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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/11130-0.txt b/11130-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c6fd463 --- /dev/null +++ b/11130-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1838 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11130 *** + +Greek in a Nutshell, + +An Outline of + +GREEK GRAMMAR + +with + +BRIEF READING LESSONS; + +Designed for Beginners in the New Testament. + +BY + +JAMES STRONG, S.T.D., +Professor of Exegetical Theology in Drew Theological Seminary + +NEW YORK: EATON & MAINS +CINCINNATI: JENNINGS & GRAHAM + + +Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by +NELSON & PHILLIPS, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress +at Washington. + + + + +PREFACE. + + + +This little Manual was originally prepared for the NORMAL CLASS, at +the request of the editor of that Journal, and was at the same time +expected to form an instruction book at the Sunday-School Assembly +annually held at Chautauqua. This accounts for its form in twelve +series of two pages each. The reading lessons, however, have been +made sufficiently full for subsequent study. Of course the simplest +elements only of the Greek language can be comprised in such narrow +limits; nor can a full vocabulary or ready facility be acquired in so +short a course. Nevertheless, a good beginning may be made, and that +is "half the battle" in any enterprise. It is believed that a thorough +mastery of this small volume will prove a conquest over all the real +difficulties of the original tongue of the New Testament. + +J. S. + + + + +LESSON I. + + + +READING + + +§ 1. THE ALPHABET. + +Form. Name. Sound. +A α Al'pha _a_ in _man_, [_arm._[1]] +Β β Be'ta _b_ +Γ γ Gam'ma _g_ in _go_, [_king._[2]] +Δ δ Del'ta _d_ +Ε ε Ep'silon _e_ in _met_. +Ζ ζ Ze'ta _dz_ in _adze_. +Η η E'ta _e_ in _they_. +Θ ϑ or θ The'ta _th_ in _thin_. +Ι ι Io'ta _i_ in _tin_, [_machine_[3]] +Κ κ or ϗ Kap'pa _k_ +Λ λ Lamb'da _l_ +Μ μ Mu _m_ +Ν ν Nu _n_ +Ξ ξ Xi _x_ +Ο ο Om'icron _ο_ in _not_. +Π π Pi _p_ +Ρ ρ Rho _r_ +Σ σ, final ς Sig'ma _s_ in _this_. +Τ τ Tau _t_ in _it_. +Υ υ U'psilon _u_ in _full_. +Φ φ Phi _f_ +χ χ Khi _kh_ (German _ch_.) +ψ ψ Psi _ps_ +Ω ω O'mega _ο_ in _no_. + + +§ 2. Notes on the Alphabet. + + +1. α sounds broad, like _a_ in _arm_, at the end of a word, +and before ρ final or ρ followed by a different consonant. + +2. γ has the nasal sound, like _ng_ in _king_, before γ, +κ, χ, or ξ. + +3. ι has its long sound, like _i_ in _machine_, at the end +of a syllable. + +Every letter is sounded, and, with the above exceptions, invariably +the same. + + + +2. ACCENT. + + +§ 3. Each word, except a very few monosyllables, has one of the +following accents written over a vowel in it, which marks the place of +the spoken tone. A few small words, called _enclitics_, generally +throw their accent, as an acute, on the last syllable of the preceding +word. + +§ 4. The _acute_ ('), which is the foundation of all the +accents, stands on one of the last three syllables. In verbs, with the +exception of certain forms, it stands as far toward the beginning of +the word as the rules below allow. In other parts of speech it stands +on the same syllable as in the ground-form, (that given in the +lexicon,) except as required by these rules. When the last syllable +has a long vowel or diphthong it stands on the syllable before the +last. + +§ 5. The _grave_ accent (`) is only written in place of the +acute on the last syllable when not before a pause, or when +unemphatic. It is understood to belong to all other syllables. + +§ 6. The _circumflex_ (~) is placed on a syllable formed by +the combination of two, the first of which had an acute and the second +a grave; hence only on the last, or next to the last syllable, and +only on a long vowel or a diphthong. When the last syllable has a +short vowel, such a penult, if accented, takes the circumflex. + + + +3. BREATHINGS, VOWELS, DIPHTHONGS, ETC. + + +§ 7. A vowel beginning a word takes either the _rough +breathing_, (῾), which is pronounced like _h_, or else, to +show the absence of that, _the smooth breathing_, (᾿), which +has no appreciable sound. Initial ρ and υ always take the rough +breathing; and double ρ in the middle of a word takes the smooth +breathing on the first, and the rough on the second. + +§ 8. The vowels are short, (ε and ο,) long, (η and ω,) or +doubtful, (α, ι, and υ,) which last, although naturally short, are +sometimes lengthened by derivation. + +§ 9. The diphthongs are as follows:-- + + Proper. With Iota Subscript. Improper. +αι sounds ay ᾳ = α ηυ = η and υ +ει " i ῃ = η ωυ = ω and υ +οι " oy ῳ = ω +υι " we +αυ " ow +ευ " yu +ου " oo + +§ 10. In diphthongs the breathing and accent are written over the +_second_ vowel. A capital (initial) letter in other cases takes +them _before_ it. + +§ 11. The punctuation marks are the comma, (,), the semicolon, (·), +the period, (.), and the interrogation point, (;). + + + +LESSON II. + +EUPHONIC CHANGES. + + +§ 12. When two _consonants_ come together the first is made +homogeneous with the second, as follows:-- + +§ 13. Mutes of a different class must have the same degree of +hardness according to the following classification:-- + + Smooth. Middle. Rough. Sibilant (with _s_.) +Kappa-mutes. κ γ χ ξ +Pi-mutes π β φ ψ +Tau-mutes τ δ ϑ ζ + +§ 14. A _smooth_ final mute is roughened before a vowel with the +rough breathing. A rough mute is not doubled, nor can successive +syllables begin with an aspirate. A tau-mute is sometimes dropped +before σ, and always before κ; before a different tau-mute it is +changed into σ. + +§ 15. Before μ a kappa-mute is changed into γ, a pi-mute into μ, +and a tau-mute into σ. + +§ 16. ν before a kappa-mute becomes γ, before a pi-mute μ, before +a liquid (λ, μ, ν, or ρ) it is changed into the same liquid, +before σ or ζ it is dropped. + +§ 17. ν is appended to certain endings in σι or ε before a pause +or a vowel. + +§ 18. There are several other less important rules, and some +exceptions to most of the above. + +§ 19. A _long vowel_ or _diphthong_ is used as an +equivalent for two (usually short) vowels in immediate succession, or +as a compensation for the omission of a consonant, sometimes for both. + +§ 20. The changes in the union of two vowels are various, depending +upon their comparative strength, position, and relation to the long +vowels, or diphthongs respectively. They are readily learned by +practice. + +§ 21. Compensation is not always thus made for the omission of a +consonant. Sometimes the omission occurs too far back in the +derivation to be easily traced. + +§ 22. A final vowel is sometimes elided before another vowel, and its +place indicated by the apostrophe, ('). + +§ 23. There are several _dialects_, which chiefly affect the +vowels, (like provincial pronunciation;) but in later Greek (to which +the New Testament belongs) they were merged in "the common dialect," +the Attic pre-dominating. + + +NOUNS. + +Nouns are of three declensions, three genders, three numbers, and five +cases, all indicated by changes of termination. + +§ 24. The declensions (numbered 1, 2, and 3) are only different modes +of inflection. + +§ 25. Names and designations of males, nations, the months, rivers, +and winds, are almost invariably _masculine_; those of females, +countries, islands, cities, trees, and plants, are usually +_feminine_; of the _neuter_ gender are most names of fruits +and diminutives, and always the names of the letters, infinitives, +clauses, indeclinable words, and words used as the symbol of a +sound. In the third declension especially the (grammatical) gender in +many instances is arbitrary. + +§ 26. The _singular_ and _plural_ are used as in +English. The _dual_ denotes two or a pair; it is comparatively +rare, and never occurs in the New Testament. + +§ 27. The _cases_ express the relations of words to each other +in a sentence, as follows:-- + + Name. Use. Equivalent. +Nominative. Subject of a finite verb. (Simple form.) +Genitive. Origin or ownership. _From, of,_ etc. +Dative. Position or manner. _In, by, for, to,_ etc. +Accusative. Direction or object. _Toward, into,_ etc. +Vocative. Address. _O!_ + +§ 28. The following are the terminations of the _First +Declension_:-- + + Singular. Cases. Plural. + _Masc._ _Fem._ _Masc. and Fem._ +ας or ης α or η Nominative. αι + ον ας or ης Genitive. ῶν + ᾳ or η Dative. αις + αν or ην Accusative. ας + α or η Vocative. αι + + _Dual._ Nom., Acc., Voc., α; Gen., Dat., αιν. + +§ 29. The α in the terminations of the singular is mostly used when +ρ, ε,or ι precedes it; and in the Nom., Acc., and Voc. when λ or +σ, and frequently when ν, precedes it. A few nouns have α in the +Gen. sing. + + + +LESSON III. + +NOUNS--Continued. + +§ 30. The following are the terminations of the _Second +Declension_:-- + + Singular. Cases. Plural. + _Masc._ _Neut._ _Masc._ _Neut._ + ος ον Nominative. οι α + ου Genitive. ων + ῳ Dative. οις + ον Accusative. ους α + ε ον Vocative. οι α + + _Dual._ Nom., Acc., Voc., ω; Gen., Dat., οιν. + +§ 31. The few fem. nouns of this declension take the +masc. terminations. The Voc. masc. sing. is occasionally ος. + +§ 32. The following are the terminations of the _Third Declension_:-- + + Singular. Cases. Plural. + _Masc. and Fem._ _Neut._ _Masc. and Fem._ _Neut._ +ς (or long vowel (naked stem.) Nominative. ες α +before final letter.) + ος Genitive. ων + ι Dative. σι(ν) + ν or α (naked stem.) Accusative. ας α +(like Nom. or Neut.) (naked stem.) Vocative. ες α + + _Dual._ Nom., Acc., Voc., ε; Gen., Dat., οιν. + +§ 33. The Nom. sing. is so often changed by the euphonic rules that +the stem of the noun is best seen in the Gen. Nouns in ις, υς, and +ευς take the (Attic) Gen. εως, (ω regarded as _short_.) +The α of the Acc. sing. is usually after a consonant. Many +irregularities and some anomalies occur, which may generally be +learned from the lexicon. + + +ADJECTIVES. + +§ 34. These are _declined_ like nouns, having sometimes three +sets of terminations for the respective genders, sometimes two, (masc. +and fem. alike,) rarely but one, (all genders alike.) The masc. and +neut. are always of the same declension, (second or third,) and the +fem., when different, always of the first. _Participles_ are +declined like adjectives. + +§ 35. Adjectives are _compared_ either by using an adverb +expressive of degree, or, more regularly, by adding to the stem of the +positive the syllables ότερος or ίων for the comparative, and +ότατος or ιστος for the superlative. Some euphonic changes +occur in making these additions, which then take the regular +declensional endings. + + +NUMERALS. + +§ 36. The _cardinal_ numbers are either simple, (the units, +tens, and a few others,) or compound, (intermediate numbers.) Those +from one to four inclusive, and the hundreds and thousands, are +declined like adjectives. They may all be learned from the lexicon. + +§ 37. The _ordinals_ are mostly formed from the cardinals by +adjective endings. + + +PRONOUNS. + +§ 38. Of the _personal_ pronouns, those of the 1st and 2d +persons only are specially noteworthy, being declined as nouns +irregularly:-- + + _I_ or _Me_. _We_ or _Us_. _Thou_ or _Thee_. _Ye_ or _You_. +Nominative. ἐγώ ἡμεῖς σύ ὑμεῖς +Genitive. (ἐ)μοῦ ἡμῶν σοῦ ὑμῶν +Dative. (ἐ)μοί ἡμῖν σοί ὑμῖν +Accusative. (ἐ)μέ ἡμᾶς σέ ὑμᾶς + +§ 39. The rest are declined as adjectives--masc. ος, fem, η, +neut. ο; often compounded, one or both parts being declined; but, +with the exception of τις, (interrogative τίς, indefinite +τὶς,) neut. τι, Gen. τινος, of the third declension, the +_article_ (definite only) and the _demonstrative_ alone are +very peculiar in declension, as follows:-- + + Singular. The. Plural. + _Masc. Neut. Fem._ _Masc. Neut. Fem._ + ὁ τό ἡ Nominative. οἱ τά αἱ + τοῦ τῆς Genitive. τῶν τῶν + τῷ τῇ Dative. τοῖς ταῖς + τόν τό τήν Accusative. -ούς τά τάς + + _Dual._ Nom., Acc., Voc., τώ, τά; Gen., Dat., τοῖν, ταῖν. + + Singular. This, These. Plural. +_Masc. Neut. Fem._ _Masc. Neut. Fem._ +οὗτος τοῦτο αὕτη Nominative. οὗτοι ταῦτα αὗται + τούτου ταύτης Genitive. τούτων τούτων + τούτῳ -αύτῃ Dative. τούτοις ταύταις +τουτου τοῦτο ταυτην Accusative. τούτους ταῦτα ταύτας + + _Dual._ Nom., Acc., Voc., τούτω, ταῦτα; Gen., Dat., τούτοιν, ταύταιν + + + +LESSON IV. + +VERBS. + + +§ 40. There are three VOICES, _Active, Middle,_ and +_Passive,_ generally distinguished by the _termination_. + +The Middle is properly _reflexive_. Some of its tenses have an +_active_ meaning. A few verbs, called _deponent_, are +throughout pass. in form, but act. or mid. in meaning. + +§ 41. There are five MOODS in each voice, the _Indicative, +Imperative, Subjunctive, Optative,_ and _Infinitive_, to which +may be added the _Participles_; they are mostly known by means of +the _union-vowel_--that which immediately precedes the +termination. + +§ 42. The Indic., Imper., Infin., and Participles correspond to the +English, and have a _short_ union-vowel, (ε, ο, or α,) except +the Perf. and Pluperf. pass., which have no union-vowel; the +Pluperf. act. and mid., which have ει; and the Aorists pass., which +have η or its equivalent. + +§ 43. The Imper. has but two persons. 2d and 3d. The Infin. has but +one termination for all numbers and persons, and is very often used as +a neut. noun, with the article, etc., yet retaining its construction +as a verb. + +§ 44. The Subj. and Opt. are used in certain _dependent_ +relations, like the English subjunctive and potential; the former has +a _long_ union-vowel, (η or ω,) and the latter a diphthong, +(οι, αι, or ει.) The former generally represents an act as +contingent upon outward circumstances, and the latter upon a will. + +§ 45. The TENSES are nine, the _Present, Imperfect, Perfect, +Pluperfect,_ two _Aorists_, (1st and 2d, equivalent in sense,) +and three _Futures_, (1st and 2d, equivalent to each other, and +3d, very rarely used;) they are distinguished by certain letters +prefixed, inserted, or added to the stem or root of the verb. They +represent time as compared with the _present_, and never date +from that of a preceding verb. + +§ 46. The Pres., Perf., Pluperf., and Fut. answer very nearly to the +same tenses in English. + +§ 47. The Imperf. denotes an act as going on, but incomplete or +habitual at some time past: "was doing," etc. + +§ 48. The Aorists indicate a single act at a definite time, (past in +the Indic., but undetermined in the others moods.) + +§ 49. All the tenses with respect to form may be classed thus:-- + +I. _Primary_, or Absolute. Present. Perfect. Futures. + +II. _Secondary_, or Historical. Imperfect. Pluperfect. Aorists. + +These classes usually have the following endings respectively:-- + + Active Form. Persons. Middle and Passive. + I. II. I. II. +Pres. and Fut. Perf. Opt. Sing. + ο - ν μι 1st μαι μην + ις ς 2d σαι (σ)ο + ι - 3d ται το + Plur. + μεν 1st μεϑα + τε 2d σϑε + (ντ) σι (ν) (σα)ν 3d νται ντο +[2d, τον, 3d, την. Dual. 1st, μεϑον, 2d, σϑον, 3d, σϑην.] + +_Notes on the Table of Verb Endings._ + +§ 50. In the Pres. and Fut. the ο of the 1st sing. act. is +contracted (with the union-vowel) into ω, and the σαι of the 2d +sing. pass. into ῃ or ει. + +§ 51. Signification limits the primary terminations to the Indic. and +Subj., and the secondary to the Indic. and Opt.: likewise the +Imperf. and Pluperf. to the Indic., and the Imper. to the Pres., the +Aorists and (rarely) the Perf. + +§ 52. The _active_ terminations are assumed throughout by the +Perf. and Pluperf. mid., and the Aorists pass. + +§ 53. The terminations of the Imper. are analogous to the secondary +in the act., and in the mid. and pass. they are merely the same +strengthened, thus: _Sing._ 2d,--[Aor. pass, ϑι, 1st +Aor. act. (σ)ov] (pass. ο [1st Aor. mid. ι] or σο); 3d, τω +(pass. σϑω,) _Plur._ 2d, τε (pass. σϑε); 3d, τωσαν +[or contr. ντων] (pass, σϑωσαν. [_Dual._ 2d, τον +(σϑον); 3d, των (σϑων,)] + +§ 54. The Infin. in the act. forms ends in εν, [contr., with +union-vowel into ειν] (Pres., Fut., and 2d Aor.,) αι, (1st Aor.,) +or ναι, (Perf. act. and mid. and both Aor. pass.;) elsewhere in +σϑαι. + +§ 55. In the Participles the stem ends in ντ in the act. forms, +(except the Perf. act. and mid., which have ότ;) the rest take +μεν, (Perf. pass, μέν.) These latter are [masc. and neut.] of +the second declension, the others of the third. + +§ 56. Verbs in μι insert σ before the final ι of the 3d +pers. sing. Pres. Indic. act., and vary in a few other terminations, +chiefly by contraction. + + + +LESSON V. + +VERBS--Continued. + + +§ 57. The root of every _primitive_ verb is a monosyllable, +consisting of a short vowel (α, ε, ι, ο, or υ) between two +(usually simple) consonants. Sometimes one or the other of the latter +has been dropped far back in the etymology. This root is most readily +found in the 1st Fut., subject only to euphonic changes. The 2d +Aor. always has a monosyllabic root, with a single vowel never long; +but this may be somewhat different from the true root. Primitive verbs +only have a 2d Aor. + +§ 58. The Pres. and Imperf. commonly _strengthen_ the root, +either by adding a hard consonant, (sometimes more than one,) or +(oftener) by changing the root vowel into the corresponding long one +or diphthong. + +§ 59. The following tenses add certain _characteristic_ letters +to the root:-- + + 1st Fut. and 1st Aor. act. and mid., + (of verbs not liquid,) and 3d Fut. ο + 1st Aor. pass. ϑ + 1st Fut. pass. ϑησ + 2d Fut. pass. ηο + 2d (in liquid verbs 1st) Fut. act. and mid. ε + Perf. and Pluperf. Act. of pure and liquid verbs κ + Perf. and pluperf. act. ending in a pi- or kappa-mute (῾) + +§ 60. Tenses expressing _past time_ (Imperf. and Aorists Indic.) +prefix ε ("syllabic _augment") to the root; this coalesces with +an initial vowel ("temporal augment") into the corresponding long +vowel or diphthong. The Perf., Pluperf., and 3d Fut. not only do the +same throughout the moods, but also prefix to the _syllabic_ +augment the initial consonant of the root ("reduplication") when this +is a simple consonant or a mute followed by a liquid. The +Pluperf. prefixes a second syllabic augment to the reduplication. + +§ 61. Initial ρ, (which is doubled after the syllabic augment,) +βλ, γλ, and γν, do not, except in a few cases, allow the +reduplication. Verbs compounded with a preposition generally take the +augment, etc., between it and the primitive. A few other +irregularities occur. + +§ 62. Verbs are classified in conjugation according to the radical +letter following the root vowel, or diphthong, in the 1st pers. sing. +Pres. Indic. act., lexicon form: in "liquid" verbs (not derivatives in +άνω, which is merely strengthened for άω) this is a +_liquid_; in "pure" verbs it is absent, so that the root appears +to end in a vowel, etc. Very many verbs seem to be anomalous in some +of their forms in consequence of deriving these from an obsolete +kindred root. The lexicon gives most of these peculiarities. + +§ 63. _Liquid_ verbs almost always strengthen their root in the +Pres. and Imperf.; they lengthen it in the 1st Aor. act. and mid. by +changing the root vowel, if α into η, if ε into ει, while ι and +ν merely become long. ε as a root vowel is generally changed into α +in the 1st Aor. and 1st Fut. pass., the Perf. and Pluperf. act. and +pass., and the 2d Aor. and 2d Fut. throughout, and again into ο in +the Perf. and Pluperf. mid. + +§ 64. The above strengthening in the Pres. and Imperf. consists in +doubling λ, annexing ν to μ; or, in case of ν or ρ, in adding ι +to a preceding α or ε, or lengthening ι or υ. The radical ν is +often dropped in Perf. and Pluperf. + +§ 65. Verbs with ε followed by a pi- or kappa-mute in the root +frequently neglect to strengthen it in the Pres. and Imperf.; and +verbs with ε in the root preceded by a liquid, usually change it into +α and ο in the same tenses as liquid verbs, except in the 1st +Aor. and Fut. pass. + +§ 66. _Pure_ verbs lengthen the root vowel before a tense +characteristic, also in the Perf. and Pluperf. pass. A few +occasionally neglect this, and some insert σ instead. + +§ 67. Verbs in μι (lexicon form instead of ω) are but another mode +of conjugating pure verbs (being the only primitives of that class +whose root ends in α, ε, or o) in the Pres., Imperf., and 2d Aor.; +in all which tenses the union-vowel coalesces with the root vowel. +They have a peculiar inflection, chiefly by reason of the Imperf. and +2d Aor. act. taking throughout the terminations of the Aorists +pass. The Pres. and Imperf. reduplicate with ι the initial consonant, +(prefixing simply ί if that cannot be done, and sometimes adopting +other modes of strengthening,) and in the act. they lengthen the root +in the Indic., α or ε into η, ο into ω. The 2d Aor. (those in +υμι being factitious have not this tense) has in the act. a long +vowel or diphthong throughout, except the Imperative ε or o, and the +Participle. + + +_Notes on Certain Verbs in μι._ + +§ 68. τίϑημι [_to put_] has, in the Act., 1st Aor. ἒϑηκα, Perf. +τέϑεικα; ὀίὀωμι [_to give_] has, 1st Aor., ἒδωκα. + +§ 69. εἰμί [_to be_] is inflected thus: εὶ [_thou art_], ἐστί(ν) +[_is_], ἐσμέν, ἐστί, εἰσί(ν) [_we, ye, they are_], ἱσϑι [_be thou_], +ὤν [_being_], etc.; the rest mostly regular. See the lexicon +for these, and for ἵημι [_to send_], and εἰμι [_to go_]. + +§ 70. Several verbs annex σκω, ίνω, (ν)νυμι, etc., instead +of μι, etc., in the Pres. and Imperf. + + + +LESSON VI. + +SYNTAX.--CONCORD. + + +§ 71. All words placed under the same construction agree together in +all the accidents which they possess in common. + +§ 72. "Apposition" occurs as in English. + +§ 73. Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case. + +§ 74. The noun is often understood, especially if neut., ("things.") + +§ 75. Sometimes a relative is "attracted" into the case of the +omitted antecedent. + +§ 76. A verb agrees with its subject nominative in number and person. + +§ 77. The case of the subject of the Infin. depends upon other +relations. + +§ 78. Neuters plur. generally have a sing. verb. + + +GOVERNMENT. + +§ 79. Any word may govern another (or others) which in sense is +_dependent_ upon it in the case appropriate for expressing such +relation either with or without a preposition. + + | >>>---|-----> | + Genitive. Dative. Accusative. + +§ 80. GENITIVE, denoting _origin_, answering to _Whence?_ +and expressed by _from_. + +§ 81. "_Local_," involving _external_ relations of space, +either in a literal or a figurative sense. This includes actual +_motion_ from an object, generally with a preposition, (ἀπό +ἐκ παρά;) _separation_ from it, usually with verbs +compounded with a preposition; and _commencement_. + +§ 82. "_Causal_," denoting a more _internal_ relation, as +if the outgoing of some agency or property, as follows:-- + +§ 83. _Active_, either direct, inferential, or +metaphysical. This includes relations of source, (e.g., derivation, +[commonly with ἐκ, sometimes ἀπό, direct authorship with +ὐπό,] possession, property, [often with an Infin.]) +_partitive_ use, (e.g., a class, material, partial relations,) +and the Gen. of time, (in the _course_ of which,) especially the +"Gen. absolute," with a Participle, as affording occasion. + +§ 84. _Passive_, that is, indirect, the act being for the sake +of the Gen. This includes verbs implying a _mental operation_, +adjectives, and other words denoting _skill_, and the Gen. of +_crime_ or _purpose_, (the last mostly an Infin. with the +article.) + +§ 85. _Mutual_, e.g., _comparison_ and _price_ or _penalty_. + +§ 86. The "attributive Gen." is a comprehensive relation, arising +under several of the above heads, between two nouns designating +_different_ objects, which may be thus expressed: _When two +nouns are connected with each other, that one which completes the idea +of the other and defines it more fully is put in the Gen._ + +§ 87. DATIVE, denoting _position_, answering to _Where?_ +and expressed by _at_. + +§ 88. "_Local_," involving the more palpable relations of +position. This includes the place, (at, by, near, in the midst of; +generally with ἐν, ἐπί, παρά, etc.,) _association, +accompaniment,_ (frequently with σύν,) and the _time_ (as a +date) or _circumstances_ of a transaction. + +§ 89. "_Causal_," denoting the object _upon which_ the act +or state appears, thus conceived as sharing in producing it, as +follows:-- + +§ 90. _Personal_, either actually or so imagined. This includes +words expressing a _correlative_ idea, as community, (in varied +relations,) likeness, possession, agency, reference, etc. + +§ 91. _Instrumental_, as the mediate cause, e.g., the ground or +reason, the means, the instrument, manner, and the measure of excess +or deficiency. + +§ 92. In comprehensive phrase the "attributive Dat." expresses many +indirect relations of an object _to_ or _for_ which an act +is performed or a condition sustained. + +§ 93. ACCUSATIVE, denoting _direction_, answering to +_Whither?_ and expressed by _toward_. + +§ 94. "_Local_" involving the boundary, place, or object of +motion, especially with εἰς. + +§ 95. "_Causal_," involving an influence, change, or result, as +impressed upon the object, as follows:-- + +§ 96. The _effect_, either the thing effected, an attribute of +the effect, or the effect intended. + +§ 97. The _object acted upon_, e.g., with directly transitive +verbs, those expressing a good or bad influence, patience, swearing, +sometimes a mental affection, etc.; also the _space_ or +_way_ after a verb of motion; the time, (_throughout_ +which,) measure, and weight; and finally ("Attributive Accusative") +with any verb or adj. (sometimes other words) to define its +application more closely, especially if of kindred signification. + + +ORDER OF WORDS IN A SENTENCE. + +§ 98. This is usually not, as in English, that of _grammatical_ +dependence, but rather the order of _thought_; important or +emphatic words come first, after the connecting particles; +prepositions and the article precede their nouns; and qualifying terms +are grouped in a harmonious balance around the principal ones. + + + +LESSON VII. + +EXERCISE ON JOHN 1, 1-5. + + +1 Ἐν1 ἀρχῇ2 ἦν3 ὁ4 Λόγος,5 καὶ6 ὁ4 Λόγος6 ἦν3 + In _the_ beginning was the Word, and the Word was + +2 πρὸς7 τὸν8 θεόν,9 καὶ6 θεὸς10 ἦν3 ὁ4 Λόγος.5 Οὗτος11 + with God, and God was the Word. This _one_ + +3 ἦν3 ἐν1 ἀρχῇ2 πρὸς7 τὸν8 θεόν.9 Πάντα12 δι'13 + was in _the_ beginning with God. All _things_ by + + αὐτοῦ14 ἐγένετο,15 καὶ6 χωρὶς16 αὐτοῦ14 ἐγένετο15 οὐδὲ17 + him were made, and without him was made not even + +4 ἓν18 ὃ19 γέγονεν.20 Ἐν1 αὐτῷ21 ζωὴ22 ἦν,3 καὶ6 + one _thing_ which has been made. In him life was, and + +5 ἡ23 ζωὴ22 ἦν3 τὸ24 φῶς25 τῶν26 ἀνϑρώπων·27 καὶ6 τὸ24 + the life was the light of men; and the + + φως25 ἐν1 τῇ28 σκοτίᾳ29 φαίνει,30 καὶ6 ἡ23 σκοτία31 + light in the darkness shines, and the darkness + + αὐτὸ32 οὐ33 κατέλαβεν.34 + it not admitted. + +DIRECTIONS.--Spell the Greek, giving the _English_ equivalents of +the consonants, (as in § 1,) and the exact _phonetic_ value or +sound of the vowels. Call the rough breathing _h_. Be careful to +put the spoken _accent_ where it is written. Continue this +practice through all the passages given in the following lessons, +until the words can be pronounced readily and accurately. Familiarize +yourself with the forms of the letters by _writing_ them. Let the +pupil do this while learning the foregoing grammatical lessons, and +after the recitation of each of them let the teacher direct attention, +while the passage at the head of the reading lessons is pronounced, to +the examples illustrating each point, as they occur--by way of +paradigm. + + +PARSING NOTES ON THE ABOVE. + +1. Ἐν--prep. atonic, § 3; stands first, § 98. + +2. ἀρχῇ--noun, from nom. ἀρχή, 1st decl. fem., § 28; +circumflex, § 6; local dat., § 88; emphatic position, § 98. + +3. ἦν--verb, irreg. in μι, § 69; 3d +pers. sing. imperf. indic. act., § 47; ν appended irreg. as ending, +§ 49; long vowel, § 67. + +4. ὁ--art., nom. masc. sing., § 39; agrees with its noun, § 73; +following, § 98. + +5. Αόγος--noun, 2d decl. nom. sing. masc., § 30; subject of +ἡν, § 76; balances clause, § 98. + +6. καί--conj., changed accent, § 5; position, § 98. + +7. πρός--prep., lit., _towards_; gov. acc., § 27; accent, § 5. + +8. τόν--art., acc. sing. masc., § 39; agreement, § 73. + +9. θεόν--noun, lit., [the] _deity_; 2d decl. masc., § 25; +acc. sing., § 30; government, §94; position, § 98. + +10. θεός--same as 9; nom. agreeing with subj., § 71; without the +art. because the predicate; emphatic position, § 98. + +11. Οὖτος--pron., § 39; agrees with Αόγος, understood (§ +73) as subj. of sentence; first as connective; accent, § 6; and +breathing, § 10. + +12. Πάντα --adj. pron., from τάς, (stem, πάντ); 3d +decl. nom. plur. neut., § 32; indef. without noun expressed, § 74; +subject of sentence; emphatic position, § 98. + +13. δι'--prep, for δια, with final letter elided, § 22. + +14. αὐτοῦ--adj. pron. used as personal; gen. masc. sing., § +30; causal, § 82. Gen. and dat. of 1st and 2d decl. are always +circumflex when accented on last syllable. + +15. ἐγένετο--verb, _came to be_, lit., _was born_; +from γίνομαι, (for γίγνομαι, strengthened [§ 63] by +reduplication, [§ 67,] and then contracted for γιγεν;) depon., +§ 40; true root γεν, [our _kin_,] § 57, here appearing in 2d +aor. mid., § 48; ἐ is simple aug., (hence the verb is in the +indic., § 60;) third ε is mood-vowel, § 42; το is 3d +pers. sing. mid., § 49; agreement with subj., § 78. + +16. χωρίς--prep., lit., _apart_; accent, § 5; case after, +§ 81. + +17. οὐδέ--compound neg. particle, from οὐ and δε. + +18. ἓv--numeral adj., § 36; indef., § 74; 3d +decl. nom. sing. neut., § 32; subj. of ἐγένετο. + +19. ὃ--relative adj., § 39; 2d decl. nom. sing. neut., § 34; +agreement, § 73; subj. of γέγονε. + +20. γέγονεν--verb, same as 15; root-vowel changed in +perf. mid., § 63; γε is reduplication, § 60; last ε is mood-vowel +of indic., § 42; no additional ending, § 44; hence 3d +pers. sing. (perf.) act., § 52; final ν added before pause, § 17. + +21. αὐτῳ-- pron., same as 14; dat. sing. masc., § 30; +government, as 2. + +22. ζωή --noun, 1st decl. fem. nom. sing., § 28; subject of verb +following. + +23. ἡ--art., fem. nom. sing., § 39; agrees with ζωή, § 73; +atonic, § 3. + +24. τό--art., neut. nom. sing., § 39; agrees with φῶς. + +25. φῶς--noun, 3d. decl. nom. sing. neut., (stem φῶτ for +φάοτ); ς here added (as some neut. nouns have) and τ dropped, +§ 14; predicate nom., § 71. + +26. τῶν--art., gen. plur. masc., § 39; agreement, § 73. + +27. ἀνϑρώπων--noun, from ἄν. ϑρωπος; 2d +decl. gen. plur. masc., § 32; government, § 86; accent, § 4. + +28. τῇ--art., dat. sing. fem., § 39; agreement, § 73. + +29. σκοτία--noun from σκοτία; 1st decl. dat. sing. fem., +§ 29; final α, § 29; ι subscript, § 9; government, § 88. + +30. φαίνει--verb, from φαίνω; root, φαν, strengthened, +§ 64; ε is mood-vowel of indic., § 42; final ι is tense-ending of +pres. 3d sing. act., § 49; agrees with φῶς, § 76. + +31. σκοτία--noun, as 29; nom. sing., subj. of clause. + +32. αὐτό--pron., as 21; acc. neut. sing., § 39; object of +κατέλαβε, § 97. + +33. οὐ-- simple neg. adv.; atonic, § 3. + +34. κατέλαβεν--verb, from καταλαμβάνω; comp. of +κατά, _down_, and λαμβάνω, _I receive_; the root +of the simple verb is λαβ, here appearing in the 2d Aor., § 57; +aug., § 60, excluding final α of prep., § 61; last ε likewise +shows indic., § 42; no tense-ending in 3d pers. sing. act. secondary, +§ 49 ν appended. § 17. The tense expresses the act of the Jews in +rejecting Christ. + + + +LESSON VIII. + +EXERCISE ON JOHN 1, 6-11. + + + 6 Ἐγένετο1 ἄνϑρωπος2 ἀπεσταλμένος3 παρὰ4 θεοῦ,5 ὄνομα6 + _There_ was a man sent from God, _the_ name + + 7 αὐτῷ7 Ἰωάννης8 οὗτος9 ἠλϑεν10 εἰς11 μαρτυρίαν,12 ἵνα13 + to him was _John:_ this _one_ came for testimony that + + μαρτυρήσῃ14 περὶ15 τοῦ16 Φωτός,17 ἵνα13 πάντες18 + _he_ might testify concerning the Light, that all might + + 8 πιστεύσωσι19 δι'20 αὐτοῦ.21 Οὐκ22 ἦν23 ἐκεῖνος24 τὸ25 Φῶς,26 + believe through him. Not was that _one_ the Light, + + 9 ἀλλ'27 ἵνα13 μαρτυρήσῃ14 περὶ15 τοῦ16 Φωτός.17 Ἠν23 + but that _he_ might testify concerning the Light. _There_ was + + τὸ25 Φῶς26 τὸ25 ἀληϑινόν,28 ὃ29 φωτίζει30 πάντα31 ἄνϑρωπον,32 + the Light the true _one_, which lights every man, + +10 ἐρχόμενον33 εἰς11 τὸν34 κόσμον.35 Ἐν36 τῷ37 κόσμῳ38 ἦv,23 + coming into the world. In the world _he_ was, + + καὶ39 ὁ40 κόσμος41 δι'20 αὐτοῦ21 ἐγένετο,1 καὶ39 ὁ40 κόσμος41 + and the world through him was made, and the world + +11 αὐτὸν42 οὐκ22 ἔγνω.43 Εἰς11 τὰ44 ἴδια45 ἧλϑε,10 καὶ39 οἱ46 + him not knew. To the own _things he_ came, and the + + ἴδιοι47 αὐτὸν42 οὐ22 παρέλαβαν.48 + own _persons_ him not received. + + +1. Ἐγένετο--See lesson vii, No. 15. + +2. ἄνϑρωπος--See vii, 27; subj. of sentence. + +3. ἀπεσταλμένος--part. from ἀποστέλλω, lit., _I send away_; +comp. of prep, ἀπό, _off_, and στέλλω, _I send_; root στελ, +vowel changed, § 63; aug. cuts off final ο of prep., § 61; +no reduplication, § 60; perf. tense because aug. beyond +indic., § 60; and no union-vowel, § 42; pass. part. ending +μεν, (§ 55,) accent; ος is nom. masc. sing., §§ 34, 30; +agrees with ἄνϑρωπος, § 73. + +4. παρά--prep., lit., _near_; with gen., =_from near_. + +5. θεοῦ--See vii, 9, 10; here gen., § 81. + +6. ὄνομα--noun; neut, 3d decl. nom. sing.; (stem, ονοματ, final +mute always dropped for euphony;) subj. to _was_ understood, +(copula may freely be supplied.) + +7. αὐτῷ--pers. adj. pron.; dat. sing. masc. from αὐτός, +vii, 14; governed, § 92. + +8. Ἰωάννης--prop. noun; 1st decl. masc. nom. sing., § 28; +predicate after neut. verb, (understood,) agreeing with subj., § 71. + +9. οὗτος--See vii, 11. + +10. ἠλϑεν--verb, assigned to ἔρχομαι, but really from +defective ἐλεύϑω; root, ελϑ; temporal aug., [ε+ε=η,] § 60; +hence indic., as union-vowel (ε) following also shows, § 42; simple +root 2d aor., § 57; hence no tense ending in 3d pers. sing. act., § +49; ν appended, § 17; accent, § 6. + +11. εἰς--prep., lit., _to_, that is, here, _for the purpose +of_; atonic, § 3. + +12. μαρτυρίαν--noun; 1st decl. fem. acc. sing., from ία, § +28; governed, § 96. + +13. ἵνα--conj., meaning, _in order that_; introducing +dependent clause. + +14. μαρτυρήσῃ--verb, from μαρτυρέω; first η is +root-vowel, lengthened before tense-sign, (§ 66,) which is σ of 1st +fut., § 59; ῃ is union-vowel of subj., (§ 44,) the subscribed ι +being 3d pers. sing. act., § 49; accent, § 4. + +15. περῖ--prep., lit., _around_; governs gen., § 82. + +16. τοῦ--art.; gen. sing. neut., § 39. + +17. Φωτός--noun, see vii, 25. Gen. (sing.) and dat. (sing. and +plur.) of monosyllables of 3d decl. accent the ultimate. + +18. πάντες--See vii, 12; nom. masc. plur., _men_ being +understood, § 74; subj. of clause. + +19. πιστεύσωσι--verb, from πιστεύω; second σ is sign +of 1st fut., § 59; ω sign of subj., § 44; σι 3d plur. act., § 49. + +20. δἰ--See vii, 13. + +21. αὐτοῦ--See vii, 14. + +22. Οὐκ--neg. adv., same as οὐ, (vii, 83,) with euphonic κ +before a vowel. + +23. ἦν--See vii, 3. + +24. ἐκεῖνος--demonst, adj. pron., § 39; =_he_, +nom. masc. sing., subj. of sentence, § 27; accent, § 6. + +25. τὸ--See vii, 24. + +26. Φῶς--See vii, 25. + +27. ἀλλ'--conj. for ἀλλά, final vowel elided, § 22. + +28. ἀληϑινόν--adj., from ἀληϑινός; neut. 2d decl., +§ 34; nom. sing., § 30; agreeing with Φῶς, § 73. + +29. ὃ--See vii, 19. + +30. φωτίζει--verb, from φωτίζω; strengthened root, § 58; +ε union vowel of indic., § 42; final ι 3d sing. (pres.) act., § +49. + +31. πάντα--indef. adj., see No. 18; acc. sing. masc. agreeing +with ἄνϑρωπον, § 73. + +32. ἄνϑρωπον--noun, see No. 2; acc. sing., § 30; governed, +§ 97. + +33. ἐρχόμενον--part. from ἔρχομαι, see No. 10; +deponent, § 40; pres. pass., § 55; sing., § 30; either acc. masc., +(and then agreeing with ἄνϑρωπον,) or, as is better, (see +John iii, 19,) nom. neut., (and then agreeing with φῶς.) + +34. τόν--See vii, 8. + +35. κόσμον--noun, from κόσμος; acc. sing. 2d decl., § 30; +governed, § 94. + +36. ἐν--See vii, 1. + +37. τῷ--art., dat. sing. masc., § 39; agrees with κοσμῳ, § 73. + +38. κόσμῳ--noun, see No. 35; dat. sing., § 8. + +39. καί--See vii, 6. + +40. ὁ--See vii, 4. + +41. κόσμος--noun, see No. 35; subj., § 27. + +42. αὐτὸν--pron., see No. 7; acc. sing. masc., § 97. + +43. ἔγνω--verb, from γιγνώσκω, (strengthened [§ 70] from +root γνω, [§ 67,] =our _know_); 2d aor., § 57; ε is augment +of indic., § 60; ω is root and union-vowel, § 67; no other ending, +hence 3d sing. act., § 49. + +44. τὰ--art., plur. neut. acc., § 39. + +45. ἴδια--adj., fr. ἴδιος; plur. neut. acc., § 30; +agreement, § 74; meaning _home_ here, (lit., _the own_ +things of him;) government, § 44. + +46. οἱ--art., nom. plur. masc., § 39. + +47. ἴδιοι--adj., see No. 45; nom. plur. masc., § 30; meaning +_family_ here, § 74; subj., § 27. + +48. παρέλαβον--verb from παραλαμβάνω, compounded +with παρά, _near_, (see No. 4,) as in vii, 34; 2d aor., § +57; indic., § 42; 3d plur., § 49. + + + +LESSON IX. + +EXERCISE ON JOHN 1, 12-18. + + +12 Ὁσοι1 δὲ2 ἔλαβον3 αὐτόν,4 ἔδωκεν5 αὐτοῖς6 ἐξσυσίαν7 + Whoever, however, received him, he gave to them privilege + + τέκνα8 θεοῦ9 γενέσϑαι,10 τοῖς11 πιστεύουσιν12 εἰς13 τὸ14 + children of God to become, to the _ones_ believing to the + +13 ὄνομα15 αὐτοῦ·16 οἳ17 οὐκ18 ἐξ19 αἱμάτων,20 οὐδὲ21 ἐκ + name of him; who not out of bloods, nor out of + + ϑελήματος22 σαρκός,23 οὐδὲ ἐκ ϑελήματος22 ἀνδρός,24 ἀλλ'25 ἐκ + will of flesh, nor out of will of man, but out + +14 θεοῦ ἐγεννήϑησαν.26 Καὶ ὁ Λόγος27 σὰρξ28 ἐγένετο,29 καὶ + of God were born. And the Word flesh became, and + + ἐσκήνωσεν30 ἐν31 ἡμῖν,32 (καὶ ἐϑεασάμεϑα33 τὴν δόξαν34 + tented among us, and we beheld the glory of + + αὐτοῦ, δόξαν ὡς35 μονογενοῦς36 παρά37 Πατρός,38) πλήρης39 + him, glory as of _an_ only-born near from _a_ Father,) full + +15 χάριτος40 καὶ ἀληϑείας.41 Ἰωάννης42 μαρτυρεῖ43 περὶ44 + of grace and truth. John testifies about + + αὐτοῦ, καὶ κέκραγε45 λέγων·46 Οὗτος47 ἦν48 ὃν49 εἶπον·50 Ὁ + him, and has cried, saying. This was _he_ whom I said, The + + ὀπίσω51 μοῦ52 ἐρχόμενος53 ἔμπροσϑέν54 μου γέγονεν,55 ὅτι56 + _one_ behind me coming, before me has become; because + +16 πρῶτός57 μου ἦν. Καὶ ἐκ τοῦ πληρώματος58 αὐτοῦ ἡμεῖς59 + first of me he was. And out of the fullness of him WE + +17 πάντες60 ἐλάβομεν,61 καὶ62 χάριν63 ἀντὶ64 χάριτος· ὅτι ὁ + all received, and grace for grace: because the + + νόμος65 δίὰ Μωϋσέως66 εδόϑη,67 ἡ χάρις καὶ ἡ ἀλήϑεια + law through Moses was given; the grace and the truth + +18 διὰ Ἰησοῦ68 Χριστοῦ69 ἐγένετο.70 θεὸν71 οὐδείς72 ἐώρακε73 + through Jesus Christ became. God no-one has seen + + πώποτε·74 ὁ μονογενὴς75 Υἱός,76 ὁ ὢν77 εἰς78 τὸν + ever; the only-born Son, the _one_ being into the + + κόλπον79 τοῦ Πατρός, ἐκεῖνος80 ἐξηγήσατο.81 + bosom of the Father, that _one_ explained _Him_. + + +1. Comp. ὅσος, § 39; nom. plur. masc., § 30. + +2. Not first, § 98. + +3. λαμβάνω, vii, 34; 3 plur. 2 aor. act. + +4. vii, 14; acc. sing. masc., § 39; gov., § 97. + +5. διδωμι, § 68; 3 sing., § 49; aug., § 60; mood-vowel, § 42; +ν, § 17. + +6. No. 4; dat. plur. masc., § 92. + +7. ἐξονσία, § 28; acc. sing., § 97. + +8. τέκυον, § 30; acc. sing., after neut. verb γενέσϑαι, +§ 72. + +9. vii, 9; gen. sing. § 86. + +10. vii, 15; 2 aor. mid. infin., § 54; accent peculiar. + +11. vii, 4; dat. plur. masc., § 73. + +12. πιστεύω; str. pres., § 58; act. part., § 55; οντς (§ +42) becomes ους, §§ 14, 16, 19; 3 decl., § 55; dat. plur., § 32; +agrees with αὐτοῖς, § 72; as if a noun, § 74. + +13. viii, 9; denotes _close union_. + +14. § 39; agree., § 73. + +15. neut. 3 decl. acc. sing., § 32; τ dropped in stem υατ, § 18; +gov., § 94. + +16. As No. 6; gov., § 86. + +17. vii, 19; nom. plur. masc., § 30; subj. of ἐγεννήϑησαν, +§ 27. + +18. viii, 8. + +19. For ἐκ before a vowel, § 18; atonic, § 3. + +20. αἷμα, neut. 3 decl. like No. 15; gen., § 81; plur. is +Hebraistic, of natural descent; accent, § 4. + +21. vii, 17, used as conj. + +22. ϑέλημα, like No. 15; gov., § 81. + +23. σάρξ, fem. 3 decl., § 32; gov., § 86; accent special. + +24. ἀνήρ, irreg. 3 decl.; gen. sing., § 86. + +25. vii, 20. + +26. γεννάω, strictly, _I beget_; prim. as vii, 15; 2 +aor. pass. 3 plur., (analyze.) + +27. vii, 5. + +28. No. 23; nom. sing., § 32; ξ, § 13. + +29. vii, 15. + +30. σκηνόω, from σκῆνος, _a tent_; 1 aor. act. 3 +sing., (analyze.) + +31. vii, 1. + +32. § 38; gov., § 88. + +33. ϑείομαι, depon., § 40; 1 aor, mid., 1 plur., (analyze;) +subj. ἡμεῖς understood, _unemphatic_. + +34. δόξα, § 29; acc. sing., § 97. + +35. atonic, § 3. + +36. μονογενής, 3 decl., two term., § 34; gen. sing. masc., +§ 86; έος becomes οῦς, § 6. + +37. Takes gen., dat., or acc. + +38. πατήρ, 3 decl., contr. like No. 24; gov., § 81. + +39. 3 decl., like No. 36; nom. sing. masc., § 73. + +40. χάρις, (τ dropped, § 14); 3 decl. fem. sing., § 83. + +41. ἀλήϑεια, § 29; gen.sing., § 83; accent, § 4. + +42. 1 decl. masc., § 28. + +43. μαρτυρέω, § 62; pres. ind. act., § 42; 3 sing., § 49; +έει becomes εῖ, § 20. + +44. Gen. as if _from_ the center, § 81. + +45. κράξω, (§ 58) for κραγ, § 57; perf. act., § 60; +irreg., § 59; 3 sing., § 49. + +46. λέγω, § 65; pres. part. act., § 55; nom. masc. sing., § 32; +ων for οντς, § 19, and viii, 5. + +47. § 39. + +48. vii, 3. + +49. vii, 19; acc. sing. masc., attrib., § 97. + +50. Def. verb; 2 aor. act. ind., 3 sing. for εεπ, (analyze.) + +51. Gov. gen. like No. 44. + +52. § 38. + +53. ἔρχομαι, depon., § 40; pres. part., § 55; +nom. masc. sing., § 30. + +54. No. 51; accent from "enclitic," § 3. + +55. vii, 20. + +56. Conj. + +57. For πρότατος, § 35; gov. gen. compar., (§ 85,) or +attrib., § 86. + +58. πλήρωμα, like No. 22; gov., § 81. + +59. § 38; emphat., No. 33. + +60. vii, 12; nom. plur. masc., § 73. + +61. No. 3; 1 plur., § 49. + +62. _Even._ + +63. No. 40; acc. sing., § 32; depends upon ἐλάβομεν, § 97; +τ of stem dropped, § 18. + +64. Gov. gen., § 85. + +65. § 30. + +66. Μωϋσέως, § 32; Attic gen., § 33; gov., § 82. + +67. δίδωμι, § 67; reg. in 1 aor. pass., § 59; irreg. short +root vowel, § 66; long union-vowel, § 42; 3 sing., § 52. + +68. Irreg. gen. sing. from Ἰησοῦς, § 30. + +69. Χριστός, § 40. + +70. vii, 15. + +71. vii, 9. + +72. Comp. of οὐδέ, vii, 17, and εἷς, numeral, irreg. + +73. ὁράω, irreg. redup., § 60; perf. act., § 59; 3 sing. + +74. Comp. adv. + +75. No. 36. + +76. § 30. + +77. εἰμί, § 69; like No. 46. + +78. No 13. + +79. § 30. + +80. viii, 19. + +81. Depon. ἐξηγήομαι, § 40; 1 aor. mid., § 59; aug. merged +in first η, § 61; indic., § 42; 3 sing., § 49. + + + +LESSON X. + +EXERCISE ON OUR LORD'S PRAYER, (Matt, vi, 9-13; Luke xi, 2-4.) + + +Οὕτως οὖν προσεύχεσϑε1 ὑμεῖς· (Ὅταν προσεύχησϑε,2 +Thus therefore pray YE: (Whenever ye pray, + +λέγετε·3) Πάτερ4 ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς,5 ἁγιασϑήτω6 τὸ +say:) Father of us, the _one_ in the heavens, let be hallowed the + +ὄνομά7 σου, έλϑέτω8 ἡ βασιλεία9 σον, γενηϑήτω10 τὸ +name of thee; let come the kingdom of thee; let be done the + +ϑέλημἄ11 σου ως ἐν οὐρανῷ12 καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς,13 τὸν ἄρτον14 +will of thee, as in heaven, also upon the earth; the bread + +ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον15 δὸς16 (δίδον17) ἡμῖν σήμερον,18 (τὸ19 +of us, the needful, give (give) to us to-day; _as to_ the _time_ + +καϑ᾽20 ἡμέραν,21) καὶ ἄφες22 ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα23 (τὰς ἁμαρτίας24) +by day; and forgive to us the debts (the sins) + +ἡμῶν, ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφίεμεν25 τοῖς ὀφειλέταις26 ἡμῶν, (καὶ +of us, as also we forgive to the debtors of us; (and _this do_, + +γὰρ αὐτοἱ27 ἀφίεμεν25 παντὶ28 ὀφε λοντι29 ἡμῖν,) καὶ μὴ +for _our_selves _we_ forgive to every _one_ owing to us;) and not + +εἰσενέγκῃς30 ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν,31 ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι32 ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ +mayest thou lead us into trial; but deliver thou us away + +τοῦ πονηροῦ·33 [ὅτι σοῦ ἐστὶν34 ἡ βασιλεία,9 καὶ ἡ +from the evil: [because of THEE is the kingdom, and the + +δύναμις,35 καὶ ἡ δόξα36 εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας.37 ἀμήν.38] +power, and the glory to the ages. Amen.] + +REMARK.--The words above in parentheses are the variations in the +passage of Luke. The concluding doxology in brackets is not found in +the oldest manuscripts, and is probably spurious. + +1. προσεύχομαι, lit., _pray towards_; depon., § 40; +pres., § 58; indic., § 42; 2d plur. mid., § 49. + +2. Subj., § 42; required by conditional particle preceding, § 44. + +3. λέγω; pres., § 65; imper., § 42; 2d plur. act., § 49. + +4. πατήρ, (accent irregularly shifted;) 3d decl., § 32; +voc. sing., § 27. + +5. οὐρανός, § 30; dat. plur., § 88. + +6. ἁγιάζω, root ἁγιαδ, from ἅγιος =_holy_; 1st +aor. pass., § 59; σ for δ, § 14; η in imper., § 42; 3d +pers. sing., § 53; as if act., § 52. + +7. ix, 5; accent, § 3. + +8. viii, 8; 2d aor. § 48; imper. § 42; 3d sing. act., § 53. + +9. Nom. sing. fem., § 29; cannot take the enclitic's accent (§ 3) +like No. 7, as another acute immediately precedes. + +10. γίνομαι, vii, 15; 1st aor. pass., No. 6; first η assumed +irreg. as if a deriv. + +11. No. 7. + +12. No. 5; dat. sing., § 88. + +13. γῆ, § 28; gen. sing., of place all _over_, like time, § +83. + +14. ἄρτος. § 30; acc. sing. § 97. + +15. ἐπιούσιος, prob. comp. of ἐπί, _for_, and οὐσία, +_subsistence_; used only here; acc. sing. masc., § 34. + +16. From δίδωμι, § 67; irreg,, 2d aor. imp. 2d sing. act. + +17. Same verb; irreg. pres. imper. 2d sing. act. + +18. Compound adv. + +19. Elliptical, § 74; "attrib. acc." § 97. + +20. For κατά, §§ 22, 14. + +21. From ἡμέρα, § 29; acc. sing. of time, § 97; here +distributive, _daily_. + +22. From ἀφίημι=_send away_; ἀπό and ἵημι, § 69; +irreg. 2d aor. imper.; 2d sing. act., like No. 16. + +23. From ὀφείλημα, like No. 7; acc. plur. neut., § 32. + +24. From ἁμαρτία. § 28. + +25. From same as No. 22; pres. ind. 1st plur. act., § 49; + +26. From ὀφειλέτης, § 28; dat. plur., § 92. + +27. Def. adj. pron., § 39; used as pers. of all persons. + +28. From πᾶς, see vii, 12; dat. sing. masc., § 32. + +29. Pres. act. part, of ὀφείλω, like ix, 12; dat. sing. masc., +§ 92. + +30. Assigned to εἰσφέρω, but really belonging to the defective +cognate, εἰσήνεγκα, irreg. reduplicate, 1st aor., from +εἰς, _into_, and an obsolete ἔγκω, (for ενκω, § +16;) subj., § 41, (dependent end upon an implied verb of wishing or +deprecating § 44;) 2d sing. act., § 51. + +31. From πειρασμός, § 30; acc. sing., § 94. + +32. From ῥύομαι, § 62; depon., § 40; 1st aor., § 59; +imper. union-vowel α, § 42; 2d sing. mid., § 53. + +33. Noun implied, § 74; 2d decl., § 34; gen. sing. neut., § 81. + +34. From εἰμί, § 69. + +35. See § 33. + +36. See ix, 34. + +37. From αἰών, § 32; acc. plur., § 94. + +38. Adv. from the Heb., _verily_. + + + + +LESSON XI. + +EXERCISE ON LUKE i, 1-4. + + +Ἐπειδήπερ1 πολλοὶ2 ἐπεχείρησαν3 ἀνατάξασϑαι4 διήγησιν5 περὶ +Inasmuch as many undertook to arrange a narrative about + +τῶν πεπλήροφορημένων6 ἐν ἡμῖν7 πραγμάτων,8 καϑὼς9 παρέδοσαν10 +the fully believed among us transactions, just as transmitted _them_ + +ἡμῖν7 oἱ ἀπ᾽11 ἀρχῆς12 αὐτόπται13 καὶ ὑπηρέται14 +to us the from _the_ beginning eye-witnesses and ministers + +τοῦ λόγον·15 ἔόοξε16 κάμοί17 παρηκολονϑηκότι18 ἄvωϑεν19 +of the word; it seemed _good_ to me also, having followed close from _the_ first + +πᾶσιν20 ἀκριβῶς,21 καϑεξῆς22 σοι γράψαι,23 κράτιστε24 +to all _things_ carefully, regularly to thee to write, most excellent + +Θεόφιλε,25 ἵνα ἐπιγνῷς26 περὶ ὧν27 κατηχήϑης28 +Theophilus, in order that thou mayest recognize about what thou wast instructed + +λόγων τὴν ἀσφάλειαν.29 +words the certainty. + +1. Comp. of ἐπεί, _since_, (from ἐπί, _upon_, εἴ, _if_,) +δή, _now_, and the intensive particle, περ. + +2. Irreg. from πολύς, really an old πολλός; +nom. plur. masc., § 34; _persons_ understood, § 74. + +3. From ἐπιχείρέω, _lay hand upon_, from ἐπί, +_upon_, and χείρ, _a hand_; aug., § 61; η, § 66; 1st +aor., § 59; Ind., § 42; 3d plur. act.; § 49. + +4. From ἀνατάσσομαι, (comp. of ἀνά, _up_, i.e., +_thoroughly_, and τάσσω, _arrange_;) depon., § 40; 1st +aor., (root, ταγ, str. in pres. by σσ, § 58, which excludes the +γ,) § 59, (ξ=γσ, § 13;) infin. mid., § 54; depends, like a +nom. (§ 25) in the acc. upon ἐπεχ., § 97. + +5. From διήγησις, (like πολις in the paradigm,) § 33; +acc. sing. depend. on ἀνατ., § 97. + +6. From πληροφορέω, comp. of πλήρης, _full_, +φορέω, _bear_, i.e., in mind; redupl., § 60; η, § 66; no +tense sign, § 59; perf. pass. part., § 55; gen. plur., § 30; agrees +with πραγμ., § 73. + +7. See § 38. + +8. Like σῶμα in the paradigm; gen. plur., see viii, 13. + +9. Comp. of κατά, (see x, 20,) _down_, i.e., _exactly_, +and ὠς, _as_. + +10. From παραδίδωμι, comp. of παρά, _near_, i.e., +from one to another, and δίδωμι, § 68; 2d aor., (δο,) § 57; +indic., § 60, also § 42; 3d plur. act., § 49. + +11. See § 22. + +12. See vii. 2. + +13. From αὐτόπτης, comp. of αὐτός, self, and +ὄπτομαι, _I see_; nom. plur. masc., § 28. + +14. From ὑπηρέτης, (comp. of ὐπό, _under_, and +ἐρέτης, _rower_,) § 28. + +15. See paradigm. + +16. From δοκέω, really an obsol. δόκω; 1st aor., § 59; +indic., § 60; 3d sing. act., § 49. + +17. Comp. of καί, (§ 22,) and ἐμοί, § 38; case, § 92. + +18. From παρακολουϑέω, comp. of παρά, _near_, and +ἀκολονϑέω; aug., (α+ε=η,) § 60; perf. act., § 59; +second η, § 66; part., § 55; dat. sing., (§ 32,) masc., § 34; +agrees with ἐμοί, § 73. + +19. Deriv. adv., lit., _from above_, i.e., from top to bottom. + +20. See viii, 16; dat. plur., § 88. + +21. Adv. from ἀκριβής, _exact_. + +22. Adv. comp. of κατά, (as No. 17,) and ἑξῆς, +_orderly_, an old gen., § 31. + +23. From γράφω, (_not_ str., § 58;) 1st aor., as No. 4; +infin. act., § 54; subj. of ἔδοξε. + +24. From κράτιστος, § 34; superl., (§ 35,) of an +obsol. κρατύς, _strong_, assigned to ἀγαϑός, +_good_; Voc. sing. masc., § 30. + +25. Nom, Θεόφιλος, § 30. + +26. From ἐπιγινώκω, comp. of ἐπί, _upon_, i.e., by +means of some reminding or determining circumstance, and +γινώσκω, _I know_, for γίγνωσκω, § 70, (root +γνο, know,) contracted like γίνομαι, vii, 15; 2d aor., § 57; +subj., § 44; 2d sing. act., § 51. + +27. Rel., § 39; gen. plur., § 30; agrees with λόγων, § 75; for +τῶν λόγων, (§ 75,) οἶς, § 91. + +28. From κατηχέω, (comp. of κατά, _down_, as in +No. 17, and ἠχέω, _I echo_,) whence our _catechize_; +1st. aor. pass., § 59; exception to § 14; second η, § 66; third +η, § 42; 2d sing., § 52. + +29. From ἀσφάλεια, lit., _non-tottering_; acc. sing., § 29; +depends upon ἐπιγ., § 97. + + + +PARADIGMS OF NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION. + + Feminine. Masculine. +Cases. Shadow. Door. Root. Honor. Youth. Judge. +Nominative. σκιά ϑύρα ῥίζα τιμή νεανίας κριτής +Genitive. σκιᾶς ϑύρας ῥίζης τιλῆς νεανίου κριτοῖ +Dative. σκιᾷ ϑύρᾳ ῥίζῃ τιμῇ νεανίᾳ κριτῇ +Accusative. σκιάν ϑύραν ῥίζαν τιμήν νεανίαν κριτήν +Vocative. σκιά ϑύρα ῥίζα τιμή νεανία κριτά + +Nominative. σκιαί ϑύραι ῥίζαι τιμαί νεανίαι κριταί +Genitive. σκιῶν ϑυρῶν ῥιζῶν τιμῶν νεανιῶν κριτῶν +Dative. σκιαῖς ϑύραις ῥίζαις τιμαῖς νεανίαις κριταῖς +Accusative. σκιάς ϑύρας ῥίζας τιμάς νεανίας κριτάς +Vocative. σκιαί ϑύραι ῥίζαι τιμαί νεανίαι κριταί + + + +PARADIGMS OF NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION. + + Masculine. Neuter. + Word. Jesus. Fig. +Cases. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. +Nominative. λόγος λόγοι Ἰησοῦς σῦκον σῦκα +Genitive. λόγου λόγων Ἰησοῦ σύκου σύκων +Dative. λόγῳ λόγοις Ἰησοῦ σύκῳ σύκοις +Accusative. λόγον λόγους Ἰησοῦν σῦκον σῦκα +Vocative. λόγε λόγοι Ἰησοῦ σῦκον σῦκα + + + +PARADIGMS OF NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION + + Masculine and Feminine. Neuter. +Cases. Shepherd. Lion. Hair. City. Body. Light. Wall. +Sing. +Nominative. ποιμήν λέων ϑρίξ πόλις σῶμα φῶς τεῖχος +Genitive. ποιμένος λέοντος τρίχός πόλεως σώματος φωτός τείχους +Dative. ποιμένι λέοντι τριχί πόλει σώματι φωατί τείχει +Accusative. ποιμένα λέοντα τρίχα πόλιν σῶμα φῶς τεῖχος +Vocative. ποιμήν λέον ϑρίξ πόλι σῶμα φῶς τεῖχος + +Plur. +Nominative. ποιμένες λέοντες τρίχες πόλεις σώματα φῶτά τείχη +Genitive. ποιμένων λεόντων τριχῶυ πόλεων σωμάτων φωτῶν τειχῶν +Dative. ποιμέσι λέονσι ϑριξί πόλεσι σώμασι φωσί τείχεσι +Accusative. ποιμένας λέοντας τρίχας πόλεις σώματα φῶτα τείχη +Vocative. ποιμένες λέοντες τρίχες πόλεις σώματα φῶτα τείχη + + + +PARADIGMS OF ADJECTIVES, (of three terminations, § 34.) +1st and 2d Decl.--καλός, _Fair_. + + Singular. Plural. +Cases. Masc. Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem. Neut. +Nominative. καλός καλή καλόν καλοί καλαί καλά +Genitive. καλοῦ καλῆς καλοῦ καλῶν καλῶν καλῶν +Dative. καλῷ καλῇς καλῷ καλοῖς καλαῖς καλοῖς +Accusative. καλόν καλήν καλόν καλούς καλάς καλά +Vocative. καλέ καλή καλόν καλοί καλαί καλά + Similarly, δίκαιος, δικαία, δίκαιον, _Just_. + +1st and 3d Decl.--πᾶς, _All_. + + Singular. Plural. +Cases. Masc. Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem. Neut. +Nominative. πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα +Genitive. παντός πάσης παντός πάντων πᾶσών πάντων +Dative. παντί πάσῃ παντί πᾶσι πάσαις πᾶσι +Accusative. πάντα πάσην πᾶν παντας πάσας πάντα +Vocative. πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα + +Similarly those ending in + +M. F. N. M.&N. M. F. N. M.&N. M. F. N. M.&N. +ας αινα αν G. ανος ούς οῦσα όν G. όντος ώς νῖα ός G. ότος +εις εσσα εν G. εντος ων ουσα ον G. οντος ῶς ῶσα ῶς G. ῶτός +είς εῖσα έν G. έντος ῶν ῶσα ῶν G. ῶντος ύς εῖα ύ G. έος +ην εινα εν G. ενος ῶν οῦσα οῦν G. οῦντος ύς ῦσα ύν G. ύντος + +Forms in two terminations are similar; for example:-- + +M.&F. N. Gen. M.&F. N. Gen. M.&F. N. Gen. +ας αν αντος ις ι ιτος ων ον ονος +ην εν ενος ος ον ου ωρ ορ ορος +ής έν έος ους ουν οδος ως ων ω + υς υ υος + + +SYNOPSIS (1st sing., etc.) OF REGULAR (Mute) VERBS.--τύπτω, Strike. + +_Active Voice._ + + Indic. Imper. Optat. Subj. Infin. Part. +Pres. τύπτω τύπτε τύπτω τύπτειν τύπτων +Imp'f. ἔτυπτον τύπτοιμι +1st A. τύψω τύψοιμι τύψειν τύψων +1st F. ἔτυψα τύψον τύψαιμι τύψω τύψαι τύψας +Perf. τέτυφα τέτυφε τετύφω τετυφέναι τετυφώς +Plup. ἐτετύφειν τετύφοιμι +2d A. ἔτυπον τύπε τύποιμι τύπω τυπεῖν τυπών +2d F. τυπῶ τυποῖμι τυπεῖν τυπῶν + + +_Passive Voice._ + + Indic. Imper. Optat. Subj. Infin. Part. +Pres. τύπτομαι τύπτου τύπτωμαι τύπτεσϑαι τυπτόμενος +Imp'f. ἐτυπτόμην τυπτοίμην [ὠ +Perf. τέτυμμαι τέτυψο [εἴην τετυμμένος τετύφϑαι τετυμμένος +Plup. ἐτετύμμην τετυμμένος +1st A. ἐτύφϑην τύφϑητι τυφϑείην τυφϑὼ τυφϑῆναι τυφϑείς +1st F. τυφϑήσομαι τυφϑησοίμην τυφϑήσεσϑαι τυφϑησόμενος +2d A. ἐτύπην τύπηϑι τυπείην τυπῶ τυπῆναι τυπείς +2d F. τυπήσομαι τυπησοίμην τυπήσεσϑαι τυπησόμενος +3d F. τετύψομαι τετυψοίμην τετύψεσϑαι τετυψόμενος + + +_Middle Voice._ + + Indic. Imper. Optat. Subj. Infin. Part. +Pres. Same throughout as the Passive. +Imp'f. Same throughout as the Passive. +Perf. τέτυπα τέτυπε τετύπω τετυπέναι τετυπώς +Plup. ἐτετύπειν τετύποιμι +1st A. ἐτυψάμην τύψαι τυψαίμην τύψωμαι τύψασϑαι τυψάμενος +1st F. τύψομαι τυψοίμην τύψεσϑαι τυψόμενος +2d A. ἐτυπόμην τυποῦ τυποίμην τύπωμαι τυπέσϑαι τυπόμενος +2d F. τυποῦμαι τυποίμην τυπεῖσϑαι τυπούμενος + + + +REGULAR VERB-ENDINGS, (including mood-vowel.) + +_Active_ (includ. § 52.) + 1 2 3 +Ind.of Pres. and Fut. _s._ ω εις ει + _p._ ομεν ετε ουσι + +Subjunctive throughout _s._ ω ης ῃ + _p._ ωμεν ητε ωσι + +Ind. of Perf. and 1 Aor. _s._ α ας ε + _p._ αμεν ατε ασι[1] + +Ind. of Imp. and 2 Aor. _s._ ον ες ε + _p._ ομεν ετε ον + +Ind. of Aor., Pass., & Opt.[2] _s._ ην ης η + _p._ ημεν ητε ησαν + +Indic. of Plup. _s._ ειν εις ει + _p._ ειμεν ειτε εισαν + +Opt., exc. as ab've & bel'w _s._ οιμι οις οι + _p._ οιμεν οιτε οιεν + +Opt. of 1 Aor. _s._ αιμι αις αι + _p._ αιμεν αιτε αιεν + +Imp. of Pres., 2 Aor., & Perf. _s._ ε έτω + _p._ ετε έτωσαν + +Imper. of 1 Aor. _s._ ον άτω + _p._ ατε άτωσαν + +Imper. of Aor. Pass. _s._ ηθι[3] ήτω + _p._ ητε ήτωσαν + +_Mid._ and _Pass._ (except § 52.) + 1 2 3 +Ind. of Pres. and Fut. _s._ ομαι ῃ εται + _p._ όμεϑα εσϑε ονται + +Subj. throughout _s._ ωμαι ῃ ηται + (exc. Perf. Pass.[4]) _p._ ώμεϑα ησϑε ωνται + +Ind. of 1 Aor. Mid. _s._ άμην ω ατο + _p._ άμεϑα ασϑε αντο + +Ind. of Imp. and _s._ όμην ου ετο + 2 Aor. Middle. _p._ όμεϑα εσϑε οντο + +Ind. of Perf. Pass.[4] _s._ μαι σαι ται + _p._ μεϑα σϑε νται + +Ind. of Plup. Pass.[4] _s._ μην σο το + _p._ μεϑα σϑε ντο + +Opt., exc. as bel'w _s._ οίμην οιο οιτο + (and Perf. Pass.[4]) _p._ οίμεϑα οισϑε οιντο + +Opt. of 1 Aor. Mid. _s._ αίμην αισο αιτο + _p._ αίμεϑα αισϑε αιντο + +Imper. of Pres. _s._ ου έσϑω + and 2 Aor. (Mid.) _p._ εσϑε έσϑωσαν + +Imper. of 1 Aor. Mid. _s._ αι άσϑω + _p._ ασϑε άσϑωσαν + +Imper. of 1 Perf. Pass.[4] _s._ σο ϑω + _p._ σϑε σϑωσαν + +[Footnote 1: But αν in 1st Aor.] + +[Footnote 2: The Opt. has an extra mood-diphthong, ει, before +ending.] + +[Footnote 3: But ητι in 1st Aor., see § 14.] + +[Footnote 4: The Perf. and Plup. Pass. are often inflected +periphrastically (especially in the Opt. and Subj.) by means of an +auxiliary (from εἰμί, _to be_. with the participle.] + + + +SYNOPSIS OF VERBS IN μι. + +_Active Voice._ + + Indic. Imper. Optat. Subj. Infin. Part. +Pres. ἵστημι ἵστσϑι ἱστῶ ἱστάναι ἱστάς +Imp. ἵστην ἱσταίην +2 A. ἕστην στῆϑι σταίην στῶ στῆναι στάς + +Pres. τίϑημι τίϑετι τιϑῶ τιϑέναι τιϑείς +Imp. ἐτίϑην τιϑείην +2 A. ἔϑην ϑές ϑείην ϑῶ ϑῆναι ϑείς + +Pres. δίδωμι δίδοϑι δίδῶ δίδόναι δίδούς +Imp. ἐδίδων διδοίην +2 A. ἔδων δός δοίην δῶ δοῦναι δούς + +Pres. δείκνυμι δέικννϑι δεικνύναι δεικνύς +Imp. ἐδείκνυν + + + +SYNOPSIS OF VERBS IN μι.--(_Continued._) + +_Middle Voice_, (including Pres. and Imper. Pass.) + + Indic. Imper. Optat. Subj. Infin. Part. +Pres. ἵσταμαι ἵστασο ἱστῶμαι ἵστασϑαι ἱστάμενος +Imp. ἱστάμην ἱσταίμην +2 A. ἑσταμην στάσο σταίμην στῶμαι στάσϑαι στάμενος + +Pres. τίϑεμαι τιϑεσο τιϑῶμαι τίϑεσϑαι τιϑέμενος +Imp. ἐτιϑέμην τιϑείμην +2 A. ἐϑέμην ϑέτσο ϑείμην ϑῶμαι ϑέσϑαι ϑέμενος + +Pres. δίδομαι δίδοσο διδῶμαι δίδοσϑαι διδόμενος +Imp. ἐδιδόμην διδοίμην +2 A. ἐδόμην δόσο δοίμην δῶμαι δόσϑαι δόμενος + +Pres. δείκνυμαι δείκνυσο δείκνυσϑαι δεικνύμενοζ +Imp. ἐδείκυμην + +All the other tenses are regular, as if from στάω, ϑέω, δόω, +δεικνύω, meaning respectively to _stand, put, give,_ and +_show_. + + + +PECULIAR ENDINGS OF VERBS IN μι + + Singular. Plural. + ἵστη- -| 1. -μι ἵστα- -| |- ἵστασι + τίϑη- |= 2. -ς τιϑε- |= 1. -μεν 3.-| τιϑεισι + δίδω- |= 3. -σι δίδο- |= 2. -τε | δίδουσι + δέικνυ- -| δέικνυ- -| |- δέικνυσι + +Λίδωμι has ω as a union-vowel throughout the subj. (pres. and +2d aor.) of both voices, and ἵστημι has α in the 2d and 3d +sing., and 2d plur. of the subj. pres. All the other forms follow the +inflection of the regular verb. + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Greek in a Nutshell, by James Strong + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11130 *** diff --git a/11130-h/11130-h.htm b/11130-h/11130-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5c1c029 --- /dev/null +++ b/11130-h/11130-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,3604 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" +"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> +<title>Greek in a Nutshell, by James Strong</title> + +<style type="text/css"> + +body { margin-left: 20%; + margin-right: 20%; + text-align: justify; } + +h1, h2, h3, h4, h5 {text-align: center; font-style: normal; font-weight: +normal; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: .5em; margin-bottom: .5em;} + +h1 {font-size: 300%; + margin-top: 0.6em; + margin-bottom: 0.6em; + letter-spacing: 0.12em; + word-spacing: 0.2em; + text-indent: 0em;} +h2 {font-size: 150%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 1em;} +h3 {font-size: 150%; margin-top: 2em;} +h4 {font-size: 120%;} +h5 {font-size: 110%;} + +hr {width: 80%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em;} + +div.chapter {page-break-before: always; margin-top: 4em;} + +p {text-indent: 1em; + margin-top: 0.25em; + margin-bottom: 0.25em; } + +.p2 {margin-top: 2em;} + +p.poem {text-indent: 0%; + margin-left: 10%; + font-size: 90%; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; } + +p.letter {text-indent: 0%; + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; } + +p.noindent {text-indent: 0% } + +p.center {text-align: center; + text-indent: 0em; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; } + +p.right {text-align: right; + margin-right: 10%; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; } + +p.footnote {font-size: 90%; + text-indent: 0%; + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; } + +sup { vertical-align: top; font-size: 0.6em; } + +div.fig { display:block; + margin:0 auto; + text-align:center; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em;} + +a:link {color:blue; text-decoration:none} +a:visited {color:blue; text-decoration:none} +a:hover {color:red} + +</style> + +</head> + +<body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11130 ***</div> + +<h1>Greek in a Nutshell,</h1> + +<h3>An Outline of<br /> +GREEK GRAMMAR<br /> +with<br /> +BRIEF READING LESSONS;</h3> + +<p class="center"> +Designed for Beginners in the New Testament.</p> + +<p class="center"> +BY</p> + +<h3>JAMES STRONG, S.T.D.,</h3> + +<p class="center"> +Professor of Exegetical Theology in Drew Theological Seminary</p> + + +<p class="center"> +NEW YORK: EATON & MAINS<br /> +CINCINNATI: JENNINGS & GRAHAM</p> + +<p class="center"> +Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by<br /> +NELSON & PHILLIPS,<br /> +In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.</p> + +<h2>PREFACE.</h2> + +<p>This little Manual was originally prepared for the NORMAL CLASS, at +the request of the editor of that Journal, and was at the same time +expected to form an instruction book at the Sunday-School Assembly +annually held at Chautauqua. This accounts for its form in twelve +series of two pages each. The reading lessons, however, have been +made sufficiently full for subsequent study. Of course the simplest +elements only of the Greek language can be comprised in such narrow +limits; nor can a full vocabulary or ready facility be acquired in so +short a course. Nevertheless, a good beginning may be made, and that +is "half the battle" in any enterprise. It is believed that a thorough +mastery of this small volume will prove a conquest over all the real +difficulties of the original tongue of the New Testament.</p> + +<p class="right"> +J. S.</p> + +<h2>LESSON I.</h2> + +<h3>READING</h3> + +<p class="center"> +<a name="sect1"></a><b>§ 1.</b> THE ALPHABET. +</p> + +<table width="50%" > +<tr> + <td><b>Form.</b></td> + <td><b>Name.</b></td> + <td><b>Sound.</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td>A α</td> + <td>Al'pha</td> + <td><i>a</i> in <i>man</i>, [<i>arm.</i><a href="#2_1"><sup>1</sup></a>]</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Β β</td> + <td>Be'ta</td> + <td><i>b</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Γ γ</td> + <td>Gam'ma</td> + <td><i>g</i> in <i>go</i>, [<i>king.</i><a href="#2_2"><sup>2</sup></a>]</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Δ δ</td> + <td>Del'ta</td> + <td><i>d</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Ε ε</td> + <td>Ep'silon</td> + <td><i>e</i> in <i>met</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Ζ ζ</td> + <td>Ze'ta</td> + <td><i>dz</i> in <i>adze</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Η η</td> + <td>E'ta</td> + <td><i>e</i> in <i>they</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Θ ϑ or θ</td> + <td>The'ta</td> + <td><i>th</i> in <i>thin</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Ι ι</td> + <td>Io'ta</td> + <td><i>i</i> in <i>tin</i>, [<i>machine</i> <a href="#2_3"><sup>3</sup></a>]</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Κ κ or ϗ</td> + <td>Kap'pa</td> + <td><i>k</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Λ λ</td> + <td>Lamb'da</td> + <td><i>l</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Μ μ</td> + <td>Mu</td> + <td><i>m</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Ν ν</td> + <td>Nu</td> + <td><i>n</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Ξ ξ</td> + <td>Xi</td> + <td><i>x</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Ο ο</td> + <td>Om'icron</td> + <td><i>ο</i> in <i>not</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Π π</td> + <td>Pi</td> + <td><i>p</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Ρ ρ</td> + <td>Rho</td> + <td><i>r</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Σ σ, final ς</td> + <td>Sig'ma</td> + <td><i>s</i> in <i>this</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Τ τ</td> + <td>Tau</td> + <td><i>t</i> in <i>it</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Υ υ</td> + <td>U'psilon</td> + <td><i>u</i> in <i>full</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Φ φ</td> + <td>Phi</td> + <td><i>f</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>χ χ</td> + <td>Khi</td> + <td><i>kh</i> (German <i>ch</i>.)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>ψ ψ</td> + <td>Psi</td> + <td><i>ps</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Ω ω</td> + <td>O'mega</td> + <td><i>ο</i> in <i>no</i>.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="center"> +<a name="sect2"></a><b>§ 2.</b> Notes on the Alphabet. +</p> + +<p><a name="2_1"></a>1. α sounds broad, like <i>a</i> in <i>arm</i>, at the end of a word, +and before ρ final or ρ followed by a different consonant.</p> + +<p><a name="2_2"></a>2. γ has the nasal sound, like <i>ng</i> in <i>king</i>, before γ, +κ, χ, or ξ.</p> + +<p><a name="2_3"></a>3. ι has its long sound, like <i>i</i> in <i>machine</i>, at the end +of a syllable.</p> + +<p>Every letter is sounded, and, with the above exceptions, invariably +the same.</p> + + +<h4>2. ACCENT.</h4> + +<p><a name="sect3"></a><b>§ 3.</b> Each word, except a very few monosyllables, has one of the +following accents written over a vowel in it, which marks the place of +the spoken tone. A few small words, called <i>enclitics</i>, generally +throw their accent, as an acute, on the last syllable of the preceding +word.</p> + +<p><a name="sect4"></a><b>§ 4.</b> The <i>acute</i> ('), which is the foundation of all the +accents, stands on one of the last three syllables. In verbs, with the +exception of certain forms, it stands as far toward the beginning of +the word as the rules below allow. In other parts of speech it stands +on the same syllable as in the ground-form, (that given in the +lexicon,) except as required by these rules. When the last syllable +has a long vowel or diphthong it stands on the syllable before the +last.</p> + +<p><a name="sect5"></a><b>§ 5.</b> The <i>grave</i> accent (`) is only written in place of the +acute on the last syllable when not before a pause, or when +unemphatic. It is understood to belong to all other syllables.</p> + +<p><a name="sect6"></a><b>§ 6.</b> The <i>circumflex</i> (~) is placed on a syllable formed by +the combination of two, the first of which had an acute and the second +a grave; hence only on the last, or next to the last syllable, and +only on a long vowel or a diphthong. When the last syllable has a +short vowel, such a penult, if accented, takes the circumflex.</p> + + +<h4>3. BREATHINGS, VOWELS, DIPHTHONGS, ETC.</h4> + +<p><a name="sect7"></a><b>§ 7.</b> A vowel beginning a word takes either the <i>rough +breathing</i>, (῾), which is pronounced like <i>h</i>, or else, to +show the absence of that, <i>the smooth breathing</i>, (᾿), which +has no appreciable sound. Initial ρ and υ always take the rough +breathing; and double ρ in the middle of a word takes the smooth +breathing on the first, and the rough on the second.</p> + +<p><a name="sect8"></a><b>§ 8.</b> The vowels are short, (ε and ο,) long, (η and ω,) or +doubtful, (α, ι, and υ,) which last, although naturally short, are +sometimes lengthened by derivation.</p> + +<p><a name="sect9"></a><b>§ 9.</b> The diphthongs are as follows:--</p> + +<table width="50%"> +<tr> + <td><b>Proper.</b></td> + <td><b>With Iota Subscript.</b></td> + <td><b>Improper.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + + <td>αι sounds ay</td> + <td>ᾳ = α</td> + <td>ηυ = η and υ</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>ει sounds i</td> + <td>ῃ = η</td> + <td>ωυ = ω and υ</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>οι sounds oy</td> + <td>ῳ = ω</td> + <td></td> +</tr> +<tr> + + <td>υι sounds we</td> + <td></td> + <td></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>αυ sounds ow</td> + <td></td> + <td></td> +</tr> +<tr> + + <td>ευ sounds yu</td> + <td></td> + <td></td> +</tr> +<tr> + + <td>ου sounds oo</td> + <td></td> + <td></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><a name="sect10"></a><b>§ 10.</b> In diphthongs the breathing and accent are written over the +<i>second</i> vowel. A capital (initial) letter in other cases takes +them <i>before</i> it.</p> + +<p><a name="sect11"></a><b>§ 11.</b> The punctuation marks are the comma, (,), the semicolon, (·), +the period, (.), and the interrogation point, (;).</p> + +<h2>LESSON II.</h2> + +<h3>EUPHONIC CHANGES.</h3> + +<p><a name="sect12"></a><b>§ 12.</b> When two <i>consonants</i> come together the first is made +homogeneous with the second, as follows:--</p> + +<p><a name="sect13"></a><b>§ 13.</b> Mutes of a different class must have the same degree of +hardness according to the following classification:--</p> + +<table width="50%"> +<tr> + <td></td> + <td><b>Smooth.</b></td> + <td><b>Middle.</b></td> + <td><b>Rough.</b></td> + <td><b>Sibilant (with <i>s</i>.)</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + + <td>Kappa-mutes.</td> + <td>κ</td> + <td>γ</td> + <td>χ</td> + <td>ξ</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Pi-mutes</td> + <td>π</td> + <td>β</td> + <td>φ</td> + <td>ψ</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Tau-mutes</td> + <td>τ</td> + <td>δ</td> + <td>ϑ</td> + <td>ζ</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><a name="sect14"></a><b>§ 14.</b> A <i>smooth</i> final mute is roughened before a vowel with the +rough breathing. A rough mute is not doubled, nor can successive +syllables begin with an aspirate. A tau-mute is sometimes dropped +before σ, and always before κ; before a different tau-mute it is +changed into σ.</p> + +<p><a name="sect15"></a><b>§ 15.</b> Before μ a kappa-mute is changed into γ, a pi-mute into μ, +and a tau-mute into σ.</p> + +<p><a name="sect16"></a><b>§ 16.</b> ν before a kappa-mute becomes γ, before a pi-mute μ, before +a liquid (λ, μ, ν, or ρ) it is changed into the same liquid, +before σ or ζ it is dropped.</p> + +<p><a name="sect17"></a><b>§ 17.</b> ν is appended to certain endings in σι or ε before a pause +or a vowel.</p> + +<p><a name="sect18"></a><b>§ 18.</b> There are several other less important rules, and some +exceptions to most of the above.</p> + +<p><a name="sect19"></a><b>§ 19.</b> A <i>long vowel</i> or <i>diphthong</i> is used as an +equivalent for two (usually short) vowels in immediate succession, or +as a compensation for the omission of a consonant, sometimes for both.</p> + +<p><a name="sect20"></a><b>§ 20.</b> The changes in the union of two vowels are various, depending +upon their comparative strength, position, and relation to the long +vowels, or diphthongs respectively. They are readily learned by +practice.</p> + +<p><a name="sect21"></a><b>§ 21.</b> Compensation is not always thus made for the omission of a +consonant. Sometimes the omission occurs too far back in the +derivation to be easily traced.</p> + +<p><a name="sect22"></a><b>§ 22.</b> A final vowel is sometimes elided before another vowel, and its +place indicated by the apostrophe, (').</p> + +<p><a name="sect23"></a><b>§ 23.</b> There are several <i>dialects</i>, which chiefly affect the +vowels, (like provincial pronunciation;) but in later Greek (to which +the New Testament belongs) they were merged in "the common dialect," +the Attic pre-dominating.</p> + + +<h4>NOUNS.</h4> + +<p>Nouns are of three declensions, three genders, three numbers, and five +cases, all indicated by changes of termination.</p> + +<p><a name="sect24"></a><b>§ 24.</b> The declensions (numbered 1, 2, and 3) are only different modes +of inflection.</p> + +<p><a name="sect25"></a><b>§ 25.</b> Names and designations of males, nations, the months, rivers, +and winds, are almost invariably <i>masculine</i>; those of females, +countries, islands, cities, trees, and plants, are usually +<i>feminine</i>; of the <i>neuter</i> gender are most names of fruits +and diminutives, and always the names of the letters, infinitives, +clauses, indeclinable words, and words used as the symbol of a +sound. In the third declension especially the (grammatical) gender in +many instances is arbitrary.</p> + +<p><a name="sect26"></a><b>§ 26.</b> The <i>singular</i> and <i>plural</i> are used as in +English. The <i>dual</i> denotes two or a pair; it is comparatively +rare, and never occurs in the New Testament.</p> + +<p><a name="sect27"></a><b>§ 27.</b> The <i>cases</i> express the relations of words to each other +in a sentence, as follows:--</p> + +<table width="50%"> +<tr> + <td><b>Name.</b></td> + <td><b>Use.</b></td> + <td><b>Equivalent.</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td>Nominative.</td> + <td>Subject of a finite verb.</td> + <td>(Simple form.)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Genitive.</td> + <td>Origin or ownership.</td> + <td><i>From, of,</i> etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + + <td>Dative.</td> + <td>Position or manner.</td> + <td><i>In, by, for, to,</i> etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + + <td>Accusative.</td> + <td>Direction or object.</td> + <td><i>Toward, into,</i> etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + + <td>Vocative.</td> + <td>Address.</td> + <td><i>O!</i></td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><a name="sect28"></a><b>§ 28.</b> The following are the terminations of the <i>First +Declension</i>:--</p> + +<table width="50%"> +<tr> + <td colspan="2" align="center"><b>Singular.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Cases.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Plural.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center"><i>Masc.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>Fem.</i></td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center"><i>Masc. and Fem.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center">ας or ης</td> + <td align="center">α or η</td> + <td>Nominative.</td> + <td align="center">αι</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center">ον</td> + <td align="center">ας or ης</td> + <td>Genitive.</td> + <td align="center">ῶν</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2" align="center">ᾳ or η</td> + <td>Dative.</td> + <td align="center">αις</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2" align="center">αν or ην</td> + <td>Accusative.</td> + <td align="center">ας</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2" align="center">α or η</td> + <td>Vocative.</td> + <td align="center">αι</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4" align="center"><b><i>Dual.</i></b> Nom., Acc., Voc., α; Gen., Dat., αιν.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><a name="sect29"></a><b>§ 29.</b> The α in the terminations of the singular is mostly used when +ρ, ε,or ι precedes it; and in the Nom., Acc., and Voc. when λ or +σ, and frequently when ν, precedes it. A few nouns have α in the +Gen. sing.</p> + +<h2>LESSON III.</h2> + +<h3>NOUNS--Continued.</h3> + +<p><a name="sect30"></a><b>§ 30.</b> The following are the terminations of the <i>Second +Declension</i>:--</p> + +<table width="50%"> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="2"><b>Singular.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Cases.</b></td> + <td align="center" colspan="2"><b>Plural.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center"><i>Masc.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>Neut.</i></td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center"><i>Masc.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>Neut.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center">ος</td> + <td align="center">ον</td> + <td>Nominative.</td> + <td align="center">οι</td> + <td align="center">α</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="2">ου</td> + <td>Genitive.</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">ων</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="2">ῳ</td> + <td>Dative.</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">οις</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="2">ον</td> + <td>Accusative.</td> + <td align="center">ους</td> + <td align="center">α</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center">ε</td> + <td align="center">ον</td> + <td>Vocative.</td> + <td align="center">οι</td> + <td align="center">α</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="center" colspan="5"><b><i>Dual.</i></b> Nom., Acc., Voc., ω; Gen., Dat., οιν.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><a name="sect31"></a><b>§ 31.</b> The few fem. nouns of this declension take the +masc. terminations. The Voc. masc. sing. is occasionally ος.</p> + +<p><a name="sect32"></a><b>§ 32.</b> The following are the terminations of the <i>Third +Declension</i>:--</p> + +<table width="60%"> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="2"><b>Singular.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Cases.</b></td> + <td align="center" colspan="2"><b>Plural.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center"><i>Masc. and Fem.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>Neut.</i></td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center"><i>Masc. and Fem.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>Neut.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center">ς (or long vowel before final letter.)</td> + <td align="center">(naked stem.)</td> + <td align="center">Nominative.</td> + <td align="center">ες</td> + <td align="center">α</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="2">ος</td> + <td align="center">Genitive.</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">ων</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="2">ι</td> + <td align="center">Dative.</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">σι(ν)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center">ν or α</td> + <td align="center">(naked stem.)</td> + <td align="center">Accusative.</td> + <td align="center">ας</td> + <td align="center">α</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center">(like Nom. or Neut.)</td> + <td align="center">(naked stem.)</td> + <td align="center">Vocative.</td> + <td align="center">ες</td> + <td align="center">α</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="center" colspan="5"><b><i>Dual.</i></b> Nom., Acc., Voc., ε; Gen., Dat., οιν.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><a name="sect33"></a><b>§ 33.</b> The Nom. sing. is so often changed by the euphonic rules that +the stem of the noun is best seen in the Gen. Nouns in ις, υς, and +ευς take the (Attic) Gen. εως, (ω regarded as <i>short</i>.) +The α of the Acc. sing. is usually after a consonant. Many +irregularities and some anomalies occur, which may generally be +learned from the lexicon.</p> + +<h4>ADJECTIVES.</h4> + +<p><a name="sect34"></a><b>§ 34.</b> These are <i>declined</i> like nouns, having sometimes three +sets of terminations for the respective genders, sometimes two, (masc. +and fem. alike,) rarely but one, (all genders alike.) The masc. and +neut. are always of the same declension, (second or third,) and the +fem., when different, always of the first. <i>Participles</i> are +declined like adjectives.</p> + +<p><a name="sect35"></a><b>§ 35.</b> Adjectives are <i>compared</i> either by using an adverb +expressive of degree, or, more regularly, by adding to the stem of the +positive the syllables ότερος or ίων for the comparative, and +ότατος or ιστος for the superlative. Some euphonic changes +occur in making these additions, which then take the regular +declensional endings.</p> + + +<h4>NUMERALS.</h4> + +<p><a name="36"></a><b>§ 36.</b> The <i>cardinal</i> numbers are either simple, (the units, +tens, and a few others,) or compound, (intermediate numbers.) Those +from one to four inclusive, and the hundreds and thousands, are +declined like adjectives. They may all be learned from the lexicon.</p> + +<p><a name="sect37"></a><b>§ 37.</b> The <i>ordinals</i> are mostly formed from the cardinals by +adjective endings.</p> + + +<h4>PRONOUNS.</h4> + +<p><a name="sect38"></a><b>§ 38.</b> Of the <i>personal</i> pronouns, those of the 1st and 2d +persons only are specially noteworthy, being declined as nouns +irregularly:--</p> + +<table width="50%"> +<tr> + <td></td> + <td><i>I</i> or <i>Me</i>.</td> + <td><i>We</i> or <i>Us</i>.</td> + <td><i>Thou</i> or <i>Thee</i>.</td> + <td><i>Ye</i> or <i>You</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Nominative.</td> + <td>ἐγώ</td> + <td>ἡμεῖς</td> + <td>σύ</td> + <td>ὑμεῖς</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Genitive.</td> + <td>(ἐ)μοῦ</td> + <td>ἡμῶν</td> + <td>σοῦ</td> + <td>ὑμῶν</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Dative.</td> + <td>(ἐ)μοί</td> + <td>ἡμῖν</td> + <td>σοί</td> + <td>ὑμῖν</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Accusative.</td> + <td>(ἐ)μέ</td> + <td>ἡμᾶς</td> + <td>σέ</td> + <td>ὑμᾶς</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><a name="sect39"></a><b>§ 39.</b> The rest are declined as adjectives--masc. ος, fem, η, +neut. ο; often compounded, one or both parts being declined; but, +with the exception of τις, (interrogative τίς, indefinite +τὶς,) neut. τι, Gen. τινος, of the third declension, the +<i>article</i> (definite only) and the <i>demonstrative</i> alone are +very peculiar in declension, as follows:--</p> + +<table width="50%"> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="4"><b>Singular.</b></td> + <td align="center"><i>The.</i></td> + <td align="center" colspan="4"><b>Plural.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center"><i>Masc.</i></td> + <td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Neut.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>Fem.</i></td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center"><i>Masc.</i></td> + <td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Neut.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>Fem.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center">ὁ</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τό</td> + <td align="center">ἡ</td> + <td align="center">Nominative.</td> + <td align="center">οἱ</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τά</td> + <td align="center">αἱ</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τοῦ</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τῆς</td> + <td align="center">Genitive.</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τῶν</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τῶν</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τῷ</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τῇ</td> + <td align="center">Dative.</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τοῖς</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">ταῖς</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center">τόν</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τό</td> + <td align="center">τήν</td> + <td align="center">Accusative.</td> + <td align="center">-ούς</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τά</td> + <td align="center">τάς</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="9"><b><i>Dual.</i></b> Nom., Acc., Voc., τώ, τά; Gen., Dat., +τοῖν, ταῖν.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> </p> + +<table width="50%"> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="4"><b>Singular.</b></td> + <td align="center"><i>This, These.</i></td> + <td align="center" colspan="4"><b>Plural.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center"><i>Masc.</i></td> + <td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Neut.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>Fem.</i></td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center"><i>Masc.</i></td> + <td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Neut.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>Fem.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center">οὗτος</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τοῦτο</td> + <td align="center">αὕτη</td> + <td align="center">Nominative.</td> + <td align="center">οὗτοι</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">ταῦτα</td> + <td align="center">αὗται</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τούτου</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">ταύτης</td> + <td align="center">Genitive.</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τούτων</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τούτων</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τούτῳ</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">-αύτῃ</td> + <td align="center">Dative.</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τούτοις</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">ταύταις</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center">τουτου</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τοῦτο</td> + <td align="center">ταυτην</td> + <td align="center">Accusative.</td> + <td align="center">τούτους</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">ταῦτα</td> + <td align="center">ταύτας</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="9"><b><i>Dual.</i></b> Nom., Acc., Voc., τούτω, ταῦτα; Gen., Dat., τούτοιν, ταύταιν</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h2>LESSON IV.</h2> + +<h3>VERBS.</h3> + +<p><a name="sect40"></a><b>§ 40.</b> There are three <span class="smallcaps">Voices</span>, <i>Active, Middle,</i> and +<i>Passive,</i> generally distinguished by the <i>termination</i>.</p> + +<p>The Middle is properly <i>reflexive</i>. Some of its tenses have an +<i>active</i> meaning. A few verbs, called <i>deponent</i>, are +throughout pass. in form, but act. or mid. in meaning.</p> + +<p><a name="sect41"></a><b>§ 41.</b> There are five <span class="smallcaps">Mood</span> in each voice, the <i>Indicative</i>, +<i>Imperative</i>, <i>Subjunctive</i>, <i>Optative</i>, and <i>Infinitive</i>, to which +may be added the <i>Participles</i>; they are mostly known by means of +the <i>union-vowel</i>--that which immediately precedes the +termination.</p> + +<p><a name="sect42"></a><b>§ 42.</b> The Indic., Imper., Infin., and Participles correspond to the +English, and have a <i>short</i> union-vowel, (ε, ο, or α,) except +the Perf. and Pluperf. pass., which have no union-vowel; the +Pluperf. act. and mid., which have ει; and the Aorists pass., which +have η or its equivalent.</p> + +<p><a name="sect43"></a><b>§ 43.</b> The Imper. has but two persons. 2d and 3d. The Infin. has but +one termination for all numbers and persons, and is very often used as +a neut. noun, with the article, etc., yet retaining its construction +as a verb.</p> + +<p><a name="sect44"></a><b>§ 44.</b> The Subj. and Opt. are used in certain <i>dependent</i> +relations, like the English subjunctive and potential; the former has +a <i>long</i> union-vowel, (η or ω,) and the latter a diphthong, +(οι, αι, or ει.) The former generally represents an act as +contingent upon outward circumstances, and the latter upon a will.</p> + +<p><a name="sect45"></a><b>§ 45.</b> The <span class="smallcaps">Tenses</span> are nine, the <i>Present</i>, <i>Imperfect</i>, <i>Perfect</i>, +<i>Pluperfect</i>, two <i>Aorists</i>, (1st and 2d, equivalent in sense,) +and three <i>Futures</i>, (1st and 2d, equivalent to each other, and +3d, very rarely used;) they are distinguished by certain letters +prefixed, inserted, or added to the stem or root of the verb. They +represent time as compared with the <i>present</i>, and never date +from that of a preceding verb.</p> + +<p><a name="sect46"></a><b>§ 46.</b> The Pres., Perf., Pluperf., and Fut. answer very nearly to the +same tenses in English.</p> + +<p><a name="sect47"></a><b>§ 47.</b> The Imperf. denotes an act as going on, but incomplete or +habitual at some time past: "<i>was doing</i>," etc.</p> + +<p><a name="sect48"></a><b>§ 48.</b> The Aorists indicate a single act at a definite time, (past in +the Indic., but undetermined in the others moods.)</p> + +<p><a name="sect49"></a><b>§ 49.</b> All the tenses with respect to form may be classed thus:--</p> + +<table width="50%"> +<tr> + <td>I. <i>Primary</i>, or Absolute.</td> + <td>Present.</td> + <td>Perfect.</td> + <td>Futures.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>II. <i>Secondary</i>, or Historical.</td> + <td>Imperfect.</td> + <td>Pluperfect.</td> + <td>Aorists.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>These classes usually have the following endings respectively:--</p> + +<table width="50%"> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="4"><b>Active Form.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Persons.</b></td> + <td align="center" colspan="3"><b>Middle and Passive.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center">I.</td> + <td align="center" colspan="3">II.</td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center">I.</td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center">II.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center"><i>Pres. and Fut.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>Perf.</i></td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center"><i>Opt.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>Sing.</i></td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center">ο</td> + <td align="center">--</td> + <td align="center">ν</td> + <td align="center">μι</td> + <td align="center">1st</td> + <td align="center">μαι</td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center">μην</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center">ις</td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center">ς</td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center">2d</td> + <td align="center">σαι</td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center">(σ)ο</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center">ι</td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center">--</td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center">3d</td> + <td align="center">ται</td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center">το</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="4"></td> + <td align="center"><i>Plur.</i></td> + <td align="center" colspan="3"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="2"></td> + <td align="center">μεν</td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center">1st</td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center">μεϑα</td> + <td align="center"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="2"></td> + <td align="center">τε</td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center">2d</td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center">σϑε</td> + <td align="center"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="2">(ντ) σι (ν)</td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center">(σα)ν</td> + <td align="center">3d</td> + <td align="center">νται</td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center">ντο</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="4">[2d, τον, 3d, την.</td> + <td align="center" colspan="4"><b><i>Dual.</i></b> 1st, μεϑον, 2d, σϑον, 3d, σϑην.]</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Notes on the Table of Verb Endings.</i> +</p> + +<p><a name="sect50"></a><b>§ 50.</b> In the Pres. and Fut. the ο of the 1st sing. act. is +contracted (with the union-vowel) into ω, and the σαι of the 2d +sing. pass. into ῃ or ει.</p> + +<p><a name="sect51"></a><b>§ 51.</b> Signification limits the primary terminations to the Indic. and +Subj., and the secondary to the Indic. and Opt.: likewise the +Imperf. and Pluperf. to the Indic., and the Imper. to the Pres., the +Aorists and (rarely) the Perf.</p> + +<p><a name="sect52"></a><b>§ 52.</b> The <i>active</i> terminations are assumed throughout by the +Perf. and Pluperf. mid., and the Aorists pass.</p> + +<p><a name="sect53"></a><b>§ 53.</b> The terminations of the Imper. are analogous to the secondary +in the act., and in the mid. and pass. they are merely the same +strengthened, thus: <i>Sing.</i> 2d,--[Aor. pass, ϑι, 1st +Aor. act. (σ)ov] (pass. ο [1st Aor. mid. ι] or σο); 3d, τω +(pass. σϑω,) <i>Plur.</i> 2d, τε (pass. σϑε); 3d, τωσαν +[or contr. ντων] (pass, σϑωσαν. [<i>Dual.</i> 2d, τον +(σϑον); 3d, των (σϑων,)]</p> + +<p><a name="sect54"></a><b>§ 54.</b> The Infin. in the act. forms ends in εν, [contr., with +union-vowel into ειν] (Pres., Fut., and 2d Aor.,) αι, (1st Aor.,) +or ναι, (Perf. act. and mid. and both Aor. pass.;) elsewhere in +σϑαι.</p> + +<p><a name="sect55"></a><b>§ 55.</b> In the Participles the stem ends in ντ in the act. forms, +(except the Perf. act. and mid., which have ότ;) the rest take +μεν, (Perf. pass, μέν.) These latter are [masc. and neut.] of +the second declension, the others of the third.</p> + +<p><a name="sect56"></a><b>§ 56.</b> Verbs in μι insert σ before the final ι of the 3d +pers. sing. Pres. Indic. act., and vary in a few other terminations, +chiefly by contraction.</p> + +<h2>LESSON V.</h2> + +<h3>VERBS--Continued.</h3> + +<p><a name="sect57"></a><b>§ 57.</b> The root of every <i>primitive</i> verb is a monosyllable, +consisting of a short vowel (α, ε, ι, ο, or υ) between two +(usually simple) consonants. Sometimes one or the other of the latter +has been dropped far back in the etymology. This root is most readily +found in the 1st Fut., subject only to euphonic changes. The 2d +Aor. always has a monosyllabic root, with a single vowel never long; +but this may be somewhat different from the true root. Primitive verbs +only have a 2d Aor.</p> + +<p><a name="sect58"></a><b>§ 58.</b> The Pres. and Imperf. commonly <i>strengthen</i> the root, +either by adding a hard consonant, (sometimes more than one,) or +(oftener) by changing the root vowel into the corresponding long one +or diphthong.</p> + +<p><a name="sect59"></a><b>§ 59.</b> The following tenses add certain <i>characteristic</i> letters +to the root:--</p> + +<table width="50%"> +<tr> + <td>1st Fut. and 1st Aor. act. and mid., (of verbs not liquid,) and 3d Fut.</td><td>ο</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>1st Aor. pass.</td><td>ϑ</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>1st Fut. pass.</td><td>ϑησ</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>2d Fut. pass.</td><td>ηο</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>2d (in liquid verbs 1st) Fut. act. and mid.</td><td>ε</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Perf. and Pluperf. Act. of pure and liquid verbs</td><td>κ</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Perf. and pluperf. act. ending in a pi- or kappa-mute</td><td>(῾)</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><a name="sect60"></a><b>§ 60.</b> Tenses expressing <i>past time</i> (Imperf. and Aorists Indic.) +prefix ε ("syllabic <i>augment</i>") to the root; this coalesces with +an initial vowel ("temporal augment") into the corresponding long +vowel or diphthong. The Perf., Pluperf., and 3d Fut. not only do the +same throughout the moods, but also prefix to the <i>syllabic</i> +augment the initial consonant of the root ("reduplication") when this +is a simple consonant or a mute followed by a liquid. The +Pluperf. prefixes a second syllabic augment to the reduplication.</p> + +<p><a name="sect61"></a><b>§ 61.</b> Initial ρ, (which is doubled after the syllabic augment,) +βλ, γλ, and γν, do not, except in a few cases, allow the +reduplication. Verbs compounded with a preposition generally take the +augment, etc., between it and the primitive. A few other +irregularities occur.</p> + +<p><a name="sect62"></a><b>§ 62.</b> Verbs are classified in conjugation according to the radical +letter following the root vowel, or diphthong, in the 1st pers. sing. +Pres. Indic. act., lexicon form: in "liquid" verbs (not derivatives in +άνω, which is merely strengthened for άω) this is a +<i>liquid</i>; in "pure" verbs it is absent, so that the root appears +to end in a vowel, etc. Very many verbs seem to be anomalous in some +of their forms in consequence of deriving these from an obsolete +kindred root. The lexicon gives most of these peculiarities.</p> + +<p><a name="sect63"></a><b>§ 63.</b> <i>Liquid</i> verbs almost always strengthen their root in the +Pres. and Imperf.; they lengthen it in the 1st Aor. act. and mid. by +changing the root vowel, if α into η, if ε into ει, while ι and +ν merely become long. ε as a root vowel is generally changed into α +in the 1st Aor. and 1st Fut. pass., the Perf. and Pluperf. act. and +pass., and the 2d Aor. and 2d Fut. throughout, and again into ο in +the Perf. and Pluperf. mid.</p> + +<p><a name="sect64"></a><b>§ 64.</b> The above strengthening in the Pres. and Imperf. consists in +doubling λ, annexing ν to μ; or, in case of ν or ρ, in adding ι +to a preceding α or ε, or lengthening ι or υ. The radical ν is +often dropped in Perf. and Pluperf.</p> + +<p><a name="sect65"></a><b>§ 65.