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diff --git a/11130-0.txt b/11130-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c6fd463 --- /dev/null +++ b/11130-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1838 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11130 *** + +Greek in a Nutshell, + +An Outline of + +GREEK GRAMMAR + +with + +BRIEF READING LESSONS; + +Designed for Beginners in the New Testament. + +BY + +JAMES STRONG, S.T.D., +Professor of Exegetical Theology in Drew Theological Seminary + +NEW YORK: EATON & MAINS +CINCINNATI: JENNINGS & GRAHAM + + +Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by +NELSON & PHILLIPS, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress +at Washington. + + + + +PREFACE. + + + +This little Manual was originally prepared for the NORMAL CLASS, at +the request of the editor of that Journal, and was at the same time +expected to form an instruction book at the Sunday-School Assembly +annually held at Chautauqua. This accounts for its form in twelve +series of two pages each. The reading lessons, however, have been +made sufficiently full for subsequent study. Of course the simplest +elements only of the Greek language can be comprised in such narrow +limits; nor can a full vocabulary or ready facility be acquired in so +short a course. Nevertheless, a good beginning may be made, and that +is "half the battle" in any enterprise. It is believed that a thorough +mastery of this small volume will prove a conquest over all the real +difficulties of the original tongue of the New Testament. + +J. S. + + + + +LESSON I. + + + +READING + + +§ 1. THE ALPHABET. + +Form. Name. Sound. +A α Al'pha _a_ in _man_, [_arm._[1]] +Β β Be'ta _b_ +Γ γ Gam'ma _g_ in _go_, [_king._[2]] +Δ δ Del'ta _d_ +Ε ε Ep'silon _e_ in _met_. +Ζ ζ Ze'ta _dz_ in _adze_. +Η η E'ta _e_ in _they_. +Θ ϑ or θ The'ta _th_ in _thin_. +Ι ι Io'ta _i_ in _tin_, [_machine_[3]] +Κ κ or ϗ Kap'pa _k_ +Λ λ Lamb'da _l_ +Μ μ Mu _m_ +Ν ν Nu _n_ +Ξ ξ Xi _x_ +Ο ο Om'icron _ο_ in _not_. +Π π Pi _p_ +Ρ ρ Rho _r_ +Σ σ, final ς Sig'ma _s_ in _this_. +Τ τ Tau _t_ in _it_. +Υ υ U'psilon _u_ in _full_. +Φ φ Phi _f_ +χ χ Khi _kh_ (German _ch_.) +ψ ψ Psi _ps_ +Ω ω O'mega _ο_ in _no_. + + +§ 2. Notes on the Alphabet. + + +1. α sounds broad, like _a_ in _arm_, at the end of a word, +and before ρ final or ρ followed by a different consonant. + +2. γ has the nasal sound, like _ng_ in _king_, before γ, +κ, χ, or ξ. + +3. ι has its long sound, like _i_ in _machine_, at the end +of a syllable. + +Every letter is sounded, and, with the above exceptions, invariably +the same. + + + +2. ACCENT. + + +§ 3. Each word, except a very few monosyllables, has one of the +following accents written over a vowel in it, which marks the place of +the spoken tone. A few small words, called _enclitics_, generally +throw their accent, as an acute, on the last syllable of the preceding +word. + +§ 4. The _acute_ ('), which is the foundation of all the +accents, stands on one of the last three syllables. In verbs, with the +exception of certain forms, it stands as far toward the beginning of +the word as the rules below allow. In other parts of speech it stands +on the same syllable as in the ground-form, (that given in the +lexicon,) except as required by these rules. When the last syllable +has a long vowel or diphthong it stands on the syllable before the +last. + +§ 5. The _grave_ accent (`) is only written in place of the +acute on the last syllable when not before a pause, or when +unemphatic. It is understood to belong to all other syllables. + +§ 6. The _circumflex_ (~) is placed on a syllable formed by +the combination of two, the first of which had an acute and the second +a grave; hence only on the last, or next to the last syllable, and +only on a long vowel or a diphthong. When the last syllable has a +short vowel, such a penult, if accented, takes the circumflex. + + + +3. BREATHINGS, VOWELS, DIPHTHONGS, ETC. + + +§ 7. A vowel beginning a word takes either the _rough +breathing_, (῾), which is pronounced like _h_, or else, to +show the absence of that, _the smooth breathing_, (᾿), which +has no appreciable sound. Initial ρ and υ always take the rough +breathing; and double ρ in the middle of a word takes the smooth +breathing on the first, and the rough on the second. + +§ 8. The vowels are short, (ε and ο,) long, (η and ω,) or +doubtful, (α, ι, and υ,) which last, although naturally short, are +sometimes lengthened by derivation. + +§ 9. The diphthongs are as follows:-- + + Proper. With Iota Subscript. Improper. +αι sounds ay ᾳ = α ηυ = η and υ +ει " i ῃ = η ωυ = ω and υ +οι " oy ῳ = ω +υι " we +αυ " ow +ευ " yu +ου " oo + +§ 10. In diphthongs the breathing and accent are written over the +_second_ vowel. A capital (initial) letter in other cases takes +them _before_ it. + +§ 11. The punctuation marks are the comma, (,), the semicolon, (·), +the period, (.), and the interrogation point, (;). + + + +LESSON II. + +EUPHONIC CHANGES. + + +§ 12. When two _consonants_ come together the first is made +homogeneous with the second, as follows:-- + +§ 13. Mutes of a different class must have the same degree of +hardness according to the following classification:-- + + Smooth. Middle. Rough. Sibilant (with _s_.) +Kappa-mutes. κ γ χ ξ +Pi-mutes π β φ ψ +Tau-mutes τ δ ϑ ζ + +§ 14. A _smooth_ final mute is roughened before a vowel with the +rough breathing. A rough mute is not doubled, nor can successive +syllables begin with an aspirate. A tau-mute is sometimes dropped +before σ, and always before κ; before a different tau-mute it is +changed into σ. + +§ 15. Before μ a kappa-mute is changed into γ, a pi-mute into μ, +and a tau-mute into σ. + +§ 16. ν before a kappa-mute becomes γ, before a pi-mute μ, before +a liquid (λ, μ, ν, or ρ) it is changed into the same liquid, +before σ or ζ it is dropped. + +§ 17. ν is appended to certain endings in σι or ε before a pause +or a vowel. + +§ 18. There are several other less important rules, and some +exceptions to most of the above. + +§ 19. A _long vowel_ or _diphthong_ is used as an +equivalent for two (usually short) vowels in immediate succession, or +as a compensation for the omission of a consonant, sometimes for both. + +§ 20. The changes in the union of two vowels are various, depending +upon their comparative strength, position, and relation to the long +vowels, or diphthongs respectively. They are readily learned by +practice. + +§ 21. Compensation is not always thus made for the omission of a +consonant. Sometimes the omission occurs too far back in the +derivation to be easily traced. + +§ 22. A final vowel is sometimes elided before another vowel, and its +place indicated by the apostrophe, ('). + +§ 23. There are several _dialects_, which chiefly affect the +vowels, (like provincial pronunciation;) but in later Greek (to which +the New Testament belongs) they were merged in "the common dialect," +the Attic pre-dominating. + + +NOUNS. + +Nouns are of three declensions, three genders, three numbers, and five +cases, all indicated by changes of termination. + +§ 24. The declensions (numbered 1, 2, and 3) are only different modes +of inflection. + +§ 25. Names and designations of males, nations, the months, rivers, +and winds, are almost invariably _masculine_; those of females, +countries, islands, cities, trees, and plants, are usually +_feminine_; of the _neuter_ gender are most names of fruits +and diminutives, and always the names of the letters, infinitives, +clauses, indeclinable words, and words used as the symbol of a +sound. In the third declension especially the (grammatical) gender in +many instances is arbitrary. + +§ 26. The _singular_ and _plural_ are used as in +English. The _dual_ denotes two or a pair; it is comparatively +rare, and never occurs in the New Testament. + +§ 27. The _cases_ express the relations of words to each other +in a sentence, as follows:-- + + Name. Use. Equivalent. +Nominative. Subject of a finite verb. (Simple form.) +Genitive. Origin or ownership. _From, of,_ etc. +Dative. Position or manner. _In, by, for, to,_ etc. +Accusative. Direction or object. _Toward, into,_ etc. +Vocative. Address. _O!