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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of History of Negro Soldiers in the
+Spanish-American War, and Other Items of Interest, by Edward A. Johnson
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: History of Negro Soldiers in the Spanish-American War, and Other Items of Interest
+
+Author: Edward A. Johnson
+
+Release Date: February 15, 2004 [EBook #11102]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF NEGRO SOLDIERS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Suzanne Shell, Bradley Norton and PG Distributed Proofreaders
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: WILLIAM McKinley.]
+
+
+HISTORY OF NEGRO SOLDIERS
+
+IN THE
+
+SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR,
+
+AND
+
+OTHER ITEMS OF INTEREST.
+
+BY
+
+EDWARD A. JOHNSON, Author of the Famous School History of the Negro
+Race in America.
+
+
+1899
+
+
+
+BY EDWARD A. JOHNSON, RALEIGH, N.C.
+
+CONTENTS. (see last page for index to illustrations.)
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+The Cause of The War With Spain--The Virginius Affair--General
+Fitzhugh Lee--Belligerent Rights to Insurgents--Much Money and
+Time Spent by United States--Spain Tries to Appease Public
+Sentiment--Weyler "The Butcher"--Resolutions by Congress Favoring
+Insurgents--Insurgents Gain by--General Antonio Maceo--The Spirit
+of Insurgents at Maceo's Death--Jose Maceo--Weyler's Policy--Miss
+Cisneros' Rescue--Appeal for her--Spain and Havana Stirred by American
+Sentiment--Battle Ship Maine--Official Investigation of Destruction
+of--Responsibility for--Congress Appropriates $50,000,000 for National
+Defence--President's Message--Congress Declares War--Resolution Signed
+by President--Copy of Resolution Sent Minister Woodford--Fatal Step
+for Spain--American Navy.
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+Beginning of Hostilities--Colored Hero in the Navy.
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+Sergeant Major Pullen of Twenty-fifth Infantry Describes the Conduct
+of Negro Soldiers Around El Caney--Its Station Before the Spanish
+American War and Trip to Tampa, Florida--The Part it Took in the Fight
+at El Caney--Buffalo Troopers, the Name by Which Negro Soldiers are
+Known--The Charge of the "Nigger Ninth" on San Juan Hill.
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+Colonel Theodore B. Roosevelt on the Colored Soldiers--Colonel
+Roosevelt's Error--Jacob A. Riis Compliments Negro Soldiers-General
+Nelson A. Miles Compliments Negro Soldiers--Cleveland Moffitt
+Compliments the Negro Soldiers--President McKinley Promotes Negro
+Soldiers--General Thomas J. Morgan on Negro Officers.
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+Many Testimonials in Behalf of Negro Soldiers--A Southerner's
+Statement--Reconciliation--Charleston News and Courier--Good
+Marksmanship at El Caney--Their Splendid Courage; Fought Like Tigers--
+Never Wavered--What Army Officers say--Acme of Bravery-Around
+Santiago--Saved the Life of his Lieutenant, but Lost his own--"Black
+Soldier Boys," New York Mail and Express--They Never Faltered--The
+Negro Soldier; His Good-heartedness--Mrs. Porter's Ride--Investment of
+Santiago and Surrender--Killed and Wounded.
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+No Color Line in Cuba--A Graphic Description--American Prejudice
+Cannot Exist There--A Catholic Priest Vouches for it--Colored
+Belles--War Began--Facts About Porto Rico.
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+List of Colored Regiments that did Active Service in the Spanish
+American War--A List of the Volunteer Regiments--Full Account of the
+Troubles of the Sixth Virginia--Comments on the Third North Carolina
+Regiment.
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+General Items of Interest to the Race--Miss Alberta Scott--Discovery
+of the Games Family--Colored Wonder on the Bicycle--Negro Millionaire
+Found at Last--Uncle Sam's Money Sealer--Paul Lawrence Dunbar, the
+Negro Poet--Disfranchisement of Colored Voters.
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+Some Facts About the Filipinos--Who Aguinaldo is--Facts from Felipe
+Agoncillo's Article.
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+Resume--Why the American Government Does not Protect its Colored
+Citizens-States Rights--Mobocracy Supreme--The Solution of the Negro
+Problem is Mainly in the Race's Own Hands--The South a Good Place for
+the Negro, Provided he can be Protected.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+
+THE CAUSE OF THE WAR WITH SPAIN.
+
+Many causes led up to the Spanish-American war. Cuba had been in
+a state of turmoil for a long time, and the continual reports of
+outrages on the people of the island by Spain greatly aroused the
+Americans. The "ten years war" had terminated, leaving the island much
+embarrassed in its material interests, and woefully scandalized by the
+methods of procedure adopted by Spain and principally carried out
+by Generals Campos and Weyler, the latter of whom was called the
+"butcher" on account of his alleged cruelty in attempting to suppress
+the former insurrection. There was no doubt much to complain of under
+his administration, for which the General himself was not personally
+responsible. He boasted that he only had three individuals put to
+death, and that in each of these cases he was highly justified by
+martial law.
+
+FINALLY THE ATTENTION OF THE UNITED STATES was forcibly attracted to
+Cuba by the Virginius affair, which consisted in the wanton murder of
+fifty American sailors--officers and crew of the Virginius, which was
+captured by the Spanish off Santiago bay, bearing arms and ammunition
+to the insurgents--Captain Fry, a West Point graduate, in command.
+
+Spain would, no doubt, have received a genuine American thrashing on
+this occasion had she not been a republic at that time, and President
+Grant and others thought it unwise to crush out her republican
+principles, which then seemed just budding into existence.
+
+The horrors of this incident, however, were not out of the minds of
+the American people when the new insurrection of 1895 broke out. At
+once, as if by an electric flash, the sympathy of the American people
+was enlisted with the Insurgents who were (as the Americans believed)
+fighting Spain for their _liberty_. Public opinion was on the
+Insurgents' side and against Spain from the beginning. This feeling of
+sympathy for the fighting Cubans knew no North nor South; and strange
+as it may seem the Southerner who quails before the mob spirit that
+disfranchises, ostracises and lynches an American Negro who seeks his
+liberty at home, became a loud champion of the Insurgent cause in
+Cuba, which was, in fact, the cause of Cuban Negroes and mulattoes.
+
+GENERAL FITZHUGH LEE, of Virginia, possibly the most noted Southerner
+of the day, was sent by President Cleveland to Havana as Consul
+General, and seemed proud of the honor of representing his government
+there, judging from his reports of the Insurgents, which were
+favorable. General Lee was retained at his post by President McKinley
+until it became necessary to recall him, thus having the high honor
+paid him of not being changed by the new McKinley administration,
+which differed from him in politics; and as evidence of General
+Fitzhugh Lee's sympathy with the Cubans it may be cited that he sent
+word to the Spanish Commander (Blanco) on leaving Havana that he would
+return to the island again and when he came he "would bring the stars
+and stripes in front of him."
+
+BELLIGERENT RIGHTS TO THE INSURGENTS OR NEUTRALITY became the topic of
+discussion during the close of President Cleveland's administration.
+The President took the ground that the Insurgents though deserving of
+proper sympathy, and such aid for humanity's sake as could be given
+them, yet they had not established on any part of the island such a
+form of government as could be recognized at Washington, and accorded
+belligerent rights or rights of a nation at war with another nation;
+that the laws of neutrality should be strictly enforced, and America
+should keep "hands off" and let Spain and the Insurgents settle their
+own differences.
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL FITZHUGH LEE.]
+
+MUCH MONEY AND TIME was expended by the United States government in
+maintaining this neutral position. Fillibustering expeditions were
+constantly being fitted up in America with arms and ammunition for the
+Cuban patriots. As a neutral power it became the duty of the American
+government to suppress fillibustering, but it was both an unpleasant
+and an expensive duty, and one in which the people had little or no
+sympathy.
+
+SPAIN TRIES TO APPEASE public sentiment in America by recalling
+Marshal Campos, who was considered unequal to the task of defeating
+the Insurgents, because of reputed inaction. The flower of the Spanish
+army was poured into Cuba by the tens of thousands--estimated, all
+told, at three hundred thousand when the crisis between America and
+Spain was reached.
+
+WEYLER THE "BUTCHER," was put in command and inaugurated the policy of
+establishing military zones inside of the Spanish lines, into which
+the unarmed farmers, merchants, women and children were driven,
+penniless; and being without any visible means of subsistence were
+left to perish from hunger and disease. (The condition of these people
+greatly excited American sympathy with the Insurgents.) General Weyler
+hoped thus to weaken the Insurgents who received considerable of
+supplies from this class of the population, either by consent or
+force. Weyler's policy in reference to the reconcentrados (as these
+non-combatant people were called) rather increased than lessened
+the grievance as was natural to suppose, in view of the misery and
+suffering it entailed on a class of people who most of all were not
+the appropriate subjects for his persecution, and sentiment became so
+strong in the United States against this policy (especially in view of
+the fact that General Weyler had promised to end the "Insurrection" in
+three months after he took command) that in FEBRUARY, 1896, the United
+States Congress took up the discussion of the matter. Several Senators
+and Congressmen returned from visits to the island pending this
+discussion, in which they took an active and effective part, depicting
+a most shocking and revolting situation in Cuba, for which Spain
+was considered responsible; and on April 6th following this joint
+resolution was adopted by Congress:
+
+"_Be it Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
+United States of America_, that in the opinion of Congress a public
+war exists between the Government of Spain and the Government
+proclaimed and for some time maintained by force of arms by the people
+of Cuba; and that the United States of America should maintain a
+strict neutrality between the contending powers, according to each all
+the rights of belligerents in the ports and territory of the United
+States."
+
+"_Resolved further_, that the friendly offices of the United States
+should be offered by the President to the Spanish government for the
+recognition of the independence of Cuba."
+
+THE INSURGENTS gained by this resolution an important point. It
+dignified their so-called insurrection into an organized army, with a
+government at its back which was so recognized and treated with. They
+could buy and sell in American ports.
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL ANTONIO MACEO.]
+
+GENERAL ANTONIO MACEO about this time was doing great havoc along the
+Spanish lines. He darted from place to place, back and forth across
+the supposed impassable line of Spanish fortifications stretching
+north and south across the island some distance from Havana, and known
+as the _trocha_. Thousands of Spaniards fell as the result of his
+daring and finesse in military execution. His deeds became known in
+America, and though a man of Negro descent, with dark skin and crisp
+hair, his fame was heralded far and wide in the American newspapers.
+At a public gathering in New York, where his picture was exhibited,
+the audience went wild with applause--the waving of handkerchiefs and
+the wild hurrahs were long and continued. The career of this hero was
+suddenly terminated by death, due to the treachery of his physician
+Zertucha, who, under the guise of a proposed treaty of peace, induced
+him to meet a company of Spanish officers, at which meeting, according
+to a pre-arranged plot, a mob of Spanish infantry rushed in on General
+Maceo and shot him down unarmed. It is said that his friends recovered
+his body and buried it in a secret place unknown to the Spaniards, who
+were anxious to obtain it for exhibition as a trophy of war in Havana.
+Maceo was equal to Toussaint L'Overture of San Domingo. His public
+life was consecrated to liberty; he knew no vice nor mean action; he
+would not permit any around him. When he landed in Cuba from Porto
+Rico he was told there were no arms. He replied, "I will get them with
+my machete," and he left five thousand to the Cubans, conquered by his
+arm. Every time the Spanish attacked him they were beaten and left
+thousands of arms and much ammunition in his possession. He was born
+in Santiago de Cuba July 14, 1848.
+
+THE SPIRIT OF THE INSURGENTS did not break with General Maceo's death.
+Others rose up to fill his place, the women even taking arms in the
+defence of home and liberty. "At first no one believed, who had not
+seen them, that there were women in the Cuban army; but there is no
+doubt about it. They are not all miscalled amazons, for they are
+warlike women and do not shun fighting. The difficulty in employing
+them being that they are insanely brave. When they ride into battle
+they become exalted and are dangerous creatures. Those who first
+joined the forces on the field were the wives of men belonging in the
+army, and their purpose was rather to be protected than to become
+heroines and avengers. It shows the state of the island, that the
+women found the army the safest place for them. With the men saved
+from the plantations and the murderous bandits infesting the roads and
+committing every lamentable outrage upon the helpless, some of the
+high spirited Cuban women followed their husbands, and the example has
+been followed, and some, instead of consenting to be protected, have
+taken up the fashion of fighting."--_Murat Halsted_.
+
+JOSE MACEO, brother of Antonio, was also a troublesome character to
+the Spaniards, who were constantly being set upon by him and his men.
+
+WEYLER'S POLICY AND THE BRAVE STRUGGLE of the people both appealed
+very strongly for American sympathy with the Insurgent cause. The
+American people were indignant at Weyler and were inspired by the
+conduct of the Insurgents. Public sentiment grew stronger with every
+fresh report of an Insurgent victory, or a Weyler persecution.
+
+MISS EVANGELINA COSIO Y CISNERO'S RESCUE helped to arouse sentiment.
+This young and beautiful girl of aristocratic Cuban parentage alleged
+that a Spanish officer had, on the occasion of a _raid_ made on her
+home, in which her father was captured and imprisoned as a Cuban
+sympathizer, proposed her release on certain illicit conditions,
+and on her refusal she was incarcerated with her aged father in the
+renowned but filthy and dreaded Morro Castle at Havana.
+
+[Illustration: MISS EVANGELINA COSIO Y CISNEROS.]
+
+_Appeal after appeal_ by large numbers of the most prominent women in
+America was made to General Weyler, and even to the Queen Regent of
+Spain, for her release, but without avail, when finally the news was
+flashed to America that she had escaped. This proved to be true--her
+release being effected by Carl Decker, a reporter on the New York
+Journal--a most daring fete. Miss Cisneros was brought to America and
+became the greatest sensation of the day. Her beauty, her affection
+for her aged father, her innocence, and the thrilling events of her
+rescue, made her the public idol, and gave _Cuba libre_ a new impetus
+in American sympathy.
+
+SPAIN AND HAVANA felt the touch of these ever spreading waves
+of public sentiment, and began to resent them. At Havana public
+demonstrations were made against America. The life of Consul General
+Lee was threatened. The Spanish Minister at Washington, Seņor de Lome,
+was exposed for having written to a friend a most insulting letter,
+describing President McKinley as a low politician and a weakling.
+For this he was recalled by Spain at the request of the American
+government.
+
+Protection to American citizens and property in Havana became
+necessary, and accordingly the BATTLE SHIP MAINE was sent there for
+this purpose, the United States government disclaiming any other
+motives save those of protection to Americans and their interests.
+The Maine was, to all outward appearances, friendly received by the
+Spaniards at Havana by the usual salutes and courtesies of the
+navy, and was anchored at a point in the bay near a certain buoy
+_designated_ by the Spanish Commander. This was on January 25, 1898,
+and on February 15th this noble vessel was blown to pieces, and 266
+of its crew perished--two colored men being in the number. This event
+added fuel to the already burning fire of American feeling against
+Spain. Public sentiment urged an immediate declaration of war.
+President McKinley counseled moderation. Captain Siggsbee, who
+survived the wreck of the Maine, published an open address in which
+he advised that adverse criticism be delayed until an official
+investigation could be made of the affair.
+
+The official investigation was had by a Court of Inquiry, composed of
+Captain W.T. Sampson of the Iowa, Captain F.C. Chadwick of the
+New York, Lieutenant-Commander W.P. Potter of the New York, and
+Lieutenant-Commander Adolph Marix of the Vermont, appointed by the
+President. Divers were employed; many witnesses were examined, and the
+court, by a unanimous decision, rendered March 21, 1898, after a four
+weeks session, reported as follows: "That the loss of the Maine was
+not in any respect due to the fault or negligence on the part of any
+of the officers or members of her crew; that the ship was destroyed by
+the explosion of a submarine mine which caused the partial explosion
+of two or more of her forward magazines; and that no evidence has been
+obtainable fixing the responsibility for the destruction of the Maine
+upon any person or persons."
+
+Responsibility in this report is not fixed on any "person or persons."
+It reads something like the usual verdict of a coroner's jury after
+investigating the death of some colored man who has been lynched,--"he
+came to his death by the hands of parties unknown." This report on
+the Maine's destruction, _unlike_ the usual coroner's jury verdict,
+however, in one respect, was not accepted by the people who claimed
+that Spain was responsible, either directly or indirectly, for the
+explosion, and the public still clamored for war to avenge the
+outrage.
+
+[Illustration: U.S.S. MAINE]
+
+CONGRESS ALSO CATCHES the war fever and appropriated $50,000,000 "for
+the national defence" by a unanimous vote of both houses. The war and
+navy departments became very active; agents were sent abroad to buy
+war ships, but the President still hesitated to state his position
+until he had succeeded in getting the American Consuls out of Cuba who
+were in danger from the Spaniards there. Consul Hyatt embarked from
+Santiago April 3, and Consul General Lee, who was delayed in getting
+off American refugees, left on April 10, and on that day the PRESIDENT
+SENT HIS MESSAGE TO CONGRESS. He pictured the deplorable condition of
+the people of Cuba, due to General Weyler's policy; he recommended
+that the Insurgent government be not recognized, as such recognition
+might involve this government in "embarrassing international
+complications," but referred the whole subject to Congress for action.
+
+CONGRESS DECLARES WAR ON APRIL 13 by a joint resolution of the
+Foreign Affairs Committee of both houses, which was adopted, after a
+conference of the two committees, April 18, in the following form:
+
+Whereas, the abhorrent conditions which have existed for more than
+three years in the island of Cuba, so near our own borders, have
+shocked the moral sense of the people of the United States, have been
+a disgrace to Christian civilization, culminating as they have in the
+destruction of a United States battle ship, with 266 of its officers
+and crew, while on a friendly visit in the harbor of Havana, and
+cannot longer be endured, as has been set forth by the President of
+the United States in his message to Congress of April 11, 1898, upon
+which the action of Congress was invited: therefore,
+
+_Resolved_, by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
+States of America in Congress assembled--
+
+First, that the people of the island of Cuba are, and of right ought
+to be, free and independent.
+
+Second, that it is the duty of the United States to demand, and
+the government of the United States does hereby demand, that the
+government of Spain at once relinquish its authority and government in
+the island of Cuba, and withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba
+and Cuban waters.
+
+Third, that the President of the United States be, and he hereby is,
+directed and empowered to use the entire land and naval forces of
+the United States, and to call into the actual service of the United
+States the militia of the several states to such extent as may be
+necessary to carry these resolutions into effect.
+
+Fourth, that the United States hereby disclaims any disposition or
+intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction or control over
+said island, except for the pacification thereof, and asserts its
+determination when that is completed to leave the government and
+control of the island to its people.
