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diff --git a/11218-h/11218-h.htm b/11218-h/11218-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b6181f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/11218-h/11218-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,3800 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> +<html> +<head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" + content="text/html; charset=us-ascii"> + + <title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Highroads of + Geography.</title> + <style type="text/css"> + <!-- + * { font-family: Times;} + P { text-indent: 1em; + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; } + .pic1 { margin-bottom: 0; } + .pic2 { clear: left; } + H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { text-align: center; } + H2 { text-align: center; + margin-bottom: 1.5em; } + .lesson { text-align: left; } + .illus { margin: 0; + font-style: italic; } + HR { width: 33%; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; + clear: both; } + BODY{ margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + font-size: 14pt;} + .chapter { width: 70%; + margin-top: 2.75em; + margin-bottom: 1.5em; + clear: both; } + .title { width: 70%; + margin-top: 1.55em; + margin-bottom: 1.5em; } + .figure1 { margin: 1em; + border: thin silver solid; + text-align: center; + padding: 1em; + float: left; + margin-left: 0; } + .figure1r { margin: 1em; + border: thin silver solid; + text-align: center; + padding: 1em; + float: right; + margin-right: 0; } + .figure1c { margin: 1em; + border: thin silver solid; + text-align: center; + padding: 1em; } + .figure2l { margin: 0.5em; + border: none; + float: left; + margin-left: 0; } + .figure2r { margin: 0.5em; + border: none; + float: right; + margin-right: 0; } + .figure2c { margin: 1em; + border: none; } + .caption { text-indent: 0; + text-align: center; + margin-bottom: 0em; + font-size: 12pt; } + blockquote { margin-left: 8%; + margin-right: 8%; + margin-top: 0;} + LI { margin-bottom: .25em; } + UL { list-style-type: none; } + a { text-decoration: none; } + a:hover { background-color: #ffffcc } + // --> + </style> +</head> + +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Highroads of Geography, by Anonymous + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Highroads of Geography + +Author: Anonymous + +Release Date: February 21, 2004 [EBook #11218] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HIGHROADS OF GEOGRAPHY *** + + + + +Produced by Julie Barkley, Susan Woodring and PG Distributed Proofreaders + + + + + +</pre> + + <hr class="title"> + + <h2><i>THE ROYAL SCHOOL SERIES</i></h2> + + <h1>Highroads of Geography</h1> + + <h4 class="illus">Illustrated by Masterpieces of the following + artists:—</h4> + + <h4 class="illus">J. M. W. Turner, F. Goodall, E. A. + Hornel,</h4> + + <h4 class="illus">Talbot Kelly, W. Simpson, Edgar H.</h4> + + <h4 class="illus">Fisher, J. F. Lewis, T. H.</h4> + + <h4 class="illus">Liddell, Cyrus Cuneo,</h4> + + <h4 class="illus">&c.</h4> + + <center> + <div class="figure2c"> + <img src="illustrations/FigF-1.png" + width="35" + height="59" + alt=""> + </div> + </center><br> + + <h2 style="margin-bottom: 0;">Introductory Book—</h2> + + <h2 style="margin-top: 0;">Round the World with Father</h2> + + <h4>1916</h4><a name="PhotoF-1"></a> <br> + + <center> + <div class="figure1c" + style="width: 640px;"> + <img src="illustrations/PhotoF-1.jpg" + width="600" + height="422" + alt=""><br> + + + <p class="caption">That's where Daddy is!<br> + (<i>From the painting by J. Snowman.</i>)</p> + </div> + </center> + <hr class="chapter"> + <a name="CONTENTS"></a> + + <h2>CONTENTS.</h2> + + <div style="margin-left: 15%;"> + <ol> + <li><a href="#c1">Good-bye to Father</a>,</li> + + <li><a href="#c2">A Letter from France</a>,</li> + + <li><a href="#c3">In Paris</a>,</li> + + <li><a href="#c4">On the Way to Egypt</a>,</li> + + <li><a href="#c5">A Letter from Egypt</a>,</li> + + <li><a href="#c6">Children of Egypt</a>,</li> + + <li><a href="#c7">Through the Canal</a>,</li> + + <li><a href="#c8">Amongst the Arabs.—I.</a>,</li> + + <li><a href="#c9">Amongst the + Arabs.—II.</a>,</li> + + <li><a href="#c10">A Letter from India</a>,</li> + + <li><a href="#c11">In the Streets</a>,</li> + + <li><a href="#c12">Our Indian Cousin</a>,</li> + + <li><a href="#c13">In the Garden</a>,</li> + + <li><a href="#c14">Indian Boys and Girls</a>,</li> + + <li><a href="#c15">Elephants and Tigers</a>,</li> + + <li><a href="#c16">A Letter from + Burma.—I.</a>,</li> + + <li><a href="#c17">A Letter from + Burma.—II.</a>,</li> + + <li><a href="#c18">A Letter from Ceylon</a>,</li> + + <li><a href="#c19">A Letter from China</a>,</li> + + <li><a href="#c20">Chinese Boys and Girls</a>,</li> + + <li><a href="#c21">Hair, Fingers, and Toes</a>,</li> + + <li><a href="#c22">A Letter from Japan</a>,</li> + + <li><a href="#c23">Jap Children</a>,</li> + + <li><a href="#c24">A Letter from Canada</a>,</li> + + <li><a href="#c25">Children of Canada</a>,</li> + + <li><a href="#c26">The Red Men</a>,</li> + + <li><a href="#c27">The Eskimos</a>,</li> + + <li><a href="#c28">Father's Last Letter</a>,</li> + + <li><a href="#c29">Home Again</a>,</li> + </ol> + + <ul> + <li><a href="#Exercises">EXERCISES</a>,</li> + </ul> + </div> + <hr class="chapter"> + <a name="INTRODUCTORY_BOOK"></a> + + <h2>INTRODUCTORY BOOK.</h2><a name="c1"></a> + <hr class="chapter"> + + <h2><a href="#L1">1. GOOD-BYE TO FATHER.</a></h2> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig01-1ed.png" + width="400" + height="325" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>1. Father kissed us and said, "Good-bye, dears. Be good + children, and help mother as much as you can. The year will + soon pass away. What a merry time we will have when I come back + again!"</p> + + <p>2. Father kissed mother, and then stepped into the train. + The guard blew his whistle, and the train began to move. We + waved good-bye until it was out of sight.</p> + + <p>3. Then we all began to cry—even Tom, who thinks + himself such a man. It was <i>so</i> lonely without father.</p> + + <p>4. Tom was the first to dry his eyes. He turned to me and + said, "Stop that crying. You are the eldest, and you ought to + know better."</p> + + <p>5. He made mother take his arm, just as father used to do. + Then he began to whistle, to show that he did not care a bit. + All the way home he tried to make jokes.</p> + + <p>6. As soon as we had taken off our coats and hats, Tom + called us into the sitting-room. "Look here," he said: "we're + going to have no glum faces in this house. We must be bright + and cheerful, or mother will fret. You know father wouldn't + like that."</p> + + <div class="figure2l"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig01-2ed.png" + width="400" + height="281" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>7. We said that we would do our best. So off we went to help + mother to make the beds and to dust the rooms. While we were + doing this we quite forgot to be sad.</p> + + <p>8. After tea we went into father's room and looked at the + globe. "I'm going to follow father right round the world," said + Tom. "Please show me which way he is going." Mother did so.</p> + + <p>9. "By this time next week," she said, "we shall have the + first of many long letters from father. I am sure we shall + enjoy reading them. He will tell us about the far-off lands + which he is going to see."</p> + + <p>10. "That will be grand," I said. "I hope he will tell us + <i>lots</i> about the children. I want to know what they look + like, what they wear, and what games they play."</p> + + <p>11. Tom said he would rather not hear about children. He + wanted to hear about savages and tigers and shipwrecks, and + things like that.</p> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig01-3ed.png" + width="250" + height="416" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>12. A week later the postman brought us father's first + letter. How eager we were to hear it! Mother had to read it for + us two or three times.</p> + + <p>13. Every week for many weeks the postman brought us letters + from father. When he handed us a letter he used to say, "I'm + glad to see that your daddy is all right so far."</p> + + <p>14. This book is made up of father's letters from abroad. I + hope you will enjoy them as much as we did.</p><a name= + "c2"></a> + <hr class="chapter"> + + <h2><a href="#L2">2. A LETTER FROM FRANCE.</a></h2> + + <p>1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,—I am writing this letter in a + large seaport of the south of France. To-morrow I shall go on + board the big ship which is to take me to + Egypt.</p><a name="c2p2"></a> + + <p class="pic1">2. Let me tell you about my travels so far. The + train in which I left our town took me to London. Next day + another train took me to a small town on the + seashore.</p><a name="Photo02-1"></a> + + <div class="figure1" + style="width: 640px;"> + <img src="illustrations/Photo02-1.jpg" + width="600" + height="393" + alt=""><br> + + + <p class="caption">The White Cliffs of Dover.<br> + (<i>From the picture by J.M.W. Turner, R.A.</i>)</p> + </div> + + <p>3. About twenty miles of sea lie between this town and + France. At once I went on board the small steamer which was to + take me across. The sea was smooth and the sun was shining.</p> + + <p>4. I stood on the deck looking at the white cliffs of dear + old England. When I could see them no longer I found that we + were not far from France.</p> + + <p>5. In about an hour we reached a French town which in olden + days belonged to us. The steamer sailed right up to the railway + station.</p> + + <p>6. I had something to eat, and then took my place in the + train. Soon we were speeding towards Paris, the chief town of + France.</p> + + <p>7. I looked out of the window most of the time. We ran + through many meadows and cornfields. Here and there I saw rows + of poplar trees between the fields.</p> + + <p>8. Now and then we crossed rivers with barges on them. On + and on we went, past farmhouses and little villages, each with + its church. The French villages look brighter than ours. I + think this is because the houses are painted in gay + colours.</p> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig02-1ed.png" + width="400" + height="277" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>9. I saw many men, women, and children working in the + fields. All of them wore wooden shoes. Most of the men and boys + were dressed in blue blouses.</p> + + <p>10. There was a little French boy in my carriage. He wore a + black blouse with a belt. His stockings were short, and did not + come up to his knickerbockers. He was rather pale, and his legs + were very thin.</p> + + <p>11. The boy was about Tom's age. He sat still, and held his + father's hand all the way. I don't think Tom would have done + this; he thinks himself too much of a man.</p> + + <p>12. After a time we crossed a broad river, and came to the + dull, dark station of a large city. As we left it, I saw the + tall spire of one of the grandest churches in all the + world.</p> + + <p>13. On we went, past farms and villages and small towns, + until at last we reached Paris.</p><a name="c3"></a> + <hr class="chapter"> + + <h2><a href="#L3">3. IN + PARIS.</a></h2><a name="Photo03-1"></a> + + <center> + <div class="figure1c" + style= + "width: 640px; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0;"> + <img src="illustrations/Photo03-1.jpg" + width="600" + height="437" + alt=""><br> + + + <p class="caption">In the Gardens.<br> + (<i>From the picture by Cyrus Cuneo, R.I.</i>)</p> + </div> + </center><br clear="all"> + + <p>1. Paris is a very grand and beautiful city. The French + people say that France is a great garden. They also say that + the finest flowers in this garden make up the nosegay which we + call Paris.</p> + + <p>2. A great river runs through Paris. All day long you can + see little steamboats darting to and fro on the river, like + swallows. Near to the river are some beautiful gardens.</p> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig03-1ed.png" + width="450" + height="256" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>3. I sat in these gardens, at a little table under the + trees. As I sat there a man walked up the path. At once I heard + a great chirping and a flutter of wings.</p> + + <p>4. All the birds in the garden flocked to him. They seemed + to know him as an old friend. Some perched on his shoulders and + some on his hat. One bold little fellow tried to get into his + pocket. It was a pretty sight to see him feeding the birds.</p> + + <div class="figure2l"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig03-2ed.png" + width="250" + height="358" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>5. In the gardens there were many nurses carrying babies. + These nurses were very gay indeed. They wore gray cloaks and + white caps, with broad silk ribbons hanging down their + backs.</p> + + <p>6. Some of the older children were playing ball, but they + did not play very well. Until a few years ago French boys had + few outdoor games. Now they are learning to play tennis and + football.</p> + + <p>7. French boys are always clean and neatly dressed, however + poor they may be. They think more about lessons than our boys + do. Their school hours are much longer than ours.</p> + + <p>8. French girls have not so much freedom as our girls. A + grown-up person takes them to school and brings them home + again. Their mothers do not allow them to go for walks by + themselves. I wonder how Kate and May would like this.</p> + + <p>9. Some day I must take you to see Paris. You would love to + ramble through its streets. Many of them are planted with + trees. Under these trees you may see men and women sitting at + little tables. They eat and drink while a band plays merry + tunes.</p> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig03-3ed.png" + width="275" + height="239" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>10. You would be sure to notice that the French people have + very good manners. When a Frenchman enters or leaves a shop he + raises his hat and bows. A Frenchman is always polite, and he + always tries to please you.</p> + + <p>11. I cannot now write anything more about Paris. I should + like to tell you about its beautiful buildings and its fine + shops, but I have no more time to spare.</p> + + <p>12. I hope you are all doing your best to make mother happy. + I am very well; I hope you are well too.—Your loving + FATHER.</p><a name="c4"></a> + <hr class="chapter"> + + <h2><a href="#L4">4. ON THE WAY TO EGYPT.</a></h2> + + <p>1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,—I am writing this letter on board + the big ship which is taking me to Egypt. Let me tell you what + I have seen and done since I left Paris.</p> + + <p>2. It is a long day's ride from Paris to the seaport from + which my ship set sail. Let me tell you about the journey. A + few hours after leaving Paris the train began to run through + vineyards.