_ + +§ 28. The following are the terminations of the _First +Declension_:-- + + Singular. Cases. Plural. + _Masc._ _Fem._ _Masc. and Fem._ +ας or ης α or η Nominative. αι + ον ας or ης Genitive. ῶν + ᾳ or η Dative. αις + αν or ην Accusative. ας + α or η Vocative. αι + + _Dual._ Nom., Acc., Voc., α; Gen., Dat., αιν. + +§ 29. The α in the terminations of the singular is mostly used when +ρ, ε,or ι precedes it; and in the Nom., Acc., and Voc. when λ or +σ, and frequently when ν, precedes it. A few nouns have α in the +Gen. sing. + + + +LESSON III. + +NOUNS--Continued. + +§ 30. The following are the terminations of the _Second +Declension_:-- + + Singular. Cases. Plural. + _Masc._ _Neut._ _Masc._ _Neut._ + ος ον Nominative. οι α + ου Genitive. ων + ῳ Dative. οις + ον Accusative. ους α + ε ον Vocative. οι α + + _Dual._ Nom., Acc., Voc., ω; Gen., Dat., οιν. + +§ 31. The few fem. nouns of this declension take the +masc. terminations. The Voc. masc. sing. is occasionally ος. + +§ 32. The following are the terminations of the _Third Declension_:-- + + Singular. Cases. Plural. + _Masc. and Fem._ _Neut._ _Masc. and Fem._ _Neut._ +ς (or long vowel (naked stem.) Nominative. ες α +before final letter.) + ος Genitive. ων + ι Dative. σι(ν) + ν or α (naked stem.) Accusative. ας α +(like Nom. or Neut.) (naked stem.) Vocative. ες α + + _Dual._ Nom., Acc., Voc., ε; Gen., Dat., οιν. + +§ 33. The Nom. sing. is so often changed by the euphonic rules that +the stem of the noun is best seen in the Gen. Nouns in ις, υς, and +ευς take the (Attic) Gen. εως, (ω regarded as _short_.) +The α of the Acc. sing. is usually after a consonant. Many +irregularities and some anomalies occur, which may generally be +learned from the lexicon. + + +ADJECTIVES. + +§ 34. These are _declined_ like nouns, having sometimes three +sets of terminations for the respective genders, sometimes two, (masc. +and fem. alike,) rarely but one, (all genders alike.) The masc. and +neut. are always of the same declension, (second or third,) and the +fem., when different, always of the first. _Participles_ are +declined like adjectives. + +§ 35. Adjectives are _compared_ either by using an adverb +expressive of degree, or, more regularly, by adding to the stem of the +positive the syllables ότερος or ίων for the comparative, and +ότατος or ιστος for the superlative. Some euphonic changes +occur in making these additions, which then take the regular +declensional endings. + + +NUMERALS. + +§ 36. The _cardinal_ numbers are either simple, (the units, +tens, and a few others,) or compound, (intermediate numbers.) Those +from one to four inclusive, and the hundreds and thousands, are +declined like adjectives. They may all be learned from the lexicon. + +§ 37. The _ordinals_ are mostly formed from the cardinals by +adjective endings. + + +PRONOUNS. + +§ 38. Of the _personal_ pronouns, those of the 1st and 2d +persons only are specially noteworthy, being declined as nouns +irregularly:-- + + _I_ or _Me_. _We_ or _Us_. _Thou_ or _Thee_. _Ye_ or _You_. +Nominative. ἐγώ ἡμεῖς σύ ὑμεῖς +Genitive. (ἐ)μοῦ ἡμῶν σοῦ ὑμῶν +Dative. (ἐ)μοί ἡμῖν σοί ὑμῖν +Accusative. (ἐ)μέ ἡμᾶς σέ ὑμᾶς + +§ 39. The rest are declined as adjectives--masc. ος, fem, η, +neut. ο; often compounded, one or both parts being declined; but, +with the exception of τις, (interrogative τίς, indefinite +τὶς,) neut. τι, Gen. τινος, of the third declension, the +_article_ (definite only) and the _demonstrative_ alone are +very peculiar in declension, as follows:-- + + Singular. The. Plural. + _Masc. Neut. Fem._ _Masc. Neut. Fem._ + ὁ τό ἡ Nominative. οἱ τά αἱ + τοῦ τῆς Genitive. τῶν τῶν + τῷ τῇ Dative. τοῖς ταῖς + τόν τό τήν Accusative. -ούς τά τάς + + _Dual._ Nom., Acc., Voc., τώ, τά; Gen., Dat., τοῖν, ταῖν. + + Singular. This, These. Plural. +_Masc. Neut. Fem._ _Masc. Neut. Fem._ +οὗτος τοῦτο αὕτη Nominative. οὗτοι ταῦτα αὗται + τούτου ταύτης Genitive. τούτων τούτων + τούτῳ -αύτῃ Dative. τούτοις ταύταις +τουτου τοῦτο ταυτην Accusative. τούτους ταῦτα ταύτας + + _Dual._ Nom., Acc., Voc., τούτω, ταῦτα; Gen., Dat., τούτοιν, ταύταιν + + + +LESSON IV. + +VERBS. + + +§ 40. There are three VOICES, _Active, Middle,_ and +_Passive,_ generally distinguished by the _termination_. + +The Middle is properly _reflexive_. Some of its tenses have an +_active_ meaning. A few verbs, called _deponent_, are +throughout pass. in form, but act. or mid. in meaning. + +§ 41. There are five MOODS in each voice, the _Indicative, +Imperative, Subjunctive, Optative,_ and _Infinitive_, to which +may be added the _Participles_; they are mostly known by means of +the _union-vowel_--that which immediately precedes the +termination. + +§ 42. The Indic., Imper., Infin., and Participles correspond to the +English, and have a _short_ union-vowel, (ε, ο, or α,) except +the Perf. and Pluperf. pass., which have no union-vowel; the +Pluperf. act. and mid., which have ει; and the Aorists pass., which +have η or its equivalent. + +§ 43. The Imper. has but two persons. 2d and 3d. The Infin. has but +one termination for all numbers and persons, and is very often used as +a neut. noun, with the article, etc., yet retaining its construction +as a verb. + +§ 44. The Subj. and Opt. are used in certain _dependent_ +relations, like the English subjunctive and potential; the former has +a _long_ union-vowel, (η or ω,) and the latter a diphthong, +(οι, αι, or ει.) The former generally represents an act as +contingent upon outward circumstances, and the latter upon a will. + +§ 45. The TENSES are nine, the _Present, Imperfect, Perfect, +Pluperfect,_ two _Aorists_, (1st and 2d, equivalent in sense,) +and three _Futures_, (1st and 2d, equivalent to each other, and +3d, very rarely used;) they are distinguished by certain letters +prefixed, inserted, or added to the stem or root of the verb. They +represent time as compared with the _present_, and never date +from that of a preceding verb. + +§ 46. The Pres., Perf., Pluperf., and Fut. answer very nearly to the +same tenses in English. + +§ 47. The Imperf. denotes an act as going on, but incomplete or +habitual at some time past: "was doing," etc. + +§ 48. The Aorists indicate a single act at a definite time, (past in +the Indic., but undetermined in the others moods.) + +§ 49. All the tenses with respect to form may be classed thus:-- + +I. _Primary_, or Absolute. Present. Perfect. Futures. + +II. _Secondary_, or Historical. Imperfect. Pluperfect. Aorists. + +These classes usually have the following endings respectively:-- + + Active Form. Persons. Middle