+
+THE PRESIDENT SIGNED THIS RESOLUTION at 11:24 A.M. on the 20th of
+April, 1898. The Spanish Minister, Seņor Luis Polo y Bernarbe, was
+served with a copy, upon which he asked for his passports, and
+"immediately left Washington."
+
+"This is a picture of Edward Savoy, who accomplished one of the most
+signal diplomatic triumphs in connection with recent relations
+with Spain. It was he who outwitted the whole Spanish Legation and
+delivered the ultimatum to Minister Polo."
+
+"Edward Savoy has been a messenger in the Department of State for
+nearly thirty years. He was appointed by Hamilton Fish in 1869, and
+held in high esteem by James G. Blaine."
+
+
+"He was a short, squat, colored man, with a highly intelligent face,
+hair slightly tinged with gray and an air of alertness which makes him
+stand out in sharp contrast with the other messengers whom one meets
+in the halls of the big building."
+
+[Illustration: EDDIE SAVOY.]
+
+"Of all the men under whom 'Eddie,' as he is universally called, has
+served he has become most attached to Judge Day, whom he says is the
+finest man he ever saw."
+
+"Minister Polo was determined not to receive the ultimatum. He was
+confident he would receive a private tip from the White House, which
+would enable him to demand his passports before the ultimatum was
+served upon him. Then he could refuse to receive it, saying that
+he was no longer Minister. It will be remembered that Spain handed
+Minister Woodford his passports before the American representative
+could present the ultimatum to the Spanish Government."
+
+"Judge Day's training as a country lawyer stood him in good stead. He
+had learned the value of being the first to get in an attachment."
+
+"The ultimatum was placed in a large, square envelope, that might have
+contained an invitation to dinner. It was natural that it should be
+given to 'Eddie' Savoy. He had gained the sobriquet of the nation's
+'bouncer,' from the fact that he had handed Lord Sackville-West and
+Minister De Lome their passports."
+
+"It was 11:30 o'clock on Wednesday morning when 'Eddie' Savoy pushed
+the electric button at the front door of the Spanish Legation, in
+Massachusetts avenue. The old Spanish soldier who acted as doorkeeper
+responded."
+
+"'Have something here for the Minister,' said Eddie."
+
+"The porter looked at him suspiciously, but he permitted the messenger
+to pass into the vestibule, which is perhaps six feet square. Beyond
+the vestibule is a passage that leads to the large central hall. The
+Minister stood in the hall. In one hand he held an envelope. It was
+addressed to the Secretary of State. It contained a request for the
+passports of the Minister and his suite. Seņor Polo had personally
+brought the document from the chancellory above."
+
+"When the porter presented the letter just brought by the Department
+of State's messenger, Seņor Polo grasped it in his quick, nervous
+way. He opened the envelope and realized instantly that he had been
+outwitted. A cynical smile passed over the Minister's face as he
+handed his request for passports to 'Eddie,' who bowed and smiled on
+the Minister."
+
+"Seņor Polo stepped back into the hall and started to read the
+ultimatum carefully. But he stopped and turned his head toward the
+door."
+
+"'This is indeed Jeffersonian simplicity,' he said."
+
+"'Eddie' Savoy felt very badly over the incident, because he had
+learned to like Minister Polo personally."
+
+"'He was so pleasant that I felt like asking him to stay a little
+longer,' said 'Eddie,' 'but I didn't, for that wouldn't have been
+diplomatic. When you have been in this department twenty-five or
+thirty years you learn never to say what you want to say and never to
+speak unless you think twice.'"
+
+"Wherefore it will be seen that 'Eddie' Savoy has mastered the first
+principles of diplomacy."--_N.Y. World._
+
+A COPY OF THE RESOLUTION BY CONGRESS was also cabled to Minister
+Woodford, at Madrid, to be officially transmitted to the Spanish
+Government, fixing the 23d as the limit for its reply, but the Spanish
+Minister of Foreign Affairs had already learned of the action of
+Congress, and did not permit Minister Woodford to ask for his
+passports, but sent them to him on the evening of the 21st, and this
+was the formal beginning of the war.
+
+[Illustration: JOSE MACEO.]
+
+A FATAL STEP WAS THIS FOR SPAIN, who evidently, as her newspapers
+declared, did not think the "American pigs" would fight. She was
+unaware of the temper of the people, who seemed to those who knew the
+facts, actually thirsting for Spanish blood--a feeling due more
+or less to thirty years of peace, in which the nation had become
+restless, and to the fact also that America had some new boats, fine
+specimens of workmanship, which had been at target practice for a long
+time and now yearned for the reality, like the boy who has a gun and
+wants to try it on the real game. The proof of the superiority of
+American gunnery was demonstrated in every naval battle. The accurate
+aim of Dewey's gunners at Manilla, and Sampson and Schley's at
+Santiago, was nothing less than wonderful. No less wonderful,
+however, was the accuracy of the Americans than the inaccuracy of the
+Spaniards, who seemed almost unable to hit anything.
+
+WHILE ACCREDITING THE AMERICAN NAVY with its full share of praise for
+its wonderful accomplishments, let us remember that there is scarcely
+a boat in the navy flying the American flag but what has a number of
+COLORED SAILORS on it, who, along with others, help to make up its
+greatness and superiority.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+
+THE BEGINNING OF HOSTILITIES.
+
+
+A COLORED HERO IN THE NAVY.
+
+History records the Negro as the first man to fall in three wars of
+America--Crispus Attacks in the Boston massacre, March 5, 1770; an
+unknown Negro in Baltimore when the Federal troops were mobbed in
+that city _en route_ to the front, and Elijah B. Tunnell, of Accomac
+county, Virginia, who fell simultaneously with or a second before
+Ensign Bagley, of the torpedo boat _Winslow_, in the harbor of
+Cardenas May 11, 1898, in the Spanish-American war.
+
+Elijah B. Tunnell was employed as cabin cook on the _Winslow_. The
+boat, under a severe fire from masked batteries of the Spanish on
+shore, was disabled. The Wilmington came to her rescue, the enemy
+meanwhile still pouring on a heavy fire. It was difficult to get the
+"line" fastened so that the _Winslow_ could be towed off out of range
+of the Spanish guns. Realizing the danger the boat and crew were in,
+and anxious to be of service, Tunnell left his regular work and went
+on deck to assist in "making fast" the two boats, and while thus
+engaged a shell came, which, bursting over the group of workers,
+killed him and three others. It has been stated in newspaper reports
+of this incident that it was an ill-aimed shell of one of the American
+boats that killed Tunnell and Bagley. Tunnell was taken on board the
+Wilmington with both legs blown off, and fearfully mutilated. Turning
+to those about him he asked, "Did we win in the fight boys?" The reply
+was, "Yes."
+
+He said, "Then I die happy." While others fell at the post of duty it
+may be said of this brave Negro that he fell while doing _more_ than
+his duty. He might have kept out of harm's way if he had desired, but
+seeing the situation he rushed forward to relieve it as best he could,
+and died a "volunteer" in service, doing what others ought to have
+done. All honor to the memory of Elijah B. Tunnell, who, if not
+the first, certainly simultaneous with the first, martyr of the
+Spanish-American war. While our white fellow-citizens justly herald
+the fame of Ensign Bagley, who was known to the author from his youth,
+let our colored patriots proclaim the heroism of Tunnell of Accomac.
+While not ranking as an official in the navy, yet he was brave, he was
+faithful and we may inscribe over his grave that "he died doing what
+he could for his country."
+
+War between the United States and Spain began April 21, 1898. Actual
+hostilities ended August 12, 1898, by the signing of the protocol by
+the Secretary of State of the United States for the United States and
+M. Cambon, the French Ambassador at Washington, acting for Spain.
+
+The war lasted 114 days. The Americans were victorious in every
+regular engagement. In the three-days battle around Santiago, the
+Americans lost 22 officers and 208 men killed, and 81 officers and
+1,203 men wounded, and 79 missing. The Spanish loss as best estimated
+was near 1,600 officers and men killed and wounded.
+
+Santiago was surrendered July 17, 1898, with something over 22,000
+troops.
+
+General Shatter estimates in his report the American forces as
+numbering 16,072 with 815 officers.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+
+SERGEANT-MAJOR PULLEN OF THE 25TH INFANTRY DESCRIBES THE CONDUCT OF
+THE NEGRO SOLDIERS AROUND EL CANEY.
+
+
+THE TWENTY-FIFTH U.S. INFANTRY--ITS STATION BEFORE THE SPANISH
+AMERICAN WAR AND TRIP TO TAMPA, FLORIDA--THE PART IT TOOK IN THE FIGHT
+AT EL CANEY.
+
+
+When our magnificent battleship Maine was sunk in Havana harbor,
+February 15, 1898, the 25th U.S. Infantry was scattered in western
+Montana, doing garrison duty, with headquarters at Fort Missoula. This
+regiment had been stationed in the West since 1880, when it came up
+from Texas where it had been from its consolidation in 1869, fighting
+Indians, building roads, etc., for the pioneers of that state and New
+Mexico. In consequence of the regiment's constant frontier service,
+very little was known of it outside of army circles. As a matter of
+course it was known that it was a colored regiment, but its praises
+had never been sung.
+
+Strange to say, although the record of this regiment was equal to any
+in the service, it had always occupied remote stations, except a
+short period, from about May, 1880, to about August, 1885, when
+headquarters, band and a few companies were stationed at Fort
+Snelling, near St. Paul, Minnesota.
+
+[Illustration: SERGEANT FRANK W. PULLEN, Who was in the Charge on El
+Caney, as a member of the Twenty-fifth U.S. Infantry.]
+
+Since the days of reconstruction, when a great part of the country
+(the South especially) saw the regular soldier in a low state of
+discipline, and when the possession of a sound physique was the only
+requirement necessary for the recruit to enter the service of the
+United States, people in general had formed an opinion that the
+regular soldier, generally, and the Negro soldier in particular, was
+a most undesirable element to have in a community. Therefore, the
+Secretary of War, in ordering changes in stations of troops from time
+to time (as is customary to change troops from severe climates to
+mild ones and _vice versa_, that equal justice might be done all) had
+repeatedly overlooked the 25th Infantry; or had only ordered it from
+Minnesota to the Dakotas and Montana, in the same military department,
+and in a climate more severe for troops to serve in than any in the
+United States. This gallant regiment of colored soldiers served
+eighteen years in that climate, where, in winter, which lasts five
+months or more, the temperature falls as low as 55 degrees below
+zero, and in summer rises to over 100 degrees in the shade and where
+mosquitos rival the Jersey breed.
+
+Before Congress had reached a conclusion as to what should be done in
+the Maine disaster, an order had been issued at headquarters of the
+army directing the removal of the regiment to the department of the
+South, one of the then recently organized departments.
+
+At the time when the press of the country was urging a declaration of
+war, and when Minister Woodford, at Madrid, was exhausting all the
+arts of peace, in order that the United States might get prepared for
+war, the men of the 25th Infantry were sitting around red-hot stoves,
+in their comfortable quarters in Montana, discussing the doings of
+Congress, impatient for a move against Spain. After great excitement
+and what we looked upon as a long delay, a telegraphic order came. Not
+for us to leave for the Department of the South, but to go to that
+lonely sun-parched sandy island Dry Tortugas. In the face of the fact
+that the order was for us to go to that isolated spot, where rebel
+prisoners were carried and turned lose during the war of the
+rebellion, being left there without guard, there being absolutely no
+means of escape, and where it would have been necessary for our safety
+to have kept Sampson's fleet in sight, the men received the news with
+gladness and cheered as the order was read to them. The destination
+was changed to Key West, Florida, then to Chickamauga Park, Georgia.
+It seemed that the war department did not know what to do with the
+soldiers at first.
+
+Early Sunday morning, April 10, 1898, Easter Sunday, amidst tears of
+lovers and others endeared by long acquaintance and kindness, and the
+enthusiastic cheers of friends and well-wishers, the start was made
+for Cuba.
+
+It is a fact worthy of note that Easter services in all the churches
+in Missoula, Montana, a town of over ten thousand inhabitants, was
+postponed the morning of the departure of the 25th Infantry, and the
+whole town turned out to bid us farewell. Never before were soldiers
+more encouraged to go to war than we. Being the first regiment to
+move, from the west, the papers had informed the people of our route.
+At every station there was a throng of people who cheered as we
+passed. Everywhere the Stars and Stripes could be seen. Everybody had
+caught the war fever. We arrived at Chickamauga Park about April 15,
+1898, being the first regiment to arrive at that place. We were
+a curiosity. Thousands of people, both white and colored, from
+Chattanooga, Tenn., visited us daily. Many of them had never seen a
+colored soldier. The behavior of the men was such that even the
+most prejudiced could find no fault. We underwent a short period of
+acclimation at this place, then moved on to Tampa, Fla., where we
+spent a month more of acclimation. All along the route from Missoula,
+Montana, with the exception of one or two places in Georgia, we had
+been received most cordially. But in Georgia, outside of the Park, it
+mattered not if we were soldiers of the United States, and going to
+fight for the honor of our country and the freedom of an oppressed and
+starving people, we were "niggers," as they called us, and treated
+us with contempt. There was no enthusiasm nor Stars and Stripes in
+Georgia. That is the kind of "united country" we saw in the South. I
+must pass over the events and incidents of camp life at Chickamauga
+and Tampa. Up to this time our trip had seemed more like a
+Sunday-school excursion than anything else. But when, on June 6th, we
+were ordered to divest ourselves of all clothing and equipage, except
+such as was necessary to campaigning in a tropical climate, for the
+first time the ghost of real warfare arose before us.
+
+ON BOARD THE TRANSPORT.
+
+The regiment went aboard the Government transport, No.
+14--Concho--June 7, 1898. On the same vessel were the 14th U.S.
+Infantry, a battalion of the 2d Massachusetts Volunteers and Brigade
+Headquarters, aggregating about 1,300 soldiers, exclusive of the
+officers. This was the beginning of real hardship. The transport had
+either been a common freighter or a cattle ship. Whatever had been its
+employment before being converted into a transport, I am sure of
+one thing, it was neither fit for man nor beast when soldiers were
+transported in it to Cuba. The actual carrying capacity of the vessel
+as a transport was, in my opinion, about 900 soldiers, exclusive of
+the officers, who, as a rule, surround themselves with every possible
+comfort, even in actual warfare. A good many times, as on this
+occasion, the desire and demand of the officers for comfort worked
+serious hardships for the enlisted men. The lower decks had been
+filled with bunks. Alas! the very thought of those things of torture
+makes me shudder even now. They were arranged in rows, lengthwise the
+ship, of course, with aisles only two feet wide between each row. The
+dimensions of a man's bunk was 6 feet long, 2 feet wide and 2 feet
+high, and they were arranged in tiers of four, with a four inch board
+on either side to keep one from rolling out. The Government had
+furnished no bedding at all. Our bedding consisted of one blanket as
+mattress and haversack for pillow. The 25th Infantry was assigned to
+the bottom deck, where there was no light, except the small port holes
+when the gang-plank was closed. So dark was it that candles were
+burned all day. There was no air except what came down the canvass air
+shafts when they were turned to the breeze. The heat of that place was
+almost unendurable. Still our Brigade Commander issued orders that no
+one would be allowed to sleep on the main deck. That order was the
+only one to my knowledge during the whole campaign that was not obeyed
+by the colored soldiers. It is an unreported fact that a portion of
+the deck upon which the 25th Infantry took passage to Cuba was flooded
+with water during the entire journey.
+
+Before leaving Port Tampa the Chief Surgeon of the expedition came
+aboard and made an inspection, the result of which was the taking off
+of the ship the volunteer battalion, leaving still on board about a
+thousand men. Another noteworthy fact is that for seven days the boat
+was tied to the wharf at Port Tampa, and we were not allowed to go
+ashore, unless an officer would take a whole company off to bathe and
+exercise. This was done, too, in plain sight of other vessels, the
+commander of which gave their men the privilege of going ashore at
+will for any purpose whatever. It is very easy to imagine the hardship
+that was imposed upon us by withholding the privilege of going ashore,
+when it is understood that there were no seats on the vessel for a
+poor soldier. On the main deck there were a large number of seats,
+but they were all reserved for the officers. A sentinel was posted on
+either side of the ship near the middle hatch-way, and no soldier was
+allowed to go abaft for any purpose, except to report to his superior
+officer or on some other official duty.
+
+Finally the 14th of June came. While bells were ringing, whistles
+blowing and bands playing cheering strains of music the transports
+formed "in fleet in column of twos," and under convoy of some of the
+best war craft of our navy, and while the thousands on shore waved us
+godspeed, moved slowly down the bay on its mission to avenge the death
+of the heroes of our gallant Maine and to free suffering Cuba.
+
+The transports were scarcely out of sight of land when an order was
+issued by our Brigade Commander directing that the two regiments on
+board should not intermingle, and actually drawing the "color line" by
+assigning the white regiment to the port and the 25th Infantry to the
+starboard side of the vessel. The men of the two regiments were on the
+best of terms, both having served together during mining troubles in
+Montana. Still greater was the surprise of everyone when another order
+was issued from the same source directing that the white regiment
+should make coffee first, all the time, and detailing a guard to
+see that the order was carried out. All of these things were done
+seemingly to humiliate us and without a word of protest from our
+officers. We suffered without complaint. God only knows how it was we
+lived through those fourteen days on that miserable vessel. We lived
+through those days and were fortunate enough not to have a burial at
+sea.
+
+OPERATIONS AGAINST SANTIAGO.
+
+We landed in Cuba June 22, 1898. Our past hardships were soon
+forgotten. It was enough to stir the heart of any lover of liberty to
+witness that portion of Gomez's ragged army, under command of General
+Castillo, lined up to welcome us to their beautiful island, and to
+guide and guard our way to the Spanish strongholds. To call it a
+ragged army is by no means a misnomer. The greater portion of those
+poor fellows were both coatless and shoeless, many of them being
+almost nude. They were by no means careful about their uniform. The
+thing every one seemed careful about was his munitions of war, for
+each man had his gun, ammunition and machete. Be it remembered that
+this portion of the Cuban army was almost entirely composed of black
+Cubans.
+
+After landing we halted long enough to ascertain that all the men of
+the regiment were "present or accounted for," then marched into the
+jungle of Cuba, following an old unused trail. General Shafter's
+orders were to push forward without delay. And the 25th Infantry
+has the honor of leading the march from the landing at Baiquiri or
+Daiquiri (both names being used in official reports) the first day the
+army of invasion entered the island. I do not believe any newspaper
+has ever published this fact.
+
+There was no time to be lost, and the advance of the American army of
+invasion in the direction of Santiago, the objective point, was rapid.
+Each day, as one regiment would halt for a rest or reach a suitable
+camping ground, another would pass. In this manner several regiments
+had succeeded in passing the 25th Infantry by the morning of June
+24th. At that time the 1st Volunteer Cavalry (Rough Riders) was
+leading the march.