</p> + + <p class="pic1">3. At this time of the year a vineyard is a + pretty sight. The broad leaves of the vine are tinted with + crimson and gold. Beneath them are the purple or golden + grapes.</p><a name="Photo04-1"></a> + + <div class="figure1" + style="width: 640px;"> + <img src="illustrations/Photo04-1.jpg" + width="600" + height="384" + alt=""><br> + + + <p class="caption">THE GRAPE HARVEST.<br> + (<i>From the picture by P.M. Dupuy in the Salon of 1909. + Bought by the State.</i>)</p> + </div> + + <p>4. As I passed through France the grapes were ripe, and were + being gathered. I could see women and children going up and + down between the rows of vines. They plucked the ripe fruit and + put it into baskets. When the baskets were filled they were + emptied into a big tub.</p> + + <p>5. When the tub was filled it was taken to a building near + at hand. In this building there is a press which squeezes the + juice out of the grapes. The grape juice is then made into + wine.</p> + + <p>6. As evening drew on we came to a large town where two big + rivers meet. It is a busy town, and has many smoky chimneys. + Much silk and velvet are made in this town.</p> + + <p>7. I think you know that silk is made by the silkworm. This + worm feeds on the leaves of the mulberry tree. In the south of + France there are thousands of mulberry trees. There are also + many orange and olive trees.</p> + + <p>8. The weather is much warmer in the south of France than it + is in England. In the early spring all sorts of pretty flowers + are grown on the hillsides. They are sent to England, and are + sold in the shops when our gardens are bare.</p> + + <p class="pic">9. Now I must hurry on. For some hours we ran by + the side of a swift river; with mountains on both sides of us. + Then we reached the big seaport, and there I found my ship + waiting for me.</p><a name="Photo04-2"></a> + + <div class="figure1r" + style="width: 640px;"> + <img src="illustrations/Photo04-2.jpg" + width="600" + height="377" + alt=""><br> + + + <p class="caption">GAMES ON BOARD FATHER'S SHIP.<br> + (<i>From the picture by W.L. Wylie. By kind permission of + the P. and O. Co.</i>)</p> + </div> + + <p>10. It is a huge ship, with hundreds of cabins, a large + dining-room, drawing-room and smoking-room. It is really a + floating hotel.</p> + + <p>11. Most of the people on board are going to India. All day + long they sit in chairs on the deck reading. Some of us play + games, and at night we have dances and concerts.</p> + + <p>12. We have now been four days at sea. To-morrow we shall + reach a town by the side of a great canal. This town and canal + are in Egypt.</p> + + <p>13. I hope you are still good and happy.—Best love to + you all. FATHER.</p><a name="c5"></a> + <hr class="chapter"> + + <h2><a href="#L5">5. A LETTER FROM + EGYPT.</a></h2><a name="Photo05-1"></a> + + <div class="figure1" + style="width: 640px; margin-top: 0;"> + <img src="illustrations/Photo05-1.jpg" + width="600" + height="301" + alt=""><br> + + + <p class="caption">The Nile in Flood.<br> + (<i>From the picture by F. Goodall, R. A., in the + Guildhall Gallery. By permission of the Corporation of + London.</i>)</p> + </div> + + <p>1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,—With this letter I am sending you + a beautiful picture. Look at it carefully, and you will see + what Egypt is like.</p> + + <p>2. The water which you see in the picture is part of the + great river Nile. If there were no Nile to water the land, + Egypt would be nothing but a desert.</p> + + <p>3. Once a year, as a rule, the Nile rises and overflows its + banks. The waters spread out over the country and cover it with + rich mud. In this mud much cotton, sugar, grain, and rice are + grown.</p> + + <p>4. Egypt now belongs to the British. They have turned part + of the Nile into a huge lake, in which the water is stored.</p> + + <p>5. The water is let out of the lake when it is needed. It + runs into canals, and then into drains, which cross the fields + and water them.</p> + + <p>6. A sail along the Nile is very pleasant. There are lovely + tints of green on the water. As the boat glides on, many + villages are passed. Each of these has its snow-white + temple.</p> + + <p class="pic">7. All along the river bank there are palm + trees. They wave their crowns of green leaves high in the air. + The fields are gay with colour. Above all is the bright blue + sky.</p><a name="Photo05-2"></a> + + <div class="figure1r" + style="width: 449px;"> + <img src="illustrations/Photo05-2.jpg" + width="409" + height="600" + alt=""><br> + + + <p class="caption">The Chief City of Egypt.<br> + (<i>From the picture by Talbot Kelly, R.I.</i>)</p> + </div> + + <p>8. Look at the picture again. At a short distance from the + water you see a village. It has a wall round it, and outside + the wall is a ditch. In October the ditch is full of water; in + spring it is dry.</p> + + <p>9. In and near this ditch the children and the dogs of the + villages play together. You can see two boys in the picture. + One of them is standing by his mother. The other boy is riding + on a buffalo.</p> + + <p>10. In the middle of the village there is an open space. + Sometimes this space is covered with bright green grass. Round + it are rows of palm trees. The house of the chief stands on one + side of this green.</p> + + <p>11. Every village has its well, and every well has its + water-wheel for drawing up the water. By the side of the well + the old men of the village sit smoking and chatting. The women + come to the well to fill their pitchers with water.</p> + + <p class="pic">12. All the houses are built of Nile mud. This + mud is dug out of the banks of the river. It is mixed with a + little chopped straw to hold it together. Then it is put into + moulds. After a time it is turned out of the moulds, and is + left to dry in the sun.</p><a name="c6"></a> + <hr class="chapter"> + + <h2><a href="#L6">6. CHILDREN OF EGYPT.</a></h2> + + <p>1. In the picture you see two of the women of Egypt. One of + them is standing at the edge of the river. She is filling her + pitcher with water. The other woman is carrying a lamb in her + arms.</p> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig06-1ed.png" + width="200" + height="428" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>2. The people of Egypt have changed but little since the + days of Moses. The men have brown faces, white teeth, and + bright black eyes. Most of them wear beards and shave their + heads.</p> + + <p>3. The women wear long dark cloaks. If they are well-to-do + they cover their faces with a veil. They think it wrong to let + their faces be seen by any men except their husbands.</p> + + <p>4. I think Kate would like to hear something about the + children. Those who have rich fathers wear beautiful clothes, + and have a very happy time. Poor children wear few clothes, and + are nearly always covered with dust.</p> + + <p>5. Many of the boys go to school, and are taught just as you + are. They read the same kind of books that you read.</p> + + <p>6. The children of Egypt always obey their parents, and are + never rude to them. I think they have very good manners.</p> + + <p>7. All the people of Egypt love singing. Their voices are + soft and sweet. The boatmen on the Nile sing as they row. The + fruit-sellers sing as they cry their wares in the streets.</p> + + <p>8. Many of the boys in the chief city of Egypt are donkey + drivers. In Egypt donkeys are far more used for riding than + horses. The donkeys are beautiful little animals, and they trot + along very quickly.</p> + + <p>9. Each donkey has a boy to run after it with a stick, and + to shout at it to make it go. The donkey boys are very jolly + little fellows. They always smile, however far they have to + run.</p> + + <div class="figure2l"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig06-2ed.png" + width="350" + height="327" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>10. Most donkey boys wear a white or blue gown, and have a + red cap, or fez, on the head. If a donkey boy sees an + Englishman coming, he runs to him and says, "My donkey is + called John Bull." If he sees an American coming, he says that + his donkey's name is Yankee Doodle.</p> + + <p>11. Sometimes the donkey boy will ask the rider,—</p> + + <p>"Very good donkey?"</p> + + <p>If the rider says "Yes," he will then ask,—</p> + + <p>"Very good donkey boy?"</p> + + <p>"Yes."</p> + + <p>12. "Very good saddle too?"</p> + + <p>"Yes."</p> + + <p>"<i>Then me have very good present!</i>"</p> + + <p>13. Now let me tell you something that will surprise you. + The people of Egypt in the old, old days thought that their + cats were gods.</p> + + <p class="pic">14. They prayed to them and built temples to + them. When the family cat died, all the people in the house + shaved their eyebrows to show how sorry they were.—Best + love to you all. FATHER.</p><a name="c7"></a> + <hr class="chapter"> + + <h2><a href="#L7">7. THROUGH THE CANAL.</a></h2> + + <p>1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,—I have just sailed through a very + wonderful canal. It joins two great seas together, and is now + part of the way to India.</p> + + <p>2. By means of this canal we can sail from England to India + in three weeks. Before it was made the voyage took three months + or more.</p> + + <p>3. The canal was made more than forty years ago by a + Frenchman. He dug a great ditch, and joined together a number + of lakes. By doing so he made a waterway from sea to sea. This + waterway is about a hundred miles long.</p> + + <p>4. I joined my ship at the town which stands at the north + end of the canal. There is nothing to see in the town except + the lighthouse and the shops. On the sea wall there is a statue + of the Frenchman who made the canal.</p> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig07-1ed.png" + width="375" + height="466" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>5. As we lay off the town we could see many little boats + darting to and fro. The boatmen were dressed in all the colours + of the rainbow—red, blue, green, and orange. In one boat + there were men and women playing and singing songs.</p> + + <p>6. By the side of our ship men were swimming in the water. I + threw a piece of silver into the water. One of the men dived, + and caught it before it reached the bottom.</p> + + <p>7. On the other side of the ship there were great barges + full of coal. Hundreds of men and women carried this coal to + the ship in little baskets upon their heads. They walked up and + down a plank, and all the time they made an awful noise which + they called singing.</p> + + <p>8. When all the coal was on board, the ship began to steam + slowly along the narrow canal. No ship is allowed to sail more + than four miles an hour, lest the "wash" should break down the + banks.</p> + + <p>9. Soon we passed out of the narrow canal into one of the + lakes. Our road was marked by buoys. Away to right and to left + of us stretched the sandy desert.</p> + + <p>10. In the afternoon we passed a station, where I saw a + number of camels laden with boxes of goods. They were going to + travel across the sands for many days.</p> + + <p>11. The sun went down in a sky of purple and gold. Then a + large electric light shone forth from our bows. It threw a + broad band of white light on the water and on the banks of the + canal. Where the light touched the sands it seemed to turn them + into silver.</p> + + <p class="pic">12. In less than twenty-four hours we reached + the town at the south end of the canal. A boat came out from + the shore, and this letter is going back with it.—Love to + you all. FATHER.</p><a name="c8"></a> + <hr class="chapter"> + + <h2><a href="#L8">8. AMONGST THE + ARABS.—I.</a></h2> + + <div class="figure2l"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig08-1ed.png" + width="350" + height="421" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,—I am now sailing along the Red + Sea. The weather is very hot. All over the ship electric fans + are hard at work. In spite of them I cannot keep cool.</p> + + <p>2. Away on the left, or port, side of the ship I see high + hills. They are red in colour, and seem to be baked by the hot + sun. Even through my spy-glass I cannot see a speck of green on + them. All is red and bare.</p> + + <p>3. Beyond the hills lies the land of Arabia. It is a hot, + dry land, in which years sometimes pass without a shower of + rain. There is hardly ever a cloud in the sky, and there is no + dew at night.</p> + + <p>4. Much of the land is covered with sand. Little or nothing + will grow. You know that we call a sandy waste of this kind a + <i>desert</i>.</p> + + <p>5. Here and there in the desert a few springs are found. The + water of these springs causes grass and trees to grow well. + Around each spring is what looks like an island of green in the + midst of a red sea of sand. A green spot in a desert is called + an <i>oasis</i>.</p> + + <p>6. The Arabs live upon these green spots. Some of them dwell + in villages, and some wander from oasis to oasis. Those who + live in villages build their houses of sun-dried bricks; those + who wander from place to place live in tents.</p> + + <p>7. The Arabs are fine, fierce-looking men. They own flocks + of sheep, herds of goats, camels and horses.</p> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig08-2ed.png" + width="450" + height="319" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>8. An Arab's tent is woven out of camel's hair. So are the + ropes of the tent. The poles are made of palm wood.</p> + + <p>9. Inside the tent there are leather buckets for drawing + water. There are also skin bags for carrying it across the + desert. There are no chairs or tables or beds in the tents. The + Arabs squat upon the ground and sleep on rugs.</p> + + <p>10. In front of an Arab tent you are almost sure to see a + woman grinding corn between two large stones. There is a hole + in the top stone, and into this she pours the grain.</p> + + <p>11. She turns the top stone round and round, and the grain + is ground into flour, which oozes out at the edges. With this + flour she makes cakes.</p><br clear="all"> + <a name="Photo08-1"></a> + + <center> + <div class="figure1c" + style="width: 440px; margin-bottom: 0;"> + <img src="illustrations/Photo08-1.jpg" + width="400" + height="611" + alt=""><br> + + + <p class="caption">Arabs of the Desert.</p> + </div> + </center><a name="c9"></a> + <hr class="chapter"> + + <h2><a href="#L9">9. AMONGST THE + ARABS.—II.</a></h2> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig09-1ed.png" + width="375" + height="398" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>1. Date palms grow on every oasis. The date palm is a + beautiful tree. It is very tall, and has a crown of leaves at + the top.</p> + + <p>2. The fruit grows in great golden clusters. Sometimes a + cluster of dates weighs twenty-five pounds.</p> + + <p>3. The date palm is beloved by the Arabs, because it is so + useful to them. They eat or sell the dates, and they use the + wood for their tents or houses. From the sap they make wine. + Out of the leaf-stalks they weave baskets.