and Passive. + I. II. I. II. +Pres. and Fut. Perf. Opt. Sing. + ο - ν μι 1st μαι μην + ις ς 2d σαι (σ)ο + ι - 3d ται το + Plur. + μεν 1st μεϑα + τε 2d σϑε + (ντ) σι (ν) (σα)ν 3d νται ντο +[2d, τον, 3d, την. Dual. 1st, μεϑον, 2d, σϑον, 3d, σϑην.] + +_Notes on the Table of Verb Endings._ + +§ 50. In the Pres. and Fut. the ο of the 1st sing. act. is +contracted (with the union-vowel) into ω, and the σαι of the 2d +sing. pass. into ῃ or ει. + +§ 51. Signification limits the primary terminations to the Indic. and +Subj., and the secondary to the Indic. and Opt.: likewise the +Imperf. and Pluperf. to the Indic., and the Imper. to the Pres., the +Aorists and (rarely) the Perf. + +§ 52. The _active_ terminations are assumed throughout by the +Perf. and Pluperf. mid., and the Aorists pass. + +§ 53. The terminations of the Imper. are analogous to the secondary +in the act., and in the mid. and pass. they are merely the same +strengthened, thus: _Sing._ 2d,--[Aor. pass, ϑι, 1st +Aor. act. (σ)ov] (pass. ο [1st Aor. mid. ι] or σο); 3d, τω +(pass. σϑω,) _Plur._ 2d, τε (pass. σϑε); 3d, τωσαν +[or contr. ντων] (pass, σϑωσαν. [_Dual._ 2d, τον +(σϑον); 3d, των (σϑων,)] + +§ 54. The Infin. in the act. forms ends in εν, [contr., with +union-vowel into ειν] (Pres., Fut., and 2d Aor.,) αι, (1st Aor.,) +or ναι, (Perf. act. and mid. and both Aor. pass.;) elsewhere in +σϑαι. + +§ 55. In the Participles the stem ends in ντ in the act. forms, +(except the Perf. act. and mid., which have ότ;) the rest take +μεν, (Perf. pass, μέν.) These latter are [masc. and neut.] of +the second declension, the others of the third. + +§ 56. Verbs in μι insert σ before the final ι of the 3d +pers. sing. Pres. Indic. act., and vary in a few other terminations, +chiefly by contraction. + + + +LESSON V. + +VERBS--Continued. + + +§ 57. The root of every _primitive_ verb is a monosyllable, +consisting of a short vowel (α, ε, ι, ο, or υ) between two +(usually simple) consonants. Sometimes one or the other of the latter +has been dropped far back in the etymology. This root is most readily +found in the 1st Fut., subject only to euphonic changes. The 2d +Aor. always has a monosyllabic root, with a single vowel never long; +but this may be somewhat different from the true root. Primitive verbs +only have a 2d Aor. + +§ 58. The Pres. and Imperf. commonly _strengthen_ the root, +either by adding a hard consonant, (sometimes more than one,) or +(oftener) by changing the root vowel into the corresponding long one +or diphthong. + +§ 59. The following tenses add certain _characteristic_ letters +to the root:-- + + 1st Fut. and 1st Aor. act. and mid., + (of verbs not liquid,) and 3d Fut. ο + 1st Aor. pass. ϑ + 1st Fut. pass. ϑησ + 2d Fut. pass. ηο + 2d (in liquid verbs 1st) Fut. act. and mid. ε + Perf. and Pluperf. Act. of pure and liquid verbs κ + Perf. and pluperf. act. ending in a pi- or kappa-mute (῾) + +§ 60. Tenses expressing _past time_ (Imperf. and Aorists Indic.) +prefix ε ("syllabic _augment") to the root; this coalesces with +an initial vowel ("temporal augment") into the corresponding long +vowel or diphthong. The Perf., Pluperf., and 3d Fut. not only do the +same throughout the moods, but also prefix to the _syllabic_ +augment the initial consonant of the root ("reduplication") when this +is a simple consonant or a mute followed by a liquid. The +Pluperf. prefixes a second syllabic augment to the reduplication. + +§ 61. Initial ρ, (which is doubled after the syllabic augment,) +βλ, γλ, and γν, do not, except in a few cases, allow the +reduplication. Verbs compounded with a preposition generally take the +augment, etc., between it and the primitive. A few other +irregularities occur. + +§ 62. Verbs are classified in conjugation according to the radical +letter following the root vowel, or diphthong, in the 1st pers. sing. +Pres. Indic. act., lexicon form: in "liquid" verbs (not derivatives in +άνω, which is merely strengthened for άω) this is a +_liquid_; in "pure" verbs it is absent, so that the root appears +to end in a vowel, etc. Very many verbs seem to be anomalous in some +of their forms in consequence of deriving these from an obsolete +kindred root. The lexicon gives most of these peculiarities. + +§ 63. _Liquid_ verbs almost always strengthen their root in the +Pres. and Imperf.; they lengthen it in the 1st Aor. act. and mid. by +changing the root vowel, if α into η, if ε into ει, while ι and +ν merely become long. ε as a root vowel is generally changed into α +in the 1st Aor. and 1st Fut. pass., the Perf. and Pluperf. act. and +pass., and the 2d Aor. and 2d Fut. throughout, and again into ο in +the Perf. and Pluperf. mid. + +§ 64. The above strengthening in the Pres. and Imperf. consists in +doubling λ, annexing ν to μ; or, in case of ν or ρ, in adding ι +to a preceding α or ε, or lengthening ι or υ. The radical ν is +often dropped in Perf. and Pluperf. + +§ 65. Verbs with ε followed by a pi- or kappa-mute in the root +frequently neglect to strengthen it in the Pres. and Imperf.; and +verbs with ε in the root preceded by a liquid, usually change it into +α and ο in the same tenses as liquid verbs, except in the 1st +Aor. and Fut. pass. + +§ 66. _Pure_ verbs lengthen the root vowel before a tense +characteristic, also in the Perf. and Pluperf. pass. A few +occasionally neglect this, and some insert σ instead. + +§ 67. Verbs in μι (lexicon form instead of ω) are but another mode +of conjugating pure verbs (being the only primitives of that class +whose root ends in α, ε, or o) in the Pres., Imperf., and 2d Aor.; +in all which tenses the union-vowel coalesces with the root vowel. +They have a peculiar inflection, chiefly by reason of the Imperf. and +2d Aor. act. taking throughout the terminations of the Aorists +pass. The Pres. and Imperf. reduplicate with ι the initial consonant, +(prefixing simply ί if that cannot be done, and sometimes adopting +other modes of strengthening,) and in the act. they lengthen the root +in the Indic., α or ε into η, ο into ω. The 2d Aor. (those in +υμι being factitious have not this tense) has in the act. a long +vowel or diphthong throughout, except the Imperative ε or o, and the +Participle. + + +_Notes on Certain Verbs in μι._ + +§ 68. τίϑημι [_to put_] has, in the Act., 1st Aor. ἒϑηκα, Perf. +τέϑεικα; ὀίὀωμι [_to give_] has, 1st Aor., ἒδωκα. + +§ 69. εἰμί [_to be_] is inflected thus: εὶ [_thou art_], ἐστί(ν) +[_is_], ἐσμέν, ἐστί, εἰσί(ν) [_we, ye, they are_], ἱσϑι [_be thou_], +ὤν [_being_], etc.; the rest mostly regular. See the lexicon +for these, and for ἵημι [_to send_], and εἰμι [_to go_]. + +§ 70. Several verbs annex σκω, ίνω, (ν)νυμι, etc., instead +of μι, etc., in the Pres. and Imperf. + + + +LESSON VI. + +SYNTAX.--CONCORD. + + +§ 71. All words placed under the same construction agree together in +all the accidents which they possess in common. + +§ 72. "Apposition" occurs as in English. + +§ 73. Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case. + +§ 74. The noun is often understood, especially if neut., ("things.") + +§ 75. Sometimes a relative is "attracted" into the case of the +omitted antecedent. + +§ 76. A verb agrees with its subject nominative in number and person. + +§ 77. The case of the subject of the Infin. depends upon other +relations. + +§ 78. Neuters plur. generally have a sing. verb. + + +GOVERNMENT. + +§ 79. Any word may govern another (or others) which in sense is +_dependent_ upon it in the case appropriate for expressing such +relation either with or without a preposition. + + | >>>---|-----> | + Genitive. Dative. Accusative. + +§ 80. GENITIVE, denoting _origin_, answering to _Whence?