+
+THE FIRST BATTLE.
+
+[Illustration: Charge on El Caney--Twenty-Fifth Infantry.]
+
+On the morning of June 24th the Rough Riders struck camp early, and
+was marching along the trail at a rapid gait, at "route step," in any
+order suitable to the size of the road. Having marched several miles
+through a well-wooded country, they came to an opening near where the
+road forked. They turned into the left fork; at that moment, without
+the least warning, the Cubans leading the march having passed on
+unmolested, a volley from the Spanish behind a stone fort on top of
+the hill on both sides of the road was fired into their ranks. They
+were at first disconcerted, but rallied at once and began firing in
+the direction from whence came the volleys. They could not advance,
+and dared not retreat, having been caught in a sunken place in the
+road, with a barbed-wire fence on one side and a precipitous hill on
+the other. They held their ground, but could do no more. The Spanish
+poured volley after volley into their ranks. At the moment when
+it looked as if the whole regiment would be swept down by the
+steel-jacketed bullets from the Mausers, four troops of the 10th
+U.S. Cavalry (colored) came up on "double time." Little thought the
+Spaniards that these "smoked yankees" were so formidable. Perhaps they
+thought to stop those black boys by their relentless fire, but those
+boys knew no stop. They halted for a second, and having with them a
+Hotchkiss gun soon knocked down the Spanish improvised fort, cut the
+barb-wire, making an opening for the Rough Riders, started the charge,
+and, with the Rough Riders, routed the Spaniards, causing them to
+retreat in disorder, leaving their dead and some wounded behind. The
+Spaniards made a stubborn resistance. So hot was their fire directed
+at the men at the Hotchkiss gun that a head could not be raise, and
+men crawled on their stomachs like snakes loading and firing. It is
+an admitted fact that the Rough Riders could not have dislodged the
+Spanish by themselves without great loss, if at all.
+
+The names of Captain A.M. Capron, Jr., and Sergeant Hamilton Fish,
+Jr., of the Rough Riders, who were killed in this battle, have been
+immortalized, while that of Corporal Brown, 10th Cavalry, who manned
+the Hotchkiss gun in this fight, without which the American loss in
+killed and wounded would no doubt have been counted by hundreds, and
+who was killed by the side of his gun, is unknown by the public.
+
+At the time the battle of the Rough Riders was fought the 25th
+Infantry was within hearing distance of the battle and received orders
+to reinforce them, which they could have done in less than two hours,
+but our Brigade Commander in marching to the scene of battle took the
+wrong trail, seemingly on purpose, and when we arrived at the place of
+battle twilight was fading into darkness.
+
+The march in the direction of Santiago continued, until the evening of
+June 30th found us bivouacked in the road less than two miles from El
+Caney. At the first glimpse of day on the first day of July word was
+passed along the line for the companies to "fall in." No bugle call
+was sounded, no coffee was made, no noise allowed. We were nearing the
+enemy, and every effort was made to surprise him. We had been told
+that El Caney was well fortified, and so we found it.
+
+The first warning the people had of a foe being near was the roar of
+our field artillery and the bursting of a shell in their midst. The
+battle was on. In many cases an invading army serves notice of a
+bombardment, but in this case it was incompatible with military
+strategy. Non-combatants, women and children all suffered, for to have
+warned them so they might have escaped would also have given warning
+to the Spanish forces of our approach. The battle opened at dawn and
+lasted until dark. When our troops reached the point from which they
+were to make the attack, the Spanish lines of entrenched soldiers
+could not be seen.
+
+[Illustration: CORPORAL BROWN. (Who was killed at a Hotchkiss gun
+while shelling the Spanish block-house to save the Rough Riders.)]
+
+The only thing indicating their position was the block-house situated
+on the highest point of a very steep hill. The undergrowth was so
+dense that one could not see, on a line, more than fifty yards ahead.
+The Spaniards, from their advantageous position in the block-house
+and trenches on the hill top, had located the American forces in the
+bushes and opened a fusillade upon them. The Americans replied with
+great vigor, being ordered to fire at the block-house and to the right
+and left of it, steadily advancing as they fired. All of the regiments
+engaged in the battle of El Caney had not reached their positions
+when the battle was precipitated by the artillery firing on the
+block-house. The 25th Infantry was among that number. In marching to
+its position some companies of the 2d Massachusetts Volunteers were
+met retreating; they were completely whipped, and took occasion to
+warn us, saying: "Boys, there is no use to go up there, you cannot
+see a thing; they are slaughtering our men!" Such news made us feel
+"shaky," not having, at the time, been initiated. We marched up,
+however, in order and were under fire for nine hours. Many barbed-wire
+obstructions were encountered, but the men never faltered. Finally,
+late in the afternoon, our brave Lieutenant Kinnison said to another
+officer: "We cannot take the trenches without charging them." Just as
+he was about to give the order for the bugler to sound "the charge" he
+was wounded and carried to the rear. The men were then fighting like
+demons. Without a word of command, though led by that gallant and
+intrepid Second Lieutenant J.A. Moss, 25th Infantry, some one gave a
+yell and the 25th Infantry was off, alone, to the charge. The 4th U.S.
+Infantry, fighting on the left, halted when those dusky heroes made
+the dash with a yell which would have done credit to a Comanche
+Indian. No one knows who started the charge; one thing is certain,
+at the time it was made excitement was running high; each man was a
+captain for himself and fighting accordingly. Brigadier Generals,
+Colonels, Lieutenant-Colonels, Majors, etc., were not needed at the
+time the 25th Infantry made the charge on El Caney, and those officers
+simply watched the battle from convenient points, as Lieutenants and
+enlisted men made the charge alone. It has been reported that the 12th
+U.S. Infantry made the charge, assisted by the 25th Infantry, but it
+is a recorded fact that the 25th Infantry fought the battle alone, the
+12th Infantry coming up after the firing had nearly ceased. Private
+T.C. Butler, Company H, 25th Infantry, was the first man to enter the
+block-house at El Caney, and took possession of the Spanish flag for
+his regiment. An officer of the 12th Infantry came up while Butler
+was in the house and ordered him to give up the flag, which he was
+compelled to do, but not until he had torn a piece off the flag to
+substantiate his report to his Colonel of the injustice which had
+been done to him. Thus, by using the authority given him by his
+shoulder-straps, this officer took for his regiment that which had
+been won by the hearts' blood of some of the bravest, though black,
+soldiers of Shafter's army.
+
+The charge of El Caney has been little spoken of, but it was quite as
+great a show of bravery as the famous taking of San Juan Hill.
+
+A word more in regard to the charge. It was not the glorious run from
+the edge of some nearby thicket to the top of a small hill, as many
+may imagine. This particular charge was a tough, hard climb, over
+sharp, rising ground, which, were a man in perfect physical strength
+he would climb slowly. Part of the charge was made over soft,
+plowed ground, a part through a lot of prickly pineapple plants and
+barbed-wire entanglements. It was slow, hard work, under a blazing
+July sun and a perfect hail-storm of bullets, which, thanks to the
+poor marksmanship of the Spaniards, "went high."
+
+It has been generally admitted, by all fair-minded writers, that the
+colored soldiers saved the day both at El Caney and San Juan Hill.
+
+Notwithstanding their heroic services, they were still to be
+subjected, in many cases, to more hardships than their white brother
+in arms. When the flag of truce was, in the afternoon of July 3d,
+seen, each man breathed a sigh of relief, for the strain had been
+very great upon us. During the next eleven days men worked like ants,
+digging trenches, for they had learned a lesson of fighting in the
+open field. The work went on night and day. The 25th Infantry worked
+harder than any other regiment, for as soon as they would finish a
+trench they were ordered to move; in this manner they were kept moving
+and digging new trenches for eleven days. The trenches left were each
+time occupied by a white regiment.
+
+On July 14th it was decided to make a demonstration in front of
+Santiago, to draw the fire of the enemy and locate his position. Two
+companies of colored soldiers (25th Infantry) were selected for this
+purpose, actually deployed as skirmishers and started in advance.
+General Shafter, watching the movement from a distant hill, saw that
+such a movement meant to sacrifice those men, without any or much
+good resulting, therefore had them recalled. Had the movement been
+completed it is probable that not a man would have escaped death or
+serious wounds. When the news came that General Toral had decided to
+surrender, the 25th Infantry was a thousand yards or more nearer the
+city of Santiago than any regiment in the army, having entrenched
+themselves along the railroad leading into the city.
+
+The following enlisted men of the 25th Infantry were commissioned
+for their bravery at El Caney: First Sergeant Andrew J. Smith, First
+Sergeant Macon Russell, First Sergeant Wyatt Huffman and Sergeant
+Wm. McBryar. Many more were recommended, but failed to receive
+commissions. It is a strange incident that all the above-named men
+are native North Carolinians, but First Sergeant Huffman, who is from
+Tennessee.
+
+The Negro played a most important part in the Spanish-American war. He
+was the first to move from the west; first at Camp Thomas Chickamauga
+Park, Ga.; first in the jungle of Cuba; among the first killed in
+battle; first in the block-house at El Caney, and nearest to the enemy
+when he surrendered.
+
+Frank W. Pullen, Jr.,
+
+_Ex-Sergeant-Major 25th U.S. Infantry_.
+
+Enfield, N.C., March 23, 1899.
+
+
+BUFFALO TROOPERS, THE NAME BY WHICH NEGRO SOLDIERS ARE KNOWN.
+
+They Comprise Several of the Crack Regiments in Our Army-The Indians
+Stand in Abject Terror of them-Their Awful Yells Won a Battle with the
+Redskins.
+
+"It is not necessary to revert to the Civil war to prove that American
+Negroes are faithful, devoted wearers of uniforms," says a Washington
+man, who has seen service in both the army and the navy. "There are at
+the present time four regiments of Negro soldiers in the regular army
+of the United States-two outfits of cavalry and two of infantry. All
+four of these regiments have been under fire in important Indian
+campaigns, and there is yet to be recorded a single instance of a man
+in any of the four layouts showing the white feather, and the two
+cavalry regiments of Negroes have, on several occasions, found
+themselves in very serious situations. While the fact is well known
+out on the frontier, I don't remember ever having seen it mentioned
+back here that an American Indian has a deadly fear of an American
+Negro. The most utterly reckless, dare-devil savage of the copper hue
+stands literally in awe of a Negro, and the blacker the Negro the more
+the Indian quails. I can't understand why this should be, for the
+Indians decline to give their reasons for fearing the black men,
+but the fact remains that even a very bad Indian will give the
+mildest-mannered Negro imaginable all the room he wants, and to spare,
+as any old regular army soldier who has frontiered will tell you.
+The Indians, I fancy, attribute uncanny and eerie qualities to the
+blacks."
+
+"The cavalry troop to which I belonged soldiered alongside a couple of
+troops of the 9th Cavalry, a black regiment, up in the Sioux country
+eight or nine years ago. We were performing chain guard, hemming-in
+duty, and it was our chief business to prevent the savages from
+straying from the reservation. We weren't under instructions to riddle
+them if they attempted to pass our guard posts, but were authorized to
+tickle them up to any reasonable extent, short of maiming them, with
+our bayonets, if any of them attempted to bluff past us. Well, the men
+of my troop had all colors of trouble while on guard in holding the
+savages in. The Ogalallas would hardly pay any attention to the white
+sentries of the chain guard, and when they wanted to pass beyond the
+guard limits they would invariably pick out a spot for passage that
+was patrolled by a white 'post-humper.' But the guards of the two
+black troops didn't have a single run-in with the savages. The Indians
+made it a point to remain strictly away from the Negro soldiers' guard
+posts. Moreover, the black soldiers got ten times as much obedience
+from the Indians loafing around the tepees and wickleups as did we of
+the white outfit. The Indians would fairly jump to obey the uniformed
+Negroes. I remember seeing a black sergeant make a minor chief go
+down to a creek to get a pail of water--an unheard of thing, for the
+chiefs, and even the ordinary bucks among the Sioux, always make their
+squaws perform this sort of work. This chief was sunning himself,
+reclining, beside his tepee, when his squaw started with the bucket
+for the creek some distance away. The Negro sergeant saw the move. He
+walked up to the lazy, grunting savage."
+
+"'Look a-yeah, yo' spraddle-nosed, yalluh voodoo nigguh,' said the
+black sergeant--he was as black as a stovepipe--to the blinking chief,
+'jes' shake yo' no-count bones an' tote dat wattuh yo'se'f. Yo' ain'
+no bettuh to pack wattuh dan Ah am, yo' heah me.'"
+
+"The heap-much Indian chief didn't understand a word of what the Negro
+sergeant said to him, but he understands pantomime all right, and when
+the black man in uniform grabbed the pail out of the squaw's hand and
+thrust it into the dirty paw of the chief the chief went after that
+bucket of water, and he went a-loping, too."
+
+[Illustration.]
+
+"The Sioux will hand down to their children's children the story of
+a charge that a couple of Negro cavalry troops made during the Pine
+Ridge troubles. It was of the height of the fracas, and the bad
+Indians were regularly lined up for battle. Those two black troops
+were ordered to make the initial swoop upon them. You know the noise
+one black man can make when he gets right down to the business of
+yelling. Well, these two troops of blacks started their terrific whoop
+in unison when they were a mile away from the waiting Sioux, and they
+got warmed up and in better practice with every jump their horses
+made. I give you my solemn word that in the ears of us of the white
+outfit, stationed three miles away, the yelps those two Negro troops
+of cavalry gave sounded like the carnival whooping of ten thousand
+devils. The Sioux weren't scared a little bit by the approaching
+clouds of alkali dust, but, all the same, when the two black troops
+were more than a quarter of a mile away the Indians broke and ran as
+if the old boy himself were after them, and it was then an easy matter
+to round them up and disarm them. The chiefs afterward confessed that
+they were scared out by the awful howling of the black soldiers."
+
+"Ever since the war the United States navy has had a fair
+representation of Negro bluejackets, and they make first-class naval
+tars. There is not a ship in the navy to-day that hasn't from six to
+a dozen, anyhow, of Negroes on its muster rolls. The Negro sailors'
+names very rarely get enrolled on the bad conduct lists. They are
+obedient, sober men and good seamen. There are many petty officers
+among them."--_The Planet._
+
+
+THE CHARGE OF THE "NIGGER NINTH" ON SAN JUAN HILL.
+
+BY GEORGE E. POWELL
+
+  Hark! O'er the drowsy trooper's dream,
+  There comes a martial metal's scream,
+    That startles one and all!
+  It is the word, to wake, to die!
+  To hear the foeman's fierce defy!
+  To fling the column's battle-cry!
+    The "boots and saddles" call.
+
+  The shimmering steel, the glow or morn,
+  The rally-call of battle-horn,
+  Proclaim a day of carnage, born
+    For better or for ill.
+  Above the pictured tentage white,
+  Above the weapons glinting bright,
+  The day god casts a golden light
+    Across the San Juan Hill.
+
+  "Forward!" "Forward!" comes the cry,
+  As stalwart columns, ambling by,
+  Stride over graves that, waiting, lie
+    Undug in mother earth!
+  Their goal, the flag of fierce Castile
+  Above her serried ranks of steel,
+  Insensate to the cannon's peal
+    That gives the battle birth!
+
+  As brawn as black--a fearless foe;
+  Grave, grim and grand, they onward go,
+    To conquer or to die!
+  The rule of right; the march of might;
+  A dusky host from darker night,
+  Responsive to the morning light,
+    To work the martial will!
+  And o'er the trench and trembling earth,
+  The morn that gives the battle birth
+    Is on the San Juan Hill!
+
+  Hark! sounds again the bugle call!
+  Let ring the rifles over all,
+  To shriek above the battle-pall
+    The war-god's jubilee!
+  Their's, were bondmen, low, and long;
+  Their's, once weak against the strong;
+  Their's, to strike and stay the wrong,
+    That strangers might be free!
+
+  And on, and on, for weal or woe,
+  The tawny faces grimmer go,
+  That bade no mercy to a foe
+    That pitties but to kill.
+  "Close up!" "Close up!" is heard, and said,
+  And yet the rain of steel and lead
+  Still leaves a livid trail of red
+    Upon the San Juan Hill!
+
+  "Charge!" "Charge!" The bugle peals again;
+  'Tis life or death for Roosevelt's men!--
+    The Mausers make reply!
+  Aye! speechless are those swarthy sons,
+  Save for the clamor of the guns--
+    Their only battle-cry!
+  The lowly stain upon each face,
+  The taunt still fresh of prouder race,
+  But speeds the step that springs a pace,
+    To succor or to die!
+
+  With rifles hot--to waist-band nude;
+  The brawn beside the pampered dude;
+  The cowboy king--one grave--and rude--
+    To shelter him who falls!
+  One breast--and bare,--howe'er begot,
+  The low, the high--one common lot:
+  The world's distinction all forgot
+    When Freedom's bugle calls!
+
+  No faltering step, no fitful start;
+  None seeking less than all his part;
+  One watchward springing from each heart,--
+    Yet on, and onward still!
+  The sullen sound of tramp and tread;
+  Abe Lincoln's flag still overhead;
+  They followed where the angels led
+    The way, up San Juan Hill!
+
+  And where the life stream ebbs and flows,
+  And stains the track of trenchant blows
+    That met no meaner steel,
+  The bated breath--the battle yell--
+  The turf in slippery crimson, tell
+  Where Castile's proudest colors fell
+    With wounds that never heal!
+
+  Where every trooper found a wreath
+  Of glory for his sabre sheath;
+    And earned the laurels well;
+  With feet to field and face to foe,
+  In lines of battle lying low,
+    The sable soldiers fell!
+
+  And where the black and brawny breast
+  Gave up its all--life's richest, best,
+  To find the tomb's eternal rest
+    A dream of freedom still!
+  A groundless creed was swept away,
+  With brand of "coward "--a time-worn say--
+  And he blazed the path a better way
+    Up the side of San Juan Hill!
+  For black or white, on the scroll of fame,
+  The blood of the hero dyes the same;
+  And ever, ever will!
+
+  Sleep, trooper, sleep; thy sable brow,
+  Amid the living laurel now,
+    Is wound in wreaths of fame!
+  Nor need the graven granite stone,
+  To tell of garlands all thine own--
+    To hold a soldier's name!
+
+[In the city of New Orleans, in 1866, two thousand two hundred and
+sixty-six ex-slaves were recruited for the service. None but the
+largest and blackest Negroes were accepted. From these were formed
+the Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth Infantry, and the Ninth and Tenth
+Cavalry. All four are famous fighting regiments, yet the two cavalry
+commands have earned the proudest distinction. While the record of the
+Ninth Cavalry, better known as the "Nigger Ninth," in its thirty-two
+years of service in the Indian wars, in the military history of the
+border, stands without a peer; and is, without exception, the most
+famous fighting regiment in the United States service.]--Author.