</p> + + <p>4. Some of the Arabs are traders. They carry their goods + from oasis to oasis on the backs of camels. A large number of + laden camels form a caravan.</p> + + <p>5. A camel is not pretty to look at, but the Arab could not + do without it. I think you can easily understand why the camel + is called the "ship of the desert." It carries its master or + its load across the sea of sand from one green island to + another.</p> + + <p>6. The hoofs of the camel are broad, and this prevents them + from sinking into the sand. The camel can go for a long time + without food or water.</p> + + <p class="pic">7. The camel is very useful to the Arab, both + when it is alive and when it is dead. It gives him milk to + drink, and its hair is useful for making clothes, tents, and + ropes.</p> + + <div class="figure1" + style="width: 640px;"> + <img src="illustrations/Photo09-1.jpg" + width="600" + height="426" + alt=""><br> + + + <p class="caption">The Halt in the Desert.<br> + (<i>From the picture by J.F. Lewis, R.A., in the South + Kensington Museum.</i>)</p> + </div> + + <p>8. I think I told you that when I was sailing along the + canal I saw a caravan. It was then beginning to cross the + desert. Very likely, weeks or months will pass away before its + journey comes to an end.</p> + + <p>9. There are no roads across the desert, so it is very easy + for a caravan to lose its way. Then the men and camels wander + on until all their food and water are finished. At last they + fall to the ground, and die of hunger and thirst.</p> + + <p>10. Dreadful sand-storms often arise. The storm beats down + upon the caravan, and sometimes chokes both men and camels. A + journey across the desert is full of dangers.</p> + + <p>11. Before I close this letter, let me tell you a little + story. One day an Arab belonging to a caravan overslept himself + at an oasis. When he awoke, the caravan had started on its + journey again, and was many miles away.</p> + + <p>12. The Arab followed the caravan, in the hope of catching + it up. On and on he walked, but nothing could he see of it. + Then darkness came on, and he lay on the sand and slept until + morning.</p> + + <p>13. When the sun rose he began his journey again. Hours + passed, but still there was no sign of the caravan. At last he + was quite overcome by hunger and thirst. He fell to the ground, + and was too weak to rise again.</p> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig09-2ed.png" + width="300" + height="275" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>14. Looking around, he saw something black lying on the + sand, not far away. He crawled to it, and found that it was a + small bag which had fallen from the back of a camel.</p> + + <p>15. The poor Arab was filled with joy. He hoped that the bag + would contain food of some sort. With trembling fingers he tore + it open. Alas! it was full of gold and jewels.</p> + + <p>16. "Woe is me!" cried the poor fellow; "had it been dates + my life would have been saved."</p> + + <p class="pic">17. This little story shows you that on the + desert dates may sometimes be worth much more than gold and + jewels. I hope you are well and happy.—Your loving + FATHER.</p><a name="c10"></a> + <hr class="chapter"> + + <h2><a href="#L10">10. A LETTER FROM INDIA.</a></h2> + + <div class="figure2l"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig10-1ed.png" + width="400" + height="451" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,—Hurrah! I am on shore again, + after nine long days at sea. Yesterday I reached Bombay, the + chief seaport of India.</p> + + <p>2. Soon after I landed a friend came to see me at my hotel. + He drove me round Bombay, and showed me all the sights. I wish + you had been with me to see them.</p> + + <p>3. Here in Bombay I seem to be in a new world altogether. It + is a world of wonderful light and colour. The bright hot sun + floods the streets and dazzles my eyes. Everywhere I see bright + colour—in the sky, the trees, the flowers, and the + dresses of the people.</p> + + <p>4. The streets are always full of people. They are dark + brown in colour; their hair is black, their eyes are bright, + and their teeth are as white as pearls. Most of the people are + bare-legged and bare-footed.</p> + + <p>5. The men wear white clothes, with turbans and sashes of + yellow, green, or blue. Yesterday was a feast-day. In the + morning I saw thousands of the people bathing in the sea. + Afterwards they roamed about the streets in their best clothes. + One crowd that I saw looked like a great tulip garden in full + bloom.</p> + + <p>6. The women wear a garment of red, blue, or some other + bright colour. This garment covers them from the neck to the + knee. Almost every woman wears rings of silver on her arms and + ankles. Some of them have great rings in their noses, as well + as rings in their ears and on their toes.</p> + + <p>7. You would be amused to see the people carrying their + burdens on their heads. Yesterday I saw a dozen men carrying a + grand piano on their heads.</p> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig10-2ed.png" + width="175" + height="423" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>8. From childhood the women carry jars of water or baskets + of earth in this way. They hold themselves very upright and + walk like queens.</p> + + <p>9. Bombay is a very busy city. The streets are thronged with + carriages, motor cars, bullock carts, and electric trams. As + the people walk in the middle of the road, it is not easy for a + carriage to make its way through the streets.</p> + + <p>10. The drivers ring bells, or shout to warn the people: + "Hi, you woman with the baby on your hip, get out of the + way!—Hi, you man with the box on your head, get out of + the way!"</p> + + <p>11. I think you would like to see the bullock carts. They + are very small, and are drawn by two bullocks with humps on + their shoulders. The driver sits on the shaft and steers them + with a stick. These carts carry cotton to the mills or to the + docks.</p> + + <div class="figure2l"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig10-3ed.png" + width="450" + height="256" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>12. In some of the carriages and motor cars you may see rich + men wearing fine silk robes. Many of these rich men now dress + as we do, except that they wear turbans instead of + hats.</p><a name="c11"></a> + <hr class="chapter"> + + <h2><a href="#L11">11. IN THE STREETS.</a></h2> + + <p>1. I should like you to see the shops of Bombay. Most of + them are quite unlike our British shops. They have no doors and + no windows, but are open to the street.</p> + + <p>2. Our shopkeepers try to make a fine show of their goods. + The Indian shopkeeper does nothing of the sort. He simply piles + his goods round his shop and squats in the midst of them. There + he sits waiting for people to come and buy.</p> + + <div class="figure2l"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig11-1ed.png" + width="375" + height="475" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>3. In our shops there is a fixed price for the goods. In + India nothing has a fixed price. You must bargain with the + shopkeeper if you wish to buy anything. Very likely he will ask + you three times the price which he hopes to get.</p> + + <p>4. Our penny is divided into four parts; each of these parts + is called a farthing. The Indian penny is divided into twelve + parts; each of these parts is called a "pie." An Indian boy or + girl can buy rice or sweets with one pie.</p> + + <p>5. There are thousands of beggars in India. They go to and + fro in front of the shops begging. The shopkeepers are very + kind to them, and never send them away without a present.</p> + + <p>6. Very good order is kept in the streets. At every street + corner stands a native policeman, dressed in blue, with a flat + yellow cap on his head and a club by his side. Some of the + policemen ride horses, and carry guns and lances.</p> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig11-2ed.png" + width="150" + height="453" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>7. The parks of Bombay are large open spaces covered with + grass. Round them are rows of palm trees. In these parks you + may see men and boys playing all sorts of games.</p> + + <p>8. Indians are very fond of cricket, which they play very + well. Not many years ago an Indian prince was one of the best + players in England.</p> + + <p>9. Polo is also played in the parks of Bombay. It is an + Indian game, but Britons now play it too. Polo is just hockey + on horseback.</p> + + <p>10. The players ride ponies which are very quick and nimble. + Each player carries a mallet with a very long handle. With this + mallet he strikes a wooden ball and tries to drive it between + the goal posts.</p> + + <p>11. Last night I stopped to watch some Indian boys playing + marbles. When Tom plays the game, he places the marble between + his thumb and forefinger and shoots it out with his thumb.</p> + + <p>12. The Indian boy does not shoot the marble in this way at + all. He presses back the second finger of one hand with the + forefinger of the other. Then he lets go and strikes the marble + with the finger that was bent back. Some of the boys are very + clever at this game.</p> + + <p class="pic">13. Bombay has some very fine buildings. On the + top of most of them you see the Union Jack, the flag of + Britain. Not only Bombay but all India belongs to Britain. I + hope you are all well.—Best love. + FATHER.</p><br clear="all"> + <a name="Photo11-1"></a> + + <center> + <div class="figure1c" + style="width: 640px;margin-bottom: 0;"> + <img src="illustrations/Photo11-1.jpg" + width="600" + height="432" + alt=""><br> + + + <p class="caption">The Village Well.<br> + (<i>From the picture by W. Simpson, R.I.</i>)</p> + </div> + </center><a name="c12"></a> + <hr class="chapter"> + + <h2><a href="#L12">12. OUR INDIAN COUSIN.</a></h2> + + <p>1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,—I am now in the north of India, + not far from the great river Ganges. It is a long railway + journey from Bombay to this place. I have been in the train two + days and two nights.</p> + + <p>2. I am now beginning to understand what a vast land India + is. Do you know that it would make sixteen lands as large as + our own? One in every five of all the people on earth lives in + India.</p> + + <p>3. Perhaps you can guess why I have made this long journey + from Bombay. My brother, your uncle, is the chief man in this + part of the country. He and I have been parted for many years. + I am now living in his house.</p> + + <div class="figure2l"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig12-1ed.png" + width="450" + height="285" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>4. Let me tell you about little Hugh, your cousin. He was + born in India seven years ago, and he has never been to + England. He hopes to come "home" to see you all in a few + months' time.</p> + + <p>5. Hugh's home is a big house, all on the ground floor. It + has no upstairs. The rooms are very large and lofty. This is + because the weather is very hot for the greater part of the + year. If the rooms were not large and high, they would be too + hot to live in.</p> + + <p>6. In every room there is a beam of wood with a short + curtain hanging from it. This is the punkah. The beam is hung + from the roof by ropes. In the hot weather a boy sits outside + and pulls the punkah to and fro with a rope. In this way he + makes a little breeze, which keeps the room cool.</p> + + <p>7. The roof of the house juts out all round and is held up + by pillars. We sit outside, under the roof, whenever we can. + During the heat of the day we must stay indoors.</p> + + <p>8. The garden round the house is very large. There are many + tall palm trees in it. Some of the other trees bear most + beautiful blossoms of crimson, yellow, and blue. All along the + front of the house are many flowerpots, in which roses and + other English flowers are growing.</p> + + <p>9. A few days ago little Hugh came to me and asked if he + might show me what he called "the compound." I said "Yes." So + he took my hand and led me away.</p> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig12-2ed.png" + width="325" + height="316" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>10. First he showed me the gardener. He is a short, dark + man, and he squats down to do his work. He is a very good + gardener, and he is proud of his flowers. Every morning he + comes to the house with a flower for Hugh's father and mother + and uncle.</p> + + <p>11. Next, Hugh took me to see the well. It is behind the + house. The mouth of the well is on the top of a mound. To reach + it you must walk up a sloping road. Above the mouth of the well + there is a wheel.</p> + + <p class="pic">12. A rope runs over this wheel. At one end of + the rope there is a large leather bag. The other end of the + rope is fastened to the necks of a pair of + bullocks.</p><a name="c13"></a> + <hr class="chapter"> + + <h2><a href="#L13">13. IN THE GARDEN.</a></h2> + + <p>1. The bullocks walk backwards up the sloping road. This + lowers the leather bag into the well, where it is filled with + water. Then the bullocks walk down the sloping road. This pulls + the bag up to the mouth of the well.</p> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig13-1ed.png" + width="375" + height="477" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>2. A man empties the water out of the bag into a tank by the + side of the well. The water runs out of this tank into the + garden, where it spreads out into many little streams. It is + this water which makes the trees, the plants, and the grass + grow so well in the garden.</p> + + <p>3. If the garden were not watered in this way, it would soon + be brown and bare. For many months at a time no rain falls in + India. Then dust a foot deep lies on the roads, and the ground + cracks with the heat.</p> + + <p>4. When the dry season is over the rain begins to fall. It + comes down in torrents for days together. In some places more + rain falls in a single day than we have in a whole year.</p> + + <p>5. During the "rains" the rivers become full to the brim, + and the whole land is fresh and green. Sometimes the "rains" do + not come at all. Then the crops wither away, and the people + starve.</p> + + <p>6. In our country we are never sure of the weather. It + changes so often that we talk about it a great deal. In India + nobody talks about the weather. During seven months of the year + every day is fine.</p> + + <p>7. In our country we almost always have plenty of water for + our crops, and for drinking and washing. Plenty of fresh water + is a great blessing to a land. In many parts of India water is + very scarce.</p> + + <p>8. I told you that the great river Ganges is not far away + from little Hugh's home. This grand river begins in the + mountains of North India. I wish you could see these mountains. + They are the highest on earth. They rise up from the plains + like a huge wall, and their tops are always covered with fields + of ice and snow.