_ +and expressed by _from_. + +§ 81. "_Local_," involving _external_ relations of space, +either in a literal or a figurative sense. This includes actual +_motion_ from an object, generally with a preposition, (ἀπό +ἐκ παρά;) _separation_ from it, usually with verbs +compounded with a preposition; and _commencement_. + +§ 82. "_Causal_," denoting a more _internal_ relation, as +if the outgoing of some agency or property, as follows:-- + +§ 83. _Active_, either direct, inferential, or +metaphysical. This includes relations of source, (e.g., derivation, +[commonly with ἐκ, sometimes ἀπό, direct authorship with +ὐπό,] possession, property, [often with an Infin.]) +_partitive_ use, (e.g., a class, material, partial relations,) +and the Gen. of time, (in the _course_ of which,) especially the +"Gen. absolute," with a Participle, as affording occasion. + +§ 84. _Passive_, that is, indirect, the act being for the sake +of the Gen. This includes verbs implying a _mental operation_, +adjectives, and other words denoting _skill_, and the Gen. of +_crime_ or _purpose_, (the last mostly an Infin. with the +article.) + +§ 85. _Mutual_, e.g., _comparison_ and _price_ or _penalty_. + +§ 86. The "attributive Gen." is a comprehensive relation, arising +under several of the above heads, between two nouns designating +_different_ objects, which may be thus expressed: _When two +nouns are connected with each other, that one which completes the idea +of the other and defines it more fully is put in the Gen._ + +§ 87. DATIVE, denoting _position_, answering to _Where?_ +and expressed by _at_. + +§ 88. "_Local_," involving the more palpable relations of +position. This includes the place, (at, by, near, in the midst of; +generally with ἐν, ἐπί, παρά, etc.,) _association, +accompaniment,_ (frequently with σύν,) and the _time_ (as a +date) or _circumstances_ of a transaction. + +§ 89. "_Causal_," denoting the object _upon which_ the act +or state appears, thus conceived as sharing in producing it, as +follows:-- + +§ 90. _Personal_, either actually or so imagined. This includes +words expressing a _correlative_ idea, as community, (in varied +relations,) likeness, possession, agency, reference, etc. + +§ 91. _Instrumental_, as the mediate cause, e.g., the ground or +reason, the means, the instrument, manner, and the measure of excess +or deficiency. + +§ 92. In comprehensive phrase the "attributive Dat." expresses many +indirect relations of an object _to_ or _for_ which an act +is performed or a condition sustained. + +§ 93. ACCUSATIVE, denoting _direction_, answering to +_Whither?_ and expressed by _toward_. + +§ 94. "_Local_" involving the boundary, place, or object of +motion, especially with εἰς. + +§ 95. "_Causal_," involving an influence, change, or result, as +impressed upon the object, as follows:-- + +§ 96. The _effect_, either the thing effected, an attribute of +the effect, or the effect intended. + +§ 97. The _object acted upon_, e.g., with directly transitive +verbs, those expressing a good or bad influence, patience, swearing, +sometimes a mental affection, etc.; also the _space_ or +_way_ after a verb of motion; the time, (_throughout_ +which,) measure, and weight; and finally ("Attributive Accusative") +with any verb or adj. (sometimes other words) to define its +application more closely, especially if of kindred signification. + + +ORDER OF WORDS IN A SENTENCE. + +§ 98. This is usually not, as in English, that of _grammatical_ +dependence, but rather the order of _thought_; important or +emphatic words come first, after the connecting particles; +prepositions and the article precede their nouns; and qualifying terms +are grouped in a harmonious balance around the principal ones. + + + +LESSON VII. + +EXERCISE ON JOHN 1, 1-5. + + +1 Ἐν1 ἀρχῇ2 ἦν3 ὁ4 Λόγος,5 καὶ6 ὁ4 Λόγος6 ἦν3 + In _the_ beginning was the Word, and the Word was + +2 πρὸς7 τὸν8 θεόν,9 καὶ6 θεὸς10 ἦν3 ὁ4 Λόγος.5 Οὗτος11 + with God, and God was the Word. This _one_ + +3 ἦν3 ἐν1 ἀρχῇ2 πρὸς7 τὸν8 θεόν.9 Πάντα12 δι'13 + was in _the_ beginning with God. All _things_ by + + αὐτοῦ14 ἐγένετο,15 καὶ6 χωρὶς16 αὐτοῦ14 ἐγένετο15 οὐδὲ17 + him were made, and without him was made not even + +4 ἓν18 ὃ19 γέγονεν.20 Ἐν1 αὐτῷ21 ζωὴ22 ἦν,3 καὶ6 + one _thing_ which has been made. In him life was, and + +5 ἡ23 ζωὴ22 ἦν3 τὸ24 φῶς25 τῶν26 ἀνϑρώπων·27 καὶ6 τὸ24 + the life was the light of men; and the + + φως25 ἐν1 τῇ28 σκοτίᾳ29 φαίνει,30 καὶ6 ἡ23 σκοτία31 + light in the darkness shines, and the darkness + + αὐτὸ32 οὐ33 κατέλαβεν.34 + it not admitted. + +DIRECTIONS.--Spell the Greek, giving the _English_ equivalents of +the consonants, (as in § 1,) and the exact _phonetic_ value or +sound of the vowels. Call the rough breathing _h_. Be careful to +put the spoken _accent_ where it is written. Continue this +practice through all the passages given in the following lessons, +until the words can be pronounced readily and accurately. Familiarize +yourself with the forms of the letters by _writing_ them. Let the +pupil do this while learning the foregoing grammatical lessons, and +after the recitation of each of them let the teacher direct attention, +while the passage at the head of the reading lessons is pronounced, to +the examples illustrating each point, as they occur--by way of +paradigm. + + +PARSING NOTES ON THE ABOVE. + +1. Ἐν--prep. atonic, § 3; stands first, § 98. + +2. ἀρχῇ--noun, from nom. ἀρχή, 1st decl. fem., § 28; +circumflex, § 6; local dat., § 88; emphatic position, § 98. + +3. ἦν--verb, irreg. in μι, § 69; 3d +pers. sing. imperf. indic. act., § 47; ν appended irreg. as ending, +§ 49; long vowel, § 67. + +4. ὁ--art., nom. masc. sing., § 39; agrees with its noun, § 73; +following, § 98. + +5. Αόγος--noun, 2d decl. nom. sing. masc., § 30; subject of +ἡν, § 76; balances clause, § 98. + +6. καί--conj., changed accent, § 5; position, § 98. + +7. πρός--prep., lit., _towards_; gov. acc., § 27; accent, § 5. + +8. τόν--art., acc. sing. masc., § 39; agreement, § 73. + +9. θεόν--noun, lit., [the] _deity_; 2d decl. masc., § 25; +acc. sing., § 30; government, §94; position, § 98. + +10. θεός--same as 9; nom. agreeing with subj., § 71; without the +art. because the predicate; emphatic position, § 98. + +11. Οὖτος--pron., § 39; agrees with Αόγος, understood (§ +73) as subj. of sentence; first as connective; accent, § 6; and +breathing, § 10. + +12. Πάντα --adj. pron., from τάς, (stem, πάντ); 3d +decl. nom. plur. neut., § 32; indef. without noun expressed, § 74; +subject of sentence; emphatic position, § 98. + +13. δι'--prep, for δια, with final letter elided, § 22. + +14. αὐτοῦ--adj. pron. used as personal; gen. masc. sing., § +30; causal, § 82. Gen. and dat. of 1st and 2d decl. are always +circumflex when accented on last syllable. + +15. ἐγένετο--verb, _came to be_, lit., _was born_; +from γίνομαι, (for γίγνομαι, strengthened [§ 63] by +reduplication, [§ 67,] and then contracted for γιγεν;) depon., +§ 40; true root γεν, [our _kin_,] § 57, here appearing in 2d +aor. mid., § 48; ἐ is simple aug., (hence the verb is in the +indic., § 60;) third ε is