+
+[Illustration: COLONEL THEODORE B. ROOSEVELT.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+
+COLONEL THEODORE B. ROOSEVELT, NOW GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK, WHO LED THE
+ROUGH RIDERS, TELLS OF THE BRAVERY OF NEGRO SOLDIERS.
+
+
+When Colonel Theodore Roosevelt returned from the command of the
+famous Rough Riders, he delivered a farewell address to his men,
+in which he made the following kind reference to the gallant Negro
+soldiers:
+
+"Now, I want to say just a word more to some of the men I see standing
+around not of your number. I refer to the colored regiments, who
+occupied the right and left flanks of us at Guásimas, the Ninth and
+Tenth cavalry regiments. The Spaniards called them 'Smoked Yankees,'
+but we found them to be an excellent breed of Yankees. I am sure that
+I speak the sentiments of officers and men in the assemblage when I
+say that between you and the other cavalry regiments there exists a
+tie which we trust will never be broken."--_Colored American_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The foregoing compliments to the Negro soldiers by Colonel Roosevelt
+started up an avalanche of additional praise for them, out of which
+the fact came, that but for the Ninth and Tenth Cavalry (colored)
+coming up at Las Guásimas, destroying the Spanish block house and
+driving the Spaniards off, when Roosevelt and his men had been caught
+in a trap, with a barbed-wire fence on one side and a precipice on
+the other, not only the brave Capron and Fish, but the whole of his
+command would have been annihilated by the Spanish sharp-shooters, who
+were firing with smokeless powder under cover, and picking off the
+Rough Riders one by one, who could not see the Spaniards. To break the
+force of this unfavorable comment on the Rough Riders, it is claimed
+that Colonel Roosevelt made the following criticism of the colored
+soldiers in general and of a few of them in particular, in an article
+written by him for the April Scribner; and a letter replying to
+the Colonel's strictures, follows by Sergeant Holliday, who was an
+"eye-witness" to the incident:
+
+Colonel Roosevelt's criticism was, in substance, that colored
+soldiers were of no avail without white officers; that when the white
+commissioned officers are killed or disabled, colored non-commissioned
+officers could not be depended upon to keep up a charge already begun;
+that about a score of colored infantrymen, who had drifted into his
+command, weakened on the hill at San Juan under the galling Spanish
+fire, and started to the rear, stating that they intended finding
+their regiments, or to assist the wounded; whereupon he drew his
+revolver and ordered them to return to ranks and there remain, and
+that he would shoot the first man who didn't obey him; and that after
+that he had no further trouble.
+
+Colonel Roosevelt is sufficiently answered in the following letter of
+Sergeant Holliday, and the point especially made by many eye-witnesses
+(white) who were engaged in that fight is, as related in Chapter V, of
+this book, that the Negro troops made the charges both at San Juan and
+El Caney after nearly all their officers had been killed or wounded.
+Upon what facts, therefore, does Colonel Roosevelt base his
+conclusions that Negro soldiers will not fight without commissioned
+officers, when the only real test of this question happened around
+Santiago and showed just the contrary of what he states? We prefer
+to take the results at El Caney and San Juan as against Colonel
+Roosevelt's imagination.
+
+COLONEL ROOSEVELT'S ERROR.
+
+TRUE STORY OF THE INCIDENT HE MAGNIFIED TO OUR HURT--THE WHITE
+OFFICERS' HUMBUG SKINNED OF ITS HIDE BY SERGEANT HOLLIDAY--UNWRITTEN
+HISTORY.
+
+_To the Editor of the New York Age_:
+
+Having read in _The Age_ of April 13 an editorial entitled "Our Troops
+in Cuba," which brings to my notice for the first time a statement
+made by Colonel Roosevelt, which, though in some parts true, if read
+by those who do not know the exact facts and circumstances surrounding
+the case, will certainly give rise to the wrong impression of colored
+men as soldiers, and hurt them for many a day to come, and as I was
+an eye-witness to the most important incidents mentioned in that
+statement, I deem it a duty I owe, not only to the fathers, mothers,
+sisters and brothers of those soldiers, and to the soldiers
+themselves, but to their posterity and the race in general, to be
+always ready to make an unprejudiced refutation of such charges, and
+to do all in my power to place the colored soldier where he properly
+belongs--among the bravest and most trustworthy of this land.
+
+In the beginning, I wish to say that from what I saw of Colonel
+Roosevelt in Cuba, and the impression his frank countenance made
+upon me, I cannot believe that he made that statement maliciously. I
+believe the Colonel thought he spoke the exact truth. But did he know,
+that of the four officers connected with two certain troops of the
+Tenth Cavalry one was killed and three were so seriously wounded as to
+cause them to be carried from the field, and the command of these two
+troops fell to the first sergeants, who led them triumphantly to the
+front? Does he know that both at Las Guasima and San Juan Hill the
+greater part of troop B, of the Tenth Cavalry, was separated from its
+commanding officer by accidents of battle and was led to the front by
+its first sergeant?
+
+When we reached the enemy's works on San Juan Hill our organizations
+were very badly mixed, few company commanders having their whole
+companies or none of some body else's company. As it was, Capt.
+Watson, my troop commander, reached the crest of the hill with about
+eight or ten men of his troop, all the rest having been accidentally
+separated from him by the thick underbrush during the advance, and
+being at that time, as was subsequently shown to be the firing line
+under some one else pushing to the front. We kept up the forward
+movement, and finally halted on the heights overlooking Santiago,
+where Colonel Roosevelt, with a very thin line had preceded us, and
+was holding the hill. Here Captain Watson told us to remain while he
+went to another part of the line to look for the rest of his troop. He
+did not come to that part of the field again.
+
+The Colonel made a slight error when he said his mixed command
+contained some colored infantry. All the colored troops in that
+command were cavalry men. His command consisted mostly of Rough
+Riders, with an aggregate of about one troop of the Tenth Cavalry, a
+few of the Ninth and a few of the First Regular Cavalry, with a half
+dozen officers. Every few minutes brought men from the rear, everybody
+seeming to be anxious to get to the firing line. For a while we kept
+up a desultory fire, but as we could not locate the enemy (he all the
+time keeping up a hot fire on our position), we became disgusted, and
+lay down and kept silent. Private Marshall was here seriously wounded
+while standing in plain view of the enemy, trying to point them out to
+his comrades.
+
+There were frequent calls for men to carry the wounded to the rear,
+to go for ammunition, and as night came on, to go for rations and
+entrenching tools. A few colored soldiers volunteered, as did some
+from the Rough Riders. It then happened that two men of the Tenth were
+ordered to the rear by Lieutenant Fleming, Tenth Cavalry, who was then
+present with part of his troop, for the purpose of bringing either
+rations or entrenching tools, and Colonel Roosevelt seeing so many men
+going to the rear, shouted to them to come back, jumped up and drew
+his revolver, and told the men of the Tenth that he would shoot the
+first man who attempted to shirk duty by going to the rear, that he
+had orders to hold that line and he would do so if he had to shoot
+every man there to do it. His own men immediately informed him that
+"you won't have to shoot those men, Colonel. We know those boys." He
+was also assured by Lieutenant Fleming, of the Tenth, that he would
+have no trouble keeping them there, and some of our men shouted, in
+which I joined, that "we will stay with you, Colonel." Everyone who
+saw the incident knew the Colonel was mistaken about our men trying to
+shirk duty, but well knew that he could not admit of any heavy detail
+from his command, so no one thought ill of the matter. Inasmuch as the
+Colonel came to the line of the Tenth the next day and told the men of
+his threat to shoot some of their members and, as he expressed it, he
+had seen his mistake and found them to be far different men from what
+he supposed. I thought he was sufficiently conscious of his error not
+to make a so ungrateful statement about us at a time when the Nation
+is about to forget our past service.
+
+Had the Colonel desired to note the fact, he would have seen that when
+orders came the next day to relieve the detachment of the Tenth from
+that part of the field, he commanded just as many colored men at that
+time as he commanded at any other time during the twenty-four hours
+we were under his command, although colored as well as white soldiers
+were going and coming all day, and they knew perfectly well where the
+Tenth Cavalry was posted, and that it was on a line about four hundred
+yards further from the enemy than Colonel Roosevelt's line. Still when
+they obtained permission to go to the rear, they almost invariably
+came back to the same position. Two men of my troop were wounded while
+at the rear for water and taken to the hospital and, of course, could
+not come back.
+
+Our men always made it a rule to join the nearest command when
+separated from our own, and those who had been so unfortunate as to
+lose their way altogether were, both colored and white, straggling
+up from the time the line was established until far into the night,
+showing their determination to reach the front.
+
+In explaining the desire of our men in going back to look for their
+comrades, it should be stated that, from the contour of the ground,
+the Rough Riders were so much in advance of the Tenth Cavalry that,
+to reach the latter regiment from the former, one had really to go
+straight to the rear and then turn sharply to the right; and further,
+it is a well known fact, that in this country most persons of color
+feel out of place when they are by force compelled to mingle with
+white persons, especially strangers, and although we knew we were
+doing our duty, and would be treated well as long as we stood to the
+front and fought, unfortunately some of our men (and these were all
+recruits with less than six months' service) felt so much out of place
+that when the firing lulled, often showed their desire to be with
+their commands. None of our older men did this. We knew perfectly well
+that we could give as much assistance there as anywhere else, and that
+it was our duty to remain until relieved. And we did. White soldiers
+do not, as a rule, share this feeling with colored soldiers. The fact
+that a white man knows how well he can make a place for himself among
+colored people need not be discussed here.
+
+I remember an incident of a recruit of my troop, with less than two
+months' service, who had come up to our position during the evening of
+the 1st, having been separated from the troop during the attack on San
+Juan Hill. The next morning, before the firing began, having seen an
+officer of the Tenth, who had been sent to Colonel Roosevelt with a
+message, returning to the regiment, he signified his intention of
+going back with him, saying he could thus find the regiment. I
+remonstrated with him without avail and was only able to keep him from
+going by informing him of the Colonel's threat of the day before.
+There was no desire on the part of this soldier to shirk duty. He
+simply didn't know that he should not leave any part of the firing
+line without orders. Later, while lying in reserve behind the firing
+line, I had to use as much persuasion to keep him from firing over the
+heads of his enemies as I had to keep him with us. He remained with us
+until he was shot in the shoulder and had to be sent to the rear.
+
+I could give many other incidents of our men's devotion to duty, of
+their determination to stay until the death, but what's the use?
+Colonel Roosevelt has said they shirked, and the reading public will
+take the Colonel at his word and go on thinking they shirked. His
+statement was uncalled for and uncharitable, and considering the moral
+and physical effect the advance of the Tenth Cavalry had in weakening
+the forces opposed to the Colonel's regiment, both at La Guasima and
+San Juan Hill, altogether ungrateful, and has done us an immeasurable
+lot of harm.
+
+And further, as to lack of qualifications for command, I will say
+that when our soldiers, who can and will write history, sever their
+connections with the Regular Army, and thus release themselves from
+their voluntary status of military lockjaw, and tell what they saw,
+those who now preach that the Negro is not fit to exercise command
+over troops, and will go no further than he is led by white officers,
+will see in print held up for public gaze, much to their chagrin,
+tales of those Cuban battles that have never been told outside the
+tent and barrack room, tales that it will not be agreeable for some
+of them to hear. The public will then learn that not every troop or
+company of colored soldiers who took part in the assaults on San Juan
+Hill or El Caney was led or urged forward by its white officer.
+
+It is unfortunate that we had no colored officers in that campaign,
+and this thing of white officers for colored troops is exasperating,
+and I join with _The Age_ in saying our motto for the future must be:
+"No officers, no soldiers."
+
+PRESLEY HOLLIDAY,
+
+Sergeant Troop B, Tenth Cavalry.
+
+Fort Ringgold, Texas, April 22, 1899.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+JACOB A. RIIS in _The Outlook_ gives the following interesting reading
+concerning the colored troopers in an article entitled "Roosevelt and
+His Men":
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL NELSON A. MILES.]
+
+"It was one of the unexpected things in this campaign that seems
+destined to set so many things right that out of it should come the
+appreciation of the colored soldier as man and brother by those even
+who so lately fought to keep him a chattel. It fell to the lot of
+General 'Joe' Wheeler, the old Confederate warrior, to command the two
+regiments of colored troops, the Ninth and Tenth Cavalry, and no one
+will bear readier testimony than he to the splendid record they made.
+Of their patience under the manifold hardships of roughing it in the
+tropics, their helpfulness in the camp and their prowess in battle,
+their uncomplaining suffering when lying wounded and helpless. Stories
+enough are told to win for them fairly the real brotherhood with their
+white-skinned fellows which they crave. The most touching of the many
+I heard was that of a Negro trooper, who, struck by a bullet that cut
+an artery in his neck, was lying helpless, in danger of bleeding to
+death, when a Rough Rider came to his assistance. There was only
+one thing to be done--to stop the bleeding till a surgeon came. A
+tourniquet could not be applied where the wound was. The Rough Rider
+put his thumb on the artery and held it there while he waited. The
+fighting drifted away over the hill. He followed his comrades with
+longing eyes till the last was lost to sight. His place was there,
+but if he abandoned the wounded cavalryman it was to let him die.
+He dropped his gun and stayed. Not until the battle was won did the
+surgeon come that way, but the trooper's life was saved. He told of it
+in the hospital with tears in his voice: 'He done that to me, he did;
+stayed by me an hour and a half, and me only a nigger.'"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GENERAL NELSON A. MILES PAYS A TRIBUTE TO THE NEGRO SOLDIERS.
+
+Major-General Nelson A. Miles, Commander-in-Chief of the army of the
+United States spoke at the Peace Jubilee at Chicago, October 11th, and
+said:
+
+"While the chivalry of the South and the yeomanry of the North vied
+with their devotion to the cause of their country and in their
+pride in its flag which floated over all, it's a glorious fact that
+patriotism was not confined to any one section or race for the
+sacrifice, bravery and fortitude. The white race was accompanied by
+the gallantry of the black as they swept over entrenched lines and
+later volunteered to succor the sick, nurse the dying and bury the
+dead in the hospitals and the Cuban camps."
+
+"This was grandly spoken, and we feel gratified at this recognition of
+the valor of one of the best races of people the world has ever seen."
+
+"We are coming, boys; it's a little slow and tiresome, but we are
+coming."--_Colored American._
+
+At a social reunion of the Medal of Honor Legion held a few evenings
+since to welcome home two of their members, General Nelson A. Miles,
+commanding the army of the United States, and Colonel M. Emmett Urell,
+of the First District Columbia Volunteers, in the course of his
+remarks, General Miles paid the finest possible tribute to the
+splendid heroism and soldierly qualities evidenced by the men of the
+9th and 10th Cavalry, and 24th and 25th United States Infantry in the
+late Santiago campaign, which he epitomized as "without a parallel in
+the history of the world."
+
+At the close of his remarks, Major C.A. Fleetwood, the only
+representative of the race present, in behalf of the race extended
+their heartfelt and warmest thanks for such a magnificent tribute from
+such a magnificent soldier and man.--_Colored American_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CLEVELAND MOFFITT, IN LESLIE'S WEEKLY, DESCRIBES THE HEROISM OF A
+"BLACK COLOR BEARER."
+
+"Having praised our war leaders sufficiently, in some cases more
+than sufficiently (witness Hobson), let us give honor to some of the
+humbler ones, who fought obscurely, but did fine things nevertheless."
+
+[Illustration: SERGEANT BERRY, The first soldier who reached the Block
+House on San Juan Hill and hoisted the American flag in a hail of
+Spanish bullets.]
+
+"There was Sergeant Berry, for instance, of the Tenth Cavalry, who
+might have boasted his meed of kisses, too, had he been a white man.
+At any rate, he rescued the colors of a white regiment from unseemly
+trampling and bore them safely through the bullets to the top of
+San Juan hill. Now, every one knows that the standard of a troop is
+guarded like a man's own soul, or should be, and how it came that this
+Third Cavalry banner was lying on the ground that day is something
+that may never be rightly known. Some white man had left it there,
+many white men had let it stay there, but Berry, a black man, saw it
+fluttering in shame and paused in his running long enough to catch
+it up and lift it high overhead beside his own banner--for he was a
+color-bearer of the Tenth."
+
+"Then, with two flags flying above him, and two heavy staves to bear,
+this powerful negro (he is literally a giant in strength and stature)
+charged the heights, while white men and black men cheered him as they
+pressed behind. Who shall say what temporary demoralization there may
+have been in this troop of the Third at that critical moment, or what
+fresh courage may have been fired in them by that black man's act!
+They say Berry yelled like a demon as he rushed against the Spaniards,
+and I, for one, am willing to believe that his battle-cry brought
+fighting energy to his own side as well as terror to the enemy."
+
+"After the fight one of the officers of the Third Cavalry sought Berry
+out and asked him to give back the trophy fairly won by him, and his
+to keep, according to the usages of war. And the big Negro handed back
+the banner with a smile and light word. He had saved the colors and
+rallied the troop, but it didn't matter much. They could have the flag
+if they wanted it."
+
+"There are some hundreds of little things like this that we might as
+well bear in mind, we white men, the next time we start out to decry
+the Negro!"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PRESIDENT MCKINLEY RECOGNIZES THE WORTH OF NEGRO SOLDIERS BY
+PROMOTION.
+
+PROMOTIONS FOR COLORED SOLDIERS.
+
+Washington, July 30.--Six colored non-commissioned officers who
+rendered particularly gallant service in the actions around Santiago
+on July 1st and 2d have been appointed second lieutenants in the two
+colored immune regiments recently organized under special act of
+Congress. These men are Sergeants William Washington, Troop F, and
+John C. Proctor, Troop I, of the 9th Cavalry, and Sergeants William
+McBryar, Company H; Wyatt Hoffman, Company G; Macon Russell, Company
+H, and Andrew J. Smith, Company B, of the 25th Infantry, commanded by
+Colonel Daggett. Jacob C. Smith, Sergeant Pendergrass, Lieutenant Ray,
+Sergeant Horace W. Bivins, Lieutenant E.L. Baker, Lieutenant J.H.
+Hill, Lieutenant Buck.--_N.Y. World._
+
+These promotions were made into the volunteer regiments, which were
+mustered out after the war, thus leaving the men promoted in the same
+rank they were before promotion if they chose to re-enlist in the
+regular army. They got no permanent advancement by this act of the
+President, but the future may develop better things for them.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+COMPETENT TO BE OFFICERS--THE VERDICT OF GENERAL THOMAS J. MORGAN,
+AFTER A STUDY OF THE NEGRO'S QUALITY AS A SOLDIER.