</b> Verbs with ε followed by a pi- or kappa-mute in the root +frequently neglect to strengthen it in the Pres. and Imperf.; and +verbs with ε in the root preceded by a liquid, usually change it into +α and ο in the same tenses as liquid verbs, except in the 1st +Aor. and Fut. pass.</p> + +<p><a name="sect66"></a><b>§ 66.</b> <i>Pure</i> verbs lengthen the root vowel before a tense +characteristic, also in the Perf. and Pluperf. pass. A few +occasionally neglect this, and some insert σ instead.</p> + +<p><a name="sect67"></a><b>§ 67.</b> Verbs in μι (lexicon form instead of ω) are but another mode +of conjugating pure verbs (being the only primitives of that class +whose root ends in α, ε, or o) in the Pres., Imperf., and 2d Aor.; +in all which tenses the union-vowel coalesces with the root vowel. +They have a peculiar inflection, chiefly by reason of the Imperf. and +2d Aor. act. taking throughout the terminations of the Aorists +pass. The Pres. and Imperf. reduplicate with ι the initial consonant, +(prefixing simply ί if that cannot be done, and sometimes adopting +other modes of strengthening,) and in the act. they lengthen the root +in the Indic., α or ε into η, ο into ω. The 2d Aor. (those in +υμι being factitious have not this tense) has in the act. a long +vowel or diphthong throughout, except the Imperative ε or o, and the +Participle.</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Notes on Certain Verbs in μι.</i></p> + +<p><a name="sect68"></a><b>§ 68.</b> τίϑημι [<i>to put</i>] has, in the Act., 1st +Aor. ἒϑηκα, Perf. τέϑεικα; ὀίὀωμι [<i>to + +give</i>] has, 1st Aor., ἒδωκα.</p> + +<p><a name="sect69"></a><b>§ 69.</b> εἰμί [<i>to be</i>] is inflected thus: εὶ [<i>thou +art</i>], ἐστί(ν) [<i>is</i>], ἐσμέν, ἐστί, +εἰσί(ν) [<i>we, ye, they are</i>], ἱσϑι [<i>be thou</i>], +ὤν [<i>being</i>], etc.; the rest mostly regular. See the lexicon +for these, and for ἵημι [<i>to send</i>], and εἰμι [<i>to +go</i>].</p> + +<p><a name="sect70"></a><b>§ 70.</b> Several verbs annex σκω, ίνω, (ν)νυμι, etc., instead +of μι, etc., in the Pres. and Imperf.</p> + +<h2>LESSON VI.</h2> + +<h3>SYNTAX.--Concord.</h3> + +<p><a name="sect71"></a><b>§ 71.</b> All words placed under the same construction agree together in +all the accidents which they possess in common.</p> + +<p><a name="sect72"></a><b>§ 72.</b> "Apposition" occurs as in English.</p> + +<p><a name="sect73"></a><b>§ 73.</b> Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case.</p> + +<p><a name="sect74"></a><b>§ 74.</b> The noun is often understood, especially if neut., ("things.")</p> + +<p><a name="sect75"></a><b>§ 75.</b> Sometimes a relative is "attracted" into the case of the +omitted antecedent.</p> + +<p><a name="sect76"></a><b>§ 76.</b> A verb agrees with its subject nominative in number and person.</p> + +<p><a name="sect77"></a><b>§ 77.</b> The case of the subject of the Infin. depends upon other +relations.</p> + +<p><a name="sect78"></a><b>§ 78.</b> Neuters plur. generally have a sing. verb.</p> + +<h4>Government.</h4> + +<p><a name="sect79"></a><b>§ 79.</b> Any word may govern another (or others) which in sense is +<i>dependent</i> upon it in the case appropriate for expressing such +relation either with or without a preposition.</p> + +<pre> + | >>>---|-----> | + Genitive. Dative. Accusative. +</pre> + +<p><a name="sect80"></a><b>§ 80.</b> GENITIVE, denoting <i>origin</i>, answering to <i>Whence?</i> +and expressed by <i>from</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="sect81"></a><b>§ 81.</b> "<i>Local</i>," involving <i>external</i> relations of space, +either in a literal or a figurative sense. This includes actual +<i>motion</i> from an object, generally with a preposition, (ἀπό +ἐκ παρά;) <i>separation</i> from it, usually with verbs +compounded with a preposition; and <i>commencement</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="sect82"></a><b>§ 82.</b> "<i>Causal</i>," denoting a more <i>internal</i> relation, as +if the outgoing of some agency or property, as follows:--</p> + +<p><a name="sect83"></a><b>§ 83.</b> <i>Active</i>, either direct, inferential, or +metaphysical. This includes relations of source, (e.g., derivation, +[commonly with ἐκ, sometimes ἀπό, direct authorship with +ὐπό,] possession, property, [often with an Infin.]) +<i>partitive</i> use, (e.g., a class, material, partial relations,) +and the Gen. of time, (in the <i>course</i> of which,) especially the +"Gen. absolute," with a Participle, as affording occasion.</p> + +<p><a name="sect84"></a><b>§ 84.</b> <i>Passive</i>, that is, indirect, the act being for the sake +of the Gen. This includes verbs implying a <i>mental operation</i>, +adjectives, and other words denoting <i>skill</i>, and the Gen. of +<i>crime</i> or <i>purpose</i>, (the last mostly an Infin. with the +article.)</p> + +<p><a name="sect85"></a><b>§ 85.</b> <i>Mutual</i>, e.g., <i>comparison</i> and <i>price</i> or +<i>penalty</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="sect86"></a><b>§ 86.</b> The "attributive Gen." is a comprehensive relation, arising +under several of the above heads, between two nouns designating +<i>different</i> objects, which may be thus expressed: <i>When two +nouns are connected with each other, that one which completes the idea +of the other and defines it more fully is put in the Gen.</i></p> + +<p><a name="sect87"></a><b>§ 87.</b> <span class="smallcaps">Dative</span>, denoting <i>position</i>, answering to <i>Where?</i> +and expressed by <i>at</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="sect88"></a><b>§ 88.</b> "<i>Local</i>," involving the more palpable relations of +position. This includes the place, (at, by, near, in the midst of; +generally with ἐν, ἐπί, παρά, etc.,) <i>association, +accompaniment,</i> (frequently with σύν,) and the <i>time</i> (as a +date) or <i>circumstances</i> of a transaction.</p> + +<p><a name="sect89"></a><b>§ 89.</b> "<i>Causal</i>," denoting the object <i>upon which</i> the act +or state appears, thus conceived as sharing in producing it, as +follows:--</p> + +<p><a name="sect90"></a><b>§ 90.</b> <i>Personal</i>, either actually or so imagined. This includes +words expressing a <i>correlative</i> idea, as community, (in varied +relations,) likeness, possession, agency, reference, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="sect91"></a><b>§ 91.</b> <i>Instrumental</i>, as the mediate cause, e.g., the ground or +reason, the means, the instrument, manner, and the measure of excess +or deficiency.</p> + +<p><a name="sect92"></a><b>§ 92.</b> In comprehensive phrase the "attributive Dat." expresses many +indirect relations of an object <i>to</i> or <i>for</i> which an act +is performed or a condition sustained.</p> + +<p><a name="sect93"></a><b>§ 93.</b> <span class="smallcaps">Accusative</span>, denoting <i>direction</i>, answering to +<i>Whither?</i> and expressed by <i>toward</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="sect94"></a><b>§ 94.</b> "<i>Local</i>" involving the boundary, place, or object of +motion, especially with εἰς.</p> + +<p><a name="sect95"></a><b>§ 95.</b> "<i>Causal</i>," involving an influence, change, or result, as +impressed upon the object, as follows:--</p> + +<p><a name="sect96"></a><b>§ 96.</b> The <i>effect</i>, either the thing effected, an attribute of +the effect, or the effect intended.</p> + +<p><a name="sect97"></a><b>§ 97.</b> The <i>object acted upon</i>, e.g., with directly transitive +verbs, those expressing a good or bad influence, patience, swearing, +sometimes a mental affection, etc.; also the <i>space</i> or +<i>way</i> after a verb of motion; the time, (<i>throughout</i> +which,) measure, and weight; and finally ("Attributive Accusative") +with any verb or adj. (sometimes other words) to define its +application more closely, especially if of kindred signification.</p> + +<h4>Order of Words in a Sentence.</h4> + +<p><a name="sect98"></a><b>§ 98.</b> This is usually not, as in English, that of <i>grammatical</i> +dependence, but rather the order of <i>thought</i>; important or +emphatic words come first, after the connecting particles; +prepositions and the article precede their nouns; and qualifying terms +are grouped in a harmonious balance around the principal ones.</p> + +<h2>LESSON VII.</h2> + +<h3>Exercise on John 1, 1-5.</h3> + +<pre> +<b>1</b> Ἐν<a href="#7_1"><sup>1</sup></a> ἀρχῇ<a href="#7_2"><sup>2</sup></a> ἦν<a href="#7_3"><sup>3</sup></a> ὁ<a href="#7_4"><sup>4</sup></a> Λόγος,<a href="#7_5"><sup>5</sup></a> καὶ<a href="#7_6"><sup>6</sup></a> ὁ<a href="#7_4"><sup>4</sup></a> Λόγος<a href="#8_6"><sup>6</sup></a> ἦν<a href="#7_3"><sup>3</sup></a> + In <i>the</i> beginning was the Word, and the Word was + +<b>2</b> πρὸς<a href="#7_7"><sup>7</sup></a> τὸν<a href="#7_8"><sup>8</sup></a> θεόν,<a href="#7_9"><sup>9</sup></a> καὶ<a href="#8_6"><sup>6</sup></a> θεὸς<a href="#7_9"><sup>10</sup></a> ἦν<a href="#7_3"><sup>3</sup></a> ὁ<a href="#7_4"><sup>4</sup></a> Λόγος.<a href="#7_5"><sup>5</sup></a> Οὗτος<a href="#7_11"><sup>11</sup></a> + with God, and God was the Word. This <i>one</i> + +<b>3</b> ἦν<a href="#7_3"><sup>3</sup></a> ἐν<a href="#7_1"><sup>1</sup></a> ἀρχῇ<a href="#7_2"><sup>2</sup></a> πρὸς<a href="#7_7"><sup>7</sup></a> τὸν<a href="#7_8"><sup>8</sup></a> θεόν.<a href="#8_9"><sup>9</sup></a> Πάντα<a href="#7_12"><sup>12</sup></a> δι'<a href="#7_13"><sup>13</sup></a> + was in <i>the</i> beginning with God. All <i>things</i> by + + αὐτοῦ<a href="#7_14"><sup>14</sup></a> ἐγένετο,<a href="#7_15"><sup>15</sup></a> καὶ<a href="#7_6"><sup>6</sup></a> χωρὶς<a href="#7_16"><sup>16</sup></a> αὐτοῦ<a href="#7_14"><sup>14</sup></a> ἐγένετο<a href="#7_15"><sup>15</sup></a> οὐδὲ<a href="#7_17"><sup>17</sup></a> + him were made, and without him was made not even + +<b>4</b> ἓν<a href="#7_18"><sup>18</sup></a> ὃ<a href="#7_19"><sup>19</sup></a> γέγονεν.<a href="#7_20"><sup>20</sup></a> Ἐν<a href="#7_1"><sup>1</sup></a> αὐτῷ<a href="#7_21"><sup>21</sup></a> ζωὴ<a href="#7_22"><sup>22</sup></a> ἦν,<a href="#7_3"><sup>3</sup></a> καὶ<a href="#7_6"><sup>6</sup></a> + one <i>thing</i> which has been made. In him life was, and + +<b>5</b> ἡ<a href="#7_23"><sup>23</sup></a> ζωὴ<a href="#7_22"><sup>22</sup></a> ἦν<a href="#7_3"><sup>3</sup></a> τὸ<a href="#7_24"><sup>24</sup></a> φῶς<a href="#7_25"><sup>25</sup></a> τῶν<a href="#7_26"><sup>26</sup></a> ἀνϑρώπων·<a href="#7_27"><sup>27</sup></a> καὶ<a href="#7_6"><sup>6</sup></a> τὸ<a href="#7_24"><sup>24</sup></a> + the life was the light of men; and the + + φως<a href="#7_25"><sup>25</sup></a> ἐν<a href="#7_1"><sup>1</sup></a> τῇ<a href="#7_28"><sup>28</sup></a> σκοτίᾳ<a href="#7_29"><sup>29</sup></a> φαίνει,<a href="#7_30"><sup>30</sup></a> καὶ<a href="#7_6"><sup>6</sup></a> ἡ<a href="#7_23"><sup>23</sup></a> σκοτία<a href="#7_31"><sup>31</sup></a> + light in the darkness shines, and the darkness + + αὐτὸ<a href="#7_32"><sup>32</sup></a> οὐ<a href="#7_33"><sup>33</sup></a> κατέλαβεν.<a href="#7_34"><sup>34</sup></a> + it not admitted. +</pre> + +<p><span class="smallcaps">Directions</span>.--Spell the Greek, giving the <i>English</i> equivalents of +the consonants, (as in <a href="#sect1">§ 1</a>,) and the exact <i>phonetic</i> value or +sound of the vowels. Call the rough breathing <i>h</i>. Be careful to +put the spoken <i>accent</i> where it is written. Continue this +practice through all the passages given in the following lessons, +until the words can be pronounced readily and accurately. Familiarize +yourself with the forms of the letters by <i>writing</i> them. Let the +pupil do this while learning the foregoing grammatical lessons, and +after the recitation of each of them let the teacher direct attention, +while the passage at the head of the reading lessons is pronounced, to +the examples illustrating each point, as they occur--by way of +paradigm.</p> + +<h4>Parsing Notes on the Above.</h4> + +<p><a name="7_1"></a>1. Ἐν--prep. atonic, <a href="#sect3">§ 3</a>; stands first, <a href="#sect98">§ 98</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_2"></a>2. ἀρχῇ--noun, from nom. ἀρχή, 1st decl. fem., <a href="#sect28">§ 28</a>; +circumflex, <a href="#sect6">§ 6</a>; local dat., <a href="#sect88">§ 88</a>; emphatic position, <a href="#sect98">§ 98</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_3"></a>3. ἦν--verb, irreg. in μι, <a href="#sect69">§ 69</a>; 3d +pers. sing. imperf. indic. act., <a href="#sect47">§ 47</a>; ν appended irreg. as ending, +<a href="#sect49">§ 49</a>; long vowel, <a href="#sect67">§ 67</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_4"></a>4. ὁ--art., nom. masc. sing., <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>; agrees with its noun, <a href="#sect73">§ 73</a>; +following, <a href="#sect98">§ 98</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_5"></a>5. Αόγος--noun, 2d decl. nom. sing. masc., <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>; subject of +ἡν, <a href="#sect76">§ 76</a>; balances clause, <a href="#sect98">§ 98</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_6"></a>6. καί--conj., changed accent, <a href="#sect5">§ 5</a>; position, <a href="#sect98">§ 98</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_7"></a>7. πρός--prep., lit., <i>towards</i>; gov. acc., <a href="#sect27">§ 27</a>; accent, <a href="#sect5">§ 5</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_8"></a>8. τόν--art., acc. sing. masc., <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>; agreement, <a href="#sect73">§ 73</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_9"></a>9. θεόν--noun, lit., [the] <i>deity</i>; 2d decl. masc., <a href="#sect25">§ 25</a>; +acc. sing., <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>; government, <a href="#sect94">§ 94</a>; position, <a href="#sect98">§ 98</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_10"></a>10. θεός--same as <a href="#7_9">9</a>; nom. agreeing with subj., <a href="#sect71">§ 71</a>; without the +art. because the predicate; emphatic position, <a href="#sect98">§ 98</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_11"></a>11. Οὖτος--pron., <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>; agrees with Αόγος, understood (<a href="#sect73">§ +73</a>) as subj. of sentence; first as connective; accent, <a href="#sect6">§ 6</a>; and +breathing, <a href="#sect10">§ 10</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_12"></a>12. Πάντα --adj. pron., from τάς, (stem, πάντ); 3d +decl. nom. plur. neut., <a href="#sect32">§ 32</a>; indef. without noun expressed, <a href="#sect74">§ 74</a>; +subject of sentence; emphatic position, <a href="#sect98">§ 98</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_13"></a>13. δι'--prep, for δια, with final letter elided, <a href="#sect22">§ 22</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_14"></a>14. αὐτοῦ--adj. pron. used as personal; gen. masc. sing., <a href="#sect30">§ +30</a>; causal, <a href="#sect82">§ 82</a>. Gen. and dat. of 1st and 2d decl. are always +circumflex when accented on last syllable.</p> + +<p><a name="7_15"></a>15. ἐγένετο--verb, <i>came to be</i>, lit., <i>was born</i>; +from γίνομαι, (for γίγνομαι, strengthened [<a href="#sect63">§ 63</a>] by +reduplication, [<a href="#sect67">§ 67</a>,] and then contracted for γιγεν;) depon., +<a href="#sect40">§ 40</a>; true root γεν, [our <i>kin</i>,] <a href="#sect57">§ 57</a>, here appearing in 2d +aor. mid., <a href="#sect48">§ 48</a>; ἐ is simple aug., (hence the verb is in the +indic., <a href="#sect60">§ 60</a>;) third ε is mood-vowel, <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; το is 3d +pers. sing. mid., <a href="#sect49">§ 49</a>; agreement with subj., <a href="#sect78">§ 78</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_16"></a>16. χωρίς--prep., lit., <i>apart</i>; accent, <a href="#sect5">§ 5</a>; case after, +<a href="#sect81">§ 81</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_17"></a>17. οὐδέ--compound neg. particle, from οὐ and δε.</p> + +<p><a name="7_18"></a>18. ἓv--numeral adj., <a href="#sect74">§ 74</a>; 3d +decl. nom. sing. neut., <a href="#sect32">§ 32</a>; subj. of ἐγένετο.</p> + +<p><a name="7_19"></a>19. ὃ--relative adj., <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>; 2d decl. nom. sing. neut., <a href="#sect34">§ 34</a>; +agreement, <a href="#sect73">§ 73</a>; subj. of γέγονε.</p> + +<p><a name="7_20"></a>20. γέγονεν--verb, same as <a href="#7_15">15</a>; root-vowel changed in +perf. mid., <a href="#sect63">§ 63</a>; γε is reduplication, <a href="#sect60">§ 60</a>; last ε is mood-vowel +of indic., <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; no additional ending, <a href="#sect44">§ 44</a>; hence 3d +pers. sing. (perf.) act., <a href="#sect52">§ 52</a>; final ν added before pause, <a href="#sect17">§ 17</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_21"></a>21. αὐτῳ-- pron., same as <a href="#7_14">14</a>; dat. sing. masc., <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>; +government, as <a href="#7_2">2</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_22"></a>22. ζωή --noun, 1st decl. fem. nom. sing., <a href="#sect28">§ 28</a>; subject of verb +following.</p> + +<p><a name="7_23"></a>23. ἡ--art., fem. nom. sing., <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>; agrees with ζωή, <a href="#sect73">§ 73</a>; +atonic, <a href="#sect3">§ 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_24"></a>24. τό--art., neut. nom. sing., <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>; agrees with φῶς.</p> + +<p><a name="7_25"></a>25. φῶς--noun, 3d. decl. nom. sing. neut., (stem φῶτ for +φάοτ); ς here added (as some neut. nouns have) and τ dropped, +<a href="#sect14">§ 14</a>; predicate nom., <a href="#sect71">§ 71</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_26"></a>26. τῶν--art., gen. plur. masc., <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>; agreement, <a href="#sect73">§ 73</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_27"></a>27. ἀνϑρώπων--noun, from ἄν. ϑρωπος; 2d +decl. gen. plur. masc., <a href="#sect32">§ 32</a>; government, <a href="#sect86">§ 86</a>; accent, <a href="#sect4">§ 4</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_28"></a>28. τῇ--art., dat. sing. fem., <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>; agreement, <a href="#sect73">§ 73</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_29"></a>29. σκοτία--noun from σκοτία; 1st decl. dat. sing. fem., +<a href="#sect29">§ 29</a>; final α, <a href="#sect29">§ 29</a>; ι subscript, <a href="#sect9">§ 9</a>; government, <a href="#sect88">§ 88</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_30"></a>30. φαίνει--verb, from φαίνω; root, φαν, strengthened, +<a href="#sect64">§ 64</a>; ε is mood-vowel of indic., <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; final ι is tense-ending of +pres. 3d sing. act., <a href="#sect49">§ 49</a>; agrees with φῶς, <a href="#sect76">§ 76</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_31"></a>31. σκοτία--noun, as <a href="#7_29">29</a>; nom. sing., subj. of clause.</p> + +<p><a name="7_32"></a>32. αὐτό--pron., as <a href="#7_21">21</a>; acc. neut. sing., <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>; object of +κατέλαβε, <a href="#sect97">§ 97</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_33"></a>33. οὐ-- simple neg. adv.; atonic, <a href="#sect3">§ 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_34"></a>34. κατέλαβεν--verb, from καταλαμβάνω; comp. of +κατά, <i>down</i>, and λαμβάνω, <i>I receive</i>; the root +of the simple verb is λαβ, here appearing in the 2d Aor., <a href="#sect57">§ 57</a>; +aug., <a href="#sect60">§ 60</a>, excluding final α of prep., <a href="#sect61">§ 61</a>; last ε likewise +shows indic., <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; no tense-ending in 3d pers. sing. act. secondary, +<a href="#sect49">§ 49</a> ν appended. <a href="#sect17">§ 17</a>. The tense expresses the act of the Jews in +rejecting Christ.</p> + + + +<h2>Lesson VIII.</h2> + +<h3>Exercise on John 1, 6-11.</h3> + +<pre> + <b>6</b> Ἐγένετο<a href="#8_1"><sup>1</sup></a> ἄνϑρωπος<a href="#8_2"><sup>2</sup></a> ἀπεσταλμένος<a href="#8_3"><sup>3</sup></a> παρὰ<a href="#8_4"><sup>4</sup></a> θεοῦ,<a href="#8_5"><sup>5</sup></a> ὄνομα<a href="#8_6"><sup>6</sup></a> + <i>There</i> was a man sent from God, <i>the</i> name + + <b>7</b> αὐτῷ<a href="#8_7"><sup>7</sup></a> Ἰωάννης·<a href="#8_8"><sup>8</sup></a> οὗτος<a href="#8_9"><sup>9</sup></a> ἠλϑεν<a href="#8_10"><sup>10</sup></a> εἰς<a href="#8_11"><sup>11</sup></a> μαρτυρίαν,<a href="#8_12"><sup>12</sup></a> ἵνα<a href="#8_13"><sup>13</sup></a> + to him <i>was</i> John: this <i>one</i> came for testimony that + + μαρτυρήσῃ<a href="#8_14"><sup>14</sup></a> περὶ<a href="#8_15"><sup>15</sup></a> τοῦ<a href="#8_16"><sup>16</sup></a> Φωτός,<a href="#8_17"><sup>17</sup></a> ἵνα<a href="#8_13"><sup>13</sup></a> πάντες<a href="#8_18"><sup>18</sup></a> + <i>he</i> might testify concerning the Light, that all + + <b>8</b> πιστεύσωσι<a href="#8_19"><sup>19</sup></a> δἰ<a href="#8_20"><sup>20</sup></a> αὐτοῦ.<a href="#8_21"><sup>21</sup></a> Οὐκ<a href="#8_22"><sup>22</sup></a> ἦν<a href="#8_23"><sup>23</sup></a> ἐκεῖνος<a href="#8_24"><sup>24</sup></a> τὸ<a href="#8_25"><sup>25</sup></a> Φῶς,<a href="#8_26"><sup>26</sup></a> + might believe through him. Not was that <i>one</i> the Light, + + <b>9</b> ἀλλ'<a href="#8_27"><sup>27</sup></a> ἵνα<a href="#8_13"><sup>13</sup></a> μαρτυρήσῃ<a href="#8_14"><sup>14</sup></a> περὶ<a href="#8_15"><sup>15</sup></a> τοῦ<a href="#8_16"><sup>16</sup></a> Φωτός.<a href="#8_17"><sup>17</sup></a> Ἠν<a href="#8_23"><sup>23</sup></a> + but that <i>he</i> might testify concerning the Light. <i>There</i> was + + τὸ<a href="#8_25"><sup>25</sup></a> Φῶς<a href="#8_26"><sup>26</sup></a> τὸ<a href="#8_25"><sup>25</sup></a> ἀληϑινόν,<a href="#8_28"><sup>28</sup></a> ὃ<a href="#8_29"><sup>29</sup></a> φωτίζει<a href="#8_30"><sup>30</sup></a> πάντα<a href="#8_31"><sup>31</sup></a> ἄνϑρωπον,<a href="#8_32"><sup>32</sup></a> + the Light the true <i>one</i>, which lights every man, + +<b>10</b> ἐρχόμενον<a href="#8_33"><sup>33</sup></a> εἰς<a href="#8_11"><sup>11</sup></a> τὸν<a href="#8_34"><sup>34</sup></a> κόσμον.<a href="#8_35"><sup>35</sup></a> Ἐν<a href="#8_36"><sup>36</sup></a> τῷ<a href="#8_37"><sup>37</sup></a> κόσμῳ<a href="#8_38"><sup>38</sup></a> ἦv,<a href="#8_23"><sup>23</sup></a> + coming into the world. In the world <i>he</i> was, + + καὶ<a href="#8_39"><sup>39</sup></a> ὁ<a href="#8_40"><sup>40</sup></a> κόσμος<a href="#8_41"><sup>41</sup></a> δἰ<a href="#8_20"><sup>20</sup></a> αὐτοῦ<a href="#8_21"><sup>21</sup></a> ἐγένετο,<a href="#8_1"><sup>1</sup></a> καὶ<a href="#8_39"><sup>39</sup></a> ὁ<a href="#8_40"><sup>40</sup></a> κόσμος<a href="#8_41"><sup>41</sup></a> + and the world through him was made, and the world + +<b>11</b> αὐτὸν<a href="#8_42"><sup>42</sup></a> οὐκ<a href="#8_22"><sup>22</sup></a> ἔγνω.<a href="#8_43"><sup>43</sup></a> Εἰς<a href="#8_11"><sup>11</sup></a> τὰ<a href="#8_44"><sup>44</sup></a> ἴδια<a href="#8_45"><sup>45</sup></a> ἧλϑε,<a href="#8_10"><sup>10</sup></a> καὶ<a href="#8_39"><sup>39</sup></a> οἱ<a href="#8_46"><sup>46</sup></a> + him not knew. To the own <i>things he</i> came, and the + + ἴδιοι<a href="#8_47"><sup>47</sup></a> αὐτὸν<a href="#8_42"><sup>42</sup></a> οὐ<a href="#8_22"><sup>22</sup></a> παρέλαβαν.<a href="#8_48"><sup>48</sup></a> + own <i>persons</i> him not received. +</pre> + +<p><a name="8_1"></a>1. Ἐγένετο--See <a href="#7_15">lesson vii, No. 15</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_2"></a>2. ἄνϑρωπος--<a href="#7_27">See vii, 27</a>; subj. of sentence.</p> + +<p><a name="8_3"></a>3. ἀπεσταλμένος--part. from ἀποστέλλω, lit., +<i>I send away</i>; comp. of prep, ἀπό, <i>off</i>, and +στέλλω, <i>I send</i>; root στελ, vowel changed, <a href="#sect63">§ 63</a>; +aug. cuts off final ο of prep., <a href="#sect61">§ 61</a>; no reduplication, <a href="#sect60">§ 60</a>; +perf. tense because aug. beyond indic., <a href="#sect60">§ 60</a>; and no union-vowel, <a href="#sect42">§ +42</a>; pass. part. ending μεν, (<a href="#sect55">§ 55</a>,) accent; ος is +nom. masc. sing., <a href="#sect34">§§ 34</a>, <a href="#sect30">30</a>; agrees with ἄνϑρωπος, <a href="#sect73">§ 73</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_4"></a>4. παρά--prep., lit., <i>near</i>; with gen., =<i>from near</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_5"></a>5. θεοῦ--See <a href="#7_9">vii, 9</a>, <a href="#7_10">10</a>; here gen., <a href="#sect81">§ 81</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_6"></a>6. ὄνομα--noun; neut, 3d decl. nom. sing.; (stem, ονοματ, +final mute always dropped for euphony;) subj. to <i>was</i> +understood, (copula may freely be supplied.)</p> + +<p><a name="8_7"></a>7. αὐτῷ--pers. adj. pron.; dat. sing. masc. from αὐτός, +<a href="#7_14">vii, 14</a>; governed, <a href="#sect92">§ 92</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_8"></a>8. Ἰωάννης--prop. noun; 1st decl. masc. nom. sing., <a href="#sect28">§ 28</a>; +predicate after neut. verb, (understood,) agreeing with subj., <a href="#sect71">§ 71</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_9"></a>9. οὗτος--See <a href="#7_11">vii, 11</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_10"></a>10. ἠλϑεν--verb, assigned to ἔρχομαι, but really from +defective ἐλεύϑω; root, ελϑ; temporal aug., [ε+ε=η,] <a href="#sect60">§ 60</a>; +hence indic., as union-vowel (ε) following also shows, <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; simple +root 2d aor., <a href="#sect57">§ 57</a>; hence no tense ending in 3d pers. sing. act., <a href="#sect49">§ +49</a>; ν appended, <a href="#sect17">§ 17</a>; accent, <a href="#sect6">§ 6</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_11"></a>11. εἰς--prep., lit., <i>to</i>, that is, here, <i>for the purpose +of</i>; atonic, <a href="#sect3">§ 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_12"></a>12. μαρτυρίαν--noun; 1st decl. fem. acc. sing., from ία, <a href="#sect28">§ +28</a>; governed, <a href="#sect96">§ 96</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_13"></a>13. ἵνα--conj., meaning, <i>in order that</i>; introducing +dependent clause.</p> + +<p><a name="8_14"></a>14. μαρτυρήσῃ--verb, from μαρτυρέω; first η is +root-vowel, lengthened before tense-sign, (<a href="#sect66">§ 66</a>,) which is σ of 1st +fut., <a href="#sect59">§ 59</a>; ῃ is union-vowel of subj., (<a href="#sect44">§ 44</a>,) the subscribed ι +being 3d pers. sing. act., <a href="#sect49">§ 49</a>; accent, <a href="#sect4">§ 4</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_15"></a>15. περῖ--prep., lit., <i>around</i>; governs gen., <a href="#sect82">§ 82</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_16"></a>16. τοῦ--art.; gen. sing. neut., <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_17"></a>17. Φωτός--noun, see <a href="#7_25">vii, 25</a>. Gen. (sing.) and dat. (sing. and +plur.) of monosyllables of 3d decl. accent the ultimate.</p> + +<p><a name="8_18"></a>18. πάντες--See <a href="#7_12">vii, 12</a>; nom. masc. plur., <i>men</i> being +understood, <a href="#sect74">§ 74</a>; subj. of clause.</p> + +<p><a name="8_19"></a>19. πιστεύσωσι--verb, from πιστεύω; second σ is sign +of 1st fut., <a href="#sect59">§ 59</a>; ω sign of subj., <a href="#sect44">§ 44</a>; σι 3d plur. act., <a href="#sect49">§ +49</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_20"></a>20. δἰ--See <a href="#7_13">vii, 13</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_21"></a>21. αὐτοῦ--See <a href="#7_14">vii, 14</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_22"></a>22. Οὐκ--neg. adv., same as οὐ, (vii, 83,) with euphonic κ +before a vowel.</p> + +<p><a name="8_23"></a>23. ἦν--See <a href="#7_3">vii, 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_24"></a>24. ἐκεῖνος--demonst, adj. pron., <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>; =<i>he</i>, +nom. masc. sing., subj. of sentence, <a href="#sect27">§ 27</a>; accent, <a href="#sect6">§ 6</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_25"></a>25. τὸ--See <a href="#7_24">vii, 24</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_26"></a>26. Φῶς--See <a href="#7_25">vii, 25</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_27"></a>27. ἀλλ᾿--conj. for ἀλλά, final vowel elided, <a href="#sect22">§ 22</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_28"></a>28. ἀληϑινόν--adj., from ἀληϑινός; neut. 2d decl., +<a href="#sect34">§ 34</a>; nom. sing., <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>; agreeing with Φῶς, <a href="#sect73">§ 73</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_29"></a>29. ὃ--See <a href="#7_19">vii, 19</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_30"></a>30. φωτίζει--verb, from φωτίζω; strengthened root, <a href="#sect58">§ 58</a>; +ε union vowel of indic., <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; final ι 3d sing. (pres.) act., <a href="#sect49">§ +49</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_31"></a>31. πάντα--indef. adj., see <a href="#8_18">No. 18</a>; acc. sing. masc. agreeing +with ἄνϑρωπον, <a href="#sect73">§ 73</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_32"></a>32. ἄνϑρωπον--noun, see <a href="#8_2">No. 2</a>; acc. sing., <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>; governed, +<a href="#sect97">§ 97</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_33"></a>33. ἐρχόμενον--part. from ἔρχομαι, see <a href="#8_10">No. 10</a>; +deponent, <a href="#sect40">§ 40</a>; pres. pass., <a href="#sect55">§ 55</a>; sing., <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>; either acc. masc., +(and then agreeing with ἄνϑρωπον,) or, as is better, (see +John iii, 19,) nom. neut., (and then agreeing with φῶς.)</p> + +<p><a name="8_34"></a>34. τόν--See <a href="#7_8">vii, 8</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_35"></a>35. κόσμον--noun, from κόσμος; acc. sing. 2d decl., <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>; +governed, <a href="#sect94">§ 94</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_36"></a>36. ἐν--See <a href="#7_1">vii, 1</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_37"></a>37. τῷ--art., dat. sing. masc., <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>; agrees with κοσμῳ, <a href="#sect73">§ +73</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_38"></a>38. κόσμῳ--noun, see <a href="#8_35">No. 35</a>; dat. sing., <a href="#sect8">§ 8</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_39"></a>39. καί--See <a href="#7_6">vii, 6</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_40"></a>40. ὁ--See <a href="#7_4">vii, 4</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_41"></a>41. κόσμος--noun, see <a href="#8_35">No. 35</a>; subj., <a href="#sect27">§ 27</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_42"></a>42. αὐτόν--pron., see <a href="#7_7">No. 7</a>; acc. sing. masc., <a href="#sect97">§ 97</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_43"></a>43. ἔγνω--verb, from γιγνώσκω, (strengthened [<a href="#sect70">§ 70</a>] from +root γνω, [<a href="#sect67">§ 67</a>,] =our <i>know</i>); 2d aor., <a href="#sect57">§ 57</a>; ε is augment +of indic., <a href="#sect60">§ 60</a>; ω is root and union-vowel, <a href="#sect67">§ 67</a>; no other ending, +hence 3d sing. act., <a href="#sect49">§ 49</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_44"></a>44. τὰ--art., plur. neut. acc., <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_45"></a>45. ἴδια--adj., fr. ἴδιος; plur. neut. acc., <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>; +agreement, <a href="#sect74">§ 74</a>; meaning <i>home</i> here, (lit., <i>the own</i> +things of him;) government, <a href="#sect44">§ 44</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_46"></a>46. οἱ--art., nom. plur. masc., <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_47"></a>47. ἴδιοι--adj., see <a href="#8_45">No. 45</a>; nom. plur. masc., <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>; meaning +<i>family</i> here, <a href="#sect74">§ 74</a>; subj., <a href="#sect27">§ 27</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_48"></a>48. παρέλαβον--verb from παραλαμβάνω, compounded +with παρά, <i>near</i>, (see <a href="#8_4">No. 4</a>,) as in <a href="#7_34">vii, 34</a>; 2d aor., <a href="#sect57">§ +57</a>; indic., <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; 3d plur., <a href="#sect49">§ 49</a>.</p> + +<h2>LESSON IX.</h2> + +<h3>EXERCISE ON JOHN 1, 12-18.</h3> + +<pre> +<b>12</b> Ὁσοι<a href="#9_1"><sup>1</sup></a> δὲ<a href="#9_2"><sup>2</sup></a> ἔλαβον<a href="#9_3"><sup>3</sup></a> αὐτόν,<a href="#9_4"><sup>4</sup></a> ἔδωκεν<a href="#9_5"><sup>5</sup></a> αὐτοῖς<a href="#9_6"><sup>6</sup></a> ἐξσυσίαν<a href="#9_7"><sup>7</sup></a> + Whoever, however, received him, he gave to them privilege + + τέκνα<a href="#9_8"><sup>8</sup></a> θεοῦ<a href="#9_9"><sup>9</sup></a> γενέσϑαι,<a href="#9_10"><sup>10</sup></a> τοῖς<a href="#9_11"><sup>11</sup></a> πιστεύουσιν<a href="#9_12"><sup>12</sup></a> εἰς<a href="#9_13"><sup>13</sup></a> τὸ<a href="#9_14"><sup>14</sup></a> + children of God to become, to the <i>ones</i> believing to the + +<b>13</b> ὄνομα<a href="#9_15"><sup>15</sup></a> αὐτοῦ·<a href="#9_16"><sup>16</sup></a> οἳ<a href="#9_17"><sup>17</sup></a> οὐκ<a href="#9_18"><sup>18</sup></a> ἐξ<a href="#9_19"><sup>19</sup></a> αἱμάτων,<a href="#9_20"><sup>20</sup></a> οὐδὲ<a href="#9_21"><sup>21</sup></a> ἐκ + name of him; who not out of bloods, nor out of + + ϑελήματος<a href="#9_22"><sup>22</sup></a> σαρκός,<a href="#9_23"><sup>23</sup></a> οὐδὲ ἐκ ϑελήματος<a href="#9_22"><sup>22</sup></a> ἀνδρός,<a href="#9_24"><sup>24</sup></a> ἀλλ'<a href="#9_25"><sup>25</sup></a> ἐκ + will of flesh, nor out of will of man, but out + +<b>14</b> θεοῦ ἐγεννήϑησαν.<a href="#9_26"><sup>26</sup></a> Καὶ ὁ Λόγος<a href="#9_27"><sup>27</sup></a> σὰρξ28 ἐγένετο,<a href="#9_29"><sup>29</sup></a> καὶ + of God were born. And the Word flesh became, and + + ἐσκήνωσεν<a href="#9_30"><sup>30</sup></a> ἐν<a href="#9_31"><sup>31</sup></a> ἡμῖν,<a href="#9_32"><sup>32</sup></a> (καὶ ἐϑεασάμεϑα<a href="#9_33"><sup>33</sup></a> τὴν δόξαν<a href="#9_34"><sup>34</sup></a> + tented among us, and we beheld the glory of + + αὐτοῦ, δόξαν ὡς<a href="#9_35"><sup>35</sup></a> μονογενοῦς<a href="#9_36"><sup>36</sup></a> παρά<a href="#9_37"><sup>37</sup></a> Πατρός,<a href="#9_38"><sup>38</sup></a>) πλήρης<a href="#9_39"><sup>39</sup></a> + him, glory as of <i>an</i> only-born near from <i>a</i> Father,) full + +<b>15</b> χάριτος<a href="#9_40"><sup>40</sup></a> καὶ ἀληϑείας.<a href="#9_41"><sup>41</sup></a> Ἰωάννης<a href="#9_42"><sup>42</sup></a> μαρτυρεῖ<a href="#9_43"><sup>43</sup></a> περὶ<a href="#9_44"><sup>44</sup></a> + of grace and truth. John testifies about + + αὐτοῦ, καὶ κέκραγε<a href="#9_45"><sup>45</sup></a> λέγων·<a href="#9_46"><sup>46</sup></a> Οὗτος<a href="#9_47"><sup>47</sup></a> ἦν<a href="#9_48"><sup>48</sup></a> ὃν<a href="#9_49"><sup>49</sup></a> εἶπον·<a href="#9_50"><sup>50</sup></a> Ὁ + him, and has cried, saying. This was <i>he</i> whom I said, The + + ὀπίσω<a href="#9_51"><sup>51</sup></a> μοῦ<a href="#9_52"><sup>52</sup></a> ἐρχόμενος<a href="#9_53"><sup>53</sup></a> ἔμπροσϑέν<a href="#9_54"><sup>54</sup></a> μου γέγονεν,<a href="#9_55"><sup>55</sup></a> ὅτι<a href="#9_56"><sup>56</sup></a> + <i>one</i> behind me coming, before me has become; because + +<b>16</b> πρῶτός<a href="#9_57"><sup>57</sup></a> μου ἦν. Καὶ ἐκ τοῦ πληρώματος<a href="#9_58"><sup>58</sup></a> αὐτοῦ ἡμεῖς<a href="#9_59"><sup>59</sup></a> + first of me he was. And out of the fullness of him WE + +<b>17</b> πάντες<a href="#9_60"><sup>60</sup></a> ἐλάβομεν,<a href="#9_61"><sup>61</sup></a> καὶ<a href="#9_62"><sup>62</sup></a> χάριν<a href="#9_63"><sup>63</sup></a> ἀντὶ<a href="#9_64"><sup>64</sup></a> χάριτος· ὅτι ὁ + all received, and grace for grace: because the + + νόμος<a href="#9_65"><sup>65</sup></a> δίὰ Μωϋσέως<a href="#9_66"><sup>66</sup></a> εδόϑη,<a href="#9_67"><sup>67</sup></a> ἡ χάρις καὶ ἡ ἀλήϑεια + law through Moses was given; the grace and the truth + +<b>18</b> διὰ Ἰησοῦ<a href="#9_68"><sup>68</sup></a> Χριστοῦ<a href="#9_69"><sup>69</sup></a> ἐγένετο.<a href="#9_70"><sup>70</sup></a> θεὸν<a href="#9_71"><sup>71</sup></a> οὐδείς<a href="#9_72"><sup>72</sup></a> ἐώρακε<a href="#9_73"><sup>73</sup></a> + through Jesus Christ became. God no-one has seen + + πώποτε·<a href="#9_74"><sup>74</sup></a> ὁ μονογενὴς<a href="#9_75"><sup>75</sup></a> Υἱός,<a href="#9_76"><sup>76</sup></a> ὁ ὢν<a href="#9_77"><sup>77</sup></a> εἰς<a href="#9_78"><sup>78</sup></a> τὸν + ever; the only-born Son, the <i>one</i> being into the + + κόλπον<a href="#9_79"><sup>79</sup></a> τοῦ Πατρός, ἐκεῖνος<a href="#9_80"><sup>80</sup></a> ἐξηγήσατο.<a href="#9_81"><sup>81</sup></a> + bosom of the Father, that <i>one</i> explained <i>Him</i>. +</pre> + +<p><a name="9_1"></a>1. Comp. ὅσος, <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>; nom. plur. masc., <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_2"></a>2. Not first, <a href="#sect98">§ 98</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_3"></a>3. λαμβάνω, <a href="#7_34">vii, 34</a>; 3 plur. 2 aor. act.</p> + +<p><a name="9_4"></a>4. <a href="#7_14">vii, 14</a>; acc. sing. masc., <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>; gov., <a href="#sect97">§ 97</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_5"></a>5. διδωμι, <a href="#sect68">§ 68</a>; 3 sing., <a href="#sect49">§ 49</a>; aug., <a href="#sect60">§ 60</a>; mood-vowel, <a href="#sect42">§ +42</a>; ν, <a href="#sect17">§ 17</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_6"></a>6. <a href="#9_4">No. 4</a>; dat. plur. masc., <a href="#sect92">§ 92</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_7"></a>7. ἐξονσία, <a href="#sect28">§ 28</a>; acc. sing., <a href="#sect97">§ 97</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_8"></a>8. τέκυον, <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>; acc. sing., after neut. verb γενέσϑαι, +<a href="#sect72">§ 72</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_9"></a>9. <a href="#7_9">vii, 9</a>; gen. sing. <a href="#sect86">§ 86</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_10"></a>10. <a href="#7_15">vii, 15</a>; 2 aor. mid. infin., <a href="#sect54">§ 54</a>; accent peculiar.</p> + +<p><a name="9_11"></a>11. <a href="#7_4">vii, 4</a>; dat. plur. masc., <a href="#sect73">§ 73</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_12"></a>12. πιστεύω; str. pres., <a href="#sect58">§ 58</a>; act. part., <a href="#sect55">§ 55</a>; οντς (<a href="#sect42">§ +42</a>) becomes ους, <a href="#sect14">§§ 14</a>, <a href="#sect16">16</a>, <a href="#sect19">19</a>; 3 decl., <a href="#sect55">§ 55</a>; dat. plur., <a href="#sect32">§ 32</a>; +agrees with αὐτοῖς, <a href="#sect72">§ 72</a>; as if a noun, <a href="#sect74">§ 74</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_13"></a>13. <a href="#8_9">viii, 9</a>; denotes <i>close union</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_14"></a>14. <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>; agree., <a href="#sect73">§ 73</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_15"></a>15. neut. 3 decl. acc. sing., <a href="#sect32">§ 32</a>; τ dropped in stem υατ, <a href="#sect18">§ 18</a>; +gov., <a href="#sect94">§ 94</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_16"></a>16. As <a href="#9_6">No. 6</a>; gov., <a href="#sect86">§ 86</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_17"></a>17. <a href="#7_19">vii, 19</a>; nom. plur. masc., <a href="#sect86">§ 30</a>; subj. of ἐγεννήϑησαν, +<a href="#sect27">§ 27</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_18"></a>18. <a href="#8_8">viii, 8</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_19"></a>19. For ἐκ before a vowel, <a href="#sect18">§ 18</a>; atonic, <a href="#sect3">§ 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_20"></a>20. αἷμα, neut. 3 decl. like <a href="#9_15">No. 15</a>; gen., <a href="#sect81">§ 81</a>; plur. is +Hebraistic, of natural descent; accent, <a href="#sect4">§ 4</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_21"></a>21. <a href="#7_17">vii, 17</a>, used as conj.</p> + +<p><a name="9_22"></a>22. ϑέλημα, like <a href="#9_15">No. 15</a>; gov., <a href="#sect81">§ 81</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_23"></a>23. σάρξ, fem. 3 decl., <a href="#sect32">§ 32</a>; gov., <a href="#sect86">§ 86</a>; accent special.</p> + +<p><a name="9_24"></a>24. ἀνήρ, irreg. 3 decl.; gen. sing., <a href="#sect86">§ 86</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_25"></a>25. <a href="#7_20">vii, 20</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_26"></a>26. γεννάω, strictly, <i>I beget</i>; prim. as <a href="#7_15">vii, 15</a>; 2 +aor. pass. 3 plur., (analyze.)</p> + +<p><a name="9_27"></a>27. <a href="#7_5">vii, 5</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_28"></a>28. <a href="#9_23">No. 23</a>; nom. sing., <a href="#sect32">§ 32</a>; ξ, <a href="#sect13">§ 13</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_29"></a>29. <a href="#7_15">vii, 15</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_30"></a>30. σκηνόω, from σκῆνος, <i>a tent</i>; 1 aor. act. 3 +sing., (analyze.)</p> + +<p><a name="9_31"></a>31. <a href="#7_1">vii, 1</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_32"></a>32. <a href="#sect38">§ 38</a>; gov., <a href="#sect88">§ 88</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_33"></a>33. ϑείομαι, depon., <a href="#sect40">§ 40</a>; 1 aor, mid., 1 plur., (analyze;) +subj. ἡμεῖς understood, <i>unemphatic</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_34"></a>34. δόξα, <a href="#sect29">§ 29</a>; acc. sing., <a href="#sect97">§ 97</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_35"></a>35. atonic, <a href="#sect3">§ 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_36"></a>36. μονογενής, 3 decl., two term., <a href="#sect34">§ 34</a>; gen. sing. masc., +<a href="#sect86">§ 86</a>; έος becomes οῦς, <a href="#sect6">§ 6</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_37"></a>37. Takes gen., dat., or acc.</p> + +<p><a name="9_38"></a>38. πατήρ, 3 decl., contr. like <a href="#9_24">No. 24</a>; gov., <a href="#sect81">§ 81</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_39"></a>39. 3 decl., like <a href="#9_36">No. 36</a>; nom. sing. masc., <a href="#sect73">§ 73</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_40"></a>40. χάρις, (τ dropped, <a href="#sect14">§ 14</a>); 3 decl. fem. sing., <a href="#sect83">§ 83</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_41"></a>41. ἀλήϑεια, <a href="#sect29">§ 29</a>; gen.sing., <a href="#sect83">§ 83</a>; accent, <a href="#sect4">§ 4</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_42"></a>42. 1 decl. masc., <a href="#sect28">§ 28</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_43"></a>43. μαρτυρέω, <a href="#sect62">§ 62</a>; pres. ind. act., <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; 3 sing., <a href="#sect49">§ 49</a>; +έει becomes εῖ, <a href="#sect20">§ 20</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_44"></a>44. Gen. as if <i>from</i> the center, <a href="#sect81">§ 81</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_45"></a>45. κράξω, (<a href="#sect58">§ 58</a>) for κραγ, <a href="#sect57">§ 57</a>; perf. act., <a href="#sect60">§ 60</a>; +irreg., <a href="#sect59">§ 59</a>; 3 sing., <a href="#sect49">§ 49</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_46"></a>46. λέγω, <a href="#sect65">§ 65</a>; pres. part. act., <a href="#sect55">§ 55</a>; nom. masc. sing., <a href="#sect32">§ 32</a>; +ων for οντς, <a href="#sect19">§ 19</a>, and <a href="#8_5">viii, 5</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_47"></a>47. <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_48"></a>48. <a href="#7_3">vii, 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_49"></a>49. <a href="#7_19">vii, 19</a>; acc. sing. masc., attrib., <a href="#sect97">§ 97</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_50"></a>50. Def. verb; 2 aor. act. ind., 3 sing. for εεπ, (analyze.)</p> + +<p><a name="9_51"></a>51. Gov. gen. like <a href="#9_44">No. 44</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_52"></a>52. <a href="#sect38">§ 38</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_53"></a>53. ἔρχομαι, depon., <a href="#sect40">§ 40</a>; pres. part., <a href="#sect55">§ 55</a>; +nom. masc. sing., <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_54"></a>54. <a href="#9_51">No. 51</a>; accent from "enclitic," <a href="#sect3">§ 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_55"></a>55. <a href="#7_20">vii, 20</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_56"></a>56. Conj.</p> + +<p><a name="9_57"></a>57. For πρότατος, <a href="#sect35">§ 35</a>; gov. gen. compar., (<a href="#sect85">§ 85</a>,) or +attrib., <a href="#sect86">§ 86</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_58"></a>58. πλήρωμα, like <a href="#9_22">No. 22</a>; gov., <a href="#sect81">§ 81</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_59"></a>59. <a href="#sect38">§ 38</a>; emphat., <a href="#9_33">No. 33</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_60"></a>60. <a href="#7_12">vii, 12</a>; nom. plur. masc., <a href="#sect73">§ 73</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_61"></a>61. <a href="#9_3">No. 3</a>; 1 plur., <a href="#sect49">§ 49</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_62"></a>62. <i>Even.</i></p> + +<p><a name="9_63"></a>63. <a href="#9_40">No. 40</a>; acc. sing., <a href="#sect32">§ 32</a>; depends upon ἐλάβομεν, <a href="#sect97">§ 97</a>; +τ of stem dropped, <a href="#sect18">§ 18</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_64"></a>64. Gov. gen., <a href="#sect85">§ 85</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_65"></a>65. <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_66"></a>66. Μωϋσέως, <a href="#sect32">§ 32</a>; Attic gen., <a href="#sect33">§ 33</a>; gov., <a href="#sect82">§ 82</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_67"></a>67. δίδωμι, <a href="#sect67">§ 67</a>; reg. in 1 aor. pass., <a href="#sect59">§ 59</a>; irreg. short +root vowel, <a href="#sect66">§ 66</a>; long union-vowel, <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; 3 sing., <a href="#sect52">§ 52</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_68"></a>68. Irreg. gen. sing. from Ἰησοῦς, <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_69"></a>69. Χριστός, <a href="#sect40">§ 40</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_70"></a>70. <a href="#7_15">vii, 15</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_71"></a>71. <a href="#7_9">vii, 9</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_72"></a>72. Comp. of οὐδέ, <a href="#7_17">vii, 17</a>, and εἷς, numeral, irreg.</p> + +<p><a name="9_73"></a>73. ὁράω, irreg. redup., <a href="#sect60">§ 60</a>; perf. act., <a href="#sect59">§ 59</a>; 3 sing.</p> + +<p><a name="9_74"></a>74. Comp. adv.</p> + +<p><a name="9_75"></a>75. <a href="#9_36">No. 36</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_76"></a>76. <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_77"></a>77. εἰμί, <a href="#sect69">§ 69</a>; like <a href="#9_46">No. 46</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_78"></a>78. <a href="#9_13">No 13</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_79"></a>79. <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_80"></a>80. <a href="#8_19">viii, 19</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_81"></a>81. Depon. ἐξηγήομαι, <a href="#sect40">§ 40</a>; 1 aor. mid., <a href="#sect59">§ 59</a>; aug. merged +in first η, <a href="#sect61">§ 61</a>; indic., <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; 3 sing., <a href="#sect49">§ 49</a>.</p> + +<h2>LESSON X.</h2> + +<h3>EXERCISE ON OUR LORD'S PRAYER, (Matt, vi, 9-13; Luke xi, 2-4.)