mood-vowel, § 42; το is 3d +pers. sing. mid., § 49; agreement with subj., § 78. + +16. χωρίς--prep., lit., _apart_; accent, § 5; case after, +§ 81. + +17. οὐδέ--compound neg. particle, from οὐ and δε. + +18. ἓv--numeral adj., § 36; indef., § 74; 3d +decl. nom. sing. neut., § 32; subj. of ἐγένετο. + +19. ὃ--relative adj., § 39; 2d decl. nom. sing. neut., § 34; +agreement, § 73; subj. of γέγονε. + +20. γέγονεν--verb, same as 15; root-vowel changed in +perf. mid., § 63; γε is reduplication, § 60; last ε is mood-vowel +of indic., § 42; no additional ending, § 44; hence 3d +pers. sing. (perf.) act., § 52; final ν added before pause, § 17. + +21. αὐτῳ-- pron., same as 14; dat. sing. masc., § 30; +government, as 2. + +22. ζωή --noun, 1st decl. fem. nom. sing., § 28; subject of verb +following. + +23. ἡ--art., fem. nom. sing., § 39; agrees with ζωή, § 73; +atonic, § 3. + +24. τό--art., neut. nom. sing., § 39; agrees with φῶς. + +25. φῶς--noun, 3d. decl. nom. sing. neut., (stem φῶτ for +φάοτ); ς here added (as some neut. nouns have) and τ dropped, +§ 14; predicate nom., § 71. + +26. τῶν--art., gen. plur. masc., § 39; agreement, § 73. + +27. ἀνϑρώπων--noun, from ἄν. ϑρωπος; 2d +decl. gen. plur. masc., § 32; government, § 86; accent, § 4. + +28. τῇ--art., dat. sing. fem., § 39; agreement, § 73. + +29. σκοτία--noun from σκοτία; 1st decl. dat. sing. fem., +§ 29; final α, § 29; ι subscript, § 9; government, § 88. + +30. φαίνει--verb, from φαίνω; root, φαν, strengthened, +§ 64; ε is mood-vowel of indic., § 42; final ι is tense-ending of +pres. 3d sing. act., § 49; agrees with φῶς, § 76. + +31. σκοτία--noun, as 29; nom. sing., subj. of clause. + +32. αὐτό--pron., as 21; acc. neut. sing., § 39; object of +κατέλαβε, § 97. + +33. οὐ-- simple neg. adv.; atonic, § 3. + +34. κατέλαβεν--verb, from καταλαμβάνω; comp. of +κατά, _down_, and λαμβάνω, _I receive_; the root +of the simple verb is λαβ, here appearing in the 2d Aor., § 57; +aug., § 60, excluding final α of prep., § 61; last ε likewise +shows indic., § 42; no tense-ending in 3d pers. sing. act. secondary, +§ 49 ν appended. § 17. The tense expresses the act of the Jews in +rejecting Christ. + + + +LESSON VIII. + +EXERCISE ON JOHN 1, 6-11. + + + 6 Ἐγένετο1 ἄνϑρωπος2 ἀπεσταλμένος3 παρὰ4 θεοῦ,5 ὄνομα6 + _There_ was a man sent from God, _the_ name + + 7 αὐτῷ7 Ἰωάννης8 οὗτος9 ἠλϑεν10 εἰς11 μαρτυρίαν,12 ἵνα13 + to him was _John:_ this _one_ came for testimony that + + μαρτυρήσῃ14 περὶ15 τοῦ16 Φωτός,17 ἵνα13 πάντες18 + _he_ might testify concerning the Light, that all might + + 8 πιστεύσωσι19 δι'20 αὐτοῦ.21 Οὐκ22 ἦν23 ἐκεῖνος24 τὸ25 Φῶς,26 + believe through him. Not was that _one_ the Light, + + 9 ἀλλ'27 ἵνα13 μαρτυρήσῃ14 περὶ15 τοῦ16 Φωτός.17 Ἠν23 + but that _he_ might testify concerning the Light. _There_ was + + τὸ25 Φῶς26 τὸ25 ἀληϑινόν,28 ὃ29 φωτίζει30 πάντα31 ἄνϑρωπον,32 + the Light the true _one_, which lights every man, + +10 ἐρχόμενον33 εἰς11 τὸν34 κόσμον.35 Ἐν36 τῷ37 κόσμῳ38 ἦv,23 + coming into the world. In the world _he_ was, + + καὶ39 ὁ40 κόσμος41 δι'20 αὐτοῦ21 ἐγένετο,1 καὶ39 ὁ40 κόσμος41 + and the world through him was made, and the world + +11 αὐτὸν42 οὐκ22 ἔγνω.43 Εἰς11 τὰ44 ἴδια45 ἧλϑε,10 καὶ39 οἱ46 + him not knew. To the own _things he_ came, and the + + ἴδιοι47 αὐτὸν42 οὐ22 παρέλαβαν.48 + own _persons_ him not received. + + +1. Ἐγένετο--See lesson vii, No. 15. + +2. ἄνϑρωπος--See vii, 27; subj. of sentence. + +3. ἀπεσταλμένος--part. from ἀποστέλλω, lit., _I send away_; +comp. of prep, ἀπό, _off_, and στέλλω, _I send_; root στελ, +vowel changed, § 63; aug. cuts off final ο of prep., § 61; +no reduplication, § 60; perf. tense because aug. beyond +indic., § 60; and no union-vowel, § 42; pass. part. ending +μεν, (§ 55,) accent; ος is nom. masc. sing., §§ 34, 30; +agrees with ἄνϑρωπος, § 73. + +4. παρά--prep., lit., _near_; with gen., =_from near_. + +5. θεοῦ--See vii, 9, 10; here gen., § 81. + +6. ὄνομα--noun; neut, 3d decl. nom. sing.; (stem, ονοματ, final +mute always dropped for euphony;) subj. to _was_ understood, +(copula may freely be supplied.) + +7. αὐτῷ--pers. adj. pron.; dat. sing. masc. from αὐτός, +vii, 14; governed, § 92. + +8. Ἰωάννης--prop. noun; 1st decl. masc. nom. sing., § 28; +predicate after neut. verb, (understood,) agreeing with subj., § 71. + +9. οὗτος--See vii, 11. + +10. ἠλϑεν--verb, assigned to ἔρχομαι, but really from +defective ἐλεύϑω; root, ελϑ; temporal aug., [ε+ε=η,] § 60; +hence indic., as union-vowel (ε) following also shows, § 42; simple +root 2d aor., § 57; hence no tense ending in 3d pers. sing. act., § +49; ν appended, § 17; accent, § 6. + +11. εἰς--prep., lit., _to_, that is, here, _for the purpose +of_; atonic, § 3. + +12. μαρτυρίαν--noun; 1st decl. fem. acc. sing., from ία, § +28; governed, § 96. + +13. ἵνα--conj., meaning, _in order that_; introducing +dependent clause. + +14. μαρτυρήσῃ--verb, from μαρτυρέω; first η is +root-vowel, lengthened before tense-sign, (§ 66,) which is σ of 1st +fut., § 59; ῃ is union-vowel of subj., (§ 44,) the subscribed ι +being 3d pers. sing. act., § 49; accent, § 4. + +15. περῖ--prep., lit., _around_; governs gen., § 82. + +16. τοῦ--art.; gen. sing. neut., § 39. + +17. Φωτός--noun, see vii, 25. Gen. (sing.) and dat. (sing. and +plur.) of monosyllables of 3d decl. accent the ultimate. + +18. πάντες--See vii, 12; nom. masc. plur., _men_ being +understood, § 74; subj. of clause. + +19. πιστεύσωσι--verb, from πιστεύω; second σ is sign +of 1st fut., § 59; ω sign of subj., § 44; σι 3d plur. act., § 49. + +20. δἰ--See vii, 13. + +21. αὐτοῦ--See vii, 14. + +22. Οὐκ--neg. adv., same as οὐ, (vii, 83,) with euphonic κ +before a vowel. + +23. ἦν--See vii, 3. + +24. ἐκεῖνος--demonst, adj. pron., § 39; =_he_, +nom. masc. sing., subj. of sentence, § 27; accent, § 6. + +25. τὸ--See vii, 24. + +26. Φῶς--See vii, 25. + +27. ἀλλ'--conj. for ἀλλά, final vowel elided, § 22. + +28. ἀληϑινόν--adj., from ἀληϑινός; neut. 2d decl., +§ 34; nom. sing., § 30; agreeing with Φῶς, § 73. + +29. ὃ--See vii, 19. + +30. φωτίζει--verb, from φωτίζω; strengthened root, § 58; +ε union vowel of indic., § 42; final ι 3d sing. (pres.) act., § +49. + +31. πάντα--indef. adj., see No. 18; acc. sing. masc. agreeing +with ἄνϑρωπον, § 73. + +32. ἄνϑρωπον--noun, see No. 2; acc. sing., § 30; governed, +§ 97. + +33. ἐρχόμενον--part. from ἔρχομαι, see No. 10; +deponent, § 40; pres. pass., § 55; sing., § 30; either acc. masc., +(and then agreeing with ἄνϑρωπον,) or, as is better, (see +John iii, 19,) nom. neut., (and then agreeing with φῶς.) + +34. τόν--See vii, 8. + +35. κόσμον--noun, from κόσμος; acc. sing. 2d decl., § 30; +governed, § 94. + +36. ἐν--See vii, 1. + +37. τῷ--art., dat. sing. masc., § 39; agrees with κοσμῳ, § 73. + +38. κόσμῳ--noun, see No. 35; dat. sing., § 8. + +39. καί--See vii, 6. + +40. ὁ--See vii, 4. + +41. κόσμος--noun, see No. 35; subj., § 27. + +42. αὐτὸν--pron., see No. 7; acc. sing. masc., § 97. + +43. ἔγνω--verb, from γιγνώσκω, (strengthened [§ 70] from +root γνω, [§ 67,] =our _know_); 2d aor., § 57; ε is augment +of indic., § 60; ω is root and union-vowel, § 67; no other ending, +hence 3d sing. act., § 49. + +44. τὰ--art., plur. neut. acc., § 39. + +45. ἴδια--adj., fr. ἴδιος; plur. neut. acc., § 30; +agreement, § 74; meaning _home_ here, (lit., _the own_ +things of him;) government, § 44. + +46. οἱ--art., nom. plur. masc., § 39. + +47. ἴδιοι--adj., see No. 