+
+COLOR LINE IN THE ARMY--DIFFICULTY IN MAKING AFRO-AMERICAN COMMISSIONED
+OFFICERS--HEROISM ON THE FIELD SURE TO REAP REWARD--MORGAN PREFERS
+NEGRO TROOP TO THE WHITES.
+
+General Thomas J. Morgan belongs to that class of Caucasian observers
+who are able to think clearly upon the Negro problem in all of its
+phases, and who have not only the breadth of intelligence to form just
+and generous opinions, but who possess that rarer quality, the courage
+to give them out openly to the country. General Morgan contributes the
+following article to the _New York Independent_, analyzing the motives
+which underlie the color line in the army.
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL, THOMAS J. MORGAN, LL.D., Who says Negroes are
+Competent to be Officers in the Army.]
+
+He has had wide experience in military affairs, and his close contact
+with Negro soldiers during the civil war entitles him to speak with
+authority. General Morgan says:
+
+"The question of the color line has assumed an acute stage, and has
+called forth a good deal of feeling. The various Negro papers in the
+country are very generally insisting that if the Negro soldiers are to
+be enlisted, Negro officers should be appointed to command them. One
+zealous paper is clamoring for the appointment, immediately, by the
+President, of a Negro Major-General. The readers of _The Independent_
+know very well that during the civil war there were enlisted in the
+United States army 200,000 Negro soldiers under white officers, the
+highest position assigned to a black man being that of first sergeant,
+or of regimental sergeant-major. The Negroes were allowed to wear
+chevrons, but not shoulder straps or epaulets. Although four Negro
+regiments have been incorporated in the regular army, and have
+rendered exceptionally effective service on the plains and elsewhere
+for a whole generation, there are to-day no Negro officers in the
+service. A number of young men have been appointed as cadets at West
+Point, but the life has not been by any means an easy one. The only
+caste or class with caste distinctions that exists in the republic is
+found in the army; army officers are, par excellence, the aristocrats;
+nowhere is class feeling so much cultivated as among them; nowhere
+is it so difficult to break down the established lines. Singularly
+enough, though entrance to West Point is made very broad, and a large
+number of those who go there to be educated at the expense of the
+Government have no social position to begin with, and no claims to
+special merit, and yet, after having been educated at the public
+expense, and appointed to life positions, they seem to cherish the
+feeling that they are a select few, entitled to special consideration,
+and that they are called upon to guard their class against any
+insidious invasions. Of course there are honorable exceptions. There
+are many who have been educated at West Point who are broad in their
+sympathies, democratic in their ideas, and responsive to every appeal
+of philanthropy and humanity; but the spirit of West Point has been
+opposed to the admission of Negroes into the ranks of commissioned
+officers, and the opposition to the commissioning of black men
+emanating from the army will go very far toward the defeat of any
+project of that kind."
+
+"To make the question of the admission of Negroes into the higher
+ranks of commissioned officers more difficult is the fact that the
+organization of Negro troops under the call of the President for
+volunteers to carry on the war with Spain, has been left chiefly to
+the Governors of states. Very naturally the strong public sentiment
+against the Negro, which obtains almost universally in the South,
+has thus far prevented the recognition of his right to be treated
+precisely as the white man is treated. It would be, indeed, almost
+revolutionary for any Southern Governor to commission a Negro as a
+colonel of a regiment, or even a captain of a company. (Since this was
+written two Negro colonels have been appointed--in the Third North
+Carolina and Eighth Illinois.) Even where there are exceptions to this
+rule, they are notable exceptions. Everywhere through the South Negro
+volunteers are made to feel that they are not upon the same plane as
+white volunteers."
+
+"In a recent conversation with the Adjutant General of the army, I
+was assured by him that in the organization of the ten regiments of
+immunes which Congress has authorized, the President had decided that
+five of them should be composed of Negroes, and that while the field
+and staff officers and captains are to be white, the lieutenants may
+be Negroes. If this is done it will mark a distinct step in advance of
+any taken hitherto. It will recognize partially, at least, the manhood
+of the Negro, and break down that unnatural bar of separation now
+existing. If a Negro is a lieutenant, he will command his company in
+the absence of the captain. He can wear epaulets, and be entitled to
+all the rights and privileges 'of an officer and a gentleman;' he is
+no longer doomed to inferiority. In case of battle, where bullets
+have no respect of persons, and do not draw the line at color, it may
+easily happen that a regiment or battalion will do its best work in
+the face of the enemy under the command of a Negro chief. Thus far
+the Government has been swift to recognize heroism and efficiency,
+whether performed by Commodore Dewey at Manila or Lieutenant Hobson at
+Santiago, and it can hardly be otherwise than that it will be ready
+to recognize exceptional prowess and skill when performed by a Negro
+officer."
+
+"All, perhaps, which the Negroes themselves, or their friends, have a
+right to ask in their behalf is, that they shall have a chance to show
+the stuff they are made of. The immortal Lincoln gave them this chance
+when he admitted them to wear the blue and carry a musket; and right
+manfully did they justify his confidence. There was not better
+fighting done during the civil war than was done by some of the Negro
+troops. With my experience, in command of 5,000 Negro soldiers, I
+would, on the whole, prefer, I think, the command of a corps of Negro
+troops to that of a corps of white troops. With the magnificent
+record of their fighting qualities on many a hard-contested field, it
+is not unreasonable to ask that a still further opportunity shall
+be extended to them in commissioning them as officers, as well as
+enlisting them as soldiers."
+
+"Naturally and necessarily the question of fitness for official
+responsibility is the prime test and ought to be applied, and if
+Negroes cannot be found of sufficient intelligence or preparation for
+the duties incumbent on army officers, nobody should object to the
+places being given to qualified white men. But so long as we draw no
+race line of distinction as against Germans or Irishmen, and institute
+no test of religion, politics or culture, we ought not to erect an
+artificial barrier of color. If the Negroes are competent they should
+be commissioned. If they are incompetent they should not be trusted
+with the grave responsibilities attached to official position. I
+believe they are competent."
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL MAXIMO GOMEZ, OF THE CUBAN ARMY.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+
+MANY TESTIMONIALS IN BEHALF OF THE NEGRO SOLDIERS.
+
+
+A SOUTHERNER'S STATEMENT, THAT THE NEGRO CAVALRY SAVED THE "ROUGH
+RIDERS."
+
+Some of the officers who accompanied the wounded soldiers on the trip
+north give interesting accounts of the fighting around Santiago. "I
+was standing near Captain Capron and Hamilton Fish, Jr.," said a
+corporal to the Associated Press correspondent to-night, "and saw them
+shot down. They were with the Rough Riders and ran into an ambuscade,
+though they had been warned of the danger. If it had not been for the
+Negro Calvary the Rough Riders would have been exterminated. I am not
+a Negro lover. My father fought with Mosby's Rangers, and I was born
+in the South, but the Negroes saved that fight, and the day will come
+when General Shafter will give them credit for their bravery."--_Asso.
+Press_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+RECONCILIATION.
+
+"Members of our regiment kicked somewhat when the colored troops were
+sent forward with them, but when they saw how the Negroes fought
+they became reconciled to the situation and some of them now say the
+colored brother can have half of their blankets whenever they want
+them."
+
+The above is an extract from a communication to the Daily Afternoon
+Journal, of Beaumont, Tex., written by a Southern white soldier:
+"Straws tell the way the wind blows," is a hackneyed expression, but
+an apt illustration of the subject in hand. It has been hinted by a
+portion of the Negro press that when the war ended, that if there is
+to be the millennium of North and South, the Negroes will suffer in the
+contraction. There is no reason to encourage this pessimistic view,
+since it is so disturbing in its nature, and since it is in the
+province of the individuals composing the race to create a future to
+more or less extent. The wedge has entered; it remains for the race to
+live up to its opportunities. The South already is making concessions.
+While concessions are apt to be looked upon as too patronizing, and
+not included in the classification of rights in common, yet in time
+they amount to the same. The mere statement that "the colored brother
+can have half of their blankets whenever they want them," while
+doubtless a figure of speech, yet it signifies that under this very
+extreme of speech an appreciable advance of the race. It does not mean
+that there is to be a storming of the social barriers, for even in the
+more favored races definite lines are drawn. Sets and circles adjust
+such matters. But what is desired is the toleration of the Negroes in
+those pursuits that the people engage in or enjoy in general and in
+common. It is all that the American Negro may expect, and it is safe
+to say that his ambitions do not run higher, and ought not to run
+higher. Money and birth in themselves have created some unwritten
+laws that are much stronger than those decreed and promulgated by
+governments. It would be the height of presumption to strike at these,
+to some extent privileged classes. It is to be hoped that the good
+fortunes of war will produce sanity and stability in the race,
+contending for abstract justice.--_Freeman._
+
+The testimony continues:
+
+Private Smith of the Seventy-first Volunteers, speaking about the
+impression his experience at Santiago had made upon him, said:
+
+"I am a Southerner by birth, and I never thought much of the colored
+man. But, somewhat, now I feel very differently toward them, for I
+met them in camp, on the battle field and that's where a man gets to
+know a man. I never saw such fighting as those Tenth Cavalry men did.
+They didn't seem to know what fear was, and their battle hymn was,
+'There'll be a hot time in the old town to-night. That's not a
+thrilling hymn to hear on the concert stage, but when you are lying in
+a trench with the smell of powder in your nose and the crack of rifles
+almost deafening you and bullets tearing up the ground around you
+like huge hailstones beating down the dirt, and you see before you a
+blockhouse from which there belches fourth the machine gun, pouring a
+torrent of leaden missiles, while from holes in the ground you see
+the leveled rifles of thousands of enemies that crack out death in
+ever-increasing succession and then you see a body of men go up that
+hill as if it were in drill, so solid do they keep their formation,
+and those men are yelling, 'There'll be a hot time in the old town
+to-night,' singing as if they liked their work, why, there's an
+appropriateness in the tune that kind of makes your blood creep and
+your nerves to thrill and you want to get up and go ahead if you lose
+a limb in the attempt And that's what those 'niggers' did. You just
+heard the Lieutenant say, 'Men, will you follow me?' and you hear a
+tremendous shout answer him, 'You bet we will,' and right up through
+that death-dealing storm you see men charge, that is, you see them
+until the darned Springfield rifle powder blinds you and hides them."
+
+"And there is another thing, too, that teaches a man a lesson. The
+action of the officers on the field is what I speak of. Somehow when
+you watch these men with their gold braid in armories on a dance night
+or dress parade it strikes you that they are a little more handsome
+and ornamental than they are practical and useful. To tell the truth,
+I didn't think much of those dandy officers on parade or dancing round
+a ball room. I did not really think they were worth the money that was
+spent upon them. But I just found it was different on the battlefield,
+and they just knew their business and bullets were a part of the show
+to them."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NEGRO SOLDIERS.
+
+The Charleston News and Courier says:
+
+It is not known what proportion of the insurgent army is colored, but
+the indications are that the proportion of the same element in the
+volunteer army of occupation will be small.
+
+On the basis of population, of course one-third of the South's quota
+should be made up of colored, and it is to be remembered that they
+made good soldiers and constitute a large part of the regular army.
+There were nearly 250,000 of them in service in the last war.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE NEGRO AS A SOLDIER--HIS GOOD MARKSMANSHIP--THE FIGHT AT EL
+CANEY--"WOE TO SPANISH IN RANGE."
+
+There has been hitherto among the officers of the army a certain
+prejudice against serving in the Negro regiments. But the other day a
+Lieutenant in the Ninth Infantry said enthusiastically:
+
+"Do you know, I shouldn't want anything better than to have a company
+in a Negro regiment? I am from Virginia, and have always had the usual
+feeling about commanding colored troops. But after seeing that charge
+of the Twenty-fourth up the San Juan Hill, I should like the best in
+the world to have a Negro company. They went up that incline yelling
+and shouting just as I used to hear when they were hunting rabbits
+in Virginia. The Spanish bullets only made them wilder to reach the
+trenches."
+
+[Illustration: FIRST PAY-DAY IN CUBA FOR THE NINTH AND TENTH CAVALRY.]
+
+Officers of other regiments which were near the Twenty-fourth on July
+1 are equally strong in their praise of the Negroes. Their yells were
+an inspiration to their white comrades and spread dismay among the
+Spaniards. A Captain in a volunteer regiment declares that the
+Twenty-fourth did more than any other to win the day at San Juan.
+As they charged up through the white soldiers their enthusiasm was
+spread, and the entire line fought the better for their cheers and
+their wild rush.
+
+Spanish evidence to the effectiveness of the colored soldiers is not
+lacking. Thus an officer who was with the troops that lay in wait for
+the Americans at La Quasina on June 24th, said:
+
+"What especially terrified our men was the huge American Negroes. We
+saw their big, black faces through the underbrush, and they looked
+like devils. They came forward under our fire as if they didn't the
+least care about it."
+
+THE CHARGE AT EL CANEY.
+
+It was the Tenth Cavalry that had this effect on the Spaniards. At
+San Juan the Ninth Cavalry distinguished itself, its commander,
+Lieutenant-Colonel Hamilton, being killed. The fourth of the Negro
+regiments, the Twenty-fifth Infantry, played an especially brilliant
+part in the battle of El Caney on July 1st. It was held in reserve
+with the rest of Colonel Miles' brigade, but was ordered to support
+General Lawton's brigade toward the middle of the day. At that hour
+marching was an ordeal, but the men went on at a fast pace. With
+almost no rest they kept it up until they got into action. The other
+troops had been fighting hard for hours, and the arrival of the
+Twenty-fifth was a blessing. The Negroes went right ahead through the
+tired ranks of their comrades. Their charge up the hill, which was
+surmounted by Spanish rifle pits and a stone fort, has been told. It
+was the work of only a part of the regiment, the men coming chiefly
+from three companies. Colonel Milts had intended having his whole
+brigade make the final charge, but the Twenty-fifth didn't wait for
+orders. It was there to take that hill, and take the hill it did.
+
+One of the Spanish officers captured there seemed to think that the
+Americans were taking an unfair advantage of them in having colored
+men who fought like that. He had been accustomed to the Negroes in the
+insurgent army, and a different lot they are from those in the United
+States army.
+
+"Why," he said ruefully, "even your Negroes fight better than any
+other troops I ever saw."
+
+The way the Negroes charged up the El Caney and San Juan hills
+suggested inevitably that their African nature has not been entirely
+eliminated by generations of civilization, but was bursting forth in
+savage yells and in that wild rush some of them were fairly frantic
+with the delight of the battle. And it was no mere craziness. They
+are excellent marksmen, and they aim carefully and well. Woe to the
+Spaniards who showed themselves above the trenches when a colored
+regiment was in good range. MAGNIFICENT SHOWING MADE BY THE
+NEGROES--THEIR SPLENDID COURAGE AT SANTIAGO THE ADMIRATION OF ALL
+OFFICERS.
+
+They were led by Southern Men--Black Men from the South Fought Like
+Tigers and end a Question often debated--In only One or Two Actions of
+the Civil War was there such a loss of Officers as at San Juan.
+
+[TELEGRAM TO COMMERCIAL.]
+
+WASHINGTON, July 6, 1898.
+
+Veterans who are comparing the losses at the battle of San Juan, near
+Santiago, last Friday, with those at Big Bethel and the first Bull Run
+say that in only one or two actions of the late war was there such a
+loss in officers as occurred at San Juan hill.
+
+The companies of the Twenty-fourth Infantry are without officers. The
+regiment had four captains knocked down within a minute of each other.
+Capt. A.C. Ducat was the first officer hit in the action, and was
+killed instantly. His second lieutenant, John A. Gurney, a Michigan
+man, was struck dead at the same time as the captain, and Lieutenant
+Henry G. Lyon was left in command of Company D, but only for a few
+minutes, for he, too, went down. Liscum, commanding the regiment, was
+killed.
+
+NEGROES FIGHT LIKE TIGERS.
+
+Company F, Twenty-fourth Infantry, lost Lieutenant Augustin, of
+Louisiana, killed, and Captain Crane was left without a commissioned
+officer. The magnificent courage of the Mississippi, Louisiana,
+Arkansas and Texas Negroes, which make up the rank and file of this
+regiment, is the admiration of every officer who has written here
+since the fight. The regiment has a large proportion of Southern-born
+officers, who led their men with more than usual exposure. These men
+had always said the Southern Negro would fight as staunchly as any
+white man, if he was led by those in whom he had confidence. The
+question has often been debated in every mess of the army. San Juan
+hill offered the first occasion in which this theory could be tested
+practically, and tested it was in a manner and with a result that
+makes its believers proud of the men they commanded. It has helped
+the morale of the four Negro regiments beyond words. The men of the
+Twenty-fourth Infantry, particularly, and their comrades of the Ninth
+and Tenth Cavalry as well, are proud of the record they made.
+
+THEY NEVER WAVERED.
+
+The Twenty-fourth took the brunt of the fight, and all through it,
+even when whole companies were left without an officer, not for a
+moment were these colored soldiers shaken or wavering in the face of
+the fierce attack made upon them. Wounded Spanish officers declare
+that the attack was thus directed because they did not believe the
+Negro would stand up against them and they believed there was the
+faulty place in the American line. Never were men more amazed than
+were the Spanish officers to see the steadiness and cool courage with
+which the Twenty-fourth charged front forward on its tenth company (a
+difficult thing to do at any time), under the hottest fire. The value
+of the Negro as a soldier is no longer a debatable question.
+
+It has been proven fully in one of the sharpest fights of the past
+three years.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"OUR BOYS," THE SOLDIERS.
+
+"What Army Officers and Others Have to Say of the Negroes Conduct in
+War"--"Give Honor to Whom Honor is Due"--"Acme of Bravery."
+
+It has been said, "Give honor to whom honor is due," and while it is
+just and right that it should be so, there are times, however, when
+the "honor" due is withheld. Ever since the battle of San Juan Hill at
+Santiago de Cuba nearly every paper in the land has had nothing but
+praise for the bravery shown by the "Rough Riders," and to the extent
+that, not knowing the truth, one would naturally arrive at the
+conclusion that the "Rough Riders" were "the whole thing." Although
+sometimes delayed, the truth, like murder, "will out." It is well
+enough to praise the "Rough Riders" for all they did, but why not
+divide honors with the other fellows who made it possible for them,
+the "Rough Riders," to receive praise, and be honored by a generous
+and valorous loving nation?