</p> + + <p>9. These ice-fields slowly move down the mountain sides. + Then they melt, and this gives rise to the Ganges and to the + other great rivers of North India.</p> + + <p>10. Millions of the Indian people love the Ganges, and they + have good reason to do so. It gives water and food to more than + twice as many people as dwell in the British + Islands.</p><a name="Fig13-2"></a> + + <div class="figure2l"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig13-2ed.png" + width="550" + height="481" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>11. Many Indians think that every drop of water in the river + is holy. They believe that if they bathe in its waters their + souls will be washed clean from sin.</p> + + <p>12. There is a town by the side of the Ganges which the + Indians say is the holiest place on earth. It is full of + temples. Millions of Indians visit these temples every + year.</p> + + <p>13. All along the river bank there are stone steps leading + down to the water. Standing in the stream are men and women and + children who have come from all parts of India. They wash + themselves in the stream, and pour the holy water over their + heads as they pray.</p> + + <p>14. People who are very ill are carried to this place, that + they may die by the side of "Mother Ganges." They die happy if + they can see her or hear the sound of her waters during their + last moments.</p> + + <p>15. When they die their bodies are taken to the steps. There + they are washed in the river water, and are placed on piles of + wood. Friends set fire to the wood, and soon the bodies are + burnt to ashes. These ashes are thrown into the stream, which + bears them to the distant ocean.</p><a name="c14"></a> + <hr class="chapter"> + + <h2><a href="#L14">14. INDIAN BOYS AND + GIRLS.</a></h2> + + <p>1. I am very fond of going about the streets with your + uncle. The Indian children always amuse me.</p> + + <p>2. When Indians grow up they are rather grave and sad. The + children, however, are always bright and merry. Indian fathers + and mothers are very fond of their boys. They care very little + for their girls.</p> + + <p>3. Boys soon become men in India. They begin work at an + early age, and they are married when they are about sixteen. + Girls are married a few years younger.</p> + + <p>4. Almost every boy follows the trade of his father. A + farmer's son becomes a farmer, a weaver's son becomes a weaver, + and so on.</p> + + <p>5. Many of the boys go to school, but not many of the girls. + They, poor things, begin to work in the house or in the field + almost as soon as they can walk. Much of the hard rough work in + India is done by poor women and girls.</p> + + <p>6. A rich father keeps his girls shut up in the back part of + his house. Their faces are never seen by any man except those + of their own family. If they go out of the house, they cover + themselves from head to foot with a thick veil. Sometimes they + are carried from place to place in a closely shut box on + poles.</p> + + <p>7. Are you not sorry for these poor rich girls? I am. They + can never play merry games with boy friends, or go for long + walks in the country.</p> + + <p>8. They know nothing of the beautiful world in which they + live. Their rooms are fine, their dresses are grand, and their + jewels are lovely; but they are only poor prisoners after + all.</p> + + <div class="figure2l"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig14-1ed.png" + width="400" + height="326" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>9. Yesterday I went with your uncle to see a village school. + There were only twenty boys in it. The roof was off the + schoolhouse, so the classes were held in the open air.</p> + + <p>10. The boys sat on forms, just as you do. The teacher wrote + on a blackboard, and taught the children to do sums with a ball + frame. Each boy had a reading-book. It was not printed in + English, but in the tongue spoken in that part of the + country.</p> + + <p>11. Some of the boys wrote in copy-books, but most of them + wrote on thin boards, which they used instead of slates. + Instead of a pencil they used a pen made of a reed.</p> + + <p>12. Chalk was ground up and wetted in a little cup. The boys + dipped their reed pens into the cup, just as you dip your steel + pen into the ink. The letters and figures which they wrote were + very different from ours.</p> + + <p>13. Some of the boys read their books very well, and worked + hard sums. They sang "God save the King" for me in their own + tongue.</p> + + <p class="pic">14. In the towns there are large and good + schools. Some of the scholars are very clever indeed. I think + Indian boys are much fonder of their lessons than our + boys.</p><a name="c15"></a> + <hr class="chapter"> + + <h2><a href="#L15">15. ELEPHANTS AND + TIGERS.</a></h2><a name="Photo15-1"></a> + + <div class="figure1r" + style="width: 440px; margin-top: 0;"> + <img src="illustrations/Photo15-1.jpg" + width="400" + height="554" + alt=""><br> + + + <p class="caption">AN INDIAN RAJAH.</p> + </div> + + <p>1. In his last letter Tom asked me to tell him something + about elephants and tigers. I will try to do so.</p> + + <p>2. Yesterday your uncle and I went out to shoot pigeons. An + Indian chief, or rajah, lent us an elephant to carry us to the + shooting ground.</p> + + <p>3. A driver sat on the neck of the huge animal. Instead of a + whip he had a goad of sharp steel. I did not see him prick the + elephant with this goad. He guided the animal with voice and + hand.</p> + + <p>4. On the elephant's back there was a large pad upon which + we were to sit. I could see no ladder, so I wondered how I was + to climb up. Just then the elephant knelt down on his hind + legs.</p> + + <p>5. Your uncle showed me how to get up. "Here," he said, "is + a ladder of two steps. The first step is the elephant's foot, + the second is the loop of his tail."</p> + + <p>6. He held the end of the elephant's tail in his hand and + bent it to make a loop. When I put my foot on it he lifted the + tail, and in this way helped me on to the elephant's back.</p> + + <p>7. When your uncle had climbed up, the elephant jogged off + at a good pace. He went along rough, narrow paths, over ditches + and the beds of streams. Never once did he make a false + step.</p> + + <p>8. An elephant costs a great deal of money. Only princes and + rich men can afford to keep them. Sometimes a great prince has + as many as a hundred elephants in his stables.</p> + + <p>9. When a prince rides through a city in state his elephants + wear rich cloths, which are studded with gems. Sometimes the + elephants' heads are painted and their tusks are covered with + gold.</p> + + <p>10. In the drawing-room of your uncle's house there is a + beautiful tiger skin. The tiger that used to wear this skin was + shot by your uncle about three years ago.</p> + + <div class="figure2l"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig15-1ed.png" + width="350" + height="172" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>11. It was a man-eating tiger—that is, an old tiger + that could no longer run fast enough to catch deer. This + man-eater used to hide near a village. He would creep up + silently behind men and women, and stun them with a blow of his + paw. Then he would drag them away and eat them.</p> + + <p>12. The people of the village came to your uncle and begged + him to kill the man-eater. He agreed to do so. Near to the + tiger's drinking-place a little hut was built in a tree. One + night your uncle sat in this hut with his gun on his knee, + waiting for the tiger to come.</p> + + <p>13. Slowly the hours went by, and your uncle felt sure that + the tiger had gone to another place to drink. Just as he was + thinking of going home to bed the huge animal crept into the + moonlight.</p> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig15-2ed.png" + width="375" + height="490" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>14. Nearer and nearer he came. Then your uncle lifted his + gun, took a steady aim, and shot the tiger through the + heart.</p> + + <p>15. In the morning there was great joy among the people of + the village because their fierce foe was dead. They hung + garlands of flowers round your uncle's neck, and sang his + praises in many songs.</p> + + <p>16. Now I must close this very long letter.—Best love + to you all. FATHER.</p><br clear="all"> + + <center> + <div class="figure1c" + style="width: 640px; margin-bottom: 0;"> + <img src="illustrations/Photo15-2.jpg" + width="600" + height="419" + alt=""> + + <p class="caption">A Tiger Shoot.<br> + (<i>From the picture by Edgar H. Fischer, in the Royal + Academy, 1911.</i>)</p> + </div> + </center><a name="c16"></a> + <hr class="chapter"> + + <h2><a href="#L16">16. A LETTER FROM + BURMA.—I.</a></h2> + + <p>1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,—Since I last wrote to you I have + visited several of the large cities of India. A week ago I was + in the largest city of all.</p> + + <p>2. On Christmas morning I sailed down the mouth of the + Ganges into the open sea, on my way to the country of + Burma.</p> + + <p>3. Now I am in the chief town of Burma, and you will expect + me to tell you something about the land and its people. From + what I have seen, I think Burma is a prettier country than + India.</p><a name="Fig16-1"></a> + + <div class="figure2l"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig16-1ed.png" + width="175" + height="391" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>4. In the chief town there seem to be people from many + lands. I saw Chinamen, with their pigtails hanging down their + backs. I also saw Indians from across the sea, and white men + from our own country. Of course, there were also many Burmese, + as the people of Burma are called.</p> + + <p>5. Kate and May will like to hear something about the + Burmese girls and women. They are not at all sad like the + Indians, but are very bright and gay. As I write these lines I + see a party of Burmese girls passing my window, I can hear them + laughing.</p> + + <p>6. They are very dainty in their dress. One girl wears a + skirt of pink silk and a blouse of light green. She has + bracelets on her arms, ear-rings in her ears, a string of coral + round her neck, and flowers in her hair.</p> + + <p>7. In one hand she carries a bamboo sunshade; in the other + she holds a big paper cigar! She is very fond of smoking, and + you never see her without a cigar. On her feet she wears + sandals.</p> + + <p>8. The men are gentle and rather lazy. The women have far + more "go" in them than the men. Many of them keep shops, and + are very good traders. The wife is the chief person in every + home.</p> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig16-2ed.png" + width="200" + height="467" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>9. The men also wear skirts, and sometimes their jackets are + very gay. They wrap a handkerchief of pink, or of some other + bright colour, round their head.</p> + + <p>10. The Burmese worship Buddha, a prince who lived more than + two thousand years ago. He was a very noble man, and he gave up + all the pleasant things of life that nothing might turn his + thoughts from goodness.</p> + + <p>11. Amongst other things he taught men to be kind to + animals. All animals are well treated in Burma.</p> + + <p>12. All over the land you see temples to Buddha. These + temples grow narrower and narrower the higher they rise. They + all end in a spire above which there is a kind of umbrella. It + is made of metal, and all round its edge are silver or golden + bells, which make pretty music as they are blown to and fro by + the wind.</p> + + <p>13. By the side of many of these temples you may see a great + image of Buddha. Most of the images are made of brass. The + Burmese pray before these images, and offer flowers and candles + and rice to them.</p><a name="Fig16-3"></a> + + <div class="figure2l"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig16-3ed.png" + width="350" + height="501" + alt=""> + </div><br clear="all"> + <a name="c17"></a> + <hr class="chapter" + style="clear: none;"> + + <h2><a href="#L17">17. A LETTER FROM + BURMA.—II.</a></h2> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig17-1ed.png" + width="150" + height="423" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>1. Wherever you go in Burma you see monks. They have shaven + heads, and they wear yellow robes. Every morning they go out to + beg. Boys in yellow robes go with them, and carry large bowls + in their hands.</p> + + <p>2. The people come out of their houses and put food into the + bowls. The monks do not thank them. They say that he who gives + is more blessed than he who takes.</p> + + <p>3. The monks live in houses built of teak wood. In every + village you can see a monk's house standing in a grove of palm + trees. In these houses the monks keep school.</p> + + <p>4. Every Burmese boy lives for some time in one of the + monks' houses. Here he learns to read and write, and is taught + to be a good man.</p> + + <p>5. I went to see the most beautiful of all the monks' + houses. It is in a city far up in the country. The building is + of dark-brown teak wood, and has many roofs, one above the + other. It is covered with carving, and here and there it is + gilded.</p> + + <p>6. Many boys in yellow robes were playing beneath the trees. + They were the scholars of the school. One of the boys told me + that he was never going to leave the place. When he was old + enough he meant to be a monk.</p> + + <p>7. In the city I saw the palace of the king from whom we + took Burma. It stands inside a large space, with high walls all + round it. Outside the wall is a broad ditch full of water. When + I saw the ditch it was overgrown with water-plants covered with + pink blossoms.</p> + + <p>8. Many buildings, something like the monks' houses, form + the king's palace. Some of the buildings are very richly + carved, and are covered with gold leaf. Inside one of them I + saw great teak pillars, also covered with gold.</p> + + <p>9. The chief building ends in a very lofty spire, with a + beautiful metal umbrella above it. The Burmese used to believe + that this spire was in the very middle of the earth.</p> + + <div class="figure2l"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig17-2ed.png" + width="400" + height="378" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>10. Another fine building is a high lookout tower. From the + top of it there is a grand view. On one side I saw a hill + covered with temples. At the foot of the hill there were four + hundred and fifty of these temples. There must be thousands of + them in and near the city.</p> + + <p>11. As I drove to my hotel last night I saw a number of boys + playing Burmese football. They do not take sides, nor do they + try to kick goals. The football is made of basket-work.