</h3> + +<pre> +Οὕτως οὖν προσεύχεσϑε<a href="#10_1"><sup>1</sup></a> ὑμεῖς· (Ὅταν προσεύχησϑε,<a href="#10_2"><sup>2</sup></a> +Thus therefore pray YE: (Whenever ye pray, + +λέγετε·<a href="#10_3"><sup>3</sup></a>) Πάτερ<a href="#10_4"><sup>4</sup></a> ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς,<a href="#10_5"><sup>5</sup></a> ἁγιασϑήτω<a href="#10_6"><sup>6</sup></a> τὸ +say:) Father of us, the <i>one</i> in the heavens, let be hallowed the + +ὄνομά<a href="#10_7"><sup>7</sup></a> σου, έλϑέτω<a href="#10_8"><sup>8</sup></a> ἡ βασιλεία<a href="#10_9"><sup>9</sup></a> σου, γενηϑήτω<a href="#10_10"><sup>10</sup></a> τὸ +name of thee; let come the kingdom of thee; let be done the + +ϑέλημἄ<a href="#10_11"><sup>11</sup></a> σου ως ἐν οὐρανῷ<a href="#10_12"><sup>12</sup></a> καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς,<a href="#10_13"><sup>13</sup></a> τὸν ἄρτον<a href="#10_14"><sup>14</sup></a> +will of thee, as in heaven, also upon the earth; the bread + +ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον<a href="#10_15"><sup>15</sup></a> δὸς<a href="#10_16"><sup>16</sup></a> (δίδου<a href="#10_17"><sup>17</sup></a>) ἡμῖν σήμερον,<a href="#10_18"><sup>18</sup></a> (τὸ<a href="#10_19"><sup>19</sup></a> +of us, the needful, give (give) to us to-day; <i>as to</i> the <i>time</i> + +καϑ᾽<a href="#10_20"><sup>20</sup></a> ἡμέραν,<a href="#10_21"><sup>21</sup></a>) καὶ ἄφες<a href="#10_22"><sup>22</sup></a> ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα<a href="#10_23"><sup>23</sup></a> (τὰς ἁμαρτίας<a href="#10_24"><sup>24</sup></a>) +by day; and forgive to us the debts (the sins) + +ἡμῶν, ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφίεμεν<a href="#10_25"><sup>25</sup></a> τοῖς ὀφειλέταις<a href="#10_26"><sup>26</sup></a> ἡμῶν, (καὶ +of us, as also we forgive to the debtors of us; (and <i>this do</i>, + +γὰρ αὐτοἱ<a href="#10_27"><sup>27</sup></a> ἀφίεμεν<a href="#10_25"><sup>25</sup></a> παντὶ<a href="#10_28"><sup>28</sup></a> ὀφε λοντι<a href="#10_29"><sup>29</sup></a> ἡμῖν,) καὶ μὴ +for <i>our</i>selves <i>we</i> forgive to every <i>one</i> owing to us;) and not + +εἰσενέγκῃς<a href="#10_30"><sup>30</sup></a> ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν,<a href="#10_31"><sup>31</sup></a> ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι<a href="#10_32"><sup>32</sup></a> ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ +mayest thou lead us into trial; but deliver thou us away + +τοῦ πονηροῦ·<a href="#10_33"><sup>33</sup></a> [ὅτι σοῦ ἐστὶν<a href="#10_34"><sup>34</sup></a> ἡ βασιλεία,<a href="#10_9"><sup>9</sup></a> καὶ ἡ +from the evil: [because of <span class="smallcaps">thee</span> is the kingdom, and the + +δύναμις,<a href="#10_35"><sup>35</sup></a> καὶ ἡ δόξα<a href="#10_36"><sup>36</sup></a> εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας.<a href="#10_37"><sup>37</sup></a> ἀμήν.<a href="#10_38"><sup>38</sup></a>] +power, and the glory to the ages. Amen.] +</pre> + +<p><span class="smallcaps">Remark</span>.--The words above in parentheses are the variations in the +passage of Luke. The concluding doxology in brackets is not found in +the oldest manuscripts, and is probably spurious.</p> + +<p><a name="10_1"></a>1. προσεύχομαι, lit., <i>pray towards</i>; depon., <a href="#sect40">§ 40</a>; +pres., <a href="#sect58">§ 58</a>; indic., <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; 2d plur. mid., <a href="#sect49">§ 49</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_2"></a>2. Subj., <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; required by conditional particle preceding, <a href="#sect44">§ 44</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_3"></a>3. λέγω; pres., <a href="#sect65">§ 65</a>; imper., <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; 2d plur. act., <a href="#sect49">§ 49</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_4"></a>4. πατήρ, (accent irregularly shifted;) 3d decl., <a href="#sect32">§ 32</a>; +voc. sing., <a href="#sect27">§ 27</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_5"></a>5. οὐρανός, <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>; dat. plur., <a href="#sect88">§ 88</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_6"></a>6. ἁγιάζω, root ἁγιαδ, from ἅγιος =<i>holy</i>; 1st +aor. pass., <a href="#sect59">§ 59</a>; σ for δ, <a href="#sect14">§ 14</a>; η in imper., <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; 3d +pers. sing., <a href="#sect53">§ 53</a>; as if act., <a href="#sect52">§ 52</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_7"></a>7. <a href="#9_5">ix, 5</a>; accent, <a href="#sect3">§ 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_8"></a>8. viii, 8; 2d aor. <a href="#sect48">§ 48</a>; imper. <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; 3d sing. act., <a href="#sect53">§ 53</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_9"></a>9. Nom. sing. fem., <a href="#sect29">§ 29</a>; cannot take the enclitic's accent (<a href="#sect3">§ 3</a>) +like <a href="#10_7">No. 7</a>, as another acute immediately precedes.</p> + +<p><a name="10_10"></a>10. γίνομαι, <a href="#7_15">vii, 15</a>; 1st aor. pass., <a href="#10_6">No. 6</a>; first η assumed +irreg. as if a deriv.</p> + +<p><a name="10_11"></a>11. <a href="#10_7">No. 7</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_12"></a>12. <a href="#10_5">No. 5</a>; dat. sing., <a href="#sect88">§ 88</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_13"></a>13. γῆ, <a href="#sect28">§ 28</a>; gen. sing., of place all <i>over</i>, like time, <a href="#sect83">§ +83</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_14"></a>14. ἄρτος. <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>; acc. sing. <a href="#sect97">§ 97</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_15"></a>15. ἐπιούσιος, prob. comp. of ἐπί, <i>for</i>, and +οὐσία, <i>subsistence</i>; used only here; acc. sing. masc., <a href="#sect34">§ +34</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_16"></a>16. From δίδωμι, <a href="#sect67">§ 67</a>; irreg,, 2d aor. imp. 2d sing. act.</p> + +<p><a name="10_17"></a>17. Same verb; irreg. pres. imper. 2d sing. act.</p> + +<p><a name="10_18"></a>18. Compound adv.</p> + +<p><a name="10_19"></a>19. Elliptical, <a href="#sect74">§ 74</a>; "attrib. acc." <a href="#sect97">§ 97</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_20"></a>20. For κατά, <a href="#sect22">§§ 22</a>, <a href="#sect14">14</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_21"></a>21. From ἡμέρα, <a href="#sect29">§ 29</a>; acc. sing. of time, <a href="#sect97">§ 97</a>; here +distributive, <i>daily</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_22"></a>22. From ἀφίημι=<i>send away</i>; ἀπό and ἵημι, <a href="#sect69">§ 69</a>; +irreg. 2d aor. imper.; 2d sing. act., like <a href="#10_16">No. 16</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_23"></a>23. From ὀφείλημα, like <a href="#10_7">No. 7</a>; acc. plur. neut., <a href="#sect32">§ 32</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_24"></a>24. From ἁμαρτία. <a href="#sect28">§ 28</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_25"></a>25. From same as <a href="#10_22">No. 22</a>; pres. ind. 1st plur. act., <a href="#sect49">§ 49</a>;</p> + +<p><a name="10_26"></a>26. From ὀφειλέτης, <a href="#sect28">§ 28</a>; dat. plur., <a href="#sect92">§ 92</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_27"></a>27. Def. adj. pron., <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>; used as pers. of all persons.</p> + +<p><a name="10_28"></a>28. From πᾶς, see <a href="#7_12">vii, 12</a>; dat. sing. masc., <a href="#sect32">§ 32</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_29"></a>29. Pres. act. part, of ὀφείλω, like <a href="#9_12">ix, 12</a>; dat. sing. masc., +<a href="#sect92">§ 92</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_30"></a>30. Assigned to εἰσφέρω, but really belonging to the defective +cognate, εἰσήνεγκα, irreg. reduplicate, 1st aor., from +εἰς, <i>into</i>, and an obsolete ἔγκω, (for ενκω, <a href="#sect16">§ +16</a>;) subj., <a href="#sect41">§ 41</a>, (dependent end upon an implied verb of wishing or +deprecating <a href="#sect44">§ 44</a>;) 2d sing. act., <a href="#sect51">§ 51</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_31"></a>31. From πειρασμός, <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>; acc. sing., <a href="#sect94">§ 94</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_32"></a>32. From ῥύομαι, <a href="#sect62">§ 62</a>; depon., <a href="#sect40">§ 40</a>; 1st aor., <a href="#sect59">§ 59</a>; +imper. union-vowel α, <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; 2d sing. mid., <a href="#sect53">§ 53</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_33"></a>33. Noun implied, <a href="#sect74">§ 74</a>; 2d decl., <a href="#sect34">§ 34</a>; gen. sing. neut., <a href="#sect81">§ 81</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_34"></a>34. From εἰμί, <a href="#sect69">§ 69</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_35"></a>35. See <a href="#sect33">§ 33</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_36"></a>36. See <a href="#9_34">ix, 34</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_37"></a>37. From αἰών, <a href="#sect32">§ 32</a>; acc. plur., <a href="#sect94">§ 94</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_38"></a>38. Adv. from the Heb., <i>verily</i>.</p> + + + + +<h2>LESSON XI.</h2> + +<h3>EXERCISE ON LUKE i, 1-4.</h3> + +<pre> +Ἐπειδήπερ<a href="#11_1"><sup>1</sup></a> πολλοὶ<a href="#11_2"><sup>2</sup></a> ἐπεχείρησαν<a href="#11_3"><sup>3</sup></a> ἀνατάξασϑαι<a href="#11_4"><sup>4</sup></a> διήγησιν<a href="#11_5"><sup>5</sup></a> περὶ +Inasmuch as many undertook to arrange a narrative about + +τῶν πεπλήροφορημένων<a href="#11_6"><sup>6</sup></a> ἐν ἡμῖν<a href="#11_7"><sup>7</sup></a> πραγμάτων,<a href="#11_8"><sup>8</sup></a> καϑὼς<a href="#11_9"><sup>9</sup></a> παρέδοσαν<a href="#11_10"><sup>10</sup></a> +the fully believed among us transactions, just as transmitted <i>them</i> + +ἡμῖν<a href="#11_7"><sup>7</sup></a> οἱ ἀπ᾽<a href="#11_11"><sup>11</sup></a> ἀρχῆς<a href="#11_12"><sup>12</sup></a> αὐτόπται<a href="#11_13"><sup>13</sup></a> καὶ ὑπηρέται<a href="#11_14"><sup>14</sup></a> +to us the from <i>the</i> beginning eye-witnesses and ministers + +τοῦ λόγον·<a href="#11_15"><sup>15</sup></a> ἔόοξε<a href="#11_16"><sup>16</sup></a> κάμοί<a href="#11_17"><sup>17</sup></a> παρηκολονϑηκότι<a href="#11_18"><sup>18</sup></a> ἄνωϑεν<a href="#11_19"><sup>19</sup></a> +of the word; it seemed <i>good</i> to me also, having followed close from <i>the</i> first + +πᾶσιν<a href="#11_20"><sup>20</sup></a> ἀκριβῶς,<a href="#11_21"><sup>21</sup></a> καϑεξῆς<a href="#11_22"><sup>22</sup></a> σοι γράψαι,<a href="#11_23"><sup>23</sup></a> κράτιστε<a href="#11_24"><sup>24</sup></a> +to all <i>things</i> carefully, regularly to thee to write, most excellent + +Θεόφιλε,<a href="#11_25"><sup>25</sup></a> ἵνα ἐπιγνῷς<a href="#11_26"><sup>26</sup></a> περὶ ὧν<a href="#11_27"><sup>27</sup></a> κατηχήϑης<a href="#11_28"><sup>28</sup></a> +Theophilus, in order that thou mayest recognize about what thou wast instructed + +λόγων τὴν ἀσφάλειαν.<a href="#11_29"><sup>29</sup></a> +words the certainty. +</pre> + +<p><a name="11_1"></a>1. Comp. of ἐπεί, <i>since</i>, (from ἐπί, <i>upon</i>, +εἴ, <i>if</i>,) δή, <i>now</i>, and the intensive particle, +περ.</p> + +<p><a name="11_2"></a>2. Irreg. from πολύς, really an old πολλός; +nom. plur. masc., <a href="#sect34">§ 34</a>; <i>persons</i> understood, <a href="#sect74">§ 74</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_3"></a>3. From ἐπιχείρέω, <i>lay hand upon</i>, from ἐπί, +<i>upon</i>, and χείρ, <i>a hand</i>; aug., <a href="#sect61">§ 61</a>; η, <a href="#sect66">§ 66</a>; 1st +aor., <a href="#sect59">§ 59</a>; Ind., <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; 3d plur. act.; <a href="#sect49">§ 49</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_4"></a>4. From ἀνατάσσομαι, (comp. of ἀνά, <i>up</i>, i.e., +<i>thoroughly</i>, and τάσσω, <i>arrange</i>;) depon., <a href="#sect40">§ 40</a>; 1st +aor., (root, ταγ, str. in pres. by σσ, <a href="#sect58">§ 58</a>, which excludes the +γ,) <a href="#sect59">§ 59</a>, (ξ=γσ, <a href="#sect13">§ 13</a>;) infin. mid., <a href="#sect54">§ 54</a>; depends, like a +nom. (<a href="#sect25">§ 25</a>) in the acc. upon ἐπεχ., <a href="#sect97">§ 97</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_5"></a>5. From διήγησις, (like πολις in the paradigm,) <a href="#sect33">§ 33</a>; +acc. sing. depend. on ἀνατ., <a href="#sect97">§ 97</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_6"></a>6. From πληροφορέω, comp. of πλήρης, <i>full</i>, +φορέω, <i>bear</i>, i.e., in mind; redupl., <a href="#sect60">§ 60</a>; η, <a href="#sect66">§ 66</a>; no +tense sign, <a href="#sect59">§ 59</a>; perf. pass. part., <a href="#sect55">§ 55</a>; gen. plur., <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>; agrees +with πραγμ., <a href="#sect73">§ 73</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_7"></a>7. See <a href="#sect38">§ 38</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_8"></a>8. Like σῶμα in the paradigm; gen. plur., see <a href="#8_13">viii, 13</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_9"></a>9. Comp. of κατά, (see <a href="#10_20">x, 20</a>,) <i>down</i>, i.e., <i>exactly</i>, +and ὠς, <i>as</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_10"></a>10. From παραδίδωμι, comp. of παρά, <i>near</i>, i.e., +from one to another, and δίδωμι, <a href="#sect68">§ 68</a>; 2d aor., (δο,) <a href="#sect57">§ 57</a>; +indic., <a href="#sect60">§ 60</a>, also <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; 3d plur. act., <a href="#sect49">§ 49</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_11"></a>11. See <a href="#sect22">§ 22</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_12"></a>12. See <a href="#7_2">vii. 2</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_13"></a>13. From αὐτόπτης, comp. of αὐτός, self, and +ὄπτομαι, <i>I see</i>; nom. plur. masc., <a href="#sect28">§ 28</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_14"></a>14. From ὑπηρέτης, (comp. of ὐπό, <i>under</i>, and +ἐρέτης, <i>rower</i>,) <a href="#sect28">§ 28</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_15"></a>15. See paradigm.</p> + +<p><a name="11_16"></a>16. From δοκέω, really an obsol. δόκω; 1st aor., <a href="#sect59">§ 59</a>; +indic., <a href="#sect60">§ 60</a>; 3d sing. act., <a href="#sect49">§ 49</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_17"></a>17. Comp. of καί, (<a href="#sect22">§ 22</a>,) and ἐμοί, <a href="#sect38">§ 38</a>; case, <a href="#sect92">§ 92</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_18"></a>18. From παρακολουϑέω, comp. of παρά, <i>near</i>, and +ἀκολονϑέω; aug., (α+ε=η,) <a href="#sect60">§ 60</a>; perf. act., <a href="#sect59">§ 59</a>; +second η, <a href="#sect66">§ 66</a>; part., <a href="#sect55">§ 55</a>; dat. sing., (<a href="#sect32">§ 32</a>,) masc., <a href="#sect34">§ 34</a>; +agrees with ἐμοί, <a href="#sect73">§ 73</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_19"></a>19. Deriv. adv., lit., <i>from above</i>, i.e., from top to bottom.</p> + +<p><a name="11_20"></a>20. See <a href="#8_16">viii, 16</a>; dat. plur., <a href="#sect88">§ 88</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_21"></a>21. Adv. from ἀκριβής, <i>exact</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_22"></a>22. Adv. comp. of κατά, (as <a href="#11_17">No. 17</a>,) and ἑξῆς, +<i>orderly</i>, an old gen., <a href="#sect31">§ 31</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_23"></a>23. From γράφω, (<i>not</i> str., <a href="#sect58">§ 58</a>;) 1st aor., as <a href="#11_4">No. 4</a>; +infin. act., <a href="#sect54">§ 54</a>; subj. of ἔδοξε.</p> + +<p><a name="11_24"></a>24. From κράτιστος, <a href="#sect34">§ 34</a>; superl., (<a href="#sect35">§ 35</a>,) of an +obsol. κρατύς, <i>strong</i>, assigned to ἀγαϑός, +<i>good</i>; Voc. sing. masc., <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_25"></a>25. Nom, Θεόφιλος, <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_26"></a>26. From ἐπιγινώκω, comp. of ἐπί, <i>upon</i>, i.e., by +means of some reminding or determining circumstance, and +γινώσκω, <i>I know</i>, for γίγνωσκω, <a href="#sect70">§ 70</a>, (root +γνο, know,) contracted like γίνομαι, <a href="#7_15">vii, 15</a>; 2d aor., <a href="#sect57">§ +57</a>; subj., <a href="#sect44">§ 44</a>; 2d sing. act., <a href="#sect51">§ 51</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_27"></a>27. Rel., <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>; gen. plur., <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>; agrees with λόγων, <a href="#sect75">§ 75</a>; for +τῶν λόγων, (<a href="#sect75">§ 75</a>,) οἶς, <a href="#sect91">§ 91</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_28"></a>28. From κατηχέω, (comp. of κατά, <i>down</i>, as in +<a href="#11_17">No. 17</a>, and ἠχέω, <i>I echo</i>,) whence our <i>catechize</i>; +1st. aor. pass., <a href="#sect59">§ 59</a>; exception to <a href="#sect14">§ 14</a>; second η, <a href="#sect66">§ 66</a>; third +η, <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; 2d sing., <a href="#sect52">§ 52</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_29"></a>29. From ἀσφάλεια, lit., <i>non-tottering</i>; acc. sing., <a href="#sect29">§ +29</a>; depends upon ἐπιγ., <a href="#sect97">§ 97</a>.</p> + + + +<h2>Paradigms of Nouns of the First Declension.</h2> + +<table style="max-width: 50%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" summary="Paradigms of nouns of the first declension"> +<tr> + <td></td> + <td align="center" colspan="4"><b>Feminine.</b></td> + <td align="center" colspan="2"><b>Masculine.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><b>Cases.</b></td> + <td><i>Shadow.</i></td> + <td><i>Door.</i></td> + <td><i>Root.</i></td> + <td><i>Honor.</i></td> + <td><i>Youth.</i></td> + <td><i>Judge.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"><i>Sing.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Nominative.</td> + <td>σκιά</td> + <td>ϑύρα</td> + <td>ῥίζα</td> + <td>τιμή</td> + <td>νεανίας</td> + <td>κριτής</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Genitive.</td> + <td>σκιᾶς</td> + <td>ϑύρας</td> + <td>ῥίζης</td> + <td>τιλῆς</td> + <td>νεανίου</td> + <td>κριτοῖ</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Dative.</td> + <td>σκιᾷ</td> + <td>ϑύρᾳ</td> + <td>ῥίζῃ</td> + <td>τιμῇ</td> + <td>νεανίᾳ</td> + <td>κριτῇ</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Accusative.</td> + <td>σκιάν</td> + <td>ϑύραν</td> + <td>ῥίζαν</td> + <td>τιμήν</td> + <td>νεανίαν</td> + <td>κριτήν</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Vocative.</td> + <td>σκιά</td> + <td>ϑύρα</td> + <td>ῥίζα</td> + <td>τιμή</td> + <td>νεανία</td> + <td>κριτά</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"><i>Plur.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Nominative.</td> + <td>σκιαί</td> + <td>ϑύραι</td> + <td>ῥίζαι</td> + <td>τιμαί</td> + <td>νεανίαι</td> + <td>κριταί</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Genitive.</td> + <td>σκιῶν</td> + <td>ϑυρῶν</td> + <td>ῥιζῶν</td> + <td>τιμῶν</td> + <td>νεανιῶν</td> + <td>κριτῶν</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Dative.</td> + + <td>σκιαῖς</td> + <td>ϑύραις</td> + <td>ῥίζαις</td> + <td>τιμαῖς</td> + <td>νεανίαις</td> + <td>κριταῖς</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Accusative.</td> + <td>σκιάς</td> + <td>ϑύρας</td> + <td>ῥίζας</td> + <td>τιμάς</td> + <td>νεανίας</td> + <td>κριτάς</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Vocative.</td> + <td>σκιαί</td> + <td>ϑύραι</td> + <td>ῥίζαι</td> + <td>τιμαί</td> + <td>νεανίαι</td> + <td>κριταί</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<h2>Paradigms of Nouns of the Second Declension.</h2> + +<table style="max-width: 50%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" summary="Paradigms of nouns of the second declension"> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="4"><b>Masculine.</b></td> + <td align="center" colspan="2"><b>Neuter.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td></td> + <td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Word.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>Jesus.</i></td> + <td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Fig.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center"><b>Cases.</b></td> + <td align="center">Sing.</td> + <td>Plur.</td> + <td></td> + <td align="center">Sing.</td> + <td align="center">Plur.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Nominative.</td> + <td>λόγος</td> + <td>λόγοι</td> + <td>Ἰησοῦς</td> + <td>σῦκον</td> + <td>σῦκα</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Genitive.</td> + <td>λόγου</td> + <td>λόγων</td> + <td>Ἰησοῦ</td> + <td>σύκου</td> + <td>σύκων</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Dative.</td> + <td>λόγῳ</td> + <td>λόγοις</td> + <td>Ἰησοῦ</td> + <td>σύκῳ</td> + <td>σύκοις</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Accusative.</td> + <td>λόγον</td> + <td>λόγους</td> + <td>Ἰησοῦν</td> + <td>σῦκον</td> + <td>σῦκα</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Vocative.</td> + <td>λόγε</td> + <td>λόγοι</td> + <td>Ἰησοῦ</td> + <td>σῦκον</td> + <td>σῦκα</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<h2>Paradigms of Nouns of the Third Declension</h2> + +<table style="max-width: 50%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" summary="Paradigms of nouns of the third declension"> +<tr> + <td></td> + <td align="center" colspan="4"><b>Masculine and Feminine.</b></td> + <td align="center" colspan="3"><b>Neuter.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center"><b>Cases.</b></td> + <td align="center"><i>Shepherd.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>Lion.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>Hair.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>City.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>Body.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>Light.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>Wall.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><i>Sing.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Nominative.</td> + <td>ποιμήν</td> + <td>λέων</td> + <td>ϑρίξ</td> + <td>πόλις</td> + <td>σῶμα</td> + <td>φῶς</td> + <td>τεῖχος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Genitive.</td> + <td>ποιμένος</td> + <td>λέοντος</td> + <td>τρίχός</td> + <td>πόλεως</td> + <td>σώματος</td> + <td>φωτός</td> + <td>τείχους</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Dative.</td> + <td>ποιμένι</td> + <td>λέοντι</td> + <td>τριχί</td> + <td>πόλει</td> + <td>σώματι</td> + <td>φωατί</td> + <td>τείχει</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Accusative.</td> + <td>ποιμένα</td> + <td>λέοντα</td> + <td>τρίχα</td> + <td>πόλιν</td> + <td>σῶμα</td> + <td>φῶς</td> + <td>τεῖχος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Vocative.</td> + <td>ποιμήν</td> + <td>λέον</td> + <td>ϑρίξ</td> + <td>πόλι</td> + <td>σῶμα</td> + <td>φῶς</td> + <td>τεῖχος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><i>Plur.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Nominative.</td> + <td>ποιμένες</td> + <td>λέοντες</td> + <td>τρίχες</td> + <td>πόλεις</td> + <td>σώματα</td> + <td>φῶτά</td> + <td>τείχη</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Genitive.</td> + <td>ποιμένων</td> + <td>λεόντων</td> + <td>τριχῶυ</td> + <td>πόλεων</td> + <td>σωμάτων</td> + <td>φωτῶν</td> + <td>τειχῶν</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Dative.</td> + <td>ποιμέσι</td> + <td>λέονσι</td> + <td>ϑριξί</td> + <td>πόλεσι</td> + <td>σώμασι</td> + <td>φωσί</td> + <td>τείχεσι</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Accusative.</td> + <td>ποιμένας</td> + <td>λέοντας</td> + <td>τρίχας</td> + <td>πόλεις</td> + <td>σώματα</td> + <td>φῶτα</td> + <td>τείχη</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Vocative.</td> + <td>ποιμένες</td> + <td>λέοντες</td> + <td>τρίχες</td> + <td>πόλεις</td> + <td>σώματα</td> + <td>φῶτα</td> + <td>τείχη</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<h2>Paradigms of Adjectives, (<span style="font-variant: normal">of three terminations, <a href="#sect34">§ 34</a>.</span>)</h2> + +<p class="center"> +<strong><i>1st and 2d Decl.</i>--καλός, <i>Fair</i>.</strong></p> + +<table style="max-width: 50%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" summary="Paradigms of adjectives - first and second declensions"> +<tr> + <td></td> + <td align="center" colspan="3"><b>Singular.</b></td> + <td align="center" colspan="3"><b>Plural.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center"><b>Cases.</b></td> + <td align="center">Masc.</td> + <td align="center">Fem.</td> + <td align="center">Neut.</td> + <td align="center">Masc.</td> + <td align="center">Fem.</td> + <td align="center">Neut.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Nominative.</td> + <td>καλός</td> + <td>καλή</td> + <td>καλόν</td> + <td>καλοί</td> + <td>καλαί</td> + <td>καλά</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Genitive.</td> + <td>καλοῦ</td> + <td>καλῆς</td> + <td>καλοῦ</td> + <td>καλῶν</td> + <td>καλῶν</td> + <td>καλῶν</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Dative.</td> + <td>καλῷ</td> + <td>καλῇς</td> + <td>καλῷ</td> + <td>καλοῖς</td> + <td>καλαῖς</td> + <td>καλοῖς</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Accusative.</td> + <td>καλόν</td> + <td>καλήν</td> + <td>καλόν</td> + <td>καλούς</td> + <td>καλάς</td> + <td>καλά</td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td>Vocative.</td> + <td>καλέ</td> + <td>καλή</td> + <td>καλόν</td> + <td>καλοί</td> + <td>καλαί</td> + <td>καλά</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7">Similarly, δίκαιος, δικαία, δίκαιον, <strong><i>Just</i></strong>.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="center"> +<i>1st and 3d Decl.</i>--πᾶς, <i>All</i>.</p> + +<table style="max-width: 50%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" summary="Paradigms of adjectives - first and third declensions"> +<tr> + <td></td> + <td align="center" colspan="3"><b>Singular.</b></td> + <td align="center" colspan="3"><b>Plural.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center"><b>Cases.</b></td> + <td align="center">Masc.</td> + <td align="center">Fem.</td> + <td align="center">Neut.</td> + <td align="center">Masc.</td> + <td align="center">Fem.</td> + <td align="center">Neut.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Nominative.</td> + <td>πᾶς</td> + <td>πᾶσα</td> + <td>πᾶν</td> + <td>πάντες</td> + <td>πᾶσαι</td> + <td>πάντα</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Genitive.</td> + <td>παντός</td> + <td>πάσης</td> + <td>παντός</td> + <td>πάντων</td> + <td>πᾶσών</td> + <td>πάντων</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Dative.</td> + <td>παντί</td> + + <td>πάσῃ</td> + <td>παντί</td> + <td>πᾶσι</td> + <td>πάσαις</td> + <td>πᾶσι</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Accusative.</td> + <td>πάντα</td> + <td>πάσην</td> + <td>πᾶν</td> + <td>παντας</td> + <td>πάσας</td> + <td>πάντα</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Vocative.</td> + <td>πᾶς</td> + <td>πᾶσα</td> + <td>πᾶν</td> + <td>πάντες</td> + <td>πᾶσαι</td> + <td>πάντα</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Similarly those ending in</p> + +<table style="max-width: 60%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" summary="Paradigms of adjectives - similar endings"> +<tr> + <td align="center"><b>M.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>F.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>N.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>M. & N.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>M.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>F.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>N.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>M. & N.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>M.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>F.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>N.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>M. & N.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>ας</td> + <td>αινα</td> + <td>αν</td> + <td>G. ανος</td> + <td>ούς</td> + <td>οῦσα</td> + <td>όν</td> + <td>G. όντος</td> + <td>ώς</td> + <td>νῖα</td> + <td>ός</td> + <td>G. ότος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>εις</td> + <td>εσσα</td> + <td>εν</td> + <td>G. εντος</td> + <td>ων</td> + <td>ουσα</td> + <td>ον</td> + <td>G. οντος</td> + <td>ῶς</td> + <td>ῶσα</td> + <td>ῶς</td> + <td>G. ῶτός</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>είς</td> + <td>εῖσα</td> + <td>έν</td> + <td>G. έντος</td> + <td>ῶν</td> + <td>ῶσα</td> + <td>ῶν</td> + <td>G. ῶντος</td> + <td>ύς</td> + <td>εῖα</td> + <td>ύ</td> + <td>G. έος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>ην</td> + <td>εινα</td> + <td>εν</td> + <td>G. ενος</td> + <td>ῶν</td> + <td>οῦσα</td> + <td>οῦν</td> + <td>G. οῦντος</td> + <td>ύς</td> + <td>ῦσα</td> + <td>ύν</td> + <td>G. ύντος</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Forms in two terminations are similar; for example:--</p> + +<table style="max-width: 60%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" summary="Paradigms of adjectives - forms with two terminations"> +<tr> + <td align="center"><b>M. & F.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>N.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Gen.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>M. & F.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>N.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Gen.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>M. & F.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>N.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Gen.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>ας</td> + <td>αν</td> + <td>αντος</td> + <td>ις</td> + <td>ι</td> + <td>ιτος</td> + <td>ων</td> + <td>ον</td> + <td>ονος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>ην</td> + <td>εν</td> + <td>ενος</td> + <td>ος</td> + <td>ον</td> + <td>ου</td> + <td>ωρ</td> + <td>ορ</td> + <td>ορος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>ής</td> + <td>έν</td> + <td>έος</td> + <td>ους</td> + <td>ουν</td> + <td>οδος</td> + <td>ως</td> + <td>ων</td> + <td>ω</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="6"></td> + <td>υς</td> + <td>υ</td> + <td>υος</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h2>Synopsis (<span style="font-variant: normal">1st sing., etc.</span>) of Regular (<span style="font-variant: normal">Mute</span>) Verbs.--<span style="font-variant: normal">τύπτω, <i>Strike</i>.</span></h2> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Active Voice.</i></p> + +<table style="max-width: 50%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" summary="Synopsis of regular (mute) verbs - active voice"> + +<tr> + <td></td> + <td align="center"><b>Indic.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Imper.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Optat.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Subj.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Part.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Pres.</td> + <td>τύπτω</td> + <td>τύπτε</td> + <td></td> + <td>τύπτω</td> + <td>τύπτειν</td> + <td>τύπτων</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Imp'f.</td> + <td>ἔτυπτον</td> + <td></td> + <td>τύπτοιμι</td> + <td colspan="3"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>1st A.</td> + <td>τύψω</td> + <td></td> + <td>τύψοιμι</td> + <td></td> + <td>τύψειν</td> + <td>τύψων</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>1st F.</td> + <td>ἔτυψα</td> + <td>τύψον</td> + <td>τύψαιμι</td> + <td>τύψω</td> + <td>τύψαι</td> + <td>τύψας</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Perf.</td> + <td>τέτυφα</td> + <td>τέτυφε</td> + <td></td> + <td>τετύφω</td> + <td>τετυφέναι</td> + <td>τετυφώς</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Plup.</td> + <td>ἐτετύφειν</td> + <td></td> + <td>τετύφοιμι</td> + <td colspan="3"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>2d A.</td> + <td>ἔτυπον</td> + <td>τύπε</td> + <td>τύποιμι</td> + <td>τύπω</td> + <td>τυπεῖν</td> + <td>τυπών</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>2d F.</td> + <td>τυπῶ</td> + <td></td> + <td>τυποῖμι</td> + <td></td> + <td>τυπεῖν</td> + <td>τυπῶν</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p class="center"> +<i>Passive Voice.</i></p> + +<table style="max-width: 50%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" summary="Synopsis of regular (mute) verbs - passive voice"> + +<tr> + <td></td> + <td align="center"><b>Indic.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Imper.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Optat.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Subj.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Part.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Pres.</td> + <td>τύπτομαι</td> + <td>τύπτου</td> + <td></td> + <td>τύπτωμαι</td> + <td>τύπτεσϑαι</td> + <td>τυπτόμενος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Imp'f.</td> + <td>ἐτυπτόμην</td> + <td></td> + <td>τυπτοίμην</td> + <td align="right">[ὠ</td> + <td colspan="2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Perf.</td> + <td>τέτυμμαι</td> + <td>τέτυψο</td> + <td align="right">[εἴην</td> + <td>τετυμμένος</td> + <td>τετύφϑαι</td> + <td>τετυμμένος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Plup.</td> + <td>ἐτετύμμην</td> + <td></td> + <td>τετυμμένος</td> + <td colspan="3"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>1st A.</td> + <td>ἐτύφϑην</td> + <td>τύφϑητι</td> + <td>τυφϑείην</td> + <td>τυφϑὼ</td> + <td>τυφϑῆναι</td> + <td>τυφϑείς</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>1st F.</td> + <td>τυφϑήσομαι</td> + <td></td> + <td>τυφϑησοίμην</td> + <td></td> + <td>τυφϑήσεσϑαι</td> + <td>τυφϑησόμενος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>2d A.</td> + <td>ἐτύπην</td> + <td>τύπηϑι</td> + <td>τυπείην</td> + <td>τυπῶ</td> + <td>τυπῆναι</td> + <td>τυπείς</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>2d F.</td> + <td>τυπήσομαι</td> + <td></td> + <td>τυπησοίμην</td> + <td></td> + <td>τυπήσεσϑαι</td> + <td>τυπησόμενος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>3d F.</td> + <td>τετύψομαι</td> + <td></td> + <td>τετυψοίμην</td> + <td></td> + <td>τετύψεσϑαι</td> + <td>τετυψόμενος</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p class="center"> +<i>Middle Voice.</i></p> + +<table style="max-width: 50%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" summary="Synopsis of regular (mute) verbs - middle voice"> + +<tr> + <td></td> + <td align="center"><b>Indic.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Imper.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Optat.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Subj.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Part.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Pres.</td> + <td></td> + <td colspan="5" rowspan="2"> Same throughout at the Passive</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Imp'f.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Perf.</td> + <td>τέτυπα</td> + <td>τέτυπε</td> + <td></td> + <td>τετύπω</td> + <td>τετυπέναι</td> + <td>τετυπώς</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Plup.</td> + <td>ἐτετύπειν</td> + <td></td> + <td>τετύποιμι</td> + <td colspan="3"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>1st A.</td> + <td>ἐτυψάμην</td> + <td>τύψαι</td> + <td>τυψαίμην</td> + <td>τύψωμαι</td> + <td>τύψασϑαι</td> + <td>τυψάμενος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>1st F.</td> + <td>τύψομαι</td> + <td></td> + <td>τυψοίμην</td> + <td></td> + <td>τύψεσϑαι</td> + <td>τυψόμενος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>2d A.</td> + <td>ἐτυπόμην</td> + <td>τυποῦ</td> + <td>τυποίμην</td> + <td>τύπωμαι</td> + <td>τυπέσϑαι</td> + <td>τυπόμενος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>2d F.</td> + <td>τυποῦμαι</td> + <td></td> + <td>τυποίμην</td> + <td></td> + <td>τυπεῖσϑαι</td> + <td>τυπούμενος</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<h2>Regular Verb-Endings, (<span style="font-variant: normal">including mood-vowel.</span>)</h2> + +<table border="1" summary="Regular Verb-Endings, including mood-vowel."> +<tr> + <td colspan="5" align="center"><i>Active</i> (includ. <a href="#sect52">§ 52</a>.)</td> + <td colspan="5" align="center"><i>Mid.</i> and <i>Pass.</i> (except <a href="#sect52">§ 52</a>.)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <th colspan="2"></th> + <th align="center"><b>1</b></th> + <th align="center"><b>2</b></th> + <th align="center"><b>3</b></th> + + <th colspan="2"></th> + <th align="center"><b>1</b></th> + <th align="center"><b>2</b></th> + <th align="center"><b>3</b></th> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">Ind.of Pres. and Fut.</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>ω</td> + <td>εις</td> + <td>ει</td> + + <td rowspan="2">Ind. of Pres. and Fut.</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>ομαι</td> + <td>ῃ</td> + <td>εται</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>ομεν</td> + <td>ετε</td> + <td>ουσι</td> + + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>όμεϑα</td> + <td>εσϑε</td> + <td>ονται</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">Subjunctive throughout</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>ω</td> + <td>ης</td> + <td>ῃ</td> + + <td rowspan="2">Subj. throughout (exc. Perf. Pass.<a href="#t1_4"><sup>4</sup></a>)</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>ωμαι</td> + <td>ῃ</td> + <td>ηται</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>ωμεν</td> + <td>ητε</td> + <td>ωσι</td> + + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>ώμεϑα</td> + <td>ησϑε</td> + <td>ωνται</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">Ind. of Perf. and 1 Aor.</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>α</td> + <td>ας</td> + <td>ε</td> + + <td rowspan="2">Ind. of 1 Aor. Mid.</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>άμην</td> + <td>ω</td> + <td>ατο</td> +</tr> +<tr> + + + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>αμεν</td> + <td>ατε</td> + <td>ασι<a href="#t1_1"><sup>1</sup></a></td> + + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>άμεϑα</td> + <td>ασϑε</td> + <td>αντο</td> +</tr> + + +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">Ind. of Imp. and 2 Aor.</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>ον</td> + <td>ες</td> + <td>ε</td> + + <td rowspan="2">Ind. of Imp. and 2 Aor. Middle.</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>όμην</td> + <td>ου</td> + <td>ετο</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>ομεν</td> + <td>ετε</td> + <td>ον</td> + + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>όμεϑα</td> + <td>εσϑε</td> + <td>οντο</td> +</tr> + + +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">Ind. of Aor., Pass., & Opt.<a href="#t1_2"><sup>2</sup></a></td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>ην</td> + <td>ης</td> + <td>η</td> + + <td rowspan="2">Ind. of Perf. Pass.<a href="#t1_4"><sup>4</sup></a></td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>μαι</td> + <td>σαι</td> + <td>ται</td> +</tr> +<tr> + + + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>ημεν</td> + <td>ητε</td> + <td>ησαν</td> + + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>μεϑα</td> + <td>σϑε</td> + <td>νται</td> +</tr> + + +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">Indic. of Plup.</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>ειν</td> + <td>εις</td> + <td>ει</td> + + <td rowspan="2">Ind. of Plup. Pass.<a href="#t1_4"><sup>4</sup></a></td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>μην</td> + <td>σο</td> + <td>το</td> +</tr> +<tr> + + + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>ειμεν</td> + <td>ειτε</td> + <td>εισαν</td> + + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>μεϑα</td> + <td>σϑε</td> + <td>ντο</td> +</tr> + + +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">Opt., exc. as ab've & bel'w</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>οιμι</td> + <td>οις</td> + <td>οι</td> + + <td rowspan="2">Opt., exc. as bel'w (and Perf. Pass.<a href="#t1_4"><sup>4</sup></a>)</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>οίμην</td> + <td>οιο</td> + <td>οιτο</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>οιμεν</td> + <td>οιτε</td> + <td>οιεν</td> + + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>οίμεϑα</td> + <td>οισϑε</td> + <td>οιντο</td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">Opt. of 1 Aor.</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>αιμι</td> + <td>αις</td> + <td>αι</td> + + <td rowspan="2">Opt. of 1 Aor. Mid.</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>αίμην</td> + <td>αισο</td> + <td>αιτο</td> +</tr> +<tr> + + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>αιμεν</td> + <td>αιτε</td> + <td>αιεν</td> + + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>αίμεϑα</td> + <td>αισϑε</td> + <td>αιντο</td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">Imp. of Pres., 2 Aor., & Perf.</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>....</td> + <td>ε</td> + <td>έτω</td> + + <td rowspan="2">Imper. of Pres. and 2 Aor. (Mid.)</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td> ....</td> + <td>ου</td> + <td>έσϑω</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>....</td> + <td>ετε</td> + <td>έτωσαν</td> + + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>....</td> + <td>εσϑε</td> + <td>έσϑωσαν</td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">Imper. of 1 Aor.</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>....</td> + <td>ον</td> + <td>άτω</td> + + <td rowspan="2">Imper. of 1 Aor. Mid.</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>....</td> + <td>αι</td> + <td>άσϑω</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>....</td> + <td>ατε</td> + <td>άτωσαν</td> + + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>....</td> + <td>ασϑε</td> + <td>άσϑωσαν</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">Imper. of Aor. Pass.</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>....</td> + <td>ηθι<a href="#t1_3"><sup>3</sup></a></td> + <td>ήτω</td> + + <td rowspan="2">Imper. of 1 Perf. Pass.<a href="#t1_4"><sup>4</sup></a></td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>....</td> + <td>σο</td> + <td>ϑω</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>....</td> + <td>ητε</td> + <td>ήτωσαν</td> + + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>....</td> + <td>σϑε</td> + <td>σϑωσαν</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><a name="t1_1"></a>1. But αν in 1st Aor.</p> + +<p><a name="t1_2"></a>2. The Opt. has an extra mood-diphthong, ει, before +ending.</p> + +<p><a name="t1_3"></a>3. But ητι in 1st Aor., see <a href="#sect14">§ 14</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="t1_4"></a>4. The Perf. and Plup. Pass. are often inflected +periphrastically (especially in the Opt. and Subj.) by means of an +auxiliary (from εἰμί, <i>to be</i>. with the participle.</p> + + + +<h2>Synopsis of Verbs in <span style="font-variant: normal">μι</span>.</h2> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Active Voice.</i></p> + +<table style="max-width: 50%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" summary="Synopsis of Verbs in μι - active voice"> + +<tr> + <td></td> + <td align="center"><b>Indic.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Imper.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Optat.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Subj.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Part.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Pres.</td> + <td>ἵστημι</td> + <td>ἵστσϑι</td> + <td></td> + <td>ἱστῶ</td> + <td>ἱστάναι</td> + <td>ἱστάς</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Imp.</td> + <td>ἵστην</td> + <td></td> + <td>ἱσταίην</td> + <td colspan="3"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>2 A.</td> + <td>ἕστην</td> + <td>στῆϑι</td> + <td>σταίην</td> + <td>στῶ</td> + <td>στῆναι</td> + <td>στάς</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Pres.</td> + <td>τίϑημι</td> + <td>τίϑετι</td> + <td></td> + <td>τιϑῶ</td> + <td>τιϑέναι</td> + <td>τιϑείς</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Imp.</td> + <td>ἐτίϑην</td> + <td></td> + <td>τιϑείην</td> + <td colspan="3"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>2 A.</td> + <td>ἔϑην</td> + <td>ϑές</td> + <td>ϑείην</td> + <td>ϑῶ</td> + <td>ϑῆναι</td> + <td>ϑείς</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Pres.</td> + <td>δίδωμι</td> + <td>δίδοϑι</td> + <td></td> + <td>δίδῶ</td> + <td>δίδόναι</td> + <td>δίδούς</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Imp.</td> + <td>ἐδίδων</td> + <td></td> + <td>διδοίην</td> + <td colspan="3"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>2 A.</td> + <td>ἔδων</td> + <td>δός</td> + <td>δοίην</td> + <td>δῶ</td> + <td>δοῦναι</td> + <td>δούς</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Pres.</td> + <td>δείκνυμι</td> + <td>δέικννϑι</td> + <td colspan="2"></td> + <td>δεικνύναι</td> + <td>δεικνύς</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Imp.</td> + <td>ἐδείκνυν</td> + <td colspan="5"></td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<h2>Synopsis of Verbs in <span style="font-variant: normal">μι</span>.--(<em style="font-variant: normal">Continued.</em>)</h2> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Middle Voice</i>, (including Pres. and Imper. Pass.)</p> + +<table style="max-width: 50%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" summary="Synopsis of Verbs in μι - Middle voice (including Present and Imperfect Passive)"> + + +<tr> + <td></td> + <td align="center"><b>Indic.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Imper.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Optat.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Subj.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Part.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Pres.</td> + <td>ἵσταμαι</td> + <td>ἵστασο</td> + <td></td> + <td>ἱστῶμαι</td> + <td>ἵστασϑαι</td> + <td>ἱστάμενος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Imp.</td> + <td>ἱστάμην</td> + <td></td> + <td>ἱσταίμην</td> + <td colspan="3"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>2 A.</td> + <td>ἑσταμην</td> + <td>στάσο</td> + <td>σταίμην</td> + <td>στῶμαι</td> + <td>στάσϑαι</td> + <td>στάμενος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Pres.</td> + <td>τίϑεμαι</td> + <td>τιϑεσο</td> + <td></td> + <td>τιϑῶμαι</td> + <td>τίϑεσϑαι</td> + <td>τιϑέμενος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Imp.</td> + <td>ἐτιϑέμην</td> + <td></td> + <td>τιϑείμην</td> + <td colspan="3"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>2 A.</td> + <td>ἐϑέμην</td> + <td>ϑέτσο</td> + <td>ϑείμην</td> + <td>ϑῶμαι</td> + <td>ϑέσϑαι</td> + <td>ϑέμενος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Pres.</td> + <td>δίδομαι</td> + <td>δίδοσο</td> + <td></td> + <td>διδῶμαι</td> + <td>δίδοσϑαι</td> + <td>διδόμενος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Imp.</td> + <td>ἐδιδόμην</td> + <td></td> + <td>διδοίμην</td> + <td colspan="3"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>2 A.</td> + <td>ἐδόμην</td> + <td>δόσο</td> + <td>δοίμην</td> + <td>δῶμαι</td> + <td>δόσϑαι</td> + <td>δόμενος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Pres.</td> + <td>δείκνυμαι</td> + <td>δείκνυσο</td> + <td colspan="2"></td> + <td>δείκνυσϑαι</td> + <td>δεικνύμενοζ</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Imp.</td> + <td>ἐδείκυμην</td> + <td colspan="5"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>All the other tenses are regular, as if from στάω, ϑέω, δόω, +δεικνύω, meaning respectively to <i>stand, put, give,</i> and +<i>show</i>.</p> + + + +<h2>Peculiar Endings of Verbs in <span style="font-variant: normal">μι</span></h2> + +<table width="50%"> +<tr> + <td colspan="2" align="center"><b>Singular.</b></td> + <td colspan="3" align="center"><b>Plural.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="3">ἵστη-<br /> + τίϑη-<br /> + δίδω-<br /> + δέικνυ-</td> + + <td rowspan="3">1. -μι<br /> + 2. -ς<br /> + 3. -σι</td> + + <td rowspan="3">ἵστα-<br /> + τιϑε-<br /> + δίδο-<br /> + δέικνυ-</td> + <td>1. -μεν</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>2. -τε</td> +</tr> +<tr> + + <td>3. τιϑεισι<br /> + ἵστασι<br /> + δίδουσι<br /> + δέικνυσι</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p>Λίδωμι has ω as a union-vowel throughout the subj. (pres. and +2d aor.) of both voices, and ἵστημι has α in the 2d and 3d +sing., and 2d plur. of the subj. pres. All the other forms follow the +inflection of the regular verb.