45; nom. plur. masc., § 30; meaning +_family_ here, § 74; subj., § 27. + +48. παρέλαβον--verb from παραλαμβάνω, compounded +with παρά, _near_, (see No. 4,) as in vii, 34; 2d aor., § +57; indic., § 42; 3d plur., § 49. + + + +LESSON IX. + +EXERCISE ON JOHN 1, 12-18. + + +12 Ὁσοι1 δὲ2 ἔλαβον3 αὐτόν,4 ἔδωκεν5 αὐτοῖς6 ἐξσυσίαν7 + Whoever, however, received him, he gave to them privilege + + τέκνα8 θεοῦ9 γενέσϑαι,10 τοῖς11 πιστεύουσιν12 εἰς13 τὸ14 + children of God to become, to the _ones_ believing to the + +13 ὄνομα15 αὐτοῦ·16 οἳ17 οὐκ18 ἐξ19 αἱμάτων,20 οὐδὲ21 ἐκ + name of him; who not out of bloods, nor out of + + ϑελήματος22 σαρκός,23 οὐδὲ ἐκ ϑελήματος22 ἀνδρός,24 ἀλλ'25 ἐκ + will of flesh, nor out of will of man, but out + +14 θεοῦ ἐγεννήϑησαν.26 Καὶ ὁ Λόγος27 σὰρξ28 ἐγένετο,29 καὶ + of God were born. And the Word flesh became, and + + ἐσκήνωσεν30 ἐν31 ἡμῖν,32 (καὶ ἐϑεασάμεϑα33 τὴν δόξαν34 + tented among us, and we beheld the glory of + + αὐτοῦ, δόξαν ὡς35 μονογενοῦς36 παρά37 Πατρός,38) πλήρης39 + him, glory as of _an_ only-born near from _a_ Father,) full + +15 χάριτος40 καὶ ἀληϑείας.41 Ἰωάννης42 μαρτυρεῖ43 περὶ44 + of grace and truth. John testifies about + + αὐτοῦ, καὶ κέκραγε45 λέγων·46 Οὗτος47 ἦν48 ὃν49 εἶπον·50 Ὁ + him, and has cried, saying. This was _he_ whom I said, The + + ὀπίσω51 μοῦ52 ἐρχόμενος53 ἔμπροσϑέν54 μου γέγονεν,55 ὅτι56 + _one_ behind me coming, before me has become; because + +16 πρῶτός57 μου ἦν. Καὶ ἐκ τοῦ πληρώματος58 αὐτοῦ ἡμεῖς59 + first of me he was. And out of the fullness of him WE + +17 πάντες60 ἐλάβομεν,61 καὶ62 χάριν63 ἀντὶ64 χάριτος· ὅτι ὁ + all received, and grace for grace: because the + + νόμος65 δίὰ Μωϋσέως66 εδόϑη,67 ἡ χάρις καὶ ἡ ἀλήϑεια + law through Moses was given; the grace and the truth + +18 διὰ Ἰησοῦ68 Χριστοῦ69 ἐγένετο.70 θεὸν71 οὐδείς72 ἐώρακε73 + through Jesus Christ became. God no-one has seen + + πώποτε·74 ὁ μονογενὴς75 Υἱός,76 ὁ ὢν77 εἰς78 τὸν + ever; the only-born Son, the _one_ being into the + + κόλπον79 τοῦ Πατρός, ἐκεῖνος80 ἐξηγήσατο.81 + bosom of the Father, that _one_ explained _Him_. + + +1. Comp. ὅσος, § 39; nom. plur. masc., § 30. + +2. Not first, § 98. + +3. λαμβάνω, vii, 34; 3 plur. 2 aor. act. + +4. vii, 14; acc. sing. masc., § 39; gov., § 97. + +5. διδωμι, § 68; 3 sing., § 49; aug., § 60; mood-vowel, § 42; +ν, § 17. + +6. No. 4; dat. plur. masc., § 92. + +7. ἐξονσία, § 28; acc. sing., § 97. + +8. τέκυον, § 30; acc. sing., after neut. verb γενέσϑαι, +§ 72. + +9. vii, 9; gen. sing. § 86. + +10. vii, 15; 2 aor. mid. infin., § 54; accent peculiar. + +11. vii, 4; dat. plur. masc., § 73. + +12. πιστεύω; str. pres., § 58; act. part., § 55; οντς (§ +42) becomes ους, §§ 14, 16, 19; 3 decl., § 55; dat. plur., § 32; +agrees with αὐτοῖς, § 72; as if a noun, § 74. + +13. viii, 9; denotes _close union_. + +14. § 39; agree., § 73. + +15. neut. 3 decl. acc. sing., § 32; τ dropped in stem υατ, § 18; +gov., § 94. + +16. As No. 6; gov., § 86. + +17. vii, 19; nom. plur. masc., § 30; subj. of ἐγεννήϑησαν, +§ 27. + +18. viii, 8. + +19. For ἐκ before a vowel, § 18; atonic, § 3. + +20. αἷμα, neut. 3 decl. like No. 15; gen., § 81; plur. is +Hebraistic, of natural descent; accent, § 4. + +21. vii, 17, used as conj. + +22. ϑέλημα, like No. 15; gov., § 81. + +23. σάρξ, fem. 3 decl., § 32; gov., § 86; accent special. + +24. ἀνήρ, irreg. 3 decl.; gen. sing., § 86. + +25. vii, 20. + +26. γεννάω, strictly, _I beget_; prim. as vii, 15; 2 +aor. pass. 3 plur., (analyze.) + +27. vii, 5. + +28. No. 23; nom. sing., § 32; ξ, § 13. + +29. vii, 15. + +30. σκηνόω, from σκῆνος, _a tent_; 1 aor. act. 3 +sing., (analyze.) + +31. vii, 1. + +32. § 38; gov., § 88. + +33. ϑείομαι, depon., § 40; 1 aor, mid., 1 plur., (analyze;) +subj. ἡμεῖς understood, _unemphatic_. + +34. δόξα, § 29; acc. sing., § 97. + +35. atonic, § 3. + +36. μονογενής, 3 decl., two term., § 34; gen. sing. masc., +§ 86; έος becomes οῦς, § 6. + +37. Takes gen., dat., or acc. + +38. πατήρ, 3 decl., contr. like No. 24; gov., § 81. + +39. 3 decl., like No. 36; nom. sing. masc., § 73. + +40. χάρις, (τ dropped, § 14); 3 decl. fem. sing., § 83. + +41. ἀλήϑεια, § 29; gen.sing., § 83; accent, § 4. + +42. 1 decl. masc., § 28. + +43. μαρτυρέω, § 62; pres. ind. act., § 42; 3 sing., § 49; +έει becomes εῖ, § 20. + +44. Gen. as if _from_ the center, § 81. + +45. κράξω, (§ 58) for κραγ, § 57; perf. act., § 60; +irreg., § 59; 3 sing., § 49. + +46. λέγω, § 65; pres. part. act., § 55; nom. masc. sing., § 32; +ων for οντς, § 19, and viii, 5. + +47. § 39. + +48. vii, 3. + +49. vii, 19; acc. sing. masc., attrib., § 97. + +50. Def. verb; 2 aor. act. ind., 3 sing. for εεπ, (analyze.) + +51. Gov. gen. like No. 44. + +52. § 38. + +53. ἔρχομαι, depon., § 40; pres. part., § 55; +nom. masc. sing., § 30. + +54. No. 51; accent from "enclitic," § 3. + +55. vii, 20. + +56. Conj. + +57. For πρότατος, § 35; gov. gen. compar., (§ 85,) or +attrib., § 86. + +58. πλήρωμα, like No. 22; gov., § 81. + +59. § 38; emphat., No. 33. + +60. vii, 12; nom. plur. masc., § 73. + +61. No. 3; 1 plur., § 49. + +62. _Even._ + +63. No. 40; acc. sing., § 32; depends upon ἐλάβομεν, § 97; +τ of stem dropped, § 18. + +64. Gov. gen., § 85. + +65. § 30. + +66. Μωϋσέως, § 32; Attic gen., § 33; gov., § 82. + +67. δίδωμι, § 67; reg. in 1 aor. pass., § 59; irreg. short +root vowel, § 66; long union-vowel, § 42; 3 sing., § 52. + +68. Irreg. gen. sing. from Ἰησοῦς, § 30. + +69. Χριστός, § 40. + +70. vii, 15. + +71. vii, 9. + +72. Comp. of οὐδέ, vii, 17, and εἷς, numeral, irreg. + +73. ὁράω, irreg. redup., § 60; perf. act., § 59; 3 sing. + +74. Comp. adv. + +75. No. 36. + +76. § 30. + +77. εἰμί, § 69; like No. 46. + +78. No 13. + +79. § 30. + +80. viii, 19. + +81. Depon. ἐξηγήομαι, § 40; 1 aor. mid., § 59; aug. merged +in first η, § 61; indic., § 42; 3 sing., § 49. + + + +LESSON X. + +EXERCISE ON OUR LORD'S PRAYER, (Matt, vi, 9-13; Luke xi, 2-4.) + + +Οὕτως οὖν προσεύχεσϑε1 ὑμεῖς· (Ὅταν προσεύχησϑε,2 +Thus therefore pray YE: (Whenever ye pray, + +λέγετε·3) Πάτερ4 ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς,5 ἁγιασϑήτω6 τὸ +say:) Father of us, the _one_ in the heavens, let be hallowed the + +ὄνομά7 σου, έλϑέτω8 ἡ βασιλεία9 σον, γενηϑήτω10 τὸ +name of thee; let come the kingdom of thee; let be done the + +ϑέλημἄ11 σου ως ἐν οὐρανῷ12 καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς,13 τὸν ἄρτον14 +will of thee, as in heaven, also upon the earth; the bread + +ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον15 δὸς16 (δίδον17) ἡμῖν σήμερον,18 (τὸ19 +of us, the needful, give (give) to us to-day; _as to_ the _time_ + +καϑ᾽20 ἡμέραν,21) καὶ ἄφες22 ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα23 (τὰς ἁμαρτίας24) +by day; and forgive to us the debts (the sins) + +ἡμῶν, ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφίεμεν25 τοῖς ὀφειλέταις26 ἡμῶν, (καὶ +of us, as also we forgive to the debtors of us; (and _this do_, + +γὰρ αὐτοἱ27 ἀφίεμεν25 παντὶ28 ὀφε λοντι29 ἡμῖν,) καὶ μὴ +for _our_selves _we_ forgive to every _one_ owing to us;) and not + +εἰσενέγκῃς30 ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν,31 ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι32 ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ +mayest thou lead us into trial; but deliver thou us away + +τοῦ πονηροῦ·33 [ὅτι σοῦ ἐστὶν34 ἡ βασιλεία,9 καὶ ἡ +from the evil: [because of THEE is the kingdom, and the + +δύναμις,35 καὶ ἡ δόξα36 εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας.37 ἀμήν.38] +power, and the glory to the ages. Amen.] + +REMARK.