</p> + + <p>12. The boys stand round in a ring, and the game is to keep + the ball from touching the ground. The boys pass the ball from + one to the other by knocking it up with their heads, arms, + hands, legs, or toes. Some of the boys are very clever at this + game.</p> + + <p>13. Burma has many beautiful rivers and some fine mountains. + By the side of the rivers much rice is grown. Away in the north + there are grand forests filled with wild animals. Tigers are + often shot within twenty miles of the old king's palace.</p> + + <p class="pic">14. Now I have filled my paper, and I must bring + this letter to an end. I hope you are all well and happy. I am + leaving Burma tomorrow.—Best love to you all. + FATHER.</p><a name="c18"></a> + <hr class="chapter"> + + <h2><a href="#L18">18. A LETTER FROM + CEYLON.</a></h2> + + <div class="figure2l"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig18-1ed.png" + width="375" + height="199" + alt=""> + </div> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig18-2ed.png" + width="300" + height="517" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p class="pic2">1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,—A week ago I landed + in the beautiful island of Ceylon. It lies to the south of + India. Get mother to show it to you on the globe.</p> + + <p>2. I am still under the British flag, the Union Jack. I can + see it waving from the top of a big building. The people of + Ceylon are proud to call themselves British.</p> + + <p>3. I have just been for a ride through the streets of the + chief town. I rode in a rickshaw—that is, a kind of large + baby-carriage drawn by a man. My rickshaw had rubber on its + wheels, so we went along very smoothly and quickly.</p> + + <p>4. Some of the carts are drawn by little bullocks that trot + along as fast as a pony. I often meet carts with a high cover + of thatch. These carts carry the tea, which grows on the hills, + down to the ships in the harbour.</p> + + <p>5. Some of the men of Ceylon wear tortoise-shell combs in + their hair. They are very proud of these combs, and some of + them are very handsome.</p> + + <p class="pic">6. The children of Ceylon seem very happy. They + are pretty and clean, and always obey their parents. Many of + them learn to speak and read English. They love dancing and + singing, and they never quarrel.</p><a name="Photo18-1"></a> + + <center> + <div class="figure1c" + style="width: 640px;"> + <img src="illustrations/Photo18-1.jpg" + width="600" + height="469" + alt=""> + + <p class="caption">Ceylon Girls Playing the + Tom-Tom.<br> + (<i>From the picture by E.A. Hornel. By permission of + the Corporation of Manchester.</i>)</p> + </div> + </center> + + <p>7. By the next ship home I am sending mother a chest of tea. + The tea grew on the hills of Ceylon. I made a journey to these + hills by train. On the way we passed through thick forests, and + by the side of beautiful rivers.</p> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig18-3ed.png" + width="300" + height="508" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>8. Ceylon is very rich in plants and trees. The cocoanut + palm grows almost everywhere. On one of the rivers I saw a raft + of cocoanuts. A man swam behind it and pushed it along.</p> + + <p>9. With this letter I send you a picture of a tea-garden. + Notice the men and women plucking the leaf. Many of them come + from the south of India. Look at the white planter. He comes, + as you know, from our own country.</p> + + <div class="figure1" + style="width: 640px;"> + <img src="illustrations/Photo18-2.jpg" + width="600" + height="466" + alt=""> + + <p class="caption">IN A CEYLON TEA PLANTATION.</p> + </div> + + <p>10. In the middle of Ceylon there are many high mountains. + The highest is called Adam's Peak. It stands like a great wedge + high above the other hills.</p> + + <p>11. The people of Ceylon believe that it is a holy mountain. + They say that once upon a time Buddha climbed to the top of + this mountain. To prove that he did so they show you his + footprint. It is more than five feet long!</p> + + <p>12. A little temple has been built over the footprint. Men, + women, and children climb the mountain, to lay little gifts + before the footprint, and to strew sweet flowers about it. When + this is done, the children kneel down and ask their parents to + bless them.</p> + + <p>13. To-morrow I leave Ceylon on a long voyage to China. You + will not hear from me for several weeks. I hope you are all + well, and that you are still good children.—I remain, + your loving Father.</p><a name="c19"></a> + <hr class="chapter"> + + <h2><a href="#L19">19. A LETTER FROM + CHINA.</a></h2><a name="Photo19-1"></a> + + <div class="figure1" + style="width: 440px; margin-top: 0;"> + <img src="illustrations/Photo19-1.jpg" + width="400" + height="571" + alt=""> + + <p class="caption">A Chinese Street.<br> + (<i>From the picture by T. Hodgson Liddell, + R.B.A.</i>)</p> + </div> + + <p>1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,—Three weeks have gone by since I + last wrote to you. I have made my voyage safely, and I am now + in a great city of China called Canton.</p> + + <p>2. Ask mother to show you China on the globe. You see at + once that it is a vast country. It is larger than the whole of + Europe. One-fourth of all the people in the world live in + China.</p> + + <p>3. All round this city of Canton there is a high wall. From + the wall the city seems to be a beautiful place. When, however, + you enter it, you soon find that it is dirty and full of foul + smells.</p><br clear="all"> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig19-1ed.png" + width="400" + height="413" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>4. The streets are very narrow, and are always crowded with + people. Many of them are roofed in to keep them cool. Most of + them are so narrow that no carriage can pass along them. People + who wish to ride must be carried in a kind of box on the + shoulders of two or more men.</p> + + <p>5. I am sure you would like to see the signboards that hang + down in front of the shops. The strange letters on them are + painted in gold and in bright colours. They look very gay + indeed.</p> + + <p>6. The shops sell all sorts of things—silk, books, + drugs, flowers, china, and birds. Some of the shops only sell + gold and silver paper. The Chinese burn this paper at the + graves of their friends. When they do this they think that they + are sending money for their dead friends to spend in the other + world.</p> + + <p>7. Many things are also sold in the streets. The street + traders carry a bamboo pole across the shoulder. From the ends + of this pole they sling the baskets in which they carry their + wares. Many workmen ply their trades in the open street, and + you are sure to see quack doctors, letter-writers, and + money-changers.</p> + + <p>8. The Chinese do in the open street many things which we do + inside our houses. A Chinaman likes to eat his meals where + every one can see him.</p> + + <p>9. Sometimes he will sit in front of his house and wash his + feet. Yesterday I saw a man having his tooth drawn out of + doors. A crowd stood round him, watching to see how it was + done.</p> + + <div class="figure2l"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig19-2ed.png" + width="350" + height="333" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>10. How should you like to go for a ride in a wheelbarrow? + In China the wheelbarrow is often used for carrying people or + goods from place to place. It has a large wheel in the middle. + Round the wheel there is a platform for people or goods.</p> + + <p>11. A broad river runs through the city. It is crowded with + boats, in which live many thousands of people. Many of these + people never go ashore at all.</p> + + <p>12. Over the sterns of the boats there are long baskets. + These are the backyards of the floating city. Hens, ducks, + geese, and sometimes pigs, are kept in these baskets.</p> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig19-3ed.png" + width="350" + height="358" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>13. The little boys who live on the boats have a log of wood + fastened to their waists. This keeps them afloat if they fall + overboard. The little girls have no such lifebelts. In China + nobody troubles about the girls.</p> + + <p class="pic2">14. Nearly all the boats have an eye painted on + their bows. Perhaps this seems strange to you. The Chinese, + however, say,—</p> + + <blockquote> + "<i>S'pose no got eye, no can see;<br> + S'pose no can see, no can walkee</i>" + </blockquote><a name="c20"></a> + <hr class="chapter"> + + <h2><a href="#L20">20. CHINESE BOYS AND + GIRLS.</a></h2> + + <p>1. Chinese fathers and mothers are very glad when their + children are boys. In China the boys are much petted. Their + mothers give way to them, and let them do as they please.</p> + + <p>2. Girls, however, are not welcome. Sometimes they are + called "Not-wanted" or "Ought-to-have-been-a-boy."</p> + + <p>3. A Chinese boy has always two names, sometimes four. He + has one name when he is a child, and another when he goes to + school. He has a third name when he begins to earn money. When + he dies he has a fourth name.</p> + + <p>4. Chinese boys are very fond of flying kites, which are + shaped like fish or butterflies or dragons. Old gentlemen are + just as fond of kite-flying as boys.</p> + + <p>5. In China you will often see boys playing hopscotch or + spinning peg-tops. They also play shuttlecock, but they have no + battledore. They kick the shuttlecock with the sides of their + feet.</p> + + <p>6. Chinese boys love to set off fireworks, such as crackers, + wheels, and rockets. If the fireworks make a loud noise, so + much the better.</p> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig20-1ed.png" + width="375" + height="391" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>7. Chinese children are taught to show very great respect to + their parents. They all bow and kneel to their fathers and + mothers. A boy who is not kind and good to his parents is + thought to be a wicked wretch.</p> + + <p>8. A few days ago I went to see a Chinese school. The boys + sit on stools at tiny tables. In front of them they have a + stone slab, a stick of Chinese ink, and some brushes with which + they write.</p> + + <p>9. There is always a great din in a Chinese schoolroom. The + boys shout at the top of their voices. If they do not make a + noise, the teacher thinks that they are not learning.</p> + + <p>10. When a boy knows his lesson he goes up to his master to + say it. He turns his back to his master, and does not face him + as you do.</p> + + <p>11. A Chinese boy becomes a man at sixteen years of age. He + chooses his work in life when he is quite a baby. Let me tell + you how he does it.</p> + + <p>12. When he is one year old he is seated in the middle of + such things as money, books, and pens. Then the parents watch + him to see what he will play with.</p> + + <p>13. If he takes up the money, they say that he must be a + trader or a banker. If he takes up a book or a pen, they say + that he must be a writer or a teacher or a + scholar.</p><a name="c21"></a> + <hr class="chapter"> + + <h2><a href="#L21">21. HAIR, FINGERS, AND + TOES.</a></h2> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig21-1ed.png" + width="300" + height="335" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>1. Chinese men shave their heads, all but a small patch of + hair. This is allowed to grow very long, and is plaited into a + pigtail. I have seen Chinamen with coloured ribbons woven into + their pigtails.</p> + + <p>2. When men are at work they twine their pigtails round + their heads. When they wish to show respect to any person they + let down their pigtails. A man who has a long, thick pigtail is + very proud of it.</p> + + <p>3. Sometimes men who are sent to prison have their pigtails + cut off. This is thought to be a great disgrace. When they + leave prison they buy false pigtails to wear.</p> + + <p>4. When Chinamen fight they pull each other about by the + pigtail. Sometimes a schoolmaster punishes bad boys with his + pigtail.</p> + + <p>5. Rich women are very proud of their tiny feet. Chinese + ladies can wear shoes about four inches long. Fancy mother + wearing a doll's shoes!</p> + + <div class="figure2l"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig21-2ed.png" + width="325" + height="400" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>6. Girls have their feet bound up tightly when they are five + years of age. The bandages are made tighter every week, until + the foot stops growing. Of course, the poor girls suffer very + much. The Chinese have a saying: "Every pair of bound feet + costs a bath of tears."</p> + + <p>7. When the girls grow up they cannot walk. They can only + totter along, and they have to lean on the arm of a maid to + keep themselves from falling.</p> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig21-3ed.png" + width="275" + height="406" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>8. I am glad to say that many parents do not now bind the + feet of their girls. They have learnt that it is both wicked + and foolish to do so. At one school in China all the girls have + their feet unbound. They skip and play about almost as well as + Kate and May.</p> + + <p>9. You and I think that only dirty, untidy people let their + nails grow long. Rich people in China never cut their nails. + They let them grow so long that they have to wear shields to + keep them from being broken.</p> + + <p>10. The dress of a Chinaman is very simple. He wears + trousers and several cotton or silk tunics. The outside tunic + has very long, wide sleeves; these are used as pockets.</p> + + <p>11. The trousers are loose, and are covered up to the knee + by white stockings. When a Chinaman is in full dress he wears a + long gown. The Chinese boy wears the same kind of clothes as + his father. Every man, woman, and child carries a fan.</p> + + <div class="figure2l"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig21-4ed.png" + width="250" + height="92" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>12. Chinese boots are made of cloth or satin, never of + leather. The soles are made of rags or paper. We blacken the + uppers of our boots. Chinamen whiten the soles of theirs.</p> + + <p>13. Now I must end this letter. When I come home you must + ask me to tell you about the rice fields and the silk farms and + the Great Wall. I have a hundred more things to tell you about + this wonderful land.—Your loving + FATHER.</p><a name="Photo21-1"></a> + + <center> + <div class="figure1c" + style="width: 640px; margin-bottom: 0;"> + <img src="illustrations/Photo21-1.jpg" + width="600" + height="426" + alt=""> + + <p class="caption">A Rich Chinaman's House.<br> + (<i>From the photograph by J. Thomson, + F.R.G.S.</i>)</p> + </div> + </center><a name="c22"></a> + <hr class="chapter"> + + <h2><a href="#L22">22. A LETTER FROM JAPAN.