+
+After the battles of El Caney and San Juan Hill, many wounded American
+soldiers who were able to travel were given furloughs to their
+respective homes in the United States, and Lieutenant Thomas Roberts,
+of this city, was one of them. Shortly after Lieutenant Roberts
+arrived in the city he was interviewed by a representative of the
+_Illinois State Register_, to whom he gave a description of the battle
+of July 1st. He said: "On the night of June 30th the second squadron
+of the Tenth Cavalry did outpost duty. Daylight opened on the
+soon-to-be blood-sodden field on July 1st, and the Tenth was ordered
+to the front. First went the first squadron, followed soon after by
+the second, composed of Troops G, I, B and A. The Tenth Cavalry is
+composed of Negroes, commanded by white officers, and I have naught
+but the highest praise for the swarthy warriors on the field of
+carnage. Led by brave men, they will go into the thickest of the
+fight, even to the wicked mouths of deadly cannon, unflinchingly."
+
+Lieutenant Roberts says further that "at 9 o'clock on the morning of
+July 1st the order came to move. Forward we went, until we struck a
+road between two groves, which road was swept by a hail of shot and
+shell from Spanish guns. The men stood their ground as if on dress
+parade. Single file, every man ready to obey any command, they bade
+defiance to the fiercest storm of leaden hail that ever hurtled over a
+troop of United States cavalry. The order came, 'Get under cover,' and
+the Seventy-first New York and the Tenth Cavalry took opposite sides
+of the road and lay down in the bushes. For a short time no orders
+came, and feeling a misapprehension of the issue, I hastened forward
+to consult with the first lieutenant of the company. We found that
+through a misinterpreted order the captain of the troop and eight
+men had gone forward. Hastening back to my post I consulted with the
+captain in the rear of Troop G, and the quartermaster appeared upon
+the scene asking the whereabouts of the Tenth Cavalry. They made known
+their presence, and the quartermaster told them to go on, showing the
+path, the quartermaster led them forward until the bend in the
+San Juan River was reached. Here the first bloodshed in the Tenth
+occurred, a young-volunteer named Baldwin fell, pierced by a Spanish
+ball."
+
+An aide hastened up and gave the colonel of the regiment orders to
+move forward. The summit of the hill was crowned by two block-houses,
+and from these came an unceasing fire. Lieutenant Roberts said he had
+been lying on the ground but rose to his knees to repeat an order,
+"Move forward," when a mauser ball struck him in the abdomen and
+passed entirely through his body. Being wounded, he was carried off of
+the field, but after all was over, Lieutenant Roberts says it was said
+(on the quiet, of course) that "the heroic charge of the Tenth Cavalry
+saved the 'Rough Riders' from destruction." Lieutenant Roberts says
+he left Cuba on the 12th of July for Fort Monroe, and that a wounded
+Rough Rider told him while coming over that "had it not been for the
+Tenth Cavalry the Rough Riders would never passed through the seething
+cauldron of Spanish missiles." Such is the statement of one of
+Springfield's best citizens, a member of the Tenth Cavalry, United
+States regulars.
+
+[Illustration: FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE CUBAN REPUBLIC.]
+
+Some days later, Lieutenant Roberts had occasion to visit Chicago and
+Fort Sheridan, and while there he was interviewed by a representative
+of the Chicago Chronicle, to whom he related practically the same
+story as above stated, "You probably know my regiment is made up
+exclusively of Negroes except for the commissioned officers, and I
+want to say right here that those men performed deeds of heroism on
+that day which have no parallel in the history of warfare. They were
+under fire from six in the morning until 1:30 in the afternoon, with
+strict orders not to return the hail of lead, and not a man in those
+dusky ranks flinched. Our brigade was instructed to move forward
+soon after 1 o'clock to assault the series of blockhouses which was
+regarded as impregnable by the foreign attaches. As the aide dashed
+down our lines with orders from headquarters the boys realized the
+prayed-for charge was about to take place and cheered lustily. Such a
+charge! Will I ever forget that sublime spectacle? There was a river
+called San Juan, from the hill hard by, but which historians will term
+the pool of blood. Our brigade had to follow the course of that creek
+fully half a mile to reach the point selected for the grand attack.
+With what cheering did the boys go up that hill! Their naked bodies
+seemed to present a perfect target to the fire of the dons, but they
+never flinched. When the command reached the famous stone blockhouse
+it was commanded by a second sergeant, who was promoted on the field
+of battle for extraordinary bravery. San Juan fell many minutes before
+El Caney, which was attacked first, and I think the Negro soldiers can
+be thanked for the greater part of that glorious work. All honor to
+the Negro soldiers! No white man, no matter what his ancestry may
+be, should be ashamed to greet any of those Negro cavalrymen with
+out-stretched hand. The swellest of the Rough Riders counted our
+troopers among their best friends and asked them to their places in
+New York when they returned, and I believe the wealthy fellows will
+prove their admiration had a true inspiration."
+
+Thus we see that while the various newspapers of the country
+are striving to give the Rough Riders first honors, an honest,
+straightforward army officer who was there and took an active part in
+the fight, does not hesitate to give honor to whom honor is due, for
+he says, "All honor to the Negro soldiers," and that it was they who
+"saved the Rough Riders from destruction." And right here I wish to
+call the reader's attention to another very important matter and that
+is, while it has been said heretofore that the Negro soldier was not
+competent to command, does not the facts in the case prove, beyond a
+doubt, that there is no truth in the statement whatever? If a white
+colonel was "competent" to lead his command into the fight, it seems
+that a colored sergeant was competent extraordinary, for he not only
+went into the fight, but he, and his command, "done something,"
+done the enemy out of the trenches, "saved the Rough Riders from
+destruction," and planted the Stars and Stripes on the blockhouse.
+
+Just before the charge, one of the foreign attaches, an Englishman,
+was heard to say that he did not see how the blockhouse was to be
+reached without the aid of cannon; but after the feat had been
+accomplished, a colored soldier said, "We showed him how."
+
+Now that the colored soldier has proven to this nation, and the
+representatives of others, that he can, and does fight, as well as the
+"other fellow," and that he is also "competent" to command, it remains
+to be seen if the national government will give honor to whom honor is
+due, by honoring those deserving, with commissions.
+
+Under the second call for volunteers by the President, the State of
+Illinois raised a regiment of colored soldiers, and Governor Tanner
+officered that regiment with colored officers from colonel down; and
+that, as you might say, before they had earned their "rank." Now the
+question is, can the national government afford to do less by those,
+who have earned, and are justly entitled to, a place in the higher
+ranks? We shall see.
+
+C.F. ANDERSON.
+
+Springfield, Ill.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+COLORED FIGHTERS AT SANTIAGO.
+
+Testimony is multiplying of the bravery of the colored troops at
+Santiago de Cuba July 1st and 2d, 1898.
+
+Testimony is adduced to show that these "marvels of warfare" actually
+fought without officers and executed movements under a galling fire
+which would have puzzled a recruit on parade ground. The Boston
+Journal of the 31st, in its account, gives the following
+interview-Mason Mitchell (white) said:
+
+"We were in a valley when we started, but made at once for a trail
+running near the top of a ridge called La Quasina, several hundred
+feet high, which, with several others parallel to it, extended in the
+direction of Santiago. By a similar trail near the top of the ridge to
+our right several companies of Negro troopers of the Ninth and Tenth
+United States Cavalry marched in scout formation, as we did. We had an
+idea about where the Spaniards were and depended upon Cuban scouts to
+warn us but they did not do it. At about 8:30 o'clock in the morning
+we met a volley from the enemy, who were ambushed, not only on our
+ridge, but on the one to the right, beyond the Negro troops, and the
+Negro soldiers were under a cross fire. That is how Capt. Capron and
+Hamilton Fish were killed."
+
+It says: "Handsome young Sergt. Stewart, the Rough Rider protege of
+Henry W. Maxwell, when he was telling of the fight in the ambush, gave
+it as his opinion that the Rough Riders would have been whipped out if
+the Tenth Cavalry (colored) had not come up just in time to drive
+the Spaniards back. 'I'm a Southerner, from New Mexico, and I never
+thought much of the 'nigger' before. Now I know what they are made of.
+I respect them. They certainly can fight like the devil and they don't
+care for bullets any more than they do for the leaves that shower down
+on them. I've changed my opinion of the colored folks, for all of the
+men that I saw fighting, there were none to beat the Tenth Cavalry and
+the colored infantry at Santiago, and I don't mind saying so.'"
+
+The description which follows is interesting: "It was simply grand to
+see how those young fellows, and old fellows, too, men who were rich
+and had been the petted of society in the city, walk up and down the
+lines while their clothes were powdered by the dust from exploding
+shells and torn by broken fragments cool as could be and yelling to
+the men to lay low and take good aim, or directing some squad to take
+care of a poor devil who was wounded. Why, at times there when the
+bullets were so thick they mowed the grass down like grass cutters in
+places, the officers stood looking at the enemy through glasses as if
+they were enjoying the scene, and now and then you'd see a Captain or
+a Lieutenant pick up a gun from a wounded or dead man and blaze
+away himself at some good shot that he had caught sight of from his
+advantage point. Those sights kind of bring men together and make
+them think more of each other. And when a white man strayed from his
+regiment and falls wounded it rather affects him to have a Negro, shot
+himself a couple of times, take his carbine and make a splint of it
+to keep a torn limb together for the white soldier, and then, after
+lifting him to one side, pick up the wounded man's rifle and go back
+to the fight with as much vigor as ever. Yes, sir, we boys have
+learned something down there, even if some of us were pretty badly
+torn for it."
+
+Another witness testifies: "Trooper Lewis Bowman, another of the brave
+Tenth Cavalry, had two ribs broken by a Spanish shell while before San
+Juan. He told of the battle as follows:"
+
+"'The Rough Riders had gone off in great glee, bantering up and
+good-naturedly boasting that they were going ahead to lick the
+Spaniards without any trouble, and advising us to remain where we were
+until they returned, and they would bring back some Spanish heads as
+trophies. When we heard firing in the distance, our Captain remarked
+that some one ahead was doing good work. The firing became so heavy
+and regular that our officers, without orders, decided to move forward
+and reconnoitre When we got where we could see what was going on we
+found that the Rough Riders had marched down a sort of canon between
+the mountains. The Spaniards had men posted at the entrance, and as
+soon as the Rough Riders had gone in had about closed up the rear
+and were firing upon the Rough Riders from both the front and rear.
+Immediately the Spaniards in the rear received a volley from our men
+of the Tenth Cavalry (colored) without command. The Spaniards were
+afraid we were going to flank them, and rushed out of ambush, in front
+of the Rough Riders, throwing up their hands and shouting, 'Don't
+shoot; we are Cubans.'"
+
+"The Rough Riders thus let them escape, and gave them a chance to take
+a better position ahead. During all this time the men were in all the
+tall grass and could not see even each other and I feared the Rough
+Riders in the rear shot many of their men in the front, mistaking them
+for Spanish soldiers. By this time the Tenth Cavalry had fully taken
+in the situation, and, adopting the method employed in fighting
+the Indians, were able to turn the tide of battle and repulse the
+Spaniards."
+
+He speaks plainly when he says:
+
+"I don't think it an exaggeration to say that if it had not been for
+the timely aid of the Tenth Cavalry (colored) the Rough Riders would
+have been exterminated. This is the unanimous opinion, at least, of
+the men of the Tenth Cavalry. I was in the fight of July 1, and it was
+in that fight that I received my wound. We were under fire in that
+fight about forty-eight hours, and were without food and with but
+little water. We had been cut off from our pack train, as the Spanish
+sharpshooters shot our mules as soon as they came anywhere near the
+lines, and it was impossible to move supplies. Very soon after the
+firing began our Colonel was killed, and the most of our other
+officers were killed or wounded, so that the greater part of that
+desperate battle was fought by some of the Ninth and Tenth Cavalry
+without officers; or, at least, if there were any officers around, we
+neither saw them nor heard their commands. The last command I heard
+our Captain give was:"
+
+"'Boys, when you hear my whistle, lie flat down on the ground.'"
+
+"Whether he ever whistled or not I do not know. The next move we made
+was when, with a terrific yell, we charged up to the Spanish trenches
+and bayoneted and clubbed them out of their places in a jiffy. Some of
+the men of our regiment say that the last command they heard was: 'To
+the rear!' But this command they utterly disregarded and charged to
+the front until the day was won, and the Spaniards, those not dead in
+the trenches, fled back to the city."
+
+[Illustration: CUBANS FIGHTING FROM TREE TOPS.]
+
+But a colored man, Wm. H. Brown, a member of the Tenth Cavalry, said:
+
+"A foreign officer, standing near our position when we started out to
+make that charge, was heard to say; 'Men, for heaven's sake, don't
+go up that hill! It will be impossible for human beings to take that
+position! You can't stand the fire!' Notwithstanding this, with a
+terrific yell we rushed up the enemy's works, and you know the result.
+Men who saw him say that when this officer saw us make the charge he
+turned his back upon us and wept."
+
+"And the odd thing about it all is that these wounded heroes never
+will admit that they did anything out of the common. They will
+talk all right about those 'other fellows,' but they don't about
+themselves, and were immensely surprised when such a fuss was made
+over them on their arrival and since. They simply believed they had a
+duty to perform and performed it."--Planet.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+OUR COLORED SOLDIERS.
+
+A FEW OF THE INTERESTING COMMENTS ON THE DEEDS PERFORMED BY THE BRAVE
+BOYS OF THE REGULAR ARMY--SAVED THE LIFE OF HIS LIEUTENANT BUT LOST
+HIS OWN.
+
+
+"The Ninth and Tenth Cavalry are composed of the bravest lot of
+soldiers I ever saw. They held the ground that Roosevelt retreated
+from and saved them from annihilation."
+
+
+To a Massachusetts soldier in another group of interviewers, the same
+question was put: "How about the colored soldiers?"
+
+"They fought like demons," came the answer.
+
+"Before El Caney was taken the Spaniards were on the heights of San
+Juan with heavy guns. All along our line an assault was made and the
+enemy was holding us off with terrible effect. From their blockhouse
+on the hill came a magazine of shot. Shrapnell shells fell in our
+ranks, doing great damage. Something had to be done or the day would
+have been lost. The Ninth and part of the Tenth Cavalry moved across
+into a thicket near by. The Spaniards rained shot upon them. They
+collected and like a flash swept across the plains and charged up the
+hill. The enemy's guns were used with deadly effect. On and on they
+went, charging with the fury of madness. The blockhouse was captured,
+the enemy fled and we went into El Caney."
+
+In another group a trooper from an Illinois regiment was explaining
+the character of the country and the effect of the daily rains upon
+the troops. Said he:
+
+"Very few colored troops are sick. They stood the climate better and
+even thrived on the severity of army life."
+
+Said he: "I never had much use for a 'nigger' and didn't want him
+in the fight. He is all right, though. He makes a good soldier and
+deserves great credit."
+
+Another comrade near by related the story as told by a cavalry
+lieutenant, who with a party reconnoitered a distance from camp. The
+thick growth of grass and vines made ambuscading a favorite pastime
+with the Spaniards. With smokeless powder they lay concealed in the
+grass. As the party rode along the sharp eye of a colored cavalryman
+noticed the movement of grass ahead. Leaning over his horse with sword
+in hand he plucked up an enemy whose gun was levelled at the officer.
+The Spaniard was killed by the Negro who himself fell dead, shot by
+another. He had saved the life of his lieutenant and lost his own.
+
+A comrade of the Seventeenth Infantry gave his testimony. Said he:
+
+"I shall never forget the 1st of July. At one time in the engagement
+of that day the Twenty-first Infantry had faced a superior force of
+Spaniards and were almost completely surrounded. The Twenty-fourth
+Infantry, of colored troops, seeing the perilous position of the
+Twenty-first, rushed to the rescue, charged and routed the enemy,
+thereby saving the ill-fated regiment."
+
+Col. Joseph Haskett, of the Seventeenth regular Infantry, testifies to
+the meritorious conduct of the Negro troops. Said he:
+
+"Our colored soldiers are 100 percent superior to the Cuban. He is a
+good scout, brave soldier, and not only that, but is everywhere to be
+seen building roads for the movement of heavy guns."
+
+Among the trophies of war brought to Old Point were a machete, the
+captured property of a colored trooper, a fine Spanish sword, taken
+from an officer and a little Cuban lad about nine years old, whose
+parents had bled for Cuba. His language and appearance made him the
+cynosure of all eyes. He was dressed in a little United States uniform
+and had pinned to his clothing a tag which read: "Santiago buck, care
+of Col. C.L. Wilson, Manhattan Club, New York." His name is Vairrames
+y Pillero.
+
+He seemed to enjoy the shower of small coin that fell upon him from
+the hotels. His first and only English words were "Moocha Moona."
+
+These fragments were gathered while visiting at Old Point Comfort
+recently. They serve to show the true feeling of the whites for their
+brave black brother.
+
+A.E. MEYZEEK, in the Freeman.
+
+Louisville, Ky.
+
+BLACK SOLDIER BOYS.
+
+The following is what the New York Mail and Express says respecting
+the good services being rendered by our black soldier boys:
+
+"All honors to the black troopers of the gallant Tenth! No more
+striking example of bravery and coolness has been shown since the
+destruction of the Maine than by the colored veterans of the Tenth
+Cavalry during the attack upon Caney on Saturday. By the side of the
+intrepid Rough Riders they followed their leader up the terrible hill
+from whose crest the desperate Spaniards poured down a deadly fire of
+shell and musketry. They never faltered. The tents in their ranks
+were filled as soon as made. Firing as they marched, their aim was
+splendid, their coolness was superb, and their courage aroused the
+admiration of their comrades. Their advance was greeted with wild
+cheers from the white regiment's, and with an answering shout they
+pressed onward over the trenches they had taken close in the pursuit
+of the retreating enemy. The war has not shown greater heroism. The
+men whose own freedom was baptized with blood have proved themselves
+capable of giving up their lives that others may be free. To-day is a
+glorious Fourth for all races 'of people in this great land."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THEY NEVER FALTERED.
+
+The test of the Negro soldier has been applied and today the whole
+world stands amazed at the valor and distinctive bravery shown by the
+men, who, in the face of a most galling fire, rushed onward while
+shot and shell tore fearful gaps in their ranks. These men, the Tenth
+Cavalry, did not stop to ask was it worth while for them to lay down
+their lives for the honor of a country that has silently allowed her
+citizens to be killed and maltreated in almost every conceivable way;
+they did not stop to ask would their death bring deliverance to their
+race from mob violence and lynching. They saw their duty and did it!
+The New York Journal catches inspiration from the wonderful courage of
+the Tenth Cavalry and writes these words:
+
+"The two most picturesque and most characteristically American
+commands in General Shafter's army bore off the great honors of a day
+in which all won honor."
+
+"No man can read the story in to-day's Journal of the 'Rough Riders'
+charge on the blockhouse at El Caney of Theodore Roosevelt's mad
+daring in the face of what seemed certain death without having his
+pulses beat faster and some reflected light of the fire of battle
+gleam from his eyes."