</p> + +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11130 ***</div> +</body> + +</html> + + diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..24a3e44 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #11130 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11130) diff --git a/old/11130-0.txt b/old/11130-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..66736f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/11130-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2225 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Greek in a Nutshell, by James Strong + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most +other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of +the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at +www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have +to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. + +Title: Greek in a Nutshell + +Author: James Strong + +Release Date: February 17, 2004 [EBook #11130] +[Most recently updated: April 19, 2020] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GREEK IN A NUTSHELL *** + + + + + + + + +Greek in a Nutshell, + +An Outline of + +GREEK GRAMMAR + +with + +BRIEF READING LESSONS; + +Designed for Beginners in the New Testament. + +BY + +JAMES STRONG, S.T.D., +Professor of Exegetical Theology in Drew Theological Seminary + +NEW YORK: EATON & MAINS +CINCINNATI: JENNINGS & GRAHAM + + +Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by +NELSON & PHILLIPS, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress +at Washington. + + + + +PREFACE. + + + +This little Manual was originally prepared for the NORMAL CLASS, at +the request of the editor of that Journal, and was at the same time +expected to form an instruction book at the Sunday-School Assembly +annually held at Chautauqua. This accounts for its form in twelve +series of two pages each. The reading lessons, however, have been +made sufficiently full for subsequent study. Of course the simplest +elements only of the Greek language can be comprised in such narrow +limits; nor can a full vocabulary or ready facility be acquired in so +short a course. Nevertheless, a good beginning may be made, and that +is "half the battle" in any enterprise. It is believed that a thorough +mastery of this small volume will prove a conquest over all the real +difficulties of the original tongue of the New Testament. + +J. S. + + + + +LESSON I. + + + +READING + + +§ 1. THE ALPHABET. + +Form. Name. Sound. +A α Al'pha _a_ in _man_, [_arm._[1]] +Β β Be'ta _b_ +Γ γ Gam'ma _g_ in _go_, [_king._[2]] +Δ δ Del'ta _d_ +Ε ε Ep'silon _e_ in _met_. +Ζ ζ Ze'ta _dz_ in _adze_. +Η η E'ta _e_ in _they_. +Θ ϑ or θ The'ta _th_ in _thin_. +Ι ι Io'ta _i_ in _tin_, [_machine_[3]] +Κ κ or ϗ Kap'pa _k_ +Λ λ Lamb'da _l_ +Μ μ Mu _m_ +Ν ν Nu _n_ +Ξ ξ Xi _x_ +Ο ο Om'icron _ο_ in _not_. +Π π Pi _p_ +Ρ ρ Rho _r_ +Σ σ, final ς Sig'ma _s_ in _this_. +Τ τ Tau _t_ in _it_. +Υ υ U'psilon _u_ in _full_. +Φ φ Phi _f_ +χ χ Khi _kh_ (German _ch_.) +ψ ψ Psi _ps_ +Ω ω O'mega _ο_ in _no_. + + +§ 2. Notes on the Alphabet. + + +1. α sounds broad, like _a_ in _arm_, at the end of a word, +and before ρ final or ρ followed by a different consonant. + +2. γ has the nasal sound, like _ng_ in _king_, before γ, +κ, χ, or ξ. + +3. ι has its long sound, like _i_ in _machine_, at the end +of a syllable. + +Every letter is sounded, and, with the above exceptions, invariably +the same. + + + +2. ACCENT. + + +§ 3. Each word, except a very few monosyllables, has one of the +following accents written over a vowel in it, which marks the place of +the spoken tone. A few small words, called _enclitics_, generally +throw their accent, as an acute, on the last syllable of the preceding +word. + +§ 4. The _acute_ ('), which is the foundation of all the +accents, stands on one of the last three syllables. In verbs, with the +exception of certain forms, it stands as far toward the beginning of +the word as the rules below allow. In other parts of speech it stands +on the same syllable as in the ground-form, (that given in the +lexicon,) except as required by these rules. When the last syllable +has a long vowel or diphthong it stands on the syllable before the +last. + +§ 5. The _grave_ accent (`) is only written in place of the +acute on the last syllable when not before a pause, or when +unemphatic. It is understood to belong to all other syllables. + +§ 6. The _circumflex_ (~) is placed on a syllable formed by +the combination of two, the first of which had an acute and the second +a grave; hence only on the last, or next to the last syllable, and +only on a long vowel or a diphthong. When the last syllable has a +short vowel, such a penult, if accented, takes the circumflex. + + + +3. BREATHINGS, VOWELS, DIPHTHONGS, ETC. + + +§ 7. A vowel beginning a word takes either the _rough +breathing_, (῾), which is pronounced like _h_, or else, to +show the absence of that, _the smooth breathing_, (᾿), which +has no appreciable sound. Initial ρ and υ always take the rough +breathing; and double ρ in the middle of a word takes the smooth +breathing on the first, and the rough on the second. + +§ 8. The vowels are short, (ε and ο,) long, (η and ω,) or +doubtful, (α, ι, and υ,) which last, although naturally short, are +sometimes lengthened by derivation. + +§ 9. The diphthongs are as follows:-- + + Proper. With Iota Subscript. Improper. +αι sounds ay ᾳ = α ηυ = η and υ +ει " i ῃ = η ωυ = ω and υ +οι " oy ῳ = ω +υι " we +αυ " ow +ευ " yu +ου " oo + +§ 10. In diphthongs the breathing and accent are written over the +_second_ vowel. A capital (initial) letter in other cases takes +them _before_ it. + +§ 11. The punctuation marks are the comma, (,), the semicolon, (·), +the period, (.), and the interrogation point, (;). + + + +LESSON II. + +EUPHONIC CHANGES. + + +§ 12. When two _consonants_ come together the first is made +homogeneous with the second, as follows:-- + +§ 13. Mutes of a different class must have the same degree of +hardness according to the following classification:-- + + Smooth. Middle. Rough. Sibilant (with _s_.) +Kappa-mutes. κ γ χ ξ +Pi-mutes π β φ ψ +Tau-mutes τ δ ϑ ζ + +§ 14. A _smooth_ final mute is roughened before a vowel with the +rough breathing. A rough mute is not doubled, nor can successive +syllables begin with an aspirate. A tau-mute is sometimes dropped +before σ, and always before κ; before a different tau-mute it is +changed into σ. + +§ 15. Before μ a kappa-mute is changed into γ, a pi-mute into μ, +and a tau-mute into σ. + +§ 16. ν before a kappa-mute becomes γ, before a pi-mute μ, before +a liquid (λ, μ, ν, or ρ) it is changed into the same liquid, +before σ or ζ it is dropped. + +§ 17. ν is appended to certain endings in σι or ε before a pause +or a vowel. + +§ 18. There are several other less important rules, and some +exceptions to most of the above. + +§ 19. A _long vowel_ or _diphthong_ is used as an +equivalent for two (usually short) vowels in immediate succession, or +as a compensation for the omission of a consonant, sometimes for both. + +§ 20. The changes in the union of two vowels are various, depending +upon their comparative strength, position, and relation to the long +vowels, or diphthongs respectively. They are readily learned by +practice. + +§ 21. Compensation is not always thus made for the omission of a +consonant. Sometimes the omission occurs too far back in the +derivation to be easily traced. + +§ 22. A final vowel is sometimes elided before another vowel, and its +place indicated by the apostrophe, ('). + +§ 23. There are several _dialects_, which chiefly affect the +vowels, (like provincial pronunciation;) but in later Greek (to which +the New Testament belongs) they were merged in "the common dialect," +the Attic pre-dominating. + + +NOUNS. + +Nouns are of three declensions, three genders, three numbers, and five +cases, all indicated by changes of termination. + +§ 24. The declensions (numbered 1, 2, and 3) are only different modes +of inflection. + +§ 25. Names and designations of males, nations, the months, rivers, +and winds, are almost invariably _masculine_; those of females, +countries, islands, cities, trees, and plants, are usually +_feminine_; of the _neuter_ gender are most names of fruits +and diminutives, and always the names of the letters, infinitives, +clauses, indeclinable words, and words used as the symbol of a +sound. In the third declension especially the (grammatical) gender in +many instances is arbitrary. + +§ 26. The _singular_ and _plural_ are used as in +English. The _dual_ denotes two or a pair; it is comparatively +rare, and never occurs in the New Testament. + +§ 27. The _cases_ express the relations of words to each other +in a sentence, as follows:-- + + Name. Use. Equivalent. +Nominative. Subject of a finite verb. (Simple form.) +Genitive. Origin or ownership. _From, of,_ etc. +Dative. Position or manner. _In, by, for, to,_ etc. +Accusative. Direction or object. _Toward, into,_ etc. +Vocative. Address. _O!_ + +§ 28. The following are the terminations of the _First +Declension_:-- + + Singular. Cases. Plural. + _Masc._ _Fem._ _Masc. and Fem._ +ας or ης α or η Nominative. αι + ον ας or ης Genitive. ῶν + ᾳ or η Dative. αις + αν or ην Accusative. ας + α or η Vocative. αι + + _Dual._ Nom., Acc., Voc., α; Gen., Dat., αιν. + +§ 29. The α in the terminations of the singular is mostly used when +ρ, ε,or ι precedes it; and in the Nom., Acc., and Voc. when λ or +σ, and frequently when ν, precedes it. A few nouns have α in the +Gen. sing. + + + +LESSON III. + +NOUNS--Continued. + +§ 30. The following are the terminations of the _Second +Declension_:-- + + Singular. Cases. Plural. + _Masc._ _Neut._ _Masc._ _Neut._ + ος ον Nominative. οι α + ου Genitive. ων + ῳ Dative. οις + ον Accusative. ους α + ε ον Vocative. οι α + + _Dual._ Nom., Acc., Voc., ω; Gen., Dat., οιν. + +§ 31. The few fem. nouns of this declension take the +masc. terminations. The Voc. masc. sing. is occasionally ος. + +§ 32. The following are the terminations of the _Third Declension_:-- + + Singular. Cases. Plural. + _Masc. and Fem._ _Neut._ _Masc. and Fem._ _Neut._ +ς (or long vowel (naked stem.) Nominative. ες α +before final letter.) + ος Genitive. ων + ι Dative. σι(ν) + ν or α (naked stem.) Accusative. ας α +(like Nom. or Neut.) (naked stem.) Vocative. ες α + + _Dual._ Nom., Acc., Voc., ε; Gen., Dat., οιν. + +§ 33. The Nom. sing. is so often changed by the euphonic rules that +the stem of the noun is best seen in the Gen. Nouns in ις, υς, and +ευς take the (Attic) Gen. εως, (ω regarded as _short_.) +The α of the Acc. sing. is usually after a consonant. Many +irregularities and some anomalies occur, which may generally be +learned from the lexicon. + + +ADJECTIVES. + +§ 34. These are _declined_ like nouns, having sometimes three +sets of terminations for the respective genders, sometimes two, (masc. +and fem. alike,) rarely but one, (all genders alike.) The masc. and +neut. are always of the same declension, (second or third,) and the +fem., when different, always of the first. _Participles_ are +declined like adjectives. + +§ 35. Adjectives are _compared_ either by using an adverb +expressive of degree, or, more regularly, by adding to the stem of the +positive the syllables ότερος or ίων for the comparative, and +ότατος or ιστος for the superlative. Some euphonic changes +occur in making these additions, which then take the regular +declensional endings. + + +NUMERALS. + +§ 36. The _cardinal_ numbers are either simple, (the units, +tens, and a few others,) or compound, (intermediate numbers.) Those +from one to four inclusive, and the hundreds and thousands, are +declined like adjectives. They may all be learned from the lexicon. + +§ 37. The _ordinals_ are mostly formed from the cardinals by +adjective endings. + + +PRONOUNS. + +§ 38. Of the _personal_ pronouns, those of the 1st and 2d +persons only are specially noteworthy, being declined as nouns +irregularly:-- + + _I_ or _Me_. _We_ or _Us_. _Thou_ or _Thee_. _Ye_ or _You_. +Nominative. ἐγώ ἡμεῖς σύ ὑμεῖς +Genitive. (ἐ)μοῦ ἡμῶν σοῦ ὑμῶν +Dative. (ἐ)μοί ἡμῖν σοί ὑμῖν +Accusative. (ἐ)μέ ἡμᾶς σέ ὑμᾶς + +§ 39. The rest are declined as adjectives--masc. ος, fem, η, +neut. ο; often compounded, one or both parts being declined; but, +with the exception of τις, (interrogative τίς, indefinite +τὶς,) neut. τι, Gen. τινος, of the third declension, the +_article_ (definite only) and the _demonstrative_ alone are +very peculiar in declension, as follows:-- + + Singular. The. Plural. + _Masc. Neut. Fem._ _Masc. Neut. Fem._ + ὁ τό ἡ Nominative. οἱ τά αἱ + τοῦ τῆς Genitive. τῶν τῶν + τῷ τῇ Dative. τοῖς ταῖς + τόν τό τήν Accusative. -ούς τά τάς + + _Dual._ Nom., Acc., Voc., τώ, τά; Gen., Dat., τοῖν, ταῖν. + + Singular. This, These. Plural. +_Masc. Neut. Fem._ _Masc. Neut. Fem._ +οὗτος τοῦτο αὕτη Nominative. οὗτοι ταῦτα αὗται + τούτου ταύτης Genitive. τούτων τούτων + τούτῳ -αύτῃ Dative. τούτοις ταύταις +τουτου τοῦτο ταυτην Accusative. τούτους ταῦτα ταύτας + + _Dual._ Nom., Acc., Voc., τούτω, ταῦτα; Gen., Dat., τούτοιν, ταύταιν + + + +LESSON IV. + +VERBS. + + +§ 40. There are three VOICES, _Active, Middle,_ and +_Passive,_ generally distinguished by the _termination_. + +The Middle is properly _reflexive_. Some of its tenses have an +_active_ meaning. A few verbs, called _deponent_, are +throughout pass. in form, but act. or mid. in meaning. + +§ 41. There are five MOODS in each voice, the _Indicative, +Imperative, Subjunctive, Optative,_ and _Infinitive_, to which +may be added the _Participles_; they are mostly known by means of +the _union-vowel_--that which immediately precedes the +termination. + +§ 42. The Indic., Imper., Infin., and Participles correspond to the +English, and have a _short_ union-vowel, (ε, ο, or α,) except +the Perf. and Pluperf. pass., which have no union-vowel; the +Pluperf. act. and mid., which have ει; and the Aorists pass., which +have η or its equivalent. + +§ 43. The Imper. has but two persons. 2d and 3d. The Infin. has but +one termination for all numbers and persons, and is very often used as +a neut. noun, with the article, etc., yet retaining its construction +as a verb. + +§ 44. The Subj. and Opt. are used in certain _dependent_ +relations, like the English subjunctive and potential; the former has +a _long_ union-vowel, (η or ω,) and the latter a diphthong, +(οι, αι, or ει.) The former generally represents an act as +contingent upon outward circumstances, and the latter upon a will. + +§ 45. The TENSES are nine, the _Present, Imperfect, Perfect, +Pluperfect,_ two _Aorists_, (1st and 2d, equivalent in sense,) +and three _Futures_, (1st and 2d, equivalent to each other, and +3d, very rarely used;) they are distinguished by certain letters +prefixed, inserted, or added to the stem or root of the verb. They +represent time as compared with the _present_, and never date +from that of a preceding verb. + +§ 46. The Pres., Perf., Pluperf., and Fut. answer very nearly to the +same tenses in English. + +§ 47. The Imperf. denotes an act as going on, but incomplete or +habitual at some time past: "was doing," etc. + +§ 48. The Aorists indicate a single act at a definite time, (past in +the Indic., but undetermined in the others moods.) + +§ 49. All the tenses with respect to form may be classed thus:-- + +I. _Primary_, or Absolute. Present. Perfect. Futures. + +II. _Secondary_, or Historical. Imperfect. Pluperfect. Aorists. + +These classes usually have the following endings respectively:-- + + Active Form. Persons. Middle and Passive. + I. II. I. II. +Pres. and Fut. Perf. Opt. Sing. + ο - ν μι 1st μαι μην + ις ς 2d σαι (σ)ο + ι - 3d ται το + Plur. + μεν 1st μεϑα + τε 2d σϑε + (ντ) σι (ν) (σα)ν 3d νται ντο +[2d, τον, 3d, την. Dual. 1st, μεϑον, 2d, σϑον, 3d, σϑην.] + +_Notes on the Table of Verb Endings._ + +§ 50. In the Pres. and Fut. the ο of the 1st sing. act. is +contracted (with the union-vowel) into ω, and the σαι of the 2d +sing. pass. into ῃ or ει. + +§ 51. Signification limits the primary terminations to the Indic. and +Subj., and the secondary to the Indic. and Opt.: likewise the +Imperf. and Pluperf. to the Indic., and the Imper. to the Pres., the +Aorists and (rarely) the Perf. + +§ 52. The _active_ terminations are assumed throughout by the +Perf. and Pluperf. mid., and the Aorists pass. + +§ 53. The terminations of the Imper. are analogous to the secondary +in the act., and in the mid. and pass. they are merely the same +strengthened, thus: _Sing._ 2d,--[Aor. pass, ϑι, 1st +Aor. act. (σ)ov] (pass. ο [1st Aor. mid. ι] or σο); 3d, τω +(pass. σϑω,) _Plur._ 2d, τε (pass. σϑε); 3d, τωσαν +[or contr. ντων] (pass, σϑωσαν. [_Dual._ 2d, τον +(σϑον); 3d, των (σϑων,)] + +§ 54. The Infin. in the act. forms ends in εν, [contr., with +union-vowel into ειν] (Pres., Fut., and 2d Aor.,) αι, (1st Aor.,) +or ναι, (Perf. act. and mid. and both Aor. pass.;) elsewhere in +σϑαι. + +§ 55. In the Participles the stem ends in ντ in the act. forms, +(except the Perf. act. and mid., which have ότ;) the rest take +μεν, (Perf. pass, μέν.) These latter are [masc. and neut.] of +the second declension, the others of the third. + +§ 56. Verbs in μι insert σ before the final ι of the 3d +pers. sing. Pres. Indic. act., and vary in a few other terminations, +chiefly by contraction. + + + +LESSON V. + +VERBS--Continued. + + +§ 57. The root of every _primitive_ verb is a monosyllable, +consisting of a short vowel (α, ε, ι, ο, or υ) between two +(usually simple) consonants. Sometimes one or the other of the latter +has been dropped far back in the etymology. This root is most readily +found in the 1st Fut., subject only to euphonic changes. The 2d +Aor. always has a monosyllabic root, with a single vowel never long; +but this may be somewhat different from the true root. Primitive verbs +only have a 2d Aor. + +§ 58. The Pres. and Imperf. commonly _strengthen_ the root, +either by adding a hard consonant, (sometimes more than one,) or +(oftener) by changing the root vowel into the corresponding long one +or diphthong. + +§ 59. The following tenses add certain _characteristic_ letters +to the root:-- + + 1st Fut. and 1st Aor. act. and mid., + (of verbs not liquid,) and 3d Fut. ο + 1st Aor. pass. ϑ + 1st Fut. pass. ϑησ + 2d Fut. pass. ηο + 2d (in liquid verbs 1st) Fut. act. and mid. ε + Perf. and Pluperf. Act. of pure and liquid verbs κ + Perf. and pluperf. act. ending in a pi- or kappa-mute (῾) + +§ 60. Tenses expressing _past time_ (Imperf. and Aorists Indic.) +prefix ε ("syllabic _augment") to the root; this coalesces with +an initial vowel ("temporal augment") into the corresponding long +vowel or diphthong. The Perf., Pluperf., and 3d Fut. not only do the +same throughout the moods, but also prefix to the _syllabic_ +augment the initial consonant of the root ("reduplication") when this +is a simple consonant or a mute followed by a liquid. The +Pluperf. prefixes a second syllabic augment to the reduplication. + +§ 61. Initial ρ, (which is doubled after the syllabic augment,) +βλ, γλ, and γν, do not, except in a few cases, allow the +reduplication. Verbs compounded with a preposition generally take the +augment, etc., between it and the primitive. A few other +irregularities occur. + +§ 62. Verbs are classified in conjugation according to the radical +letter following the root vowel, or diphthong, in the 1st pers. sing. +Pres. Indic. act., lexicon form: in "liquid" verbs (not derivatives in +άνω, which is merely strengthened for άω) this is a +_liquid_; in "pure" verbs it is absent, so that the root appears +to end in a vowel, etc. Very many verbs seem to be anomalous in some +of their forms in consequence of deriving these from an obsolete +kindred root. The lexicon gives most of these peculiarities. + +§ 63. _Liquid_ verbs almost always strengthen their root in the +Pres. and Imperf.; they lengthen it in the 1st Aor. act. and mid. by +changing the root vowel, if α into η, if ε into ει, while ι and +ν merely become long. ε as a root vowel is generally changed into α +in the 1st Aor. and 1st Fut. pass., the Perf. and Pluperf. act. and +pass., and the 2d Aor. and 2d Fut. throughout, and again into ο in +the Perf. and Pluperf. mid. + +§ 64. The above strengthening in the Pres. and Imperf. consists in +doubling λ, annexing ν to μ; or, in case of ν or ρ, in adding ι +to a preceding α or ε, or lengthening ι or υ. The radical ν is +often dropped in Perf. and Pluperf. + +§ 65. Verbs with ε followed by a pi- or kappa-mute in the root +frequently neglect to strengthen it in the Pres. and Imperf.; and +verbs with ε in the root preceded by a liquid, usually change it into +α and ο in the same tenses as liquid verbs, except in the 1st +Aor. and Fut. pass. + +§ 66. _Pure_ verbs lengthen the root vowel before a tense +characteristic, also in the Perf. and Pluperf. pass. A few +occasionally neglect this, and some insert σ instead. + +§ 67. Verbs in μι (lexicon form instead of ω) are but another mode +of conjugating pure verbs (being the only primitives of that class +whose root ends in α, ε, or o) in the Pres., Imperf., and 2d Aor.; +in all which tenses the union-vowel coalesces with the root vowel. +They have a peculiar inflection, chiefly by reason of the Imperf. and +2d Aor. act. taking throughout the terminations of the Aorists +pass. The Pres. and Imperf. reduplicate with ι the initial consonant, +(prefixing simply ί if that cannot be done, and sometimes adopting +other modes of strengthening,) and in the act. they lengthen the root +in the Indic., α or ε into η, ο into ω. The 2d Aor. (those in +υμι being factitious have not this tense) has in the act. a long +vowel or diphthong throughout, except the Imperative ε or o, and the +Participle. + + +_Notes on Certain Verbs in μι._ + +§ 68. τίϑημι [_to put_] has, in the Act., 1st Aor. ἒϑηκα, Perf. +τέϑεικα; ὀίὀωμι [_to give_] has, 1st Aor., ἒδωκα. + +§ 69. εἰμί [_to be_] is inflected thus: εὶ [_thou art_], ἐστί(ν) +[_is_], ἐσμέν, ἐστί, εἰσί(ν) [_we, ye, they are_], ἱσϑι [_be thou_], +ὤν [_being_], etc.; the rest mostly regular. See the lexicon +for these, and for ἵημι [_to send_], and εἰμι [_to go_]. + +§ 70. Several verbs annex σκω, ίνω, (ν)νυμι, etc., instead +of μι, etc., in the Pres. and Imperf. + + + +LESSON VI. + +SYNTAX.--CONCORD. + + +§ 71. All words placed under the same construction agree together in +all the accidents which they possess in common. + +§ 72. "Apposition" occurs as in English. + +§ 73. Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case. + +§ 74. The noun is often understood, especially if neut., ("things.") + +§ 75. Sometimes a relative is "attracted" into the case of the +omitted antecedent. + +§ 76. A verb agrees with its subject nominative in number and person. + +§ 77. The case of the subject of the Infin. depends upon other +relations. + +§ 78. Neuters plur. generally have a sing. verb. + + +GOVERNMENT. + +§ 79. Any word may govern another (or others) which in sense is +_dependent_ upon it in the case appropriate for expressing such +relation either with or without a preposition. + + | >>>---|-----> | + Genitive. Dative. Accusative. + +§ 80. GENITIVE, denoting _origin_, answering to _Whence?_ +and expressed by _from_. + +§ 81. "_Local_," involving _external_ relations of space, +either in a literal or a figurative sense. This includes actual +_motion_ from an object, generally with a preposition, (ἀπό +ἐκ παρά;) _separation_ from it, usually with verbs +compounded with a preposition; and _commencement_. + +§ 82. "_Causal_," denoting a more _internal_ relation, as +if the outgoing of some agency or property, as follows:-- + +§ 83. _Active_, either direct, inferential, or +metaphysical. This includes relations of source, (e.g., derivation, +[commonly with ἐκ, sometimes ἀπό, direct authorship with +ὐπό,] possession, property, [often with an Infin.]) +_partitive_ use, (e.g., a class, material, partial relations,) +and the Gen. of time, (in the _course_ of which,) especially the +"Gen. absolute," with a Participle, as affording occasion. + +§ 84. _Passive_, that is, indirect, the act being for the sake +of the Gen. This includes verbs implying a _mental operation_, +adjectives, and other words denoting _skill_, and the Gen. of +_crime_ or _purpose_, (the last mostly an Infin. with the +article.) + +§ 85. _Mutual_, e.g., _comparison_ and _price_ or _penalty_. + +§ 86. The "attributive Gen." is a comprehensive relation, arising +under several of the above heads, between two nouns designating +_different_ objects, which may be thus expressed: _When two +nouns are connected with each other, that one which completes the idea +of the other and defines it more fully is put in the Gen._ + +§ 87. DATIVE, denoting _position_, answering to _Where?_ +and expressed by _at_. + +§ 88. "_Local_," involving the more palpable relations of +position. This includes the place, (at, by, near, in the midst of; +generally with ἐν, ἐπί, παρά, etc.,) _association, +accompaniment,_ (frequently with σύν,) and the _time_ (as a +date) or _circumstances_ of a transaction. + +§ 89. "_Causal_," denoting the object _upon which_ the act +or state appears, thus conceived as sharing in producing it, as +follows:-- + +§ 90. _Personal_, either actually or so imagined. This includes +words expressing a _correlative_ idea, as community, (in varied +relations,) likeness, possession, agency, reference, etc. + +§ 91. _Instrumental_, as the mediate cause, e.g., the ground or +reason, the means, the instrument, manner, and the measure of excess +or deficiency. + +§ 92. In comprehensive phrase the "attributive Dat." expresses many +indirect relations of an object _to_ or _for_ which an act +is performed or a condition sustained. + +§ 93. ACCUSATIVE, denoting _direction_, answering to +_Whither?_ and expressed by _toward_. + +§ 94. "_Local_" involving the boundary, place, or object of +motion, especially with εἰς. + +§ 95. "_Causal_," involving an influence, change, or result, as +impressed upon the object, as follows:-- + +§ 96. The _effect_, either the thing effected, an attribute of +the effect, or the effect intended. + +§ 97. The _object acted upon_, e.g., with directly transitive +verbs, those expressing a good or bad influence, patience, swearing, +sometimes a mental affection, etc.; also the _space_ or +_way_ after a verb of motion; the time, (_throughout_ +which,) measure, and weight; and finally ("Attributive Accusative") +with any verb or adj. (sometimes other words) to define its +application more closely, especially if of kindred signification. + + +ORDER OF WORDS IN A SENTENCE. + +§ 98. This is usually not, as in English, that of _grammatical_ +dependence, but rather the order of _thought_; important or +emphatic words come first, after the connecting particles; +prepositions and the article precede their nouns; and qualifying terms +are grouped in a harmonious balance around the principal ones. + + + +LESSON VII. + +EXERCISE ON JOHN 1, 1-5. + + +1 Ἐν1 ἀρχῇ2 ἦν3 ὁ4 Λόγος,5 καὶ6 ὁ4 Λόγος6 ἦν3 + In _the_ beginning was the Word, and the Word was + +2 πρὸς7 τὸν8 θεόν,9 καὶ6 θεὸς10 ἦν3 ὁ4 Λόγος.5 Οὗτος11 + with God, and God was the Word. This _one_ + +3 ἦν3 ἐν1 ἀρχῇ2 πρὸς7 τὸν8 θεόν.9 Πάντα12 δι'13 + was in _the_ beginning with God. All _things_ by + + αὐτοῦ14 ἐγένετο,15 καὶ6 χωρὶς16 αὐτοῦ14 ἐγένετο15 οὐδὲ17 + him were made, and without him was made not even + +4 ἓν18 ὃ19 γέγονεν.20 Ἐν1 αὐτῷ21 ζωὴ22 ἦν,3 καὶ6 + one _thing_ which has been made. In him life was, and + +5 ἡ23 ζωὴ22 ἦν3 τὸ24 φῶς25 τῶν26 ἀνϑρώπων·27 καὶ6 τὸ24 + the life was the light of men; and the + + φως25 ἐν1 τῇ28 σκοτίᾳ29 φαίνει,30 καὶ6 ἡ23 σκοτία31 + light in the darkness shines, and the darkness + + αὐτὸ32 οὐ33 κατέλαβεν.34 + it not admitted. + +DIRECTIONS.--Spell the Greek, giving the _English_ equivalents of +the consonants, (as in § 1,) and the exact _phonetic_ value or +sound of the vowels. Call the rough breathing _h_. Be careful to +put the spoken _accent_ where it is written. Continue this +practice through all the passages given in the following lessons, +until the words can be pronounced readily and accurately. Familiarize +yourself with the forms of the letters by _writing_ them. Let the +pupil do this while learning the foregoing grammatical lessons, and +after the recitation of each of them let the teacher direct attention, +while the passage at the head of the reading lessons is pronounced, to +the examples illustrating each point, as they occur--by way of +paradigm. + + +PARSING NOTES ON THE ABOVE. + +1. Ἐν--prep. atonic, § 3; stands first, § 98. + +2. ἀρχῇ--noun, from nom. ἀρχή, 1st decl. fem., § 28; +circumflex, § 6; local dat., § 88; emphatic position, § 98. + +3. ἦν--verb, irreg. in μι, § 69; 3d +pers. sing. imperf. indic. act., § 47; ν appended irreg. as ending, +§ 49; long vowel, § 67. + +4. ὁ--art., nom. masc. sing., § 39; agrees with its noun, § 73; +following, § 98. + +5. Αόγος--noun, 2d decl. nom. sing. masc., § 30; subject of +ἡν, § 76; balances clause, § 98. + +6. καί--conj., changed accent, § 5; position, § 98. + +7. πρός--prep., lit., _towards_; gov. acc., § 27; accent, § 5. + +8. τόν--art., acc. sing. masc., § 39; agreement, § 73. + +9. θεόν--noun, lit., [the] _deity_; 2d decl. masc., § 25; +acc. sing., § 30; government, §94; position, § 98. + +10. θεός--same as 9; nom. agreeing with subj., § 71; without the +art. because the predicate; emphatic position, § 98. + +11. Οὖτος--pron., § 39; agrees with Αόγος, understood (§ +73) as subj. of sentence; first as connective; accent, § 6; and +breathing, § 10. + +12. Πάντα --adj. pron., from τάς, (stem, πάντ); 3d +decl. nom. plur. neut., § 32; indef. without noun expressed, § 74; +subject of sentence; emphatic position, § 98. + +13. δι'--prep, for δια, with final letter elided, § 22. + +14. αὐτοῦ--adj. pron. used as personal; gen. masc. sing., § +30; causal, § 82. Gen. and dat. of 1st and 2d decl. are always +circumflex when accented on last syllable. + +15. ἐγένετο--verb, _came to be_, lit., _was born_; +from γίνομαι, (for γίγνομαι, strengthened [§ 63] by +reduplication, [§ 67,] and then contracted for γιγεν;) depon., +§ 40; true root γεν, [our _kin_,] § 57, here appearing in 2d +aor. mid., § 48; ἐ is simple aug., (hence the verb is in the +indic., § 60;) third ε is mood-vowel, § 42; το is 3d +pers. sing. mid., § 49; agreement with subj., § 78. + +16. χωρίς--prep., lit., _apart_; accent, § 5; case after, +§ 81. + +17. οὐδέ--compound neg. particle, from οὐ and δε. + +18. ἓv--numeral adj., § 36; indef., § 74; 3d +decl. nom. sing. neut., § 32; subj. of ἐγένετο. + +19. ὃ--relative adj., § 39; 2d decl. nom. sing. neut., § 34; +agreement, § 73; subj. of γέγονε. + +20. γέγονεν--verb, same as 15; root-vowel changed in +perf. mid., § 63; γε is reduplication, § 60; last ε is mood-vowel +of indic., § 42; no additional ending, § 44; hence 3d +pers. sing. (perf.) act., § 52; final ν added before pause, § 17. + +21. αὐτῳ-- pron., same as 14; dat. sing. masc., § 30; +government, as 2. + +22. ζωή --noun, 1st decl. fem. nom. sing., § 28; subject of verb +following. + +23. ἡ--art., fem. nom. sing., § 39; agrees with ζωή, § 73; +atonic, § 3. + +24. τό--art., neut. nom. sing., § 39; agrees with φῶς. + +25. φῶς--noun, 3d. decl. nom. sing. neut., (stem φῶτ for +φάοτ); ς here added (as some neut. nouns have) and τ dropped, +§ 14; predicate nom., § 71. + +26. τῶν--art., gen. plur. masc., § 39; agreement, § 73. + +27. ἀνϑρώπων--noun, from ἄν. ϑρωπος; 2d +decl. gen. plur. masc., § 32; government, § 86; accent, § 4. + +28. τῇ--art., dat. sing. fem., § 39; agreement, § 73. + +29. σκοτία--noun from σκοτία; 1st decl. dat. sing. fem., +§ 29; final α, § 29; ι subscript, § 9; government, § 88. + +30. φαίνει--verb, from φαίνω; root, φαν, strengthened, +§ 64; ε is mood-vowel of indic., § 42; final ι is tense-ending of +pres. 3d sing. act., § 49; agrees with φῶς, § 76. + +31. σκοτία--noun, as 29; nom. sing., subj. of clause. + +32. αὐτό--pron., as 21; acc. neut. sing., § 39; object of +κατέλαβε, § 97. + +33. οὐ-- simple neg. adv.; atonic, § 3. + +34. κατέλαβεν--verb, from καταλαμβάνω; comp. of +κατά, _down_, and λαμβάνω, _I receive_; the root +of the simple verb is λαβ, here appearing in the 2d Aor., § 57; +aug., § 60, excluding final α of prep., § 61; last ε likewise +shows indic., § 42; no tense-ending in 3d pers. sing. act. secondary, +§ 49 ν appended. § 17. The tense expresses the act of the Jews in +rejecting Christ. + + + +LESSON VIII. + +EXERCISE ON JOHN 1, 6-11. + + + 6 Ἐγένετο1 ἄνϑρωπος2 ἀπεσταλμένος3 παρὰ4 θεοῦ,5 ὄνομα6 + _There_ was a man sent from God, _the_ name + + 7 αὐτῷ7 Ἰωάννης8 οὗτος9 ἠλϑεν10 εἰς11 μαρτυρίαν,12 ἵνα13 + to him was _John:_ this _one_ came for testimony that + + μαρτυρήσῃ14 περὶ15 τοῦ16 Φωτός,17 ἵνα13 πάντες18 + _he_ might testify concerning the Light, that all might + + 8 πιστεύσωσι19 δι'20 αὐτοῦ.21 Οὐκ22 ἦν23 ἐκεῖνος24 τὸ25 Φῶς,26 + believe through him. Not was that _one_ the Light, + + 9 ἀλλ'27 ἵνα13 μαρτυρήσῃ14 περὶ15 τοῦ16 Φωτός.17 Ἠν23 + but that _he_ might testify concerning the Light. _There_ was + + τὸ25 Φῶς26 τὸ25 ἀληϑινόν,28 ὃ29 φωτίζει30 πάντα31 ἄνϑρωπον,32 + the Light the true _one_, which lights every man, + +10 ἐρχόμενον33 εἰς11 τὸν34 κόσμον.35 Ἐν36 τῷ37 κόσμῳ38 ἦv,23 + coming into the world. In the world _he_ was, + + καὶ39 ὁ40 κόσμος41 δι'20 αὐτοῦ21 ἐγένετο,1 καὶ39 ὁ40 κόσμος41 + and the world through him was made, and the world + +11 αὐτὸν42 οὐκ22 ἔγνω.43 Εἰς11 τὰ44 ἴδια45 ἧλϑε,10 καὶ39 οἱ46 + him not knew. To the own _things he_ came, and the + + ἴδιοι47 αὐτὸν42 οὐ22 παρέλαβαν.48 + own _persons_ him not received. + + +1. Ἐγένετο--See lesson vii, No. 15. + +2. ἄνϑρωπος--See vii, 27; subj. of sentence. + +3. ἀπεσταλμένος--part. from ἀποστέλλω, lit., _I send away_; +comp. of prep, ἀπό, _off_, and στέλλω, _I send_; root στελ, +vowel changed, § 63; aug. cuts off final ο of prep., § 61; +no reduplication, § 60; perf. tense because aug. beyond +indic., § 60; and no union-vowel, § 42; pass. part. ending +μεν, (§ 55,) accent; ος is nom. masc. sing., §§ 34, 30; +agrees with ἄνϑρωπος, § 73. + +4. παρά--prep., lit., _near_; with gen., =_from near_. + +5. θεοῦ--See vii, 9, 10; here gen., § 81. + +6. ὄνομα--noun; neut, 3d decl. nom. sing.; (stem, ονοματ, final +mute always dropped for euphony;) subj. to _was_ understood, +(copula may freely be supplied.) + +7. αὐτῷ--pers. adj. pron.; dat. sing. masc. from αὐτός, +vii, 14; governed, § 92. + +8. Ἰωάννης--prop. noun; 1st decl. masc. nom. sing., § 28; +predicate after neut. verb, (understood,) agreeing with subj., § 71. + +9. οὗτος--See vii, 11. + +10. ἠλϑεν--verb, assigned to ἔρχομαι, but really from +defective ἐλεύϑω; root, ελϑ; temporal aug., [ε+ε=η,] § 60; +hence indic., as union-vowel (ε) following also shows, § 42; simple +root 2d aor., § 57; hence no tense ending in 3d pers. sing. act., § +49; ν appended, § 17; accent, § 6. + +11. εἰς--prep., lit., _to_, that is, here, _for the purpose +of_; atonic, § 3. + +12. μαρτυρίαν--noun; 1st decl. fem. acc. sing., from ία, § +28; governed, § 96. + +13. ἵνα--conj., meaning, _in order that_; introducing +dependent clause. + +14. μαρτυρήσῃ--verb, from μαρτυρέω; first η is +root-vowel, lengthened before tense-sign, (§ 66,) which is σ of 1st +fut., § 59; ῃ is union-vowel of subj., (§ 44,) the subscribed ι +being 3d pers. sing. act., § 49; accent, § 4. + +15. περῖ--prep., lit., _around_; governs gen., § 82. + +16. τοῦ--art.; gen. sing. neut., § 39. + +17. Φωτός--noun, see vii, 25. Gen. (sing.) and dat. (sing. and +plur.) of monosyllables of 3d decl. accent the ultimate. + +18. πάντες--See vii, 12; nom. masc. plur., _men_ being +understood, § 74; subj. of clause. + +19. πιστεύσωσι--verb, from πιστεύω; second σ is sign +of 1st fut., § 59; ω sign of subj., § 44; σι 3d plur. act., § 49. + +20. δἰ--See vii, 13. + +21. αὐτοῦ--See vii, 14. + +22. Οὐκ--neg. adv., same as οὐ, (vii, 83,) with euphonic κ +before a vowel. + +23. ἦν--See vii, 3. + +24. ἐκεῖνος--demonst, adj. pron., § 39; =_he_, +nom. masc. sing., subj. of sentence, § 27; accent, § 6. + +25. τὸ--See vii, 24. + +26. Φῶς--See vii, 25. + +27. ἀλλ'--conj. for ἀλλά, final vowel elided, § 22. + +28. ἀληϑινόν--adj., from ἀληϑινός; neut. 2d decl., +§ 34; nom. sing., § 30; agreeing with Φῶς, § 73. + +29. ὃ--See vii, 19. + +30. φωτίζει--verb, from φωτίζω; strengthened root, § 58; +ε union vowel of indic., § 42; final ι 3d sing. (pres.) act., § +49. + +31. πάντα--indef. adj., see No. 18; acc. sing. masc. agreeing +with ἄνϑρωπον, § 73. + +32. ἄνϑρωπον--noun, see No. 2; acc. sing., § 30; governed, +§ 97. + +33. ἐρχόμενον--part. from ἔρχομαι, see No. 10; +deponent, § 40; pres. pass., § 55; sing., § 30; either acc. masc., +(and then agreeing with ἄνϑρωπον,) or, as is better, (see +John iii, 19,) nom. neut., (and then agreeing with φῶς.) + +34. τόν--See vii, 8. + +35. κόσμον--noun, from κόσμος; acc. sing. 2d decl., § 30; +governed, § 94. + +36. ἐν--See vii, 1. + +37. τῷ--art., dat. sing. masc., § 39; agrees with κοσμῳ, § 73. + +38. κόσμῳ--noun, see No. 35; dat. sing., § 8. + +39. καί--See vii, 6. + +40. ὁ--See vii, 4. + +41. κόσμος--noun, see No. 35; subj., § 27. + +42. αὐτὸν--pron., see No. 7; acc. sing. masc., § 97. + +43. ἔγνω--verb, from γιγνώσκω, (strengthened [§ 70] from +root γνω, [§ 67,] =our _know_); 2d aor., § 57; ε is augment +of indic., § 60; ω is root and union-vowel, § 67; no other ending, +hence 3d sing. act., § 49. + +44. τὰ--art., plur. neut. acc., § 39. + +45. ἴδια--adj., fr. ἴδιος; plur. neut. acc., § 30; +agreement, § 74; meaning _home_ here, (lit., _the own_ +things of him;) government, § 44. + +46. οἱ--art., nom. plur. masc., § 39. + +47. ἴδιοι--adj., see No. 45; nom. plur. masc., § 30; meaning +_family_ here, § 74; subj., § 27. + +48. παρέλαβον--verb from παραλαμβάνω, compounded +with παρά, _near_, (see No. 4,) as in vii, 34; 2d aor., § +57; indic., § 42; 3d plur., § 49. + + + +LESSON IX. + +EXERCISE ON JOHN 1, 12-18. + + +12 Ὁσοι1 δὲ2 ἔλαβον3 αὐτόν,4 ἔδωκεν5 αὐτοῖς6 ἐξσυσίαν7 + Whoever, however, received him, he gave to them privilege + + τέκνα8 θεοῦ9 γενέσϑαι,10 τοῖς11 πιστεύουσιν12 εἰς13 τὸ14 + children of God to become, to the _ones_ believing to the + +13 ὄνομα15 αὐτοῦ·16 οἳ17 οὐκ18 ἐξ19 αἱμάτων,20 οὐδὲ21 ἐκ + name of him; who not out of bloods, nor out of + + ϑελήματος22 σαρκός,23 οὐδὲ ἐκ ϑελήματος22 ἀνδρός,24 ἀλλ'25 ἐκ + will of flesh, nor out of will of man, but out + +14 θεοῦ ἐγεννήϑησαν.26 Καὶ ὁ Λόγος27 σὰρξ28 ἐγένετο,29 καὶ + of God were born. And the Word flesh became, and + + ἐσκήνωσεν30 ἐν31 ἡμῖν,32 (καὶ ἐϑεασάμεϑα33 τὴν δόξαν34 + tented among us, and we beheld the glory of + + αὐτοῦ, δόξαν ὡς35 μονογενοῦς36 παρά37 Πατρός,38) πλήρης39 + him, glory as of _an_ only-born near from _a_ Father,) full + +15 χάριτος40 καὶ ἀληϑείας.41 Ἰωάννης42 μαρτυρεῖ43 περὶ44 + of grace and truth. John testifies about + + αὐτοῦ, καὶ κέκραγε45 λέγων·46 Οὗτος47 ἦν48 ὃν49 εἶπον·50 Ὁ + him, and has cried, saying. This was _he_ whom I said, The + + ὀπίσω51 μοῦ52 ἐρχόμενος53 ἔμπροσϑέν54 μου γέγονεν,55 ὅτι56 + _one_ behind me coming, before me has become; because + +16 πρῶτός57 μου ἦν. Καὶ ἐκ τοῦ πληρώματος58 αὐτοῦ ἡμεῖς59 + first of me he was. And out of the fullness of him WE + +17 πάντες60 ἐλάβομεν,61 καὶ62 χάριν63 ἀντὶ64 χάριτος· ὅτι ὁ + all received, and grace for grace: because the + + νόμος65 δίὰ Μωϋσέως66 εδόϑη,67 ἡ χάρις καὶ ἡ ἀλήϑεια + law through Moses was given; the grace and the truth + +18 διὰ Ἰησοῦ68 Χριστοῦ69 ἐγένετο.70 θεὸν71 οὐδείς72 ἐώρακε73 + through Jesus Christ became. God no-one has seen + + πώποτε·74 ὁ μονογενὴς75 Υἱός,76 ὁ ὢν77 εἰς78 τὸν + ever; the only-born Son, the _one_ being into the + + κόλπον79 τοῦ Πατρός, ἐκεῖνος80 ἐξηγήσατο.81 + bosom of the Father, that _one_ explained _Him_. + + +1. Comp. ὅσος, § 39; nom. plur. masc., § 30. + +2. Not first, § 98. + +3. λαμβάνω, vii, 34; 3 plur. 2 aor. act. + +4. vii, 14; acc. sing. masc., § 39; gov., § 97. + +5. διδωμι, § 68; 3 sing., § 49; aug., § 60; mood-vowel, § 42; +ν, § 17. + +6. No. 4; dat. plur. masc., § 92. + +7. ἐξονσία, § 28; acc. sing., § 97. + +8. τέκυον, § 30; acc. sing., after neut. verb γενέσϑαι, +§ 72. + +9. vii, 9; gen. sing. § 86. + +10. vii, 15; 2 aor. mid. infin., § 54; accent peculiar. + +11. vii, 4; dat. plur. masc., § 73. + +12. πιστεύω; str. pres., § 58; act. part., § 55; οντς (§ +42) becomes ους, §§ 14, 16, 19; 3 decl., § 55; dat. plur., § 32; +agrees with αὐτοῖς, § 72; as if a noun, § 74. + +13. viii, 9; denotes _close union_. + +14. § 39; agree., § 73. + +15. neut. 3 decl. acc. sing., § 32; τ dropped in stem υατ, § 18; +gov., § 94. + +16. As No. 6; gov., § 86. + +17. vii, 19; nom. plur. masc., § 30; subj. of ἐγεννήϑησαν, +§ 27. + +18. viii, 8. + +19. For ἐκ before a vowel, § 18; atonic, § 3. + +20. αἷμα, neut. 3 decl. like No. 15; gen., § 81; plur. is +Hebraistic, of natural descent; accent, § 4. + +21. vii, 17, used as conj. + +22. ϑέλημα, like No. 15; gov., § 81. + +23. σάρξ, fem. 3 decl., § 32; gov., § 86; accent special. + +24. ἀνήρ, irreg. 3 decl.; gen. sing., § 86. + +25. vii, 20. + +26. γεννάω, strictly, _I beget_; prim. as vii, 15; 2 +aor. pass. 3 plur., (analyze.) + +27. vii, 5. + +28. No. 23; nom. sing., § 32; ξ, § 13. + +29. vii, 15. + +30. σκηνόω, from σκῆνος, _a tent_; 1 aor. act. 3 +sing., (analyze.) + +31. vii, 1. + +32. § 38; gov., § 88. + +33. ϑείομαι, depon., § 40; 1 aor, mid., 1 plur., (analyze;) +subj. ἡμεῖς understood, _unemphatic_. + +34. δόξα, § 29; acc. sing., § 97. + +35. atonic, § 3. + +36. μονογενής, 3 decl., two term., § 34; gen. sing. masc., +§ 86; έος becomes οῦς, § 6. + +37. Takes gen., dat., or acc. + +38. πατήρ, 3 decl., contr. like No. 24; gov., § 81. + +39. 3 decl., like No. 36; nom. sing. masc., § 73. + +40. χάρις, (τ dropped, § 14); 3 decl. fem. sing., § 83. + +41. ἀλήϑεια, § 29; gen.sing., § 83; accent, § 4. + +42. 1 decl. masc., § 28. + +43. μαρτυρέω, § 62; pres. ind. act., § 42; 3 sing., § 49; +έει becomes εῖ, § 20. + +44. Gen. as if _from_ the center, § 81. + +45. κράξω, (§ 58) for κραγ, § 57; perf. act., § 60; +irreg., § 59; 3 sing., § 49. + +46. λέγω, § 65; pres. part. act., § 55; nom. masc. sing., § 32; +ων for οντς, § 19, and viii, 5. + +47. § 39. + +48. vii, 3. + +49. vii, 19; acc. sing. masc., attrib., § 97. + +50. Def. verb; 2 aor. act. ind., 3 sing. for εεπ, (analyze.) + +51. Gov. gen. like No. 44. + +52. § 38. + +53. ἔρχομαι, depon., § 40; pres. part., § 55; +nom. masc. sing., § 30. + +54. No. 51; accent from "enclitic," § 3. + +55. vii, 20. + +56. Conj. + +57. For πρότατος, § 35; gov. gen. compar., (§ 85,) or +attrib., § 86. + +58. πλήρωμα, like No. 22; gov., § 81. + +59. § 38; emphat., No. 33. + +60. vii, 12; nom. plur. masc., § 73. + +61. No. 3; 1 plur., § 49. + +62. _Even._ + +63. No. 40; acc. sing., § 32; depends upon ἐλάβομεν, § 97; +τ of stem dropped, § 18. + +64. Gov. gen., § 85. + +65. § 30. + +66. Μωϋσέως, § 32; Attic gen., § 33; gov., § 82. + +67. δίδωμι, § 67; reg. in 1 aor. pass., § 59; irreg. short +root vowel, § 66; long union-vowel, § 42; 3 sing., § 52. + +68. Irreg. gen. sing. from Ἰησοῦς, § 30. + +69. Χριστός, § 40. + +70. vii, 15. + +71. vii, 9. + +72. Comp. of οὐδέ, vii, 17, and εἷς, numeral, irreg. + +73. ὁράω, irreg. redup., § 60; perf. act., § 59; 3 sing. + +74. Comp. adv. + +75. No. 36. + +76. § 30. + +77. εἰμί, § 69; like No. 46. + +78. No 13. + +79. § 30. + +80. viii, 19. + +81. Depon. ἐξηγήομαι, § 40; 1 aor. mid., § 59; aug. merged +in first η, § 61; indic., § 42; 3 sing., § 49. + + + +LESSON X. + +EXERCISE ON OUR LORD'S PRAYER, (Matt, vi, 9-13; Luke xi, 2-4.) + + +Οὕτως οὖν προσεύχεσϑε1 ὑμεῖς· (Ὅταν προσεύχησϑε,2 +Thus therefore pray YE: (Whenever ye pray, + +λέγετε·3) Πάτερ4 ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς,5 ἁγιασϑήτω6 τὸ +say:) Father of us, the _one_ in the heavens, let be hallowed the + +ὄνομά7 σου, έλϑέτω8 ἡ βασιλεία9 σον, γενηϑήτω10 τὸ +name of thee; let come the kingdom of thee; let be done the + +ϑέλημἄ11 σου ως ἐν οὐρανῷ12 καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς,13 τὸν ἄρτον14 +will of thee, as in heaven, also upon the earth; the bread + +ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον15 δὸς16 (δίδον17) ἡμῖν σήμερον,18 (τὸ19 +of us, the needful, give (give) to us to-day; _as to_ the _time_ + +καϑ᾽20 ἡμέραν,21) καὶ ἄφες22 ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα23 (τὰς ἁμαρτίας24) +by day; and forgive to us the debts (the sins) + +ἡμῶν, ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφίεμεν25 τοῖς ὀφειλέταις26 ἡμῶν, (καὶ +of us, as also we forgive to the debtors of us; (and _this do_, + +γὰρ αὐτοἱ27 ἀφίεμεν25 παντὶ28 ὀφε λοντι29 ἡμῖν,) καὶ μὴ +for _our_selves _we_ forgive to every _one_ owing to us;) and not + +εἰσενέγκῃς30 ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν,31 ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι32 ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ +mayest thou lead us into trial; but deliver thou us away + +τοῦ πονηροῦ·33 [ὅτι σοῦ ἐστὶν34 ἡ βασιλεία,9 καὶ ἡ +from the evil: [because of THEE is the kingdom, and the + +δύναμις,35 καὶ ἡ δόξα36 εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας.37 ἀμήν.38] +power, and the glory to the ages. Amen.] + +REMARK.--The words above in parentheses are the variations in the +passage of Luke. The concluding doxology in brackets is not found in +the oldest manuscripts, and is probably spurious. + +1. προσεύχομαι, lit., _pray towards_; depon., § 40; +pres., § 58; indic., § 42; 2d plur. mid., § 49. + +2. Subj., § 42; required by conditional particle preceding, § 44. + +3. λέγω; pres., § 65; imper., § 42; 2d plur. act., § 49. + +4. πατήρ, (accent irregularly shifted;) 3d decl., § 32; +voc. sing., § 27. + +5. οὐρανός, § 30; dat. plur., § 88. + +6. ἁγιάζω, root ἁγιαδ, from ἅγιος =_holy_; 1st +aor. pass., § 59; σ for δ, § 14; η in imper., § 42; 3d +pers. sing., § 53; as if act., § 52. + +7. ix, 5; accent, § 3. + +8. viii, 8; 2d aor. § 48; imper. § 42; 3d sing. act., § 53. + +9. Nom. sing. fem., § 29; cannot take the enclitic's accent (§ 3) +like No. 7, as another acute immediately precedes. + +10. γίνομαι, vii, 15; 1st aor. pass., No. 6; first η assumed +irreg. as if a deriv. + +11. No. 7. + +12. No. 5; dat. sing., § 88. + +13. γῆ, § 28; gen. sing., of place all _over_, like time, § +83. + +14. ἄρτος. § 30; acc. sing. § 97. + +15. ἐπιούσιος, prob. comp. of ἐπί, _for_, and οὐσία, +_subsistence_; used only here; acc. sing. masc., § 34. + +16. From δίδωμι, § 67; irreg,, 2d aor. imp. 2d sing. act. + +17. Same verb; irreg. pres. imper. 2d sing. act. + +18. Compound adv. + +19. Elliptical, § 74; "attrib. acc." § 97. + +20. For κατά, §§ 22, 14. + +21. From ἡμέρα, § 29; acc. sing. of time, § 97; here +distributive, _daily_. + +22. From ἀφίημι=_send away_; ἀπό and ἵημι, § 69; +irreg. 