</a></h2> + + <p>1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,—Once more I have made a long sea + voyage, and once more I am safely on shore. I am now in + Japan.</p> + + <p>2. The Japs live on islands, just as we do. They are brave + and clever and busy, and they have many fine warships. Because + of all these things they are sometimes called the Britons of + the Far East.</p> + + <p>3. Most of the people in the East are very backward. They + have stood still while the people of the West have gone + forward. Not so the Japs. They have learnt everything that the + West can teach them. You will see in Japan all the things on + which we pride ourselves.</p> + + <p>4. The Japs are first-rate sailors. Some of their captains + learnt to be sailors on board our warships. They are also fine + soldiers. You know that not many years ago they beat the + Russians both by land and by sea.</p> + + <p>5. I like the Japs better than any other people that I have + met in the East. Many of them still wear the dress of olden + days, and keep to their simple and pretty ways. Their country + is beautiful, and they love beautiful things.</p> + + <p>6. They are very fond indeed of flowers, which they grow + very well. Their gardens are lovely. When the flowers are in + bloom the Japs troop in thousands to see them. It is pretty to + watch the delight of fathers and mothers and children at the + form, colour, and scent of the flowers.</p> + + <p>7. The Japs are very clever workmen. I have often stood and + watched them at work. They always try to beat their own best. + Good work of any kind gives them joy; bad work gives them + pain.</p> + + <p>8. I have bought Jap fans for Kate and May. On these fans + there are pictures of a snow-clad mountain shaped like a sugar + loaf. There is no more beautiful mountain in all the world.</p> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig22-1ed.png" + width="500" + height="226" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>9. This mountain began as a hole in the ground. Melted rocks + boiled up out of the hole and built up the mountain. In time + the rocks grew cool and hard. Some Japs believe that it was + formed in a single night!</p> + + <p>10. Steam still comes out of a crack in the side of the + mountain. This shows that any day melted rocks may boil forth + again. About two hundred years ago the mountain threw out so + much ash that it covered a town sixty miles away.</p> + + <p>11. Sometimes the earth shakes and opens in great cracks. + When the earth "quakes" houses tumble down, and the tops of + tall trees snap off. Very often lives are + lost.</p><a name="c23"></a> + <hr class="chapter"> + + <h2><a href="#L23">23. JAP CHILDREN.</a></h2> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig23-1ed.png" + width="375" + height="448" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>1. When a Jap boy is born there is great joy in his home. + His mother's friends all come to see him. They bring him + presents, such as toys, dried fish, and eggs.</p> + + <p>2. Very early in his life the little Jap baby is strapped on + to his sister's back. He goes with her wherever she goes. If + the weather is cold, the little girl covers him with her coat. + When the sun is hot she shelters him with her sunshade.</p> + + <p>3. When she plays she jumps and skips and runs about, and + all the time baby's little head jerks to and fro. He does not + mind; he is quite happy. You never hear a Jap baby cry.</p> + + <p>4. When a boy is about three years of age he learns to walk. + He soon finds his feet, and runs about on high wooden + clogs.</p> + + <p>5. Jap boys are fond of pets and games. Wherever a boy goes + he carries with him a long pole. With this he makes flying + leaps and does many clever tricks.</p> + + <p>6. Every boy in Japan wishes to be either a soldier or a + sailor when he grows up. Even tiny little mites play with flags + and drums and little guns. When the boys are older they are + taught to be brave, and to die if need be for their + country.</p> + + <p>7. The great day of the year for Jap boys is the fifth day + of the fifth month. On this day the Feast of Flags is held. + Over each house where there is a boy you see big paper fish + floating in the air.</p> + + <p class="pic">8. The shops are then full of toys. Most of the + toys are soldiers, and sometimes they are like the soldiers of + olden days. Some are on foot, and some are on horseback; some + are generals, and some are drummers.</p><a name= + "Photo23-1"></a> + + <div class="figure1" + style="width: 640px;"> + <img src="illustrations/Photo23-1.jpg" + width="600" + height="373" + alt=""> + + <p class="caption">The Toy Seller.<br> + (<i>From the water-colour painting by H.E. + Tidmarsh.</i>)</p> + </div> + + <p>9. The boys love to play at war. You can always make Jap + boys happy by giving them a toy army to play with.</p> + + <p>10. The greatest day of the year for the girls is the Feast + of Dolls. On this day the girls give doll parties to their + little friends. All the dolls, however old, are brought out and + dressed up in fine new clothes. The Feast of Dolls is a time of + great fun and laughter.</p> + + <p>11. Jap children now play many of our games. They are very + fond of "prisoner's base," "fox and geese," and "tag." The boys + love kite-flying.</p> + + <div class="figure2r" + style="clear: all;"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig23-2ed.png" + width="350" + height="393" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>12. Sometimes they put glass on the strings of their kites, + and with it try to cut the strings of other boys' kites. They + are very clever at this game, and there is great laughter when + a string is cut.</p> + + <p>13. In the house, during the day, girls like to blow soap + bubbles. At dusk they are fond of hunting fire-flies, and + driving them to and fro with fans.</p> + + <p>14. In the summer they catch grasshoppers, and keep them in + small bamboo cages. They say that the chirping of the + grasshoppers brings them good luck.</p> + + <p>15. All Japs are polite—even boys. When a boy goes to + the house of a friend he squats on his heels. Then he places + his hands on the floor, and bows until his forehead touches his + toes. This he does again and again, and all the time he speaks + very politely.</p> + + <div class="figure2l"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig23-3ed.png" + width="300" + height="353" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>16. Jap children are taught to be very kind and helpful to + their elders, and to the poor and the weak. Yesterday I saw a + little girl run from her mother to take the hand of a blind man + and lead him across the street.</p> + + <p>17. Now, my dears, I must end this letter. To-morrow I start + on my homeward way. I shall sail across the ocean to the great + land of America. I hope you are all well, good, and happy. Your + loving FATHER.</p><a name="c24"></a> + <hr class="chapter"> + + <h2><a href="#L24">24. A LETTER FROM + CANADA.</a></h2> + + <p>1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,—Look at the globe in my room and + find Japan. Then find America. You will see that a broad ocean + lies between them. It is called the Pacific Ocean. I have + crossed this ocean, and I am now in the great country of + Canada.</p> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig24-1ed.png" + width="450" + height="353" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>2. I am sure that you cannot guess where I am writing this + letter. I am writing it in the train. I have already been three + days in the train, and I am only half-way across Canada.</p> + + <p>3. I am glad to say that I am once more under the Union + Jack. The whole land of Canada is British, from sea to sea. Our + flag floats above every city.</p> + + <p>4. The first part of my journey pleased me most. The train + ran through a beautiful country, filled with splendid trees. + Some of them are as high as a church tower, and have trunks + many yards round. There are no finer trees in all the + world.</p> + + <p>5. Later in the day our train ran by the side of a rushing + river, which was deep down in a narrow valley between the + mountains.</p> + + <p>6. In this river there are millions of salmon. I saw men + catching them. You will see tins of salmon from this river in + most of the grocers' shops at home.</p> + + <p>7. As the train ran on, the mountains rose higher and + higher, until their tops were covered with snow. We then began + to cross the great Rocky Mountains. Up and up the train + climbed, until the rails reached their highest point.</p> + + <p class="pic">8. Then we began to descend. We ran through dark + clefts in the rocks, along the edges of steep cliffs, across + rivers, and by the side of lakes. High above us were the snowy + mountain tops. It was all very grand and very beautiful.</p> + + <div class="figure1" + style="width: 640px;"> + <img src="illustrations/Photo24-1.jpg" + width="600" + height="419" + alt=""> + + <p class="caption">Harvest-Time in Canada.<br> + (<i>From the picture by Cyrus Cuneo, R.I. By kind + permission of the C.P.R. Co.</i>)</p> + </div> + + <p>9. At last we left the mountains behind us and reached the + plains. We are now speeding over these plains. The country is + as flat as the palm of your hand. Here and there, far apart, I + can see farm-houses. On these plains the best wheat in the + world is grown.</p> + + <p>10. In winter the whole land is covered deep with snow, and + the rivers are frozen over. In April winter gives place to + spring. Then the snow melts, and the ice on the rivers breaks + up.</p> + + <p>11. No sooner has the snow gone than the wheat begins to + spring up. The wheat grows very fast and ripens very quickly. + Much of it is sent to Britain. Very likely the loaf which you + ate for breakfast this morning was made of wheat which grew on + the plains of Canada.</p> + + <p>12. In other parts of Canada there are forests which cover + thousands of miles of country. The trees in these forests are + cut down, and are made into planks which are sent to all parts + of the world.</p> + + <p>13. The trees are felled during winter. Their trunks are + piled up by the side of a river. When the thaw comes they are + thrown into the water. Men follow them and push them back into + the water if they drift ashore.</p> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig24-2ed.png" + width="400" + height="424" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>14. The stream carries the logs down to the sawmills, where + they are cut up into planks. Love to all. + FATHER.</p><a name="c25"></a> + <hr class="chapter"> + + <h2><a href="#L25">25. CHILDREN OF CANADA.</a></h2> + + <div class="figure2l"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig25-1ed.png" + width="500" + height="223" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,—I am staying for a few days with + a friend who has a farm on the plains. His house is five miles + from the railway.</p> + + <p>2. My friend met me at the station with a motor car, and + drove me over rough roads between huge fields. There are no + hedges in this part of the country. The fields are divided from + each other by fences.</p> + + <p>3. This farm is much larger than any farm which you have + seen in England. The house is built of wood. All round it is a + pretty garden. Not far away are the stables and the barns.</p> + + <p>4. I am sure you would like to hear something about the + farmer's children. There are three of them—a girl and two + boys. The girl is the youngest, and she is about eight years of + age.</p> + + <p>5. All the children make themselves very useful in the + house. Servants are hard to get in Canada, so people must learn + to help themselves. The boys clean the boots and chop wood. The + girls think nothing of helping to scrub the floors.</p> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig25-2ed.png" + width="400" + height="326" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>6. After breakfast the children trudge off to school, which + is three miles away. They take their lunch with them. When they + return in the evening they have many odd jobs to do.</p> + + <p>7. In the playground of their school you will see many young + trees growing. There are very few trees on the plains, and far + more are needed.</p> + + <p>8. On one day in each year the children make holiday, and + plant trees in the school grounds. The teacher tells them that + when they grow up they must plant trees on their farms.</p> + + <p>9. Harvest is the busiest time of the year. Then the + children rise at half-past four, and work all day long in the + fields. Every one who can work at all must do so at harvest + time.</p> + + <p>10. There is also plenty of work to be done in the autumn. + Everything needed in the house must be brought in before the + snow begins to fall.</p> + + <p class="pic">11. Winter is the real holiday time. No work can + then be done on the land. The rivers and lakes are frozen, and + everywhere there is plenty of skating. The wheels are taken off + the carriages, and runners are put on instead. Horses draw them + very swiftly over the frozen snow.</p><a name="Photo25-1"></a> + + <div class="figure1" + style="width: 390px;"> + <img src="illustrations/Photo25-1.jpg" + width="350" + height="472" + alt=""> + + <p class="caption">BOYS OF CANADA IN WINTER.</p> + </div> + + <p>12. Look at the picture post-card which I send you with this + letter. It shows you how Canadian boys are dressed in winter. + On the ground you see a pair of snow-shoes. The boys can travel + very quickly on these snow-shoes without sinking into the + snow.</p> + + <p>13. In the picture you also see a toboggan. It is a small + sledge. The boy drags his toboggan up to the top of a hill. He + seats himself on it and pushes off. Away he goes over the + frozen snow like an arrow from a bow. It is splendid fun.</p> + + <p>14. Those boys and girls whose homes are in towns live very + much as you do. They go to school, and they play in the streets + and parks. When summer comes many of them go to the seaside or + to the lakeside for a holiday.</p> + + <p>15. Sometimes a whole family goes camping in the woods. They + then live in tents or in little huts by the side of a river or + a lake. What happy times the children have! They go fishing, + they bathe, and they dart to and fro in canoes.</p> + + <p>16. Most of the young folks of Canada are strong and + healthy. They are happy and bright, and they are not afraid of + work. No children are more useful to their parents than the + boys and girls of Canada.</p><a name="c26"></a> + <hr class="chapter"> + + <h2><a href="#L26">26. THE RED + MEN.</a></h2><a name="Photo26-1"></a> + + <div class="figure1" + style="width: 640px; margin-top: 0;"> + <img src="illustrations/Photo26-1.jpg" + width="600" + height="419" + alt=""> + + <p class="caption">Red Men and White Men.<br> + (<i>From the picture by Cyrus Cuneo, R.I. By kind + permission of the C.P.R. Co.</i>)</p> + </div> + + <p>1. Tom will not forgive me unless I tell you something about + the Red men of America. He has often asked me about the picture + of Red men which is in my room at home.