+
+"And over against this scene of the cowboy and the college graduate,
+the New York man about town and the Arizona bad man united in one
+coherent war machine, set the picture of the Tenth United States
+Cavalry-the famous colored regiment. Side by side with Roosevelt's men
+they fought-these black men. Scarce used to freedom themselves, they
+are dying that Cuba may be free. Their marksmanship was magnificent,
+say the eye witnesses. Their courage was superb. They bore themselves
+like veterans, and gave proof positive that out of nature's naturally
+peaceful, careless and playful military discipline and an inspiring
+cause can make soldiers worthy to rank with Caesar's legions or
+Cromwell's army."
+
+"The Rough Riders and the Black Regiment. In those two commands is an
+epitome of almost our whole national character."
+
+THE NEGRO AS A SOLDIER.
+
+HIS GOOD NATURE--HIS KINDHEARTEDNESS--EQUALLY AVAILABLE IN INFANTRY OR
+CAVALRY.
+
+The good nature of the Negro soldier is remarkable. He is always fond
+of a joke and never too tired to enjoy one. Officers have wondered to
+see a whole company of them, at the close of a long practice march,
+made with heavy baggage, chasing a rabbit which some one may have
+started. They will run for several hundred yards whooping and yelling
+and laughing, and come back to camp feeling as if they had had lots of
+fun, the white soldier, even if not tired, would never see any joke in
+rushing after a rabbit. To the colored man the diversion is a delight.
+
+In caring for the sick, the Negro's tenderheartedness is conspicuous.
+On one of the transports loaded with sick men a white soldier asked
+to be helped to his bunk below. No one of his color stirred, but two
+Negro convalescents at once went to his assistance. When volunteers
+were called for to cook for the sick, only Negroes responded. They
+were pleased to be of service to their officers. If the Captain's
+child is ill, every man in the company is solicitous; half of them
+want to act as nurse. They feel honored to be hired to look after an
+officer's horse and clothing. The "striker" as he is called, soon gets
+to look on himself as a part of his master; it is no "Captain has been
+ordered away," but "We have been ordered away." Every concern of his
+employer about which he knows interests him, and a slight to his
+superior is vastly more of an offence than if offered to himself.
+Indeed, if the army knew how well officers of the colored regiments
+are looked after by their men, there would be less disinclination to
+serve in such commands. After years with a Negro company, officers
+find it difficult to get along with white soldiers. They must be much
+more careful to avoid hurting sensibilities, and must do without many
+little services to which they have been accustomed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MRS. PORTER'S RIDE TO THE FRONT.
+
+For many years she has known and admired Miss Barton and against the
+advice of her friends had resolved to help Miss Barton in her task of
+succoring the sufferers in Cuba.
+
+During the second day's fighting Mrs. Porter, escorted by a general
+whom she has known for many years, rode almost to the firing line.
+Bullets whistled about her head, but she rode bravely on until her
+curiosity was satisfied. Then she rode leisurely back to safety. She
+came back filled with admiration of the colored troops. She
+described them as being "brave in battle, obedient under orders and
+philosophical under privations."
+
+Thanks to Mrs. Porter, the wife of the President's private secretary.
+Mrs. Porter is one of heaven's blessings, sent as a messenger of "The
+Ship" earth, to testify in America what she saw of the Negro troops in
+Cuba.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE INVESTMENT OF SANTIAGO AND SURRENDER.
+
+(As Presented in the N.Y. World.)
+
+General Shafter put a human rope of 22,400 men around Santiago, with
+its 26,000 Spanish soldiers, and then Spain succumbed in despair. In
+a semi-circle extending around Santiago, from Daliquiri on the east
+clear around to Cobre on the west, our troops were stretched a cordon
+of almost impenetrable thickness and strength. First came General
+Bates, with the Ninth, Tenth, Third, Thirteenth, Twenty-first and
+Twenty-fourth U.S. Infantry. On his right crouched General Sumner,
+commanding the Third, Sixth and Ninth U.S. Cavalry. Next along the arc
+were the Seventh, Twelfth and Seventeenth U.S. Infantry under General
+Chaffee. Then, advantageously posted, there were six batteries of
+artillery prepared to sweep the horizon under direction of General
+Randolph. General Jacob Kent, with the Seventy-first New York
+Volunteers and the Sixth and Sixteenth U.S. Infantry, held the centre.
+They were flanked by General Wheeler and the Rough Riders, dismounted;
+eight troops of the First U.S. Volunteers, four troops of the Second
+U.S. Cavalry, four light batteries, two heavy batteries and then four
+more troops of the Second U.S. Cavalry.
+
+Santiago's Killed and Wounded Compared With Historic Battles.
+
+Battle; Men Engaged.; Killed and Wounded.; Per Ct. Lost.
+
+Agincourt; 62,000; 11,400; .18
+Alma; 103,000; 8,400; .08
+Bannockburn; 135,000; 38,000; .28
+Borodino; 250,000; 78,000; .31
+Cannae; 146,000; 52,000; .34
+Cressy; 117,000; 31,000; .27
+Gravelotte; 396,000; 52,000; .16
+Sadowa; 291,000; 33,000; .11
+Waterloo; 221,000; 51,000; .23
+Antietam; 87,000; 31,000; .29
+Austerlitz; 154,000; 38,000; .48
+Gettysburg; 185,000; 34,000; .44
+Sedan; 314,000; 47,000; .36
+Santiago; 22,400; 1,457; .07
+El Caney; 3,300; 650; .19
+San Juan; 6,000; 745; .12
+Aguadores; 2,400; 62; .02
+
+[Illustration: INVESTMENT OF SANTIAGO BY U.S. ARMY.]
+
+General Lawton, with the Second Massachusetts and the Eighth and
+Twenty-second U.S. Infantry, came next. Then General Duffield's
+command, comprising the volunteers from Michigan (Thirty-third and
+Third Regiments), and the Ninth Massachusetts, stretched along until
+Gen. Ludlow's men were reached. These comprised the First Illinois,
+First District of Columbia, Eighth Ohio, running up to the Eighth and
+Twenty-second Regulars and the Bay State men. Down by the shore across
+from Morro and a little way inland Generals Henry and Garretson had
+posted the Sixth Illinois and the crack Sixth Massachusetts, flanking
+the railroad line to Cobre.
+
+SCENES OF THE FINAL SURRENDER.
+
+When reveille sounded Sunday morning half the great semi-lunar
+camp was awake and eager for the triumphal entrance into the city.
+Speculation ran rife as to which detachment would accompany the
+General and his staff into Santiago. The choice fell upon the
+Ninth Infantry. Shortly before 9 o'clock General Shafter left his
+headquarters, accompanied by Generals Lawton and Wheeler, Colonels
+Ludlow, Ames and Kent, and eighty other officers. The party walked
+slowly down the hill to the road leading to Santiago, along which they
+advanced until they reached the now famous tree outside the walls,
+under which all negotiations for the surrender of the city had taken
+place. As they reached this spot the cannon on every hillside and in
+the city itself boomed forth a salute of twenty-one guns, which was
+echoed at Siboney and Aserradero.
+
+The soldiers knew what the salute meant, and cheer upon cheer arose
+and ran from end to end of the eight miles of the American lines. A
+troop of colored cavalry and the Twenty-fifth colored infantry then
+started to join General Shafter and his party.
+
+The Americans waited under the tree as usual, when General Shafter
+sent word to General Toral that he was ready to take possession of the
+town. General Toral, in full uniform, accompanied by his whole staff,
+fully caparisoned, shortly afterward left the city and walked to where
+the American officers were waiting their coming. When they reached the
+tree General Shafter and General Toral saluted each other gravely and
+courteously. Salutes were also exchanged by other American and Spanish
+officers. The officers were then introduced to each other. After this
+little ceremony the two commanding generals faced each other and
+General Toral, speaking in Spanish, said:
+
+"Through fate I am forced to surrender to General Shafter, of the
+American Army, the city and the strongholds of Santiago."
+
+General Toral's voice grew husky as he spoke, giving up the town
+and the surrounding country to his victorious enemy. As he finished
+speaking the Spanish officers presented arms.
+
+General Shafter, in reply, said:
+
+"I receive the city in the name of the government of the United
+States."
+
+General Toral addressed an order to his officers in Spanish and they
+wheeled about, still presenting arms, and General Shafter and the
+other American officers with the cavalry and infantry followed them,
+walked by the Spaniards and proceeded into the city proper.
+
+The soldiers on the American line could see quite plainly all the
+proceedings. As their commander entered the city they gave voice to
+cheer after cheer.
+
+Although no attempt was made to humiliate them the Spanish soldiers
+seemed at first to feel downcast and scarcely glanced at their
+conquerors as they passed by, but this apparent depth of feeling was
+not displayed very long. Without being sullen they appeared to be
+utterly indifferent to the reverses of the Spanish arms, but it was
+not long ere the prospect of regulation rations and a chance to go to
+their homes made them almost cheerful. All about the filthy streets
+of the city the starving refugees: could be seen, gaunt, hollow-eyed,
+weak and trembling.
+
+The squalor in the streets was dreadful. The bones of dead horses and
+other animals were bleaching in the streets and buzzards almost as
+tame as sparrows hopped aside as passers-by disturbed them. There
+was a fetid smell everywhere and evidences of a pitiless siege and
+starvation on every hand.
+
+The palace was reached soon after 10 o'clock. Then, General Toral
+introduced General Shafter and the other officials to various local
+dignitaries and a scanty luncheon, was brought. Coffee, rice, wine and
+toasted cake were the main condiments.
+
+Then came the stirring scene in the balcony which every one felt was
+destined to become notably historic in our annals of warfare, and the
+ceremony over, General Shafter withdrew to our own lines and left the
+city to General McKibbin and his police force of guards and sentries.
+The end had come. Spain's haughty ensign trailed in the dust; Old
+Glory, typifying liberty and the pursuit of happiness untrammelled
+floated over the official buildings from Fort Morro to the Plaza de
+Armas--the investment of Santiago de Cuba was accomplished.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+
+NO COLOR LINE DRAWN IN CUBA.
+
+
+A GRAPHIC DESCRIPTION-CONDITION IN THE PEARL OF THE ANTILLES-AMERICAN
+PREJUDICE CANNOT EXIST THERE-A CATHOLIC PRIEST VOUCHES FOR THE
+ACCURACY OF STATEMENT.
+
+
+The article we reprint from the New York Sun touching the status of
+the Colored man in Cuba was shown to Rev. Father Walter R. Yates,
+Assistant pastor of St. Joseph's Colored Church.
+
+A Planet reporter was informed that Father Yates had resided in that
+climate for several years and wished his views.
+
+"The Sun correspondent is substantially correct," said the Reverend
+gentleman. "Of course, the article is very incomplete, there are many
+omissions, but that is to be expected in a newspaper article."
+
+It would take volumes to describe the achievements of men of the
+Negro, or as I prefer to call it, the Aethiopic Race, not only in
+Cuba, but in all the West Indies, Central and South America, and in
+Europe especially in Sicily, Spain and France.
+
+"By achievements I mean success in military, political, social,
+religious and literary walks of life. The only thing I see to
+correct in the Sun's article, continued the Father, is in regard to
+population. 'A Spanish official told me that the census figures were
+notoriously misleading. The census shows less than one-third colored.
+That is said not to be true. As soon as a man with African blood,
+whether light or dark, acquires property and education, he returns
+himself in the census as white. The officials humor them in this
+petty vanity. In fact it's the most difficult thing in the world to
+distinguish between races in Cuba. Many Spaniards from Murcia,
+for instance, of undoubted noble lineage are darker than Richmond
+mulattoes.'"
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL RUSSELL A. ALGER, SECRETARY OF WAR.]
+
+May I ask you, Father Yates, to what do you ascribe the absence of
+Race prejudice in Cuba?
+
+"Certainly. In my humble opinion it is due to Church influence. We all
+know the effect on our social life of our churches. Among Catholics
+all men have always been on equal footing at the Communion rail.
+Catholics would be unworthy of their name, i.e. Catholic or universal
+were it not so."
+
+"Even in the days when slavery was practised this religious equality
+and fellowship was fully recognized among Catholics."
+
+Did you know there is an American Negro Saint? He was born in Colon,
+Central America, and is called Blessed Martin De Porres. His name is
+much honored in Cuba, Peru, Mexico and elsewhere. He wore the white
+habit of a Dominican Brother. The Dominicans are called the Order of
+Preachers.
+
+Christ Died for All. Father Donovan has those words painted in large
+letters over the Sanctuary in St. Joseph's Church. It is simply
+horrible to think that some self-styled Christian sectarians act as if
+Christ died for white men only.
+
+Matanzas, Cuba, Jan. 20.--Not least among the problems of
+reconstruction in Cuba is the social and political status of the
+colored "man and brother." In Cuba the shade of a man's complexion has
+never been greatly considered, and one finds dusky Othellos in every
+walk of life. The present dispute arose when a restaurant keeper from
+Alabama refused a seat at his public table to the mulatto Colonel of
+a Cuban regiment. The Southerner was perfectly sincere in the
+declaration that he would see himself in a warmer climate than Cuba
+before he would insult his American guests "by seating a 'nigger'
+among them!" To the Colonel it was a novel and astonishing experience,
+and is of course deeply resented by all his kind in Cuba, where
+African blood may be found, in greater or less degree, in some of the
+richest and most influential families of the island.
+
+COLORED BELLES THERE.
+
+In Havana you need not be surprised to see Creole belles on
+the fashionable Prado--perhaps Cuban-Spanish. Cuban-English or
+Cuban-German blondes--promenading with Negro officers in gorgeous
+uniforms; or octoroon beauties with hair in natural crimp, riding in
+carriages beside white husbands or lighting up an opera box with the
+splendor of their diamonds. There was a wedding in the old cathedral
+the other day, attended by the elite of the city, the bride being the
+lovely young daughter of a Cuban planter, the groom a burly Negro.
+Nobody to the manor born has ever dreamed of objecting to this
+mingling of colors; therefore when some newly arrived foreigner
+declares that nobody but those of his own complexion shall eat in a
+public dining room, there is likely to be trouble.
+
+THE WAR BEGAN.
+
+When the war began the population of Cuba was a little more than
+one-third black; now the proportion is officially reckoned as 525,684
+colored, against 1,631,600 white. In 1898 two Negroes were serving as
+secretaries in the Autonomist Cabinet. The last regiment that Blanco
+formed was of Negro volunteers, to whom he paid--or, rather, promised
+to pay, which is quite another matter, considering Blanco's habit--the
+unusual hire of $20 a month, showing his appreciation of the colored
+man as a soldier. If General Weyler evinced any partiality in Cuba,
+it was for the black Creole. During the ten years' war, his cavalry
+escort was composed entirely of colored men. Throughout his latest
+reign in the island he kept black soldiers constantly on guard at the
+gates of the government palace. While the illustrated papers of Spain
+were caricaturing: the insurgents as coal-black demons with horns
+and forked toe nails, burning canefields and butchering innocent
+Spaniards, the Spanish General chose them for his bodyguards.
+
+[Illustration: CUBAN WOMAN CAVALRY.]
+
+ONE OF THE GREATEST GENERALS.
+
+One of the greatest Generals of the day, considering the environment,
+was Antonio Maceo, the Cuban mulatto hero, who, for two years, kept
+the Spanish army at bay or led them a lively quickstep through the
+western provinces to the very gates of Havana. As swift on the march
+as Sheridan or Stonewall Jackson, as wary and prudent as Grant
+himself, he had inspirations of military genius whenever a crisis
+arose. It is not generally known that Martinez Campos, who owed his
+final defeat at Colisea to Maceo, was a second cousin of this black
+man. Maceo's mother, whose family name was Grinan, came from the town
+of Mayari where all the people have Indian blood in their veins. Col.
+Martinez del Campos, father of General Martinez Campos, was once
+Military Governor of Mayari. While there he loved a beautiful girl of
+Indian and Negro blood, who belonged to the Grinan family, and was
+first cousin to Maceo's mother. Martinez Campos, Jr., the future
+General and child of the Indian girl was born in Mayari. The Governor
+could not marry his sweetheart, having a wife and children in Spain,
+but when he returned to the mother country he took the boy along.
+According to Spanish law, the town in which one is baptized is
+recognized as his legal birthplace, so it was easy enough to
+legitimatize the infant Campos. He grew up in Spain, and when sent to
+Cuba as Captain-General, to his everlasting credit be it said, that
+one of his first acts was to hunt up his mother. Having found her, old
+and poor, he bought a fine house in Campo Florida, the aristocratic
+suburb of Havana, established her there and cared for her tenderly
+till she died. The cousins, though on opposite sides of the war,
+befriended each other in many instances, and it is said that more
+than once Captain-General Campos owed his life to his unacknowledged
+relative.
+
+HIS BROTHER CAPTURED.
+
+The latter's half brother, Jose Maceo, was captured early in the war
+and sent to the African prison, Centa; whence he escaped later on with
+Quintín Bandera and others of his staff. The last named Negro Colonel
+is to-day a prominent figure. "Quintin Bandera" means "fifteen flags,"
+and the appellation was bestowed upon him by his grateful countrymen
+after he had captured fifteen Spanish ensigns. Everybody seems to
+have forgotten his real name, and Quintin Bandera he will remain in
+history. While in the African penal settlement the daughter of a
+Spanish officer fell in love with him. She assisted in his escape and
+fled with him to Gibraltar. There he married his rescuer. She is of
+Spanish and Moorish descent, and is said to be a lady of education
+and refinement. She taught her husband to read and write and feels
+unbounded pride in his achievements.
+
+The noted General Jesus Rabi, of the Cuban Army, is of the same mixed
+blood as the Maceos. Another well-known Negro commander is General
+Flor Crombet, whose patriotic deeds have been dimmed by his atrocious
+cruelties. Among all the officers now swarming Havana none attracts
+more admiring attention than General Ducasse, a tall, fine-looking
+mulatto, who was educated at the fine military school of St. Cyr. He
+is of extremely polished manners and undeniable force of character,
+can make a brilliant address and has great influence among the masses.
+To eject such a man as he from a third rate foreign restaurant in his
+own land would be ridiculous. His equally celebrated brother, Col.
+Juan Ducasse, was killed last year in the Pinar del Rio insurrection.
+
+COLORED MEN'S ACHIEVEMENTS.
+
+Besides these sons of Mars, Cuba has considered her history enriched
+by the achievements of colored men in peaceful walks of life. The
+memory of Gabriel Concepcion de la Valdez the mulatto poet, is
+cherished as that of a saint. He was accused by the Spanish government
+of complicity in the slave insurrection of 1844 and condemned to be
+shot in his native town, Matanzas. One bright morning in May he stood
+by the old statue of Ferdinand VII. in the Plaza d'Armas, calmly
+facing a row of muskets, along whose shining barrels the sun glinted.