2d aor. imper.; 2d sing. act., like No. 16. + +23. From ὀφείλημα, like No. 7; acc. plur. neut., § 32. + +24. From ἁμαρτία. § 28. + +25. From same as No. 22; pres. ind. 1st plur. act., § 49; + +26. From ὀφειλέτης, § 28; dat. plur., § 92. + +27. Def. adj. pron., § 39; used as pers. of all persons. + +28. From πᾶς, see vii, 12; dat. sing. masc., § 32. + +29. Pres. act. part, of ὀφείλω, like ix, 12; dat. sing. masc., +§ 92. + +30. Assigned to εἰσφέρω, but really belonging to the defective +cognate, εἰσήνεγκα, irreg. reduplicate, 1st aor., from +εἰς, _into_, and an obsolete ἔγκω, (for ενκω, § +16;) subj., § 41, (dependent end upon an implied verb of wishing or +deprecating § 44;) 2d sing. act., § 51. + +31. From πειρασμός, § 30; acc. sing., § 94. + +32. From ῥύομαι, § 62; depon., § 40; 1st aor., § 59; +imper. union-vowel α, § 42; 2d sing. mid., § 53. + +33. Noun implied, § 74; 2d decl., § 34; gen. sing. neut., § 81. + +34. From εἰμί, § 69. + +35. See § 33. + +36. See ix, 34. + +37. From αἰών, § 32; acc. plur., § 94. + +38. Adv. from the Heb., _verily_. + + + + +LESSON XI. + +EXERCISE ON LUKE i, 1-4. + + +Ἐπειδήπερ1 πολλοὶ2 ἐπεχείρησαν3 ἀνατάξασϑαι4 διήγησιν5 περὶ +Inasmuch as many undertook to arrange a narrative about + +τῶν πεπλήροφορημένων6 ἐν ἡμῖν7 πραγμάτων,8 καϑὼς9 παρέδοσαν10 +the fully believed among us transactions, just as transmitted _them_ + +ἡμῖν7 oἱ ἀπ᾽11 ἀρχῆς12 αὐτόπται13 καὶ ὑπηρέται14 +to us the from _the_ beginning eye-witnesses and ministers + +τοῦ λόγον·15 ἔόοξε16 κάμοί17 παρηκολονϑηκότι18 ἄvωϑεν19 +of the word; it seemed _good_ to me also, having followed close from _the_ first + +πᾶσιν20 ἀκριβῶς,21 καϑεξῆς22 σοι γράψαι,23 κράτιστε24 +to all _things_ carefully, regularly to thee to write, most excellent + +Θεόφιλε,25 ἵνα ἐπιγνῷς26 περὶ ὧν27 κατηχήϑης28 +Theophilus, in order that thou mayest recognize about what thou wast instructed + +λόγων τὴν ἀσφάλειαν.29 +words the certainty. + +1. Comp. of ἐπεί, _since_, (from ἐπί, _upon_, εἴ, _if_,) +δή, _now_, and the intensive particle, περ. + +2. Irreg. from πολύς, really an old πολλός; +nom. plur. masc., § 34; _persons_ understood, § 74. + +3. From ἐπιχείρέω, _lay hand upon_, from ἐπί, +_upon_, and χείρ, _a hand_; aug., § 61; η, § 66; 1st +aor., § 59; Ind., § 42; 3d plur. act.; § 49. + +4. From ἀνατάσσομαι, (comp. of ἀνά, _up_, i.e., +_thoroughly_, and τάσσω, _arrange_;) depon., § 40; 1st +aor., (root, ταγ, str. in pres. by σσ, § 58, which excludes the +γ,) § 59, (ξ=γσ, § 13;) infin. mid., § 54; depends, like a +nom. (§ 25) in the acc. upon ἐπεχ., § 97. + +5. From διήγησις, (like πολις in the paradigm,) § 33; +acc. sing. depend. on ἀνατ., § 97. + +6. From πληροφορέω, comp. of πλήρης, _full_, +φορέω, _bear_, i.e., in mind; redupl., § 60; η, § 66; no +tense sign, § 59; perf. pass. part., § 55; gen. plur., § 30; agrees +with πραγμ., § 73. + +7. See § 38. + +8. Like σῶμα in the paradigm; gen. plur., see viii, 13. + +9. Comp. of κατά, (see x, 20,) _down_, i.e., _exactly_, +and ὠς, _as_. + +10. From παραδίδωμι, comp. of παρά, _near_, i.e., +from one to another, and δίδωμι, § 68; 2d aor., (δο,) § 57; +indic., § 60, also § 42; 3d plur. act., § 49. + +11. See § 22. + +12. See vii. 2. + +13. From αὐτόπτης, comp. of αὐτός, self, and +ὄπτομαι, _I see_; nom. plur. masc., § 28. + +14. From ὑπηρέτης, (comp. of ὐπό, _under_, and +ἐρέτης, _rower_,) § 28. + +15. See paradigm. + +16. From δοκέω, really an obsol. δόκω; 1st aor., § 59; +indic., § 60; 3d sing. act., § 49. + +17. Comp. of καί, (§ 22,) and ἐμοί, § 38; case, § 92. + +18. From παρακολουϑέω, comp. of παρά, _near_, and +ἀκολονϑέω; aug., (α+ε=η,) § 60; perf. act., § 59; +second η, § 66; part., § 55; dat. sing., (§ 32,) masc., § 34; +agrees with ἐμοί, § 73. + +19. Deriv. adv., lit., _from above_, i.e., from top to bottom. + +20. See viii, 16; dat. plur., § 88. + +21. Adv. from ἀκριβής, _exact_. + +22. Adv. comp. of κατά, (as No. 17,) and ἑξῆς, +_orderly_, an old gen., § 31. + +23. From γράφω, (_not_ str., § 58;) 1st aor., as No. 4; +infin. act., § 54; subj. of ἔδοξε. + +24. From κράτιστος, § 34; superl., (§ 35,) of an +obsol. κρατύς, _strong_, assigned to ἀγαϑός, +_good_; Voc. sing. masc., § 30. + +25. Nom, Θεόφιλος, § 30. + +26. From ἐπιγινώκω, comp. of ἐπί, _upon_, i.e., by +means of some reminding or determining circumstance, and +γινώσκω, _I know_, for γίγνωσκω, § 70, (root +γνο, know,) contracted like γίνομαι, vii, 15; 2d aor., § 57; +subj., § 44; 2d sing. act., § 51. + +27. Rel., § 39; gen. plur., § 30; agrees with λόγων, § 75; for +τῶν λόγων, (§ 75,) οἶς, § 91. + +28. From κατηχέω, (comp. of κατά, _down_, as in +No. 17, and ἠχέω, _I echo_,) whence our _catechize_; +1st. aor. pass., § 59; exception to § 14; second η, § 66; third +η, § 42; 2d sing., § 52. + +29. From ἀσφάλεια, lit., _non-tottering_; acc. sing., § 29; +depends upon ἐπιγ., § 97. + + + +PARADIGMS OF NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION. + + Feminine. Masculine. +Cases. Shadow. Door. Root. Honor. Youth. Judge. +Nominative. σκιά ϑύρα ῥίζα τιμή νεανίας κριτής +Genitive. σκιᾶς ϑύρας ῥίζης τιλῆς νεανίου κριτοῖ +Dative. σκιᾷ ϑύρᾳ ῥίζῃ τιμῇ νεανίᾳ κριτῇ +Accusative. σκιάν ϑύραν ῥίζαν τιμήν νεανίαν κριτήν +Vocative. σκιά ϑύρα ῥίζα τιμή νεανία κριτά + +Nominative. σκιαί ϑύραι ῥίζαι τιμαί νεανίαι κριταί +Genitive. σκιῶν ϑυρῶν ῥιζῶν τιμῶν νεανιῶν κριτῶν +Dative. σκιαῖς ϑύραις ῥίζαις τιμαῖς νεανίαις κριταῖς +Accusative. σκιάς ϑύρας ῥίζας τιμάς νεανίας κριτάς +Vocative. σκιαί ϑύραι ῥίζαι τιμαί νεανίαι κριταί + + + +PARADIGMS OF NOUNS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION. + + Masculine. Neuter. + Word. Jesus. Fig. +Cases. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. +Nominative. λόγος λόγοι Ἰησοῦς σῦκον σῦκα +Genitive. λόγου λόγων Ἰησοῦ σύκου σύκων +Dative. λόγῳ λόγοις Ἰησοῦ σύκῳ σύκοις +Accusative. λόγον λόγους Ἰησοῦν σῦκον σῦκα +Vocative. λόγε λόγοι Ἰησοῦ σῦκον σῦκα + + + +PARADIGMS OF NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION + + Masculine and Feminine. Neuter. +Cases. Shepherd. Lion. Hair. City. Body. Light. Wall. +Sing. +Nominative. ποιμήν λέων ϑρίξ πόλις σῶμα φῶς τεῖχος +Genitive. ποιμένος λέοντος τρίχός πόλεως σώματος φωτός τείχους +Dative. ποιμένι λέοντι τριχί πόλει σώματι φωατί τείχει +Accusative. ποιμένα λέοντα τρίχα πόλιν σῶμα φῶς τεῖχος +Vocative. ποιμήν λέον ϑρίξ πόλι σῶμα φῶς τεῖχος + +Plur. +Nominative. ποιμένες λέοντες τρίχες πόλεις σώματα φῶτά τείχη +Genitive. ποιμένων λεόντων τριχῶυ πόλεων σωμάτων φωτῶν τειχῶν +Dative. ποιμέσι λέονσι ϑριξί πόλεσι σώμασι φωσί τείχεσι +Accusative. ποιμένας λέοντας τρίχας πόλεις σώματα φῶτα τείχη +Vocative. ποιμένες λέοντες τρίχες πόλεις σώματα φῶτα τείχη + + + +PARADIGMS OF ADJECTIVES, (of three terminations, § 34.) +1st and 2d Decl.--καλός, _Fair_. + + Singular. Plural. +Cases. Masc. Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem. Neut. +Nominative. καλός καλή καλόν καλοί καλαί καλά +Genitive. καλοῦ καλῆς καλοῦ καλῶν καλῶν καλῶν +Dative. καλῷ καλῇς καλῷ καλοῖς καλαῖς καλοῖς +Accusative. καλόν καλήν καλόν καλούς καλάς καλά +Vocative. καλέ καλή καλόν καλοί καλαί καλά + Similarly, δίκαιος, δικαία, δίκαιον, _Just_. + +1st and 3d Decl.--πᾶς, _All_. + + Singular. Plural. +Cases. Masc. Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem. Neut. +Nominative. πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα +Genitive. παντός πάσης παντός πάντων πᾶσών πάντων +Dative. παντί πάσῃ παντί πᾶσι πάσαις πᾶσι +Accusative. πάντα πάσην πᾶν παντας πάσας πάντα +Vocative. πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα + +Similarly those ending in + +M. F. N. M.&N. M. F. N. M.&N. M. F. N. M.&N. +ας αινα αν G. ανος ούς οῦσα όν G. όντος ώς νῖα ός G. ότος +εις εσσα εν G. εντος ων ουσα ον G. οντος ῶς ῶσα ῶς G. ῶτός +είς εῖσα έν G. έντος ῶν ῶσα ῶν G. ῶντος ύς εῖα ύ G. έος +ην εινα εν G. ενος ῶν οῦσα οῦν G. οῦντος ύς ῦσα ύν G. ύντος + +Forms in two terminations are similar; for example:-- + +M.&F. N. Gen. M.&F. N. Gen. M.&F. N. Gen. +ας αν αντος ις ι ιτος ων ον ονος +ην εν ενος ος ον ου ωρ ορ ορος +ής έν έος ους ουν οδος ως ων ω + υς υ υος + + +SYNOPSIS (1st sing., etc.) OF REGULAR (Mute) VERBS.--τύπτω, Strike. + +_Active Voice._ + + Indic. Imper. Optat. Subj. Infin. Part. +Pres. τύπτω τύπτε τύπτω τύπτειν τύπτων +Imp'f. ἔτυπτον τύπτοιμι +1st A. τύψω τύψοιμι τύψειν τύψων +1st F. ἔτυψα τύψον τύψαιμι τύψω τύψαι τύψας +Perf. τέτυφα τέτυφε τετύφω τετυφέναι τετυφώς +Plup. ἐτετύφειν τετύφοιμι +2d A. ἔτυπον τύπε τύποιμι τύπω τυπεῖν τυπών +2d F. τυπῶ τυποῖμι τυπεῖν τυπῶν + + +_Passive Voice._ + + Indic. Imper. Optat. Subj. Infin. Part. +Pres. τύπτομαι τύπτου τύπτωμαι τύπτεσϑαι τυπτόμενος +Imp'f. ἐτυπτόμην τυπτοίμην [ὠ +Perf. τέτυμμαι τέτυψο [εἴην τετυμμένος τετύφϑαι τετυμμένος +Plup. ἐτετύμμην τετυμμένος +1st A. ἐτύφϑην τύφϑητι τυφϑείην τυφϑὼ τυφϑῆναι τυφϑείς +1st F. τυφϑήσομαι τυφϑησοίμην τυφϑήσεσϑαι τυφϑησόμενος +2d A. ἐτύπην τύπηϑι τυπείην τυπῶ τυπῆναι τυπείς +2d F. τυπήσομαι τυπησοίμην τυπήσεσϑαι τυπησόμενος +3d F. τετύψομαι τετυψοίμην τετύψεσϑαι τετυψόμενος + + +_Middle Voice._ + + Indic. Imper. Optat. Subj. Infin. Part. +Pres. Same throughout as the Passive. +Imp'f. Same throughout as the Passive. +Perf. τέτυπα τέτυπε τετύπω τετυπέναι τετυπώς +Plup. ἐτετύπειν τετύποιμι +1st A. ἐτυψάμην τύψαι τυψαίμην τύψωμαι τύψασϑαι τυψάμενος +1st F. τύψομαι τυψοίμην τύψεσϑαι τυψόμενος +2d A. ἐτυπόμην τυποῦ τυποίμην τύπωμαι τυπέσϑαι τυπόμενος +2d F. τυποῦμαι τυποίμην τυπεῖσϑαι τυπούμενος + + + +REGULAR VERB-ENDINGS, (including mood-vowel.) + +_Active_ (includ. § 52.) + 1 2 3 +Ind.of Pres. and Fut. _s._ ω εις ει + _p._ ομεν ετε ουσι + +Subjunctive throughout _s._ ω ης ῃ + _p._ ωμεν ητε ωσι + +Ind. of Perf. and 1 Aor. _s._ α ας ε + _p._ αμεν ατε ασι[1] + +Ind. of Imp. and 2 Aor. _s._ ον ες ε + _p._ ομεν ετε ον + +Ind. of Aor., Pass., & Opt.[2] _s._ ην ης η + _p._ ημεν ητε ησαν + +Indic. of Plup. _s._ ειν εις ει + _p._ ειμεν ειτε εισαν + +Opt., exc. as ab've & bel'w _s._ οιμι οις οι + _p._ οιμεν οιτε οιεν + +Opt. of 1 Aor. _s._ αιμι αις αι + _p._ αιμεν αιτε αιεν + +Imp. of Pres., 2 Aor., & Perf. _s._ ε έτω + _p._ ετε έτωσαν + +Imper. of 1 Aor. _s._ ον άτω + _p._ ατε άτωσαν + +Imper. of Aor. Pass. _s._ ηθι[3] ήτω + _p._ ητε ήτωσαν + +_Mid._ and _Pass._ (except § 52.) + 1 2 3 +Ind. of Pres. and Fut. _s._ ομαι ῃ εται + _p._ όμεϑα εσϑε ονται + +Subj. throughout _s._ ωμαι ῃ ηται + (exc. Perf. Pass.[4]) _p._ ώμεϑα ησϑε ωνται + +Ind. of 1 Aor. Mid. _s._ άμην ω ατο + _p._ άμεϑα ασϑε αντο + +Ind. of Imp. and _s._ όμην ου ετο + 2 Aor. Middle. _p._ όμεϑα εσϑε οντο + +Ind. of Perf. Pass.[4] _s._ μαι σαι ται + _p._ μεϑα σϑε νται + +Ind. of Plup. Pass.[4] _s._ μην σο το + _p._ μεϑα σϑε ντο + +Opt., exc. as bel'w _s._ οίμην οιο οιτο + (and Perf. Pass.[4]) _p._ οίμεϑα οισϑε οιντο + +Opt. of 1 Aor. Mid. _s._ αίμην αισο αιτο + _p._ αίμεϑα αισϑε αιντο + +Imper. of Pres. _s._ ου έσϑω + and 2 Aor. (Mid.) _p._ εσϑε έσϑωσαν + +Imper. of 1 Aor. Mid. _s._ αι άσϑω + _p._ ασϑε άσϑωσαν + +Imper. of 1 Perf. Pass.[4] _s._ σο ϑω + _p._ σϑε σϑωσαν + +[Footnote 1: But αν in 1st Aor.] + +[Footnote 2: The Opt. has an extra mood-diphthong, ει, before +ending.] + +[Footnote 3: But ητι in 1st Aor., see § 14.] + +[Footnote 4: The Perf. and Plup. Pass. are often inflected +periphrastically (especially in the Opt. and Subj.) by means of an +auxiliary (from εἰμί, _to be_. with the participle.] + + + +SYNOPSIS OF VERBS IN μι. + +_Active Voice._ + + Indic. Imper. Optat. Subj. Infin. Part. +Pres. ἵστημι ἵστσϑι ἱστῶ ἱστάναι ἱστάς +Imp. ἵστην ἱσταίην +2 A. ἕστην στῆϑι σταίην στῶ στῆναι στάς + +Pres. τίϑημι τίϑετι τιϑῶ τιϑέναι τιϑείς +Imp. ἐτίϑην τιϑείην +2 A. ἔϑην ϑές ϑείην ϑῶ ϑῆναι ϑείς + +Pres. δίδωμι δίδοϑι δίδῶ δίδόναι δίδούς +Imp. ἐδίδων διδοίην +2 A. ἔδων δός δοίην δῶ δοῦναι δούς + +Pres. δείκνυμι δέικννϑι δεικνύναι δεικνύς +Imp. ἐδείκνυν + + + +SYNOPSIS OF VERBS IN μι.--(_Continued._) + +_Middle Voice_, (including Pres. and Imper. Pass.) + + Indic. Imper. Optat. Subj. Infin. Part. +Pres. ἵσταμαι ἵστασο ἱστῶμαι ἵστασϑαι ἱστάμενος +Imp. ἱστάμην ἱσταίμην +2 A. ἑσταμην στάσο σταίμην στῶμαι στάσϑαι στάμενος + +Pres. τίϑεμαι τιϑεσο τιϑῶμαι τίϑεσϑαι τιϑέμενος +Imp. ἐτιϑέμην τιϑείμην +2 A. ἐϑέμην ϑέτσο ϑείμην ϑῶμαι ϑέσϑαι ϑέμενος + +Pres. δίδομαι δίδοσο διδῶμαι δίδοσϑαι διδόμενος +Imp. ἐδιδόμην διδοίμην +2 A. ἐδόμην δόσο δοίμην δῶμαι δόσϑαι δόμενος + +Pres. δείκνυμαι δείκνυσο δείκνυσϑαι δεικνύμενοζ +Imp. ἐδείκυμην + +All the other tenses are regular, as if from στάω, ϑέω, δόω, +δεικνύω, meaning respectively to _stand, put, give,_ and +_show_. + + + +PECULIAR ENDINGS OF VERBS IN μι + + Singular. Plural. + ἵστη- -| 1. -μι ἵστα- -| |- ἵστασι + τίϑη- |= 2. -ς τιϑε- |= 1. -μεν 3.-| τιϑεισι + δίδω- |= 3. -σι δίδο- |= 2. -τε | δίδουσι + δέικνυ- -| δέικνυ- -| |- δέικνυσι + +Λίδωμι has ω as a union-vowel throughout the subj. (pres. and +2d aor.) of both voices, and ἵστημι has α in the 2d and 3d +sing., and 2d plur. of the subj. pres. All the other forms follow the +inflection of the regular verb. + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Greek in a Nutshell, by James Strong + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GREEK IN A NUTSHELL *** + +***** This file should be named 11130-h.htm or 11130-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/1/3/11130/ + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will +be renamed. + +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright +law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, +so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United +States without permission and without paying copyright +royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part +of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm +concept and trademark. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of +the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at +www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have +to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. + +Title: Greek in a Nutshell + +Author: James Strong + +Release Date: February 17, 2004 [EBook #11130] +[Most recently updated: April 19, 2020] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GREEK IN A NUTSHELL *** + + + + + + + + + + + +</pre> + +<h1>Greek in a Nutshell,</h1> + +<h3>An Outline of<br /> +GREEK GRAMMAR<br /> +with<br /> +BRIEF READING LESSONS;</h3> + +<p class="center"> +Designed for Beginners in the New Testament.</p> + +<p class="center"> +BY</p> + +<h3>JAMES STRONG, S.T.D.,</h3> + +<p class="center"> +Professor of Exegetical Theology in Drew Theological Seminary</p> + + +<p class="center"> +NEW YORK: EATON & MAINS<br /> +CINCINNATI: JENNINGS & GRAHAM</p> + +<p class="center"> +Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by<br /> +NELSON & PHILLIPS,<br /> +In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.</p> + +<h2>PREFACE.</h2> + +<p>This little Manual was originally prepared for the NORMAL CLASS, at +the request of the editor of that Journal, and was at the same time +expected to form an instruction book at the Sunday-School Assembly +annually held at Chautauqua. This accounts for its form in twelve +series of two pages each. The reading lessons, however, have been +made sufficiently full for subsequent study. Of course the simplest +elements only of the Greek language can be comprised in such narrow +limits; nor can a full vocabulary or ready facility be acquired in so +short a course. Nevertheless, a good beginning may be made, and that +is "half the battle" in any enterprise. It is believed that a thorough +mastery of this small volume will prove a conquest over all the real +difficulties of the original tongue of the New Testament.</p> + +<p class="right"> +J. S.</p> + +<h2>LESSON I.</h2> + +<h3>READING</h3> + +<p class="center"> +<a name="sect1"></a><b>§ 1.</b> THE ALPHABET. +</p> + +<table width="50%" > +<tr> + <td><b>Form.</b></td> + <td><b>Name.</b></td> + <td><b>Sound.</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td>A α</td> + <td>Al'pha</td> + <td><i>a</i> in <i>man</i>, [<i>arm.</i><a href="#2_1"><sup>1</sup></a>]</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Β β</td> + <td>Be'ta</td> + <td><i>b</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Γ γ</td> + <td>Gam'ma</td> + <td><i>g</i> in <i>go</i>, [<i>king.</i><a href="#2_2"><sup>2</sup></a>]</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Δ δ</td> + <td>Del'ta</td> + <td><i>d</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Ε ε</td> + <td>Ep'silon</td> + <td><i>e</i> in <i>met</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Ζ ζ</td> + <td>Ze'ta</td> + <td><i>dz</i> in <i>adze</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Η η</td> + <td>E'ta</td> + <td><i>e</i> in <i>they</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Θ ϑ or θ</td> + <td>The'ta</td> + <td><i>th</i> in <i>thin</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Ι ι</td> + <td>Io'ta</td> + <td><i>i</i> in <i>tin</i>, [<i>machine</i> <a href="#2_3"><sup>3</sup></a>]</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Κ κ or ϗ</td> + <td>Kap'pa</td> + <td><i>k</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Λ λ</td> + <td>Lamb'da</td> + <td><i>l</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Μ μ</td> + <td>Mu</td> + <td><i>m</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Ν ν</td> + <td>Nu</td> + <td><i>n</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Ξ ξ</td> + <td>Xi</td> + <td><i>x</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Ο ο</td> + <td>Om'icron</td> + <td><i>ο</i> in <i>not</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Π π</td> + <td>Pi</td> + <td><i>p</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Ρ ρ</td> + <td>Rho</td> + <td><i>r</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Σ σ, final ς</td> + <td>Sig'ma</td> + <td><i>s</i> in <i>this</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Τ τ</td> + <td>Tau</td> + <td><i>t</i> in <i>it</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Υ υ</td> + <td>U'psilon</td> + <td><i>u</i> in <i>full</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Φ φ</td> + <td>Phi</td> + <td><i>f</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>χ χ</td> + <td>Khi</td> + <td><i>kh</i> (German <i>ch</i>.)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>ψ ψ</td> + <td>Psi</td> + <td><i>ps</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Ω ω</td> + <td>O'mega</td> + <td><i>ο</i> in <i>no</i>.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="center"> +<a name="sect2"></a><b>§ 2.</b> Notes on the Alphabet. +</p> + +<p><a name="2_1"></a>1. α sounds broad, like <i>a</i> in <i>arm</i>, at the end of a word, +and before ρ final or ρ followed by a different consonant.</p> + +<p><a name="2_2"></a>2. γ has the nasal sound, like <i>ng</i> in <i>king</i>, before γ, +κ, χ, or ξ.</p> + +<p><a name="2_3"></a>3. ι has its long sound, like <i>i</i> in <i>machine</i>, at the end +of a syllable.</p> + +<p>Every letter is sounded, and, with the above exceptions, invariably +the same.</p> + + +<h4>2. ACCENT.</h4> + +<p><a name="sect3"></a><b>§ 3.</b> Each word, except a very few monosyllables, has one of the +following accents written over a vowel in it, which marks the place of +the spoken tone. A few small words, called <i>enclitics</i>, generally +throw their accent, as an acute, on the last syllable of the preceding +word.</p> + +<p><a name="sect4"></a><b>§ 4.</b> The <i>acute</i> ('), which is the foundation of all the +accents, stands on one of the last three syllables. In verbs, with the +exception of certain forms, it stands as far toward the beginning of +the word as the rules below allow. In other parts of speech it stands +on the same syllable as in the ground-form, (that given in the +lexicon,) except as required by these rules. When the last syllable +has a long vowel or diphthong it stands on the syllable before the +last.</p> + +<p><a name="sect5"></a><b>§ 5.</b> The <i>grave</i> accent (`) is only written in place of the +acute on the last syllable when not before a pause, or when +unemphatic. It is understood to belong to all other syllables.</p> + +<p><a name="sect6"></a><b>§ 6.</b> The <i>circumflex</i> (~) is placed on a syllable formed by +the combination of two, the first of which had an acute and the second +a grave; hence only on the last, or next to the last syllable, and +only on a long vowel or a diphthong. When the last syllable has a +short vowel, such a penult, if accented, takes the circumflex.</p> + + +<h4>3. BREATHINGS, VOWELS, DIPHTHONGS, ETC.</h4> + +<p><a name="sect7"></a><b>§ 7.</b> A vowel beginning a word takes either the <i>rough +breathing</i>, (῾), which is pronounced like <i>h</i>, or else, to +show the absence of that, <i>the smooth breathing</i>, (᾿), which +has no appreciable sound. Initial ρ and υ always take the rough +breathing; and double ρ in the middle of a word takes the smooth +breathing on the first, and the rough on the second.</p> + +<p><a name="sect8"></a><b>§ 8.</b> The vowels are short, (ε and ο,) long, (η and ω,) or +doubtful, (α, ι, and υ,) which last, although naturally short, are +sometimes lengthened by derivation.</p> + +<p><a name="sect9"></a><b>§ 9.</b> The diphthongs are as follows:--</p> + +<table width="50%"> +<tr> + <td><b>Proper.</b></td> + <td><b>With Iota Subscript.</b></td> + <td><b>Improper.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + + <td>αι sounds ay</td> + <td>ᾳ = α</td> + <td>ηυ = η and υ</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>ει sounds i</td> + <td>ῃ = η</td> + <td>ωυ = ω and υ</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>οι sounds oy</td> + <td>ῳ = ω</td> + <td></td> +</tr> +<tr> + + <td>υι sounds we</td> + <td></td> + <td></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>αυ sounds ow</td> + <td></td> + <td></td> +</tr> +<tr> + + <td>ευ sounds yu</td> + <td></td> + <td></td> +</tr> +<tr> + + <td>ου sounds oo</td> + <td></td> + <td></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><a name="sect10"></a><b>§ 10.</b> In diphthongs the breathing and accent are written over the +<i>second</i> vowel. A capital (initial) letter in other cases takes +them <i>before</i> it.</p> + +<p><a name="sect11"></a><b>§ 11.</b> The punctuation marks are the comma, (,), the semicolon, (·), +the period, (.), and the interrogation point, (;).</p> + +<h2>LESSON II.</h2> + +<h3>EUPHONIC CHANGES.</h3> + +<p><a name="sect12"></a><b>§ 12.</b> When two <i>consonants</i> come together the first is made +homogeneous with the second, as follows:--</p> + +<p><a name="sect13"></a><b>§ 13.</b> Mutes of a different class must have the same degree of +hardness according to the following classification:--</p> + +<table width="50%"> +<tr> + <td></td> + <td><b>Smooth.</b></td> + <td><b>Middle.</b></td> + <td><b>Rough.</b></td> + <td><b>Sibilant (with <i>s</i>.)</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + + <td>Kappa-mutes.</td> + <td>κ</td> + <td>γ</td> + <td>χ</td> + <td>ξ</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Pi-mutes</td> + <td>π</td> + <td>β</td> + <td>φ</td> + <td>ψ</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Tau-mutes</td> + <td>τ</td> + <td>δ</td> + <td>ϑ</td> + <td>ζ</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><a name="sect14"></a><b>§ 14.</b> A <i>smooth</i> final mute is roughened before a vowel with the +rough breathing. A rough mute is not doubled, nor can successive +syllables begin with an aspirate. A tau-mute is sometimes dropped +before σ, and always before κ; before a different tau-mute it is +changed into σ.</p> + +<p><a name="sect15"></a><b>§ 15.</b> Before μ a kappa-mute is changed into γ, a pi-mute into μ, +and a tau-mute into σ.</p> + +<p><a name="sect16"></a><b>§ 16.</b> ν before a kappa-mute becomes γ, before a pi-mute μ, before +a liquid (λ, μ, ν, or ρ) it is changed into the same liquid, +before σ or ζ it is dropped.</p> + +<p><a name="sect17"></a><b>§ 17.</b> ν is appended to certain endings in σι or ε before a pause +or a vowel.</p> + +<p><a name="sect18"></a><b>§ 18.</b> There are several other less important rules, and some +exceptions to most of the above.</p> + +<p><a name="sect19"></a><b>§ 19.</b> A <i>long vowel</i> or <i>diphthong</i> is used as an +equivalent for two (usually short) vowels in immediate succession, or +as a compensation for the omission of a consonant, sometimes for both.</p> + +<p><a name="sect20"></a><b>§ 20.</b> The changes in the union of two vowels are various, depending +upon their comparative strength, position, and relation to the long +vowels, or diphthongs respectively. They are readily learned by +practice.</p> + +<p><a name="sect21"></a><b>§ 21.</b> Compensation is not always thus made for the omission of a +consonant. Sometimes the omission occurs too far back in the +derivation to be easily traced.</p> + +<p><a name="sect22"></a><b>§ 22.</b> A final vowel is sometimes elided before another vowel, and its +place indicated by the apostrophe, (').</p> + +<p><a name="sect23"></a><b>§ 23.</b> There are several <i>dialects</i>, which chiefly affect the +vowels, (like provincial pronunciation;) but in later Greek (to which +the New Testament belongs) they were merged in "the common dialect," +the Attic pre-dominating.</p> + + +<h4>NOUNS.</h4> + +<p>Nouns are of three declensions, three genders, three numbers, and five +cases, all indicated by changes of termination.</p> + +<p><a name="sect24"></a><b>§ 24.</b> The declensions (numbered 1, 2, and 3) are only different modes +of inflection.</p> + +<p><a name="sect25"></a><b>§ 25.</b> Names and designations of males, nations, the months, rivers, +and winds, are almost invariably <i>masculine</i>; those of females, +countries, islands, cities, trees, and plants, are usually +<i>feminine</i>; of the <i>neuter</i> gender are most names of fruits +and diminutives, and always the names of the letters, infinitives, +clauses, indeclinable words, and words used as the symbol of a +sound. In the third declension especially the (grammatical) gender in +many instances is arbitrary.</p> + +<p><a name="sect26"></a><b>§ 26.</b> The <i>singular</i> and <i>plural</i> are used as in +English. The <i>dual</i> denotes two or a pair; it is comparatively +rare, and never occurs in the New Testament.</p> + +<p><a name="sect27"></a><b>§ 27.</b> The <i>cases</i> express the relations of words to each other +in a sentence, as follows:--</p> + +<table width="50%"> +<tr> + <td><b>Name.</b></td> + <td><b>Use.</b></td> + <td><b>Equivalent.</b></td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td>Nominative.</td> + <td>Subject of a finite verb.</td> + <td>(Simple form.)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Genitive.</td> + <td>Origin or ownership.</td> + <td><i>From, of,</i> etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + + <td>Dative.</td> + <td>Position or manner.</td> + <td><i>In, by, for, to,</i> etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + + <td>Accusative.</td> + <td>Direction or object.</td> + <td><i>Toward, into,</i> etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + + <td>Vocative.</td> + <td>Address.</td> + <td><i>O!</i></td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<p><a name="sect28"></a><b>§ 28.</b> The following are the terminations of the <i>First +Declension</i>:--</p> + +<table width="50%"> +<tr> + <td colspan="2" align="center"><b>Singular.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Cases.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Plural.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center"><i>Masc.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>Fem.</i></td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center"><i>Masc. and Fem.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center">ας or ης</td> + <td align="center">α or η</td> + <td>Nominative.</td> + <td align="center">αι</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center">ον</td> + <td align="center">ας or ης</td> + <td>Genitive.</td> + <td align="center">ῶν</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2" align="center">ᾳ or η</td> + <td>Dative.</td> + <td align="center">αις</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2" align="center">αν or ην</td> + <td>Accusative.</td> + <td align="center">ας</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2" align="center">α or η</td> + <td>Vocative.</td> + <td align="center">αι</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="4" align="center"><b><i>Dual.</i></b> Nom., Acc., Voc., α; Gen., Dat., αιν.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><a name="sect29"></a><b>§ 29.</b> The α in the terminations of the singular is mostly used when +ρ, ε,or ι precedes it; and in the Nom., Acc., and Voc. when λ or +σ, and frequently when ν, precedes it. A few nouns have α in the +Gen. sing.</p> + +<h2>LESSON III.</h2> + +<h3>NOUNS--Continued.</h3> + +<p><a name="sect30"></a><b>§ 30.</b> The following are the terminations of the <i>Second +Declension</i>:--</p> + +<table width="50%"> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="2"><b>Singular.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Cases.</b></td> + <td align="center" colspan="2"><b>Plural.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center"><i>Masc.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>Neut.</i></td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center"><i>Masc.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>Neut.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center">ος</td> + <td align="center">ον</td> + <td>Nominative.</td> + <td align="center">οι</td> + <td align="center">α</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="2">ου</td> + <td>Genitive.</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">ων</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="2">ῳ</td> + <td>Dative.</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">οις</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="2">ον</td> + <td>Accusative.</td> + <td align="center">ους</td> + <td align="center">α</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center">ε</td> + <td align="center">ον</td> + <td>Vocative.</td> + <td align="center">οι</td> + <td align="center">α</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="center" colspan="5"><b><i>Dual.</i></b> Nom., Acc., Voc., ω; Gen., Dat., οιν.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><a name="sect31"></a><b>§ 31.</b> The few fem. nouns of this declension take the +masc. terminations. The Voc. masc. sing. is occasionally ος.</p> + +<p><a name="sect32"></a><b>§ 32.</b> The following are the terminations of the <i>Third +Declension</i>:--</p> + +<table width="60%"> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="2"><b>Singular.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Cases.</b></td> + <td align="center" colspan="2"><b>Plural.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center"><i>Masc. and Fem.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>Neut.</i></td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center"><i>Masc. and Fem.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>Neut.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center">ς (or long vowel before final letter.)</td> + <td align="center">(naked stem.)</td> + <td align="center">Nominative.</td> + <td align="center">ες</td> + <td align="center">α</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="2">ος</td> + <td align="center">Genitive.</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">ων</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="2">ι</td> + <td align="center">Dative.</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">σι(ν)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center">ν or α</td> + <td align="center">(naked stem.)</td> + <td align="center">Accusative.</td> + <td align="center">ας</td> + <td align="center">α</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center">(like Nom. or Neut.)</td> + <td align="center">(naked stem.)</td> + <td align="center">Vocative.</td> + <td align="center">ες</td> + <td align="center">α</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="center" colspan="5"><b><i>Dual.</i></b> Nom., Acc., Voc., ε; Gen., Dat., οιν.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><a name="sect33"></a><b>§ 33.</b> The Nom. sing. is so often changed by the euphonic rules that +the stem of the noun is best seen in the Gen. Nouns in ις, υς, and +ευς take the (Attic) Gen. εως, (ω regarded as <i>short</i>.) +The α of the Acc. sing. is usually after a consonant. Many +irregularities and some anomalies occur, which may generally be +learned from the lexicon.</p> + +<h4>ADJECTIVES.</h4> + +<p><a name="sect34"></a><b>§ 34.</b> These are <i>declined</i> like nouns, having sometimes three +sets of terminations for the respective genders, sometimes two, (masc. +and fem. alike,) rarely but one, (all genders alike.) The masc. and +neut. are always of the same declension, (second or third,) and the +fem., when different, always of the first. <i>Participles</i> are +declined like adjectives.</p> + +<p><a name="sect35"></a><b>§ 35.</b> Adjectives are <i>compared</i> either by using an adverb +expressive of degree, or, more regularly, by adding to the stem of the +positive the syllables ότερος or ίων for the comparative, and +ότατος or ιστος for the superlative. Some euphonic changes +occur in making these additions, which then take the regular +declensional endings.</p> + + +<h4>NUMERALS.</h4> + +<p><a name="36"></a><b>§ 36.</b> The <i>cardinal</i> numbers are either simple, (the units, +tens, and a few others,) or compound, (intermediate numbers.) Those +from one to four inclusive, and the hundreds and thousands, are +declined like adjectives. They may all be learned from the lexicon.</p> + +<p><a name="sect37"></a><b>§ 37.</b> The <i>ordinals</i> are mostly formed from the cardinals by +adjective endings.</p> + + +<h4>PRONOUNS.</h4> + +<p><a name="sect38"></a><b>§ 38.</b> Of the <i>personal</i> pronouns, those of the 1st and 2d +persons only are specially noteworthy, being declined as nouns +irregularly:--</p> + +<table width="50%"> +<tr> + <td></td> + <td><i>I</i> or <i>Me</i>.</td> + <td><i>We</i> or <i>Us</i>.</td> + <td><i>Thou</i> or <i>Thee</i>.</td> + <td><i>Ye</i> or <i>You</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Nominative.</td> + <td>ἐγώ</td> + <td>ἡμεῖς</td> + <td>σύ</td> + <td>ὑμεῖς</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Genitive.</td> + <td>(ἐ)μοῦ</td> + <td>ἡμῶν</td> + <td>σοῦ</td> + <td>ὑμῶν</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Dative.</td> + <td>(ἐ)μοί</td> + <td>ἡμῖν</td> + <td>σοί</td> + <td>ὑμῖν</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Accusative.</td> + <td>(ἐ)μέ</td> + <td>ἡμᾶς</td> + <td>σέ</td> + <td>ὑμᾶς</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><a name="sect39"></a><b>§ 39.</b> The rest are declined as adjectives--masc. ος, fem, η, +neut. ο; often compounded, one or both parts being declined; but, +with the exception of τις, (interrogative τίς, indefinite +τὶς,) neut. τι, Gen. τινος, of the third declension, the +<i>article</i> (definite only) and the <i>demonstrative</i> alone are +very peculiar in declension, as follows:--</p> + +<table width="50%"> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="4"><b>Singular.</b></td> + <td align="center"><i>The.</i></td> + <td align="center" colspan="4"><b>Plural.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center"><i>Masc.</i></td> + <td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Neut.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>Fem.</i></td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center"><i>Masc.</i></td> + <td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Neut.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>Fem.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center">ὁ</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τό</td> + <td align="center">ἡ</td> + <td align="center">Nominative.</td> + <td align="center">οἱ</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τά</td> + <td align="center">αἱ</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τοῦ</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τῆς</td> + <td align="center">Genitive.</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τῶν</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τῶν</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τῷ</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τῇ</td> + <td align="center">Dative.</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τοῖς</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">ταῖς</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center">τόν</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τό</td> + <td align="center">τήν</td> + <td align="center">Accusative.</td> + <td align="center">-ούς</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τά</td> + <td align="center">τάς</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="9"><b><i>Dual.</i></b> Nom., Acc., Voc., τώ, τά; Gen., Dat., +τοῖν, ταῖν.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p> </p> + +<table width="50%"> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="4"><b>Singular.</b></td> + <td align="center"><i>This, These.</i></td> + <td align="center" colspan="4"><b>Plural.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center"><i>Masc.</i></td> + <td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Neut.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>Fem.</i></td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center"><i>Masc.</i></td> + <td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Neut.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>Fem.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center">οὗτος</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τοῦτο</td> + <td align="center">αὕτη</td> + <td align="center">Nominative.</td> + <td align="center">οὗτοι</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">ταῦτα</td> + <td align="center">αὗται</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τούτου</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">ταύτης</td> + <td align="center">Genitive.</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τούτων</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τούτων</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τούτῳ</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">-αύτῃ</td> + <td align="center">Dative.</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τούτοις</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">ταύταις</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center">τουτου</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">τοῦτο</td> + <td align="center">ταυτην</td> + <td align="center">Accusative.</td> + <td align="center">τούτους</td> + <td align="center" colspan="2">ταῦτα</td> + <td align="center">ταύτας</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="9"><b><i>Dual.</i></b> Nom., Acc., Voc., τούτω, ταῦτα; Gen., Dat., τούτοιν, ταύταιν</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h2>LESSON IV.</h2> + +<h3>VERBS.</h3> + +<p><a name="sect40"></a><b>§ 40.</b> There are three <span class="smallcaps">Voices</span>, <i>Active, Middle,</i> and +<i>Passive,</i> generally distinguished by the <i>termination</i>.</p> + +<p>The Middle is properly <i>reflexive</i>. Some of its tenses have an +<i>active</i> meaning. A few verbs, called <i>deponent</i>, are +throughout pass. in form, but act. or mid. in meaning.</p> + +<p><a name="sect41"></a><b>§ 41.</b> There are five <span class="smallcaps">Mood</span> in each voice, the <i>Indicative</i>, +<i>Imperative</i>, <i>Subjunctive</i>, <i>Optative</i>, and <i>Infinitive</i>, to which +may be added the <i>Participles</i>; they are mostly known by means of +the <i>union-vowel</i>--that which immediately precedes the +termination.</p> + +<p><a name="sect42"></a><b>§ 42.</b> The Indic., Imper., Infin., and Participles correspond to the +English, and have a <i>short</i> union-vowel, (ε, ο, or α,) except +the Perf. and Pluperf. pass., which have no union-vowel; the +Pluperf. act. and mid., which have ει; and the Aorists pass., which +have η or its equivalent.</p> + +<p><a name="sect43"></a><b>§ 43.</b> The Imper. has but two persons. 2d and 3d. The Infin. has but +one termination for all numbers and persons, and is very often used as +a neut. noun, with the article, etc., yet retaining its construction +as a verb.</p> + +<p><a name="sect44"></a><b>§ 44.</b> The Subj. and Opt. are used in certain <i>dependent</i> +relations, like the English subjunctive and potential; the former has +a <i>long</i> union-vowel, (η or ω,) and the latter a diphthong, +(οι, αι, or ει.) The former generally represents an act as +contingent upon outward circumstances, and the latter upon a will.</p> + +<p><a name="sect45"></a><b>§ 45.</b> The <span class="smallcaps">Tenses</span> are nine, the <i>Present</i>, <i>Imperfect</i>, <i>Perfect</i>, +<i>Pluperfect</i>, two <i>Aorists</i>, (1st and 2d, equivalent in sense,) +and three <i>Futures</i>, (1st and 2d, equivalent to each other, and +3d, very rarely used;) they are distinguished by certain letters +prefixed, inserted, or added to the stem or root of the verb. They +represent time as compared with the <i>present</i>, and never date +from that of a preceding verb.</p> + +<p><a name="sect46"></a><b>§ 46.</b> The Pres., Perf., Pluperf., and Fut. answer very nearly to the +same tenses in English.</p> + +<p><a name="sect47"></a><b>§ 47.</b> The Imperf. denotes an act as going on, but incomplete or +habitual at some time past: "<i>was doing</i>," etc.</p> + +<p><a name="sect48"></a><b>§ 48.</b> The Aorists indicate a single act at a definite time, (past in +the Indic., but undetermined in the others moods.)</p> + +<p><a name="sect49"></a><b>§ 49.</b> All the tenses with respect to form may be classed thus:--</p> + +<table width="50%"> +<tr> + <td>I. <i>Primary</i>, or Absolute.</td> + <td>Present.</td> + <td>Perfect.</td> + <td>Futures.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>II. <i>Secondary</i>, or Historical.</td> + <td>Imperfect.</td> + <td>Pluperfect.</td> + <td>Aorists.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>These classes usually have the following endings respectively:--</p> + +<table width="50%"> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="4"><b>Active Form.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Persons.</b></td> + <td align="center" colspan="3"><b>Middle and Passive.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center">I.</td> + <td align="center" colspan="3">II.</td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center">I.</td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center">II.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center"><i>Pres. and Fut.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>Perf.</i></td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center"><i>Opt.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>Sing.</i></td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center">ο</td> + <td align="center">--</td> + <td align="center">ν</td> + <td align="center">μι</td> + <td align="center">1st</td> + <td align="center">μαι</td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center">μην</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center">ις</td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center">ς</td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center">2d</td> + <td align="center">σαι</td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center">(σ)ο</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center">ι</td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center">--</td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center">3d</td> + <td align="center">ται</td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center">το</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="4"></td> + <td align="center"><i>Plur.</i></td> + <td align="center" colspan="3"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="2"></td> + <td align="center">μεν</td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center">1st</td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center">μεϑα</td> + <td align="center"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="2"></td> + <td align="center">τε</td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center">2d</td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center">σϑε</td> + <td align="center"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="2">(ντ) σι (ν)</td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center">(σα)ν</td> + <td align="center">3d</td> + <td align="center">νται</td> + <td align="center"></td> + <td align="center">ντο</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="4">[2d, τον, 3d, την.</td> + <td align="center" colspan="4"><b><i>Dual.</i></b> 1st, μεϑον, 2d, σϑον, 3d, σϑην.]</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Notes on the Table of Verb Endings.</i> +</p> + +<p><a name="sect50"></a><b>§ 50.</b> In the Pres. and Fut. the ο of the 1st sing. act. is +contracted (with the union-vowel) into ω, and the σαι of the 2d +sing. pass. into ῃ or ει.</p> + +<p><a name="sect51"></a><b>§ 51.</b> Signification limits the primary terminations to the Indic. and +Subj., and the secondary to the Indic. and Opt.: likewise the +Imperf. and Pluperf. to the Indic., and the Imper. to the Pres., the +Aorists and (rarely) the Perf.</p> + +<p><a name="sect52"></a><b>§ 52.</b> The <i>active</i> terminations are assumed throughout by the +Perf. and Pluperf. mid., and the Aorists pass.</p> + +<p><a name="sect53"></a><b>§ 53.</b> The terminations of the Imper. are analogous to the secondary +in the act., and in the mid. and pass. they are merely the same +strengthened, thus: <i>Sing.</i> 2d,--[Aor. pass, ϑι, 1st +Aor. act. (σ)ov] (pass. ο [1st Aor. mid. ι] or σο); 3d, τω +(pass. σϑω,) <i>Plur.</i> 2d, τε (pass. σϑε); 3d, τωσαν +[or contr. ντων] (pass, σϑωσαν. [<i>Dual.</i> 2d, τον +(σϑον); 3d, των (σϑων,)]</p> + +<p><a name="sect54"></a><b>§ 54.</b> The Infin. in the act. forms ends in εν, [contr., with +union-vowel into ειν] (Pres., Fut., and 2d Aor.,) αι, (1st Aor.,) +or ναι, (Perf. act. and mid. and both Aor. pass.;) elsewhere in +σϑαι.</p> + +<p><a name="sect55"></a><b>§ 55.</b> In the Participles the stem ends in ντ in the act. forms, +(except the Perf. act. and mid., which have ότ;) the rest take +μεν, (Perf. pass, μέν.) These latter are [masc. and neut.] of +the second declension, the others of the third.</p> + +<p><a name="sect56"></a><b>§ 56.</b> Verbs in μι insert σ before the final ι of the 3d +pers. sing. Pres. Indic. act., and vary in a few other terminations, +chiefly by contraction.</p> + +<h2>LESSON V.</h2> + +<h3>VERBS--Continued.</h3> + +<p><a name="sect57"></a><b>§ 57.</b> The root of every <i>primitive</i> verb is a monosyllable, +consisting of a short vowel (α, ε, ι, ο, or υ) between two +(usually simple) consonants. Sometimes one or the other of the latter +has been dropped far back in the etymology. This root is most readily +found in the 1st Fut., subject only to euphonic changes. The 2d +Aor. always has a monosyllabic root, with a single vowel never long; +but this may be somewhat different from the true root. Primitive verbs +only have a 2d Aor.</p> + +<p><a name="sect58"></a><b>§ 58.</b> The Pres. and Imperf. commonly <i>strengthen</i> the root, +either by adding a hard consonant, (sometimes more than one,) or +(oftener) by changing the root vowel into the corresponding long one +or diphthong.</p> + +<p><a name="sect59"></a><b>§ 59.</b> The following tenses add certain <i>characteristic</i> letters +to the root:--</p> + +<table width="50%"> +<tr> + <td>1st Fut. and 1st Aor. act. and mid., (of verbs not liquid,) and 3d Fut.</td><td>ο</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>1st Aor. pass.</td><td>ϑ</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>1st Fut. pass.</td><td>ϑησ</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>2d Fut. pass.</td><td>ηο</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>2d (in liquid verbs 1st) Fut. act. and mid.</td><td>ε</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Perf. and Pluperf. Act. of pure and liquid verbs</td><td>κ</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Perf. and pluperf. act. ending in a pi- or kappa-mute</td><td>(῾)</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><a name="sect60"></a><b>§ 60.</b> Tenses expressing <i>past time</i> (Imperf. and Aorists Indic.) +prefix ε ("syllabic <i>augment</i>") to the root; this coalesces with +an initial vowel ("temporal augment") into the corresponding long +vowel or diphthong. The Perf., Pluperf., and 3d Fut. not only do the +same throughout the moods, but also prefix to the <i>syllabic</i> +augment the initial consonant of the root ("reduplication") when this +is a simple consonant or a mute followed by a liquid. The +Pluperf. prefixes a second syllabic augment to the reduplication.</p> + +<p><a name="sect61"></a><b>§ 61.</b> Initial ρ, (which is doubled after the syllabic augment,) +βλ, γλ, and γν, do not, except in a few cases, allow the +reduplication. Verbs compounded with a preposition generally take the +augment, etc., between it and the primitive. A few other +irregularities occur.</p> + +<p><a name="sect62"></a><b>§ 62.</b> Verbs are classified in conjugation according to the radical +letter following the root vowel, or diphthong, in the 1st pers. sing. +Pres. Indic. act., lexicon form: in "liquid" verbs (not derivatives in +άνω, which is merely strengthened for άω) this is a +<i>liquid</i>; in "pure" verbs it is absent, so that the root appears +to end in a vowel, etc. Very many verbs seem to be anomalous in some +of their forms in consequence of deriving these from an obsolete +kindred root. The lexicon gives most of these peculiarities.</p> + +<p><a name="sect63"></a><b>§ 63.</b> <i>Liquid</i> verbs almost always strengthen their root in the +Pres. and Imperf.; they lengthen it in the 1st Aor. act. and mid. by +changing the root vowel, if α into η, if ε into ει, while ι and +ν merely become long. ε as a root vowel is generally changed into α +in the 1st Aor. and 1st Fut. pass., the Perf. and Pluperf. act. and +pass., and the 2d Aor. and 2d Fut. throughout, and again into ο in +the Perf. and Pluperf. mid.</p> + +<p><a name="sect64"></a><b>§ 64.</b> The above strengthening in the Pres. and Imperf. consists in +doubling λ, annexing ν to μ; or, in case of ν or ρ, in adding ι +to a preceding α or ε, or lengthening ι or υ. The radical ν is +often dropped in Perf. and Pluperf.</p> + +<p><a name="sect65"></a><b>§ 65.</b> Verbs with ε followed by a pi- or kappa-mute in the root +frequently neglect to strengthen it in the Pres. and Imperf.; and +verbs with ε in the root preceded by a liquid, usually change it into +α and ο in the same tenses as liquid verbs, except in the 1st +Aor. and Fut. pass.</p> + +<p><a name="sect66"></a><b>§ 66.</b> <i>Pure</i> verbs lengthen the root vowel before a tense +characteristic, also in the Perf. and Pluperf. pass. A few +occasionally neglect this, and some insert σ instead.