</p> + + <div class="figure2r" + style="clear: left;"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig26-1ed.png" + width="375" + height="453" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>2. In the old days, before white men settled in America, the + Red men were masters of the land. They were tall and strong, + and their skin was of a dark copper colour. Their eyes were jet + black, and their hair was long and straight.</p> + + <p>3. They wore very little clothing, even though the winters + in North America are very cold. From the time when they were + babies they were trained to bear heat and cold, hunger, thirst, + and pain without grumbling.</p> + + <p>4. When the white men landed in America, the villages of the + Red men were to be found all over the country. Each of these + villages was the home of a tribe. The houses were tents made of + skin or huts made of wood.</p> + + <p>5. The women or squaws did all the hard work. They planted + and tilled the fields, cooked the food, and made the clothes. + The babies were put into little bark cradles, which were + sometimes hung from the branches of trees, and were rocked to + and fro by the wind.</p> + + <p>6. The Red men were nearly always at war, either amongst + themselves or against the white men. In battle they were very + crafty and skilful. Those who fell into their hands were + sometimes treated very cruelly.</p> + + <p>7. Before the Red men went on the "warpath" they painted + their faces, so as to frighten their foes. Then they took up + their bows and hatchets, and, following their leader, strode + silently away.</p> + + <p>8. The Red men did not care to fight in the open. They + always tried to catch their foes asleep or to take them by + surprise.</p> + + <div class="figure2l"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig26-2ed.png" + width="400" + height="434" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>9. In those days the land was full of deer and other wild + animals. On the great plains where the wheat now grows huge + herds of bison used to feed.</p> + + <p>10. The Red men hunted the bison on their swift little + ponies. When they were close to the animals they shot at them + with arrows. If the arrows missed their mark, the Red men + killed the bison with their knives.</p> + + <p>11. When the white men came they hunted the bison with guns, + and soon killed them off. Only a few bisons remain, and these + are now kept in parks.</p> + + <p>12. There are not many Red men left in North America. Most + of them have died off. Many of those who now remain have given + up their old way of living.</p><a name="c27"></a> + <hr class="chapter"> + + <h2><a href="#L27">27. THE + ESKIMOS.</a></h2><a name="Photo27-1"></a> + + <div class="figure1" + style="width: 440px; margin-top: 0;"> + <img src="illustrations/Photo27-1.jpg" + width="400" + height="611" + alt=""> + + <p class="caption">Amongst the Eskimos.</p> + </div> + + <p>1. Here is another picture for you. Look at it carefully. It + shows you the people who live in the far north of Canada. They + are called Eskimos.</p> + + <p>2. In the upper part of the picture you see a man on a + sledge. He is dressed in furs, and has fur gloves on his hands. + His head and ears are covered with a hood. In the far north of + Canada the cold is so bitter in winter that men's hands and + ears would be frost-bitten if they were not kept warm in this + way.</p> + + <p>3. In winter the sea and the land are thickly frozen over. + The whole country is covered with ice and snow. The Eskimo has + to travel over the ice to get from place to place. He uses a + sledge drawn by dogs. There is a team of dogs in the upper part + of the picture.</p> + + <p>4. Sometimes the sledge is overturned, and the men and dogs + are thrown into deep, wide cracks in the ice. Sometimes fierce + storms arise, and men and dogs perish together. Sometimes food + runs short, and they die of hunger.</p> + + <p>5. In the middle part of the picture you see a tent. The + Eskimos can only live in tents during the short summers; during + the long dark winters they live in huts. The walls are made of + stones and sods. The roof is of wood which has drifted to their + shores. You must remember that no trees will grow in these very + cold lands.</p> + + <p>6. Some Eskimos make their winter houses of blocks of snow, + with sheets of ice for the windows. Perhaps you shiver at the + thought of living in a snow house, but you need not do so.</p> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig27-1ed.png" + width="425" + height="239" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>7. Really, a snow house is quite a snug home. The snow keeps + in the heat of the house, just as a blanket keeps in the heat + of your body. Perhaps you know that it is the blanket of snow + spread over the ground in winter which keeps the roots of the + plants from being frozen.</p> + + <p>8. When summer comes, the snow and ice melt along the edge + of the sea. Then the Eskimo leaves his winter quarters for the + seashore.</p> + + <p>9. The sea-shores of these very cold lands abound in bears, + seals, foxes, and other wild animals. The sea is full of fish, + and millions of gulls, geese, and other birds fly north for the + summer.</p> + + <div class="figure2l"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig27-2ed.png" + width="375" + height="182" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>10. When a boy is ten years of age his father gives him a + bow and arrows and a canoe. Then he thinks himself a man + indeed. In the lower part of the picture you see a man in an + Eskimo canoe. He is going to hunt seals and small whales.</p> + + <p>11. Now I must bring this long letter to a close. I shall + write you one more before I start for home. I am eager to see + you all again.—Your loving FATHER.</p><a name="c28"></a> + <hr class="chapter"> + + <h2><a href="#L28">28. FATHER'S LAST + LETTER.</a></h2> + + <p>1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,—This is the last letter which I + shall write to you from abroad. I hope to sail for home in a + week's time. I shall send you a telegram to tell you when I + shall arrive. You must all come to the station to meet me.</p> + + <p>2. Look at the globe and find North America. The northern + half is called Canada, and the southern half is called the + United States. I am now in New York, the largest city of the + United States.</p> + + <p>3. The people of the United States speak English. The + forefathers of many of them came from our islands. But the + United States do not belong to Britain. Their flag is not the + Union Jack, but the Stars and Stripes.</p> + + <p>4. This morning at breakfast a black man waited upon me. His + skin was very dark, his lips were thick, and his hair was short + and curly.</p> + + <p>5. Are you not surprised to hear that there are black men in + America? There are thousands of them in New York. In the + southern part of the United States there are more black men + than white men.</p> + + <p>6. Most of the black men live in the hot part of the United + States, where cotton and sugar are grown. White people cannot + work in the cotton or sugar fields, because the sun is too hot + for them.</p> + + <p>7. The black people who live in the United States were born + in America. They have never known any other land. America, + however, is not their real home. They really belong to + Africa.</p> + + <p>8. How is it that we now find them in America? When the + white men of America began to grow cotton and sugar, they + needed black men to work in the fields. Men called "slavers" + went to Africa in ships. They landed and pushed inland. When + they came to villages they seized the people and drove them off + to the ships.</p> + + <p>9. The poor blacks, who were thus dragged from their home + and kindred, were thrust into the holds of ships and carried to + America. Sometimes they suffered much on the voyage. The + weakest of them died, and were thrown overboard.</p> + + <p>10. When they reached America they were sold to the + cotton-growers and sugar-growers, who carried them off to work + in the fields. Sometimes they were kindly treated; sometimes + they were flogged to make them work. But whether kindly or + cruelly treated, they were no longer men and women, but + slaves.</p> + + <p>11. This went on for many years. At last some kind-hearted + men in the northern states said, "It is wicked to own slaves. + All the slaves in America shall be set free."</p> + + <div class="figure1r" + style="width: 490px;"> + <img src="illustrations/Photo28-1.jpg" + width="450" + height="181" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>12. The farmers of the south were very angry when they heard + this, and said that they would not free their slaves. Then a + fierce war broke out. The North beat the South, and when the + war came to an end all the slaves in America were set free.</p> + + <p>13. The blacks still work in the cotton and sugar and + tobacco fields; but they now work for wages, just as I do. They + are free to come and go as they please.</p> + + <p>14. The darkies are very merry and full of fun. When their + work is over they love to sing and dance to the music of the + banjo. Some of their songs are very pretty. I will sing some of + them to you when I come home. Good-bye, dears. I shall soon be + with you now.—Your loving FATHER.</p><a name="c29"></a> + <hr class="chapter"> + + <h2><a href="#L29">29. HOME AGAIN.</a></h2> + + <p>1. The telegram came soon after breakfast. Father was coming + home that very day. We were so delighted that we sang and + danced and clapped our hands, just like the darkies.</p> + + <p>2. Mother was very busy. "You must all come and help me," + she said. "The house must be made beautiful for father's + return."</p> + + <p>3. May and I worked with mother, but the day passed very + slowly. Father's train was to arrive at six o'clock. By + half-past five we were all at the station waiting for him.</p> + + <div class="figure2l"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig29-1ed.png" + width="250" + height="321" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>4. At last the train steamed in, and out jumped father. Oh, + how we hugged and kissed him! Father was well, and he looked + very brown.</p> + + <p>5. I sat next to him in the cab. He told us that his ship + had only reached Liverpool that morning. He had taken the first + train for home, because he wished to see us so much.</p> + + <p>6. After tea he opened one of his boxes. "I have brought + each of you a present," he said. "Sit down, and I will show you + some pretty things."</p> + + <p>7. Mother's present was a dress from India. It had gold and + beetles' wings on it. They were a lovely shiny green, just like + jewels.</p> + + <p>8. My present was a necklace of beautiful blue stones. May's + was a dolly, dressed just like an Indian lady. Tom's was a kite + from Japan. It was shaped just like a dragon. Of course, we + were all delighted with our gifts.</p> + + <p>9. Then father told us many things about his travels. "I + have been right round the world," he said. "I sailed to the + East, and I went on and on until I returned to the place from + which I set out."</p> + + <p>"I know," cried Tom. "I have followed you all round the + world on the globe."</p> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/Fig29-2ed.png" + width="425" + height="286" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>10. May was sitting on father's knee. "Dad," she said, "I + suppose you are the very first man who has ever been right + round the world." "Of course he is," said Tom.</p> + + <p>11. Father laughed. "No, my dear," he replied; "thousands of + men had been round the world before I was born."</p> + + <p>12. "I'm so sorry," said May. "I did so want to tell the + girls at school that my father was the very first man who ever + went round the world."</p><a name="Exercises"></a> + <hr class="chapter"> + + <h2>EXERCISES.</h2> + + <h3>(<i>To be worked under the direction of the + teacher</i>)</h3><a name="L1"></a> + <hr class="chapter"> + + <h3 class="lesson"><a href="#c1">Lesson 1.</a></h3> + + <p>1. The father travelled by train. In what other ways might + he have travelled? Which is the fastest way? Which is the + slowest?</p> + + <p>2. What power drives the train? What other work does this + power do?</p> + + <p>3. Look carefully at the <a href="#PhotoF-1">first + picture</a> in this book. Describe it.</p> + + <p>4. Learn: <i>A globe is a small model of the earth.</i> Of + what shape is the earth? Of what shape are the sun, moon, and + stars?</p><a name="L2"></a> + <hr> + + <h3 class="lesson"><a href="#c2">Lesson 2.</a></h3> + + <p>1. The name of the town on the seashore (<a href= + "#c2p2">par. 2</a>) is Dover. Turn to the picture on + <a href="#Photo02-1">page 11</a> and describe the cliffs of + Dover as seen from the sea.</p> + + <p>2. The distance between Dover and Calais is only twenty-one + miles. Learn: <i>A narrow passage of water joining two seas is + called a strait.</i> The word <i>strait</i> means "narrow." + This strait is called the Strait of Dover.</p> + + <p>3. Model the Strait of Dover in clay or plasticine. Suppose + the water between England and France were to dry up, what would + the strait be then? Write out and learn: <i>A valley is a + hollow between hills or mountains.</i></p><a name="L3"></a> + <hr> + + <h3 class="lesson"><a href="#c3">Lesson 3.</a></h3> + + <p>1. The river which runs through Paris is called the Seine. + The river which runs through London is called the Thames. + Learn: <i>A river is a large stream of fresh water flowing + across the land to join another river, a lake, or the + sea.</i></p> + + <p>2. Look carefully at the picture on <a href= + "#Photo03-1">page 14</a> and describe it.</p> + + <p>3. Compare French boys with English boys. Compare French + girls with English girls.</p><a name="L4"></a> + <hr> + + <h3 class="lesson"><a href="#c4">Lesson 4.</a></h3> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/FigE04ed.png" + width="325" + height="204" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>1. Look carefully at the picture on <a href= + "#Photo04-1">page 18</a> and describe it.</p> + + <p>2. Copy this little drawing of the silkworm and the mulberry + leaf.</p> + + <p>3. Why do flowers bloom earlier in the south of France than + in England?</p> + + <p>4. Describe the picture on <a href="#Photo04-2">page + 20</a>.</p><a name="L5"></a> + <hr> + + <h3 class="lesson"><a href="#c5">Lesson 5.</a></h3> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/FigE05ed.png" + width="175" + height="375" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>1. The Nile carries much mud in its waters. If there is a + stream near your school, go to it and get a bottleful of water. + Let this water stand for a time and notice the mud which + settles down. Where does this mud come from?</p> + + <p>2. Copy this little drawing of a palm tree. The Arabs say + that the palm tree loves to have its foot in the water and its + head in the fire. What do you think this saying means?