <p class="q"> + That Mr. Carmichael, the present chargé d'affaires of + the United States at Madrid, from the local acquaintance + which he must have acquired with persons and circumstances, + would be an useful and proper member of the commission, but + that it would be useful also to join with him some person + more particularly acquainted with the circumstances of the + navigation to be treated of. + </p> + <p class="q"> + That the fund appropriated by the act providing the means of + intercourse between the United States and foreign nations + will insufficiently furnish the ordinary and regular demands + on it, and is consequently inadequate to the mission of an + additional commissioner express from hence. + </p> + <p class="q"> + That therefore it will be advisable on this account, as well + as for the sake of dispatch, to constitute some one of the + ministers of the United States in Europe, jointly with Mr. + Carmichael, commissioners plenipotentiary for the special + purpose of negotiating and concluding with any person or + persons duly authorized by His Catholic Majesty a convention + or treaty for the free navigation of the river Mississippi by + the citizens of the United States under such accommodations + with respect to a port and other circumstances as may render + the said navigation practicable, useful, and free from + dispute, saving to the President and Senate their respective + rights as to the ratification of the same, and that the said + negotiation be at Madrid, or such other place in Spain as + shall be desired by His Catholic Majesty. + </p> + <p class="r"> + TH. JEFFERSON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + In consequence of the communication from the Court of Spain, + as stated in the preceding report, I nominate William + Carmichael, present chargé d'affaires of the United + States at Madrid, and William Short, present chargé + d'affaires of the United States at Paris, to be commissioners + plenipotentiary for negotiating and concluding with any + person or persons who shall be duly authorized by His + Catholic Majesty a convention or treaty concerning the + navigation of the river Mississippi by the citizens of the + United States, saving to the President and Senate their + respective rights as to the ratification of the same. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 11, 1792</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you, in confidence, two reports, made to me by + the Secretary for the Department of War, relatively to the + present state of affairs on the Western frontiers of the + United States. + </p> + <p> + In these reports the causes of the present war with the + Indians, the measures taken by the Executive to terminate it + amicably, and the military preparations for the late campaign + are stated and explained, and also a plan suggested of such + further measures on the occasion as appear just and + expedient. + </p> + <p> + I am persuaded, gentlemen, that you will take this important + subject into your immediate and serious consideration, and + that the result of your deliberations will be the adoption of + such wise and efficient measures as will reflect honor on our + national councils and promote the welfare of our country. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 18, 1792</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you a copy of an exemplified copy of an act of + the legislature of Vermont, ratifying on behalf of that State + the articles of amendment proposed by Congress to the + Constitution of the United States together with a copy of a + letter which accompanied said ratification. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 18, 1792</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you the communications of a deputation from the + Cherokee Nation of Indians now in this city, and I request + your advice whether an additional article shall be made to + the Cherokee treaty to the following effect, to wit: + </p> + <p> + That the sum to be paid annually by the United States to the + Cherokee Nation of Indians in consideration of the + relinquishment of lands as stated in the treaty made with + them on the 2d day of July, 1791, shall be $1,500 instead of + $1,000 mentioned in the said treaty. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 23, 1792</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + Having received from the governor of Virginia a letter, + inclosing a resolution of the general assembly of that State + and a report of a committee of the House of Delegates + respecting certain lands located by the officers and soldiers + of the Virginia line under the laws of that State, and since + ceded to the Chickasaw Indians, I lay copies of the same + before you, together with a report of the Secretary of State + on this subject. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 8, 1792</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + An article of expense having occurred in the Department of + Foreign Affairs for which no provision has been made by law, + I lay before you a letter from the Secretary of State + explaining the same, in order that you may do thereon what + you shall find to be right. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>March 3, 1792</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you a copy of a return of the number of + inhabitants in the district of South Carolina as made to me + by the marshal thereof, and a copy of a letter which + accompanied said return. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>March 5, 1792</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + Knowing the friendly interest you take in whatever may + promote the happiness and prosperity of the French nation, it + is with pleasure that I lay before you the translation of a + letter which I have received from His Most Christian Majesty, + announcing to the United States of America his acceptance of + the constitution presented to him by his nation. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + <i>Very Dear Great Friends and Allies</i>: + </p> + <p> + We make it our duty to inform you that we have accepted the + constitution which has been presented to us in the name of + the nation, and according to which France will be henceforth + governed. + </p> + <p> + We do not doubt that you take an interest in an event so + important to our Kingdom and to us, and it is with real + pleasure we take this occasion to renew to you assurances of + the sincere friendship we bear you. Whereupon we pray God to + have you, very dear great friends and allies, in His just and + holy keeping. + </p> + <p> + Written at Paris the 19th of September, 1791. + </p> + <p> + Your good friend and ally, + </p> + <p class="r"> + LOUIS. + </p> + <p> + MONTMORIN. + </p> + <p> + The UNITED STATES OF NORTH AMERICA. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>March 6, 1792</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you the following report, which has been + submitted to me by the Secretary of State: + </p> + <p class="r"> + JANUARY 10, 1792. + </p> + <p class="q"> + The Secretary of State having received information that the + merchants and merchandise of the United States are subject in + Copenhagen and other ports of Denmark to considerable extra + duties, from which they might probably be relieved by the + presence of a consul there— + </p> + <p class="q"> + Reports to the President of the United States that it would + be expedient to name a consul to be resident in the port of + Copenhagen; that he has not been able to find that there is + any citizen of the United States residing there; that there + is a certain Hans Rudolph Saaby, a Danish subject and + merchant of that place, of good character, of wealth and + distinction, and well qualified and disposed to act there for + the United States, who would probably accept the commission + of consul; but that that of vice-consul, hitherto given by + the President to foreigners in ports where there was no + proper American citizen, would probably not be accepted + because in this, as in some other ports of Europe, usage has + established it as a subordinate grade. + </p> + <p class="q"> + And that he is therefore of the opinion that the said Hans + Rudolph Saaby should be nominated consul of the United States + of America for the port of Copenhagen and such other places + within the allegiance of His Danish Majesty as shall be + nearer to the said port than to the residence of any other + consul or vice-consul of the United States within the same + allegiance. + </p> + <p class="r"> + THOMAS JEFFERSON. + </p> + <p> + With a view to relieve the merchants and merchandise of the + United States from the extra duties to which they are or may + be subjected in the ports of Denmark, I have thought it for + the interest of the United States that a consul be appointed + to reside at Copenhagen. I therefore nominate Hans Rudolph + Saaby, a Danish subject and merchant of Copenhagen, to be + consul for the United States of America at the port of + Copenhagen and for such other places within the allegiance of + His Danish Majesty as shall be nearer to the said port than + to the residence of any other consul or vice-consul of the + United States within the same allegiance. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>March 7, 1792</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + I submit to your consideration the report of the Secretary of + State, which accompanies this, stating the reasons for + extending the negotiation proposed at Madrid to the subject + of commerce, and explaining, under the form of instructions + to the commissioners lately appointed to that Court, the + principles on which commercial arrangements with Spain might, + if desired on her part, be acceded to on ours; and I have to + request your decision whether you will advise and consent to + the extension of the powers of the commissioners as proposed, + and to the ratification of a treaty which shall conform to + those instructions should they enter into such a one with + that Court. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + MARCH 7, 1792. + </p> + <p class="q"> + The Secretary of State having understood from communications + with the commissioners of His Catholic Majesty, subsequent to + that which he reported to the President on the 22d of + December last, that though they considered the navigation of + the Mississippi as the principal object of negotiation + between the two countries, yet it was expected by their Court + that the conferences would extend to all the matters which + were under negotiation on the former occasion with Mr. + Gardoqui, and particularly to some arrangements of commerce, + is of opinion that to renew the conferences on this subject + also, since they desire it, will be but friendly and + respectful, and can lead to nothing without our own consent, + and that to refuse it might obstruct the settlement of the + questions of navigation and boundary; and therefore reports + to the President of the United States the following + observations and instructions to the commissioners of the + United States appointed to negotiate with the Court of Spain + a treaty or convention relative to the navigation of the + Mississippi, which observations and instructions he is of + opinion should be laid before the Senate of the United + States, and their decision be desired whether they will + advise and consent that a treaty be entered into by the + commissioners of the United States with Spain conformably + thereto. + </p> + <p class="q"> + After stating to our commissioners the foundation of our + rights to navigate the Mississippi and to hold our southern + boundary at the thirty-first degree of latitude, and that + each of these is to be a sine qua non, it is proposed to add + as follows: + </p> + <p class="q"> + On the former conferences on the navigation of the + Mississippi, Spain chose to blend with it the subject of + commerce, and accordingly specific propositions thereon + passed between the negotiators. Her object then was to obtain + our renunciation of the navigation and to hold out commercial + arrangements perhaps as a lure to us. Perhaps, however, she + might then, and may now, really set a value on commercial + arrangements with us, and may receive them as a consideration + for accommodating us in the navigation, or may wish for them + to have the appearance of receiving a consideration. + Commercial arrangements, if acceptable in themselves, will + not be the less so if coupled with those relating to + navigation and boundary. We have only to take care that they + be acceptable in themselves. + </p> + <p class="q"> + There are two principles which may be proposed as the basis + of a commercial treaty: First, that of exchanging the + privileges of native citizens, or, second, those of the most + favored nation. + </p> + <p class="q"> + First. With the nations holding important possessions in + America we are ready to exchange the rights of native + citizens, provided they be extended through the whole + possessions of both parties; but the propositions of Spain + made on the former occasion (a copy of which accompanies + this) were that we should give their merchants, vessels, and + productions the privileges of native merchants, vessels, and + productions through the whole of our possessions, and they + give the same to ours only in Spain and the Canaries. This is + inadmissible, because unequal; and as we believe that Spain + is not ripe for an equal exchange on this basis, we avoid + proposing it. + </p> + <p class="q"> + Second. Though treaties which merely exchange the rights of + the most favored nations are not without all inconvenience, + yet they have their conveniences also. It is an important one + that they leave each party free to make what internal + regulations they please, and to give what preferences they + find expedient to native merchants, vessels, and productions; + and as we already have treaties on this basis with France, + Holland, Sweden, and Prussia, the two former of which are + perpetual, it will be but small additional embarrassment to + extend it to Spain. On the contrary, we are sensible it is + right to place that nation on the most favored footing, + whether we have a treaty with them or not, and it can do us + no harm to secure by treaty a reciprocation of the right. + </p> + <p class="q"> + Of the four treaties before mentioned, either the French or + the Prussian might be taken as a model; but it would be + useless to propose the Prussian, because we have already + supposed that Spain would never consent to those articles + which give to each party access to all the dominions of the + other; and without this equivalent we would not agree to tie + our own hands so materially in war as would be done by the + twenty-third article, which renounces the right of fitting + out privateers or of capturing merchant vessels. The French + treaty, therefore, is proposed as the model. In this, + however, the following changes are to be made: + </p> + <p class="q"> + We should be admitted to all the dominions of Spain to which + any other foreign nation is or may be admitted. + </p> + <p class="q"> + Article 5, being an exemption from a particular duty in + France, will of course be omitted as inapplicable to Spain. + </p> + <p class="q"> + Article 8 to be omitted as unnecessary with Morocco, and + inefficacious and little honorable with any of the Barbary + powers; but it may furnish occasion to sound Spain on the + project of a convention of the powers at war with the Barbary + States to keep up by rotation a constant cruise of a given + force on their coasts till they shall be compelled to + renounce forever and against all nations their predatory + practices. Perhaps the infidelities of the Algerines to their + treaty of peace with Spain, though the latter does not choose + to break openly, may induce her to subsidize <i>us</i> to + cruise against them with a given force. + </p> + <p class="q"> + Articles 9 and 10, concerning fisheries, to be omitted as + inapplicable. + </p> + <p class="q"> + Article 11. The first paragraph of this article respecting + the droit d'aubaine to be omitted, that law being supposed + peculiar to France. + </p> + <p class="q"> + Article 17, giving asylum in the ports of either to the armed + vessels of the other with the prizes taken from the enemies + of that other, must be qualified as it is in the nineteenth + article of the Prussian treaty, as the stipulation in the + latter part of the article that "no shelter or refuge shall + be given in the ports of the one to such as shall have made + prize on the subjects of the other of the parties" would + forbid us, in case of a war between France and Spain, to give + shelter in our ports to prizes made by the latter on the + former, while the first part of the article would oblige us + to shelter those made by the former on the latter—a + very dangerous covenant, and which ought never to be repeated + in any other instance. + </p> + <p class="q"> + Article 29. Consuls should be received at all the ports at + which the vessels of either party may be received. + </p> + <p class="q"> + Article 30, concerning free ports in Europe and America, free + ports in the Spanish possessions in America, and particularly + at The Havannah, are more to be desired than expected. It can + therefore only be recommended to the best endeavors of the + commissioners to obtain them. It will be something to obtain + for our vessels, flour, etc., admission to those ports during + their pleasure. In like manner, if they could be prevailed on + to reestablish our right of cutting logwood in the Bay of + Campeachy on the footing on which it stood before the treaty + of 1763, it would be desirable and not endanger to us any + contest with the English, who by the revolution treaty are + restrained to the southeastern parts of Yucatan. + </p> + <p class="q"> + Article 31. The <i>act</i> of ratification on our part may + require a twelvemonth from the date of the treaty, as the + Senate meets regularly but once a year; and to return it to + Madrid for <i>exchange</i> may require four months more. + </p> + <p class="q"> + The treaty must not exceed —— years' duration, + except the clauses relating to boundary and the navigation of + the Mississippi, which must be perpetual and final. Indeed, + these two subjects had better be in a separate instrument. + </p> + <p class="q"> + There might have been mentioned a third species of + arrangement—that of making special agreements on every + special subject of commerce, and of settling a tariff of duty + to be paid on each side on every particular article; but this + would require in our commissioners a very minute knowledge of + our commerce, as it is impossible to foresee every + proposition of this kind which might be brought into + discussion and to prepare them for it by information and + instruction from hence. Our commerce, too, is as yet rather + in a course of experiment, and the channels in which it will + ultimately flow are not sufficiently known to enable us to + provide for it by special agreement; nor have the exigencies + of our new Government as yet so far developed themselves as + that we can know to what degree we may or must have recourse + to commerce for the purposes of revenue. No common + consideration, therefore, ought to induce us as yet to + arrangements of this kind. Perhaps nothing should do it with + any nation short of the privileges of natives in all their + possessions, foreign and domestic. + </p> + <p class="q"> + It were to be wished, indeed, that some positively favorable + stipulations respecting our grain, flour, and fish could be + obtained, even on our giving reciprocal advantages to some of + the commodities of Spain, say her wines and brandies; but, + </p> + <p class="q"> + First. If we quit the ground of the <i>most favored + nation</i> as to certain articles for our convenience, Spain + may insist on doing the same for other articles for her + convenience, and thus our commissioners will get themselves + on the ground of <i>a treaty of detail</i>, for which they + will not be prepared. + </p> + <p class="q"> + Second. If we grant favor to the wines and brandies of Spain, + then Portugal and France will demand the same; and in order + to create an equivalent Portugal may lay a duty on our fish + and grain, and France a prohibition on our whale oils, the + removal of which will be proposed as an equivalent. + </p> + <p class="q"> + Thus much, however, as to grain and flour may be attempted. + There has not long since been a considerable duty laid on + them in Spain. This was while a treaty on the subject of + commerce was pending between us and Spain, as that Court + considers the matter. It is not generally thought right to + change the state of things pending a treaty concerning them. + On this consideration and on the motive of cultivating our + friendship, perhaps the commissioners may induce them to + restore this commodity to the footing on which it was on + opening the conferences with Mr. Gardoqui, on the 26th day of + July, 1785. If Spain says, "Do the same by your tonnage on + our vessels," the answer may be that "Our foreign tonnage + affects Spain very little and other nations very much; + whereas the duty on flour in Spain affects us very much and + other nations very little; consequently there would be no + equality in reciprocal relinquishment, as there had been none + in the reciprocal innovation; and Spain, by insisting on + this, would in fact only be aiding the interests of her rival + nations, to whom we should be forced to extend the same + indulgence." At the time of opening the conferences, too, we + had as yet not erected any system, our Government itself + being not yet erected. Innovation then was unavoidable on our + part, if it be innovation to establish a system. We did it on + fair and general ground, on ground favorable to Spain; but + they had a system, and therefore innovation was avoidable on + their part. + </p> + <p class="r"> + THOMAS JEFFERSON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <center> + ARTICLES PROPOSED BY DON DIEGO GARDOQUI TO BE INSERTED IN THE + TREATY WITH THE UNITED STATES. + </center> + <p class="q"> + First. That all commercial regulations affecting each other + shall be founded in perfect reciprocity. Spanish merchants + shall enjoy all the commercial privileges of native merchants + in the United States, and American merchants shall enjoy all + the commercial privileges of native merchants in the Kingdom + of Spain and in the Canaries and other islands belonging to + and adjacent thereto. The same privileges shall extend to + their respective vessels and merchandise consisting of the + manufactures and products of their respective countries. + </p> + <p class="q"> + Second. Each party may establish consuls in the countries of + the other (excepting such provinces in Spain into which none + have heretofore been admitted, viz, Bilboa and Guipusca), + with such powers and privileges as shall be ascertained by a + particular convention. + </p> + <p class="q"> + Third. That the bona fide manufactures and productions of the + United States (tobacco only excepted, which shall continue + under its present regulation) may be imported in American or + Spanish vessels into any parts of His Majesty's European + dominions and islands aforesaid in like manner as if they + were the productions of Spain, and, on the other hand, that + the bona fide manufactures and productions of His Majesty's + dominions may be imported into the United States in Spanish + or American vessels in like manner as if they were the + manufactures and productions of the said States. And further, + that all such duties and imposts as may mutually be thought + necessary to lay on them by either party shall be ascertained + and regulated on principles of exact reciprocity by a tariff, + to be formed by a convention for that purpose, to be + negotiated and made within <i>one</i> year after the exchange + of the ratification of this treaty; and in the meantime that + no other duties or imposts shall be exacted from each other's + merchants and ships than such as may be payable by natives in + like cases. + </p> + <p class="q"> + Fourth. That inasmuch as the United States, from not having + mines of gold and silver, may often want supplies of specie + for a circulating medium, His Catholic Majesty, as a proof of + his good will, agrees to order the masts and timber which may + from time to time be wanted for his royal navy to be + purchased and paid for in specie in the United States, + provided the said masts and timber shall be of equal quality + and when brought to Spain shall not cost more than the like + may there be had for from other countries. + </p> + <p class="q"> + Fifth. It is agreed that the articles commonly inserted in + other treaties of commerce for mutual and reciprocal + convenience shall be inserted in this, and that this treaty + and every article and stipulation therein shall continue in + full force for ——- years, to be computed from the + day of the date hereof. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>March 9, 1792</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I now lay before you a general account rendered by the + bankers of the United States at Amsterdam of the payments + they had made between the 1st of July, 1790 and 1791, from + the fund deposited in their hands for the purposes of the act + providing the means of intercourse between the United States + and foreign nations, and of the balance remaining in their + hands, together with a letter from the Secretary of State on + the subject. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>March 20, 1792</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + The several acts which have been passed relatively to the + military establishment of the United States and the + protection of the frontiers do not appear to have made + provision for more than one brigadier-general. It is + incumbent upon me to observe that, with a view merely to the + organization of the troops designated by those acts, a + greater number of officers of that grade would, in my + opinion, be conducive to the good of the public service. But + an increase of the number becomes still more desirable in + reference to a different organization which is contemplated, + pursuant to the authority vested in me for that purpose, and + which, besides other advantages expected from it, is + recommended by considerations of economy. I therefore request + that you will be pleased to take this subject into your early + consideration and to adopt such measures thereon as you shall + judge proper. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>March 23, 1792</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + At the conferences which Colonel Pickering had with the Five + Nations at the Painted Post the last year ideas were then + held out of introducing among them some of the primary + principles of civilization, in consequence of which, as well + as more firmly to attach them to the interests of the United + States, they have been invited to the seat of the General + Government. + </p> + <p> + As the representation now here is respectable for its + character and influence, it is of some importance that the + chiefs should be well satisfied of the entire good faith and + liberality of the United States. + </p> + <p> + In managing the affairs of the Indian tribes generally it + appears proper to teach them to expect annual presents, + conditioned on the evidence of their attachment to the + interests of the United States. The situation of the Five + Nations and the present crisis of affairs would seem to + render the extension of this measure to them highly + judicious. I therefore request the advice of the Senate + whether an article shall be stipulated with the Five Nations + to the following purport, to wit: + </p> + <p> + The United States, in order to promote the happiness of the + Five Nations of Indians, will cause to be expended annually + the amount of $1,500 in purchasing for them clothing, + domestic animals, and implements of husbandry, and for + encouraging useful artificers to reside in their villages, + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + APRIL 13, 1792. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I have thought it proper to lay before you a communication of + the 11th instant from the minister plenipotentiary of Great + Britain to the Secretary of State, relative to the commerce + of the two countries, together with their explanatory + correspondence and the Secretary of State's letter to me on + the subject, + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>April 16, 1792</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you a copy of a letter from the judges of the + circuit court of the United States held for the New York + district, and of their opinion and agreement respecting the + "Act to provide for the settlement of the claims of widows + and orphans barred by the limitations heretofore established, + and to regulate the claims to invalid pensions." + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>April 21, 1792</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you the copy of a letter which I have received + from the judges of the circuit court of the United States + held for the Pennsylvania district relatively to the "Act to + provide for the settlement of the claims of widows and + orphans barred by the limitations heretofore established, and + to regulate the claims to invalid pensions." + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>May 8, 1792</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + If the President of the United States should conclude a + convention or treaty with the Government of Algiers for the + ransom of the thirteen Americans in captivity there for a sum + not exceeding $40,000, all expenses included, will the Senate + approve the same? Or is there any, and what, greater or + lesser sum which they would fix on as the limit beyond which + they would not approve the ransom? + </p> + <p> + If the President of the United States should conclude a + treaty with the Government of Algiers for the establishment + of peace with them, at an expense not exceeding $25,000, paid + at the signature, and a like sum to be paid annually + afterwards during the continuance of the treaty, would the + Senate approve the same? Or are there any greater or lesser + sums which they would fix on as the limits beyond which they + would not approve of such treaty? + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + VETO MESSAGE. + </h2> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>April 5, 1792</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I have maturely considered the act passed by the two Houses + entitled "An act for an apportionment of Representatives + among the several States according to the first enumeration," + and I return it to your House, wherein it originated, with + the following objections: + </p> + <p> + First. The Constitution has prescribed that Representatives + shall be apportioned among the several States according to + their respective numbers, and there is no one proportion or + divisor which, applied to the respective numbers of the + States, will yield the number and allotment of + Representatives proposed by the bill. + </p> + <p> + Second. The Constitution has also provided that the number of + Representatives shall not exceed 1 for every 30,000, which + restriction is by the context and by fair and obvious + construction to be applied to the separate and respective + numbers of the States; and the bill has allotted to eight of + the States more than 1 for every 30,000. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + PROCLAMATION. + </h2> + <center> + [From Sparks's Washington, Vol. X, p. 532.] + </center> + <p> + Whereas certain violent and unwarrantable proceedings have + lately taken place tending to obstruct the operation of the + laws of the United States for raising a revenue upon spirits + distilled within the same, enacted pursuant to express + authority delegated in the Constitution of the United States, + which proceedings are subversive of good order, contrary to + the duty that every citizen owes to his country and to the + laws, and of a nature dangerous to the very being of a + government; and + </p> + <p> + Whereas such proceedings are the more unwarrantable by reason + of the moderation which has been heretofore shown on the part + of the Government and of the disposition which has been + manifested by the Legislature (who alone have authority to + suspend the operation of laws) to obviate causes of objection + and to render the laws as acceptable as possible; and + </p> + <p> + Whereas it is the particular duty of the Executive "to take + care that the laws be faithfully executed," and not only that + duty but the permanent interests and happiness of the people + require that every legal and necessary step should be pursued + as well to prevent such violent and unwarrantable proceedings + as to bring to justice the infractors of the laws and secure + obedience thereto: + </p> + <p> + Now, therefore, I, George Washington, President of the United + States, do by these presents most earnestly admonish and + exhort all persons whom it may concern to refrain and desist + from all unlawful combinations and proceedings whatsoever + having for object or tending to obstruct the operation of the + laws aforesaid, inasmuch as all lawful ways and means will be + strictly put in execution for bringing to justice the + infractors thereof and securing obedience thereto. + </p> + <p> + And I do moreover charge and require all courts, magistrates, + and officers whom it may concern, according to the duties of + their several offices, to exert the powers in them + respectively vested by law for the purposes aforesaid, hereby + also enjoining and requiring all persons whomsoever, as they + tender the welfare of their country, the just and due + authority of Government, and the preservation of the public + peace, to be aiding and assisting therein according to law. + </p> + <p> + In testimony whereof I have caused the seal of the United + States to be affixed to these presents, and signed the same + with my hand. + </p> + <p> + [SEAL.] + </p> + <p> + Done this 15th of September, A.D. 1792, and of the + Independence of the United States the seventeenth. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + FOURTH ANNUAL ADDRESS. + </h2> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>November 6, 1792</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + It is some abatement of the satisfaction with which I meet + you on the present occasion that, in felicitating you on a + continuance of the national prosperity generally, I am not + able to add to it information that the Indian hostilities + which have for some time past distressed our Northwestern + frontier have terminated. + </p> + <p> + You will, I am persuaded, learn with no less concern than I + communicate it that reiterated endeavors toward effecting a + pacification have hitherto issued only in new and outrageous + proofs of persevering hostility on the part of the tribes + with whom we are in contest. An earnest desire to procure + tranquillity to the frontier, to stop the further effusion of + blood, to arrest the progress of expense, to forward the + prevalent wish of the nation for peace has led to strenuous + efforts through various channels to accomplish these + desirable purposes; in making which efforts I consulted less + my own anticipations of the event, or the scruples which some + considerations were calculated to inspire, than the wish to + find the object attainable, or if not attainable, to + ascertain unequivocally that such is the case. + </p> + <p> + A detail of the measures which have been pursued and of their + consequences, which will be laid before you, while it will + confirm to you the want of success thus far, will, I trust, + evince that means as proper and as efficacious as could have + been devised have been employed. The issue of some of them, + indeed, is still depending, but a favorable one, though not + to be despaired of, is not promised by anything that has yet + happened. + </p> + <p> + In the course of the attempts which have been made some + valuable citizens have fallen victims to their zeal for the + public service. A sanction commonly respected even among + savages has been found in this instance insufficient to + protect from massacre the emissaries of peace. It will, I + presume, be duly considered whether the occasion does not + call for an exercise of liberality toward the families of the + deceased. + </p> + <p> + It must add to your concern to be informed that, besides the + continuation of hostile appearances among the tribes north of + the Ohio, some threatening symptoms have of late been revived + among some of those south of it. + </p> + <p> + A part of the Cherokees, known by the name of Chickamaugas, + inhabiting five villages on the Tennessee River, have long + been in the practice of committing depredations on the + neighboring settlements. + </p> + <p> + It was hoped that the treaty of Holston, made with the + Cherokee Nation in July, 1791, would have prevented a + repetition of such depredations; but the event has not + answered this hope. The Chickamaugas, aided by some banditti + of another tribe in their vicinity, have recently perpetrated + wanton and unprovoked hostilities upon the citizens of the + United States in that quarter. The information which has been + received on this subject will be laid before you. Hitherto + defensive precautions only have been strictly enjoined and + observed. + </p> + <p> + It is not understood that any breach of treaty or aggression + whatsoever on the part of the United States or their citizens + is even alleged as a pretext for the spirit of hostility in + this quarter. + </p> + <p> + I have reason to believe that every practicable exertion has + been made (pursuant to the provision by law for that purpose) + to be prepared for the alternative of a prosecution of the + war in the event of a failure of pacific overtures. A large + proportion of the troops authorized to be raised have been + recruited, though the number is still incomplete, and pains + have been taken to discipline and put them in condition for + the particular kind of service to be performed. A delay of + operations (besides being dictated by the measures which were + pursuing toward a pacific termination of the war) has been in + itself deemed preferable to immature efforts. A statement + from the proper department with regard to the number of + troops raised, and some other points which have been + suggested, will afford more precise information as a guide to + the legislative consultations, and among other things will + enable Congress to judge whether some additional stimulus to + the recruiting service may not be advisable. + </p> + <p> + In looking forward to the future expense of the operations + which may be found inevitable I derive consolation from the + information I receive that the product of the revenues for + the present year is likely to supersede the necessity of + additional burthens on the community for the service of the + ensuing year. This, however, will be better ascertained in + the course of the session, and it is proper to add that the + information alluded to proceeds upon the supposition of no + material extension of the spirit of hostility. + </p> + <p> + I can not dismiss the subject of Indian affairs without again + recommending to your consideration the expediency of more + adequate provision for giving energy to the laws throughout + our interior frontier and for restraining the commission of + outrages upon the Indians, without which all pacific plans + must prove nugatory. To enable, by competent rewards, the + employment of qualified and trusty persons to reside among + them as agents would also contribute to the preservation of + peace and good neighborhood. If in addition to these + expedients an eligible plan could be devised for promoting + civilization among the friendly tribes and for carrying on + trade with them upon a scale equal to their wants and under + regulations calculated to protect them from imposition and + extortion, its influence in cementing their interest with + ours could not but be considerable. + </p> + <p> + The prosperous state of our revenue has been intimated. This + would be still more the case were it not for the impediments + which in some places continue to embarrass the collection of + the duties on spirits distilled within the United States. + These impediments have lessened and are lessening in local + extent, and, as applied to the community at large, the + contentment with the law appears to be progressive. + </p> + <p> + But symptoms of increased opposition having lately manifested + themselves in certain quarters, I judged a special + interposition on my part proper and advisable, and under this + impression have issued a proclamation warning against all + unlawful combinations and proceedings having for their object + or tending to obstruct the operation of the law in question, + and announcing that all lawful ways and means would be + strictly put in execution for bringing to justice the + infractors thereof and securing obedience thereto. + </p> + <p> + Measures have also been taken for the prosecution of + offenders, and Congress may be assured that nothing within + constitutional and legal limits which may depend upon me + shall be wanting to assert and maintain the just authority of + the laws. In fulfilling this trust I shall count entirely + upon the full cooperation of the other departments of the + Government and upon the zealous support of all good citizens. + </p> + <p> + I can not forbear to bring again into the view of the + Legislature the subject of a revision of the judiciary + system. A representation from the judges of the Supreme + Court, which will be laid before you, points out some of the + inconveniences that are experienced. In the course of the + execution of the laws considerations arise out of the + structure of that system which in some cases tend to relax + their efficacy. As connected with this subject, provisions to + facilitate the taking of bail upon processes out of the + courts of the United States and a supplementary definition of + offenses against the Constitution and laws of the Union and + of the punishment for such offenses will, it is presumed, be + found worthy of particular attention. + </p> + <p> + Observations on the value of peace with other nations are + unnecessary. It would be wise, however, by timely provisions + to guard against those acts of our own citizens which might + tend to disturb it, and to put ourselves in a condition to + give that satisfaction to foreign nations which we may + sometimes have occasion to require from them. I particularly + recommend to your consideration the means of preventing those + aggressions by our citizens on the territory of other + nations, and other infractions of the law of nations, which, + furnishing just subject of complaint, might endanger our + peace with them; and, in general, the maintenance of a + friendly intercourse with foreign powers will be presented to + your attention by the expiration of the law for that purpose, + which takes place, if not renewed, at the close of the + present session. + </p> + <p> + In execution of the authority given by the Legislature + measures have been taken for engaging some artists from + abroad to aid in the establishment of our mint. Others have + been employed at home. Provision has been made of the + requisite buildings, and these are now putting into proper + condition for the purposes of the establishment. There has + also been a small beginning in the coinage of half dimes, the + want of small coins in circulation calling the first + attention to them. + </p> + <p> + The regulation of foreign coins in correspondency with the + principles of our national coinage, as being essential to + their due operation and to order in our money concerns, will, + I doubt not, be resumed and completed. + </p> + <p> + It is represented that some provisions in the law which + establishes the post-office operate, in experiment, against + the transmission of newspapers to distant parts of the + country. Should this, upon due inquiry, be found to be the + fact, a full conviction of the importance of facilitating the + circulation of political intelligence and information will, I + doubt not, lead to the application of a remedy. + </p> + <p> + The adoption of a constitution for the State of Kentucky has + been notified to me. The Legislature will share with me in + the satisfaction which arises from an event interesting to + the happiness of the part of the nation to which it relates + and conducive to the general order. + </p> + <p> + It is proper likewise to inform you that since my last + communication on the subject, and in further execution of the + acts severally making provision for the public debt and for + the reduction thereof, three new loans have been effected, + each for 3,000,000 florins—one at Antwerp, at the + annual interest of 4-1/2 per cent, with an allowance of 4 per + cent in lieu of all charges, and the other two at Amsterdam, + at the annual interest of 4 per cent, with an allowance of + 5-1/2 per cent in one case and of 5 per cent in the other in + lieu of all charges. The rates of these loans and the + circumstances under which they have been made are + confirmations of the high state of our credit abroad. + </p> + <p> + Among the objects to which these funds have been directed to + be applied, the payment of the debts due to certain foreign + officers, according to the provision made during the last + session, has been embraced. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I entertain a strong hope that the state of the national + finances is now sufficiently matured to enable you to enter + upon a systematic and effectual arrangement for the regular + redemption and discharge of the public debt, according to the + right which has been reserved to the Government. No measure + can be more desirable, whet her viewed with an eye to its + intrinsic importance or to the general sentiment and wish of + the nation. + </p> + <p> + Provision is likewise requisite for the reimbursement of the + loan which has been made of the Bank of the United States, + pursuant to the eleventh section of the act by which it is + incorporated. In fulfilling the public stipulations in this + particular it is expected a valuable saving will be made. + </p> + <p> + Appropriations for the current service of the ensuing year + and for such extraordinaries as may require provision will + demand, and I doubt not will engage, your early attention. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I content myself with recalling your attention generally to + such objects, not particularized in my present, as have been + suggested in my former communications to you. + </p> + <p> + Various temporary laws will expire during the present + session. Among these, that which regulates trade and + intercourse with the Indian tribes will merit particular + notice. + </p> + <p> + The results of your common deliberations hitherto will, I + trust, be productive of solid and durable advantages to our + constituents, such as, by conciliating more and more their + ultimate suffrage, will tend to strengthen and confirm their + attachment to that Constitution of Government upon which, + under Divine Providence, materially depend their union, their + safety, and their happiness. + </p> + <p> + Still further to promote and secure these inestimable ends + there is nothing which can have a more powerful tendency than + the careful cultivation of harmony, combined with a due + regard to stability, in the public councils. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + ADDRESS OF THE SENATE TO GEORGE WASHINGTON, PRESIDENT OF THE + UNITED STATES. + </h3> + <p> + The PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES: + </p> + <p> + Accept, sir, our grateful acknowledgments for your address at + the opening of the present session. We participate with you + in the satisfaction arising from the continuance of the + general prosperity of the nation, but it is not without the + most sincere concern that we are informed that the reiterated + efforts which have been made to establish peace with the + hostile Indians have hitherto failed to accomplish that + desired object. Hoping that the measures still depending may + prove more successful than those which have preceded them, we + shall nevertheless concur in every necessary preparation for + the alternative, and should the Indians on either side of the + Ohio persist in their hostilities, fidelity to the Union, as + well as affection for our fellow-citizens on the frontiers, + will insure our decided cooperation in every measure which + shall be deemed requisite for their protection and safety. + </p> + <p> + At the same time that we avow the obligation of the + Government to afford its protection to every part of the + Union, we can not refrain from expressing our regret that + even a small portion of our fellow-citizens in any quarter of + it should have combined to oppose the operation of the law + for the collection of duties on spirits distilled within the + United States, a law repeatedly sanctioned by the authority + of the nation, and at this juncture materially connected with + the safety and protection of those who oppose it. Should the + means already adopted fail in securing obedience to this law, + such further measures as may be thought necessary to carry + the same into complete operation can not fail to receive the + approbation of the Legislature and the support of every + patriotic citizen. + </p> + <p> + It yields us particular pleasure to learn that the + productiveness of the revenue of the present year will + probably supersede the necessity of any additional tax for + the service of the next. + </p> + <p> + The organization of the government of the State of Kentucky + being an event peculiarly interesting to a part of our + fellow-citizens and conducive to the general order, affords + us particular satisfaction. + </p> + <p> + We are happy to learn that the high state of our credit + abroad has been evinced by the terms on which the new loans + have been negotiated. + </p> + <p> + In the course of the session we shall proceed to take into + consideration the several objects which you have been pleased + to recommend to our attention, and keeping in view the + importance of union and stability in the public councils, we + shall labor to render our decisions conducive to the safety + and happiness of our country. + </p> + <p> + We repeat with pleasure our assurances of confidence in your + Administration and our ardent wish that your unabated zeal + for the public good may be rewarded by the durable prosperity + of the nation, and every ingredient of personal happiness. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN LANGDON,<br> + <i>President pro tempore</i>. + </p> + <p> + NOVEMBER 9, 1792. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. + </h3> + <p> + I derive much pleasure, gentlemen, from your very + satisfactory address. The renewed assurances of your + confidence in my Administration and the expression of your + wish for my personal happiness claim and receive my + particular acknowledgments. In my future endeavor for the + public welfare, to which my duty may call me, I shall not + cease to count upon the firm, enlightened, and patriotic + support of the Senate. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + NOVEMBER 9, 1792. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + ADDRESS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES TO GEORGE WASHINGTON, + PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. + </h3> + <p> + SIR: The House of Representatives, who always feel a + satisfaction in meeting you, are much concerned that the + occasion for mutual felicitation afforded by the + circumstances favorable to the national prosperity should be + abated by a continuance of the hostile spirit of many of the + Indian tribes, and particularly that the reiterated efforts + for effecting a general pacification with them should have + issued in new proofs of their persevering enmity and the + barbarous sacrifice of citizens who, as the messengers of + peace, were distinguishing themselves by their zeal for the + public service. In our deliberations on this important + department of our affairs we shall be disposed to pursue + every measure that may be dictated by the sincerest desire, + on one hand, of cultivating peace and manifesting by every + practicable regulation our benevolent regard for the welfare + of those misguided people, and by the duty we feel, on the + other, to provide effectually for the safety and protection + of our fellow-citizens. + </p> + <p> + While with regret we learn that symptoms of opposition to the + law imposing duties on spirits distilled within the United + States have manifested themselves, we reflect with + consolation that they are confined to a small portion of our + fellow-citizens. It is not more essential to the preservation + of true liberty that a government should be always ready to + listen to the representations of its constituents and to + accommodate its measures to the sentiments and wishes of + every part of them, as far as will consist with the good of + the whole, than it is that the just authority of the laws + should be steadfastly maintained. Under this impression every + department of the Government and all good citizens must + approve the measures you have taken and the purpose you have + formed to execute this part of your trust with firmness and + energy; and be assured, sir, of every constitutional aid and + cooperation which may become requisite on our part. And we + hope that, while the progress of contentment under the law in + question is as obvious as it is rational, no particular part + of the community may be permitted to withdraw from the + general burthens of the country by a conduct as + irreconcilable to national justice as it is inconsistent with + public decency. + </p> + <p> + The productive state of the public revenue and the + confirmation of the credit of the United States abroad, + evinced by the loans at Antwerp and Amsterdam, are + communications the more gratifying as they enforce the + obligation to enter on systematic and effectual arrangements + for discharging the public debt as fast as the conditions of + it will permit, and we take pleasure in the opportunity to + assure you of our entire concurrence in the opinion that no + measure can be more desirable, whether viewed with an eye to + the urgent wish of the community or the intrinsic importance + of promoting so happy a change in our situation. + </p> + <p> + The adoption of a constitution for the State of Kentucky is + an event on which we join in all the satisfaction you have + expressed. It may be considered as particularly interesting + since, besides the immediate benefits resulting from it, it + is another auspicious demonstration of the facility and + success with which an enlightened people is capable of + providing, by free and deliberate plans of government, for + their own safety and happiness. + </p> + <p> + The operation of the law establishing the post-office, as it + relates to the transmission of newspapers, will merit our + particular inquiry and attention, the circulation of + political intelligence through these vehicles being justly + reckoned among the surest means of preventing the degeneracy + of a free government, as well as of recommending every + salutary public measure to the confidence and cooperation of + all virtuous citizens. + </p> + <p> + The several other matters which you have communicated and + recommended will in their order receive the attention due to + them, and our discussions will in all cases, we trust, be + guided by a proper respect for harmony and stability in the + public councils and a desire to conciliate more and more the + attachment of our constituents to the Constitution, by + measures accommodated to the true ends for which it was + established. + </p> + <p> + NOVEMBER 10, 1792. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. + </h3> + <p> + GENTLEMEN: It gives me pleasure to express to you the + satisfaction which your address affords me. I feel, as I + ought, the approbation you manifest of the measures I have + taken and the purpose I have formed to maintain, pursuant to + the trust reposed in me by the Constitution, the respect + which is due to the laws, and the assurance which you at the + same time give me of every constitutional aid and cooperation + that may become requisite on your part. + </p> + <p> + This is a new proof of that enlightened solicitude for the + establishment and confirmation of public order which, + embracing a zealous regard for the principles of true + liberty, has guided the deliberations of the House of + Representatives, a perseverance in which can alone secure, + under the divine blessing, the real and permanent felicity of + our common country. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + NOVEMBER 12, 1792. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + SPECIAL MESSAGES. + </h2> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>November 7, 1792</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + In pursuance of the law, I now lay before you a statement of + the administration of the funds appropriated to certain + foreign purposes, together with a letter from the Secretary + of State explaining the same. + </p> + <p> + I also lay before you a copy of a letter and representation + from the Chief Justice and associate judges of the Supreme + Court of the United States, stating the difficulties and + inconveniences which attend the discharge of their duties + according to the present judiciary system. + </p> + <p> + A copy of a letter from the judges attending the circuit + court of the United States for the North Carolina district in + June last, containing their observations on an act, passed + during the last session of Congress, entitled "An act to + provide for the settlement of the claims of widows and + orphans barred by the limitations heretofore established, and + to regulate the claims to invalid pensions;" and + </p> + <p> + A copy of the constitution formed for the State of Kentucky. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>November 9, 1792</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I now lay before you a letter from the Secretary of State, + covering the copy of one from the governor of Virginia, with + the several papers therein referred to, on the subject of the + boundary between that State and the territory of the United + States south of the Ohio. It will remain with the Legislature + to take such measures as it shall think best for settling the + said boundary with that State, and at the same time, if it + thinks proper, for extending the settlement to the State of + Kentucky, between which and the same territory the boundary + is as yet undetermined. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>November 22, 1792</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I send you herewith the abstract of a supplementary + arrangement which has been made by me, pursuant to the acts + of the 3d day of March, 1791, and the 8th day of May, 1792, + for raising a revenue upon foreign and domestic distilled + spirits, in respect to the subdivisions and officers which + have appeared to me necessary and to the allowances for their + respective services to the supervisors, inspectors, and other + officers of inspection, together with the estimates of the + amount of compensations and charges. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>December 6, 1792</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + The several measures which have been pursued to induce the + hostile Indian tribes north of the Ohio to enter into a + conference or treaty with the United States at which all + causes of difference might be fully understood and justly and + amicably arranged have already been submitted to both Houses + of Congress. + </p> + <p> + The papers herewith sent will inform you of the result. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>December 7, 1792</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you two letters, with their inclosures, from the + governor of the Southwestern territory, and an extract of a + letter to him from the Department of War. + </p> + <p> + These and a letter of the 9th of October last, which has been + already communicated to you, from the same Department to the + governor, will shew in what manner the first section of the + act of the last session which provides for calling out the + militia for the repelling of Indian invasions has been + executed. It remains to be considered by Congress whether in + the present situation of the United States it be advisable or + not to pursue any further or other measures than those which + have been already adopted. The nature of the subject does of + itself call for your immediate attention to it, and I must + add that upon the result of your deliberations the future + conduct of the Executive will on this occasion materially + depend. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 23, 1793</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + Since my last communication to you on the subject of the + revenue on distilled spirits it has been found necessary, on + experience, to revise and amend the arrangements relative + thereto in regard to certain surveys and the officers thereof + in the district of North Carolina, which I have done + accordingly in the manner following: + </p> + <p> + First. The several counties of the said district originally + and heretofore contained within the first, second, and third + surveys have been allotted into and are now contained in two + surveys, one of which (to be hereafter denominated the first) + comprehends the town of Wilmington and the counties of + Onslow, New Hanover, Brunswick, Robertson, Sampson, Craven, + Jones, Lenox, Glascow, Johnston, and Wayne, and the other of + which (to be hereafter denominated the second) comprehends + the counties of Kurrituck, Camden, Pasquotank, Perquimans, + Chowan, Gates, Hartford, Tyrrel, Bertie, Carteret, Hyde, + Beaufort, and Pitt. + </p> + <p> + Secondly. The several counties of the said district + originally and heretofore contained within the fifth survey + of the district aforesaid has been allotted into and is + contained in two surveys, one of which (to be hereafter + denominated the third) comprehends the counties of + Mecklenburg, Rowan, Iredell, Montgomery, Guilford, + Rockingham, Stokes, and Surrey, and the other of which (to be + hereafter denominated the fifth) comprehends the counties of + Lincoln, Rutherford, Burke, Buncombe, and Wilkes. + </p> + <p> + Thirdly. The duties of the inspector of the revenue in and + for the third survey as constituted above is to be performed + for the present by the supervisor. + </p> + <p> + Fourthly. The compensations of the inspector of the revenue + for the first survey as above constituted are to be a salary + of $250 per annum and commissions and other emoluments + similar to those heretofore allowed to the inspector of the + late first survey as it was originally constituted. + </p> + <p> + Fifthly. The compensations of the inspector of the revenue + for the second survey as above constituted are to be a salary + of $100 per annum and the commissions and other emoluments + heretofore allowed to the inspector of the late third survey + as it was originally constituted. + </p> + <p> + Sixthly. The compensations of the inspector of the revenue + for the fifth survey as above constituted are to be a salary + of $120 per annum and the commissions and other emoluments + similar to those heretofore allowed to the inspector of the + late fifth survey as it was originally constituted. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 25, 1793</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you an official statement of the expenditure to + the year 1792 from the sum of $10,000, granted to defray the + contingent expenses of Government by an act passed on the + 26th of March, 1790. + </p> + <p> + Also an abstract of a supplementary arrangement made in the + district of North Carolina in regard to certain surveys to + facilitate the execution of the law laying a duty on + distilled spirits. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 13, 1793</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you for your consideration and advice a treaty + of peace and friendship made and concluded on the 27th day of + September, 1792, by Brigadier-General Rufus Putnam, in behalf + of the United States, with the Wabash and Illinois tribes of + Indians, and also the proceedings attending the said treaty, + the explanation of the fourth article thereof, and a map + explanatory of the reservation to the French inhabitants and + the general claim of the said Indians. + </p> + <p> + In connection with this subject I also lay before the Senate + the copy of a paper which has been delivered by a man by the + name of John Baptiste Mayeé, who has accompanied the + Wabash Indians at present in this city. + </p> + <p> + It will appear by the certificate of Brigadier-General Putnam + that the Wabash Indians disclaimed the validity of the said + paper, excepting a certain tract upon the Wabash, as + mentioned in the proceedings. + </p> + <p> + The instructions to Brigadier-General Putnam of the 22d of + May, together with a letter to him of the 7th of August, + 1792, were laid before the Senate on the 7th of November, + 1792. + </p> + <p> + After the Senate shall have considered this treaty, I request + that they would give me their advice whether the same shall + be ratified and confirmed; and if to be ratified and + confirmed, whether it would not be proper, in order to + prevent any misconception hereafter of the fourth article, to + guard in the ratification the exclusive preemption of the + United States to the lands of the said Indians. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 18, 1793</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I now lay before you a report and plat of the territory of + the United States on the Potomac as given in by the + commissioners of that territory, together with a letter from + the Secretary of State which accompanied them. These papers, + being original, are to be again deposited with the records of + the Department of State after having answered the purpose of + your information. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 19, 1793</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + It has been agreed on the part of the United States that a + treaty or conference shall be held at the ensuing season with + the hostile Indians northwest of the Ohio, in order to + remove, if possible, all causes of difference and to + establish a solid peace with them. + </p> + <p> + As the estimates heretofore presented to the House for the + current year did not contemplate this object, it will be + proper that an express provision be made by law as well for + the general expenses of the treaty as to establish the + compensation to be allowed the commissioners who shall be + appointed for the purpose. + </p> + <p> + I shall therefore direct the Secretary of War to lay before + you an estimate of the expenses which may probably attend + this measure. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 27, 1793</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you a copy of an exemplification of an act of + the legislature of New York ceding to the United States the + jurisdiction of certain lands on Montauk Point for the + purpose mentioned in said act, and the copy of a letter from + the governor of New York to the Secretary of State, which + accompanied said exemplification. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 28, 1793</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + I was led by a consideration of the qualifications of William + Patterson, of New Jersey, to nominate him an associate + justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. It has + since occurred that he was a member of the Senate when the + law creating that office was passed, and that the time for + which he was elected is not yet expired. I think it my duty, + therefore, to declare that I deem the nomination to have been + null by the Constitution. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + PROCLAMATIONS. + </h2> + <center> + [From Freneau's National Gazette of December 15, 1792.] + </center> + <h3> + BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. + </h3> + <p> + Whereas I have received authentic information that certain + lawless and wicked persons of the western frontier in the + State of Georgia did lately invade, burn, and destroy a town + belonging to the Cherokee Nation, although in amity with the + United States, and put to death several Indians of that + nation; and + </p> + <p> + Whereas such outrageous conduct not only violates the rights + of humanity, but also endangers the public peace, and it + highly becomes the honor and good faith of the United States + to pursue all legal means for the punishment of those + atrocious offenders: + </p> + <p> + I have therefore thought fit to issue this my proclamation, + hereby exhorting all the citizens of the United States and + requiring all the officers thereof, according to their + respective stations, to use their utmost endeavors to + apprehend and bring those offenders to justice. And I do + moreover offer a reward of $500 for each and every of the + above-named persons who shall be so apprehended and brought + to justice and shall be proved to have assumed or exercised + any command or authority among the perpetrators of the crimes + aforesaid at the time of committing the same. + </p> + <p> + In testimony whereof I have caused the seal of the United + States to be affixed to these presents, and signed the same + with my hand. + </p> + <p> + [SEAL.] + </p> + <p> + Done at the city of Philadelphia, the 12th day of December, + A.D. 1792, and of the Independence of the United States the + seventeenth. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + <br> + By the President:<br> + THOMAS JEFFERSON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <center> + [From Annuals of Congress, Second Congress, 666.] + </center> + <p class="r"> + MARCH 1, 1793. + </p> + <p> + <i>The President of the United States to the President of the + Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + Certain matters touching the public good requiring that the + Senate shall be convened on Monday, the 4th instant, I have + desired their attendance, as I do yours, by these presents, + at the Senate Chamber, in Philadelphia, on that day, then and + there to receive and deliberate on such communications as + shall be made to you on my part. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + SECOND INAUGURAL ADDRESS. + </h2> + <p class="r"> + IN THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA, PA. + </p> + <p> + Fellow-citizens: I am again called upon by the voice of my + country to execute the functions of its Chief Magistrate. + When the occasion proper for it shall arrive, I shall + endeavor to express the high sense I entertain of this + distinguished honor, and of the confidence which has been + reposed in me by the people of united America. + </p> + <p> + Previous to the execution of any official act of the + President the Constitution requires an oath of office. This + oath I am now about to take, and in your presence: That if it + shall be found during my administration of the Government I + have in any instance violated willingly or knowingly the + injunctions thereof, I may (besides incurring constitutional + punishment) be subject to the upbraidings of all who are now + witnesses of the present solemn ceremony. + </p> + <p> + MARCH 4, 1793. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + FIFTH ANNUAL ADDRESS. + </h2> + <p class="r"> + PHILADELPHIA, <i>December 3, 1793</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + Since the commencement of the term for which I have been + again called into office no fit occasion has arisen for + expressing to my fellow-citizens at large the deep and + respectful sense which I feel of the renewed testimony of + public approbation. While on the one hand it awakened my + gratitude for all those instances of affectionate partiality + with which I have been honored by my country, on the other it + could not prevent an earnest wish for that retirement from + which no private consideration should ever have torn me. But + influenced by the belief that my conduct would be estimated + according to its real motives, and that the people, and the + authorities derived from them, would support exertions having + nothing personal for their object, I have obeyed the suffrage + which commanded me to resume the Executive power; and I + humbly implore that Being on whose will the fate of nations + depends to crown with success our mutual endeavors for the + general happiness. + </p> + <p> + As soon as the war in Europe had embraced those powers with + whom the United States have the most extensive relations + there was reason to apprehend that our intercourse with them + might be interrupted and our disposition for peace drawn into + question by the suspicions too often entertained by + belligerent nations. It seemed, therefore, to be my duty to + admonish our citizens of the consequences of a contraband + trade and of hostile acts to any of the parties, and to + obtain by a declaration of the existing legal state of things + an easier admission of our right to the immunities belonging + to our situation. Under these impressions the proclamation + which will be laid before you was issued. + </p> + <p> + In this posture of affairs, both new and delicate, I resolved + to adopt general rules which should conform to the treaties + and assert the privileges of the United States. These were + reduced into a system, which will be communicated to you. + Although I have not thought myself at liberty to forbid the + sale of the prizes permitted by our treaty of commerce with + France to be brought into our ports, I have not refused to + cause them to be restored when they were taken within the + protection of our territory, or by vessels commissioned or + equipped in a warlike form within the limits of the United + States. + </p> + <p> + It rests with the wisdom of Congress to correct, improve, or + enforce this plan of procedure; and it will probably be found + expedient to extend the legal code and the jurisdiction of + the courts of the United States to many cases which, though + dependent on principles already recognized, demand some + further provisions. + </p> + <p> + Where individuals shall, within the United States, array + themselves in hostility against any of the powers at war, or + enter upon military expeditions or enterprises within the + jurisdiction of the United States, or usurp and exercise + judicial authority within the United States, or where the + penalties on violations of the law of nations may have been + indistinctly marked, or are inadequate—these offenses + can not receive too early and close an attention, and require + prompt and decisive remedies. + </p> + <p> + Whatsoever those remedies may be, they will be well + administered by the judiciary, who possess a long-established + course of investigation, effectual process, and officers in + the habit of executing it. + </p> + <p> + In like manner, as several of the courts have doubted, under + particular circumstances, their power to liberate the vessels + of a nation at peace, and even of a citizen of the United + States, although seized under a false color of being hostile + property, and have denied their power to liberate certain + captures within the protection of our territory, it would + seem proper to regulate their jurisdiction in these points. + But if the Executive is to be the resort in either of the two + last-mentioned cases, it is hoped that he will be authorized + by law to have facts ascertained by the courts when for his + own information he shall request it. + </p> + <p> + I can not recommend to your notice measures for the + fulfillment of our duties to the rest of the world without + again pressing upon you the necessity of placing ourselves in + a condition of complete defense and of exacting from them the + fulfillment of their duties toward us. The United States + ought not to indulge a persuasion that, contrary to the order + of human events, they will forever keep at a distance those + painful appeals to arms with which the history of every other + nation abounds. There is a rank due to the United States + among nations which will be withheld, if not absolutely lost, + by the reputation of weakness. If we desire to avoid insult, + we must be able to repel it; if we desire to secure peace, + one of the most powerful instruments of our rising + prosperity, it must be known that we are at all times ready + for war. The documents which will be presented to you will + shew the amount and kinds of arms and military stores now in + our magazines and arsenals; and yet an addition even to these + supplies can not with prudence be neglected, as it would + leave nothing to the uncertainty of procuring of warlike + apparatus in the moment of public danger. + </p> + <p> + Nor can such arrangements, with such objects, be exposed to + the censure or jealousy of the warmest friends of republican + government. They are incapable of abuse in the hands of the + militia, who ought to possess a pride in being the depository + of the force of the Republic, and may be trained to a degree + of energy equal to every military exigency of the United + States. But it is an inquiry which can not be too solemnly + pursued, whether the act "more effectually to provide for the + national defense by establishing an uniform militia + throughout the United States" has organized them so as to + produce their full effect; whether your own experience in the + several States has not detected some imperfections in the + scheme, and whether a material feature in an improvement of + it ought not to be to afford an opportunity for the study of + those branches of the military art which can scarcely ever be + attained by practice alone. + </p> + <p> + The connection of the United States with Europe has become + extremely interesting. The occurrences which relate to it and + have passed under the knowledge of the Executive will be + exhibited to Congress in a subsequent communication. + </p> + <p> + When we contemplate the war on our frontiers, it may be truly + affirmed that every reasonable effort has been made to adjust + the causes of dissension with the Indians north of the Ohio. + The instructions given to the commissioners evince a + moderation and equity proceeding from a sincere love of + peace, and a liberality having no restriction but the + essential interests and dignity of the United States. The + attempt, however, of an amicable negotiation having been + frustrated, the troops have marched to act offensively. + Although the proposed treaty did not arrest the progress of + military preparation, it is doubtful how far the advance of + the season, before good faith justified active movements, may + retard them during the remainder of the year. From the papers + and intelligence which relate to this important subject you + will determine whether the deficiency in the number of troops + granted by law shall be compensated by succors of militia, or + additional encouragements shall be proposed to recruits. + </p> + <p> + An anxiety has been also demonstrated by the Executive for + peace with the Creeks and the Cherokees. The former have been + relieved with corn and with clothing, and offensive measures + against them prohibited during the recess of Congress. To + satisfy the complaints of the latter, prosecutions have been + instituted for the violences committed upon them. But the + papers which will be delivered to you disclose the critical + footing on which we stand in regard to both those tribes, and + it is with Congress to pronounce what shall be done. + </p> + <p> + After they shall have provided for the present emergency, it + will merit their most serious labors to render tranquillity + with the savages permanent by creating ties of interest. Next + to a rigorous execution of justice on the violators of peace, + the establishment of commerce with the Indian nations in + behalf of the United States is most likely to conciliate + their attachment. But it ought to be conducted without fraud, + without extortion, with constant and plentiful supplies, with + a ready market for the commodities of the Indians and a + stated price for what they give in payment and receive in + exchange. Individuals will not pursue such a traffic unless + they be allured by the hope of profit; but it will be enough + for the United States to be reimbursed only. Should this + recommendation accord with the opinion of Congress, they will + recollect that it can not be accomplished by any means yet in + the hands of the Executive. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + The commissioners charged with the settlement of accounts + between the United States and individual States concluded + their important functions within the time limited by law, and + the balances struck in their report, which will be laid + before Congress, have been placed on the books of the + Treasury. + </p> + <p> + On the 1st day of June last an installment of 1,000,000 + florins became payable on the loans of the United States in + Holland. This was adjusted by a prolongation of the period of + reimbursement in nature of a new loan at an interest of 5 per + cent for the term of ten years, and the expenses of this + operation were a commission of 3 per cent. + </p> + <p> + The first installment of the loan of $2,000,000 from the Bank + of the United States has been paid, as was directed by law. + For the second it is necessary that provision should be made. + </p> + <p> + No pecuniary consideration is more urgent than the regular + redemption and discharge of the public debt. On none can + delay be more injurious or an economy of time more valuable. + </p> + <p> + The productiveness of the public revenues hitherto has + continued to equal the anticipations which were formed of it, + but it is not expected to prove commensurate with all the + objects which have been suggested. Some auxiliary provisions + will therefore, it is presumed, be requisite, and it is hoped + that these may be made consistently with a due regard to the + convenience of our citizens, who can not but be sensible of + the true wisdom of encountering a small present addition to + their contributions to obviate a future accumulation of + burthens. + </p> + <p> + But here I can not forbear to recommend a repeal of the tax + on the transportation of public prints. There is no resource + so firm for the Government of the United States as the + affections of the people, guided by an enlightened policy; + and to this primary good nothing can conduce more than a + faithful representation of public proceedings, diffused + without restraint throughout the United States. + </p> + <p> + An estimate of the appropriations necessary for the current + service of the ensuing year and a statement of a purchase of + arms and military stores made during the recess will be + presented to Congress. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + The several subjects to which I have now referred open a wide + range to your deliberations and involve some of the choicest + interests of our common country. Permit me to bring to your + remembrance the magnitude of your task. Without an + unprejudiced coolness the welfare of the Government may be + hazarded; without harmony as far as consists with freedom of + sentiment its dignity may be lost. But as the legislative + proceedings of the United States will never, I trust, be + reproached for the want of temper or of candor, so shall not + the public happiness languish from the want of my strenuous + and warmest cooperation. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + ADDRESS OF THE SENATE TO GEORGE WASHINGTON, PRESIDENT OF THE + UNITED STATES. + </h3> + <p> + The PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES: + </p> + <p> + Accept, sir, the thanks of the Senate for your speech + delivered to both Houses of Congress at the opening of the + session. Your reelection to the Chief Magistracy of the + United States gives us sincere pleasure. We consider it as an + event every way propitious to the happiness of our country, + and your compliance with the call as a fresh instance of the + patriotism which has so repeatedly led you to sacrifice + private inclination to the public good. In the unanimity + which a second time marks this important national act we + trace with particular satisfaction, besides the distinguished + tribute paid to the virtues and abilities which it + recognizes, another proof of that just discernment and + constancy of sentiments and views which have hitherto + characterized the citizens of the United States. + </p> + <p> + As the European powers with whom the United States have the + most extensive relations were involved in war, in which we + had taken no part, it seemed necessary that the disposition + of the nation for peace should be promulgated to the world, + as well for the purpose of admonishing our citizens of the + consequences of a contraband trade and of acts hostile to any + of the belligerent parties as to obtain by a declaration of + the existing legal state of things an easier admission of our + right to the immunities of our situation. We therefore + contemplate with pleasure the proclamation by you issued, and + give it our hearty approbation. We deem it a measure well + timed and wise, manifesting a watchful solicitude for the + welfare of the nation and calculated to promote it. + </p> + <p> + The several important matters presented to our consideration + will, in the course of the session, engage all the attention + to which they are respectively entitled, and as the public + happiness will be the sole guide of our deliberations, we are + perfectly assured of receiving your strenuous and most + zealous cooperation. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS,<br> + <i>Vice-President of the United States and President of the + Senate</i>. + </p> + <p> + DECEMBER 9, 1793. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. + </h3> + <p> + GENTLEMEN: The pleasure expressed by the Senate on my + reelection to the station which I fill commands my sincere + and warmest acknowledgments. If this be an event which + promises the smallest addition to the happiness of our + country, as it is my duty so shall it be my study to realize + the expectation. + </p> + <p> + The decided approbation which the proclamation now receives + from your House, by completing the proofs that this measure + is considered as manifesting a vigilant attention to the + welfare of the United States, brings with it a peculiar + gratification to my mind. + </p> + <p> + The other important subjects which have been communicated to + you will, I am confident, receive a due discussion, and the + result will, I trust, prove fortunate to the United States. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + DECEMBER 10, 1793. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + ADDRESS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES TO GEORGE WASHINGTON, + PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. + </h3> + <p> + SIR: The Representatives of the people of the United States, + in meeting you for the first time since you have been again + called by an unanimous suffrage to your present station, find + an occasion which they embrace with no less sincerity than + promptitude for expressing to you their congratulations on so + distinguished a testimony of public approbation, and their + entire confidence in the purity and patriotism of the motives + which have produced this obedience to the voice of your + country. It is to virtues which have commanded long and + universal reverence and services from which have flowed great + and lasting benefits that the tribute of praise may be paid + without the reproach of flattery, and it is from the same + sources that the fairest anticipations may be derived in + favor of the public happiness. + </p> + <p> + The United States having taken no part in the war which had + embraced in Europe the powers with whom they have the most + extensive relations, the maintenance of peace was justly to + be regarded as one of the most important duties of the + Magistrate charged with the faithful execution of the laws. + We accordingly witness with approbation and pleasure the + vigilance with which you have guarded against an interruption + of that blessing by your proclamation admonishing our + citizens of the consequences of illicit or hostile acts + toward the belligerent parties, and promoting by a + declaration of the existing legal state of things an easier + admission of our right to the immunities belonging to our + situation. + </p> + <p> + The connection of the United States with Europe has evidently + become extremely interesting. The communications which remain + to be exhibited to us will no doubt assist in giving us a + fuller view of the subject and in guiding our deliberations + to such results as may comport with the rights and true + interests of our country. + </p> + <p> + We learn with deep regret that the measures, dictated by love + of peace, for obtaining an amicable termination of the + afflicting war on our frontiers have been frustrated, and + that a resort to offensive measures should have again become + necessary. As the latter, however, must be rendered more + satisfactory in proportion to the solicitude for peace + manifested by the former, it is to be hoped they will be + pursued under the better auspices on that account, and be + finally crowned with more happy success. + </p> + <p> + In relation to the particular tribes of Indians against whom + offensive measures have been prohibited, as well as on all + the other important subjects which you have presented to our + view, we shall bestow the attention which they claim. We can + not, however, refrain at this time from particularly + expressing our concurrence in your anxiety for the regular + discharge of the public debts as fast as circumstances and + events will permit and in the policy of removing any + impediments that may be found in the way of a faithful + representation of public proceedings throughout the United + States, being persuaded with you that on no subject more than + the former can delay be more injurious or an economy of time + more valuable, and that with respect to the latter no + resource is so firm for the Government of the United States + as the affections of the people, guided by an enlightened + policy. + </p> + <p> + Throughout our deliberations we shall endeavor to cherish + every sentiment which may contribute to render them conducive + to the dignity as well as to the welfare of the United + States; and we join with you in imploring that Being on whose + will the fate of nations depends to crown with success our + mutual endeavors. + </p> + <p> + DECEMBER 6, 1793. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. + </h3> + <p> + GENTLEMEN: I shall not affect to conceal the cordial + satisfaction which I derive from the address of the House of + Representatives. Whatsoever those services may be which you + have sanctioned by your favor, it is a sufficient reward that + they have been accepted as they were meant. For the + fulfillment of your anticipations of the future I can give no + other assurance than that the motives which you approve shall + continue unchanged. + </p> + <p> + It is truly gratifying to me to learn that the proclamation + has been considered as a seasonable guard against the + interruption of the public peace. Nor can I doubt that the + subjects which I have recommended to your attention as + depending on legislative provisions will receive a discussion + suited to their importance. With every reason, then, it may + be expected that your deliberations, under the divine + blessing, will be matured to the honor and happiness of the + United States. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + DECEMBER 7, 1793. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + SPECIAL MESSAGES. + </h2> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>December 5, 1793</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + As the present situation of the several nations of Europe, + and especially of those with which the United States have + important relations, can not but render the state of things + between them and us matter of interesting inquiry to the + Legislature, and may indeed give rise to deliberations to + which they alone are competent, I have thought it my duty to + communicate to them certain correspondences which have taken + place. + </p> + <p> + The representative and executive bodies of France have + manifested generally a friendly attachment to this country; + have given advantages to our commerce and navigation, and + have made overtures for placing these advantages on permanent + ground. A decree, however, of the National Assembly + subjecting vessels laden with provisions to be carried into + their ports and making enemy goods lawful prize in the vessel + of a friend, contrary to our treaty, though revoked at one + time as to the United States, has been since extended to + their vessels also, as has been recently stated to us. + Representations on this subject will be immediately given in + charge to our minister there, and the result shall be + communicated to the Legislature. + </p> + <p> + It is with extreme concern I have to inform you that the + proceedings of the person whom they have unfortunately + appointed their minister plenipotentiary here have breathed + nothing of the friendly spirit of the nation which sent him. + Their tendency, on the contrary, has been to involve us in + war abroad and discord and anarchy at home. So far as his + acts or those of his agents have threatened our immediate + commitment in the war, or flagrant insult to the authority of + the laws, their effect has been counteracted by the ordinary + cognizance of the laws and by an exertion of the powers + confided to me. Where their danger was not imminent they have + been borne with from sentiments of regard to his nation, from + a sense of their friendship toward us, from a conviction that + they would not suffer us to remain long exposed to the action + of a person who has so little respected our mutual + dispositions, and, I will add, from a reliance on the + firmness of my fellow-citizens in their principles of peace + and order. In the meantime I have respected and pursued the + stipulations of our treaties according to what I judged their + true sense, and have withheld no act of friendship which + their affairs have called for from us, and which justice to + others left us free to perform. I have gone farther. Rather + than employ force for the restitution of certain vessels + which I deemed the United States bound to restore, I thought + it more advisable to satisfy the parties by avowing it to be + my opinion that if restitution were not made it would be + incumbent on the United States to make compensation. The + papers now communicated will more particularly apprise you of + these transactions. + </p> + <p> + The vexations and spoliation understood to have been + committed on our vessels and commerce by the cruisers and + officers of some of the belligerent powers appear to require + attention. The proofs of these, however, not having been + brought forward, the descriptions of citizens supposed to + have suffered were notified that, on furnishing them to the + Executive, due measures would be taken to obtain redress of + the past and more effectual provisions against the future. + Should such documents be furnished, proper representations + will be made thereon, with a just reliance on a redress + proportioned to the exigency of the case. + </p> + <p> + The British Government having undertaken, by orders to the + commanders of their armed vessels, to restrain generally our + commerce in corn and other provisions to their own ports and + those of their friends, the instructions now communicated + were immediately forwarded to our minister at that Court. In + the meantime some discussions on the subject took place + between him and them. These are also laid before you, and I + may expect to learn the result of his special instructions in + time to make it known to the Legislature during their present + session. + </p> + <p> + Very early after the arrival of a British minister here + mutual explanations on the inexecution of the treaty of peace + were entered into with that minister. These are now laid + before you for your information. + </p> + <p> + On the subjects of mutual interest between this country and + Spain negotiations and conferences are now depending. The + public good requiring that the present state of these should + be made known to the Legislature <i>in confidence only</i>, + they shall be the subject of a separate and subsequent + communication. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>December 16, 1793</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + The situation of affairs in Europe in the course of the year + 1790 having rendered it possible that a moment might arrive + favorable for the arrangement of our unsettled matters with + Spain, it was thought proper to prepare our representative at + that Court to avail us of it. A confidential person was + therefore dispatched to be the bearer of instructions to him, + and to supply, by verbal communications, any additional + information of which he might find himself in need. The + Government of France was at the same time applied to for its + aid and influence in this negotiation. Events, however, took + a turn which did not present the occasion hoped for. + </p> + <p> + About the close of the ensuing year I was informed through + the representatives of Spain here that their Government would + be willing to renew at Madrid the former conferences on these + subjects. Though the transfer of scene was not what would + have been desired, yet I did not think it important enough to + reject the proposition, and therefore, with the advice and + consent of the Senate, I appointed commissioners + plenipotentiary for negotiating and concluding a treaty with + that country on the several subjects of boundary, navigation, + and commerce, and gave them the instructions now + communicated. Before these negotiations, however, could be + got into train the new troubles which had arisen in Europe + had produced new combinations among the powers there, the + effects of which are but too visible in the proceedings now + laid before you. + </p> + <p> + In the meantime some other points of discussion had arisen + with that country, to wit, the restitution of property + escaping into the territories of each other, the mutual + exchange of fugitives from justice, and, above all the mutual + interferences with the Indians lying between us. I had the + best reason to believe that the hostilities threatened and + exercised by the Southern Indians on our border were excited + by the agents of that Government. Representations were + thereon directed to be made by our commissioners to the + Spanish Government, and a proposal to cultivate with good + faith the peace of each other with those people. In the + meantime corresponding suspicions were entertained, or + pretended to be entertained, on their part of like hostile + excitements by our agents to disturb their peace with the + same nations. These were brought forward by the + representatives of Spain here in a style which could not fail + to produce attention. A claim of patronage and protection of + those Indians was asserted; a mediation between them and us + by that sovereign assumed; their boundaries with us made a + subject of his interference, and at length, at the very + moment when these savages were committing daily inroads upon + our frontier, we were informed by them that "the continuation + of the peace, good harmony, and perfect friendship of the two + nations was very problematical for the future, unless the + United States should take more convenient measures and of + greater energy than those adopted for a long time past." + </p> + <p> + If their previous correspondence had worn the appearance of a + desire to urge on a disagreement, this last declaration left + no room to evade it, since it could not be conceived we would + submit to the scalping knife and tomahawk of the savage + without any resistance. I thought it time, therefore, to know + if these were the views of their sovereign, and dispatched a + special messenger with instructions to our commissioners, + which are among the papers now communicated. Their last + letter gives us reason to expect very shortly to know the + result. I must add that the Spanish representatives here, + perceiving that their last communication had made + considerable impression, endeavored to abate this by some + subsequent professions, which, being also among the + communications to the Legislature, they will be able to form + their own conclusions. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>December 16, 1793</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you a report of the Secretary of State on the + measures which have been taken on behalf of the United States + for the purpose of obtaining a recognition of our treaty with + Morocco and for the ransom of our citizens and establishment + of peace with Algiers. + </p> + <p> + While it is proper our citizens should know that subjects + which so much concern their interest and their feelings have + duly engaged the attention of their Legislature and + Executive, it would still be improper that some particulars + of this communication should be made known. The confidential + conversation stated in one of the last letters sent herewith + is one of these. Both justice and policy require that the + source of that information should remain secret. So a + knowledge of the sums meant to have been given for peace and + ransom might have a disadvantageous influence on future + proceedings for the same objects. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>December 23, 1793</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + Since the communications which were made to you on the + affairs of the United States with Spain and on the truce + between Portugal and Algiers some other papers have been + received, which, making a part of the same subjects, are now + communicated for your information. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>December 30, 1793</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you, for your consideration, a letter from the + Secretary of State, informing me of certain impediments which + have arisen to the coinage of the precious metals at the + Mint, as also a letter from the same officer relative to + certain advances of money which have been made on public + account. Should you think proper to sanction what has been + done, or be of opinion that anything more shall be done in + the same way, you will judge whether there are not + circumstances which would render secrecy expedient. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 7, 1794</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + Experience has shewn that it would be useful to have an + officer particularly charged, under the direction of the + Department of War, with the duties of receiving, + safe-keeping, and distributing the public supplies in all + cases in which the laws and the course of service do not + devolve them upon other officers, and also with that of + superintending in all cases the issues in detail of supplies, + with power for that purpose to bring to account all persons + intrusted to make such issues in relation thereto. + </p> + <p> + An establishment of this nature, by securing a regular and + punctual accountability for the issues of public supplies, + would be a great guard against abuse, would tend to insure + their due application and to give public satisfaction on that + point. + </p> + <p> + I therefore recommend to the consideration of Congress the + expediency of an establishment of this nature, under such + regulations as shall appear to them advisable, + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 20, 1794</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + Having already laid before you a letter of the 16th of + August, 1793, from the Secretary of State to our minister at + Paris, stating the conduct and urging the recall of the + minister plenipotentiary of the Republic of France, I now + communicate to you that his conduct has been unequivocally + disapproved, and that the strongest assurances have been + given that his recall should be expedited without delay. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 21, 1794</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + It is with satisfaction I announce to you that the + alterations which have been made by law in the original plan + for raising a duty on spirits distilled within the United + States, and on stills, cooperating with better information, + have had a considerable influence in obviating the + difficulties which have embarrassed that branch of the public + revenue. But the obstacles which have been experienced, + though lessened, are not yet entirely surmounted, and it + would seem that some further legislative provisions may + usefully be superadded, which leads me to recall the + attention of Congress to the subject. Among the matters which + may demand regulation is the effect, in point of + organization, produced by the separation of Kentucky from the + State of Virginia, and the situation with regard to the law + of the territories northwest and southwest of the Ohio. + </p> + <p> + The laws respecting light-house establishments require, as a + condition of their permanent maintenance at the expense of + the United States, a complete cession of soil and + jurisdiction. The cessions of different States having been + qualified with a reservation of the right of serving legal + process within the ceded jurisdiction are understood to be + inconclusive as annexing a qualification not consonant with + the terms of the law. I present this circumstance to the view + of Congress, that they may judge whether any alteration ought + to be made. + </p> + <p> + As it appears to be conformable with the intention of the + "ordinance for the government of the territory of the United + States northwest of the river Ohio," although it is not + expressly directed that the laws of that territory should be + laid before Congress, I now transmit to you a copy of such as + have been passed from July to December, 1792, inclusive. + being the last which have been received by the Secretary of + State. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 30, 1794</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + Communications have been made to Congress during the present + session with the intention of affording a full view of the + posture of affairs on the Southwestern frontiers. By the + information which has lately been laid before Congress it + appeared that the difficulties with the Creeks had been + amicably and happily terminated; but it will be perceived + with regret by the papers herewith transmitted that the + tranquillity has, unfortunately, been of short duration, + owing to the murder of several friendly Indians by some + lawless white men. + </p> + <p> + The condition of things in that quarter requires the serious + and immediate consideration of Congress, and the adoption of + such wise and vigorous laws as will be competent to the + preservation of the national character and of the peace made + under the authority of the United States with the several + Indian tribes. Experience demonstrates that the existing + legal provisions are entirely inadequate to those great + objects. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 7, 1794</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I transmit to you an act and three ordinances passed by the + government of the territory of the United States south of the + river Ohio on the 13th and 21st of March and the 7th of May, + 1793, and also certain letters from the minister + plenipotentiary of the French Republic to the Secretary of + State, inclosing dispatches from the general and + extraordinary commission of Guadaloupe. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 19, 1794</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you the copy of a letter which I have received + from the Chief Justice and associate justices of the Supreme + Court of the United States, and, at their desire, the + representation mentioned in the said letter, pointing out + certain defects in the judiciary system. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 24, 1794</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + The extracts which I now lay before you, from a letter of our + minister at London, are supplementary to some of my past + communications, and will appear to be of a confidential + nature. + </p> + <p> + I also transmit to you copies of a letter from the Secretary + of State to the minister plenipotentiary of His Britannic + Majesty, and of the answer thereto, upon the subject of the + treaty between the United States and Great Britain, together + with the copy of a letter from Messrs. Carmichael and Short, + relative to our affairs with Spain, which letter is connected + with a former confidential message, + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 26, 1794</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + I have caused the correspondence which is the subject of your + resolution of the 24th day of January last to be laid before + me. After an examination of it I directed copies and + translations to be made, except in those particulars which, + in my judgment, for public considerations, ought not to be + communicated. + </p> + <p> + These copies and translations are now transmitted to the + Senate; but the nature of them manifests the propriety of + their being received as confidential. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>March 3, 1794</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I transmit to you an extract from a letter of Mr. Short, + relative to our affairs with Spain, and copies of two letters + from our minister at Lisbon, with their inclosures, + containing intelligence from Algiers. The whole of these + communications are made in confidence, except the passage in + Mr. Short's letter which respects the Spanish convoy. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>March 5, 1794</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + The Secretary of State having reported to me upon the several + complaints which have been lodged in his office against the + vexations and spoliations on our commerce since the + commencement of the European war, I transmit to you a copy of + his statement, together with the documents upon which it is + founded. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>March 18, 1794</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + The minister plenipotentiary of the French Republic having + requested an advance of money, I transmit to Congress certain + documents relative to that subject. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>March 28, 1794</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>; + </p> + <p> + In the execution of the resolution of Congress bearing date + the 26th of March, 1794, and imposing an embargo, I have + requested the governors of the several States to call forth + the force of their militia, if it should be necessary, for + the detention of vessels. This power is conceived to be + incidental to an embargo. + </p> + <p> + It also deserves the attention of Congress how far the + clearances from one district to another, under the law as it + now stands, may give rise to evasions of the embargo. As one + security the collectors have been instructed to refuse to + receive the surrender of coasting licenses for the purpose of + taking out registers, and to require bond from registered + vessels bound from one district to another, for the delivery + of the cargo within the United States. + </p> + <p> + It is not understood that the resolution applies to fishing + vessels, although their occupations lie generally in parts + beyond the United States. But without further restrictions + there is an opportunity of their privileges being used as + means of eluding the embargo. + </p> + <p> + All armed vessels possessing public commissions from any + foreign power (letters of marque excepted) are considered as + not liable to the embargo. + </p> + <p> + These circumstances are transmitted to Congress for their + consideration. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>April 4, 1794</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you three letters from our minister in London, + advices concerning the Algerine mission from our minister at + Lisbon and others, and a letter from the minister + plenipotentiary of the French Republic to the Secretary of + State, with his answer. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>April 15, 1794</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you a letter from the minister plenipotentiary + of His Britannic Majesty to the Secretary of State; a letter + from the secretary of the territory south of the river Ohio, + inclosing an ordinance and proclamation of the governor + thereof; the translation of so much of a petition of the + inhabitants of Post Vincennes, addressed to the President, as + relates to Congress, and certain dispatches lately received + from our commissioners at Madrid. These dispatches from + Madrid being a part of the business which has been hitherto + deemed confidential, they are forwarded under that view. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>April 16, 1794</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + The communications which I have made to you during your + present session from the dispatches of our minister in London + contain a serious aspect of our affairs with Great Britain. + But as peace ought to be pursued with unremitted zeal before + the last resource, which has so often been the scourge of + nations, and can not fail to check the advanced prosperity of + the United States, is contemplated, I have thought proper to + nominate, and do hereby nominate, John Jay as envoy + extraordinary of the United States to His Britannic Majesty. + </p> + <p> + My confidence in our minister plenipotentiary in London + continues undiminished. But a mission like this, while it + corresponds with the solemnity of the occasion, will announce + to the world a solicitude for a friendly adjustment of our + complaints and a reluctance to hostility. Going immediately + from the United States, such an envoy will carry with him a + full knowledge of the existing temper and sensibility of our + country, and will thus be taught to vindicate our rights with + firmness and to cultivate peace with sincerity. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>May 12, 1794</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + As the letter which I forwarded to Congress on the 15th day + of April last, from the minister plenipotentiary of His + Britannic Majesty to the Secretary of State, in answer to a + memorial of our minister in London, related to a very + interesting subject, I thought it proper not to delay its + communication. But since that time the memorial itself has + been received in a letter from our minister, and a reply has + been made to that answer by the Secretary of State. Copies of + them are therefore now transmitted. + </p> + <p> + I also send the copy of a letter from the governor of Rhode + Island, inclosing an act of the legislature of that State + empowering the United States to hold lands within the same + for the purpose of erecting fortifications, and certain + papers concerning patents for the donation lands to the + ancient settlers of Vincennes upon the Wabash. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>May 20, 1794</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + In the communications which I have made to Congress during + the present session relative to foreign nations I have + omitted no opportunity of testifying my anxiety to preserve + the United States in peace. It is peculiarly, therefore, my + duty at this time to lay before you the present state of + certain hostile threats against the territories of Spain in + our neighborhood. + </p> + <p> + The documents which accompany this message develop the + measures which I have taken to suppress them, and the + intelligence which has been lately received. + </p> + <p> + It will be seen from thence that the subject has not been + neglected; that every power vested in the Executive on such + occasions has been exerted, and that there was reason to + believe that the enterprise projected against the Spanish + dominions was relinquished. + </p> + <p> + But it appears to have been revived upon principles which set + public order at defiance and place the peace of the United + States in the discretion of unauthorized individuals. The + means already deposited in the different departments of + Government are shewn by experience not to be adequate to + these high exigencies, although such of them as are lodged in + the hands of the Executive shall continue to be used with + promptness, energy, and decision proportioned to the case. + But I am impelled by the position of our public affairs to + recommend that provision be made for a stronger and more + vigorous opposition than can be given to such hostile + movements under the laws as they now stand. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>May 21, 1794</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you in confidence sundry papers, by which you + will perceive the state of affairs between us and the Six + Nations, and the probable cause to which it is owing, and + also certain information whereby it would appear that some + encroachment was about to be made on our territory by an + officer and party of British troops. Proceeding upon a + supposition of the authenticity of this information, although + of a private nature, I have caused the representation to be + made to the British minister a copy of which accompanies this + message. + </p> + <p> + It can not be necessary to comment upon the very serious + nature of such an encroachment, nor to urge that this new + state of things suggests the propriety of placing the United + States in a posture of effectual preparation for an event + which, notwithstanding the endeavors making to avert it, may + by circumstances beyond our control be forced upon us. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>May 26, 1794</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + The commissioners of His Catholic Majesty having communicated + to the Secretary of State the form of a certificate without + which the vessels of the United States can not be admitted + into the ports of Spain, I think it proper to lay it before + Congress. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>May 27, 1794</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + The Executive Provisory Council of the French Republic having + requested me to recall Gouverneur Morris, our minister + plenipotentiary in France, I have thought proper, in + pursuance of that request, to recall him. I therefore + nominate James Monroe, of Virginia, as minister + plenipotentiary of the United States to the said Republic. + </p> + <p> + I also nominate William Short, now minister resident for the + United States with Their High Mightinesses the States-General + of the United Netherlands, to be minister resident for the + United States to His Catholic Majesty, in the room of William + Carmichael, who is recalled. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>June 2, 1794</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I send you certain communications, recently received from + Georgia, which materially change the prospect of affairs in + that quarter, and seem to render a war with the Creek Nations + more probable than it has been at any antecedent period. + While the attention of Congress will be directed to the + consideration of measures suited to the exigency, it can not + escape their observation that this intelligence brings a + fresh proof of the insufficiency of the existing provisions + of the laws toward the effectual cultivation and preservation + of peace with our Indian neighbors. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + PROCLAMATIONS. + </h2> + <center> + [From a broadside in the archives of the Department of + State.] + </center> + <h3> + BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. + </h3> + <h4> + A PROCLAMATION. + </h4> + <p> + Whereas it appears that a state of war exists between + Austria, Prussia, Sardinia, Great Britain, and the United + Netherlands of the one part and France on the other, and the + duty and interest of the United States require that they + should with sincerity and good faith adopt and pursue a + conduct friendly and impartial toward the belligerent powers: + </p> + <p> + I have therefore thought fit by these presents to declare the + disposition of the United States to observe the conduct + aforesaid toward those powers respectively, and to exhort and + warn the citizens of the United States carefully to avoid all + acts and proceedings whatsoever which may in any manner tend + to contravene such disposition. + </p> + <p> + And I do hereby also make known that whosoever of the + citizens of the United States shall render himself liable to + punishment or forfeiture under the law of nations by + committing, aiding, or abetting hostilities against any of + the said powers, or by carrying to any of them those articles + which are deemed contraband by the modern usage of nations, + will not receive the protection of the United States against + such punishment or forfeiture; and further, that I have given + instructions to those officers to whom it belongs to cause + prosecutions to be instituted against all persons who shall, + within the cognizance of the courts of the United States, + violate the law of nations with respect to the powers at war, + or any of them. + </p> + <p> + In testimony whereof I have caused the seal of the United + States of America to be affixed to these presents, and signed + the same with my hand. + </p> + <p> + [SEAL.] + </p> + <p> + Done at the city of Philadelphia, the 22d day of April, 1793, + and of the Independence of the United States of America the + seventeenth. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + <br> + By the President:<br> + THOMAS JEFFERSON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. + </h3> + <h4> + A PROCLAMATION. + </h4> + <p> + Whereas I have received information that certain persons, in + violation of the laws, have presumed, under color of a + foreign authority, to enlist citizens of the United States + and others within the State of Kentucky, and have there + assembled an armed force for the purpose of invading and + plundering the territories of a nation at peace with the said + United States; and + </p> + <p> + Whereas such unwarrantable measures, being contrary to the + laws of nations and to the duties incumbent on every citizen + of the United States, tend to disturb the tranquillity of the + same, and to involve them in the calamities of war; and + </p> + <p> + Whereas it is the duty of the Executive to take care that + such criminal proceedings should be suppressed, the offenders + brought to justice, and all good citizens cautioned against + measures likely to prove so pernicious to their country and + themselves, should they be seduced into similar infractions + of the laws: + </p> + <p> + I have therefore thought proper to issue this proclamation, + hereby solemnly warning every person, not authorized by the + laws, against enlisting any citizen or citizens of the United + States, or levying troops, or assembling any persons within + the United States for the purposes aforesaid, or proceeding + in any manner to the execution thereof, as they will answer + for the same at their peril; and I do also admonish and + require all citizens to refrain from enlisting, enrolling, or + assembling themselves for such unlawful purposes and from + being in anywise concerned, aiding, or abetting therein, as + they tender their own welfare, inasmuch as all lawful means + will be strictly put in execution for securing obedience to + the laws and for punishing such dangerous and daring + violations thereof. + </p> + <p> + And I do moreover charge and require all courts, magistrates, + and other officers whom it may concern, according to their + respective duties, to exert the powers in them severally + vested to prevent and suppress all such unlawful assemblages + and proceedings, and to bring to condign punishment those who + may have been guilty thereof, as they regard the due + authority of Government and the peace and welfare of the + United States. + </p> + <p> + In testimony whereof I have caused the seal of the United + States of America to be affixed to these presents, and signed + the same with my hand. + </p> + <p> + [SEAL.] + </p> + <p> + Done at the city of Philadelphia, the 24th day of March, + 1794, and of the Independence of the United States of America + the eighteenth. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + <br> + By the President:<br> + EDM. RANDOLPH. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <center> + [From Annals of Congress, Fourth Congress, second session, + 2796.] + </center> + <h3> + BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. + </h3> + <h4> + A PROCLAMATION. + </h4> + <p> + Whereas combinations to defeat the execution of the laws + laying duties upon spirits distilled within the United States + and upon stills have from the time of the commencement of + those laws existed in some of the western parts of + Pennsylvania; and + </p> + <p> + Whereas the said combinations, proceeding in a manner + subversive equally of the just authority of government and of + the rights of individuals, have hitherto effected their + dangerous and criminal purpose by the influence of certain + irregular meetings whose proceedings have tended to encourage + and uphold the spirit of opposition by misrepresentations of + the laws calculated to render them odious; by endeavors to + deter those who might be so disposed from accepting offices + under them through fear of public resentment and of injury to + person and property, and to compel those who had accepted + such offices by actual violence to surrender or forbear the + execution of them; by circulating vindictive menaces against + all those who should otherwise, directly or indirectly, aid + in the execution of the said laws, or who, yielding to the + dictates of conscience and to a sense of obligation, should + themselves comply therewith; by actually injuring and + destroying the property of persons who were understood to + have so complied; by inflicting cruel and humiliating + punishments upon private citizens for no other cause than + that of appearing to be the friends of the laws; by + intercepting the public officers on the highways, abusing, + assaulting, and otherwise ill treating them; by going to + their houses in the night, gaining admittance by force, + taking away their papers, and committing other outrages, + employing for these unwarrantable purposes the agency of + armed banditti disguised in such manner as for the most part + to escape discovery; and + </p> + <p> + Whereas the endeavors of the Legislature to obviate + objections to the said laws by lowering the duties and by + other alterations conducive to the convenience of those whom + they immediately affect (though they have given satisfaction + in other quarters), and the endeavors of the executive + officers to conciliate a compliance with the laws by + explanations, by forbearance, and even by particular + accommodations founded on the suggestion of local + considerations, have been disappointed of their effect by the + machinations of persons whose industry to excite resistance + has increased with every appearance of a disposition among + the people to relax in their opposition and to acquiesce in + the laws, insomuch that many persons in the said western + parts of Pennsylvania have at length been hardy enough to + perpetrate acts which I am advised amount to treason, being + overt acts of levying war against the United States, the said + persons having on the 16th and 17th July last past proceeded + in arms (on the second day amounting to several hundreds) to + the house of John Neville, inspector of the revenue for the + fourth survey of the district of Pennsylvania; having + repeatedly attacked the said house with the persons therein, + wounding some of them; having seized David Lenox, marshal of + the district of Pennsylvania, who previous thereto had been + fired upon while in the execution of his duty by a party of + armed men, detaining him for some time prisoner, till for the + preservation of his life and the obtaining of his liberty he + found it necessary to enter into stipulations to forbear the + execution of certain official duties touching processes + issuing out of a court of the United States; and having + finally obliged the said inspector of the said revenue and + the said marshal from considerations of personal safety to + fly from that part of the country, in order, by a circuitous + route, to proceed to the seat of Government, avowing as the + motives of these outrageous proceedings an intention to + prevent by force of arms the execution of the said laws, to + oblige the said inspector of the revenue to renounce his said + office, to withstand by open violence the lawful authority of + the Government of the United States, and to compel thereby an + alteration in the measures of the Legislature and a repeal of + the laws aforesaid; and + </p> + <p> + Whereas by a law of the United States entitled "An act to + provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of + the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions," it + is enacted "that whenever the laws of the United States shall + be opposed or the execution thereof obstructed in any State + by combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary + course of judicial proceedings or by the powers vested in the + marshals by that act, the same being notified by an associate + justice or the district judge, it shall be lawful for the + President of the United States to call forth the militia of + such State to suppress such combinations and to cause the + laws to be duly executed. And if the militia of a State where + such combinations may happen shall refuse or be insufficient + to suppress the same, it shall be lawful for the President, + if the Legislature of the United States shall not be in + session, to call forth and employ such numbers of the militia + of any other State or States most convenient thereto as may + be necessary; and the use of the militia so to be called + forth may be continued, if necessary, until the expiration of + thirty days after the commencement of the ensuing session: + <i>Provided always</i>, That whenever it may be necessary in + the judgment of the President to use the military force + hereby directed to be called forth, the President shall + forthwith, and previous thereto, by proclamation, command + such insurgents to disperse and retire peaceably to their + respective abodes within a limited time;" and + </p> + <p> + Whereas James Wilson, an associate justice, on the 4th + instant, by writing under his hand, did from evidence which + had been laid before him notify to me that "in the counties + of Washington and Allegany, in Pennsylvania, laws of the + United States are opposed and the execution thereof + obstructed by combinations too powerful to be suppressed by + the ordinary course of judicial proceedings or by the powers + vested in the marshal of that district;" and + </p> + <p> + Whereas it is in my judgment necessary under the + circumstances of the case to take measures for calling forth + the militia in order to suppress the combinations aforesaid, + and to cause the laws to be duly executed; and I have + accordingly determined so to do, feeling the deepest regret + for the occasion, but withal the most solemn conviction that + the essential interests of the Union demand it, that the very + existence of Government and the fundamental principles of + social order are materially involved in the issue, and that + the patriotism and firmness of all good citizens are + seriously called upon, as occasions may require, to aid in + the effectual suppression of so fatal a spirit: + </p> + <p> + Wherefore, and in pursuance of the proviso above recited, I, + George Washington, President of the United States, do hereby + command all persons being insurgents as aforesaid, and all + others whom it may concern, on or before the 1st day of + September next to disperse and retire peaceably to their + respective abodes. And I do moreover warn all persons + whomsoever against aiding, abetting, or comforting the + perpetrators of the aforesaid treasonable acts, and do + require all officers and other citizens, according to their + respective duties and the laws of the land, to exert their + utmost endeavors to prevent and suppress such dangerous + proceedings. + </p> + <p> + In testimony whereof I have caused the seal of the United + States of America to be affixed to these presents, and signed + the same with my hand. + </p> + <p> + [SEAL.] + </p> + <p> + Done at the city of Philadelphia, the 7th day of August, + 1794, and of the Independence of the United States of America + the nineteenth. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + <br> + By the President:<br> + EDM. RANDOLPH. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <center> + [From Annals of Congress, Third Congress, 1413.] + </center> + <h3> + BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. + </h3> + <h4> + A PROCLAMATION. + </h4> + <p> + Whereas from a hope that the combinations against the + Constitution and laws of the United States in certain of the + western counties of Pennsylvania would yield to time and + reflection I thought it sufficient in the first instance + rather to take measures for calling forth the militia than + immediately to embody them, but the moment is now come when + the overtures of forgiveness, with no other condition than a + submission to law, have been only partially accepted; when + every form of conciliation not inconsistent with the being of + Government has been adopted without effect; when the + well-disposed in those counties are unable by their influence + and example to reclaim the wicked from their fury, and are + compelled to associate in their own defense; when the + proffered lenity has been perversely misinterpreted into an + apprehension that the citizens will march with reluctance; + when the opportunity of examining the serious consequences of + a treasonable opposition has been employed in propagating + principles of anarchy, endeavoring through emissaries to + alienate the friends of order from its support, and inviting + its enemies to perpetrate similar acts of insurrection; when + it is manifest that violence would continue to be exercised + upon every attempt to enforce the laws; when, therefore, + Government is set at defiance, the contest being whether a + small portion of the United States shall dictate to the whole + Union, and, at the expense of those who desire peace, indulge + a desperate ambition: + </p> + <p> + Now, therefore, I, George Washington, President of the United + States, in obedience to that high and irresistible duty + consigned to me by the Constitution "to take care that the + laws be faithfully executed," deploring that the American + name should be sullied by the outrages of citizens on their + own Government, commiserating such as remain obstinate from + delusion, but resolved, in perfect reliance on that gracious + Providence which so signally displays its goodness towards + this country, to reduce the refractory to a due subordination + to the law, do hereby declare and make known that, with a + satisfaction which can be equaled only by the merits of the + militia summoned into service from the States of New Jersey, + Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, I have received + intelligence of their patriotic alacrity in obeying the call + of the present, though painful, yet commanding necessity; + that a force which, according to every reasonable + expectation, is adequate to the exigency is already in motion + to the scene of disaffection; that those who have confided or + shall confide in the protection of Government shall meet full + succor under the standard and from the arms of the United + States; that those who, having offended against the laws, + have since entitled themselves to indemnity will be treated + with the most liberal good faith if they shall not have + forfeited their claim by any subsequent conduct, and that + instructions are given accordingly. + </p> + <p> + And I do moreover exhort all individuals, officers, and + bodies of men to contemplate with abhorrence the measures + leading directly or indirectly to those crimes which produce + this resort to military coercion; to check in their + respective spheres the efforts of misguided or designing men + to substitute their misrepresentation in the place of truth + and their discontents in the place of stable government, and + to call to mind that, as the people of the United States have + been permitted, under the Divine favor, in perfect freedom, + after solemn deliberation, and in an enlightened age, to + elect their own government, so will their gratitude for this + inestimable blessing be best distinguished by firm exertions + to maintain the Constitution and the laws. + </p> + <p> + And, lastly, I again warn all persons whomsoever and + wheresoever not to abet, aid, or comfort the insurgents + aforesaid, as they will answer the contrary at their peril; + and I do also require all officers and other citizens, + according to their several duties, as far as may be in their + power, to bring under the cognizance of the laws all + offenders in the premises. In testimony whereof I have caused + the seal of the United States of America to be affixed to + these presents, and signed the same with my hand. + </p> + <p> + [SEAL.] + </p> + <p> + Done at the city of Philadelphia, the 25th day of September, + 1794, and of the Independence of the United States of America + the nineteenth. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + <br> + By the President:<br> + EDM. RANDOLPH. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + SIXTH ANNUAL ADDRESS. + </h2> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>November 19, 1794</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>; + </p> + <p> + When we call to mind the gracious indulgence of Heaven by + which the American people became a nation; when we survey the + general prosperity of our country, and look forward to the + riches, power, and happiness to which it seems destined, with + the deepest regret do I announce to you that during your + recess some of the citizens of the United States have been + found capable of an insurrection. It is due, however, to the + character of our Government and to its stability, which can + not be shaken by the enemies of order, freely to unfold the + course of this event. + </p> + <p> + During the session of the year 1790 it was expedient to + exercise the legislative power granted by the Constitution of + the United States "to lay and collect excises." In a majority + of the States scarcely an objection was heard to this mode of + taxation. In some, indeed, alarms were at first conceived, + until they were banished by reason and patriotism. In the + four western counties of Pennsylvania a prejudice, fostered + and imbittered by the artifice of men who labored for an + ascendency over the will of others by the guidance of their + passions, produced symptoms of riot and violence. It is well + known that Congress did not hesitate to examine the + complaints which were presented, and to relieve them as far + as justice dictated or general convenience would permit. But + the impression which this moderation made on the discontented + did not correspond with what it deserved. The arts of + delusion were no longer confined to the efforts of designing + individuals. The very forbearance to press prosecutions was + misinterpreted into a fear of urging the execution of the + laws, and associations of men began to denounce threats + against the officers employed. From a belief that by a more + formal concert their operation might be defeated, certain + self-created societies assumed the tone of condemnation. + Hence, while the greater part of Pennsylvania itself were + conforming themselves to the acts of excise, a few counties + were resolved to frustrate them. It was now perceived that + every expectation from the tenderness which had been hitherto + pursued was unavailing, and that further delay could only + create an opinion of impotency or irresolution in the + Government. Legal process was therefore delivered to the + marshal against the rioters and delinquent distillers. + </p> + <p> + No sooner was he understood to be engaged in this duty than + the vengeance of armed men was aimed at <i>his</i> person and + the person and property of the inspector of the revenue. They + fired upon the marshal, arrested him, and detained him for + some time as a prisoner. He was obliged, by the jeopardy of + his life, to renounce the service of other process on the + west side of the Allegheny Mountain, and a deputation was + afterwards sent to him to demand a surrender of that which he + <i>had</i> served. A numerous body repeatedly attacked the + house of the inspector, seized his papers of office, and + finally destroyed by fire his buildings and whatsoever they + contained. Both of these officers, from a just regard to + their safety, fled to the seat of Government, it being avowed + that the motives to such outrages were to compel the + resignation of the inspector, to withstand by force of arms + the authority of the United States, and thereby to extort a + repeal of the laws of excise and an alteration in the conduct + of Government. + </p> + <p> + Upon the testimony of these facts an associate justice of the + Supreme Court of the United States notified to me that "in + the counties of Washington and Allegheny, in Pennsylvania, + laws of the United States were opposed, and the execution + thereof obstructed, by combinations too powerful to be + suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings or + by the powers vested in the marshal of that district." On + this call, momentous in the extreme, I sought and weighed + what might best subdue the crisis. On the one hand the + judiciary was pronounced to be stripped of its capacity to + enforce the laws; crimes which reached the very existence of + social order were perpetrated without control; the friends of + Government were insulted, abused, and overawed into silence + or an apparent acquiescence; and to yield to the treasonable + fury of so small a portion of the United States would be to + violate the fundamental principle of our Constitution, which + enjoins that the will of the majority shall prevail. On the + other, to array citizen against citizen, to publish the + dishonor of such excesses, to encounter the expense and other + embarrassments of so distant an expedition, were steps too + delicate, too closely interwoven with many affecting + considerations, to be lightly adopted. I postponed, + therefore, the summoning the militia immediately into the + field, but I required them to be held in readiness, that if + my anxious endeavors to reclaim the deluded and to convince + the malignant of their danger should be fruitless, military + force might be prepared to act before the season should be + too far advanced. + </p> + <p> + My proclamation of the 7th of August last was accordingly + issued, and accompanied by the appointment of commissioners, + who were charged to repair to the scene of insurrection. They + were authorized to confer with any bodies of men or + individuals. They were instructed to be candid and explicit + in stating the sensations which had been excited in the + Executive, and his earnest wish to avoid a resort to + coercion; to represent, however, that, without submission, + coercion <i>must</i> be the resort; but to invite them, at + the same time, to return to the demeanor of faithful + citizens, by such accommodations as lay within the sphere of + Executive power. Pardon, too, was tendered to them by the + Government of the United States and that of Pennsylvania, + upon no other condition than a satisfactory assurance of + obedience to the laws. + </p> + <p> + Although the report of the commissioners marks their firmness + and abilities, and must unite all virtuous men, by shewing + that the means of conciliation have been exhausted, all of + those who had committed or abetted the tumults did not + subscribe the mild form which was proposed as the atonement, + and the indications of a peaceable temper were neither + sufficiently general nor conclusive to recommend or warrant + the further suspension of the march of the militia. + </p> + <p> + Thus the painful alternative could not be discarded. I + ordered the militia to march, after once more admonishing the + insurgents in my proclamation of the 25th of September last. + </p> + <p> + It was a task too difficult to ascertain with precision the + lowest degree of force competent to the quelling of the + insurrection. From a respect, indeed, to economy and the ease + of my fellow-citizens belonging to the militia, it would have + gratified me to accomplish such an estimate. My very + reluctance to ascribe too much importance to the opposition, + had its extent been accurately seen, would have been a + decided inducement to the smallest efficient numbers, In this + uncertainty, therefore, I put into motion 15,000 men, as + being an army which, according to all human calculation, + would be prompt and adequate in every view, and might, + perhaps, by rendering resistance desperate, prevent the + effusion of blood. Quotas had been assigned to the States of + New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, the + governor of Pennsylvania having declared on this occasion an + opinion which justified a requisition to the other States. + </p> + <p> + As commander in chief of the militia when called into the + actual service of the United States, I have visited the + places of general rendezvous to obtain more exact information + and to direct a plan for ulterior movements. Had there been + room for a persuasion that the laws were secure from + obstruction; that the civil magistrate was able to bring to + justice such of the most culpable as have not embraced the + proffered terms of amnesty, and may be deemed fit objects of + example; that the friends to peace and good government were + not in need of that aid and countenance which they ought + always to receive, and, I trust, ever will receive, against + the vicious and turbulent, I should have caught with avidity + the opportunity of restoring the militia to their families + and homes. But succeeding intelligence has tended to manifest + the necessity of what has been done, it being now confessed + by those who were not inclined to exaggerate the ill conduct + of the insurgents that their malevolence was not pointed + merely to a particular law, but that a spirit inimical to all + order has actuated many of the offenders. If the state of + things had afforded reason for the continuance of my presence + with the army, it would not have been withholden. But every + appearance assuring such an issue as will redound to the + reputation and strength of the United States, I have judged + it most proper to resume my duties at the seat of Government, + leaving the chief command with the governor of Virginia. + </p> + <p> + Still, however, as it is probable that in a commotion like + the present, whatsoever may be the pretense, the purposes of + mischief and revenge may not be laid aside, the stationing of + a small force for a certain period in the four western + counties of Pennsylvania will be indispensable, whether we + contemplate the situation of those who are connected with the + execution of the laws or of others who may have exposed + themselves by an honorable attachment to them. Thirty days + from the commencement of this session being the legal + limitation of the employment of the militia, Congress can not + be too early occupied with this subject. + </p> + <p> + Among the discussions which may arise from this aspect of our + affairs, and from the documents which will be submitted to + Congress, it will not escape their observation that not only + the inspector of the revenue, but other officers of the + United States in Pennsylvania have, from their fidelity in + the discharge of their functions, sustained material injuries + to their property. The obligation and policy of indemnifying + them are strong and obvious. It may also merit attention + whether policy will not enlarge this provision to the + retribution of other citizens who, though not under the ties + of office, may have suffered damage by their generous + exertions for upholding the Constitution and the laws. The + amount, even if all the injured were included, would not be + great, and on future emergencies the Government would be + amply repaid by the influence of an example that he who + incurs a loss in its defense shall find a recompense in its + liberality. + </p> + <p> + While there is cause to lament that occurrences of this + nature should have disgraced the name or interrupted the + tranquillity of any part of our community, or should have + diverted to a new application any portion of the public + resources, there are not wanting real and substantial + consolations for the misfortune. It has demonstrated that our + prosperity rests on solid foundations, by furnishing an + additional proof that my fellow-citizens understand the true + principles of government and liberty; that they feel their + inseparable union; that notwithstanding all the devices which + have been used to sway them from their interest and duty, + they are now as ready to maintain the authority of the laws + against licentious invasions as they were to defend their + rights against usurpation. It has been a spectacle displaying + to the highest advantage the value of republican government + to behold the most and the least wealthy of our citizens + standing in the same ranks as private soldiers, preeminently + distinguished by being the army of the + Constitution—undeterred by a march of 300 miles over + rugged mountains, by the approach of an inclement season, or + by any other discouragement. Nor ought I to omit to + acknowledge the efficacious and patriotic cooperation which I + have experienced from the chief magistrates of the States to + which my requisitions have been addressed. + </p> + <p> + To every description of citizens, indeed, let praise be + given. But let them persevere in their affectionate vigilance + over that precious depository of American happiness, the + Constitution of the United States. Let them cherish it, too, + for the sake of those who, from every clime, are daily + seeking a dwelling in our land. And when in the calm moments + of reflection they shall have retraced the origin and + progress of the insurrection, let them determine whether it + has not been fomented by combinations of men who, careless of + consequences and disregarding the unerring truth that those + who rouse can not always appease a civil convulsion, have + disseminated, from an ignorance or perversion of facts, + suspicions, jealousies, and accusations of the whole + Government. + </p> + <p> + Having thus fulfilled the engagement which I took when I + entered into office, "to the best of my ability to preserve, + protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States," + on you, gentlemen, and the people by whom you are deputed, I + rely for support. + </p> + <p> + In the arrangements to which the possibility of a similar + contingency will naturally draw your attention it ought not + to be forgotten that the militia laws have exhibited such + striking defects as could not have been supplied but by the + zeal of our citizens, Besides the extraordinary expense and + waste, which are not the least of the defects, every appeal + to those laws is attended with a doubt on its success. + </p> + <p> + The devising and establishing of a well-regulated militia + would be a genuine source of legislative honor and a perfect + title to public gratitude. I therefore entertain a hope that + the present session will not pass without carrying to its + full energy the power of organizing, arming, and disciplining + the militia, and thus providing, in the language of the + Constitution, for calling them forth to execute the laws of + the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions. + </p> + <p> + As auxiliary to the state of our defense, to which Congress + can never too frequently recur, they will not omit to inquire + whether the fortifications which have been already licensed + by law be commensurate with our exigencies. + </p> + <p> + The intelligence from the army under the command of General + Wayne is a happy presage to our military operations against + the hostile Indians north of the Ohio. From the advices which + have been forwarded, the advance which he has made must have + damped the ardor of the savages and weakened their obstinacy + in waging war against the United States, And yet, even at + this late hour, when our power to punish them can not be + questioned, we shall not be unwilling to cement a lasting + peace upon terms of candor, equity, and good neighborhood. + </p> + <p> + Toward none of the Indian tribes have overtures of friendship + been spared. The Creeks in particular are covered from + encroachment by the interposition of the General Government + and that of Georgia. From a desire also to remove the + discontents of the Six Nations, a settlement meditated at + Presque Isle, on Lake Erie, has been suspended, and an agent + is now endeavoring to rectify any misconception into which + they may have fallen. But I can not refrain from again + pressing upon your deliberations the plan which I recommended + at the last session for the improvement of harmony with all + the Indians within our limits by the fixing and conducting of + trading houses upon the principles then expressed. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + The time which has elapsed since the commencement of our + fiscal measures has developed our pecuniary resources so as + to open the way for a definite plan for the redemption of the + public debt. It is believed that the result is such as to + encourage Congress to consummate this work without delay. + Nothing can more promote the permanent welfare of the nation + and nothing would be more grateful to our constituents. + Indeed, whatsoever is unfinished of our system of public + credit can not be benefited by procrastination; and as far as + may be practicable we ought to place that credit on grounds + which can not be disturbed, and to prevent that progressive + accumulation of debt which must ultimately endanger all + governments. + </p> + <p> + An estimate of the necessary appropriations, including the + expenditures into which we have been driven by the + insurrection, will be submitted to Congress. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>. + </p> + <p> + The Mint of the United States has entered upon the coinage of + the precious metals, and considerable sums of defective coins + and bullion have been lodged with the Director by + individuals. There is a pleasing prospect that the + institution will at no remote day realize the expectation + which was originally formed of its utility. + </p> + <p> + In subsequent communications certain circumstances of our + intercourse with foreign nations will be transmitted to + Congress. However, it may not be unseasonable to announce + that my policy in our foreign transactions has been to + cultivate peace with all the world; to observe treaties with + pure and absolute faith; to check every deviation from the + line of impartiality; to explain what may have been + misapprehended and correct what may have been injurious to + any nation, and having thus acquired the right, to lose no + time in acquiring the ability to insist upon justice being + done to ourselves. + </p> + <p> + Let us unite, therefore, in imploring the Supreme Ruler of + Nations to spread his holy protection over these United + States; to turn the machinations of the wicked to the + confirming of our Constitution; to enable us at all times to + root out internal sedition and put invasion to flight; to + perpetuate to our country that prosperity which His goodness + has already conferred, and to verify the anticipations of + this Government being a safeguard to human rights. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + ADDRESS OF THE SENATE TO GEORGE WASHINGTON, PRESIDENT OF THE + UNITED STATES. + </h3> + <p> + SIR: We receive with pleasure your speech to the two Houses + of Congress. In it we perceive renewed proofs of that + vigilant and paternal concern for the prosperity, honor, and + happiness of our country which has uniformly distinguished + your past Administration. + </p> + <p> + Our anxiety arising from the licentious and open resistance + to the laws in the western counties of Pennsylvania has been + increased by the proceedings of certain self-created + societies relative to the laws and administration of the + Government; proceedings, in our apprehension, founded in + political error, calculated, if not intended, to disorganize + our Government, and which, by inspiring delusive hopes of + support, have been influential in misleading our + fellow-citizens in the scene of insurrection. + </p> + <p> + In a situation so delicate and important the lenient and + persuasive measures which you adopted merit and receive our + affectionate approbation. These failing to procure their + proper effect, and coercion having become inevitable, we have + derived the highest satisfaction from the enlightened + patriotism and animating zeal with which the citizens of New + Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia have rallied + around the standard of Government in opposition to anarchy + and insurrection. + </p> + <p> + Our warm and cordial acknowledgments are due to you, sir, for + the wisdom and decision with which you arrayed the militia to + execute the public will, and to them for the + disinterestedness and alacrity with which they obeyed your + summons. + </p> + <p> + The example is precious to the theory of our Government, and + confers the brightest honor upon the patriots who have given + it. + </p> + <p> + We shall readily concur in such further provisions for the + security of internal peace and a due obedience to the laws as + the occasion manifestly requires. + </p> + <p> + The effectual organization of the militia and a prudent + attention to the fortifications of our ports and harbors are + subjects of great national importance, and, together with the + other measures you have been pleased to recommend, will + receive our deliberate consideration. + </p> + <p> + The success of the troops under the command of General Wayne + can not fail to produce essential advantages. The pleasure + with which we acknowledge the merits of that gallant general + and army is enhanced by the hope that their victories will + lay the foundation of a just and durable peace with the + Indian tribes. + </p> + <p> + At a period so momentous in the affairs of nations the + temperate, just, and firm policy that you have pursued in + respect to foreign powers has been eminently calculated to + promote the great and essential interest of our country, and + has created the fairest title to the public gratitude and + thanks. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS,<br> + <i>Vice-President of the United States and President of the + Senate</i>. + </p> + <p> + NOVEMBER 21, 1794. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. + </h3> + <p> + GENTLEMEN: Among the occasions which have been afforded for + expressing my sense of the zealous and steadfast cooperation + of the Senate in the maintenance of Government, none has yet + occurred more forcibly demanding my unqualified + acknowledgments than the present. + </p> + <p> + Next to the consciousness of upright intentions, it is the + highest pleasure to be approved by the enlightened + representatives of a free nation. With the satisfaction, + therefore, which arises from an unalterable attachment to + public order do I learn that the Senate discountenance those + proceedings which would arrogate the direction of our affairs + without any degree of authority derived from the people. + </p> + <p> + It has been more than once the lot of our Government to be + thrown into new and delicate situations, and of these the + insurrection has not been the least important. Having been + compelled at length to lay aside my repugnance to resort to + arms, I derive much happiness from being confirmed by your + judgment in the necessity of decisive measures, and from the + support of my fellow-citizens of the militia, who were the + patriotic instruments of that necessity. + </p> + <p> + With such demonstrations of affection for our Constitution; + with an adequate organization of the militia; with the + establishment of necessary fortifications; with a continuance + of those judicious and spirited exertions which have brought + victory to our Western army; with a due attention to public + credit, and an unsullied honor toward all nations, we may + meet, under every assurance of success, our enemies from + within and from without. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + NOVEMBER 22, 1794. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + ADDRESS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES TO GEORGE WASHINGTON, + PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. + </h3> + <p> + SIR: The House of Representatives, calling to mind the + blessings enjoyed by the people of the United States, and + especially the happiness of living under constitutions and + laws which rest on their authority alone, could not learn + with other emotions than those you have expressed that any + part of our fellow-citizens should have shewn themselves + capable of an insurrection. And we learn with the greatest + concern that any misrepresentations whatever of the + Government and its proceedings, either by individuals or + combinations of men, should have been made and so far + credited as to foment the flagrant outrage which has been + committed on the laws. We feel with you the deepest regret at + so painful an occurrence in the annals of our country. As men + regardful of the tender interests of humanity, we look with + grief at scenes which might have stained our land with civil + blood; as lovers of public order, we lament that it has + suffered so flagrant a violation; as zealous friends of + republican government, we deplore every occasion which in the + hands of its enemies may be turned into a calumny against it. + </p> + <p> + This aspect of the crisis, however, is happily not the only + one which it presents. There is another, which yields all the + consolations which you have drawn from it. It has + demonstrated to the candid world, as well as to the American + people themselves, that the great body of them everywhere are + equally attached to the luminous and vital principle of our + Constitution, which enjoins that the will of the majority + shall prevail; that they understand the indissoluble union + between true liberty and regular government; that they feel + their duties no less than they are watchful over their + rights; that they will be as ready at all times to crush + licentiousness as they have been to defeat usurpation. In a + word, that they are capable of carrying into execution that + noble plan of self-government which they have chosen as the + guaranty of their own happiness and the asylum for that of + all, from every clime, who may wish to unite their destiny + with ours. + </p> + <p> + These are the just inferences flowing from the promptitude + with which the summons to the standard of the laws has been + obeyed, and from the sentiments which have been witnessed in + every description of citizens in every quarter of the Union. + The spectacle, therefore, when viewed in its true light, may + well be affirmed to display in equal luster the virtues of + the American character and the value of republican + government. All must particularly acknowledge and applaud the + patriotism of that portion of citizens who have freely + sacrificed everything less dear than the love of their + country to the meritorious task of defending its happiness. + </p> + <p> + In the part which you have yourself borne through this + delicate and distressing period we trace the additional + proofs it has afforded of your solicitude for the public + good. Your laudable and successful endeavors to render lenity + in executing the laws conducive to their real energy, and to + convert tumult into order without the effusion of blood, form + a particular title to the confidence and praise of your + constituents. In all that may be found necessary on our part + to complete this benevolent purpose, and to secure the + ministers and friends of the laws against the remains of + danger, our due cooperation will be afforded. + </p> + <p> + The other subjects which you have recommended or + communicated, and of which several are peculiarly + interesting, will all receive the attention which they + demand. We are deeply impressed with the importance of an + effectual organization of the militia. We rejoice at the + intelligence of the advance and success of the army under the + command of General Wayne, whether we regard it as a proof of + the perseverance, prowess, and superiority of our troops, or + as a happy presage to our military operations against the + hostile Indians, and as a probable prelude to the + establishment of a lasting peace upon terms of candor, + equity, and good neighborhood. We receive it with the greater + pleasure as it increases the probability of sooner restoring + a part of the public resources to the desirable object of + reducing the public debt. + </p> + <p> + We shall on this, as on all occasions, be disposed to adopt + any measures which may advance the safety and prosperity of + our country. In nothing can we more cordially unite with you + than in imploring the Supreme Ruler of Nations to multiply + his blessings on these United States; to guard our free and + happy Constitution against every machination and danger, and + to make it the best source of public happiness, by verifying + its character of being the best safeguard of human rights, + </p> + <p> + NOVEMBER 28, 1794. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. + </h3> + <p> + GENTLEMEN: I anticipated with confidence the concurrence of + the House of Representatives in the regret produced by the + insurrection. Every effort ought to be used to discountenance + what has contributed to foment it, and thus discourage a + repetition of like attempts; for notwithstanding the + consolations which may be drawn from the issue of this event, + it is far better that the artful approaches to such a + situation of things should be checked by the vigilant and + duly admonished patriotism of our fellow-citizens than that + the evil should increase until it becomes necessary to crush + it by the strength of their arm. + </p> + <p> + I am happy that the part which I have myself borne on this + occasion receives the approbation of your House. For the + discharge of a constitutional duty it is a sufficient reward + to me to be assured that you will unite in consummating what + remains to be done. + </p> + <p> + I feel also great satisfaction in learning that the other + subjects which I have communicated or recommended will meet + with due attention; that you are deeply impressed with the + importance of an effectual organization of the militia, and + that the advance and success of the army under the command of + General Wayne is regarded by you, no less than myself, as a + proof of the perseverance, prowess, and superiority of our + troops. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + NOVEMBER 29, 1794. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + SPECIAL MESSAGES. + </h2> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>November 21, 1794</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before Congress copies of a letter from the governor of + the State of New York and of the exemplification of an act of + the legislature thereof ratifying the amendment of the + Constitution of the United States proposed by the Senate and + House of Representatives at their last session, respecting + the judicial power. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>November 21, 1794</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + In the negotiation between the United States and His Catholic + Majesty I have received satisfactory proofs of attention and + ability exerted in behalf of the United States to bring it to + a happy and speedy issue. But it is probable that by + complying with an intimation made to the Secretary of State + by the commissioners of His Catholic Majesty much further + delay in concluding it may be prevented. Notwithstanding, + therefore, I retain full confidence in our minister resident + at Madrid, who is charged with powers as commissioner + plenipotentiary, I nominate Thomas Pinckney to be envoy + extraordinary of the United States to His Catholic Majesty, + for the purpose of negotiating of and concerning the + navigation of the river Mississippi, and such other matters + relative to the confines of their territories, and the + intercourse to be had thereon, as the mutual interests and + general harmony of neighboring and friendly nations require + should be precisely adjusted and regulated, and of and + concerning the general commerce between the United States and + the kingdoms and dominions of his said Catholic Majesty. + </p> + <p> + It is believed that by his temporary absence from London in + the discharge of these new functions no injury will arise to + the United States. + </p> + <p> + I also nominate: + </p> + <p> + John Miller Russell, of Massachusetts, to be consul of the + United States of America for the port of St. Petersburg, in + Russia, and for such other places as shall be nearer to the + said port than to the residence of any other consul or + vice-consul of the United States within the same allegiance; + </p> + <p> + Joseph Pitcairn, of New York, to be vice-consul of the United + States of America at Paris, vice Alexander Duvernet, + superseded; and + </p> + <p> + Nathaniel Brush, of Vermont, to be supervisor for the United + States in the district of Vermont, vice Noah Smith, who has + resigned. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>November 25, 1794</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you a statement of the troops in the service of + the United States, which has been submitted to me by the + Secretary of War. It will rest with Congress to consider and + determine whether further inducements shall be held out for + entering into the military service of the United States in + order to complete the establishment authorized by law. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>December 17, 1794</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before Congress copies of the journal of the + proceedings of the executive department of the government of + the United States south of the river Ohio to the 1st of + September, 1794. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>December 30, 1794</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you a report, made to me by the Secretary of + War, respecting the frontiers of the United States. The + disorders and the great expenses which incessantly arise upon + the frontiers are of a nature and magnitude to excite the + most serious considerations. + </p> + <p> + I feel a confidence that Congress will devise such + constitutional and efficient measures as shall be equal to + the great objects of preserving our treaties with the Indian + tribes and of affording an adequate protection to our + frontiers. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 2, 1795</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + A spirit of discontent, from several causes, arose in the + early part of the present year among the Six Nations of + Indians, and particularly on the ground of a projected + settlement by Pennsylvania, at Presque Isle, upon Lake Erie. + The papers upon this point have already been laid before + Congress. It was deemed proper on my part to endeavor to + tranquillize the Indians by pacific measures. Accordingly a + time and place was appointed at which a free conference + should be had upon all the causes of discontent, and an agent + was appointed with the instructions of which No. 1, herewith + transmitted, is a copy. + </p> + <p> + A numerous assembly of Indians was held in Canandaigua, in + the State of New York the proceedings whereof accompany this + message, marked No. 2. + </p> + <p> + The two treaties, the one with the Six Nations and the other + with the Oneida, Tuscorora, and Stockbridge Indians dwelling + in the country of the Oneidas, which have resulted from the + mission of the agent, are herewith laid before the Senate for + their consideration and advice. + </p> + <p> + The original engagement of the United States to the Oneidas + is also sent herewith. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 8, 1795</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before Congress copies of acts passed by the + legislatures of the States of Vermont, Massachusetts, and New + York, ratifying the amendment proposed by the Senate and + House of Representatives at their last session to the + Constitution of the United States respecting the judicial + power thereof. + </p> + <p> + The minister of the French Republic having communicated to + the Secretary of State certain proceedings of the committee + of public safety respecting weights and measures, I lay these + also before Congress. + </p> + <p> + The letter from the governor of the Western territory, copies + of which are now transmitted, refers to a defect in the + judicial system of that territory deserving the attention of + Congress. + </p> + <p> + The necessary absence of the judge of the district of + Pennsylvania upon business connected with the late + insurrection is stated by him in a letter of which I forward + copies to have produced certain interruptions in the judicial + proceedings of that district which can not be removed without + the interposition of Congress. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 4, 1795</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before Congress, for their consideration, a letter from + the Secretary of State upon the subject of a loan which is + extremely interesting and urgent. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 17, 1795</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I transmit to Congress copies of a letter from the governor + of the State of New Hampshire and of an act of the + legislature thereof "ratifying the article proposed in + amendment to the Constitution of the United States respecting + the judicial power." + </p> + <p> + I also lay before Congress copies of a letter from the + governor of the State of North Carolina and of an act of the + legislature thereof ceding to the United States certain lands + upon the conditions therein mentioned. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 17, 1795</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I have received copies of two acts of the legislature of + Georgia, one passed on the 28th day of December and the other + on the 7th day of January last, for appropriating and selling + the Indian lands within the territorial limits claimed by + that State. These copies, though not officially certified, + have been transmitted to me in such a manner as to leave no + room to doubt their authenticity. These acts embrace an + object of such magnitude, and in their consequences may so + deeply affect the peace and welfare of the United States, + that I have thought it necessary now to lay them before + Congress. + </p> + <p> + In <i>confidence</i>, I also forward copies of several + documents and papers received from the governor of the + Southwestern territory. By these it seems that hostilities + with the Cherokees have ceased, and that there is a pleasing + prospect of a permanent peace with that nation; but from all + the communications of the governor it appears that the + Creeks, in small parties, continue their depredations, and it + is uncertain to what they may finally lead. + </p> + <p> + The several papers now communicated deserve the immediate + attention of Congress, who will consider how far the subjects + of them may require their cooperation. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 25, 1795</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I communicate to Congress copies of a letter from the + governor of the State of Georgia and of an act of the + legislature thereof "to ratify the resolution of Congress + explanatory of the judicial power of the United States." + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 28, 1795</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + In my first communication to Congress during their present + session I gave them reason to expect that "certain + circumstances of our intercourse with foreign nations" would + be transmitted to them. There was at that time every + assurance for believing that some of the most important of + our foreign affairs would have been concluded and others + considerably matured before they should rise. But + notwithstanding I have waited until this moment, it has so + happened that, either from causes unknown to me or from + events which could not be controlled, I am yet unable to + execute my original intention. That I may, however, fulfill + the expectation given as far as the actual situation of + things will in my judgment permit, I now, <i>in + confidence</i>', lay before Congress the following general + statement: + </p> + <p> + Our minister near the French Republic has urged compensation + for the injuries which our commerce has sustained from + captures by French cruisers, from the nonfulfillment of the + contracts of the agents of that Republic with our citizens, + and from the embargo at Bordeaux. He has also pressed an + allowance for the money voted by Congress for relieving the + inhabitants of St. Domingo. It affords me the highest + pleasure to inform Congress that perfect harmony reigns + between the two Republics, and that those claims are in a + train of being discussed with candor and of being amicably + adjusted. + </p> + <p> + So much of our relation to Great Britain may depend upon the + result of our late negotiations in London that until that + result shall arrive I can not undertake to make any + communication upon this subject. + </p> + <p> + After the negotiation with Spain had been long depending + unusual and unexpected embarrassments were raised to + interrupt its progress. But the commissioner of His Catholic + Majesty near the United States having declared to the + Secretary of State that if a particular accommodation should + be made in the <i>conducting</i> of the business no further + delay would ensue, I thought proper, under all circumstances, + to send to His Catholic Majesty an envoy extraordinary + specially charged to bring to a conclusion the discussions + which have been formerly announced to Congress. + </p> + <p> + The friendship of Her Most Faithful Majesty has been often + manifested in checking the passage of the Algerine corsairs + into the Atlantic Ocean. She has also furnished occasional + convoys to the vessels of the United States, even when bound + to other ports than her own. We may therefore promise + ourselves that, as in the ordinary course of things few + causes can exist for dissatisfaction between the United + States and Portugal, so the temper with which accidental + difficulties will be met on each side will speedily remove + them. + </p> + <p> + Between the Executive of the United States and the Government + of the United Netherlands but little intercourse has taken + place during the last year. It may be acceptable to Congress + to learn that our credit in Holland is represented as + standing upon the most respectable footing. + </p> + <p> + Upon the death of the late Emperor of Morocco an agent was + dispatched to renew with his successor the treaty which the + United States had made with <i>him</i>. The agent, + unfortunately, died after he had reached Europe in the + prosecution of his mission. But until lately it was + impossible to determine with any degree of probability who of + the competitors for that Empire would be ultimately fixed in + the supreme power. Although the measures which have been + since adopted for the renewal of the treaty have been + obstructed by the disturbed situation of Amsterdam, there are + good grounds for presuming as yet upon the pacific + disposition of the Emperor, in fact, toward the United + States, and that the past miscarriage will be shortly + remedied. + </p> + <p> + Congress are already acquainted with the failure of the loan + attempted in Holland for the relief of our unhappy + fellow-citizens in Algiers. This subject, than which none + deserves a more affectionate zeal, has constantly commanded + my best exertions. I am happy, therefore, in being able to + say that from the last authentic accounts the Dey was + disposed to treat for a peace and ransom, and that both would + in all probability have been accomplished had we not been + disappointed in the means. Nothing which depends upon the + Executive shall be left undone for carrying into immediate + effect the supplementary act of Congress. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>March 2, 1795</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + It appears from the information which I have lately received + that it may be probably necessary to the more successful + conduct of our affairs on the coast of Barbary that one + consul should reside in Morocco, another in Algiers, and a + third in Tunis or Tripoli. As no appointment for these + offices will be accepted without some emolument annexed, I + submit to the consideration of Congress whether it may not be + advisable to authorize a stipend to be allowed to two consuls + for that coast in addition to the one already existing. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>March 2, 1795</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I transmit to you copies of a letter from the governor of the + State of Delaware and of an act inclosed "declaring the + assent of that State to an amendment therein mentioned to the + Constitution of the United States." + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>June 8, 1795</i>.[<a href="#note-2">2</a>] + </p> + <p> + <a name="note-2"><!-- Note Anchor 2 --></a>[Footnote 2: For + proclamation convening Senate in extraordinary session see p. + 587.] + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + In pursuance of my nomination of John Jay as envoy + extraordinary to His Britannic Majesty on the 16th day of + April, 1794, and of the advice and consent of the Senate + thereto on the 19th, a negotiation was opened in London. On + the 7th of March, 1795, the treaty resulting therefrom was + delivered to the Secretary of State. I now transmit to the + Senate that treaty and other documents connected with it. + They will, therefore, in their wisdom decide whether they + will advise and consent that the said treaty be made between + the United States and His Britannic Majesty. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>June 25, 1795</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + It has been represented by our minister plenipotentiary near + the French Republic that such of our commercial relations + with France as may require the support of the United States + in <i>detail</i> can not be well executed without a + consul-general. Of this I am satisfied when I consider the + extent of the mercantile claims now depending before the + French Government, the necessity of bringing into the hands + of one agent the various applications to the several + committees of administration residing at Paris, the attention + which must be paid to the conduct of consuls, and + vice-consuls, and the nature of the services which are the + peculiar objects of a minister's care, and leave no leisure + for his intervention in business to which consular functions + are competent. I therefore nominate Fulwar Skipwith to be + consul-general of the United States in France. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>June 25, 1795</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + Just at the close of the last session of Congress I received + from one of the Senators and one of the Representatives of + the State of Georgia an application for a treaty to be held + with the tribes or nations of Indians claiming the right of + soil to certain lands lying beyond the present temporary + boundary line of that State, and which were described in an + act of the legislature of Georgia passed on the 28th of + December last, which has already been laid before the Senate. + This application and the subsequent correspondence with the + governor of Georgia are herewith transmitted. The subject + being very important, I thought proper to postpone a decision + upon that application. The views I have since taken of the + matter, with the information received of a more pacific + disposition on the part of the Creeks, have induced me now to + accede to the request, but with this explicit declaration, + that neither my assent nor the treaty which may be made shall + be considered as affecting any question which may arise upon + the supplementary act passed by the legislature of the State + of Georgia on the 7th of January last, upon which inquiries + have been instituted in pursuance of a resolution of the + Senate and House of Representatives, and that any cession or + relinquishment of the Indian claims shall be made in the + general terms of the treaty of New York, which are + contemplated as the form proper to be generally used on such + occasions, and on the condition that one-half of the expense + of the supplies of provisions for the Indians assembled at + the treaty be borne by the State of Georgia. + </p> + <p> + Having concluded to hold the treaty requested by that State, + I was willing to embrace the opportunity it would present of + inquiring into the causes of the dissatisfaction of the + Creeks which has been manifested since the treaty of New York + by their numerous and distressing depredations on our + Southwestern frontiers. Their depredations on the Cumberland + have been so frequent and so peculiarly destructive as to + lead me to think they must originate in some claim to the + lands upon that river. But whatever may have been the cause, + it is important to trace it to its source; for, independent + of the destruction of lives and property, it occasions a very + serious annual expense to the United States. The + commissioners for holding the proposed treaty will, + therefore, be instructed to inquire into the causes of the + hostilities to which I have referred, and to enter into such + reasonable stipulations as will remove them and give + permanent peace to those parts of the United States. + </p> + <p> + I now nominate Benjamin Hawkins, of North Carolina: George + Clymer, of Pennsylvania, and Andrew Pickens, of South + Carolina, to be commissioners to hold a treaty with the Creek + Nation of Indians, for the purposes hereinbefore expressed. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + PROCLAMATIONS. + </h2> + <h3> + BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. + </h3> + <h4> + A PROCLAMATION. + </h4> + <p> + When we review the calamities which afflict so many other + nations, the present condition of the United States affords + much matter of consolation and satisfaction. Our exemption + hitherto from foreign war, an increasing prospect of the + continuance of that exemption, the great degree of internal + tranquillity we have enjoyed, the recent confirmation of that + tranquillity by the suppression of an insurrection which so + wantonly threatened it, the happy course of our public + affairs in general, the unexampled prosperity of all classes + of our citizens, are circumstances which peculiarly mark our + situation with indications of the Divine beneficence toward + us. In such a state of things it is in an especial manner our + duty as a people, with devout reverence and affectionate + gratitude, to acknowledge our many and great obligations to + Almighty God and to implore Him to continue and confirm the + blessings we experience. + </p> + <p> + Deeply penetrated with this sentiment, I, George Washington, + President of the United States, do recommend to all religious + societies and denominations, and to all persons whomsoever, + within the United States to set apart and observe Thursday, + the 19th day of February next, as a day of public + thanksgiving and prayer, and on that day to meet together and + render their sincere and hearty thanks to the Great Ruler of + Nations for the manifold and signal mercies which distinguish + our lot as a nation, particularly for the possession of + constitutions of government which unite and by their union + establish liberty with order; for the preservation of our + peace, foreign and domestic; for the seasonable control which + has been given to a spirit of disorder in the suppression of + the late insurrection, and generally, for the prosperous + course of our affairs, public and private; and at the same + time humbly and fervently to beseech the kind Author of these + blessings graciously to prolong them to us; to imprint on our + hearts a deep and solemn sense of our obligations to Him for + them; to teach us rightly to estimate their immense value; to + preserve us from the arrogance of prosperity, and from + hazarding the advantages we enjoy by delusive pursuits; to + dispose us to merit the continuance of His favors by not + abusing them; by our gratitude for them, and by a + correspondent conduct as citizens and men; to render this + country more and more a safe and propitious asylum for the + unfortunate of other countries; to extend among us true and + useful knowledge; to diffuse and establish habits of + sobriety, order, morality, and piety, and finally, to impart + all the blessings we possess, or ask for ourselves, to the + whole family of mankind. + </p> + <p> + In testimony whereof I have caused the seal of the United + States of America to be affixed to these presents, and signed + the same with my hand. + </p> + <p> + [SEAL.] + </p> + <p> + Done at the city of Philadelphia, the 1st day of January, + 1795, and of the Independence of the United States of America + the nineteenth. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + <br> + By the President:<br> + EDM. RANDOLPH. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <center> + [From Sparks's Washington, Vol. XII, p. 134.] + </center> + <h3> + PROCLAMATION. + </h3> + <p> + Whereas the commissioners appointed by the President of the + United States to confer with the citizens in the western + counties of Pennsylvania during the late insurrection which + prevailed therein, by their act and agreement bearing date + the 2d day of September last, in pursuance of the powers in + them vested, did promise and engage that, if assurances of + submission to the laws of the United States should be bona + fide given by the citizens resident in the fourth survey of + Pennsylvania, in the manner and within the time in the said + act and agreement specified, a general pardon should be + granted on the 10th day of July then next ensuing of all + treasons and other indictable offenses against the United + States committed within the said survey before the 22d day of + August last, excluding therefrom, nevertheless, every person + who should refuse or neglect to subscribe such assurance and + engagement in manner aforesaid, or who should after such + subscription violate the same, or willfully obstruct or + attempt to obstruct the execution of the acts for raising a + revenue on distilled spirits and stills, or be aiding or + abetting therein; and + </p> + <p> + Whereas I have since thought proper to extend the said pardon + to all persons guilty of the said treasons, misprisions of + treasons, or otherwise concerned in the late insurrection + within the survey aforesaid who have not since been indicted + or convicted thereof, or of any other offense against the + United States: + </p> + <p> + Therefore be it known that I, George Washington, President of + the said United States, have granted, and by these presents + do grant, a full, free, and entire pardon to all persons + (excepting as is hereinafter excepted) of all treasons, + misprisions of treason, and other indictable offenses against + the United States committed within the fourth survey of + Pennsylvania before the said 22d day of August last past, + excepting and excluding therefrom, nevertheless, every person + who refused or neglected to give and subscribe the said + assurances in the manner aforesaid (or having subscribed hath + violated the same) and now standeth indicted or convicted of + any treason, misprision of treason, or other offense against + the said United States, hereby remitting and releasing unto + all persons, except as before excepted, all penalties + incurred, or supposed to be incurred, for or on account of + the premises. + </p> + <p> + In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused + the seal of the United States to be affixed, this 10th day of + July, A.D. 1795, and the twentieth year of the Independence + of the said United States. + </p> + <p> + [SEAL.] + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + SEVENTH ANNUAL ADDRESS. + </h2> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>December 8, 1795</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I trust I do not deceive myself when I indulge the persuasion + that I have never met you at any period when more than at the + present the situation of our public affairs has afforded just + cause for mutual congratulation, and for inviting you to join + with me in profound gratitude to the Author of all Good for + the numerous and extraordinary blessings we enjoy. + </p> + <p> + The termination of the long, expensive, and distressing war + in which we have been engaged with certain Indians northwest + of the Ohio is placed in the option of the United States by a + treaty which the commander of our army has concluded + provisionally with the hostile tribes in that region. + </p> + <p> + In the adjustment of the terms the satisfaction of the + Indians was deemed an object worthy no less of the policy + than of the liberality of the United States as the necessary + basis of durable tranquillity. The object, it is believed, + has been fully attained. The articles agreed upon will + immediately be laid before the Senate for their + consideration. + </p> + <p> + The Creek and Cherokee Indians, who alone of the Southern + tribes had annoyed our frontiers, have lately confirmed their + preexisting treaties with us, and were giving evidence of a + sincere disposition to carry them into effect by the + surrender of the prisoners and property they had taken. But + we have to lament that the fair prospect in this quarter has + been once more clouded by wanton murders, which some citizens + of Georgia are represented to have recently perpetrated on + hunting parties of the Creeks, which have again subjected + that frontier to disquietude and danger, which will be + productive of further expense, and may occasion more effusion + of blood. Measures are pursuing to prevent or mitigate the + usual consequences of such outrages, and with the hope of + their succeeding at least to avert general hostility. + </p> + <p> + A letter from the Emperor of Morocco announces to me his + recognition of our treaty made with his father, the late + Emperor, and consequently the continuance of peace with that + power. With peculiar satisfaction I add that information has + been received from an agent deputed on our part to Algiers + importing that the terms of the treaty with the Dey and + Regency of that country had been adjusted in such a manner as + to authorize the expectation of a speedy peace and the + restoration of our unfortunate fellow-citizens from a + grievous captivity. + </p> + <p> + The latest advices from our envoy at the Court of Madrid + give, moreover, the pleasing information that he had received + assurances of a speedy and satisfactory conclusion of his + negotiation. While the event depending upon unadjusted + particulars can not be regarded as ascertained, it is + agreeable to cherish the expectation of an issue which, + securing amicably very essential interests of the United + States, will at the same time lay the foundation of lasting + harmony with a power whose friendship we have uniformly and + sincerely desired to cultivate. + </p> + <p> + Though not before officially disclosed to the House of + Representatives, you, gentlemen, are all apprised that a + treaty of amity, commerce, and navigation has been negotiated + with Great Britain, and that the Senate have advised and + consented to its ratification upon a condition which excepts + part of one article. Agreeably thereto, and to the best + judgment I was able to form of the public interest after full + and mature deliberation, I have added my sanction. The result + on the part of His Britannic Majesty is unknown. When + received, the subject will without delay be placed before + Congress. + </p> + <p> + This interesting summary of our affairs with regard to the + foreign powers between whom and the United States + controversies have subsisted, and with regard also to those + of our Indian neighbors with whom we have been in a state of + enmity or misunderstanding, opens a wide field for consoling + and gratifying reflections. If by prudence and moderation on + every side the extinguishment of all the causes of external + discord which have heretofore menaced our tranquillity, on + terms compatible with our national rights and honor, shall be + the happy result, how firm and how precious a foundation will + have been laid for accelerating, maturing, and establishing + the prosperity of our country. + </p> + <p> + Contemplating the internal situation as well as the external + relations of the United States, we discover equal cause for + contentment and satisfaction. While many of the nations of + Europe, with their American dependencies, have been involved + in a contest unusually bloody, exhausting, and calamitous, in + which the evils of foreign war have been aggravated by + domestic convulsion and insurrection; in which many of the + arts most useful to society have been exposed to + discouragement and decay; in which scarcity of subsistence + has imbittered other sufferings; while even the anticipations + of a return of the blessings of peace and repose are alloyed + by the sense of heavy and accumulating burthens, which press + upon all the departments of industry and threaten to clog the + future springs of government, our favored country, happy in a + striking contrast, has enjoyed general tranquillity—a + tranquillity the more satisfactory because maintained at the + expense of no duty. Faithful to ourselves, we have violated + no obligation to others. Our agriculture, commerce, and + manufactures prosper beyond former example, the molestations + of our trade (to prevent a continuance of which, however, + very pointed remonstrances have been made) being overbalanced + by the aggregate benefits which it derives from a neutral + position. Our population advances with a celerity which, + exceeding the most sanguine calculations, proportionally + augments our strength and resources, and guarantees our + future security. Every part of the Union displays indications + of rapid and various improvement; and with burthens so light + as scarcely to be perceived, with resources fully adequate to + our present exigencies, with governments founded on the + genuine principles of rational liberty, and with mild and + wholesome laws, is it too much to say that our country + exhibits a spectacle of national happiness never surpassed, + if ever before equaled? + </p> + <p> + Placed in a situation every way so auspicious, motives of + commanding force impel us, with sincere acknowledgment to + Heaven and pure love to our country, to unite our efforts to + preserve, prolong, and improve our immense advantages. To + cooperate with you in this desirable work is a fervent and + favorite wish of my heart. + </p> + <p> + It is a valuable ingredient in the general estimate of our + welfare that the part of our country which was lately the + scene of disorder and insurrection now enjoys the blessings + of quiet and order. The misled have abandoned their errors, + and pay the respect to our Constitution and laws which is due + from good citizens to the public authorities of the society. + These circumstances have induced me to pardon generally the + offenders here referred to, and to extend forgiveness to + those who had been adjudged to capital punishment. For though + I shall always think it a sacred duty to exercise with + firmness and energy the constitutional powers with which I am + vested, yet it appears to me no less consistent with the + public good than it is with my personal feelings to mingle in + the operations of Government every degree of moderation and + tenderness which the national justice, dignity, and safety + may permit. + </p> + <p> + GENTLEMEN: Among the objects which will claim your attention + in the course of the session, a review of our military + establishment is not the least important. It is called for by + the events which have changed, and maybe expected still + further to change, the relative situation of our frontiers. + In this review you will doubtless allow due weight to the + considerations that the questions between us and certain + foreign powers are not yet finally adjusted, that the war in + Europe is not yet terminated, and that our Western posts, + when recovered, will demand provision for garrisoning and + securing them. A statement of our present military force will + be laid before you by the Department of War. + </p> + <p> + With the review of our Army establishment is naturally + connected that of the militia. It will merit inquiry what + imperfections in the existing plan further experience may + have unfolded. The subject is of so much moment in my + estimation as to excite a constant solicitude that the + consideration of it may be renewed until the greatest + attainable perfection shall be accomplished. Time is wearing + away some advantages for forwarding the object, while none + better deserves the persevering attention of the public + councils. + </p> + <p> + While we indulge the satisfaction which the actual condition + of our Western borders so well authorizes, it is necessary + that we should not lose sight of an important truth which + continually receives new confirmations, namely, that the + provisions heretofore made with a view to the protection of + the Indians from the violences of the lawless part of our + frontier inhabitants are insufficient. It is demonstrated + that these violences can now be perpetrated with impunity, + and it can need no argument to prove that unless the + murdering of Indians can be restrained by bringing the + murderers to condign punishment, all the exertions of the + Government to prevent destructive retaliations by the Indians + will prove fruitless and all our present agreeable prospects + illusory. The frequent destruction of innocent women and + children, who are chiefly the victims of retaliation, must + continue to shock humanity, and an enormous expense to drain + the Treasury of the Union. + </p> + <p> + To enforce upon the Indians the observance of justice it is + indispensable that there shall be competent means of + rendering justice to them. If these means can be devised by + the wisdom of Congress, and especially if there can be added + an adequate provision for supplying the necessities of the + Indians on reasonable terms (a measure the mention of which I + the more readily repeat, as in all the conferences with them + they urge it with solicitude), I should not hesitate to + entertain a strong hope of rendering our tranquillity + permanent. I add with pleasure that the probability even of + their civilization is not diminished by the experiments which + have been thus far made under the auspices of Government. The + accomplishment of this work, if practicable, will reflect + undecaying luster on our national character and administer + the most grateful consolations that virtuous minds can know. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + The state of our revenue, with the sums which have been + borrowed and reimbursed pursuant to different acts of + Congress, will be submitted from the proper Department, + together with an estimate of the appropriations necessary to + be made for the service of the ensuing year. + </p> + <p> + Whether measures may not be advisable to reenforce the + provision for the redemption of the public debt will + naturally engage your examination. Congress have demonstrated + their sense to be, and it were superfluous to repeat mine, + that whatsoever will tend to accelerate the honorable + extinction of our public debt accords as much with the true + interest of our country as with the general sense of our + constituents. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + The statements which will be laid before you relative to the + Mint will shew the situation of that institution and the + necessity of some further legislative provisions for carrying + the business of it more completely into effect, and for + checking abuses which appear to be arising in particular + quarters. + </p> + <p> + The progress in providing materials for the frigates and in + building them, the state of the fortifications of our + harbors, the measures which have been pursued for obtaining + proper sites for arsenals and for replenishing our magazines + with military stores, and the steps which have been taken + toward the execution of the law for opening a trade with the + Indians will likewise be presented for the information of + Congress. + </p> + <p> + Temperate discussion of the important subjects which may + arise in the course of the session and mutual forbearance + where there is a difference of opinion are too obvious and + necessary for the peace, happiness, and welfare of our + country to need any recommendation of mine. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + ADDRESS OF THE SENATE TO GEORGE WASHINGTON, PRESIDENT OF THE + UNITED STATES. + </h3> + <p> + SIR: It is with peculiar satisfaction that we are informed by + your speech to the two Houses of Congress that the long and + expensive war in which we have been engaged with the Indians + northwest of the Ohio is in a situation to be finally + terminated; and though we view with concern the danger of an + interruption of the peace so recently confirmed with the + Creeks, we indulge the hope that the measures that you have + adopted to prevent the same, if followed by those legislative + provisions that justice and humanity equally demand, will + succeed in laying the foundation of a lasting peace with the + Indian tribes on the Southern as well as on the Western + frontiers. + </p> + <p> + The confirmation of our treaty with Morocco, and the + adjustment of a treaty of peace with Algiers, in consequence + of which our captive fellow-citizens shall be delivered from + slavery, are events that will prove no less interesting to + the public humanity than they will be important in extending + and securing the navigation and commerce of our country. + </p> + <p> + As a just and equitable conclusion of our depending + negotiations with Spain will essentially advance the interest + of both nations, and thereby cherish and confirm the good + understanding and friendship which we have at all times + desired to maintain, it will afford us real pleasure to + receive an early confirmation of our expectations on this + subject. + </p> + <p> + The interesting prospect of our affairs with regard to the + foreign powers between whom and the United States + controversies have subsisted is not more satisfactory than + the review of our internal situation. If from the former we + derive an expectation of the extinguishment of all the causes + of external discord that have heretofore endangered our + tranquillity, and on terms consistent with our national honor + and safety, in the latter we discover those numerous and + widespread tokens of prosperity which in so peculiar a manner + distinguish our happy country. + </p> + <p> + Circumstances thus every way auspicious demand our gratitude + and sincere acknowledgments to Almighty God, and require that + we should unite our efforts in imitation of your enlightened, + firm, and persevering example to establish and preserve the + peace, freedom, and prosperity of our country. + </p> + <p> + The objects which you have recommended to the notice of the + Legislature will in the course of the session receive our + careful attention, and with a true zeal for the public + welfare we shall cheerfully cooperate in every measure that + shall appear to us best calculated to promote the same. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS,<br> + <i>Vice-President of the United States and President of the + Senate</i>. + </p> + <p> + DECEMBER 11, 1795. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. + </h3> + <p> + GENTLEMEN: With real pleasure I receive your address, + recognizing the prosperous situation of our public affairs, + and giving assurances of your careful attention to the + objects demanding legislative consideration, and that with a + true zeal for the public welfare you will cheerfully + cooperate in every measure which shall appear to you best + calculated to promote the same. + </p> + <p> + But I derive peculiar satisfaction from your concurrence with + me in the expressions of gratitude to Almighty God, which a + review of the auspicious circumstances that distinguish our + happy country have excited, and I trust the sincerity of our + acknowledgments will be evinced by a union of efforts to + establish and preserve its peace, freedom, and prosperity. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + DECEMBER 12, 1795. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + ADDRESS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES TO GEORGE WASHINGTON, + PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. + </h3> + <p> + The PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. + </p> + <p> + SIR: As the Representatives of the people of the United + States, we can not but participate in the strongest + sensibility to every blessing which they enjoy, and + cheerfully join with you in profound gratitude to the Author + of all Good for the numerous and extraordinary blessings + which He has conferred on our favored country. + </p> + <p> + A final and formal termination of the distressing war which + has ravaged our Northwestern frontier will be an event which + must afford a satisfaction proportionate to the anxiety with + which it has long been sought, and in the adjustment of the + terms we perceive the true policy of making them satisfactory + to the Indians as well as to the United States as the best + basis of a durable tranquillity. The disposition of such of + the Southern tribes as had also heretofore annoyed our + frontier is another prospect in our situation so important to + the interest and happiness of the United States that it is + much to be lamented that any clouds should be thrown over it, + more especially by excesses on the part of our own citizens. + </p> + <p> + While our population is advancing with a celerity which + exceeds the most sanguine calculations; while every part of + the United States displays indications of rapid and various + improvement; while we are in the enjoyment of protection and + security by mild and wholesome laws, administered by + governments founded on the genuine principles of rational + liberty, a secure foundation will be laid for accelerating, + maturing, and establishing the prosperity of our country if, + by treaty and amicable negotiation, all those causes of + external discord which heretofore menaced our tranquillity + shall be extinguished on terms compatible with our national + rights and honor and with our Constitution and great + commercial interests. + </p> + <p> + Among the various circumstances in our internal situation + none can be viewed with more satisfaction and exultation than + that the late scene of disorder and insurrection has been + completely restored to the enjoyment of order and repose. + Such a triumph of reason and of law is worthy of the free + Government under which it happened, and was justly to be + hoped from the enlightened and patriotic spirit which + pervades and actuates the people of the United States. + </p> + <p> + In contemplating that spectacle of national happiness which + our country exhibits, and of which you, sir, have been + pleased to make an interesting summary, permit us to + acknowledge and declare the very great share which your + zealous and faithful services have contributed to it, and to + express the affectionate attachment which we feel for your + character. + </p> + <p> + The several interesting subjects which you recommend to our + consideration will receive every degree of attention which is + due to them; and whilst we feel the obligation of temperance + and mutual indulgence in all our discussions, we trust and + pray that the result to the happiness and welfare of our + country may correspond with the pure affection we bear to it. + </p> + <p> + DECEMBER 16, 1795. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. + </h3> + <p> + GENTLEMEN: Coming as you do from all parts of the United + States, I receive great satisfaction from the concurrence of + your testimony in the justness of the interesting summary of + our national happiness which, as the result of my inquiries, + I presented to your view. The sentiments we have mutually + expressed of profound gratitude to the source of those + numerous blessings, the Author of all Good, are pledges of + our obligations to unite our sincere and zealous endeavors, + as the instruments of Divine Providence, to preserve and + perpetuate them. + </p> + <p> + Accept, gentlemen, my thanks for your declaration that to my + agency you ascribe the enjoyment of a great share of these + benefits. So far as my services contribute to the happiness + of my country, the acknowledgment thereof by my + fellow-citizens and their affectionate attachment will ever + prove an abundant reward. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + DECEMBER 17, 1795. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + SPECIAL MESSAGES. + </h2> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>December 9, 1795</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you, for your consideration, a treaty of peace + which has been negotiated by General Wayne, on behalf of the + United States, with all the late hostile tribes of Indians + northwest of the river Ohio, together with the instructions + which were given to General Wayne and the proceedings at the + place of treaty. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>December 21, 1795</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + Herewith I transmit, for your information and consideration, + the original letter from the Emperor of Morocco, recognizing + the treaty of peace and friendship between the United States + and his father, the late Emperor, accompanied with a + translation thereof, and various documents relating to the + negotiation by which the recognition was effected. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 4, 1796</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + A letter from the minister plenipotentiary of the French + Republic, received on the 22d of the last month, covered an + address, dated the 21st of October, 1794, from the committee + of public safety to the Representatives of the United States + in Congress, and also informed me that he was instructed by + the committee to present to the United States the colors of + France. I thereupon proposed to receive them last Friday, the + first day of the new year, a day of general joy and + congratulation. On that day the minister of the French + Republic delivered the colors, with an address, to which I + returned an answer. By the latter Congress will see that I + have informed the minister that the colors will be deposited + with the archives of the United States. But it seemed to me + proper previously to exhibit to the two Houses of Congress + these evidences of the continued friendship of the French + Republic, together with the sentiments expressed by me on the + occasion in behalf of the United States. They are herewith + communicated. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 8, 1796</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I transmit to you a memorial of the commissioners appointed + by virtue of an act entitled "An act for establishing the + temporary and permanent seat of the Government of the United + States," on the subject of the public buildings under their + direction. + </p> + <p> + Since locating a district for the permanent seat of the + Government of the United States, as heretofore announced to + both Houses of Congress, I have accepted the grants of money + and of land stated in the memorial of the commissioners. I + have directed the buildings therein mentioned to be commenced + on plans which I deemed consistent with the liberality of the + grants and proper for the purposes intended. + </p> + <p> + I have not been inattentive to this important business + intrusted by the Legislature to my care. I have viewed the + resources placed in my hands, and observed the manner in + which they have been applied. The progress is pretty fully + detailed in the memorial from the commissioners, and one of + them attends to give further information if required. In a + case new and arduous, like the present, difficulties might + naturally be expected. Some have occurred, but they are in a + great degree surmounted, and I have no doubt, if the + remaining resources are properly cherished, so as to prevent + the loss of property by hasty and numerous sales, that all + the buildings required for the accommodation of the + Government of the United States may be completed in season + without aid from the Federal Treasury. The subject is + therefore recommended to the consideration of Congress, and + the result will determine the measures which I shall cause to + be pursued with respect to the property remaining unsold. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 29, 1796</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I send herewith for the information of Congress: + </p> + <p> + First. An act of the legislature of the State of Rhode + Island, ratifying an amendment to the Constitution of the + United States to prevent suits in certain cases against a + State. + </p> + <p> + Second. An act of the State of North Carolina making the like + ratification. + </p> + <p> + Third. An act of the State of North Carolina, assenting to + the purchase by the United States of a sufficient quantity of + land on Shell Castle Island for the purpose of erecting a + beacon thereon, and ceding the jurisdiction thereof to the + United States. + </p> + <p> + Fourth. A copy from the journal of proceedings of the + governor in his executive department of the territory of the + United States northwest of the river Ohio from July 1 to + December 31, 1794. + </p> + <p> + Fifth. A copy from the records of the executive proceedings + of the same governor from January 1 to June 30, 1795; and + </p> + <p> + Sixth and seventh. A copy of the journal of the proceedings + of the governor in his executive department of the territory + of the United States south of the river Ohio from September + 1, 1794, to September 1, 1795. + </p> + <p> + Eighth. The acts of the first and second sessions of the + general assembly of the same territory. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 29, 1796</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + In pursuance of the authority vested in the President of the + United States by an act of Congress passed the 3d of March + last, to reduce the weights of the copper coin of the United + States whenever he should think it for the benefit of the + United States, provided that the reduction should not exceed + 2 pennyweights in each cent, and in the like proportion in a + half cent, I have caused the same to be reduced since the + 27th of last December, to wit, 1 pennyweight and 16 grains in + each cent, and in the like proportion in a half cent; and I + have given notice thereof by proclamation. + </p> + <p> + By the letter of the judges of the circuit court of the + United States, held at Boston in June last, and the inclosed + application of the underkeeper of the jail at that place, of + which copies are herewith transmitted, Congress will perceive + the necessity of making a suitable provision for the + maintenance of prisoners committed to the jails of the + several States under the authority of the United States. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 2, 1796</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I transmit herewith the copy of a letter, dated the 19th of + December last, from Governor Blount to the Secretary of War, + stating the avowed and daring designs of certain persons to + take possession of the lands belonging to the Cherokees, and + which the United States have by treaty solemnly guaranteed to + that nation. The injustice of such intrusions and the + mischievous consequences which must necessarily result + therefrom demand that effectual provision be made to prevent + them. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 15, 1796</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + Herewith I transmit, for your consideration and advice, a + treaty of peace and amity, concluded on the 5th day of last + September by Joseph Donaldson, Jr., on the part of the United + States, with the Dey of Algiers, for himself, his Divan, and + his subjects. + </p> + <p> + The instructions and other necessary papers relative to this + negotiation are also sent herewith, for the information of + the Senate. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 26, 1796</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + I send herewith the treaty concluded on the 27th of October + last between the United States and Spain by their respective + plenipotentiaries. + </p> + <p> + The communications to the Senate referred to in my message of + the 16th of December, 1793, contain the instructions to the + commissioners of the United States, Messrs. Carmichael and + Short, and various details relative to the negotiations with + Spain. Herewith I transmit copies of the documents + authorizing Mr. Pinckney, the envoy extraordinary from the + United States to the Court of Spain, to conclude the + negotiation agreeably to the original instructions above + mentioned, and to adjust the claims of the United States for + the spoliations committed by the armed vessels of His + Catholic Majesty on the commerce of our citizens. + </p> + <p> + The numerous papers exhibiting the progress of the + negotiation under the conduct of Mr. Pinckney, being in the + French and Spanish languages, will be communicated to the + Senate as soon as the translations which appear necessary + shall be completed. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>March 1, 1796</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + The treaty of amity, commerce, and navigation concluded + between the United States of America and His Britannic + Majesty having been duly ratified, and the ratifications + having been exchanged at London on the 28th day of October, + 1795, I have directed the same to be promulgated, and + herewith transmit a copy thereof for the information of + Congress. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>March 8, 1796</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I send herewith, for the information of Congress, the treaty + concluded between the United States and the Dey and Regency + of Algiers. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>March 15, 1796</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + By the ninth section of the act entitled "An act to provide a + naval armament" it is enacted "that if a peace shall take + place between the United States and the Regency of Algiers, + that no further proceedings be had under this act." + </p> + <p> + The peace which is here contemplated having taken place, it + is incumbent upon the Executive to suspend all orders + respecting the building of the frigates, procuring materials + for them, or preparing materials already obtained, which may + be done without intrenching upon contracts or agreements made + and entered into before this event. + </p> + <p> + But inasmuch as the loss which the public would incur might + be considerable from dissipation of workmen, from certain + works or operations being suddenly dropped or left + unfinished, and from the derangement in the whole system + consequent upon an immediate suspension of all proceedings + under it, I have therefore thought advisable, before taking + such a step, to submit the subject to the Senate and House of + Representatives, that such measures may be adopted in the + premises as may best comport with the public interest. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>March 25, 1796</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I send herewith, for your information, the translation of a + letter from the minister plenipotentiary of the French + Republic to the Secretary of State, announcing the peace made + by the Republic with the Kings of Prussia and Spain, the + Grand Duke of Tuscany, and the Landgrave of Hesse Cassel, and + that the republican constitution decreed by the National + Convention had been accepted by the people of France and was + in operation. I also send you a copy of the answer given by + my direction to this communication from the French minister. + My sentiments therein expressed I am persuaded will harmonize + with yours and with those of all my fellow-citizens. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>March 29, 1796</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I send herewith a copy of the treaty of friendship, limits, + and navigation, concluded on the 27th of October last, + between the United States and His Catholic Majesty. This + treaty has been ratified by me agreeably to the Constitution, + and the ratification has been dispatched for Spain, where it + will doubtless be immediately ratified by His Catholic + Majesty. + </p> + <p> + This early communication of the treaty with Spain has become + necessary because it is stipulated in the third article that + commissioners for running the boundary line between the + territory of the United States and the Spanish colonies of + East and West Florida shall meet at the Natchez before the + expiration of six months from the ratification; and as that + period will undoubtedly arrive before the next meeting of + Congress, the House will see the necessity of making + provision in their present session for the object here + mentioned. It will also be necessary to provide for the + expense to be incurred in executing the twenty-first article + of the treaty, to enable our fellow-citizens to obtain with + as little delay as possible compensation for the losses they + have sustained by the capture of their vessels and cargoes by + the subjects of His Catholic Majesty during the late war + between France and Spain. + </p> + <p> + Estimates of the moneys necessary to be provided for the + purposes of this and several other treaties with foreign + nations and the Indian tribes will be laid before you by the + proper Department. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>March 30, 1796</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>To the House of Representatives of the United States</i>: + </p> + <p> + With the utmost attention I have considered your resolution + of the 24th instant, requesting me to lay before your House a + copy of the instructions to the minister of the United States + who negotiated the treaty with the King of Great Britain, + together with the correspondence and other documents relative + to that treaty, excepting such of the said papers as any + existing negotiation may render improper to be disclosed. + </p> + <p> + In deliberating upon this subject it was impossible for me to + lose sight of the principle which some have avowed in its + discussion, or to avoid extending my views to the + consequences which must flow from the admission of that + principle. + </p> + <p> + I trust that no part of my conduct has ever indicated a + disposition to withhold any information which the + Constitution has enjoined upon the President as a duty to + give, or which could be required of him by either House of + Congress as a right; and with truth I affirm that it has + been, as it will continue to be while I have the honor to + preside in the Government, my constant endeavor to harmonize + with the other branches thereof so far as the trust delegated + to me by the people of the United States and my sense of the + obligation it imposes to "preserve, protect, and defend the + Constitution" will permit. + </p> + <p> + The nature of foreign negotiations requires caution, and + their success must often depend on secrecy; and even when + brought to a conclusion a full disclosure of all the + measures, demands, or eventual concessions which may have + been proposed or contemplated would be extremely impolitic; + for this might have a pernicious influence on future + negotiations, or produce immediate inconveniences, perhaps + danger and mischief, in relation to other powers. The + necessity of such caution and secrecy was one cogent reason + for vesting the power of making treaties in the President, + with the advice and consent of the Senate, the principle on + which that body was formed confining it to a small number of + members. To admit, then, a right in the House of + Representatives to demand and to have as a matter of course + all the papers respecting a negotiation with a foreign power + would be to establish a dangerous precedent. + </p> + <p> + It does not occur that the inspection of the papers asked for + can be relative to any purpose under the cognizance of the + House of Representatives, except that of an impeachment, + which the resolution has not expressed. I repeat that I have + no disposition to withhold any information which the duty of + my station will permit or the public good shall require to be + disclosed; and, in fact, all the papers affecting the + negotiation with Great Britain were, laid before the Senate + when the treaty itself was communicated for their + consideration and advice. + </p> + <p> + The course which the debate has taken on the resolution of + the House leads to some observations on the mode of making + treaties under the Constitution of the United States. + </p> + <p> + Having been a member of the General Convention, and knowing + the principles on which the Constitution was formed, I have + ever entertained but one opinion on this subject; and from + the first establishment of the Government to this moment my + conduct has exemplified that opinion—that the power of + making treaties is exclusively vested in the President, by + and with the advice and consent of the Senate, provided + two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and that every + treaty so made and promulgated thenceforward became the law + of the land. It is thus that the treaty-making power has been + understood by foreign nations, and in all the treaties made + with them <i>we</i> have declared and <i>they</i> have + believed that, when ratified by the President, with the + advice and consent of the Senate, they became obligatory. In + this construction of the Constitution every House of + Representatives has heretofore acquiesced, and until the + present time not a doubt or suspicion has appeared, to my + knowledge, that this construction was not the true one. Nay, + they have more than acquiesced; for till now, without + controverting the obligation of such treaties, they have made + all the requisite provisions for carrying them into effect. + </p> + <p> + There is also reason to believe that this construction agrees + with the opinions entertained by the State conventions when + they were deliberating on the Constitution, especially by + those who objected to it because there was not required in + <i>commercial treaties</i> the consent of two-thirds of the + whole number of the members of the Senate instead of + two-thirds of the Senators present, and because in treaties + respecting territorial and certain other rights and claims + the concurrence of three-fourths of the whole number of the + members of both Houses, respectively, was not made necessary. + </p> + <p> + It is a fact declared by the General Convention and + universally understood that the Constitution of the United + States was the result of a spirit of amity and mutual + concession; and it is well known that under this influence + the smaller States were admitted to an equal representation + in the Senate with the larger States, and that this branch of + the Government was invested with great powers, for on the + equal participation of those powers the sovereignty and + political safety of the smaller States were deemed + essentially to depend. + </p> + <p> + If other proofs than these and the plain letter of the + Constitution itself be necessary to ascertain the point under + consideration, they may be found in the journals of the + General Convention, which I have deposited in the office of + the Department of State. In those journals it will appear + that a proposition was made "that no treaty should be binding + on the United States which was not ratified by a law," and + that the proposition was explicitly rejected. + </p> + <p> + As, therefore, it is perfectly clear to my understanding that + the assent of the House of Representatives is not necessary + to the validity of a treaty; as the treaty with Great Britain + exhibits in itself all the objects requiring legislative + provision, and on these the papers called for can throw no + light, and as it is essential to the due administration of + the Government that the boundaries fixed by the Constitution + between the different departments should be preserved, a just + regard to the Constitution and to the duty of my office, + under all the circumstances of this case, forbids a + compliance with your request. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>March 31, 1776</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + The treaty of amity, commerce, and navigation between the + United States and Great Britain requiring that commissioners + should be appointed to fix certain boundaries between the + territories of the contracting parties, and to ascertain the + losses and damages represented to have been sustained by + their respective citizens and subjects, as set forth in the + fifth, sixth, and seventh articles of the treaty, in order to + carry those articles into execution I nominate as + commissioners on the part of the United States: + </p> + <p> + For the purpose mentioned in the fifth article, Henry Knox, + of Massachusetts; + </p> + <p> + For the purpose mentioned in the sixth article, Thomas + Fitzsimons, of Pennsylvania, and James Innes, of Virginia; + and + </p> + <p> + For the purposes mentioned in the seventh article, + Christopher Gore, of Massachusetts, and William Pinckney, of + Maryland. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>April 8, 1796</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + By an act of Congress passed on the 26th of May, 1790, it was + declared that the inhabitants of the territory of the United + States south of the river Ohio should enjoy all the + privileges, benefits, and advantages set forth in the + ordinance of Congress for the government of the territory of + the United States northwest of the river Ohio, and that the + government of the said territory south of the Ohio should be + similar to that which was then exercised in the territory + northwest of the Ohio, except so far as was otherwise + provided in the conditions expressed in an act of Congress + passed the 2d of April, 1790, entitled "An act to accept a + cession of the claims of the State of North Carolina to a + certain district of western territory." + </p> + <p> + Among the privileges, benefits, and advantages thus secured + to the inhabitants of the territory south of the river Ohio + appear to be the right of forming a permanent constitution + and State government, and of admission as a State, by its + Delegates, into the Congress of the United States, on an + equal footing with the original States in all respects + whatever, when it should have therein 60,000 free + inhabitants; provided the constitution and government so to + be formed should be republican, and in conformity to the + principles contained in the articles of the said ordinance. + </p> + <p> + As proofs of the several requisites to entitle the territory + south of the river Ohio to be admitted as a State into the + Union, Governor Blount has transmitted a return of the + enumeration of its inhabitants and a printed copy of the + constitution and form of government on which they have + agreed, which, with his letters accompanying the same, are + herewith laid before Congress. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>April 28, 1796</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + Herewith I lay before you a letter from the Attorney-General + of the United States, relative to compensation to the + attorneys of the United States in the several districts, + which is recommended to your consideration. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>May 2, 1796</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + Some time last year Jeremiah Wadsworth was authorized to hold + a treaty with the Cohnawaga Indians, styling themselves the + Seven Nations of Canada, to enable the State of New York to + extinguish, by purchase, a claim which the said Indians had + set up to a parcel of land lying within that State. The + negotiation having issued without effecting its object, and + the State of New York having requested a renewal of the + negotiation, and the Indians having come forward with an + application on the same subject, I now nominate Jeremiah + Wadsworth to be a commissioner to hold a treaty with the + Cohnawaga Indians, styling themselves the Seven Nations of + Canada, for the purpose of enabling the State of New York to + extinguish the aforesaid claim. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>May 5, 1796</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you, for your consideration and advice, an + explanatory article proposed to be added to the treaty of + amity, commerce, and navigation between the United States and + Great Britain, together with a copy of the full power to the + Secretary of State to negotiate the same. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>May 25, 1796</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + The measures now in operation for taking possession of the + posts of Detroit and Michilimackinac render it proper that + provision should be made for extending to these places and + any others alike circumstanced the civil authority of the + Northwestern Territory. To do this will require an expense to + defray which the ordinary salaries of the governor and + secretary of that Territory appear to be incompetent. + </p> + <p> + The forming of a new county, or new counties, and the + appointment of the various officers, which the just exercise + of government must require, will oblige the governor and + secretary to visit those places, and to spend considerable + time in making the arrangements necessary for introducing and + establishing the Government of the United States. Congress + will consider what provision will in this case be proper. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>May 28, 1796</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + The extraordinary expenses to be incurred in the present year + in supporting our foreign intercourse I find will require a + provision beyond the ordinary appropriation and the + additional $20,000 already granted. + </p> + <p> + I have directed an estimate to be made, which is sent + herewith, and will exhibit the deficiency for which an + appropriation appears to be necessary. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + EIGHTH ANNUAL ADDRESS. + </h2> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>December 7, 1796</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + In recurring to the internal situation of our country since I + had last the pleasure to address you, I find ample reason for + a renewed expression of that gratitude to the Ruler of the + Universe which a continued series of prosperity has so often + and so justly called forth. + </p> + <p> + The acts of the last session which required special + arrangements have been as far as circumstances would admit + carried into operation. + </p> + <p> + Measures calculated to insure a continuance of the friendship + of the Indians and to preserve peace along the extent of our + interior frontier have been digested and adopted. In the + framing of these care has been taken to guard on the one hand + our advanced settlements from the predatory incursions of + those unruly individuals who can not be restrained by their + tribes, and on the other hand to protect the rights secured + to the Indians by treaty—to draw them nearer to the + civilized state and inspire them with correct conceptions of + the power as well as justice of the Government. + </p> + <p> + The meeting of the deputies from the Creek Nation at + Colerain, in the State of Georgia, which had for a principal + object the purchase of a parcel of their land by that State, + broke up without its being accomplished, the nation having + previous to their departure instructed them against making + any sale. The occasion, however, has been improved to confirm + by a new treaty with the Creeks their preexisting engagements + with the United States, and to obtain their consent to the + establishment of trading houses and military posts within + their boundary, by means of which their friendship and the + general peace may be more effectually secured. + </p> + <p> + The period during the late session at which the appropriation + was passed for carrying into effect the treaty of amity, + commerce, and navigation between the United States and His + Britannic Majesty necessarily procrastinated the reception of + the posts stipulated to be delivered beyond the date assigned + for that event. As soon, however, as the Governor-General of + Canada could be addressed with propriety on the subject, + arrangements were cordially and promptly concluded for their + evacuation, and the United States took possession of the + principal of them, comprehending Oswego, Niagara, Detroit, + Michilimackinac, and Fort Miami, where such repairs and + additions have been ordered to be made as appeared + indispensable. + </p> + <p> + The commissioners appointed on the part of the United States + and of Great Britain to determine which is the river St. + Croix mentioned in the treaty of peace of 1783, agreed in the + choice of Egbert Benson, esq., of New York, for the third + commissioner. The whole met at St. Andrews, in Passamaquoddy + Bay, in the beginning of October, and directed surveys to be + made of the rivers in dispute; but deeming it impracticable + to have these surveys completed before the next year, they + adjourned to meet at Boston in August, 1797, for the final + decision of the question. + </p> + <p> + Other commissioners appointed on the part of the United + States, agreeably to the seventh article of the treaty with + Great Britain, relative to captures and condemnation of + vessels and other property, met the commissioners of His + Britannic Majesty in London in August last, when John + Trumbull, esq., was chosen by lot for the fifth commissioner. + In October following the board were to proceed to business. + As yet there has been no communication of commissioners on + the part of Great Britain to unite with those who have been + appointed on the part of the United States for carrying into + effect the sixth article of the treaty. + </p> + <p> + The treaty with Spain required that the commissioners for + running the boundary line between the territory of the United + States and His Catholic Majesty's provinces of East and West + Florida should meet at the Natchez before the expiration of + six months after the exchange of the ratifications, which was + effected at Aranjuez on the 25th day of April; and the troops + of His Catholic Majesty occupying any posts within the limits + of the United States were within the same period to be + withdrawn. The commissioner of the United States therefore + commenced his journey for the Natchez in September, and + troops were ordered to occupy the posts from which the + Spanish garrisons should be withdrawn. Information has been + recently received of the appointment of a commissioner on the + part of His Catholic Majesty for running the boundary line, + but none of any appointment for the adjustment of the claims + of our citizens whose vessels were captured by the armed + vessels of Spain. + </p> + <p> + In pursuance of the act of Congress passed in the last + session for the protection and relief of American seamen, + agents were appointed, one to reside in Great Britain and the + other in the West Indies. The effects of the agency in the + West Indies are not yet fully ascertained, but those which + have been communicated afford grounds to believe the measure + will be beneficial. The agent destined to reside in Great + Britain declining to accept the appointment, the business has + consequently devolved on the minister of the United States in + London, and will command his attention until a new agent + shall be appointed. + </p> + <p> + After many delays and disappointments arising out of the + European war, the final arrangements for fulfilling the + engagements made to the Dey and Regency of Algiers will in + all present appearance be crowned with success, but under + great, though inevitable, disadvantages in the pecuniary + transactions occasioned by that war, which will render + further provision necessary. The actual liberation of all our + citizens who were prisoners in Algiers, while it gratifies + every feeling heart, is itself an earnest of a satisfactory + termination of the whole negotiation. Measures are in + operation for effecting treaties with the Regencies of Tunis + and Tripoli. + </p> + <p> + To an active external commerce the protection of a naval + force is indispensable. This is manifest with regard to wars + in which a State is itself a party. But besides this, it is + in our own experience that the most sincere neutrality is not + a sufficient guard against the depredations of nations at + war. To secure respect to a neutral flag requires a naval + force organized and ready to vindicate it from insult or + aggression. This may even prevent the necessity of going to + war by discouraging belligerent powers from committing such + violations of the rights of the neutral party as may, first + or last, leave no other option. From the best information I + have been able to obtain it would seem as if our trade to the + Mediterranean without a protecting force will always be + insecure and our citizens exposed to the calamities from + which numbers of them have but just been relieved. + </p> + <p> + These considerations invite the United States to look to the + means, and to set about the gradual creation of a navy. The + increasing progress of their navigation promises them at no + distant period the requisite supply of seamen, and their + means in other respects favor the undertaking. It is an + encouragement, likewise, that their particular situation will + give weight and influence to a moderate naval force in their + hands. Will it not, then, be advisable to begin without delay + to provide and lay up the materials for the building and + equipping of ships of war, and to proceed in the work by + degrees, in proportion as our resources shall render it + practicable without inconvenience, so that a future war of + Europe may not find our commerce in the same unprotected + state in which it was found by the present? + </p> + <p> + Congress have repeatedly, and not without success, directed + their attention to the encouragement of manufactures. The + object is of too much consequence not to insure a continuance + of their efforts in every way which shall appear eligible. As + a general rule, manufactures on public account are + inexpedient; but where the state of things in a country + leaves little hope that certain branches of manufacture will + for a great length of time obtain, when these are of a nature + essential to the furnishing and equipping of the public force + in time of war, are not establishments for procuring them on + public account to the extent of the ordinary demand for the + public service recommended by strong considerations of + national policy as an exception to the general rule? Ought + our country to remain in such cases dependent on foreign + supply, precarious because liable to be interrupted? If the + necessary article should in this mode cost more in time of + peace, will not the security and independence thence arising + form an ample compensation? Establishments of this sort, + commensurate only with the calls of the public service in + time of peace, will in time of war easily be extended in + proportion to the exigencies of the Government, and may even + perhaps be made to yield a surplus for the supply of our + citizens at large, so as to mitigate the privations from the + interruption of their trade. If adopted, the plan ought to + exclude all those branches which are already, or likely soon + to be, established in the country, in order that there may be + no danger of interference with pursuits of individual + industry. + </p> + <p> + It will not be doubted that with reference either to + individual or national welfare agriculture is of primary + importance. In proportion as nations advance in population + and other circumstances of maturity this truth becomes more + apparent, and renders the cultivation of the soil more and + more an object of public patronage. Institutions for + promoting it grow up, supported by the public purse; and to + what object can it be dedicated with greater propriety? Among + the means which have been employed to this end none have been + attended with greater success than the establishment of + boards (composed of proper characters) charged with + collecting and diffusing information, and enabled by premiums + and small pecuniary aids to encourage and assist a spirit of + discovery and improvement. This species of establishment + contributes doubly to the increase of improvement by + stimulating to enterprise and experiment, and by drawing to a + common center the results everywhere of individual skill and + observation, and spreading them thence over the whole nation. + Experience accordingly has shewn that they are very cheap + instruments of immense national benefits. + </p> + <p> + I have heretofore proposed to the consideration of Congress + the expediency of establishing a national university and also + a military academy. The desirableness of both these + institutions has so constantly increased with every new view + I have taken of the subject that I can not omit the + opportunity of once for all recalling your attention to them. + </p> + <p> + The assembly to which I address myself is too enlightened not + to be fully sensible how much a flourishing state of the arts + and sciences contributes to national prosperity and + reputation. + </p> + <p> + True it is that our country, much to its honor, contains many + seminaries of learning highly respectable and useful; but the + funds upon which they rest are too narrow to command the + ablest professors in the different departments of liberal + knowledge for the institution contemplated, though they would + be excellent auxiliaries. + </p> + <p> + Amongst the motives to such an institution, the assimilation + of the principles, opinions, and manners of our countrymen by + the common education of a portion of our youth from every + quarter well deserves attention. The more homogeneous our + citizens can be made in these particulars the greater will be + our prospect of permanent union; and a primary object of such + a national institution should be the education of our youth + in the science of <i>government</i>. In a republic what + species of knowledge can be equally important and what duty + more pressing on its legislature than to patronize a plan for + communicating it to those who are to be the future guardians + of the liberties of the country? + </p> + <p> + The institution of a military academy is also recommended by + cogent reasons. However pacific the general policy of a + nation may be, it ought never to be without an adequate stock + of military knowledge for emergencies. The first would impair + the energy of its character, and both would hazard its safety + or expose it to greater evils when war could not be avoided; + besides that, war might often not depend upon its own choice. + In proportion as the observance of pacific maxims might + exempt a nation from the necessity of practicing the rules of + the military art ought to be its care in preserving and + transmitting, by proper establishments, the knowledge of that + art. Whatever argument may be drawn from particular examples + superficially viewed, a thorough examination of the subject + will evince that the art of war is at once comprehensive and + complicated, that it demands much previous study, and that + the possession of it in its most improved and perfect state + is always of great moment to the security of a nation. This, + therefore, ought to be a serious care of every government, + and for this purpose an academy where a regular course of + instruction is given is an obvious expedient which different + nations have successfully employed. + </p> + <p> + The compensations to the officers of the United States in + various instances, and in none more than in respect to the + most important stations, appear to call for legislative + revision. The consequences of a defective provision are of + serious import to the Government. If private wealth is to + supply the defect of public retribution, it will greatly + contract the sphere within which the selection of character + for office is to be made, and will proportionally diminish + the probability of a choice of men able as well as upright. + Besides that, it would be repugnant to the vital principles + of our Government virtually to exclude from public trusts + talents and virtue unless accompanied by wealth. + </p> + <p> + While in our external relations some serious inconveniences + and embarrassments have been overcome and others lessened, it + is with much pain and deep regret I mention that + circumstances of a very unwelcome nature have lately + occurred. Our trade has suffered and is suffering extensive + injuries in the West Indies from the cruisers and agents of + the French Republic, and communications have been received + from its minister here which indicate the danger of a further + disturbance of our commerce by its authority, and which are + in other respects far from agreeable. + </p> + <p> + It has been my constant, sincere, and earnest wish, in + conformity with that of our nation, to maintain cordial + harmony and a perfectly friendly understanding with that + Republic. This wish remains unabated, and I shall persevere + in the endeavor to fulfill it to the utmost extent of what + shall be consistent with a just and indispensable regard to + the rights and honor of our country; nor will I easily cease + to cherish the expectation that a spirit of justice, candor, + and friendship on the part of the Republic will eventually + insure success. + </p> + <p> + In pursuing this course, however, I can not forget what is + due to the character of our Government and nation, or to a + full and entire confidence in the good sense, patriotism, + self-respect, and fortitude of my countrymen. + </p> + <p> + I reserve for a special message a more particular + communication on this interesting subject. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + I have directed an estimate of the appropriations necessary + for the service of the ensuing year to be submitted from the + proper Department, with a view of the public receipts and + expenditures to the latest period to which an account can be + prepared. + </p> + <p> + It is with satisfaction I am able to inform you that the + revenues of the United States continue in a state of + progressive improvement. + </p> + <p> + A reenforcement of the existing provisions for discharging + our public debt was mentioned in my address at the opening of + the last session. Some preliminary steps were taken toward + it, the maturing of which will no doubt engage your zealous + attention during the present. I will only add that it will + afford me a heartfelt satisfaction to concur in such further + measures as will ascertain to our country the prospect of a + speedy extinguishment of the debt. Posterity may have cause + to regret if from any motive intervals of tranquillity are + left unimproved for accelerating this valuable end. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + My solicitude to see the militia of the United States placed + on an efficient establishment has been so often and so + ardently expressed that I shall but barely recall the subject + to your view on the present occasion, at the same time that I + shall submit to your inquiry whether our harbors are yet + sufficiently secured. + </p> + <p> + The situation in which I now stand for the last time, in the + midst of the representatives of the people of the United + States, naturally recalls the period when the administration + of the present form of government commenced, and I can not + omit the occasion to congratulate you and my country on the + success of the experiment, nor to repeat my fervent + supplications to the Supreme Ruler of the Universe and + Sovereign Arbiter of Nations that His providential care may + still be extended to the United States, that the virtue and + happiness of the people may be preserved, and that the + Government which they have instituted for the protection of + their liberties may be perpetual, + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + ADDRESS OF THE SENATE TO GEORGE WASHINGTON, PRESIDENT OF THE + UNITED STATES. + </h3> + <p> + We thank you, sir, for your faithful and detailed exposure of + the existing situation of our country, and we sincerely join + in sentiments of gratitude to an overruling Providence for + the distinguished share of public prosperity and private + happiness which the people of the United States so peculiarly + enjoy. + </p> + <p> + We are fully sensible of the advantages that have resulted + from the adoption of measures (which you have successfully + carried into effect) to preserve peace, cultivate friendship, + and promote civilization amongst the Indian tribes on the + Western frontiers. Feelings of humanity and the most solid + political interests equally encourage the continuance of this + system. + </p> + <p> + We observe with pleasure that the delivery of the military + posts lately occupied by the British forces within the + territory of the United States was made with cordiality and + promptitude as soon as circumstances would admit, and that + the other provisions of our treaties with Great Britain and + Spain that were objects of eventual arrangement are about + being carried into effect with entire harmony and good faith. + </p> + <p> + The unfortunate but unavoidable difficulties that opposed a + timely compliance with the terms of the Algerine treaty are + much to be lamented, as they may occasion a temporary + suspension of the advantages to be derived from a solid peace + with that power and a perfect security from its predatory + warfare. At the same time, the lively impressions that + affected the public mind on the redemption of our captive + fellow-citizens afford the most laudable incentive to our + exertions to remove the remaining obstacles. + </p> + <p> + We perfectly coincide with you in opinion that the importance + of our commerce demands a naval force for its protection + against foreign insult and depredation, and our solicitude to + attain that object will be always proportionate to its + magnitude. + </p> + <p> + The necessity of accelerating the establishment of certain + useful manufactures by the intervention of legislative aid + and protection and the encouragement due to agriculture by + the creation of boards (composed of intelligent individuals) + to patronize this primary pursuit of society are subjects + which will readily engage our most serious attention. + </p> + <p> + A national university may be converted to the most useful + purposes. The science of legislation being so essentially + dependent on the endowments of the mind, the public interests + must receive effectual aid from the general diffusion of + knowledge, and the United States will assume a more dignified + station among the nations of the earth by the successful + cultivation of the higher branches of literature. + </p> + <p> + A military academy may be likewise rendered equally + important. To aid and direct the physical force of the nation + by cherishing a military spirit, enforcing a proper sense of + discipline, and inculcating a scientific system of tactics is + consonant to the soundest maxims of public policy. Connected + with and supported by such an establishment a well-regulated + militia, constituting the natural defense of the country, + would prove the most effectual as well as economical + preservative of peace. + </p> + <p> + We can not but consider with serious apprehensions the + inadequate compensations of the public officers, especially + of those in the more important stations. It is not only a + violation of the spirit of a public contract, but is an evil + so extensive in its operation and so destructive in its + consequences that we trust it will receive the most pointed + legislative attention. + </p> + <p> + We sincerely lament that, whilst the conduct of the United + States has been uniformly impressed with the character of + equity, moderation, and love of peace in the maintenance of + all their foreign relationships, our trade should be so + harassed by the cruisers and agents of the Republic of France + throughout the extensive departments of the West Indies. + </p> + <p> + Whilst we are confident that no cause of complaint exists + that could authorize an interruption of our tranquillity or + disengage that Republic from the bonds of amity, cemented by + the faith of treaties, we can not but express our deepest + regrets that official communications have been made to you + indicating a more serious disturbance of our commerce. + Although we cherish the expectation that a sense of justice + and a consideration of our mutual interests will moderate + their councils, we are not unmindful of the situation in + which events may place us, nor unprepared to adopt that + system of conduct which, compatible with the dignity of a + respectable nation, necessity may compel us to pursue. + </p> + <p> + We cordially acquiesce in the reflection that the United + States, under the operation of the Federal Government, have + experienced a most rapid aggrandizement and prosperity as + well political as commercial. + </p> + <p> + Whilst contemplating the causes that produce this auspicious + result, we must acknowledge the excellence of the + constitutional system and the wisdom of the legislative + provisions; but we should be deficient in gratitude and + justice did we not attribute a great portion of these + advantages to the virtue, firmness, and talents of your + Administration, which have been conspicuously displayed in + the most trying time and on the most critical occasions. It + is therefore with the sincerest regret that we now receive an + official notification of your intentions to retire from the + public employments of your country. + </p> + <p> + When we review the various scenes of your public life, so + long and so successfully devoted to the most arduous + services, civil and military, as well during the struggles of + the American Revolution as the convulsive periods of a recent + date, we can not look forward to your retirement without our + warmest affections and most anxious regards accompanying you, + and without mingling with our fellow-citizens at large in the + sincerest wishes for your personal happiness that sensibility + and attachment can express. + </p> + <p> + The most effectual consolation that can offer for the loss we + are about to sustain arises from the animating reflection + that the influence of your example will extend to your + successors, and the United States thus continue to enjoy an + able, upright, and energetic administration. + </p> + <p class="r"> + JOHN ADAMS,<br> + <i>Vice-President of the United States and President of the + Senate</i>. + </p> + <p> + DECEMBER 10, 1796. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. + </h3> + <p> + GENTLEMEN: It affords me great satisfaction to find in your + address a concurrence in sentiment with me on the various + topics which I presented for your information and + deliberation, and that the latter will receive from you an + attention proportioned to their respective importance. + </p> + <p> + For the notice you take of my public services, civil and + military, and your kind wishes for my personal happiness, I + beg you to accept my cordial thanks. Those services, and + greater had I possessed ability to render them, were due to + the unanimous calls of my country, and its approbation is my + abundant reward. + </p> + <p> + When contemplating the period of my retirement, I saw + virtuous and enlightened men among whom I relied on the + discernment and patriotism of my fellow-citizens to make the + proper choice of, a successor—men who would require no + influential example to insure to the United States "an able, + upright, and energetic administration." To such men I shall + cheerfully yield the palm of genius and talents to serve our + common country; but at the same time I hope I may be indulged + in expressing the consoling reflection (which consciousness + suggests), and to bear it with me to my grave, that none can + serve it with purer intentions than I have done or with a + more disinterested zeal. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + DECEMBER 12, 1796. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + ADDRESS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES TO GEORGE WASHINGTON, + PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. + </h3> + <p> + SIR: The House of Representatives have attended to your + communication respecting the state of our country with all + the sensibility that the contemplation of the subject and a + sense of duty can inspire. + </p> + <p> + We are gratified by the information that measures calculated + to insure a continuance of the friendship of the Indians and + to maintain the tranquillity of the Western frontier have + been adopted, and we indulge the hope that these, by + impressing the Indian tribes with more correct conceptions of + the justice as well as power of the United States, will be + attended with success. + </p> + <p> + While we notice with satisfaction the steps that you have + taken in pursuance of the late treaties with several foreign + nations, the liberation of our citizens who were prisoners at + Algiers is a subject of peculiar felicitation. We shall + cheerfully cooperate in any further measures that shall + appear on consideration to be requisite. + </p> + <p> + We have ever concurred with you in the most sincere and + uniform disposition to preserve our neutral relations + inviolate, and it is of course with anxiety and deep regret + we hear that any interruption of our harmony with the French + Republic has occurred, for we feel with you and with our + constituents the cordial and unabated wish to maintain a + perfectly friendly understanding with that nation. Your + endeavors to fulfill that wish, and by all honorable means to + preserve peace, and to restore that harmony and affection + which have heretofore so happily subsisted between the French + Republic and the United States, can not fail, therefore, to + interest our attention. And while we participate in the full + reliance you have expressed on the patriotism, self-respect, + and fortitude of our countrymen, we cherish the pleasing hope + that a mutual spirit of justice and moderation will insure + the success of your perseverance. + </p> + <p> + The various subjects of your communication will respectively + meet with the attention that is due to their importance. + </p> + <p> + When we advert to the internal situation of the United + States, we deem it equally natural and becoming to compare + the present period with that immediately antecedent to the + operation of the Government, and to contrast it with the + calamities in which the state of war still involves several + of the European nations, as the reflections deduced from both + tend to justify as well as to excite a warmer admiration of + our free Constitution, and to exalt our minds to a more + fervent and grateful sense of piety toward Almighty God for + the beneficence of His providence, by which its + administration has been hitherto so remarkably distinguished. + And while we entertain a grateful conviction that your wise, + firm, and patriotic Administration has been signally + conducive to the success of the present form of government, + we can not forbear to express the deep sensations of regret + with which we contemplate your intended retirement from + office. + </p> + <p> + As no other suitable occasion may occur, we can not suffer + the present to pass without attempting to disclose some of + the emotions which it can not fail to awaken. + </p> + <p> + The gratitude and admiration of your countrymen are still + drawn to the recollection of those resplendent virtues and + talents which were so eminently instrumental to the + achievement of the Revolution, and of which that glorious + event will ever be the memorial. Your obedience to the voice + of duty and your country when you quitted reluctantly a + second time the retreat you had chosen and first accepted the + Presidency afforded a new proof of the devotedness of your + zeal in its service and an earnest of the patriotism and + success which have characterized your Administration. As the + grateful confidence of the citizens in the virtues of their + Chief Magistrate has essentially contributed to that success, + we persuade ourselves that the millions whom we represent + participate with us in the anxious solicitude of the present + occasion. + </p> + <p> + Yet we can not be unmindful that your moderation and + magnanimity, twice displayed by retiring from your exalted + stations, afford examples no less rare and instructive to + mankind than valuable to a republic. + </p> + <p> + Although we are sensible that this event of itself completes + the luster of a character already conspicuously unrivaled by + the coincidence of virtue, talents, success, and public + estimation, yet we conceive we owe it to you, sir, and still + more emphatically to ourselves and to our nation (of the + language of whose hearts we presume to think ourselves at + this moment the faithful interpreters), to express the + sentiments with which it is contemplated. + </p> + <p> + The spectacle of a free and enlightened nation offering, by + its Representatives, the tribute of unfeigned approbation to + its first citizen, however novel and interesting it may be, + derives all its luster (a luster which accident or enthusiasm + could not bestow, and which adulation would tarnish) from the + transcendent merit of which it is the voluntary testimony. + </p> + <p> + May you long enjoy that liberty which is so dear to you, and + to which your name will ever be so dear. May your own virtues + and a nation's prayers obtain the happiest sunshine for the + decline of your days and the choicest of future blessings. + For our country's sake, for the sake of republican liberty, + it is our earnest wish that your example may be the guide of + your successors, and thus, after being the ornament and + safeguard of the present age, become the patrimony of our + descendants. + </p> + <p> + DECEMBER 15, 1796. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h3> + REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. + </h3> + <p> + GENTLEMEN: To a citizen whose views were unambitious, who + preferred the shade and tranquillity of private life to the + splendor and solicitude of elevated stations, and whom the + voice of duty and his country could alone have drawn from his + chosen retreat, no reward for his public services can be so + grateful as public approbation, accompanied by a + consciousness that to render those services useful to that + country has been his single aim; and when this approbation is + expressed by the Representatives of a free and enlightened + nation, the reward will admit of no addition. Receive, + gentlemen, my sincere and affectionate thanks for this signal + testimony that my services have been acceptable and useful to + my country. The strong confidence of my fellow-citizens, + while it animated all my actions, insured their zealous + cooperation, which rendered those services successful. The + virtue and wisdom of my successors, joined with the + patriotism and intelligence of the citizens who compose the + other branches of Government, I firmly trust will lead them + to the adoption of measures which, by the beneficence of + Providence, will give stability to our system of government, + add to its success, and secure to ourselves and to posterity + that liberty which is to all of us so dear. + </p> + <p> + While I acknowledge with pleasure the sincere and uniform + disposition of the House of Representatives to preserve our + neutral relations inviolate, and with them deeply regret any + degree of interruption of our good understanding with the + French Republic, I beg you, gentlemen, to rest assured that + my endeavors will be earnest and unceasing by all honorable + means to preserve peace and to restore that harmony and + affection which have heretofore so happily subsisted between + our two nations; and with you I cherish the pleasing hope + that a mutual spirit of justice and moderation will crown + those endeavors with success. + </p> + <p> + I shall cheerfully concur in the beneficial measures which + your deliberations shall mature on the various subjects + demanding your attention; and while directing your labors to + advance the real interests of our country, you receive its + blessings. With perfect sincerity my individual wishes will + be offered for your present and future felicity. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + DECEMBER 16, 1796. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + SPECIAL MESSAGES. + </h2> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 4, 1797</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + I lay before you for your consideration a treaty which has + been negotiated and concluded on the 29th day of June last by + Benjamin Hawkins, Andrew Pickens, and George Clymer, + commissioners on behalf of the United States, with the Creek + Indians, together with the instructions which were given to + the said commissioners and the proceedings at the place of + treaty. + </p> + <p> + I submit also the proceedings and result of a treaty, held at + the city of New York, on behalf of the State of New York, + with certain nations or tribes of Indians denominating + themselves the Seven Nations of Canada. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 9, 1797</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + Herewith I lay before you in confidence reports from the + Departments of State and the Treasury, by which you will see + the present situation of our affairs with the Dey and Regency + of Algiers. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>January 19, 1797</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of + Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + At the opening of the present session of Congress I mentioned + that some circumstances of an unwelcome nature had lately + occurred in relation to France; that our trade had suffered, + and was suffering, extensive injuries in the West Indies from + the cruisers and agents of the French Republic, and that + communications had been received from its minister here which + indicated danger of a further disturbance of our commerce by + its authority, and that were in other respects far from + agreeable, but that I reserved for a special message a more + particular communication on this interesting subject. This + communication I now make. + </p> + <p> + The complaints of the French minister embraced most of the + transactions of our Government in relation to France from an + early period of the present war, which, therefore, it was + necessary carefully to review. A collection has been formed + of letters and papers relating to those transactions, which I + now lay before you, with a letter to Mr. Pinckney, our + minister at Paris, containing an examination of the notes of + the French minister and such information as I thought might + be useful to Mr. Pinckney in any further representations he + might find necessary to be made to the French Government. The + immediate object of his mission was to make to that + Government such explanations of the principles and conduct of + our own as, by manifesting our good faith, might remove all + jealousy and discontent and maintain that harmony and good + understanding with the French Republic which it has been my + constant solicitude to preserve. A government which required + only a knowledge of the <i>truth</i> to justify its measures + could not but be anxious to have this fully and frankly + displayed. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>March 2, 1797</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the Senate</i>: + </p> + <p> + Application having been made to me to permit a treaty to be + held with the Seneca Nation of Indians to effect the purchase + of a parcel of their land under a preemption right derived + from the State of Massachusetts and situated within the State + of New York, and it appearing to me reasonable that such + opportunity should be afforded, provided the negotiation + shall be conducted at the expense of the applicant, and at + the desire and with the consent of the Indians, always + considering these as prerequisites, I now nominate Isaac + Smith to be a commissioner to hold a treaty with the Seneca + Nation for the aforesaid purpose. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + VETO MESSAGE. + </h2> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>February 28, 1797</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Gentlemen of the House of Representatives</i>: + </p> + <p> + Having maturely considered the bill to alter and amend an act + entitled "An act to ascertain and fix the military + establishment of the United States," which was presented to + me on the 22d day of this month, I now return it to the House + of Representatives, in which it originated, with my + objections: + </p> + <p> + First. If the bill passes into a law, the two companies of + light dragoons will be from that moment <i>legally</i> out of + service, though they will afterwards continue <i>actually</i> + in service; and for their services during this interval, + namely, from the time of <i>legal</i> to the time of + <i>actual</i> discharge, it will not be lawful to pay them, + unless some future provision be made by law. Though they may + be discharged at the pleasure of Congress, in justice they + ought to receive their pay, not only to the time of passing + the law, but at least to the time of their actual discharge. + </p> + <p> + Secondly. It will be inconvenient and injurious to the public + to dismiss the light dragoons as soon as notice of the law + can be conveyed to them, one of the companies having been + lately destined to a necessary and important service. + </p> + <p> + Thirdly. The companies of light dragoons consist of 126 + noncommissioned officers and privates, who are bound to serve + as dismounted dragoons when ordered so to do. They have + received in bounties about $2,000. One of them is completely + equipped, and above half of the noncommissioned officers and + privates have yet to serve more than one-third of the time of + their enlistment; and besides, there will in the course of + the year be a considerable deficiency in the complement of + infantry intended to be continued. Under these circumstances, + to discharge the dragoons does not seem to comport with + economy. + </p> + <p> + Fourthly. It is generally agreed that some cavalry, either + militia or regular, will be necessary; and according to the + best information I have been able to obtain, it is my opinion + that the latter will be less expensive and more useful than + the former in preserving peace between the frontier settlers + and the Indians, and therefore a part of the military + establishment should consist of cavalry. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + PROCLAMATION. + </h2> + <center> + [From Senate Journal, vol. 2, p. 397.] + </center> + <p class="r"> + MARCH 1, 1797. + </p> + <p> + <i>To the Vice-President and Senators of the United States, + respectively</i>. + </p> + <p> + SIR: It appearing to me proper that the Senate of the United + States should be convened on Saturday, the 4th of March + instant, you are desired to attend in the Chamber of the + Senate on that day, at 10 o'clock in the forenoon, to receive + any communications which the President of the United States + may then lay before you touching their interests. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + FAREWELL ADDRESS. + </h2> + <p class="r"> + UNITED STATES, <i>September 17, 1796</i>. + </p> + <p> + <i>Friends and Fellow-Citizens:</i> + </p> + <p> + The period for a new election of a citizen to administer the + Executive Government of the United States being not far + distant, and the time actually arrived when your thoughts + must be employed in designating the person who is to be + clothed with that important trust, it appears to me proper, + especially as it may conduce to a more distinct expression of + the public voice, that I should now apprise you of the + resolution I have formed to decline being considered among + the number of those out of whom a choice is to be made. + </p> + <p> + I beg you at the same time to do me the justice to be assured + that this resolution has not been taken without a strict + regard to all the considerations appertaining to the relation + which binds a dutiful citizen to his country; and that in + withdrawing the tender of service, which silence in my + situation might imply, I am influenced by no diminution of + zeal for your future interest, no deficiency of grateful + respect for your past kindness, but am supported by a full + conviction that the step is compatible with both. + </p> + <p> + The acceptance of and continuance hitherto in the office to + which your suffrages have twice called me have been a uniform + sacrifice of inclination to the opinion of duty and to a + deference for what appeared to be your desire. I constantly + hoped that it would have been much earlier in my power, + consistently with motives which I was not at liberty to + disregard, to return to that retirement from which I had been + reluctantly drawn. The strength of my inclination to do this + previous to the last election had even led to the preparation + of an address to declare it to you; but mature reflection on + the then perplexed and critical posture of our affairs with + foreign nations and the unanimous advice of persons entitled + to my confidence impelled me to abandon the idea. I rejoice + that the state of your concerns, external as well as + internal, no longer renders the pursuit of inclination + incompatible with the sentiment of duty or propriety, and am + persuaded, whatever partiality may be retained for my + services, that in the present circumstances of our country + you will not disapprove my determination to retire. + </p> + <p> + The impressions with which I first undertook the arduous + trust were explained on the proper occasion. In the discharge + of this trust I will only say that I have, with good + intentions, contributed toward the organization and + administration of the Government the best exertions of which + a very fallible judgment was capable. Not unconscious in the + outset of the inferiority of my qualifications, experience in + my own eyes, perhaps still more in the eyes of others, has + strengthened the motives to diffidence of myself; and every + day the increasing weight of years admonishes me more and + more that the shade of retirement is as necessary to me as it + will be welcome. Satisfied that if any circumstances have + given peculiar value to my services they were temporary, I + have the consolation to believe that, while choice and + prudence invite me to quit the political scene, patriotism + does not forbid it. + </p> + <p> + In looking forward to the moment which is intended to + terminate the career of my political life my feelings do not + permit me to suspend the deep acknowledgment of that debt of + gratitude which I owe to my beloved country for the many + honors it has conferred upon me; still more for the steadfast + confidence with which it has supported me, and for the + opportunities I have thence enjoyed of manifesting my + inviolable attachment by services faithful and persevering, + though in usefulness unequal to my zeal. If benefits have + resulted to our country from these services, let it always be + remembered to your praise and as an instructive example in + our annals that under circumstances in which the passions, + agitated in every direction, were liable to mislead; amidst + appearances sometimes dubious; vicissitudes of fortune often + discouraging; in situations in which not unfrequently want of + success has countenanced the spirit of criticism, the + constancy of your support was the essential prop of the + efforts and a guaranty of the plans by which they were + effected. Profoundly penetrated with this idea, I shall carry + it with me to my grave as a strong incitement to unceasing + vows that Heaven may continue to you the choicest tokens of + its beneficence; that your union and brotherly affection may + be perpetual; that the free Constitution which is the work of + your hands may be sacredly maintained; that its + administration in every department may be stamped with wisdom + and virtue; that, in fine, the happiness of the people of + these States, under the auspices of liberty, may be made + complete by so careful a preservation and so prudent a use of + this blessing as will acquire to them the glory of + recommending it to the applause, the affection, and adoption + of every nation which is yet a stranger to it. + </p> + <p> + Here, perhaps, I ought to stop. But a solicitude for your + welfare which can not end but with my life, and the + apprehension of danger natural to that solicitude, urge me on + an occasion like the present to offer to your solemn + contemplation and to recommend to your frequent review some + sentiments which are the result of much reflection, of no + inconsiderable observation, and which appear to me all + important to the permanency of your felicity as a people. + These will be offered to you with the more freedom as you can + only see in them the disinterested warnings of a parting + friend, who can possibly have no personal motive to bias his + counsel. Nor can I forget as an encouragement to it your + indulgent reception of my sentiments on a former and not + dissimilar occasion. + </p> + <p> + Interwoven as is the love of liberty with every ligament of + your hearts, no recommendation of mine is necessary to + fortify or confirm the attachment. + </p> + <p> + The unity of government which constitutes you one people is + also now dear to you. It is justly so, for it is a main + pillar in the edifice of your real independence, the support + of your tranquillity at home, your peace abroad, of your + safety, of your prosperity, of that very liberty which you so + highly prize. But as it is easy to foresee that from + different causes and from different quarters much pains will + be taken, many artifices employed, to weaken in your minds + the conviction of this truth, as this is the point in your + political fortress against which the batteries of internal + and external enemies will be most constantly and actively + (though often covertly and insidiously) directed, it is of + infinite moment that you should properly estimate the immense + value of your national union to your collective and + individual happiness; that you should cherish a cordial, + habitual, and immovable attachment to it; accustoming + yourselves to think and speak of it as of the palladium of + your political safety and prosperity; watching for its + preservation with jealous anxiety; discountenancing whatever + may suggest even a suspicion that it can in any event be + abandoned, and indignantly frowning upon the first dawning of + every attempt to alienate any portion of our country from the + rest or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link together + the various parts. + </p> + <p> + For this you have every inducement of sympathy and interest. + Citizens by birth or choice of a common country, that country + has a right to concentrate your affections. The name of + American, which belongs to you in your national capacity, + must always exalt the just pride of patriotism more than any + appellation derived from local discriminations. With slight + shades of difference, you have the same religion, manners, + habits, and political principles. You have in a common cause + fought and triumphed together. The independence and liberty + you possess are the work of joint councils and joint efforts, + of common dangers, sufferings, and successes. + </p> + <p> + But these considerations, however powerfully they address + themselves to your sensibility, are greatly outweighed by + those which apply more immediately to your interest. Here + every portion of our country finds the most commanding + motives for carefully guarding and preserving the union of + the whole. + </p> + <p> + The <i>North</i>, in an unrestrained intercourse with the + <i>South</i>, protected by the equal laws of a common + government, finds in the productions of the latter great + additional resources of maritime and commercial enterprise + and precious materials of manufacturing industry. The + <i>South</i>, in the same intercourse, benefiting by the same + agency of the <i>North</i>, sees its agriculture grow and its + commerce expand. Turning partly into its own channels the + seamen of the <i>North</i>, it finds its particular + navigation invigorated; and while it contributes in different + ways to nourish and increase the general mass of the national + navigation, it looks forward to the protection of a maritime + strength to which itself is unequally adapted. The + <i>East</i>, in a like intercourse with the <i>West</i>, + already finds, and in the progressive improvement of interior + communications by land and water will more and more find, a + valuable vent for the commodities which it brings from abroad + or manufactures at home. The <i>West</i> derives from the + <i>East</i> supplies requisite to its growth and comfort, and + what is perhaps of still greater consequence, it must of + necessity owe the <i>secure</i> enjoyment of indispensable + <i>outlets</i> for its own productions to the weight, + influence, and the future maritime strength of the Atlantic + side of the Union, directed by an indissoluble community of + interest as <i>one nation</i>. Any other tenure by which the + <i>West</i> can hold this essential advantage, whether + derived from its own separate strength or from an apostate + and unnatural connection with any foreign power, must be + intrinsically precarious. + </p> + <p> + While, then, every part of our country thus feels an + immediate and particular interest in union, all the parts + combined can not fail to find in the united mass of means and + efforts greater strength, greater resource, proportionably + greater security from external danger, a less frequent + interruption of their peace by foreign nations, and what is + of inestimable value, they must derive from union an + exemption from those broils and wars between themselves which + so frequently afflict neighboring countries not tied together + by the same governments, which their own rivalships alone + would be sufficient to produce, but which opposite foreign + alliances, attachments, and intrigues would stimulate and + imbitter. Hence, likewise, they will avoid the necessity of + those overgrown military establishments which, under any form + of government, are inauspicious to liberty, and which are to + be regarded as particularly hostile to republican liberty. In + this sense it is that your union ought to be considered as a + main prop of your liberty, and that the love of the one ought + to endear to you the preservation of the other. + </p> + <p> + These considerations speak a persuasive language to every + reflecting and virtuous mind, and exhibit the continuance of + the union as a primary object of patriotic desire. Is there a + doubt whether a common government can embrace so large a + sphere? Let experience solve it. To listen to mere + speculation in such a case were criminal. We are authorized + to hope that a proper organization of the whole, with the + auxiliary agency of governments for the respective + subdivisions, will afford a happy issue to the experiment. It + is well worth a fair and full experiment. With such powerful + and obvious motives to union affecting all parts of our + country, while experience shall not have demonstrated its + impracticability, there will always be reason to distrust the + patriotism of those who in any quarter may endeavor to weaken + its bands. + </p> + <p> + In contemplating the causes which may disturb our union it + occurs as matter of serious concern that any ground should + have been furnished for characterizing parties by + <i>geographical</i> discriminations—<i>Northern</i> and + <i>Southern, Atlantic</i> and <i>Western</i>—whence + designing men may endeavor to excite a belief that there is a + real difference of local interests and views, One of the + expedients of party to acquire influence within particular + districts is to misrepresent the opinions and aims of other + districts. You can not shield yourselves too much against the + jealousies and heartburnings which spring from these + misrepresentations; they tend to render alien to each other + those who ought to be bound together by fraternal affection. + The inhabitants of our Western country have lately had a + useful lesson on this head. They have seen in the negotiation + by the Executive and in the unanimous ratification by the + Senate of the treaty with Spain, and in the universal + satisfaction at that event throughout the United States, a + decisive proof how unfounded were the suspicions propagated + among them of a policy in the General Government and in the + Atlantic States unfriendly to their interests in regard to + the Mississippi. They have been witnesses to the formation of + two treaties—that with Great Britain and that with + Spain—which secure to them everything they could desire + in respect to our foreign relations toward confirming their + prosperity. Will it not be their wisdom to rely for the + preservation of these advantages on the union by which they + were procured? Will they not henceforth be deaf to those + advisers, if such there are, who would sever them from their + brethren and connect them with aliens? + </p> + <p> + To the efficacy and permanency of your union a government for + the whole is indispensable. No alliances, however strict, + between the parts can be an adequate substitute. They must + inevitably experience the infractions and interruptions which + all alliances in all times have experienced. Sensible of this + momentous truth, you have improved upon your first essay by + the adoption of a Constitution of Government better + calculated than your former for an intimate union and for the + efficacious management of your common concerns. This + Government, the offspring of our own choice, uninfluenced and + unawed, adopted upon full investigation and mature + deliberation, completely free in its principles, in the + distribution of its powers, uniting security with energy, and + containing within itself a provision for its own amendment, + has a just claim to your confidence and your support. Respect + for its authority, compliance with its laws, acquiescence in + its measures, are duties enjoined by the fundamental maxims + of true liberty. The basis of our political systems is the + right of the people to make and to alter their constitutions + of government. But the constitution which at any time exists + till changed by an explicit and authentic act of the whole + people is sacredly obligatory upon all. The very idea of the + power and the right of the people to establish government + presupposes the duty of every individual to obey the + established government. + </p> + <p> + All obstructions to the execution of the laws, all + combinations and associations, under whatever plausible + character, with the real design to direct, control, + counteract, or awe the regular deliberation and action of the + constituted authorities, are destructive of this fundamental + principle and of fatal tendency. They serve to organize + faction; to give it an artificial and extraordinary force; to + put in the place of the delegated will of the nation the will + of a party, often a small but artful and enterprising + minority of the community, and, according to the alternate + triumphs of different parties, to make the public + administration the mirror of the ill-concerted and + incongruous projects of faction rather than the organ of + consistent and wholesome plans, digested by common counsels + and modified by mutual interests. + </p> + <p> + However combinations or associations of the above description + may now and then answer popular ends, they are likely in the + course of time and things to become potent engines by which + cunning, ambitious, and unprincipled men will be enabled to + subvert the power of the people, and to usurp for themselves + the reins of government, destroying afterwards the very + engines which have lifted them to unjust dominion. + </p> + <p> + Toward the preservation of your Government and the permanency + of your present happy state, it is requisite not only that + you steadily discountenance irregular oppositions to its + acknowledged authority, but also that you resist with care + the spirit of innovation upon its principles, however + specious the pretexts. One method of assault may be to effect + in the forms of the Constitution alterations which will + impair the energy of the system, and thus to undermine what + can not be directly overthrown. In all the changes to which + you may be invited remember that time and habit are at least + as necessary to fix the true character of governments as of + other human institutions; that experience is the surest + standard by which to test the real tendency of the existing + constitution of a country; that facility in changes upon the + credit of mere hypothesis and opinion exposes to perpetual + change, from the endless variety of hypothesis and opinion; + and remember especially that for the efficient management of + your common interests in a country so extensive as ours a + government of as much vigor as is consistent with the perfect + security of liberty is indispensable. Liberty itself will + find in such a government, with powers properly distributed + and adjusted, its surest guardian. It is, indeed, little else + than a name where the government is too feeble to withstand + the enterprises of faction, to confine each member of the + society within the limits prescribed by the laws, and to + maintain all in the secure and tranquil enjoyment of the + rights of person and property. I have already intimated to + you the danger of parties in the State, with particular + reference to the founding of them on geographical + discriminations. Let me now take a more comprehensive view, + and warn you in the most solemn manner against the baneful + effects of the spirit of party generally. + </p> + <p> + This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our nature, + having its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. + It exists under different shapes in all governments, more or + less stifled, controlled, or repressed; but in those of the + popular form it is seen in its greatest rankness and is truly + their worst enemy. + </p> + <p> + The alternate domination of one faction over another, + sharpened by the spirit of revenge natural to party + dissension, which in different ages and countries has + perpetrated the most horrid enormities, is itself a frightful + despotism. But this leads at length to a more formal and + permanent despotism. The disorders and miseries which result + gradually incline the minds of men to seek security and + repose in the absolute power of an individual, and sooner or + later the chief of some prevailing faction, more able or more + fortunate than his competitors, turns this disposition to the + purposes of his own elevation on the ruins of public liberty. + </p> + <p> + Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind (which + nevertheless ought not to be entirely out of sight), the + common and continual mischiefs of the spirit of party are + sufficient to make it the interest and duty of a wise people + to discourage and restrain it. + </p> + <p> + It serves always to distract the public councils and enfeeble + the public administration. It agitates the community with + ill-founded jealousies and false alarms; kindles the + animosity of one part against another; foments occasionally + riot and insurrection. It opens the door to foreign influence + and corruption, which find a facilitated access to the + government itself through the channels of party passion. Thus + the policy and the will of one country are subjected to the + policy and will of another. + </p> + <p> + There is an opinion that parties in free countries are useful + checks upon the administration of the government, and serve + to keep alive the spirit of liberty. This within certain + limits is probably true; and in governments of a monarchical + cast patriotism may look with indulgence, if not with favor, + upon the spirit of party. But in those of the popular + character, in governments purely elective, it is a spirit not + to be encouraged. From their natural tendency it is certain + there will always be enough of that spirit for every salutary + purpose; and there being constant danger of excess, the + effort ought to be by force of public opinion to mitigate and + assuage it. A fire not to be quenched, it demands a uniform + vigilance to prevent its bursting into a flame, lest, instead + of warming, it should consume. + </p> + <p> + It is important, likewise, that the habits of thinking in a + free country should inspire caution in those intrusted with + its administration to confine themselves within their + respective constitutional spheres, avoiding in the exercise + of the powers of one department to encroach upon another. The + spirit of encroachment tends to consolidate the powers of all + the departments in one, and thus to create, whatever the form + of government, a real despotism. A just estimate of that love + of power and proneness to abuse it which predominates in the + human heart is sufficient to satisfy us of the truth of this + position. The necessity of reciprocal checks in the exercise + of political power, by dividing and distributing it into + different depositories, and constituting each the guardian of + the public weal against invasions by the others, has been + evinced by experiments ancient and modern, some of them in + our country and under our own eyes. To preserve them must be + as necessary as to institute them. If in the opinion of the + people the distribution or modification of the constitutional + powers be in any particular wrong, let it be corrected by an + amendment in the way which the Constitution designates. But + let there be no change by usurpation; for though this in one + instance may be the instrument of good, it is the customary + weapon by which free governments are destroyed. The precedent + must always greatly overbalance in permanent evil any partial + or transient benefit which the use can at any time yield. + </p> + <p> + Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political + prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable supports. + In vain would that man claim the tribute of patriotism who + should labor to subvert these great pillars of human + happiness—these firmest props of the duties of men and + citizens. The mere politician, equally with the pious man, + ought to respect and to cherish them. A volume could not + trace all their connections with private and public felicity. + Let it simply be asked, Where is the security for property, + for reputation, for life, if the sense of religious + obligation <i>desert</i> the oaths which are the instruments + of investigation in courts of justice? And let us with + caution indulge the supposition that morality can be + maintained without religion. Whatever may be conceded to the + influence of refined education on minds of peculiar + structure, reason and experience both forbid us to expect + that national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious + principle. + </p> + <p> + It is substantially true that virtue or morality is a + necessary spring of popular government. The rule indeed + extends with more or less force to every species of free + government. Who that is a sincere friend to it can look with + indifference upon attempts to shake the foundation of the + fabric? Promote, then, as an object of primary importance, + institutions for the general diffusion of knowledge. In + proportion as the structure of a government gives force to + public opinion, it is essential that public opinion should be + enlightened. + </p> + <p> + As a very important source of strength and security, cherish + public credit. One method of preserving it is to use it as + sparingly as possible, avoiding occasions of expense by + cultivating peace, but remembering also that timely + disbursements to prepare for danger frequently prevent much + greater disbursements to repel it; avoiding likewise the + accumulation of debt, not only by shunning occasions of + expense, but by vigorous exertions in time of peace to + discharge the debts which unavoidable wars have occasioned, + not ungenerously throwing upon posterity the burthen which we + ourselves ought to bear. The execution of these maxims + belongs to your representatives; but it is necessary that + public opinion should cooperate. To facilitate to them the + performance of their duty it is essential that you should + practically bear in mind that toward the payment of debts + there must be revenue; that to have revenue there must be + taxes; that no taxes can be devised which are not more or + less inconvenient and unpleasant; that the intrinsic + embarrassment inseparable from the selection of the proper + objects (which is always a choice of difficulties), ought to + be a decisive motive for a candid construction of the conduct + of the Government in making it, and for a spirit of + acquiescence in the measures for obtaining revenue which the + public exigencies may at any time dictate. + </p> + <p> + Observe good faith and justice toward all nations. Cultivate + peace and harmony with all. Religion and morality enjoin this + conduct. And can it be that good policy does not equally + enjoin it? It will be worthy of a free, enlightened, and at + no distant period a great nation to give to mankind the + magnanimous and too novel example of a people always guided + by an exalted justice and benevolence. Who can doubt that in + the course of time and things the fruits of such a plan would + richly repay any temporary advantages which might be lost by + a steady adherence to it? Can it be that Providence has not + connected the permanent felicity of a nation with its virtue? + The experiment, at least, is recommended by every sentiment + which ennobles human nature. Alas! is it rendered impossible + by its vices? + </p> + <p> + In the execution of such a plan nothing is more essential + than that permanent, inveterate antipathies against + particular nations and passionate attachments for others + should be excluded, and that in place of them just and + amicable feelings toward all should be cultivated. The nation + which indulges toward another an habitual hatred or an + habitual fondness is in some degree a slave. It is a slave to + its animosity or to its affection, either of which is + sufficient to lead it astray from its duty and its interest. + Antipathy in one nation against another disposes each more + readily to offer insult and injury, to lay hold of slight + causes of umbrage, and to be haughty and intractable when + accidental or trifling occasions of dispute occur. + </p> + <p> + Hence frequent collisions, obstinate, envenomed, and bloody + contests. The nation prompted by ill will and resentment + sometimes impels to war the government contrary to the best + calculations of policy. The government sometimes participates + in the national propensity, and adopts through passion what + reason would reject. At other times it makes the animosity of + the nation subservient to projects of hostility, instigated + by pride, ambition, and other sinister and pernicious + motives. The peace often, sometimes perhaps the liberty, of + nations has been the victim. + </p> + <p> + So, likewise, a passionate attachment of one nation for + another produces a variety of evils. Sympathy for the + favorite nation, facilitating the illusion of an imaginary + common interest in cases where no real common interest + exists, and infusing into one the enmities of the other, + betrays the former into a participation in the quarrels and + wars of the latter without adequate inducement or + justification. It leads also to concessions to the favorite + nation of privileges denied to others, which is apt doubly to + injure the nation making the concessions by unnecessarily + parting with what ought to have been retained, and by + exciting jealousy, ill will, and a disposition to retaliate + in the parties from whom equal privileges are withheld; and + it gives to ambitious, corrupted, or deluded citizens (who + devote themselves to the favorite nation) facility to betray + or sacrifice the interests of their own country without + odium, sometimes even with popularity, gilding with the + appearances of a virtuous sense of obligation, a commendable + deference for public opinion, or a laudable zeal for public + good the base or foolish compliances of ambition, corruption, + or infatuation. + </p> + <p> + As avenues to foreign influence in innumerable ways, such + attachments are particularly alarming to the truly + enlightened and independent patriot. How many opportunities + do they afford to tamper with domestic factions, to practice + the arts of seduction, to mislead public opinion, to + influence or awe the public councils! Such an attachment of a + small or weak toward a great and powerful nation dooms the + former to be the satellite of the latter. Against the + insidious wiles of foreign influence (I conjure you to + believe me, fellow-citizens) the jealousy of a free people + ought to be <i>constantly</i> awake, since history and + experience prove that foreign influence is one of the most + baneful foes of republican government. But that jealousy, to + be useful, must be impartial, else it becomes the instrument + of the very influence to be avoided, instead of a defense + against it. Excessive partiality for one foreign nation and + excessive dislike of another cause those whom they actuate to + see danger only on one side, and serve to veil and even + second the arts of influence on the other. Real patriots who + may resist the intrigues of the favorite are liable to become + suspected and odious, while its tools and dupes usurp the + applause and confidence of the people to surrender their + interests. + </p> + <p> + The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations + is, in extending our commercial relations to have with them + as little <i>political</i> connection as possible. So far as + we have already formed engagements let them be fulfilled with + perfect good faith. Here let us stop. + </p> + <p> + Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none + or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in + frequent controversies, the causes of which are essentially + foreign to our concerns. Hence, therefore, it must be unwise + in us to implicate ourselves by artificial ties in the + ordinary vicissitudes of her politics or the ordinary + combinations and collisions of her friendships or enmities. + </p> + <p> + Our detached, and distant situation invites and enables us to + pursue a different course. If we remain one people, under an + efficient government, the period is not far off when we may + defy material injury from external annoyance; when we may + take such an attitude as will cause the neutrality we may at + any time resolve upon to be scrupulously respected; when + belligerent nations, under the impossibility of making + acquisitions upon us, will not lightly hazard the giving us + provocation; when we may choose peace or war, as our + interest, guided by justice, shall counsel. + </p> + <p> + Why forego the advantages of so peculiar a situation? Why + quit our own to stand upon foreign ground? Why, by + interweaving our destiny with that of any part of Europe, + entangle our peace and prosperity in the toils of European + ambition, rivalship, interest, humor, or caprice? + </p> + <p> + It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances + with any portion of the foreign world, so far, I mean, as we + are now at liberty to do it; for let me not be understood as + capable of patronizing infidelity to existing engagements. I + hold the maxim no less applicable to public than to private + affairs that honesty is always the best policy. I repeat, + therefore, let those engagements be observed in their genuine + sense. But in my opinion it is unnecessary and would be + unwise to extend them. + </p> + <p> + Taking care always to keep ourselves by suitable + establishments on a respectable defensive posture, we may + safely trust to temporary alliances for extraordinary + emergencies. + </p> + <p> + Harmony, liberal intercourse with all nations are recommended + by policy, humanity, and interest. But even our commercial + policy should hold an equal and impartial hand, neither + seeking nor granting exclusive favors or preferences; + consulting the natural course of things; diffusing and + diversifying by gentle means the streams of commerce, but + forcing nothing; establishing with powers so disposed, in + order to give trade a stable course, to define the rights of + our merchants, and to enable the Government to support them, + conventional rules of intercourse, the best that present + circumstances and mutual opinion will permit, but temporary + and liable to be from time to time abandoned or varied as + experience and circumstances shall dictate; constantly + keeping in view that it is folly in one nation to look for + disinterested favors from another; that it must pay with a + portion of its independence for whatever it may accept under + that character; that by such acceptance it may place itself + in the condition of having given equivalents for nominal + favors, and yet of being reproached with ingratitude for not + giving more. There can be no greater error than to expect or + calculate upon real favors from nation to nation. It is an + illusion which experience must cure, which a just pride ought + to discard. + </p> + <p> + In offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of an old + and affectionate friend I dare not hope they will make the + strong and lasting impression I could wish—that they + will control the usual current of the passions or prevent our + nation from running the course which has hitherto marked the + destiny of nations. But if I may even flatter myself that + they may be productive of some partial benefit, some + occasional good—that they may now and then recur to + moderate the fury of party spirit, to warn against the + mischiefs of foreign intrigue, to guard against the + impostures of pretended patriotism—this hope will be a + full recompense for the solicitude for your welfare by which + they have been dictated. + </p> + <p> + How far in the discharge of my official duties I have been + guided by the principles which have been delineated the + public records and other evidences of my conduct must witness + to you and to the world. To myself, the assurance of my own + conscience is that I have at least believed myself to be + guided by them. + </p> + <p> + In relation to the still subsisting war in Europe my + proclamation of the 22d of April, 1793, is the index to my + plan. Sanctioned by your approving voice and by that of your + representatives in both Houses of Congress, the spirit of + that measure has continually governed me, uninfluenced by any + attempts to deter or divert me from it. + </p> + <p> + After deliberate examination, with the aid of the best lights + I could obtain, I was well satisfied that our country, under + all the circumstances of the case, had a right to take, and + was bound in duty and interest to take, a neutral position. + Having taken it, I determined as far as should depend upon me + to maintain it with moderation, perseverance, and firmness. + </p> + <p> + The considerations which respect the right to hold this + conduct it is not necessary on this occasion to detail. I + will only observe that, according to my understanding of the + matter, that right, so far from being denied by any of the + belligerent powers, has been virtually admitted by all. + </p> + <p> + The duty of holding a neutral conduct may be inferred, + without anything more, from the obligation which justice and + humanity impose on every nation, in cases in which it is free + to act, to maintain inviolate the relations of peace and + amity toward other nations. + </p> + <p> + The inducements of interest for observing that conduct will + best be referred to your own reflections and experience. With + me a predominant motive has been to endeavor to gain time to + our country to settle and mature its yet recent institutions, + and to progress without interruption to that degree of + strength and consistency which is necessary to give it, + humanly speaking, the command of its own fortunes. + </p> + <p> + Though in reviewing the incidents of my Administration I am + unconscious of intentional error, I am nevertheless too + sensible of my defects not to think it probable that I may + have committed many errors. Whatever they may be, I fervently + beseech the Almighty to avert or mitigate the evils to which + they may tend. I shall also carry with me the hope that my + country will never cease to view them with indulgence, and + that, after forty-five years of my life dedicated to its + service with an upright zeal, the faults of incompetent + abilities will be consigned to oblivion, as myself must soon + be to the mansions of rest. + </p> + <p> + Relying on its kindness in this as in other things, and + actuated by that fervent love toward it which is so natural + to a man who views in it the native soil of himself and his + progenitors for several generations, I anticipate with + pleasing expectation that retreat in which I promise myself + to realize without alloy the sweet enjoyment of partaking in + the midst of my fellow-citizens the benign influence of good + laws under a free government—the ever-favorite object + of my heart, and the happy reward, as I trust, of our mutual + cares, labors, and dangers. + </p> + <p class="r"> + GEORGE WASHINGTON. + </p> + <hr style="width: 100%"> + <p> + + </p> + <p> + + </p> + <h2> + Footnotes + </h2> + <p> + <a name="note-1"><!-- Note Anchor 1 --></a>1: For + proclamation convening Senate in extraordinary session see p. + 587. + </p> + + <div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11314 ***</div> +</body> +</html> |