</p> + +<p><a name="sect67"></a><b>§ 67.</b> Verbs in μι (lexicon form instead of ω) are but another mode +of conjugating pure verbs (being the only primitives of that class +whose root ends in α, ε, or o) in the Pres., Imperf., and 2d Aor.; +in all which tenses the union-vowel coalesces with the root vowel. +They have a peculiar inflection, chiefly by reason of the Imperf. and +2d Aor. act. taking throughout the terminations of the Aorists +pass. The Pres. and Imperf. reduplicate with ι the initial consonant, +(prefixing simply ί if that cannot be done, and sometimes adopting +other modes of strengthening,) and in the act. they lengthen the root +in the Indic., α or ε into η, ο into ω. The 2d Aor. (those in +υμι being factitious have not this tense) has in the act. a long +vowel or diphthong throughout, except the Imperative ε or o, and the +Participle.</p> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Notes on Certain Verbs in μι.</i></p> + +<p><a name="sect68"></a><b>§ 68.</b> τίϑημι [<i>to put</i>] has, in the Act., 1st +Aor. ἒϑηκα, Perf. τέϑεικα; ὀίὀωμι [<i>to + +give</i>] has, 1st Aor., ἒδωκα.</p> + +<p><a name="sect69"></a><b>§ 69.</b> εἰμί [<i>to be</i>] is inflected thus: εὶ [<i>thou +art</i>], ἐστί(ν) [<i>is</i>], ἐσμέν, ἐστί, +εἰσί(ν) [<i>we, ye, they are</i>], ἱσϑι [<i>be thou</i>], +ὤν [<i>being</i>], etc.; the rest mostly regular. See the lexicon +for these, and for ἵημι [<i>to send</i>], and εἰμι [<i>to +go</i>].</p> + +<p><a name="sect70"></a><b>§ 70.</b> Several verbs annex σκω, ίνω, (ν)νυμι, etc., instead +of μι, etc., in the Pres. and Imperf.</p> + +<h2>LESSON VI.</h2> + +<h3>SYNTAX.--Concord.</h3> + +<p><a name="sect71"></a><b>§ 71.</b> All words placed under the same construction agree together in +all the accidents which they possess in common.</p> + +<p><a name="sect72"></a><b>§ 72.</b> "Apposition" occurs as in English.</p> + +<p><a name="sect73"></a><b>§ 73.</b> Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case.</p> + +<p><a name="sect74"></a><b>§ 74.</b> The noun is often understood, especially if neut., ("things.")</p> + +<p><a name="sect75"></a><b>§ 75.</b> Sometimes a relative is "attracted" into the case of the +omitted antecedent.</p> + +<p><a name="sect76"></a><b>§ 76.</b> A verb agrees with its subject nominative in number and person.</p> + +<p><a name="sect77"></a><b>§ 77.</b> The case of the subject of the Infin. depends upon other +relations.</p> + +<p><a name="sect78"></a><b>§ 78.</b> Neuters plur. generally have a sing. verb.</p> + +<h4>Government.</h4> + +<p><a name="sect79"></a><b>§ 79.</b> Any word may govern another (or others) which in sense is +<i>dependent</i> upon it in the case appropriate for expressing such +relation either with or without a preposition.</p> + +<pre> + | >>>---|-----> | + Genitive. Dative. Accusative. +</pre> + +<p><a name="sect80"></a><b>§ 80.</b> GENITIVE, denoting <i>origin</i>, answering to <i>Whence?</i> +and expressed by <i>from</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="sect81"></a><b>§ 81.</b> "<i>Local</i>," involving <i>external</i> relations of space, +either in a literal or a figurative sense. This includes actual +<i>motion</i> from an object, generally with a preposition, (ἀπό +ἐκ παρά;) <i>separation</i> from it, usually with verbs +compounded with a preposition; and <i>commencement</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="sect82"></a><b>§ 82.</b> "<i>Causal</i>," denoting a more <i>internal</i> relation, as +if the outgoing of some agency or property, as follows:--</p> + +<p><a name="sect83"></a><b>§ 83.</b> <i>Active</i>, either direct, inferential, or +metaphysical. This includes relations of source, (e.g., derivation, +[commonly with ἐκ, sometimes ἀπό, direct authorship with +ὐπό,] possession, property, [often with an Infin.]) +<i>partitive</i> use, (e.g., a class, material, partial relations,) +and the Gen. of time, (in the <i>course</i> of which,) especially the +"Gen. absolute," with a Participle, as affording occasion.</p> + +<p><a name="sect84"></a><b>§ 84.</b> <i>Passive</i>, that is, indirect, the act being for the sake +of the Gen. This includes verbs implying a <i>mental operation</i>, +adjectives, and other words denoting <i>skill</i>, and the Gen. of +<i>crime</i> or <i>purpose</i>, (the last mostly an Infin. with the +article.)</p> + +<p><a name="sect85"></a><b>§ 85.</b> <i>Mutual</i>, e.g., <i>comparison</i> and <i>price</i> or +<i>penalty</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="sect86"></a><b>§ 86.</b> The "attributive Gen." is a comprehensive relation, arising +under several of the above heads, between two nouns designating +<i>different</i> objects, which may be thus expressed: <i>When two +nouns are connected with each other, that one which completes the idea +of the other and defines it more fully is put in the Gen.</i></p> + +<p><a name="sect87"></a><b>§ 87.</b> <span class="smallcaps">Dative</span>, denoting <i>position</i>, answering to <i>Where?</i> +and expressed by <i>at</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="sect88"></a><b>§ 88.</b> "<i>Local</i>," involving the more palpable relations of +position. This includes the place, (at, by, near, in the midst of; +generally with ἐν, ἐπί, παρά, etc.,) <i>association, +accompaniment,</i> (frequently with σύν,) and the <i>time</i> (as a +date) or <i>circumstances</i> of a transaction.</p> + +<p><a name="sect89"></a><b>§ 89.</b> "<i>Causal</i>," denoting the object <i>upon which</i> the act +or state appears, thus conceived as sharing in producing it, as +follows:--</p> + +<p><a name="sect90"></a><b>§ 90.</b> <i>Personal</i>, either actually or so imagined. This includes +words expressing a <i>correlative</i> idea, as community, (in varied +relations,) likeness, possession, agency, reference, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="sect91"></a><b>§ 91.</b> <i>Instrumental</i>, as the mediate cause, e.g., the ground or +reason, the means, the instrument, manner, and the measure of excess +or deficiency.</p> + +<p><a name="sect92"></a><b>§ 92.</b> In comprehensive phrase the "attributive Dat." expresses many +indirect relations of an object <i>to</i> or <i>for</i> which an act +is performed or a condition sustained.</p> + +<p><a name="sect93"></a><b>§ 93.</b> <span class="smallcaps">Accusative</span>, denoting <i>direction</i>, answering to +<i>Whither?</i> and expressed by <i>toward</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="sect94"></a><b>§ 94.</b> "<i>Local</i>" involving the boundary, place, or object of +motion, especially with εἰς.</p> + +<p><a name="sect95"></a><b>§ 95.</b> "<i>Causal</i>," involving an influence, change, or result, as +impressed upon the object, as follows:--</p> + +<p><a name="sect96"></a><b>§ 96.</b> The <i>effect</i>, either the thing effected, an attribute of +the effect, or the effect intended.</p> + +<p><a name="sect97"></a><b>§ 97.</b> The <i>object acted upon</i>, e.g., with directly transitive +verbs, those expressing a good or bad influence, patience, swearing, +sometimes a mental affection, etc.; also the <i>space</i> or +<i>way</i> after a verb of motion; the time, (<i>throughout</i> +which,) measure, and weight; and finally ("Attributive Accusative") +with any verb or adj. (sometimes other words) to define its +application more closely, especially if of kindred signification.</p> + +<h4>Order of Words in a Sentence.</h4> + +<p><a name="sect98"></a><b>§ 98.</b> This is usually not, as in English, that of <i>grammatical</i> +dependence, but rather the order of <i>thought</i>; important or +emphatic words come first, after the connecting particles; +prepositions and the article precede their nouns; and qualifying terms +are grouped in a harmonious balance around the principal ones.</p> + +<h2>LESSON VII.</h2> + +<h3>Exercise on John 1, 1-5.</h3> + +<pre> +<b>1</b> Ἐν<a href="#7_1"><sup>1</sup></a> ἀρχῇ<a href="#7_2"><sup>2</sup></a> ἦν<a href="#7_3"><sup>3</sup></a> ὁ<a href="#7_4"><sup>4</sup></a> Λόγος,<a href="#7_5"><sup>5</sup></a> καὶ<a href="#7_6"><sup>6</sup></a> ὁ<a href="#7_4"><sup>4</sup></a> Λόγος<a href="#8_6"><sup>6</sup></a> ἦν<a href="#7_3"><sup>3</sup></a> + In <i>the</i> beginning was the Word, and the Word was + +<b>2</b> πρὸς<a href="#7_7"><sup>7</sup></a> τὸν<a href="#7_8"><sup>8</sup></a> θεόν,<a href="#7_9"><sup>9</sup></a> καὶ<a href="#8_6"><sup>6</sup></a> θεὸς<a href="#7_9"><sup>10</sup></a> ἦν<a href="#7_3"><sup>3</sup></a> ὁ<a href="#7_4"><sup>4</sup></a> Λόγος.<a href="#7_5"><sup>5</sup></a> Οὗτος<a href="#7_11"><sup>11</sup></a> + with God, and God was the Word. This <i>one</i> + +<b>3</b> ἦν<a href="#7_3"><sup>3</sup></a> ἐν<a href="#7_1"><sup>1</sup></a> ἀρχῇ<a href="#7_2"><sup>2</sup></a> πρὸς<a href="#7_7"><sup>7</sup></a> τὸν<a href="#7_8"><sup>8</sup></a> θεόν.<a href="#8_9"><sup>9</sup></a> Πάντα<a href="#7_12"><sup>12</sup></a> δι'<a href="#7_13"><sup>13</sup></a> + was in <i>the</i> beginning with God. All <i>things</i> by + + αὐτοῦ<a href="#7_14"><sup>14</sup></a> ἐγένετο,<a href="#7_15"><sup>15</sup></a> καὶ<a href="#7_6"><sup>6</sup></a> χωρὶς<a href="#7_16"><sup>16</sup></a> αὐτοῦ<a href="#7_14"><sup>14</sup></a> ἐγένετο<a href="#7_15"><sup>15</sup></a> οὐδὲ<a href="#7_17"><sup>17</sup></a> + him were made, and without him was made not even + +<b>4</b> ἓν<a href="#7_18"><sup>18</sup></a> ὃ<a href="#7_19"><sup>19</sup></a> γέγονεν.<a href="#7_20"><sup>20</sup></a> Ἐν<a href="#7_1"><sup>1</sup></a> αὐτῷ<a href="#7_21"><sup>21</sup></a> ζωὴ<a href="#7_22"><sup>22</sup></a> ἦν,<a href="#7_3"><sup>3</sup></a> καὶ<a href="#7_6"><sup>6</sup></a> + one <i>thing</i> which has been made. In him life was, and + +<b>5</b> ἡ<a href="#7_23"><sup>23</sup></a> ζωὴ<a href="#7_22"><sup>22</sup></a> ἦν<a href="#7_3"><sup>3</sup></a> τὸ<a href="#7_24"><sup>24</sup></a> φῶς<a href="#7_25"><sup>25</sup></a> τῶν<a href="#7_26"><sup>26</sup></a> ἀνϑρώπων·<a href="#7_27"><sup>27</sup></a> καὶ<a href="#7_6"><sup>6</sup></a> τὸ<a href="#7_24"><sup>24</sup></a> + the life was the light of men; and the + + φως<a href="#7_25"><sup>25</sup></a> ἐν<a href="#7_1"><sup>1</sup></a> τῇ<a href="#7_28"><sup>28</sup></a> σκοτίᾳ<a href="#7_29"><sup>29</sup></a> φαίνει,<a href="#7_30"><sup>30</sup></a> καὶ<a href="#7_6"><sup>6</sup></a> ἡ<a href="#7_23"><sup>23</sup></a> σκοτία<a href="#7_31"><sup>31</sup></a> + light in the darkness shines, and the darkness + + αὐτὸ<a href="#7_32"><sup>32</sup></a> οὐ<a href="#7_33"><sup>33</sup></a> κατέλαβεν.<a href="#7_34"><sup>34</sup></a> + it not admitted. +</pre> + +<p><span class="smallcaps">Directions</span>.--Spell the Greek, giving the <i>English</i> equivalents of +the consonants, (as in <a href="#sect1">§ 1</a>,) and the exact <i>phonetic</i> value or +sound of the vowels. Call the rough breathing <i>h</i>. Be careful to +put the spoken <i>accent</i> where it is written. Continue this +practice through all the passages given in the following lessons, +until the words can be pronounced readily and accurately. Familiarize +yourself with the forms of the letters by <i>writing</i> them. Let the +pupil do this while learning the foregoing grammatical lessons, and +after the recitation of each of them let the teacher direct attention, +while the passage at the head of the reading lessons is pronounced, to +the examples illustrating each point, as they occur--by way of +paradigm.</p> + +<h4>Parsing Notes on the Above.</h4> + +<p><a name="7_1"></a>1. Ἐν--prep. atonic, <a href="#sect3">§ 3</a>; stands first, <a href="#sect98">§ 98</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_2"></a>2. ἀρχῇ--noun, from nom. ἀρχή, 1st decl. fem., <a href="#sect28">§ 28</a>; +circumflex, <a href="#sect6">§ 6</a>; local dat., <a href="#sect88">§ 88</a>; emphatic position, <a href="#sect98">§ 98</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_3"></a>3. ἦν--verb, irreg. in μι, <a href="#sect69">§ 69</a>; 3d +pers. sing. imperf. indic. act., <a href="#sect47">§ 47</a>; ν appended irreg. as ending, +<a href="#sect49">§ 49</a>; long vowel, <a href="#sect67">§ 67</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_4"></a>4. ὁ--art., nom. masc. sing., <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>; agrees with its noun, <a href="#sect73">§ 73</a>; +following, <a href="#sect98">§ 98</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_5"></a>5. Αόγος--noun, 2d decl. nom. sing. masc., <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>; subject of +ἡν, <a href="#sect76">§ 76</a>; balances clause, <a href="#sect98">§ 98</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_6"></a>6. καί--conj., changed accent, <a href="#sect5">§ 5</a>; position, <a href="#sect98">§ 98</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_7"></a>7. πρός--prep., lit., <i>towards</i>; gov. acc., <a href="#sect27">§ 27</a>; accent, <a href="#sect5">§ 5</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_8"></a>8. τόν--art., acc. sing. masc., <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>; agreement, <a href="#sect73">§ 73</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_9"></a>9. θεόν--noun, lit., [the] <i>deity</i>; 2d decl. masc., <a href="#sect25">§ 25</a>; +acc. sing., <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>; government, <a href="#sect94">§ 94</a>; position, <a href="#sect98">§ 98</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_10"></a>10. θεός--same as <a href="#7_9">9</a>; nom. agreeing with subj., <a href="#sect71">§ 71</a>; without the +art. because the predicate; emphatic position, <a href="#sect98">§ 98</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_11"></a>11. Οὖτος--pron., <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>; agrees with Αόγος, understood (<a href="#sect73">§ +73</a>) as subj. of sentence; first as connective; accent, <a href="#sect6">§ 6</a>; and +breathing, <a href="#sect10">§ 10</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_12"></a>12. Πάντα --adj. pron., from τάς, (stem, πάντ); 3d +decl. nom. plur. neut., <a href="#sect32">§ 32</a>; indef. without noun expressed, <a href="#sect74">§ 74</a>; +subject of sentence; emphatic position, <a href="#sect98">§ 98</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_13"></a>13. δι'--prep, for δια, with final letter elided, <a href="#sect22">§ 22</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_14"></a>14. αὐτοῦ--adj. pron. used as personal; gen. masc. sing., <a href="#sect30">§ +30</a>; causal, <a href="#sect82">§ 82</a>. Gen. and dat. of 1st and 2d decl. are always +circumflex when accented on last syllable.</p> + +<p><a name="7_15"></a>15. ἐγένετο--verb, <i>came to be</i>, lit., <i>was born</i>; +from γίνομαι, (for γίγνομαι, strengthened [<a href="#sect63">§ 63</a>] by +reduplication, [<a href="#sect67">§ 67</a>,] and then contracted for γιγεν;) depon., +<a href="#sect40">§ 40</a>; true root γεν, [our <i>kin</i>,] <a href="#sect57">§ 57</a>, here appearing in 2d +aor. mid., <a href="#sect48">§ 48</a>; ἐ is simple aug., (hence the verb is in the +indic., <a href="#sect60">§ 60</a>;) third ε is mood-vowel, <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; το is 3d +pers. sing. mid., <a href="#sect49">§ 49</a>; agreement with subj., <a href="#sect78">§ 78</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_16"></a>16. χωρίς--prep., lit., <i>apart</i>; accent, <a href="#sect5">§ 5</a>; case after, +<a href="#sect81">§ 81</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_17"></a>17. οὐδέ--compound neg. particle, from οὐ and δε.</p> + +<p><a name="7_18"></a>18. ἓv--numeral adj., <a href="#sect74">§ 74</a>; 3d +decl. nom. sing. neut., <a href="#sect32">§ 32</a>; subj. of ἐγένετο.</p> + +<p><a name="7_19"></a>19. ὃ--relative adj., <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>; 2d decl. nom. sing. neut., <a href="#sect34">§ 34</a>; +agreement, <a href="#sect73">§ 73</a>; subj. of γέγονε.</p> + +<p><a name="7_20"></a>20. γέγονεν--verb, same as <a href="#7_15">15</a>; root-vowel changed in +perf. mid., <a href="#sect63">§ 63</a>; γε is reduplication, <a href="#sect60">§ 60</a>; last ε is mood-vowel +of indic., <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; no additional ending, <a href="#sect44">§ 44</a>; hence 3d +pers. sing. (perf.) act., <a href="#sect52">§ 52</a>; final ν added before pause, <a href="#sect17">§ 17</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_21"></a>21. αὐτῳ-- pron., same as <a href="#7_14">14</a>; dat. sing. masc., <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>; +government, as <a href="#7_2">2</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_22"></a>22. ζωή --noun, 1st decl. fem. nom. sing., <a href="#sect28">§ 28</a>; subject of verb +following.</p> + +<p><a name="7_23"></a>23. ἡ--art., fem. nom. sing., <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>; agrees with ζωή, <a href="#sect73">§ 73</a>; +atonic, <a href="#sect3">§ 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_24"></a>24. τό--art., neut. nom. sing., <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>; agrees with φῶς.</p> + +<p><a name="7_25"></a>25. φῶς--noun, 3d. decl. nom. sing. neut., (stem φῶτ for +φάοτ); ς here added (as some neut. nouns have) and τ dropped, +<a href="#sect14">§ 14</a>; predicate nom., <a href="#sect71">§ 71</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_26"></a>26. τῶν--art., gen. plur. masc., <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>; agreement, <a href="#sect73">§ 73</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_27"></a>27. ἀνϑρώπων--noun, from ἄν. ϑρωπος; 2d +decl. gen. plur. masc., <a href="#sect32">§ 32</a>; government, <a href="#sect86">§ 86</a>; accent, <a href="#sect4">§ 4</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_28"></a>28. τῇ--art., dat. sing. fem., <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>; agreement, <a href="#sect73">§ 73</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_29"></a>29. σκοτία--noun from σκοτία; 1st decl. dat. sing. fem., +<a href="#sect29">§ 29</a>; final α, <a href="#sect29">§ 29</a>; ι subscript, <a href="#sect9">§ 9</a>; government, <a href="#sect88">§ 88</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_30"></a>30. φαίνει--verb, from φαίνω; root, φαν, strengthened, +<a href="#sect64">§ 64</a>; ε is mood-vowel of indic., <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; final ι is tense-ending of +pres. 3d sing. act., <a href="#sect49">§ 49</a>; agrees with φῶς, <a href="#sect76">§ 76</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_31"></a>31. σκοτία--noun, as <a href="#7_29">29</a>; nom. sing., subj. of clause.</p> + +<p><a name="7_32"></a>32. αὐτό--pron., as <a href="#7_21">21</a>; acc. neut. sing., <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>; object of +κατέλαβε, <a href="#sect97">§ 97</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_33"></a>33. οὐ-- simple neg. adv.; atonic, <a href="#sect3">§ 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="7_34"></a>34. κατέλαβεν--verb, from καταλαμβάνω; comp. of +κατά, <i>down</i>, and λαμβάνω, <i>I receive</i>; the root +of the simple verb is λαβ, here appearing in the 2d Aor., <a href="#sect57">§ 57</a>; +aug., <a href="#sect60">§ 60</a>, excluding final α of prep., <a href="#sect61">§ 61</a>; last ε likewise +shows indic., <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; no tense-ending in 3d pers. sing. act. secondary, +<a href="#sect49">§ 49</a> ν appended. <a href="#sect17">§ 17</a>. The tense expresses the act of the Jews in +rejecting Christ.</p> + + + +<h2>Lesson VIII.</h2> + +<h3>Exercise on John 1, 6-11.</h3> + +<pre> + <b>6</b> Ἐγένετο<a href="#8_1"><sup>1</sup></a> ἄνϑρωπος<a href="#8_2"><sup>2</sup></a> ἀπεσταλμένος<a href="#8_3"><sup>3</sup></a> παρὰ<a href="#8_4"><sup>4</sup></a> θεοῦ,<a href="#8_5"><sup>5</sup></a> ὄνομα<a href="#8_6"><sup>6</sup></a> + <i>There</i> was a man sent from God, <i>the</i> name + + <b>7</b> αὐτῷ<a href="#8_7"><sup>7</sup></a> Ἰωάννης·<a href="#8_8"><sup>8</sup></a> οὗτος<a href="#8_9"><sup>9</sup></a> ἠλϑεν<a href="#8_10"><sup>10</sup></a> εἰς<a href="#8_11"><sup>11</sup></a> μαρτυρίαν,<a href="#8_12"><sup>12</sup></a> ἵνα<a href="#8_13"><sup>13</sup></a> + to him <i>was</i> John: this <i>one</i> came for testimony that + + μαρτυρήσῃ<a href="#8_14"><sup>14</sup></a> περὶ<a href="#8_15"><sup>15</sup></a> τοῦ<a href="#8_16"><sup>16</sup></a> Φωτός,<a href="#8_17"><sup>17</sup></a> ἵνα<a href="#8_13"><sup>13</sup></a> πάντες<a href="#8_18"><sup>18</sup></a> + <i>he</i> might testify concerning the Light, that all + + <b>8</b> πιστεύσωσι<a href="#8_19"><sup>19</sup></a> δἰ<a href="#8_20"><sup>20</sup></a> αὐτοῦ.<a href="#8_21"><sup>21</sup></a> Οὐκ<a href="#8_22"><sup>22</sup></a> ἦν<a href="#8_23"><sup>23</sup></a> ἐκεῖνος<a href="#8_24"><sup>24</sup></a> τὸ<a href="#8_25"><sup>25</sup></a> Φῶς,<a href="#8_26"><sup>26</sup></a> + might believe through him. Not was that <i>one</i> the Light, + + <b>9</b> ἀλλ'<a href="#8_27"><sup>27</sup></a> ἵνα<a href="#8_13"><sup>13</sup></a> μαρτυρήσῃ<a href="#8_14"><sup>14</sup></a> περὶ<a href="#8_15"><sup>15</sup></a> τοῦ<a href="#8_16"><sup>16</sup></a> Φωτός.<a href="#8_17"><sup>17</sup></a> Ἠν<a href="#8_23"><sup>23</sup></a> + but that <i>he</i> might testify concerning the Light. <i>There</i> was + + τὸ<a href="#8_25"><sup>25</sup></a> Φῶς<a href="#8_26"><sup>26</sup></a> τὸ<a href="#8_25"><sup>25</sup></a> ἀληϑινόν,<a href="#8_28"><sup>28</sup></a> ὃ<a href="#8_29"><sup>29</sup></a> φωτίζει<a href="#8_30"><sup>30</sup></a> πάντα<a href="#8_31"><sup>31</sup></a> ἄνϑρωπον,<a href="#8_32"><sup>32</sup></a> + the Light the true <i>one</i>, which lights every man, + +<b>10</b> ἐρχόμενον<a href="#8_33"><sup>33</sup></a> εἰς<a href="#8_11"><sup>11</sup></a> τὸν<a href="#8_34"><sup>34</sup></a> κόσμον.<a href="#8_35"><sup>35</sup></a> Ἐν<a href="#8_36"><sup>36</sup></a> τῷ<a href="#8_37"><sup>37</sup></a> κόσμῳ<a href="#8_38"><sup>38</sup></a> ἦv,<a href="#8_23"><sup>23</sup></a> + coming into the world. In the world <i>he</i> was, + + καὶ<a href="#8_39"><sup>39</sup></a> ὁ<a href="#8_40"><sup>40</sup></a> κόσμος<a href="#8_41"><sup>41</sup></a> δἰ<a href="#8_20"><sup>20</sup></a> αὐτοῦ<a href="#8_21"><sup>21</sup></a> ἐγένετο,<a href="#8_1"><sup>1</sup></a> καὶ<a href="#8_39"><sup>39</sup></a> ὁ<a href="#8_40"><sup>40</sup></a> κόσμος<a href="#8_41"><sup>41</sup></a> + and the world through him was made, and the world + +<b>11</b> αὐτὸν<a href="#8_42"><sup>42</sup></a> οὐκ<a href="#8_22"><sup>22</sup></a> ἔγνω.<a href="#8_43"><sup>43</sup></a> Εἰς<a href="#8_11"><sup>11</sup></a> τὰ<a href="#8_44"><sup>44</sup></a> ἴδια<a href="#8_45"><sup>45</sup></a> ἧλϑε,<a href="#8_10"><sup>10</sup></a> καὶ<a href="#8_39"><sup>39</sup></a> οἱ<a href="#8_46"><sup>46</sup></a> + him not knew. To the own <i>things he</i> came, and the + + ἴδιοι<a href="#8_47"><sup>47</sup></a> αὐτὸν<a href="#8_42"><sup>42</sup></a> οὐ<a href="#8_22"><sup>22</sup></a> παρέλαβαν.<a href="#8_48"><sup>48</sup></a> + own <i>persons</i> him not received. +</pre> + +<p><a name="8_1"></a>1. Ἐγένετο--See <a href="#7_15">lesson vii, No. 15</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_2"></a>2. ἄνϑρωπος--<a href="#7_27">See vii, 27</a>; subj. of sentence.</p> + +<p><a name="8_3"></a>3. ἀπεσταλμένος--part. from ἀποστέλλω, lit., +<i>I send away</i>; comp. of prep, ἀπό, <i>off</i>, and +στέλλω, <i>I send</i>; root στελ, vowel changed, <a href="#sect63">§ 63</a>; +aug. cuts off final ο of prep., <a href="#sect61">§ 61</a>; no reduplication, <a href="#sect60">§ 60</a>; +perf. tense because aug. beyond indic., <a href="#sect60">§ 60</a>; and no union-vowel, <a href="#sect42">§ +42</a>; pass. part. ending μεν, (<a href="#sect55">§ 55</a>,) accent; ος is +nom. masc. sing., <a href="#sect34">§§ 34</a>, <a href="#sect30">30</a>; agrees with ἄνϑρωπος, <a href="#sect73">§ 73</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_4"></a>4. παρά--prep., lit., <i>near</i>; with gen., =<i>from near</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_5"></a>5. θεοῦ--See <a href="#7_9">vii, 9</a>, <a href="#7_10">10</a>; here gen., <a href="#sect81">§ 81</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_6"></a>6. ὄνομα--noun; neut, 3d decl. nom. sing.; (stem, ονοματ, +final mute always dropped for euphony;) subj. to <i>was</i> +understood, (copula may freely be supplied.)</p> + +<p><a name="8_7"></a>7. αὐτῷ--pers. adj. pron.; dat. sing. masc. from αὐτός, +<a href="#7_14">vii, 14</a>; governed, <a href="#sect92">§ 92</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_8"></a>8. Ἰωάννης--prop. noun; 1st decl. masc. nom. sing., <a href="#sect28">§ 28</a>; +predicate after neut. verb, (understood,) agreeing with subj., <a href="#sect71">§ 71</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_9"></a>9. οὗτος--See <a href="#7_11">vii, 11</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_10"></a>10. ἠλϑεν--verb, assigned to ἔρχομαι, but really from +defective ἐλεύϑω; root, ελϑ; temporal aug., [ε+ε=η,] <a href="#sect60">§ 60</a>; +hence indic., as union-vowel (ε) following also shows, <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; simple +root 2d aor., <a href="#sect57">§ 57</a>; hence no tense ending in 3d pers. sing. act., <a href="#sect49">§ +49</a>; ν appended, <a href="#sect17">§ 17</a>; accent, <a href="#sect6">§ 6</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_11"></a>11. εἰς--prep., lit., <i>to</i>, that is, here, <i>for the purpose +of</i>; atonic, <a href="#sect3">§ 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_12"></a>12. μαρτυρίαν--noun; 1st decl. fem. acc. sing., from ία, <a href="#sect28">§ +28</a>; governed, <a href="#sect96">§ 96</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_13"></a>13. ἵνα--conj., meaning, <i>in order that</i>; introducing +dependent clause.</p> + +<p><a name="8_14"></a>14. μαρτυρήσῃ--verb, from μαρτυρέω; first η is +root-vowel, lengthened before tense-sign, (<a href="#sect66">§ 66</a>,) which is σ of 1st +fut., <a href="#sect59">§ 59</a>; ῃ is union-vowel of subj., (<a href="#sect44">§ 44</a>,) the subscribed ι +being 3d pers. sing. act., <a href="#sect49">§ 49</a>; accent, <a href="#sect4">§ 4</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_15"></a>15. περῖ--prep., lit., <i>around</i>; governs gen., <a href="#sect82">§ 82</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_16"></a>16. τοῦ--art.; gen. sing. neut., <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_17"></a>17. Φωτός--noun, see <a href="#7_25">vii, 25</a>. Gen. (sing.) and dat. (sing. and +plur.) of monosyllables of 3d decl. accent the ultimate.</p> + +<p><a name="8_18"></a>18. πάντες--See <a href="#7_12">vii, 12</a>; nom. masc. plur., <i>men</i> being +understood, <a href="#sect74">§ 74</a>; subj. of clause.</p> + +<p><a name="8_19"></a>19. πιστεύσωσι--verb, from πιστεύω; second σ is sign +of 1st fut., <a href="#sect59">§ 59</a>; ω sign of subj., <a href="#sect44">§ 44</a>; σι 3d plur. act., <a href="#sect49">§ +49</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_20"></a>20. δἰ--See <a href="#7_13">vii, 13</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_21"></a>21. αὐτοῦ--See <a href="#7_14">vii, 14</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_22"></a>22. Οὐκ--neg. adv., same as οὐ, (vii, 83,) with euphonic κ +before a vowel.</p> + +<p><a name="8_23"></a>23. ἦν--See <a href="#7_3">vii, 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_24"></a>24. ἐκεῖνος--demonst, adj. pron., <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>; =<i>he</i>, +nom. masc. sing., subj. of sentence, <a href="#sect27">§ 27</a>; accent, <a href="#sect6">§ 6</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_25"></a>25. τὸ--See <a href="#7_24">vii, 24</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_26"></a>26. Φῶς--See <a href="#7_25">vii, 25</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_27"></a>27. ἀλλ᾿--conj. for ἀλλά, final vowel elided, <a href="#sect22">§ 22</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_28"></a>28. ἀληϑινόν--adj., from ἀληϑινός; neut. 2d decl., +<a href="#sect34">§ 34</a>; nom. sing., <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>; agreeing with Φῶς, <a href="#sect73">§ 73</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_29"></a>29. ὃ--See <a href="#7_19">vii, 19</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_30"></a>30. φωτίζει--verb, from φωτίζω; strengthened root, <a href="#sect58">§ 58</a>; +ε union vowel of indic., <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; final ι 3d sing. (pres.) act., <a href="#sect49">§ +49</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_31"></a>31. πάντα--indef. adj., see <a href="#8_18">No. 18</a>; acc. sing. masc. agreeing +with ἄνϑρωπον, <a href="#sect73">§ 73</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_32"></a>32. ἄνϑρωπον--noun, see <a href="#8_2">No. 2</a>; acc. sing., <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>; governed, +<a href="#sect97">§ 97</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_33"></a>33. ἐρχόμενον--part. from ἔρχομαι, see <a href="#8_10">No. 10</a>; +deponent, <a href="#sect40">§ 40</a>; pres. pass., <a href="#sect55">§ 55</a>; sing., <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>; either acc. masc., +(and then agreeing with ἄνϑρωπον,) or, as is better, (see +John iii, 19,) nom. neut., (and then agreeing with φῶς.)</p> + +<p><a name="8_34"></a>34. τόν--See <a href="#7_8">vii, 8</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_35"></a>35. κόσμον--noun, from κόσμος; acc. sing. 2d decl., <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>; +governed, <a href="#sect94">§ 94</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_36"></a>36. ἐν--See <a href="#7_1">vii, 1</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_37"></a>37. τῷ--art., dat. sing. masc., <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>; agrees with κοσμῳ, <a href="#sect73">§ +73</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_38"></a>38. κόσμῳ--noun, see <a href="#8_35">No. 35</a>; dat. sing., <a href="#sect8">§ 8</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_39"></a>39. καί--See <a href="#7_6">vii, 6</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_40"></a>40. ὁ--See <a href="#7_4">vii, 4</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_41"></a>41. κόσμος--noun, see <a href="#8_35">No. 35</a>; subj., <a href="#sect27">§ 27</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_42"></a>42. αὐτόν--pron., see <a href="#7_7">No. 7</a>; acc. sing. masc., <a href="#sect97">§ 97</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_43"></a>43. ἔγνω--verb, from γιγνώσκω, (strengthened [<a href="#sect70">§ 70</a>] from +root γνω, [<a href="#sect67">§ 67</a>,] =our <i>know</i>); 2d aor., <a href="#sect57">§ 57</a>; ε is augment +of indic., <a href="#sect60">§ 60</a>; ω is root and union-vowel, <a href="#sect67">§ 67</a>; no other ending, +hence 3d sing. act., <a href="#sect49">§ 49</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_44"></a>44. τὰ--art., plur. neut. acc., <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_45"></a>45. ἴδια--adj., fr. ἴδιος; plur. neut. acc., <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>; +agreement, <a href="#sect74">§ 74</a>; meaning <i>home</i> here, (lit., <i>the own</i> +things of him;) government, <a href="#sect44">§ 44</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_46"></a>46. οἱ--art., nom. plur. masc., <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_47"></a>47. ἴδιοι--adj., see <a href="#8_45">No. 45</a>; nom. plur. masc., <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>; meaning +<i>family</i> here, <a href="#sect74">§ 74</a>; subj., <a href="#sect27">§ 27</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="8_48"></a>48. παρέλαβον--verb from παραλαμβάνω, compounded +with παρά, <i>near</i>, (see <a href="#8_4">No. 4</a>,) as in <a href="#7_34">vii, 34</a>; 2d aor., <a href="#sect57">§ +57</a>; indic., <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; 3d plur., <a href="#sect49">§ 49</a>.</p> + +<h2>LESSON IX.</h2> + +<h3>EXERCISE ON JOHN 1, 12-18.</h3> + +<pre> +<b>12</b> Ὁσοι<a href="#9_1"><sup>1</sup></a> δὲ<a href="#9_2"><sup>2</sup></a> ἔλαβον<a href="#9_3"><sup>3</sup></a> αὐτόν,<a href="#9_4"><sup>4</sup></a> ἔδωκεν<a href="#9_5"><sup>5</sup></a> αὐτοῖς<a href="#9_6"><sup>6</sup></a> ἐξσυσίαν<a href="#9_7"><sup>7</sup></a> + Whoever, however, received him, he gave to them privilege + + τέκνα<a href="#9_8"><sup>8</sup></a> θεοῦ<a href="#9_9"><sup>9</sup></a> γενέσϑαι,<a href="#9_10"><sup>10</sup></a> τοῖς<a href="#9_11"><sup>11</sup></a> πιστεύουσιν<a href="#9_12"><sup>12</sup></a> εἰς<a href="#9_13"><sup>13</sup></a> τὸ<a href="#9_14"><sup>14</sup></a> + children of God to become, to the <i>ones</i> believing to the + +<b>13</b> ὄνομα<a href="#9_15"><sup>15</sup></a> αὐτοῦ·<a href="#9_16"><sup>16</sup></a> οἳ<a href="#9_17"><sup>17</sup></a> οὐκ<a href="#9_18"><sup>18</sup></a> ἐξ<a href="#9_19"><sup>19</sup></a> αἱμάτων,<a href="#9_20"><sup>20</sup></a> οὐδὲ<a href="#9_21"><sup>21</sup></a> ἐκ + name of him; who not out of bloods, nor out of + + ϑελήματος<a href="#9_22"><sup>22</sup></a> σαρκός,<a href="#9_23"><sup>23</sup></a> οὐδὲ ἐκ ϑελήματος<a href="#9_22"><sup>22</sup></a> ἀνδρός,<a href="#9_24"><sup>24</sup></a> ἀλλ'<a href="#9_25"><sup>25</sup></a> ἐκ + will of flesh, nor out of will of man, but out + +<b>14</b> θεοῦ ἐγεννήϑησαν.<a href="#9_26"><sup>26</sup></a> Καὶ ὁ Λόγος<a href="#9_27"><sup>27</sup></a> σὰρξ28 ἐγένετο,<a href="#9_29"><sup>29</sup></a> καὶ + of God were born. And the Word flesh became, and + + ἐσκήνωσεν<a href="#9_30"><sup>30</sup></a> ἐν<a href="#9_31"><sup>31</sup></a> ἡμῖν,<a href="#9_32"><sup>32</sup></a> (καὶ ἐϑεασάμεϑα<a href="#9_33"><sup>33</sup></a> τὴν δόξαν<a href="#9_34"><sup>34</sup></a> + tented among us, and we beheld the glory of + + αὐτοῦ, δόξαν ὡς<a href="#9_35"><sup>35</sup></a> μονογενοῦς<a href="#9_36"><sup>36</sup></a> παρά<a href="#9_37"><sup>37</sup></a> Πατρός,<a href="#9_38"><sup>38</sup></a>) πλήρης<a href="#9_39"><sup>39</sup></a> + him, glory as of <i>an</i> only-born near from <i>a</i> Father,) full + +<b>15</b> χάριτος<a href="#9_40"><sup>40</sup></a> καὶ ἀληϑείας.<a href="#9_41"><sup>41</sup></a> Ἰωάννης<a href="#9_42"><sup>42</sup></a> μαρτυρεῖ<a href="#9_43"><sup>43</sup></a> περὶ<a href="#9_44"><sup>44</sup></a> + of grace and truth. John testifies about + + αὐτοῦ, καὶ κέκραγε<a href="#9_45"><sup>45</sup></a> λέγων·<a href="#9_46"><sup>46</sup></a> Οὗτος<a href="#9_47"><sup>47</sup></a> ἦν<a href="#9_48"><sup>48</sup></a> ὃν<a href="#9_49"><sup>49</sup></a> εἶπον·<a href="#9_50"><sup>50</sup></a> Ὁ + him, and has cried, saying. This was <i>he</i> whom I said, The + + ὀπίσω<a href="#9_51"><sup>51</sup></a> μοῦ<a href="#9_52"><sup>52</sup></a> ἐρχόμενος<a href="#9_53"><sup>53</sup></a> ἔμπροσϑέν<a href="#9_54"><sup>54</sup></a> μου γέγονεν,<a href="#9_55"><sup>55</sup></a> ὅτι<a href="#9_56"><sup>56</sup></a> + <i>one</i> behind me coming, before me has become; because + +<b>16</b> πρῶτός<a href="#9_57"><sup>57</sup></a> μου ἦν. Καὶ ἐκ τοῦ πληρώματος<a href="#9_58"><sup>58</sup></a> αὐτοῦ ἡμεῖς<a href="#9_59"><sup>59</sup></a> + first of me he was. And out of the fullness of him WE + +<b>17</b> πάντες<a href="#9_60"><sup>60</sup></a> ἐλάβομεν,<a href="#9_61"><sup>61</sup></a> καὶ<a href="#9_62"><sup>62</sup></a> χάριν<a href="#9_63"><sup>63</sup></a> ἀντὶ<a href="#9_64"><sup>64</sup></a> χάριτος· ὅτι ὁ + all received, and grace for grace: because the + + νόμος<a href="#9_65"><sup>65</sup></a> δίὰ Μωϋσέως<a href="#9_66"><sup>66</sup></a> εδόϑη,<a href="#9_67"><sup>67</sup></a> ἡ χάρις καὶ ἡ ἀλήϑεια + law through Moses was given; the grace and the truth + +<b>18</b> διὰ Ἰησοῦ<a href="#9_68"><sup>68</sup></a> Χριστοῦ<a href="#9_69"><sup>69</sup></a> ἐγένετο.<a href="#9_70"><sup>70</sup></a> θεὸν<a href="#9_71"><sup>71</sup></a> οὐδείς<a href="#9_72"><sup>72</sup></a> ἐώρακε<a href="#9_73"><sup>73</sup></a> + through Jesus Christ became. God no-one has seen + + πώποτε·<a href="#9_74"><sup>74</sup></a> ὁ μονογενὴς<a href="#9_75"><sup>75</sup></a> Υἱός,<a href="#9_76"><sup>76</sup></a> ὁ ὢν<a href="#9_77"><sup>77</sup></a> εἰς<a href="#9_78"><sup>78</sup></a> τὸν + ever; the only-born Son, the <i>one</i> being into the + + κόλπον<a href="#9_79"><sup>79</sup></a> τοῦ Πατρός, ἐκεῖνος<a href="#9_80"><sup>80</sup></a> ἐξηγήσατο.<a href="#9_81"><sup>81</sup></a> + bosom of the Father, that <i>one</i> explained <i>Him</i>. +</pre> + +<p><a name="9_1"></a>1. Comp. ὅσος, <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>; nom. plur. masc., <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_2"></a>2. Not first, <a href="#sect98">§ 98</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_3"></a>3. λαμβάνω, <a href="#7_34">vii, 34</a>; 3 plur. 2 aor. act.</p> + +<p><a name="9_4"></a>4. <a href="#7_14">vii, 14</a>; acc. sing. masc., <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>; gov., <a href="#sect97">§ 97</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_5"></a>5. διδωμι, <a href="#sect68">§ 68</a>; 3 sing., <a href="#sect49">§ 49</a>; aug., <a href="#sect60">§ 60</a>; mood-vowel, <a href="#sect42">§ +42</a>; ν, <a href="#sect17">§ 17</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_6"></a>6. <a href="#9_4">No. 4</a>; dat. plur. masc., <a href="#sect92">§ 92</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_7"></a>7. ἐξονσία, <a href="#sect28">§ 28</a>; acc. sing., <a href="#sect97">§ 97</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_8"></a>8. τέκυον, <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>; acc. sing., after neut. verb γενέσϑαι, +<a href="#sect72">§ 72</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_9"></a>9. <a href="#7_9">vii, 9</a>; gen. sing. <a href="#sect86">§ 86</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_10"></a>10. <a href="#7_15">vii, 15</a>; 2 aor. mid. infin., <a href="#sect54">§ 54</a>; accent peculiar.</p> + +<p><a name="9_11"></a>11. <a href="#7_4">vii, 4</a>; dat. plur. masc., <a href="#sect73">§ 73</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_12"></a>12. πιστεύω; str. pres., <a href="#sect58">§ 58</a>; act. part., <a href="#sect55">§ 55</a>; οντς (<a href="#sect42">§ +42</a>) becomes ους, <a href="#sect14">§§ 14</a>, <a href="#sect16">16</a>, <a href="#sect19">19</a>; 3 decl., <a href="#sect55">§ 55</a>; dat. plur., <a href="#sect32">§ 32</a>; +agrees with αὐτοῖς, <a href="#sect72">§ 72</a>; as if a noun, <a href="#sect74">§ 74</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_13"></a>13. <a href="#8_9">viii, 9</a>; denotes <i>close union</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_14"></a>14. <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>; agree., <a href="#sect73">§ 73</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_15"></a>15. neut. 3 decl. acc. sing., <a href="#sect32">§ 32</a>; τ dropped in stem υατ, <a href="#sect18">§ 18</a>; +gov., <a href="#sect94">§ 94</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_16"></a>16. As <a href="#9_6">No. 6</a>; gov., <a href="#sect86">§ 86</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_17"></a>17. <a href="#7_19">vii, 19</a>; nom. plur. masc., <a href="#sect86">§ 30</a>; subj. of ἐγεννήϑησαν, +<a href="#sect27">§ 27</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_18"></a>18. <a href="#8_8">viii, 8</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_19"></a>19. For ἐκ before a vowel, <a href="#sect18">§ 18</a>; atonic, <a href="#sect3">§ 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_20"></a>20. αἷμα, neut. 3 decl. like <a href="#9_15">No. 15</a>; gen., <a href="#sect81">§ 81</a>; plur. is +Hebraistic, of natural descent; accent, <a href="#sect4">§ 4</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_21"></a>21. <a href="#7_17">vii, 17</a>, used as conj.</p> + +<p><a name="9_22"></a>22. ϑέλημα, like <a href="#9_15">No. 15</a>; gov., <a href="#sect81">§ 81</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_23"></a>23. σάρξ, fem. 3 decl., <a href="#sect32">§ 32</a>; gov., <a href="#sect86">§ 86</a>; accent special.</p> + +<p><a name="9_24"></a>24. ἀνήρ, irreg. 3 decl.; gen. sing., <a href="#sect86">§ 86</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_25"></a>25. <a href="#7_20">vii, 20</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_26"></a>26. γεννάω, strictly, <i>I beget</i>; prim. as <a href="#7_15">vii, 15</a>; 2 +aor. pass. 3 plur., (analyze.)</p> + +<p><a name="9_27"></a>27. <a href="#7_5">vii, 5</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_28"></a>28. <a href="#9_23">No. 23</a>; nom. sing., <a href="#sect32">§ 32</a>; ξ, <a href="#sect13">§ 13</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_29"></a>29. <a href="#7_15">vii, 15</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_30"></a>30. σκηνόω, from σκῆνος, <i>a tent</i>; 1 aor. act. 3 +sing., (analyze.)</p> + +<p><a name="9_31"></a>31. <a href="#7_1">vii, 1</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_32"></a>32. <a href="#sect38">§ 38</a>; gov., <a href="#sect88">§ 88</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_33"></a>33. ϑείομαι, depon., <a href="#sect40">§ 40</a>; 1 aor, mid., 1 plur., (analyze;) +subj. ἡμεῖς understood, <i>unemphatic</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_34"></a>34. δόξα, <a href="#sect29">§ 29</a>; acc. sing., <a href="#sect97">§ 97</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_35"></a>35. atonic, <a href="#sect3">§ 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_36"></a>36. μονογενής, 3 decl., two term., <a href="#sect34">§ 34</a>; gen. sing. masc., +<a href="#sect86">§ 86</a>; έος becomes οῦς, <a href="#sect6">§ 6</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_37"></a>37. Takes gen., dat., or acc.</p> + +<p><a name="9_38"></a>38. πατήρ, 3 decl., contr. like <a href="#9_24">No. 24</a>; gov., <a href="#sect81">§ 81</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_39"></a>39. 3 decl., like <a href="#9_36">No. 36</a>; nom. sing. masc., <a href="#sect73">§ 73</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_40"></a>40. χάρις, (τ dropped, <a href="#sect14">§ 14</a>); 3 decl. fem. sing., <a href="#sect83">§ 83</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_41"></a>41. ἀλήϑεια, <a href="#sect29">§ 29</a>; gen.sing., <a href="#sect83">§ 83</a>; accent, <a href="#sect4">§ 4</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_42"></a>42. 1 decl. masc., <a href="#sect28">§ 28</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_43"></a>43. μαρτυρέω, <a href="#sect62">§ 62</a>; pres. ind. act., <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; 3 sing., <a href="#sect49">§ 49</a>; +έει becomes εῖ, <a href="#sect20">§ 20</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_44"></a>44. Gen. as if <i>from</i> the center, <a href="#sect81">§ 81</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_45"></a>45. κράξω, (<a href="#sect58">§ 58</a>) for κραγ, <a href="#sect57">§ 57</a>; perf. act., <a href="#sect60">§ 60</a>; +irreg., <a href="#sect59">§ 59</a>; 3 sing., <a href="#sect49">§ 49</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_46"></a>46. λέγω, <a href="#sect65">§ 65</a>; pres. part. act., <a href="#sect55">§ 55</a>; nom. masc. sing., <a href="#sect32">§ 32</a>; +ων for οντς, <a href="#sect19">§ 19</a>, and <a href="#8_5">viii, 5</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_47"></a>47. <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_48"></a>48. <a href="#7_3">vii, 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_49"></a>49. <a href="#7_19">vii, 19</a>; acc. sing. masc., attrib., <a href="#sect97">§ 97</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_50"></a>50. Def. verb; 2 aor. act. ind., 3 sing. for εεπ, (analyze.)</p> + +<p><a name="9_51"></a>51. Gov. gen. like <a href="#9_44">No. 44</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_52"></a>52. <a href="#sect38">§ 38</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_53"></a>53. ἔρχομαι, depon., <a href="#sect40">§ 40</a>; pres. part., <a href="#sect55">§ 55</a>; +nom. masc. sing., <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_54"></a>54. <a href="#9_51">No. 51</a>; accent from "enclitic," <a href="#sect3">§ 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_55"></a>55. <a href="#7_20">vii, 20</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_56"></a>56. Conj.</p> + +<p><a name="9_57"></a>57. For πρότατος, <a href="#sect35">§ 35</a>; gov. gen. compar., (<a href="#sect85">§ 85</a>,) or +attrib., <a href="#sect86">§ 86</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_58"></a>58. πλήρωμα, like <a href="#9_22">No. 22</a>; gov., <a href="#sect81">§ 81</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_59"></a>59. <a href="#sect38">§ 38</a>; emphat., <a href="#9_33">No. 33</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_60"></a>60. <a href="#7_12">vii, 12</a>; nom. plur. masc., <a href="#sect73">§ 73</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_61"></a>61. <a href="#9_3">No. 3</a>; 1 plur., <a href="#sect49">§ 49</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_62"></a>62. <i>Even.</i></p> + +<p><a name="9_63"></a>63. <a href="#9_40">No. 40</a>; acc. sing., <a href="#sect32">§ 32</a>; depends upon ἐλάβομεν, <a href="#sect97">§ 97</a>; +τ of stem dropped, <a href="#sect18">§ 18</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_64"></a>64. Gov. gen., <a href="#sect85">§ 85</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_65"></a>65. <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_66"></a>66. Μωϋσέως, <a href="#sect32">§ 32</a>; Attic gen., <a href="#sect33">§ 33</a>; gov., <a href="#sect82">§ 82</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_67"></a>67. δίδωμι, <a href="#sect67">§ 67</a>; reg. in 1 aor. pass., <a href="#sect59">§ 59</a>; irreg. short +root vowel, <a href="#sect66">§ 66</a>; long union-vowel, <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; 3 sing., <a href="#sect52">§ 52</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_68"></a>68. Irreg. gen. sing. from Ἰησοῦς, <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_69"></a>69. Χριστός, <a href="#sect40">§ 40</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_70"></a>70. <a href="#7_15">vii, 15</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_71"></a>71. <a href="#7_9">vii, 9</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_72"></a>72. Comp. of οὐδέ, <a href="#7_17">vii, 17</a>, and εἷς, numeral, irreg.</p> + +<p><a name="9_73"></a>73. ὁράω, irreg. redup., <a href="#sect60">§ 60</a>; perf. act., <a href="#sect59">§ 59</a>; 3 sing.</p> + +<p><a name="9_74"></a>74. Comp. adv.</p> + +<p><a name="9_75"></a>75. <a href="#9_36">No. 36</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_76"></a>76. <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_77"></a>77. εἰμί, <a href="#sect69">§ 69</a>; like <a href="#9_46">No. 46</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_78"></a>78. <a href="#9_13">No 13</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_79"></a>79. <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_80"></a>80. <a href="#8_19">viii, 19</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="9_81"></a>81. Depon. ἐξηγήομαι, <a href="#sect40">§ 40</a>; 1 aor. mid., <a href="#sect59">§ 59</a>; aug. merged +in first η, <a href="#sect61">§ 61</a>; indic., <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; 3 sing., <a href="#sect49">§ 49</a>.</p> + +<h2>LESSON X.</h2> + +<h3>EXERCISE ON OUR LORD'S PRAYER, (Matt, vi, 9-13; Luke xi, 2-4.)