--The words above in parentheses are the variations in the +passage of Luke. The concluding doxology in brackets is not found in +the oldest manuscripts, and is probably spurious. + +1. προσεύχομαι, lit., _pray towards_; depon., § 40; +pres., § 58; indic., § 42; 2d plur. mid., § 49. + +2. Subj., § 42; required by conditional particle preceding, § 44. + +3. λέγω; pres., § 65; imper., § 42; 2d plur. act., § 49. + +4. πατήρ, (accent irregularly shifted;) 3d decl., § 32; +voc. sing., § 27. + +5. οὐρανός, § 30; dat. plur., § 88. + +6. ἁγιάζω, root ἁγιαδ, from ἅγιος =_holy_; 1st +aor. pass., § 59; σ for δ, § 14; η in imper., § 42; 3d +pers. sing., § 53; as if act., § 52. + +7. ix, 5; accent, § 3. + +8. viii, 8; 2d aor. § 48; imper. § 42; 3d sing. act., § 53. + +9. Nom. sing. fem., § 29; cannot take the enclitic's accent (§ 3) +like No. 7, as another acute immediately precedes. + +10. γίνομαι, vii, 15; 1st aor. pass., No. 6; first η assumed +irreg. as if a deriv. + +11. No. 7. + +12. No. 5; dat. sing., § 88. + +13. γῆ, § 28; gen. sing., of place all _over_, like time, § +83. + +14. ἄρτος. § 30; acc. sing. § 97. + +15. ἐπιούσιος, prob. comp. of ἐπί, _for_, and οὐσία, +_subsistence_; used only here; acc. sing. masc., § 34. + +16. From δίδωμι, § 67; irreg,, 2d aor. imp. 2d sing. act. + +17. Same verb; irreg. pres. imper. 2d sing. act. + +18. Compound adv. + +19. Elliptical, § 74; "attrib. acc." § 97. + +20. For κατά, §§ 22, 14. + +21. From ἡμέρα, § 29; acc. sing. of time, § 97; here +distributive, _daily_. + +22. From ἀφίημι=_send away_; ἀπό and ἵημι, § 69; +irreg. 2d aor. imper.; 2d sing. act., like No. 16. + +23. From ὀφείλημα, like No. 7; acc. plur. neut., § 32. + +24. From ἁμαρτία. § 28. + +25. From same as No. 22; pres. ind. 1st plur. act., § 49; + +26. From ὀφειλέτης, § 28; dat. plur., § 92. + +27. Def. adj. pron., § 39; used as pers. of all persons. + +28. From πᾶς, see vii, 12; dat. sing. masc., § 32. + +29. Pres. act. part, of ὀφείλω, like ix, 12; dat. sing. masc., +§ 92. + +30. Assigned to εἰσφέρω, but really belonging to the defective +cognate, εἰσήνεγκα, irreg. reduplicate, 1st aor., from +εἰς, _into_, and an obsolete ἔγκω, (for ενκω, § +16;) subj., § 41, (dependent end upon an implied verb of wishing or +deprecating § 44;) 2d sing. act., § 51. + +31. From πειρασμός, § 30; acc. sing., § 94. + +32. From ῥύομαι, § 62; depon., § 40; 1st aor., § 59; +imper. union-vowel α, § 42; 2d sing. mid., § 53. + +33. Noun implied, § 74; 2d decl., § 34; gen. sing. neut., § 81. + +34. From εἰμί, § 69. + +35. See § 33. + +36. See ix, 34. + +37. From αἰών, § 32; acc. plur., § 94. + +38. Adv. from the Heb., _verily_. + + + + +LESSON XI. + +EXERCISE ON LUKE i, 1-4. + + +Ἐπειδήπερ1 πολλοὶ2 ἐπεχείρησαν3 ἀνατάξασϑαι4 διήγησιν5 περὶ +Inasmuch as many undertook to arrange a narrative about + +τῶν πεπλήροφορημένων6 ἐν ἡμῖν7 πραγμάτων,8 καϑὼς9 παρέδοσαν10 +the fully believed among us transactions, just as transmitted _them_ + +ἡμῖν7 oἱ ἀπ᾽11 ἀρχῆς12 αὐτόπται13 καὶ ὑπηρέται14 +to us the from _the_ beginning eye-witnesses and ministers + +τοῦ λόγον·15 ἔόοξε16 κάμοί17 παρηκολονϑηκότι18 ἄvωϑεν19 +of the word; it seemed _good_ to me also, having followed close from _the_ first + +πᾶσιν20 ἀκριβῶς,21 καϑεξῆς22 σοι γράψαι,23 κράτιστε24 +to all _things_ carefully, regularly to thee to write, most excellent + +Θεόφιλε,25 ἵνα ἐπιγνῷς26 περὶ ὧν27 κατηχήϑης28 +Theophilus, in order that thou mayest recognize about what thou wast instructed + +λόγων τὴν ἀσφάλειαν.29 +words the certainty. + +1. Comp. of ἐπεί, _since_, (from ἐπί, _upon_, εἴ, _if_,) +δή, _now_, and the intensive particle, περ. + +2. Irreg. from πολύς, really an old πολλός; +nom. plur. masc., § 34; _persons_ understood, § 74. + +3. From ἐπιχείρέω, _lay hand upon_, from ἐπί, +_upon_, and χείρ, _a hand_; aug., § 61; η, § 66; 1st +aor., § 59; Ind., § 42; 3d plur. act.; § 49. + +4. From ἀνατάσσομαι, (comp. of ἀνά, _up_, i.e., +_thoroughly_, and τάσσω, _arrange_;) depon., § 40; 1st +aor., (root, ταγ, str. in pres. by σσ, § 58, which excludes the +γ,) § 59, (ξ=γσ, § 13;) infin. mid., § 54; depends, like a +nom. (§ 25) in the acc. upon ἐπεχ., § 97. + +5. From διήγησις, (like πολις in the paradigm,) § 33; +acc. sing. depend. on ἀνατ., § 97. + +6. From πληροφορέω, comp. of πλήρης, _full_, +φορέω, _bear_, i.e., in mind; redupl., § 60; η, § 66; no +tense sign, § 59; perf. pass. part., § 55; gen. plur., § 30; agrees +with πραγμ., § 73. + +7. See § 38. + +8. Like σῶμα in the paradigm; gen. plur., see viii, 13. + +9. Comp. of κατά, (see x, 20,) _down_, i.e., _exactly_, +and ὠς, _as_. + +10. From παραδίδωμι, comp. of παρά, _near_, i.e., +from one to another, and δίδωμι, § 68; 2d aor., (δο,) § 57; +indic., § 60, also § 42; 3d plur. act., § 49. + +11. See § 22. + +12. See vii. 2. + +13. From αὐτόπτης, comp. of αὐτός, self, and +ὄπτομαι, _I see_; nom. plur. masc., § 28. + +14. From ὑπηρέτης, (comp. of ὐπό, _under_, and +ἐρέτης, _rower_,) § 28. + +15. See paradigm. + +16. From δοκέω, really an obsol. δόκω; 1st aor., § 59; +indic., § 60; 3d sing. act., § 49. + +17. Comp. of καί, (§ 22,) and ἐμοί, § 38; case, § 92. + +18. From παρακολουϑέω, comp. of παρά, _near_, and +ἀκολονϑέω; aug., (α+ε=η,) § 60; perf. act., § 59; +second η, § 66; part., § 55; dat. sing., (§ 32,) masc., § 34; +agrees with ἐμοί, § 73. + +19. Deriv. adv., lit., _from above_, i.e., from top to bottom. + +20. See viii, 16; dat. plur., § 88. + +21. Adv. from ἀκριβής, _exact_. + +22. Adv. comp. of κατά, (as No. 17,) and ἑξῆς, +_orderly_, an old gen., § 31. + +23. From γράφω, (_not_ str., § 58;) 1st aor., as No. 4; +infin. act., § 54; subj. of ἔδοξε. + +24. From κράτιστος, § 34; superl., (§ 35,) of an +obsol. κρατύς, _strong_, assigned to ἀγαϑός, +_good_; Voc. sing. masc., § 30. + +25. Nom, Θεόφιλος, § 30. + +26. From ἐπιγινώκω, comp. of ἐπί, _upon_, i.e., by +means of some reminding or determining circumstance, and +γινώσκω, _I know_, for γίγνωσκω, § 70, (root +γνο, know,) contracted like γίνομαι, vii, 15; 2d aor., § 57; +subj., § 44; 2d sing. act., § 51. + +27. Rel., § 39; gen. plur., § 30; agrees with λόγων, § 75; for +τῶν λόγων, (§ 75,) οἶς, § 91. + +28. From κατηχέω, (comp. of κατά, _down_, as in +No. 17, and ἠχέω, _I echo_,) whence our _catechize_; +1st. aor. pass., § 59; exception to § 14; second η, § 66; third +η, § 42; 2d sing., § 52. + +29. From ἀσφάλεια, lit., _non-tottering_; acc. sing., § 29; +depends upon ἐπιγ., § 97. + + + +PARADIGMS OF NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION. + + Feminine. Masculine. +Cases. Shadow. Door. Root. Honor. Youth. Judge. +Nominative. σκιά ϑύρα ῥίζα τιμή νεανίας κριτής +Genitive. σκιᾶς ϑύρας ῥίζης τιλῆς νεανίου κριτοῖ +Dative. σκιᾷ ϑύρᾳ ῥίζῃ τιμῇ νεανίᾳ κριτῇ +Accusative. σκιάν ϑύραν ῥίζαν τιμήν νεανίαν κριτήν +Vocative. σκιά ϑύρα ῥίζα τιμή νεανία κριτά + +Nominative. σκιαί ϑύραι ῥίζαι τιμαί νεανίαι κριταί +Genitive. σκιῶν ϑυρῶν ῥιζῶν τιμῶν νεανιῶν κριτῶν +Dative. σκιαῖς ϑύραις ῥίζαις τιμαῖς νεανίαις κριταῖς +Accusative. σκιάς ϑύρας ῥίζας τιμάς νεανίας κριτάς +Vocative. σκιαί ϑύραι ῥίζαι τιμαί νεανίαι κριταί + + + +PARADIGMS OF NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION. + + Masculine. Neuter. + Word. Jesus. Fig. +Cases. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. +Nominative. λόγος λόγοι Ἰησοῦς σῦκον σῦκα +Genitive. λόγου λόγων Ἰησοῦ σύκου σύκων +Dative. λόγῳ λόγοις Ἰησοῦ σύκῳ σύκοις +Accusative. λόγον λόγους Ἰησοῦν σῦκον σῦκα +Vocative. λόγε λόγοι Ἰησοῦ σῦκον σῦκα + + + +PARADIGMS OF NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION + + Masculine and Feminine. Neuter. +Cases. Shepherd. Lion. Hair. City. Body. Light. Wall. +Sing. +Nominative. ποιμήν λέων ϑρίξ πόλις σῶμα φῶς τεῖχος +Genitive. ποιμένος λέοντος τρίχός πόλεως σώματος φωτός τείχους +Dative. ποιμένι λέοντι τριχί πόλει σώματι φωατί τείχει +Accusative. ποιμένα λέοντα τρίχα πόλιν σῶμα φῶς τεῖχος +Vocative. ποιμήν λέον ϑρίξ πόλι σῶμα φῶς τεῖχος + +Plur. +Nominative. ποιμένες λέοντες τρίχες πόλεις σώματα φῶτά τείχη +Genitive. ποιμένων λεόντων τριχῶυ πόλεων σωμάτων φωτῶν τειχῶν +Dative. ποιμέσι λέονσι ϑριξί πόλεσι σώμασι φωσί τείχεσι +Accusative. ποιμένας λέοντας τρίχας πόλεις σώματα φῶτα τείχη +Vocative. ποιμένες λέοντες τρίχες πόλεις σώματα φῶτα τείχη + + + +PARADIGMS OF ADJECTIVES, (of three terminations, § 34.) +1st and 2d Decl.--καλός, _Fair_. + + Singular. Plural. +Cases. Masc. Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem. Neut. +Nominative. καλός καλή καλόν καλοί καλαί καλά +Genitive. καλοῦ καλῆς καλοῦ καλῶν καλῶν καλῶν +Dative. καλῷ καλῇς καλῷ καλοῖς καλαῖς καλοῖς +Accusative. καλόν καλήν καλόν καλούς καλάς καλά +Vocative. καλέ καλή καλόν καλοί καλαί καλά + Similarly, δίκαιος, δικαία, δίκαιον, _Just_. + +1st and 3d Decl.--πᾶς, _All_. + + Singular. Plural. +Cases. Masc. Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem. Neut. +Nominative. πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα +Genitive. παντός πάσης παντός πάντων πᾶσών πάντων +Dative. παντί πάσῃ παντί πᾶσι πάσαις πᾶσι +Accusative. πάντα πάσην πᾶν παντας πάσας πάντα +Vocative. πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα + +Similarly those ending in + +M. F. N. M.&N. M. F. N. M.&N. M. F. N. M.&N. +ας αινα αν G. ανος ούς οῦσα όν G. όντος ώς νῖα ός G. ότος +εις εσσα εν G. εντος ων ουσα ον G. οντος ῶς ῶσα ῶς G. ῶτός +είς εῖσα έν G. έντος ῶν ῶσα ῶν G. ῶντος ύς εῖα ύ G. έος +ην εινα εν G. ενος ῶν οῦσα οῦν G. οῦντος ύς ῦσα ύν G. ύντος + +Forms in two terminations are similar; for example:-- + +M.&F. N. Gen. M.&F. N. Gen. M.&F. N. Gen. +ας αν αντος ις ι ιτος ων ον ονος +ην εν ενος ος ον ου ωρ ορ ορος +ής έν έος ους ουν οδος ως ων ω + υς υ υος + + +SYNOPSIS (1st sing., etc.) OF REGULAR (Mute) VERBS.--τύπτω, Strike. + +_Active Voice._ + + Indic. Imper. Optat. Subj. Infin. Part. +Pres. τύπτω τύπτε τύπτω τύπτειν τύπτων +Imp'f. ἔτυπτον τύπτοιμι +1st A. τύψω τύψοιμι τύψειν τύψων +1st F. ἔτυψα τύψον τύψαιμι τύψω τύψαι τύψας +Perf. τέτυφα τέτυφε τετύφω τετυφέναι τετυφώς +Plup. ἐτετύφειν τετύφοιμι +2d A. ἔτυπον τύπε τύποιμι τύπω τυπεῖν τυπών +2d F. τυπῶ τυποῖμι τυπεῖν τυπῶν + + +_Passive Voice._ + + Indic. Imper. Optat. Subj. Infin. Part. +Pres. τύπτομαι τύπτου τύπτωμαι τύπτεσϑαι τυπτόμενος +Imp'f. ἐτυπτόμην τυπτοίμην [ὠ +Perf. τέτυμμαι τέτυψο [εἴην τετυμμένος τετύφϑαι τετυμμένος +Plup. ἐτετύμμην τετυμμένος +1st A. ἐτύφϑην τύφϑητι τυφϑείην τυφϑὼ τυφϑῆναι τυφϑείς +1st F. τυφϑήσομαι τυφϑησοίμην τυφϑήσεσϑαι τυφϑησόμενος +2d A. ἐτύπην τύπηϑι τυπείην τυπῶ τυπῆναι τυπείς +2d F. τυπήσομαι τυπησοίμην τυπήσεσϑαι τυπησόμενος +3d F. τετύψομαι τετυψοίμην τετύψεσϑαι τετυψόμενος + + +_Middle Voice._ + + Indic. Imper. Optat. Subj. Infin. Part. +Pres. Same throughout as the Passive. +Imp'f. Same throughout as the Passive. +Perf. τέτυπα τέτυπε τετύπω τετυπέναι τετυπώς +Plup. ἐτετύπειν τετύποιμι +1st A. ἐτυψάμην τύψαι τυψαίμην τύψωμαι τύψασϑαι τυψάμενος +1st F. τύψομαι τυψοίμην τύψεσϑαι τυψόμενος +2d A. ἐτυπόμην τυποῦ τυποίμην τύπωμαι τυπέσϑαι τυπόμενος +2d F. τυποῦμαι τυποίμην τυπεῖσϑαι τυπούμενος + + + +REGULAR VERB-ENDINGS, (including mood-vowel.) + +_Active_ (includ. § 52.) + 1 2 3 +Ind.of Pres. and Fut. _s._ ω εις ει + _p._ ομεν ετε ουσι + +Subjunctive throughout _s._ ω ης ῃ + _p._ ωμεν ητε ωσι + +Ind. of Perf. and 1 Aor. _s._ α ας ε + _p._ αμεν ατε ασι[1] + +Ind. of Imp. and 2 Aor. _s._ ον ες ε + _p._ ομεν ετε ον + +Ind. of Aor., Pass., & Opt.[2] _s._ ην ης η + _p._ ημεν ητε ησαν + +Indic. of Plup. _s._ ειν εις ει + _p._ ειμεν ειτε εισαν + +Opt., exc. as ab've & bel'w _s._ οιμι οις οι + _p._ οιμεν οιτε οιεν + +Opt. of 1 Aor. _s._ αιμι αις αι + _p._ αιμεν αιτε αιεν + +Imp. of Pres., 2 Aor., & Perf. _s._ ε έτω + _p._ ετε έτωσαν + +Imper. of 1 Aor. _s._ ον άτω + _p._ ατε άτωσαν + +Imper. of Aor. Pass. _s._ ηθι[3] ήτω + _p._ ητε ήτωσαν + +_Mid._ and _Pass._ (except § 52.) + 1 2 3 +Ind. of Pres. and Fut. _s._ ομαι ῃ εται + _p._ όμεϑα εσϑε ονται + +Subj. throughout _s._ ωμαι ῃ ηται + (exc. Perf. Pass.[4]) _p._ ώμεϑα ησϑε ωνται + +Ind. of 1 Aor. Mid. _s._ άμην ω ατο + _p._ άμεϑα ασϑε αντο + +Ind. of Imp. and _s._ όμην ου ετο + 2 Aor. Middle. _p._ όμεϑα εσϑε οντο + +Ind. of Perf. Pass.[4] _s._ μαι σαι ται + _p._ μεϑα σϑε νται + +Ind. of Plup. Pass.[4] _s._ μην σο το + _p._ μεϑα σϑε ντο + +Opt., exc. as bel'w _s._ οίμην οιο οιτο + (and Perf. Pass.[4]) _p._ οίμεϑα οισϑε οιντο + +Opt. of 1 Aor. Mid. _s._ αίμην αισο αιτο + _p._ αίμεϑα αισϑε αιντο + +Imper. of Pres. _s._ ου έσϑω + and 2 Aor. (Mid.) _p._ εσϑε έσϑωσαν + +Imper. of 1 Aor. Mid. _s._ αι άσϑω + _p._ ασϑε άσϑωσαν + +Imper. of 1 Perf. Pass.[4] _s._ σο ϑω + _p._ σϑε σϑωσαν + +[Footnote 1: But αν in 1st Aor.] + +[Footnote 2: The Opt. has an extra mood-diphthong, ει, before +ending.] + +[Footnote 3: But ητι in 1st Aor., see § 14.] + +[Footnote 4: The Perf. and Plup. Pass. are often inflected +periphrastically (especially in the Opt. and Subj.) by means of an +auxiliary (from εἰμί, _to be_. with the participle.] + + + +SYNOPSIS OF VERBS IN μι. + +_Active Voice._ + + Indic. Imper. Optat. Subj. Infin. Part. +Pres. ἵστημι ἵστσϑι ἱστῶ ἱστάναι ἱστάς +Imp. ἵστην ἱσταίην +2 A. ἕστην στῆϑι σταίην στῶ στῆναι στάς + +Pres. τίϑημι τίϑετι τιϑῶ τιϑέναι τιϑείς +Imp. ἐτίϑην τιϑείην +2 A. ἔϑην ϑές ϑείην ϑῶ ϑῆναι ϑείς + +Pres. δίδωμι δίδοϑι δίδῶ δίδόναι δίδούς +Imp. ἐδίδων διδοίην +2 A. ἔδων δός δοίην δῶ δοῦναι δούς + +Pres. δείκνυμι δέικννϑι δεικνύναι δεικνύς +Imp. ἐδείκνυν + + + +SYNOPSIS OF VERBS IN μι.--(_Continued._) + +_Middle Voice_, (including Pres. and Imper. Pass.) + + Indic. Imper. Optat. Subj. Infin. Part. +Pres. ἵσταμαι ἵστασο ἱστῶμαι ἵστασϑαι ἱστάμενος +Imp. ἱστάμην ἱσταίμην +2 A. ἑσταμην στάσο σταίμην στῶμαι στάσϑαι στάμενος + +Pres. τίϑεμαι τιϑεσο τιϑῶμαι τίϑεσϑαι τιϑέμενος +Imp. ἐτιϑέμην τιϑείμην +2 A. ἐϑέμην ϑέτσο ϑείμην ϑῶμαι ϑέσϑαι ϑέμενος + +Pres. δίδομαι δίδοσο διδῶμαι δίδοσϑαι διδόμενος +Imp. ἐδιδόμην διδοίμην +2 A. ἐδόμην δόσο δοίμην δῶμαι δόσϑαι δόμενος + +Pres. δείκνυμαι δείκνυσο δείκνυσϑαι δεικνύμενοζ +Imp. ἐδείκυμην + +All the other tenses are regular, as if from στάω, ϑέω, δόω, +δεικνύω, meaning respectively to _stand, put, give,_ and +_show_. + + + +PECULIAR ENDINGS OF VERBS IN μι + + Singular. Plural. + ἵστη- -| 1. -μι ἵστα- -| |- ἵστασι + τίϑη- |= 2. -ς τιϑε- |= 1. -μεν 3.-| τιϑεισι + δίδω- |= 3. -σι δίδο- |= 2. -τε | δίδουσι + δέικνυ- -| δέικνυ- -| |- δέικνυσι + +Λίδωμι has ω as a union-vowel throughout the subj. (pres. and +2d aor.) of both voices, and ἵστημι has α in the 2d and 3d +sing., and 2d plur. of the subj. pres. All the other forms follow the +inflection of the regular verb. + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Greek in a Nutshell, by James Strong + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11130 *** |