</p> + + <p>3. Look at the picture on <a href="#Photo05-1">page 23</a>. + What animals do you see in the picture? Tell me something about + each of them.</p><a name="L6"></a> + <hr> + + <h3 class="lesson"><a href="#c6">Lesson 6.</a></h3> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/FigE06ed.png" + width="350" + height="137" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>1. Copy this little drawing of two of the oldest buildings + in Egypt. Such buildings are called <i>pyramids</i>. Write out + this word six times. You will see pyramids in the picture on + <a href="#Photo05-1">page 23</a>. Of what shape is the ground + on which a pyramid stands? Make a <i>ground plan</i> of a + pyramid.</p> + + <p>2. How do we know what the men of Egypt were like in olden + times?</p> + + <p>3. The picture on <a href="#Photo05-2">page 25</a> shows you + a street in Cairo, the chief town of Egypt. Describe the + picture.</p><a name="L7"></a> + <hr> + + <h3 class="lesson"><a href="#c7">Lesson 7.</a></h3> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/FigE07ed.png" + width="275" + height="376" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>1. Write out and learn: <i>A long deep ditch filled with + water is called a canal.</i> Model a canal in clay or + plasticine. What is the difference between a canal and a + strait?</p> + + <p>2. Copy this little drawing of a lighthouse. Write out and + learn: <i>A lighthouse is a tower near the sea. It shows a + bright light at night to warn sailors of rocks or shallow + places.</i></p> + + <p>3. Why does a big ship "go slow" through the Suez + Canal?</p><a name="L8"></a> + <hr> + + <h3 class="lesson"><a href="#c8">Lesson 8.</a></h3> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/FigE08ed.png" + width="500" + height="105" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>1. Write out and learn: <i>A desert is a rainless tract of + country on which little or nothing will grow.</i> How can a + desert be turned into a garden?</p> + + <p>2. Copy this little drawing of an Arab tent. Why do the + Arabs who wander from place to place live in tents?</p> + + <p>3. Write out and learn: <i>A green spot in a desert is + called an oasis.</i> Several of these green spots are called + <i>oases</i>.</p><a name="L9"></a> + <hr> + + <h3 class="lesson"><a href="#c9">Lesson 9.</a></h3> + + <p>1. The palm is said to have as many uses as there are days + in the year. Name some of these uses.</p> + + <p>2. Why is the camel called the "ship of the desert"?</p> + + <p>3. Go to a sand heap. Stand on it; you sink in. Put a piece + of board on the sand and stand on it; the board does not sink + in much. Now turn to the picture on <a href="#Photo25-1">page + 105</a>. You will see a pair of snow-shoes on the snow. A boy's + foot will sink into the snow. When he stands on the snow-shoes + he does not sink in. Find out why. Notice the camel's foot, and + tell me why it does not sink into the sand.</p><a name= + "L10"></a> + <hr> + + <h3 class="lesson"><a href="#c10">Lesson 10.</a></h3> + + <p>1. In what ways do the people of Bombay differ from the + people of your town or village?</p> + + <p>2. Why are the people of hot lands dark in colour?</p> + + <p>3. Look at the picture on <a href="#Photo11-1">page 47</a>. + Describe it.</p><a name="L11"></a> + <hr> + + <h3 class="lesson"><a href="#c11">Lesson 11.</a></h3> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/FigE11ed.png" + width="300" + height="285" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>1. What is the difference between our shops and the shops of + Bombay?</p> + + <p>2. How do Indian boys play at marbles?</p> + + <p>3. Copy this drawing of the Union Jack. Colour it with + chalks.</p><a name="L12"></a> + <hr> + + <h3 class="lesson"><a href="#c12">Lesson 12.</a></h3> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/FigE12ed.png" + width="325" + height="231" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>1. With a pair of scissors cut out a square of paper. Fold + it into two; then into four; then into eight, and lastly into + sixteen. Open out the paper. If the whole square stands for the + size of India, one of the small squares will stand for the size + of our land.</p> + + <p>2. Copy this drawing of a punkah. What is the use of a + punkah?</p> + + <p>3. Suppose you forget to water your plants, what happens? + Suppose you water them too much, what + happens?</p><a name="L13"></a> + <hr> + + <h3 class="lesson"><a href="#c13">Lesson 13.</a></h3> + + <p>1. Write out and learn: <i>A mountain is land which rises + high above the level of the country round about it. A row of + mountains joined together by high ground is called a mountain + range or chain.</i></p> + + <p>2. Write out the following:—"Some mountains may be + called water savings banks. The rain freezes as it falls and + becomes snow. On very high mountains this snow never melts. It + gets deeper and deeper, and the lower part turns into ice. This + ice creeps slowly down the mountain side until it comes into + air that is warm enough to melt it. The water which flows away + from the ice forms a river. Many large rivers begin in melting + ice-fields."</p> + + <p>3. Describe the picture on <a href="#Fig13-2">page + 55</a>.</p><a name="L14"></a> + <hr> + + <h3 class="lesson"><a href="#c14">Lesson 14.</a></h3> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/FigE14ed.png" + width="550" + height="146" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>1. Make a copy of this little drawing. It shows you a + palanquin—that is, a box carried on poles. Rich ladies + are carried from place to place in India in palanquins of this + kind.</p> + + <p>2. Compare the life of a rich Indian girl with that of our + girls.</p> + + <p>3. "They sang 'God Save the King' for me." Who is their + king? Have the people of India ever seen him?</p><a name= + "L15"></a> + <hr> + + <h3 class="lesson"><a href="#c15">Lesson 15.</a></h3> + + <p>1. Describe the picture on <a href="#Photo15-1">page + 61</a>.</p> + + <p>2. Describe an elephant. Of what use is he?</p> + + <p>3. Tell me what you know of tigers. How are tigers + hunted?</p><a name="L16"></a> + <hr> + + <h3 class="lesson"><a href="#c16">Lesson 16.</a></h3> + + <p>1. In what way does a Burmese girl differ from an Indian + girl?</p> + + <p>2. Copy the drawing of a Burmese girl on <a href= + "#Fig16-1">page 66</a>.</p> + + <p>3. Write out the following: "The Burmese alphabet is very + hard to learn. Dull boys often take a year to learn it. In the + monks' schools the lazy boys are sometimes punished by being + made to carry the hard-working boys on their backs up and down + the schoolroom."</p><a name="L17"></a> + <hr> + + <h3 class="lesson"><a href="#c17">Lesson 17.</a></h3> + + <p>1. What is the difference between Burmese football and + British football?</p> + + <p>2. Describe the picture on <a href="#Fig16-3">page + 68</a>.</p> + + <p>3. Write out the following: "Rice is a grass on which many + seeds grow. These seeds are eaten. Rice will only grow in wet + ground. The fields are flooded with water, and then the + rice-shoots are planted. The fields must be kept flooded until + the rice is ripe. In India, men sometimes gather the rice in + small boats."</p><a name="L18"></a> + <hr> + + <h3 class="lesson"><a href="#c18">Lesson 18.</a></h3> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/FigE18ed.png" + width="450" + height="216" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>1. Copy this little drawing of a rickshaw.</p> + + <p>2. Write out the following: "Tea is the name given to the + dried leaves and young shoots of the tea-plant. This plant is a + large evergreen shrub. It grows on the hillsides of Ceylon, and + in many other places in the East. When the leaves are picked, + they are spread out in trays until they wither; then they are + rolled. Wet cloths are next placed over the leaves, and they + are put in a cool dark place, until they rot a little. The + leaves are then dried over a fire, and after cooling are packed + in air-tight chests. They are then sent to our country."</p> + + <p>3. Describe the picture on <a href="#Photo18-1">page + 75</a>.</p><a name="L19"></a> + <hr> + + <h3 class="lesson"><a href="#c19">Lesson 19.</a></h3> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/FigE19ed.png" + width="425" + height="181" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>1. Old cities have walls round them. Why were these walls + built? Why are they of no use now?</p> + + <p>2. Copy this drawing of a Chinese wheelbarrow.</p> + + <p>3. Why do the Chinese paint an eye on the bows of their + boats?</p><a name="L20"></a> + <hr> + + <h3 class="lesson"><a href="#c20">Lesson 20.</a></h3> + + <p>1. Describe the picture on <a href="#Photo19-1">page + 78</a>.</p> + + <p>2. Say what you know about a Chinese school.</p> + + <p>3. How can you tell a Chinaman when you see + him?</p><a name="L21"></a> + <hr> + + <h3 class="lesson"><a href="#c21">Lesson 21.</a></h3> + + <p>1. Describe the picture on <a href="#Photo21-1">page + 88</a>.</p> + + <p>2. In what ways do Chinese girls differ from British + girls?</p> + + <p>3. Write out the following: "The Great Wall of China is the + longest wall in the world. It was built about two thousand + years ago, and was meant to shut out the wild tribes which were + then trying to conquer China. The wall is more than twice as + long as the island of Great Britain. It is built of stone and + earth, and is so broad that four horses can be driven on it + abreast. The wall is now in ruins."</p><a name="L22"></a> + <hr> + + <h3 class="lesson"><a href="#c22">Lesson 22.</a></h3> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/FigE22ed.png" + width="400" + height="128" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>1. Write out and learn: <i>An island is land with water all + round it. People can only reach an island by sailing to it in a + boat or by crossing a bridge.</i> A small island is called an + <i>islet</i>.</p> + + <p>2. Model an island in clay or plasticine. Suppose the water + round an island were to dry up, what would the island be + then?</p> + + <p>3. Copy this little drawing. It shows you the sacred + mountain of Japan.</p> + + <p>4. Write out and learn: <i>A volcano is a hole in the ground + out of which steam, ashes, mud, and melted rock are thrown. An + earthquake is a shaking or tearing apart of the + ground.</i></p><a name="L23"></a> + <hr> + + <h3 class="lesson"><a href="#c23">Lesson 23.</a></h3> + + <p>1. Which should you prefer to be—a boy or a girl (1) + in Japan, (2) in India?</p> + + <p>2. Describe the picture on <a href="#Photo23-1">page + 90</a>.</p> + + <p>3. Try to make a drawing of a kite just after its string has + been cut by the glass on the string of another + kite.</p><a name="L24"></a> + <hr> + + <h3 class="lesson"><a href="#c24">Lesson 24.</a></h3> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/FigE24ed.png" + width="425" + height="149" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>1. Write out and learn: <i>A plain is a wide tract of + low-lying and nearly level country. A high plain is called a + plateau.</i></p> + + <p>2. Copy this drawing of a salmon. What do you know about + salmon?</p> + + <p>3. Which should you like to do best—till the fields, + cut down trees, or catch salmon? Say why.</p><a name="L25"></a> + + <hr> + + <h3 class="lesson"><a href="#c25">Lesson 25.</a></h3> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/FigE25ed.png" + width="475" + height="125" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>1. Describe the picture on <a href="#Photo25-1">page + 105</a>. Why do the boys cover up their ears?</p> + + <p>2. What sports do these boys enjoy in winter?</p> + + <p>3. Copy this drawing of a canoe.</p><a name="L26"></a> + <hr> + + <h3 class="lesson"><a href="#c26">Lesson 26.</a></h3> + + <div class="figure2r"> + <img src="illustrations/FigE26ed.png" + width="300" + height="277" + alt=""> + </div> + + <p>1. Copy this little drawing of a wigwam—that is, a Red + man's tent.</p> + + <p>2. Describe the picture on <a href="#Photo26-1">page + 102</a>.</p> + + <p>3. How did the Red men hunt the bison? What has become of + the bison?</p><a name="L27"></a> + <hr> + + <h3 class="lesson"><a href="#c27">Lesson 27.</a></h3> + + <p>1. Look carefully at the picture on <a href= + "#Photo27-1">page 111</a>. Compare it with the picture on + <a href="#Photo08-1">page 35</a>.</p> + + <p>2. Why are the Eskimos fishermen and hunters, and not + farmers?</p> + + <p>3. How would you build a snow house? Would it be very cold + to live in? If not, why not?</p><a name="L28"></a> + <hr> + + <h3 class="lesson"><a href="#c28">Lesson 28.</a></h3> + + <p>1. Describe the picture on <a href="#Photo26-1">page + 102</a>.</p> + + <p>2. Write out the following: "The cotton plant loves sun and + water, and will only grow in the hot, moist parts of the world. + It throws out flower stalks, at the end of which pods appear. + Inside the pods is a soft, white down, which is called cotton. + This is spun and woven into cloth."</p> + + <p>3. What is the difference between cotton and + wool?</p><a name="L29"></a> + <hr> + + <h3 class="lesson"><a href="#c29">Lesson 29.</a></h3> + + <p>1. Look at a globe. Find a line running round the globe at + the thickest part. This is called the <i>Equator</i>, because + it divides the earth into two <i>equal</i> parts. The hottest + parts of the earth lie round about the Equator. The distance + round the earth at the Equator is 25,000 miles. A railway + train, running 50 miles an hour, and never stopping, would + require nearly three weeks for the journey. Find out whether + father's voyage was longer or shorter than this.</p> + + <p>2. Measure with a band of paper the distance on the globe + from the Equator on one side to the Equator on the other. Find + half this distance and mark it on the globe. Then mark the same + distance on the other side of the Equator. The points which you + have marked are called the <i>Poles</i>. One is the <i>North + Pole</i>; the other is the <i>South Pole</i>.</p> + + <p>3. Learn: <i>We divide the land of the earth into five great + parts; each of these parts is called a continent. There are + five continents</i>—<i>Europe, Asia, Africa, America, + Australia. We divide the water of the earth into five great + parts. Each of these parts is called an ocean. There are five + oceans</i>—<i>Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and + Antarctic. The Arctic Ocean is round the North Pole; the + Antarctic Ocean is round the South Pole</i>.</p><br> + <br> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Highroads of Geography, by Anonymous + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HIGHROADS OF GEOGRAPHY *** + +***** This file should be named 11218-h.htm or 11218-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/2/1/11218/ + +Produced by Julie Barkley, Susan Woodring and PG Distributed Proofreaders + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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