</h3> + +<pre> +Οὕτως οὖν προσεύχεσϑε<a href="#10_1"><sup>1</sup></a> ὑμεῖς· (Ὅταν προσεύχησϑε,<a href="#10_2"><sup>2</sup></a> +Thus therefore pray YE: (Whenever ye pray, + +λέγετε·<a href="#10_3"><sup>3</sup></a>) Πάτερ<a href="#10_4"><sup>4</sup></a> ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς,<a href="#10_5"><sup>5</sup></a> ἁγιασϑήτω<a href="#10_6"><sup>6</sup></a> τὸ +say:) Father of us, the <i>one</i> in the heavens, let be hallowed the + +ὄνομά<a href="#10_7"><sup>7</sup></a> σου, έλϑέτω<a href="#10_8"><sup>8</sup></a> ἡ βασιλεία<a href="#10_9"><sup>9</sup></a> σου, γενηϑήτω<a href="#10_10"><sup>10</sup></a> τὸ +name of thee; let come the kingdom of thee; let be done the + +ϑέλημἄ<a href="#10_11"><sup>11</sup></a> σου ως ἐν οὐρανῷ<a href="#10_12"><sup>12</sup></a> καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς,<a href="#10_13"><sup>13</sup></a> τὸν ἄρτον<a href="#10_14"><sup>14</sup></a> +will of thee, as in heaven, also upon the earth; the bread + +ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον<a href="#10_15"><sup>15</sup></a> δὸς<a href="#10_16"><sup>16</sup></a> (δίδου<a href="#10_17"><sup>17</sup></a>) ἡμῖν σήμερον,<a href="#10_18"><sup>18</sup></a> (τὸ<a href="#10_19"><sup>19</sup></a> +of us, the needful, give (give) to us to-day; <i>as to</i> the <i>time</i> + +καϑ᾽<a href="#10_20"><sup>20</sup></a> ἡμέραν,<a href="#10_21"><sup>21</sup></a>) καὶ ἄφες<a href="#10_22"><sup>22</sup></a> ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα<a href="#10_23"><sup>23</sup></a> (τὰς ἁμαρτίας<a href="#10_24"><sup>24</sup></a>) +by day; and forgive to us the debts (the sins) + +ἡμῶν, ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφίεμεν<a href="#10_25"><sup>25</sup></a> τοῖς ὀφειλέταις<a href="#10_26"><sup>26</sup></a> ἡμῶν, (καὶ +of us, as also we forgive to the debtors of us; (and <i>this do</i>, + +γὰρ αὐτοἱ<a href="#10_27"><sup>27</sup></a> ἀφίεμεν<a href="#10_25"><sup>25</sup></a> παντὶ<a href="#10_28"><sup>28</sup></a> ὀφε λοντι<a href="#10_29"><sup>29</sup></a> ἡμῖν,) καὶ μὴ +for <i>our</i>selves <i>we</i> forgive to every <i>one</i> owing to us;) and not + +εἰσενέγκῃς<a href="#10_30"><sup>30</sup></a> ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν,<a href="#10_31"><sup>31</sup></a> ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι<a href="#10_32"><sup>32</sup></a> ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ +mayest thou lead us into trial; but deliver thou us away + +τοῦ πονηροῦ·<a href="#10_33"><sup>33</sup></a> [ὅτι σοῦ ἐστὶν<a href="#10_34"><sup>34</sup></a> ἡ βασιλεία,<a href="#10_9"><sup>9</sup></a> καὶ ἡ +from the evil: [because of <span class="smallcaps">thee</span> is the kingdom, and the + +δύναμις,<a href="#10_35"><sup>35</sup></a> καὶ ἡ δόξα<a href="#10_36"><sup>36</sup></a> εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας.<a href="#10_37"><sup>37</sup></a> ἀμήν.<a href="#10_38"><sup>38</sup></a>] +power, and the glory to the ages. Amen.] +</pre> + +<p><span class="smallcaps">Remark</span>.--The words above in parentheses are the variations in the +passage of Luke. The concluding doxology in brackets is not found in +the oldest manuscripts, and is probably spurious.</p> + +<p><a name="10_1"></a>1. προσεύχομαι, lit., <i>pray towards</i>; depon., <a href="#sect40">§ 40</a>; +pres., <a href="#sect58">§ 58</a>; indic., <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; 2d plur. mid., <a href="#sect49">§ 49</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_2"></a>2. Subj., <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; required by conditional particle preceding, <a href="#sect44">§ 44</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_3"></a>3. λέγω; pres., <a href="#sect65">§ 65</a>; imper., <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; 2d plur. act., <a href="#sect49">§ 49</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_4"></a>4. πατήρ, (accent irregularly shifted;) 3d decl., <a href="#sect32">§ 32</a>; +voc. sing., <a href="#sect27">§ 27</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_5"></a>5. οὐρανός, <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>; dat. plur., <a href="#sect88">§ 88</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_6"></a>6. ἁγιάζω, root ἁγιαδ, from ἅγιος =<i>holy</i>; 1st +aor. pass., <a href="#sect59">§ 59</a>; σ for δ, <a href="#sect14">§ 14</a>; η in imper., <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; 3d +pers. sing., <a href="#sect53">§ 53</a>; as if act., <a href="#sect52">§ 52</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_7"></a>7. <a href="#9_5">ix, 5</a>; accent, <a href="#sect3">§ 3</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_8"></a>8. viii, 8; 2d aor. <a href="#sect48">§ 48</a>; imper. <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; 3d sing. act., <a href="#sect53">§ 53</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_9"></a>9. Nom. sing. fem., <a href="#sect29">§ 29</a>; cannot take the enclitic's accent (<a href="#sect3">§ 3</a>) +like <a href="#10_7">No. 7</a>, as another acute immediately precedes.</p> + +<p><a name="10_10"></a>10. γίνομαι, <a href="#7_15">vii, 15</a>; 1st aor. pass., <a href="#10_6">No. 6</a>; first η assumed +irreg. as if a deriv.</p> + +<p><a name="10_11"></a>11. <a href="#10_7">No. 7</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_12"></a>12. <a href="#10_5">No. 5</a>; dat. sing., <a href="#sect88">§ 88</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_13"></a>13. γῆ, <a href="#sect28">§ 28</a>; gen. sing., of place all <i>over</i>, like time, <a href="#sect83">§ +83</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_14"></a>14. ἄρτος. <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>; acc. sing. <a href="#sect97">§ 97</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_15"></a>15. ἐπιούσιος, prob. comp. of ἐπί, <i>for</i>, and +οὐσία, <i>subsistence</i>; used only here; acc. sing. masc., <a href="#sect34">§ +34</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_16"></a>16. From δίδωμι, <a href="#sect67">§ 67</a>; irreg,, 2d aor. imp. 2d sing. act.</p> + +<p><a name="10_17"></a>17. Same verb; irreg. pres. imper. 2d sing. act.</p> + +<p><a name="10_18"></a>18. Compound adv.</p> + +<p><a name="10_19"></a>19. Elliptical, <a href="#sect74">§ 74</a>; "attrib. acc." <a href="#sect97">§ 97</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_20"></a>20. For κατά, <a href="#sect22">§§ 22</a>, <a href="#sect14">14</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_21"></a>21. From ἡμέρα, <a href="#sect29">§ 29</a>; acc. sing. of time, <a href="#sect97">§ 97</a>; here +distributive, <i>daily</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_22"></a>22. From ἀφίημι=<i>send away</i>; ἀπό and ἵημι, <a href="#sect69">§ 69</a>; +irreg. 2d aor. imper.; 2d sing. act., like <a href="#10_16">No. 16</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_23"></a>23. From ὀφείλημα, like <a href="#10_7">No. 7</a>; acc. plur. neut., <a href="#sect32">§ 32</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_24"></a>24. From ἁμαρτία. <a href="#sect28">§ 28</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_25"></a>25. From same as <a href="#10_22">No. 22</a>; pres. ind. 1st plur. act., <a href="#sect49">§ 49</a>;</p> + +<p><a name="10_26"></a>26. From ὀφειλέτης, <a href="#sect28">§ 28</a>; dat. plur., <a href="#sect92">§ 92</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_27"></a>27. Def. adj. pron., <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>; used as pers. of all persons.</p> + +<p><a name="10_28"></a>28. From πᾶς, see <a href="#7_12">vii, 12</a>; dat. sing. masc., <a href="#sect32">§ 32</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_29"></a>29. Pres. act. part, of ὀφείλω, like <a href="#9_12">ix, 12</a>; dat. sing. masc., +<a href="#sect92">§ 92</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_30"></a>30. Assigned to εἰσφέρω, but really belonging to the defective +cognate, εἰσήνεγκα, irreg. reduplicate, 1st aor., from +εἰς, <i>into</i>, and an obsolete ἔγκω, (for ενκω, <a href="#sect16">§ +16</a>;) subj., <a href="#sect41">§ 41</a>, (dependent end upon an implied verb of wishing or +deprecating <a href="#sect44">§ 44</a>;) 2d sing. act., <a href="#sect51">§ 51</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_31"></a>31. From πειρασμός, <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>; acc. sing., <a href="#sect94">§ 94</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_32"></a>32. From ῥύομαι, <a href="#sect62">§ 62</a>; depon., <a href="#sect40">§ 40</a>; 1st aor., <a href="#sect59">§ 59</a>; +imper. union-vowel α, <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; 2d sing. mid., <a href="#sect53">§ 53</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_33"></a>33. Noun implied, <a href="#sect74">§ 74</a>; 2d decl., <a href="#sect34">§ 34</a>; gen. sing. neut., <a href="#sect81">§ 81</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_34"></a>34. From εἰμί, <a href="#sect69">§ 69</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_35"></a>35. See <a href="#sect33">§ 33</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_36"></a>36. See <a href="#9_34">ix, 34</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_37"></a>37. From αἰών, <a href="#sect32">§ 32</a>; acc. plur., <a href="#sect94">§ 94</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="10_38"></a>38. Adv. from the Heb., <i>verily</i>.</p> + + + + +<h2>LESSON XI.</h2> + +<h3>EXERCISE ON LUKE i, 1-4.</h3> + +<pre> +Ἐπειδήπερ<a href="#11_1"><sup>1</sup></a> πολλοὶ<a href="#11_2"><sup>2</sup></a> ἐπεχείρησαν<a href="#11_3"><sup>3</sup></a> ἀνατάξασϑαι<a href="#11_4"><sup>4</sup></a> διήγησιν<a href="#11_5"><sup>5</sup></a> περὶ +Inasmuch as many undertook to arrange a narrative about + +τῶν πεπλήροφορημένων<a href="#11_6"><sup>6</sup></a> ἐν ἡμῖν<a href="#11_7"><sup>7</sup></a> πραγμάτων,<a href="#11_8"><sup>8</sup></a> καϑὼς<a href="#11_9"><sup>9</sup></a> παρέδοσαν<a href="#11_10"><sup>10</sup></a> +the fully believed among us transactions, just as transmitted <i>them</i> + +ἡμῖν<a href="#11_7"><sup>7</sup></a> οἱ ἀπ᾽<a href="#11_11"><sup>11</sup></a> ἀρχῆς<a href="#11_12"><sup>12</sup></a> αὐτόπται<a href="#11_13"><sup>13</sup></a> καὶ ὑπηρέται<a href="#11_14"><sup>14</sup></a> +to us the from <i>the</i> beginning eye-witnesses and ministers + +τοῦ λόγον·<a href="#11_15"><sup>15</sup></a> ἔόοξε<a href="#11_16"><sup>16</sup></a> κάμοί<a href="#11_17"><sup>17</sup></a> παρηκολονϑηκότι<a href="#11_18"><sup>18</sup></a> ἄνωϑεν<a href="#11_19"><sup>19</sup></a> +of the word; it seemed <i>good</i> to me also, having followed close from <i>the</i> first + +πᾶσιν<a href="#11_20"><sup>20</sup></a> ἀκριβῶς,<a href="#11_21"><sup>21</sup></a> καϑεξῆς<a href="#11_22"><sup>22</sup></a> σοι γράψαι,<a href="#11_23"><sup>23</sup></a> κράτιστε<a href="#11_24"><sup>24</sup></a> +to all <i>things</i> carefully, regularly to thee to write, most excellent + +Θεόφιλε,<a href="#11_25"><sup>25</sup></a> ἵνα ἐπιγνῷς<a href="#11_26"><sup>26</sup></a> περὶ ὧν<a href="#11_27"><sup>27</sup></a> κατηχήϑης<a href="#11_28"><sup>28</sup></a> +Theophilus, in order that thou mayest recognize about what thou wast instructed + +λόγων τὴν ἀσφάλειαν.<a href="#11_29"><sup>29</sup></a> +words the certainty. +</pre> + +<p><a name="11_1"></a>1. Comp. of ἐπεί, <i>since</i>, (from ἐπί, <i>upon</i>, +εἴ, <i>if</i>,) δή, <i>now</i>, and the intensive particle, +περ.</p> + +<p><a name="11_2"></a>2. Irreg. from πολύς, really an old πολλός; +nom. plur. masc., <a href="#sect34">§ 34</a>; <i>persons</i> understood, <a href="#sect74">§ 74</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_3"></a>3. From ἐπιχείρέω, <i>lay hand upon</i>, from ἐπί, +<i>upon</i>, and χείρ, <i>a hand</i>; aug., <a href="#sect61">§ 61</a>; η, <a href="#sect66">§ 66</a>; 1st +aor., <a href="#sect59">§ 59</a>; Ind., <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; 3d plur. act.; <a href="#sect49">§ 49</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_4"></a>4. From ἀνατάσσομαι, (comp. of ἀνά, <i>up</i>, i.e., +<i>thoroughly</i>, and τάσσω, <i>arrange</i>;) depon., <a href="#sect40">§ 40</a>; 1st +aor., (root, ταγ, str. in pres. by σσ, <a href="#sect58">§ 58</a>, which excludes the +γ,) <a href="#sect59">§ 59</a>, (ξ=γσ, <a href="#sect13">§ 13</a>;) infin. mid., <a href="#sect54">§ 54</a>; depends, like a +nom. (<a href="#sect25">§ 25</a>) in the acc. upon ἐπεχ., <a href="#sect97">§ 97</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_5"></a>5. From διήγησις, (like πολις in the paradigm,) <a href="#sect33">§ 33</a>; +acc. sing. depend. on ἀνατ., <a href="#sect97">§ 97</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_6"></a>6. From πληροφορέω, comp. of πλήρης, <i>full</i>, +φορέω, <i>bear</i>, i.e., in mind; redupl., <a href="#sect60">§ 60</a>; η, <a href="#sect66">§ 66</a>; no +tense sign, <a href="#sect59">§ 59</a>; perf. pass. part., <a href="#sect55">§ 55</a>; gen. plur., <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>; agrees +with πραγμ., <a href="#sect73">§ 73</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_7"></a>7. See <a href="#sect38">§ 38</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_8"></a>8. Like σῶμα in the paradigm; gen. plur., see <a href="#8_13">viii, 13</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_9"></a>9. Comp. of κατά, (see <a href="#10_20">x, 20</a>,) <i>down</i>, i.e., <i>exactly</i>, +and ὠς, <i>as</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_10"></a>10. From παραδίδωμι, comp. of παρά, <i>near</i>, i.e., +from one to another, and δίδωμι, <a href="#sect68">§ 68</a>; 2d aor., (δο,) <a href="#sect57">§ 57</a>; +indic., <a href="#sect60">§ 60</a>, also <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; 3d plur. act., <a href="#sect49">§ 49</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_11"></a>11. See <a href="#sect22">§ 22</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_12"></a>12. See <a href="#7_2">vii. 2</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_13"></a>13. From αὐτόπτης, comp. of αὐτός, self, and +ὄπτομαι, <i>I see</i>; nom. plur. masc., <a href="#sect28">§ 28</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_14"></a>14. From ὑπηρέτης, (comp. of ὐπό, <i>under</i>, and +ἐρέτης, <i>rower</i>,) <a href="#sect28">§ 28</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_15"></a>15. See paradigm.</p> + +<p><a name="11_16"></a>16. From δοκέω, really an obsol. δόκω; 1st aor., <a href="#sect59">§ 59</a>; +indic., <a href="#sect60">§ 60</a>; 3d sing. act., <a href="#sect49">§ 49</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_17"></a>17. Comp. of καί, (<a href="#sect22">§ 22</a>,) and ἐμοί, <a href="#sect38">§ 38</a>; case, <a href="#sect92">§ 92</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_18"></a>18. From παρακολουϑέω, comp. of παρά, <i>near</i>, and +ἀκολονϑέω; aug., (α+ε=η,) <a href="#sect60">§ 60</a>; perf. act., <a href="#sect59">§ 59</a>; +second η, <a href="#sect66">§ 66</a>; part., <a href="#sect55">§ 55</a>; dat. sing., (<a href="#sect32">§ 32</a>,) masc., <a href="#sect34">§ 34</a>; +agrees with ἐμοί, <a href="#sect73">§ 73</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_19"></a>19. Deriv. adv., lit., <i>from above</i>, i.e., from top to bottom.</p> + +<p><a name="11_20"></a>20. See <a href="#8_16">viii, 16</a>; dat. plur., <a href="#sect88">§ 88</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_21"></a>21. Adv. from ἀκριβής, <i>exact</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_22"></a>22. Adv. comp. of κατά, (as <a href="#11_17">No. 17</a>,) and ἑξῆς, +<i>orderly</i>, an old gen., <a href="#sect31">§ 31</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_23"></a>23. From γράφω, (<i>not</i> str., <a href="#sect58">§ 58</a>;) 1st aor., as <a href="#11_4">No. 4</a>; +infin. act., <a href="#sect54">§ 54</a>; subj. of ἔδοξε.</p> + +<p><a name="11_24"></a>24. From κράτιστος, <a href="#sect34">§ 34</a>; superl., (<a href="#sect35">§ 35</a>,) of an +obsol. κρατύς, <i>strong</i>, assigned to ἀγαϑός, +<i>good</i>; Voc. sing. masc., <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_25"></a>25. Nom, Θεόφιλος, <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_26"></a>26. From ἐπιγινώκω, comp. of ἐπί, <i>upon</i>, i.e., by +means of some reminding or determining circumstance, and +γινώσκω, <i>I know</i>, for γίγνωσκω, <a href="#sect70">§ 70</a>, (root +γνο, know,) contracted like γίνομαι, <a href="#7_15">vii, 15</a>; 2d aor., <a href="#sect57">§ +57</a>; subj., <a href="#sect44">§ 44</a>; 2d sing. act., <a href="#sect51">§ 51</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_27"></a>27. Rel., <a href="#sect39">§ 39</a>; gen. plur., <a href="#sect30">§ 30</a>; agrees with λόγων, <a href="#sect75">§ 75</a>; for +τῶν λόγων, (<a href="#sect75">§ 75</a>,) οἶς, <a href="#sect91">§ 91</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_28"></a>28. From κατηχέω, (comp. of κατά, <i>down</i>, as in +<a href="#11_17">No. 17</a>, and ἠχέω, <i>I echo</i>,) whence our <i>catechize</i>; +1st. aor. pass., <a href="#sect59">§ 59</a>; exception to <a href="#sect14">§ 14</a>; second η, <a href="#sect66">§ 66</a>; third +η, <a href="#sect42">§ 42</a>; 2d sing., <a href="#sect52">§ 52</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="11_29"></a>29. From ἀσφάλεια, lit., <i>non-tottering</i>; acc. sing., <a href="#sect29">§ +29</a>; depends upon ἐπιγ., <a href="#sect97">§ 97</a>.</p> + + + +<h2>Paradigms of Nouns of the First Declension.</h2> + +<table style="max-width: 50%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" summary="Paradigms of nouns of the first declension"> +<tr> + <td></td> + <td align="center" colspan="4"><b>Feminine.</b></td> + <td align="center" colspan="2"><b>Masculine.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><b>Cases.</b></td> + <td><i>Shadow.</i></td> + <td><i>Door.</i></td> + <td><i>Root.</i></td> + <td><i>Honor.</i></td> + <td><i>Youth.</i></td> + <td><i>Judge.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"><i>Sing.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Nominative.</td> + <td>σκιά</td> + <td>ϑύρα</td> + <td>ῥίζα</td> + <td>τιμή</td> + <td>νεανίας</td> + <td>κριτής</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Genitive.</td> + <td>σκιᾶς</td> + <td>ϑύρας</td> + <td>ῥίζης</td> + <td>τιλῆς</td> + <td>νεανίου</td> + <td>κριτοῖ</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Dative.</td> + <td>σκιᾷ</td> + <td>ϑύρᾳ</td> + <td>ῥίζῃ</td> + <td>τιμῇ</td> + <td>νεανίᾳ</td> + <td>κριτῇ</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Accusative.</td> + <td>σκιάν</td> + <td>ϑύραν</td> + <td>ῥίζαν</td> + <td>τιμήν</td> + <td>νεανίαν</td> + <td>κριτήν</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Vocative.</td> + <td>σκιά</td> + <td>ϑύρα</td> + <td>ῥίζα</td> + <td>τιμή</td> + <td>νεανία</td> + <td>κριτά</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"><i>Plur.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Nominative.</td> + <td>σκιαί</td> + <td>ϑύραι</td> + <td>ῥίζαι</td> + <td>τιμαί</td> + <td>νεανίαι</td> + <td>κριταί</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Genitive.</td> + <td>σκιῶν</td> + <td>ϑυρῶν</td> + <td>ῥιζῶν</td> + <td>τιμῶν</td> + <td>νεανιῶν</td> + <td>κριτῶν</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Dative.</td> + + <td>σκιαῖς</td> + <td>ϑύραις</td> + <td>ῥίζαις</td> + <td>τιμαῖς</td> + <td>νεανίαις</td> + <td>κριταῖς</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Accusative.</td> + <td>σκιάς</td> + <td>ϑύρας</td> + <td>ῥίζας</td> + <td>τιμάς</td> + <td>νεανίας</td> + <td>κριτάς</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Vocative.</td> + <td>σκιαί</td> + <td>ϑύραι</td> + <td>ῥίζαι</td> + <td>τιμαί</td> + <td>νεανίαι</td> + <td>κριταί</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<h2>Paradigms of Nouns of the Second Declension.</h2> + +<table style="max-width: 50%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" summary="Paradigms of nouns of the second declension"> +<tr> + <td align="center" colspan="4"><b>Masculine.</b></td> + <td align="center" colspan="2"><b>Neuter.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td></td> + <td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Word.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>Jesus.</i></td> + <td align="center" colspan="2"><i>Fig.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center"><b>Cases.</b></td> + <td align="center">Sing.</td> + <td>Plur.</td> + <td></td> + <td align="center">Sing.</td> + <td align="center">Plur.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Nominative.</td> + <td>λόγος</td> + <td>λόγοι</td> + <td>Ἰησοῦς</td> + <td>σῦκον</td> + <td>σῦκα</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Genitive.</td> + <td>λόγου</td> + <td>λόγων</td> + <td>Ἰησοῦ</td> + <td>σύκου</td> + <td>σύκων</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Dative.</td> + <td>λόγῳ</td> + <td>λόγοις</td> + <td>Ἰησοῦ</td> + <td>σύκῳ</td> + <td>σύκοις</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Accusative.</td> + <td>λόγον</td> + <td>λόγους</td> + <td>Ἰησοῦν</td> + <td>σῦκον</td> + <td>σῦκα</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Vocative.</td> + <td>λόγε</td> + <td>λόγοι</td> + <td>Ἰησοῦ</td> + <td>σῦκον</td> + <td>σῦκα</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<h2>Paradigms of Nouns of the Third Declension</h2> + +<table style="max-width: 50%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" summary="Paradigms of nouns of the third declension"> +<tr> + <td></td> + <td align="center" colspan="4"><b>Masculine and Feminine.</b></td> + <td align="center" colspan="3"><b>Neuter.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center"><b>Cases.</b></td> + <td align="center"><i>Shepherd.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>Lion.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>Hair.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>City.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>Body.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>Light.</i></td> + <td align="center"><i>Wall.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><i>Sing.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Nominative.</td> + <td>ποιμήν</td> + <td>λέων</td> + <td>ϑρίξ</td> + <td>πόλις</td> + <td>σῶμα</td> + <td>φῶς</td> + <td>τεῖχος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Genitive.</td> + <td>ποιμένος</td> + <td>λέοντος</td> + <td>τρίχός</td> + <td>πόλεως</td> + <td>σώματος</td> + <td>φωτός</td> + <td>τείχους</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Dative.</td> + <td>ποιμένι</td> + <td>λέοντι</td> + <td>τριχί</td> + <td>πόλει</td> + <td>σώματι</td> + <td>φωατί</td> + <td>τείχει</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Accusative.</td> + <td>ποιμένα</td> + <td>λέοντα</td> + <td>τρίχα</td> + <td>πόλιν</td> + <td>σῶμα</td> + <td>φῶς</td> + <td>τεῖχος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Vocative.</td> + <td>ποιμήν</td> + <td>λέον</td> + <td>ϑρίξ</td> + <td>πόλι</td> + <td>σῶμα</td> + <td>φῶς</td> + <td>τεῖχος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><i>Plur.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Nominative.</td> + <td>ποιμένες</td> + <td>λέοντες</td> + <td>τρίχες</td> + <td>πόλεις</td> + <td>σώματα</td> + <td>φῶτά</td> + <td>τείχη</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Genitive.</td> + <td>ποιμένων</td> + <td>λεόντων</td> + <td>τριχῶυ</td> + <td>πόλεων</td> + <td>σωμάτων</td> + <td>φωτῶν</td> + <td>τειχῶν</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Dative.</td> + <td>ποιμέσι</td> + <td>λέονσι</td> + <td>ϑριξί</td> + <td>πόλεσι</td> + <td>σώμασι</td> + <td>φωσί</td> + <td>τείχεσι</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Accusative.</td> + <td>ποιμένας</td> + <td>λέοντας</td> + <td>τρίχας</td> + <td>πόλεις</td> + <td>σώματα</td> + <td>φῶτα</td> + <td>τείχη</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Vocative.</td> + <td>ποιμένες</td> + <td>λέοντες</td> + <td>τρίχες</td> + <td>πόλεις</td> + <td>σώματα</td> + <td>φῶτα</td> + <td>τείχη</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<h2>Paradigms of Adjectives, (<span style="font-variant: normal">of three terminations, <a href="#sect34">§ 34</a>.</span>)</h2> + +<p class="center"> +<strong><i>1st and 2d Decl.</i>--καλός, <i>Fair</i>.</strong></p> + +<table style="max-width: 50%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" summary="Paradigms of adjectives - first and second declensions"> +<tr> + <td></td> + <td align="center" colspan="3"><b>Singular.</b></td> + <td align="center" colspan="3"><b>Plural.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center"><b>Cases.</b></td> + <td align="center">Masc.</td> + <td align="center">Fem.</td> + <td align="center">Neut.</td> + <td align="center">Masc.</td> + <td align="center">Fem.</td> + <td align="center">Neut.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Nominative.</td> + <td>καλός</td> + <td>καλή</td> + <td>καλόν</td> + <td>καλοί</td> + <td>καλαί</td> + <td>καλά</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Genitive.</td> + <td>καλοῦ</td> + <td>καλῆς</td> + <td>καλοῦ</td> + <td>καλῶν</td> + <td>καλῶν</td> + <td>καλῶν</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Dative.</td> + <td>καλῷ</td> + <td>καλῇς</td> + <td>καλῷ</td> + <td>καλοῖς</td> + <td>καλαῖς</td> + <td>καλοῖς</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Accusative.</td> + <td>καλόν</td> + <td>καλήν</td> + <td>καλόν</td> + <td>καλούς</td> + <td>καλάς</td> + <td>καλά</td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td>Vocative.</td> + <td>καλέ</td> + <td>καλή</td> + <td>καλόν</td> + <td>καλοί</td> + <td>καλαί</td> + <td>καλά</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7">Similarly, δίκαιος, δικαία, δίκαιον, <strong><i>Just</i></strong>.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="center"> +<i>1st and 3d Decl.</i>--πᾶς, <i>All</i>.</p> + +<table style="max-width: 50%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" summary="Paradigms of adjectives - first and third declensions"> +<tr> + <td></td> + <td align="center" colspan="3"><b>Singular.</b></td> + <td align="center" colspan="3"><b>Plural.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="center"><b>Cases.</b></td> + <td align="center">Masc.</td> + <td align="center">Fem.</td> + <td align="center">Neut.</td> + <td align="center">Masc.</td> + <td align="center">Fem.</td> + <td align="center">Neut.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Nominative.</td> + <td>πᾶς</td> + <td>πᾶσα</td> + <td>πᾶν</td> + <td>πάντες</td> + <td>πᾶσαι</td> + <td>πάντα</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Genitive.</td> + <td>παντός</td> + <td>πάσης</td> + <td>παντός</td> + <td>πάντων</td> + <td>πᾶσών</td> + <td>πάντων</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Dative.</td> + <td>παντί</td> + + <td>πάσῃ</td> + <td>παντί</td> + <td>πᾶσι</td> + <td>πάσαις</td> + <td>πᾶσι</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Accusative.</td> + <td>πάντα</td> + <td>πάσην</td> + <td>πᾶν</td> + <td>παντας</td> + <td>πάσας</td> + <td>πάντα</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Vocative.</td> + <td>πᾶς</td> + <td>πᾶσα</td> + <td>πᾶν</td> + <td>πάντες</td> + <td>πᾶσαι</td> + <td>πάντα</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Similarly those ending in</p> + +<table style="max-width: 60%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" summary="Paradigms of adjectives - similar endings"> +<tr> + <td align="center"><b>M.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>F.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>N.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>M. & N.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>M.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>F.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>N.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>M. & N.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>M.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>F.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>N.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>M. & N.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>ας</td> + <td>αινα</td> + <td>αν</td> + <td>G. ανος</td> + <td>ούς</td> + <td>οῦσα</td> + <td>όν</td> + <td>G. όντος</td> + <td>ώς</td> + <td>νῖα</td> + <td>ός</td> + <td>G. ότος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>εις</td> + <td>εσσα</td> + <td>εν</td> + <td>G. εντος</td> + <td>ων</td> + <td>ουσα</td> + <td>ον</td> + <td>G. οντος</td> + <td>ῶς</td> + <td>ῶσα</td> + <td>ῶς</td> + <td>G. ῶτός</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>είς</td> + <td>εῖσα</td> + <td>έν</td> + <td>G. έντος</td> + <td>ῶν</td> + <td>ῶσα</td> + <td>ῶν</td> + <td>G. ῶντος</td> + <td>ύς</td> + <td>εῖα</td> + <td>ύ</td> + <td>G. έος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>ην</td> + <td>εινα</td> + <td>εν</td> + <td>G. ενος</td> + <td>ῶν</td> + <td>οῦσα</td> + <td>οῦν</td> + <td>G. οῦντος</td> + <td>ύς</td> + <td>ῦσα</td> + <td>ύν</td> + <td>G. ύντος</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Forms in two terminations are similar; for example:--</p> + +<table style="max-width: 60%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" summary="Paradigms of adjectives - forms with two terminations"> +<tr> + <td align="center"><b>M. & F.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>N.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Gen.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>M. & F.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>N.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Gen.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>M. & F.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>N.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Gen.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>ας</td> + <td>αν</td> + <td>αντος</td> + <td>ις</td> + <td>ι</td> + <td>ιτος</td> + <td>ων</td> + <td>ον</td> + <td>ονος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>ην</td> + <td>εν</td> + <td>ενος</td> + <td>ος</td> + <td>ον</td> + <td>ου</td> + <td>ωρ</td> + <td>ορ</td> + <td>ορος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>ής</td> + <td>έν</td> + <td>έος</td> + <td>ους</td> + <td>ουν</td> + <td>οδος</td> + <td>ως</td> + <td>ων</td> + <td>ω</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="6"></td> + <td>υς</td> + <td>υ</td> + <td>υος</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h2>Synopsis (<span style="font-variant: normal">1st sing., etc.</span>) of Regular (<span style="font-variant: normal">Mute</span>) Verbs.--<span style="font-variant: normal">τύπτω, <i>Strike</i>.</span></h2> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Active Voice.</i></p> + +<table style="max-width: 50%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" summary="Synopsis of regular (mute) verbs - active voice"> + +<tr> + <td></td> + <td align="center"><b>Indic.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Imper.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Optat.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Subj.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Part.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Pres.</td> + <td>τύπτω</td> + <td>τύπτε</td> + <td></td> + <td>τύπτω</td> + <td>τύπτειν</td> + <td>τύπτων</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Imp'f.</td> + <td>ἔτυπτον</td> + <td></td> + <td>τύπτοιμι</td> + <td colspan="3"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>1st A.</td> + <td>τύψω</td> + <td></td> + <td>τύψοιμι</td> + <td></td> + <td>τύψειν</td> + <td>τύψων</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>1st F.</td> + <td>ἔτυψα</td> + <td>τύψον</td> + <td>τύψαιμι</td> + <td>τύψω</td> + <td>τύψαι</td> + <td>τύψας</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Perf.</td> + <td>τέτυφα</td> + <td>τέτυφε</td> + <td></td> + <td>τετύφω</td> + <td>τετυφέναι</td> + <td>τετυφώς</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Plup.</td> + <td>ἐτετύφειν</td> + <td></td> + <td>τετύφοιμι</td> + <td colspan="3"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>2d A.</td> + <td>ἔτυπον</td> + <td>τύπε</td> + <td>τύποιμι</td> + <td>τύπω</td> + <td>τυπεῖν</td> + <td>τυπών</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>2d F.</td> + <td>τυπῶ</td> + <td></td> + <td>τυποῖμι</td> + <td></td> + <td>τυπεῖν</td> + <td>τυπῶν</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p class="center"> +<i>Passive Voice.</i></p> + +<table style="max-width: 50%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" summary="Synopsis of regular (mute) verbs - passive voice"> + +<tr> + <td></td> + <td align="center"><b>Indic.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Imper.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Optat.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Subj.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Part.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Pres.</td> + <td>τύπτομαι</td> + <td>τύπτου</td> + <td></td> + <td>τύπτωμαι</td> + <td>τύπτεσϑαι</td> + <td>τυπτόμενος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Imp'f.</td> + <td>ἐτυπτόμην</td> + <td></td> + <td>τυπτοίμην</td> + <td align="right">[ὠ</td> + <td colspan="2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Perf.</td> + <td>τέτυμμαι</td> + <td>τέτυψο</td> + <td align="right">[εἴην</td> + <td>τετυμμένος</td> + <td>τετύφϑαι</td> + <td>τετυμμένος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Plup.</td> + <td>ἐτετύμμην</td> + <td></td> + <td>τετυμμένος</td> + <td colspan="3"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>1st A.</td> + <td>ἐτύφϑην</td> + <td>τύφϑητι</td> + <td>τυφϑείην</td> + <td>τυφϑὼ</td> + <td>τυφϑῆναι</td> + <td>τυφϑείς</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>1st F.</td> + <td>τυφϑήσομαι</td> + <td></td> + <td>τυφϑησοίμην</td> + <td></td> + <td>τυφϑήσεσϑαι</td> + <td>τυφϑησόμενος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>2d A.</td> + <td>ἐτύπην</td> + <td>τύπηϑι</td> + <td>τυπείην</td> + <td>τυπῶ</td> + <td>τυπῆναι</td> + <td>τυπείς</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>2d F.</td> + <td>τυπήσομαι</td> + <td></td> + <td>τυπησοίμην</td> + <td></td> + <td>τυπήσεσϑαι</td> + <td>τυπησόμενος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>3d F.</td> + <td>τετύψομαι</td> + <td></td> + <td>τετυψοίμην</td> + <td></td> + <td>τετύψεσϑαι</td> + <td>τετυψόμενος</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p class="center"> +<i>Middle Voice.</i></p> + +<table style="max-width: 50%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" summary="Synopsis of regular (mute) verbs - middle voice"> + +<tr> + <td></td> + <td align="center"><b>Indic.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Imper.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Optat.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Subj.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Part.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Pres.</td> + <td></td> + <td colspan="5" rowspan="2"> Same throughout at the Passive</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Imp'f.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Perf.</td> + <td>τέτυπα</td> + <td>τέτυπε</td> + <td></td> + <td>τετύπω</td> + <td>τετυπέναι</td> + <td>τετυπώς</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Plup.</td> + <td>ἐτετύπειν</td> + <td></td> + <td>τετύποιμι</td> + <td colspan="3"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>1st A.</td> + <td>ἐτυψάμην</td> + <td>τύψαι</td> + <td>τυψαίμην</td> + <td>τύψωμαι</td> + <td>τύψασϑαι</td> + <td>τυψάμενος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>1st F.</td> + <td>τύψομαι</td> + <td></td> + <td>τυψοίμην</td> + <td></td> + <td>τύψεσϑαι</td> + <td>τυψόμενος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>2d A.</td> + <td>ἐτυπόμην</td> + <td>τυποῦ</td> + <td>τυποίμην</td> + <td>τύπωμαι</td> + <td>τυπέσϑαι</td> + <td>τυπόμενος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>2d F.</td> + <td>τυποῦμαι</td> + <td></td> + <td>τυποίμην</td> + <td></td> + <td>τυπεῖσϑαι</td> + <td>τυπούμενος</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<h2>Regular Verb-Endings, (<span style="font-variant: normal">including mood-vowel.</span>)</h2> + +<table border="1" summary="Regular Verb-Endings, including mood-vowel."> +<tr> + <td colspan="5" align="center"><i>Active</i> (includ. <a href="#sect52">§ 52</a>.)</td> + <td colspan="5" align="center"><i>Mid.</i> and <i>Pass.</i> (except <a href="#sect52">§ 52</a>.)</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <th colspan="2"></th> + <th align="center"><b>1</b></th> + <th align="center"><b>2</b></th> + <th align="center"><b>3</b></th> + + <th colspan="2"></th> + <th align="center"><b>1</b></th> + <th align="center"><b>2</b></th> + <th align="center"><b>3</b></th> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">Ind.of Pres. and Fut.</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>ω</td> + <td>εις</td> + <td>ει</td> + + <td rowspan="2">Ind. of Pres. and Fut.</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>ομαι</td> + <td>ῃ</td> + <td>εται</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>ομεν</td> + <td>ετε</td> + <td>ουσι</td> + + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>όμεϑα</td> + <td>εσϑε</td> + <td>ονται</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">Subjunctive throughout</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>ω</td> + <td>ης</td> + <td>ῃ</td> + + <td rowspan="2">Subj. throughout (exc. Perf. Pass.<a href="#t1_4"><sup>4</sup></a>)</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>ωμαι</td> + <td>ῃ</td> + <td>ηται</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>ωμεν</td> + <td>ητε</td> + <td>ωσι</td> + + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>ώμεϑα</td> + <td>ησϑε</td> + <td>ωνται</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">Ind. of Perf. and 1 Aor.</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>α</td> + <td>ας</td> + <td>ε</td> + + <td rowspan="2">Ind. of 1 Aor. Mid.</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>άμην</td> + <td>ω</td> + <td>ατο</td> +</tr> +<tr> + + + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>αμεν</td> + <td>ατε</td> + <td>ασι<a href="#t1_1"><sup>1</sup></a></td> + + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>άμεϑα</td> + <td>ασϑε</td> + <td>αντο</td> +</tr> + + +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">Ind. of Imp. and 2 Aor.</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>ον</td> + <td>ες</td> + <td>ε</td> + + <td rowspan="2">Ind. of Imp. and 2 Aor. Middle.</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>όμην</td> + <td>ου</td> + <td>ετο</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>ομεν</td> + <td>ετε</td> + <td>ον</td> + + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>όμεϑα</td> + <td>εσϑε</td> + <td>οντο</td> +</tr> + + +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">Ind. of Aor., Pass., & Opt.<a href="#t1_2"><sup>2</sup></a></td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>ην</td> + <td>ης</td> + <td>η</td> + + <td rowspan="2">Ind. of Perf. Pass.<a href="#t1_4"><sup>4</sup></a></td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>μαι</td> + <td>σαι</td> + <td>ται</td> +</tr> +<tr> + + + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>ημεν</td> + <td>ητε</td> + <td>ησαν</td> + + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>μεϑα</td> + <td>σϑε</td> + <td>νται</td> +</tr> + + +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">Indic. of Plup.</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>ειν</td> + <td>εις</td> + <td>ει</td> + + <td rowspan="2">Ind. of Plup. Pass.<a href="#t1_4"><sup>4</sup></a></td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>μην</td> + <td>σο</td> + <td>το</td> +</tr> +<tr> + + + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>ειμεν</td> + <td>ειτε</td> + <td>εισαν</td> + + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>μεϑα</td> + <td>σϑε</td> + <td>ντο</td> +</tr> + + +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">Opt., exc. as ab've & bel'w</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>οιμι</td> + <td>οις</td> + <td>οι</td> + + <td rowspan="2">Opt., exc. as bel'w (and Perf. Pass.<a href="#t1_4"><sup>4</sup></a>)</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>οίμην</td> + <td>οιο</td> + <td>οιτο</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>οιμεν</td> + <td>οιτε</td> + <td>οιεν</td> + + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>οίμεϑα</td> + <td>οισϑε</td> + <td>οιντο</td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">Opt. of 1 Aor.</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>αιμι</td> + <td>αις</td> + <td>αι</td> + + <td rowspan="2">Opt. of 1 Aor. Mid.</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>αίμην</td> + <td>αισο</td> + <td>αιτο</td> +</tr> +<tr> + + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>αιμεν</td> + <td>αιτε</td> + <td>αιεν</td> + + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>αίμεϑα</td> + <td>αισϑε</td> + <td>αιντο</td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">Imp. of Pres., 2 Aor., & Perf.</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>....</td> + <td>ε</td> + <td>έτω</td> + + <td rowspan="2">Imper. of Pres. and 2 Aor. (Mid.)</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td> ....</td> + <td>ου</td> + <td>έσϑω</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>....</td> + <td>ετε</td> + <td>έτωσαν</td> + + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>....</td> + <td>εσϑε</td> + <td>έσϑωσαν</td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">Imper. of 1 Aor.</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>....</td> + <td>ον</td> + <td>άτω</td> + + <td rowspan="2">Imper. of 1 Aor. Mid.</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>....</td> + <td>αι</td> + <td>άσϑω</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>....</td> + <td>ατε</td> + <td>άτωσαν</td> + + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>....</td> + <td>ασϑε</td> + <td>άσϑωσαν</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">Imper. of Aor. Pass.</td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>....</td> + <td>ηθι<a href="#t1_3"><sup>3</sup></a></td> + <td>ήτω</td> + + <td rowspan="2">Imper. of 1 Perf. Pass.<a href="#t1_4"><sup>4</sup></a></td> + <td><i>s.</i></td> + <td>....</td> + <td>σο</td> + <td>ϑω</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>....</td> + <td>ητε</td> + <td>ήτωσαν</td> + + <td><i>p.</i></td> + <td>....</td> + <td>σϑε</td> + <td>σϑωσαν</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><a name="t1_1"></a>1. But αν in 1st Aor.</p> + +<p><a name="t1_2"></a>2. The Opt. has an extra mood-diphthong, ει, before +ending.</p> + +<p><a name="t1_3"></a>3. But ητι in 1st Aor., see <a href="#sect14">§ 14</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="t1_4"></a>4. The Perf. and Plup. Pass. are often inflected +periphrastically (especially in the Opt. and Subj.) by means of an +auxiliary (from εἰμί, <i>to be</i>. with the participle.</p> + + + +<h2>Synopsis of Verbs in <span style="font-variant: normal">μι</span>.</h2> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Active Voice.</i></p> + +<table style="max-width: 50%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" summary="Synopsis of Verbs in μι - active voice"> + +<tr> + <td></td> + <td align="center"><b>Indic.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Imper.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Optat.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Subj.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Part.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Pres.</td> + <td>ἵστημι</td> + <td>ἵστσϑι</td> + <td></td> + <td>ἱστῶ</td> + <td>ἱστάναι</td> + <td>ἱστάς</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Imp.</td> + <td>ἵστην</td> + <td></td> + <td>ἱσταίην</td> + <td colspan="3"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>2 A.</td> + <td>ἕστην</td> + <td>στῆϑι</td> + <td>σταίην</td> + <td>στῶ</td> + <td>στῆναι</td> + <td>στάς</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Pres.</td> + <td>τίϑημι</td> + <td>τίϑετι</td> + <td></td> + <td>τιϑῶ</td> + <td>τιϑέναι</td> + <td>τιϑείς</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Imp.</td> + <td>ἐτίϑην</td> + <td></td> + <td>τιϑείην</td> + <td colspan="3"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>2 A.</td> + <td>ἔϑην</td> + <td>ϑές</td> + <td>ϑείην</td> + <td>ϑῶ</td> + <td>ϑῆναι</td> + <td>ϑείς</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Pres.</td> + <td>δίδωμι</td> + <td>δίδοϑι</td> + <td></td> + <td>δίδῶ</td> + <td>δίδόναι</td> + <td>δίδούς</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Imp.</td> + <td>ἐδίδων</td> + <td></td> + <td>διδοίην</td> + <td colspan="3"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>2 A.</td> + <td>ἔδων</td> + <td>δός</td> + <td>δοίην</td> + <td>δῶ</td> + <td>δοῦναι</td> + <td>δούς</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Pres.</td> + <td>δείκνυμι</td> + <td>δέικννϑι</td> + <td colspan="2"></td> + <td>δεικνύναι</td> + <td>δεικνύς</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Imp.</td> + <td>ἐδείκνυν</td> + <td colspan="5"></td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<h2>Synopsis of Verbs in <span style="font-variant: normal">μι</span>.--(<em style="font-variant: normal">Continued.</em>)</h2> + +<p class="center"> +<i>Middle Voice</i>, (including Pres. and Imper. Pass.)</p> + +<table style="max-width: 50%;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto" summary="Synopsis of Verbs in μι - Middle voice (including Present and Imperfect Passive)"> + + +<tr> + <td></td> + <td align="center"><b>Indic.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Imper.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Optat.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Subj.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Infin.</b></td> + <td align="center"><b>Part.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Pres.</td> + <td>ἵσταμαι</td> + <td>ἵστασο</td> + <td></td> + <td>ἱστῶμαι</td> + <td>ἵστασϑαι</td> + <td>ἱστάμενος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Imp.</td> + <td>ἱστάμην</td> + <td></td> + <td>ἱσταίμην</td> + <td colspan="3"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>2 A.</td> + <td>ἑσταμην</td> + <td>στάσο</td> + <td>σταίμην</td> + <td>στῶμαι</td> + <td>στάσϑαι</td> + <td>στάμενος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Pres.</td> + <td>τίϑεμαι</td> + <td>τιϑεσο</td> + <td></td> + <td>τιϑῶμαι</td> + <td>τίϑεσϑαι</td> + <td>τιϑέμενος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Imp.</td> + <td>ἐτιϑέμην</td> + <td></td> + <td>τιϑείμην</td> + <td colspan="3"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>2 A.</td> + <td>ἐϑέμην</td> + <td>ϑέτσο</td> + <td>ϑείμην</td> + <td>ϑῶμαι</td> + <td>ϑέσϑαι</td> + <td>ϑέμενος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Pres.</td> + <td>δίδομαι</td> + <td>δίδοσο</td> + <td></td> + <td>διδῶμαι</td> + <td>δίδοσϑαι</td> + <td>διδόμενος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Imp.</td> + <td>ἐδιδόμην</td> + <td></td> + <td>διδοίμην</td> + <td colspan="3"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>2 A.</td> + <td>ἐδόμην</td> + <td>δόσο</td> + <td>δοίμην</td> + <td>δῶμαι</td> + <td>δόσϑαι</td> + <td>δόμενος</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="7"></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Pres.</td> + <td>δείκνυμαι</td> + <td>δείκνυσο</td> + <td colspan="2"></td> + <td>δείκνυσϑαι</td> + <td>δεικνύμενοζ</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Imp.</td> + <td>ἐδείκυμην</td> + <td colspan="5"></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>All the other tenses are regular, as if from στάω, ϑέω, δόω, +δεικνύω, meaning respectively to <i>stand, put, give,</i> and +<i>show</i>.</p> + + + +<h2>Peculiar Endings of Verbs in <span style="font-variant: normal">μι</span></h2> + +<table width="50%"> +<tr> + <td colspan="2" align="center"><b>Singular.</b></td> + <td colspan="3" align="center"><b>Plural.</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="3">ἵστη-<br /> + τίϑη-<br /> + δίδω-<br /> + δέικνυ-</td> + + <td rowspan="3">1. -μι<br /> + 2. -ς<br /> + 3. -σι</td> + + <td rowspan="3">ἵστα-<br /> + τιϑε-<br /> + δίδο-<br /> + δέικνυ-</td> + <td>1. -μεν</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>2. -τε</td> +</tr> +<tr> + + <td>3. τιϑεισι<br /> + ἵστασι<br /> + δίδουσι<br /> + δέικνυσι</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p>Λίδωμι has ω as a union-vowel throughout the subj. (pres. and +2d aor.) of both voices, and ἵστημι has α in the 2d and 3d +sing., and 2d plur. of the subj. pres. All the other forms follow the +inflection of the regular verb.</p> + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Greek in a Nutshell, by James Strong + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GREEK IN A NUTSHELL *** + +***** This file should be named 11130-h.htm or 11130-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/1/3/11130/ + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will +be renamed. + +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright +law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, +so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United +States without permission and without paying copyright +royalties. 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