+The first volley failed to touch a vital spot. Bleeding from several
+wounds, he still stood erect, and, pointing to his heart, said in a
+clear voice, "Aim here!" Another mulatto author, educator and profound
+thinker was Antonio Medina, a priest and professor of San Basilio
+the Greater. He acquired wide reputation as a poet, novelist and
+ecclesiastic, both in Spain and Cuba, and was selected by the Spanish
+Academy to deliver the oration on the anniversary of Cerantes' death
+in Madrid. His favorite Cuban pupil was Juan Gaulberto Gomez, the
+mulatto journalist, who has been imprisoned time and again for
+offences against the Spanish press laws. Seņor Gomez, whose home is in
+Matanzas, is now on the shady side of 40, a spectacled and scholarly
+looking man. After the peace of Zanjon he collaborated in the
+periodicals published by the Marquis of Sterling. In '79 he founded in
+Havana, the newspaper La Fraternidad, devoted to the interest of the
+colored race. For a certain fiery editorial he was deported to Centa
+and kept there two years. Then he went to Madrid and assumed the
+management of La Tribuna and in 1890 returned to Havana and resumed
+the publication of La Fraternidad.
+
+ANOTHER EXILE.
+
+Another beloved exile from the land of his birth is Seņor Jose White.
+His mother was a colored woman of Matanzas. At the age of 16 Jose
+wrote a mass for the Matanzas orchestra and gave his first concert.
+With the proceeds he entered the Conservatory of Paris, and in the
+following year won the first prize as violinist among thirty-nine
+contestants. He soon gained an enviable reputation among the most
+celebrated European violinists, and, covered with honors, returned to
+Havana in January of '75. But his songs were sometimes of liberty, and
+in June of the same year the Spanish government drove him out of
+the country. Then he went to Brazil, and is now President of the
+Conservatory of Music of Rio Janeiro.
+
+One might go on multiplying similar incidents. Some of the most
+eminent doctors, lawyers and college professors in Cuba are more or
+less darkly "colored." In the humble walks of life one finds them
+everywhere, as carpenters, masons, shoemakers and plumbers. In the few
+manufacturies of Cuba a large proportion of the workmen are Negroes
+especially in the cigar factories. In the tanneries of Pinar del Rio
+most of the workmen are colored, also in the saddle factories of
+Havana, Guanabacoa, Cardenas and other places. Although the insurgent
+army is not yet disbanded, the sugar-planters get plenty of help from
+their ranks by offering fair wages.--New York Sun.
+
+FACTS ABOUT PORTO RICO TOLD IN SHORT PARAGRAPHS.
+
+Porto Rico, the beautiful island which General Miles is taking under
+the American flag, has an area of 3,530 square miles. It is 107 miles
+in length and 37 miles across. It has a good telegraph line and a
+railroad only partially completed.
+
+The population, which is not made up of so many Negroes and mulattoes
+as that of the neighboring islands, is about 900,000. Almost all of
+the inhabitants are Roman Catholics.
+
+It is a mountainous island, and contains forty seven navigable streams.
+The roads are merely paths beaten down by cattle.
+
+Exports in 1887 were valued at $10,181,291; imports, $10,198,006.
+
+Gold, copper, salt, coal and iron abound.
+
+The poorer classes live almost entirely on a variety of highland rice,
+which is easily cultivated, as it requires no flooding.
+
+One of the principal industries is grazing. St. Thomas is the market
+for fresh meat.
+
+Corn, tobacco, sugar, coffee, cotton and potatoes constitute the
+principal crops.
+
+There are no snakes, no beasts of prey, no noxious birds nor insects
+in the island.
+
+The trees and grass are always green.
+
+Rats are the great foe of the crops.
+
+The natives often live to be one hundred years old.
+
+The most beautiful flower on the island is the ortegon, which has
+purple blossoms a yard long.
+
+Hurricanes are frequent on the north coast and very destructive.
+
+Mosquitoes art the pest of the island.
+
+Spanish is the language spoken, and education is but little esteemed.
+
+Every man, no matter how poor, owns a horse and three or four
+gamecocks.
+
+The small planter is called "Xivaro." He is the proud possessor of
+a sweet-heart, a gamecock, a horse, a hammock, a guitar and a large
+supply of tobacco. He is quick tempered but not revengeful, and he is
+proverbially lazy.
+
+Hospitality is the rule of the island. The peasants are astonished and
+hurt when offered money by travellers. San Juan Harbor is one of the
+best in the West Indies, and is said to be the third most strongly
+fortified town in the world, Halifax being the strongest and
+Cartagena, Spain, the second.
+
+Ponce de Leon, between 1509 and 1518 killed off the natives.
+
+The De Leon palace, built in 1511, is of great interest to tourists.
+
+The climate is warm but pleasant. At night thick clothing is found
+comfortable.
+
+All visiting and shopping are done after sundown.
+
+Slavery was abolished in 1873.
+
+The women are rather small and delicately formed. Many of them are
+pretty and they are all given to flirtation.
+
+Men and women ride horseback alike. Wicker baskets to carry clothes or
+provisions, are hung on either side of the horse's shoulders. Back of
+these baskets the rider sits.
+
+It is the custom of travellers on horseback to carry a basket handled
+sword a yard and a quarter long, more as an ornament than as a means
+of defense.
+
+The observance of birthdays is an island fashion that is followed by
+every one.
+
+A Governor, appointed by the Crown, manages affairs. His palace is at
+San Juan, the capital, a town that has 24,000 inhabitants.
+
+Upon the Rio Grande are prehistoric monuments that have attracted the
+attention of archaeologists.
+
+Following the Spanish custom, men are imprisoned for debt.
+
+In the towns houses are built with flat roofs, both to catch water and
+to afford the family a small roof garden.
+
+All planters have town houses where they bring their families during
+the carnival season.
+
+San Juan is filled with adventurers, gamblers, speculators and
+fugitives from justice.--New York World.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+
+LIST OF COLORED REGIMENTS THAT DID ACTIVE SERVICE IN THE
+SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR,--AND VOLUNTEER REGIMENTS.
+
+
+Regulars.--Section 1104 of the Revised Statutes of the United States
+Congress provides that "the enlisted men of two regiments of Cavalry
+shall be colored men," and in compliance with this section the War
+Department maintains the organization of the Ninth and Tenth Cavalry,
+both composed of colored men with white officers.
+
+Section 1108 of the Revised Statutes of Congress provides that "the
+enlisted men of two regiments of Infantry shall be colored men;" and
+in compliance with this section the War Department maintains the
+organization of the Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth Infantry, both
+composed of colored men with white officers.
+
+The above regiments were the only colored troops that were engaged
+in active service in Cuba. There is no statute requiring colored
+artillery regiments to be organized, and there are therefore none in
+the regular army.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A LIST OF THE VOLUNTEER REGIMENTS.
+
+Third North Carolina--All colored officers.
+
+Sixth Virginia--White officers, finally, the colored officers resigned
+"under pressure," after which there was much trouble with the men, as
+they claimed to have enlisted with the understanding that they were to
+have colored officers.
+
+[Illustration: OFFICERS OF THE NINTH OHIO--LIEUTENANT YOUNG IN THE
+CENTER.]
+
+Blank Page
+
+Ninth Ohio--All colored officers; Col. Chas. Young, graduate of West
+Point.
+
+Twenty-third Kansas--Colored officers.
+
+Eighth Illinois--Under colored officers, and did police duty at San
+Luis, Cuba.
+
+Seventh U.S. Volunteers.
+
+Tenth U.S. Volunteers.
+
+Eighth U.S. Volunteers.
+
+Ninth U.S. Volunteers.
+
+The conduct of the colored volunteers has been harshly criticised, and
+it is thought by some that the conduct of the volunteers has had some
+influence in derrogation of the good record made by the regulars
+around Santiago. This view, however, we think unjust, and ill-founded.
+There was considerable shooting of pistols and drunkenness among some
+regiments of volunteers, and it was not confined by any means to those
+of the colored race. The white volunteers were as drunk and noisy as
+the colored, and shot as many pistols.
+
+The Charlotte Observer has the following editorial concerning some
+white troops that passed through Charlotte, N.C.:
+
+"Mustered-out West Virginia and New York volunteer soldiers who passed
+through this city Saturday night, behaved on the train and here like
+barbarians, disgracing their uniforms, their States and themselves.
+They were drunk and disorderly, and their firing of pistols,
+destruction of property and theft of edibles was not as bad as their
+outrageous profanity and obscenity on the cars in the hearing of
+ladies. Clearly they are brutes when sober and whiskey only developed
+the vileness already in them."
+
+By a careful comparison of the reports in the newspapers, we see a
+slight excess of rowdyism on the part of the whites, but much less
+fuss made about it. In traveling from place to place if a white
+volunteer company fired a few shots in the air, robbed a fruit stand,
+or fussed with the by standers at railroad stations or drank whiskey
+at the car windows, the fact was simply mentioned in the morning
+papers, but if a Negro company fired a pistol a telegram was sent
+ahead to have mobs in readiness to "do up the niggers" at the next
+station, and at one place in Georgia the militia was called out by a
+telegram sent ahead, and discharged a volley into the car containing
+white officers and their families, so eager were they to "do up the
+nigger." At Nashville the city police are reported to have charged
+through the train clubbing the colored volunteers who were returning
+home, and taking anything in the shape of a weapon away from them by
+force. In Texarcana or thereabouts it was reported that a train of
+colored troopers was blown up by dynamite. The Southern mobs seemed to
+pride themselves in assaulting the colored soldiers.
+
+
+While the colored volunteers were not engaged in active warfare, yet
+they attained a high degree of discipline and the CLEANEST AND MOST
+ORDERLY CAMP among any of the volunteers was reported by the chief
+sanitary officer of the government to be that of one of the colored
+volunteer regiments stationed in Virginia. It is to be regretted that
+the colored volunteers, especially those under Negro officers, did not
+have an opportunity to show their powers on the battlefield, and thus
+demonstrate their ability as soldiers, and so refreshing the memory
+of the nation as to what Negro soldiers once did at Ft. Wagner and
+Milikin's Bend. The volunteer boys were ready and willing and only
+needed a chance to show what they could do.
+
+POLICED BY NEGROES.
+
+WHITE IMMUNES ORDERED OUT OF SANTIAGO, AND A COLORED REGIMENT PLACED
+IN CHARGE.
+
+Washington, D.C., August 17, 1898.
+
+Editor Colored American: The Star of this city published the following
+dispatch in its issue of the 16th inst. The Washington Post next
+morning published the same dispatch, omitting the last paragraph;
+and yet the Post claims to publish the news, whether pleasing or
+otherwise. The selection of the 8th Illinois colored regiment for
+this important duty, to replace a disorderly white regiment, is a
+sufficient refutation of a recent editorial in the Post, discrediting
+colored troops with colored officers. The Eighth Illinois is a colored
+regiment from Colonel down. The Generals at the front know the value
+of Negro troops, whether the quill-drivers in the rear do or not.
+
+CHARLES R. DOUGLASS.
+
+The following is the dispatch referred to by Major Douglass. The
+headlines of the Star are retained.
+
+IMMUNES MADE TROUBLE--GENERAL SHAFTER ORDERS THE SECOND REGIMENT
+OUTSIDE THE CITY OF SANTIAGO--COLORED TROOPS FROM ILLINOIS ASSIGNED TO
+THE DUTY OF PRESERVING ORDER AND PROPERTY.
+
+Santiago de Cuba, Aug. 16.--General Shafter to-day ordered the Second
+Volunteer Regiment of Immunes to leave the city and go into camp
+outside.
+
+The regiment had been placed here as a garrison, to preserve order and
+protect property. There has been firing of arms inside of the town by
+members of this regiment, without orders, so far as known. Some of
+the men have indulged in liquor until they have verged upon acts of
+license and disorder. The inhabitants in some quarters have alleged
+loss of property by force and intimidation, and there has grown up a
+feeling of uneasiness, if not alarm, concerning them. General Shafter
+has, therefore, ordered this regiment into the hills, where discipline
+can be more severely maintained.
+
+In place of the Second Volunteer Immune Regiment, General Shafter
+has ordered into the city the Eighth Illinois Volunteer Regiment of
+colored troops, in whose sobriety and discipline he has confidence,
+and of whose sturdy enforcement of order no doubt is felt by those in
+command.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SKETCH OF SIXTH VIRGINIA VOLUNTEERS.
+
+The Sixth Virginia Volunteer Infantry, U.S.V., consisted of two
+battalions, first and second Battalion Infantry Virginia Volunteers
+(State militia), commanded respectively by Maj. J.B. Johnson and Maj.
+W.H. Johnson. In April, 1898, the war cloud was hanging over the land.
+Governor J. Hoge Tyler, of Virginia, under instructions from the War
+Department, sent to all Virginia volunteers inquiring how many men in
+the respective commands were willing to enlist in the United States
+volunteer service in the war against Spain.
+
+How many would go in or out of the United States.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA,
+
+Adjutant-General's Office, Richmond, Va., April 19th, 1898.
+
+General Order No. 8.
+
+I. Commanding officers of companies of Virginia Volunteers will,
+immediately, upon the receipt by them of this order, assemble their
+respective companies and proceed to ascertain and report direct to
+this office, upon the form herewith sent and by letter, what officers
+and enlisted men of their companies will volunteer for service in and
+with the volunteer forces of the United States (not in the regular
+army) with the distinct understanding that such volunteer forces, or
+any portion thereof, may be ordered and required to perform service
+either in or out of the United States, and that such officer or
+enlisted man, so volunteering, agrees and binds himself to, without
+question, promptly obey all orders emanating from the proper officers,
+and to render such service as he may be required to perform, either
+within or beyond the limits of the United States.
+
+[Illustration: MAJOR JOHN R. LYNCH, PAYMASTER IN U.S. ARMY]
+
+II. The Brigade Commander and the Regimental and Battalion Commanders
+will, without delay, obtain like information and make, direct to this
+office, similar reports, to those above required, with regard to
+their respective field, staff and non-commissioned staff officers and
+regimental or battalion bands, adopting the form herewith sent to the
+regiments.
+
+III. By reason of the necessity in this matter, this order is sent
+direct, with copies to intermediate commanders.
+
+By order of the Governor and Commander-in-Chief. WM. NALLE,
+Adjutant-General.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The companies of the First Battalion of Richmond and Second Battalion
+of Petersburg and Norfolk were the first to respond to the call and
+express a readiness to go anywhere in or out of the States with their
+own officers, upon these conditions they were immediately accepted,
+and the following order was issued:
+
+
+COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA, Adjutant-General's Office, Richmond, Va.,
+April 23, 1898. General Orders No. 9.
+
+The commanding officers of such companies as will volunteer for
+service in the volunteer army of the United States will at once
+proceed to recruit their respective companies to at least eighty-four
+enlisted men. Any company volunteering as a body, for such service,
+will be mustered in with its own officers.
+
+By order of the Governor and Commander-in-Chief. (Signed) W. NALLE,
+Adjutant-General.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Under date of June 1, 1898, S.O. 59, A.G.O., Richmond, Va., was
+issued directly to the commanding officers of the First and Second
+Battalion (colored), who had been specially designated by the
+President in his call, ordering them to take the necessary steps to
+recruit the companies of the respective battalions to eighty-three men
+per company, directing that care be taken, to accept only men of good
+repute and able-bodied, and that as soon as recruited the fact should
+be reported by telegraph to the Adjutant-General of the State.
+
+July 15th, 1898, Company "A," Attucks Guard, was the first company to
+arrive at Camp Corbin, Va., ten miles below Richmond. The company
+had three officers; Capt. W.A. Hawkins, First Lieutenant J.C. Smith,
+Lieutenant John Parham.
+
+The other companies followed in rapid succession. Company "B" (Carney
+Guard), Capt. C.B. Nicholas; First Lieutenant L.J. Wyche, Second
+Lieutenant J.W. Gilpin. Company "C" (State Guard), Capt. B.A.
+Graves; First Lieutenant S.B. Randolph, Second Lieutenant W.H.
+
+Anderson. Company "D" (Langston Guard), Capt. E.W. Gould; First
+Lieutenant Chas. H. Robinson, Second Lieutenant Geo. W. Foreman.
+Company "E" (Petersburg Guard), Capt. J.E. Hill; First Lieutenant
+J.H. Hill, Second Lieutenant Fred. E. Manggrum. Company "F"
+(Petersburg), Capt. Pleasant Webb; First Lieutenant Jno. K. Rice,
+Second Lieutenant Richard Hill. Company "G," Capt. J.A. Stevens;
+First Lieutenant E. Thomas Walker, Second Lieutenant David Worrell.
+Company "H," Capt. Peter Shepperd, Jr.; First Lieutenant Jas. M.
+Collins, Second Lieutenant Geo. T. Wright. The regiment consisted of
+only eight companies, two battalions, commanded respectively by Major
+J.B. Johnson and Maj. W.H. Johnson, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel
+Rich'd C. Croxton, of the First United States Infantry. First
+Lieutenant Chas. R. Alexander was Surgeon. Second Lieutenant Allen J.
+Black, Assist Subsistence.
+
+Lieutenant W.H. Anderson, Company "C," was detailed as Adjutant,
+Ordinance Officer and Mustering Officer.
+
+Lieutenant J.H. Gilpin, Company "B," was detailed as Quartermaster
+and Commissary of Subsistance.
+
+On Monday, September 12, 1898, the command left Camp Corbin, Va., and
+embarked for Knoxville, Tenn., about 10 o'clock, the men traveling in
+day coaches and the officers in Pullman sleepers. The train was in
+two sections. Upon arrival at Knoxville the command was sent to Camp
+Poland, near the Fourteenth Michigan Regiment, who were soon mustered
+out. A few days after the arrival of the Sixth Virginia the Third
+North Carolina arrived, a full regiment with every officer a Negro.
+While here in order to get to the city our officers, wagons and men
+had to pass the camp of the First Georgia Regiment, and it was quite
+annoying to have to suffer from unnecessary delays in stores and other
+things to which the men were subject.
+
+After the review by General Alger, Secretary of War, the Colonel of
+the Sixth Virginia received permission from headquarters of Third
+Brigade, Second Division, First Army Corps, General Rosser commanding,
+to move the camp to a point nearer the city, which was granted. Soon
+after the arrival of the Third North Carolina Regiment the First
+Georgia seemed disposed to attack the colored soldiers, so on a
+beautiful September evening some shots were fired into their camp by
+the First Georgia men and received quick response. After the little
+affair four Georgians were missing. The matter was investigated, the
+First Georgia was placed under arrest.
+
+After the removal to a new portion of Camp Poland orders were received
+from the headquarters First Army Corps, Lexington, Ky., ordering a
+board of examiners for the following officers of the Sixth Virginia:
+Maj. W.H. Johnson; Second Battalion, Capt. C.B. Nicholas, Capt.
+J.E. Hill, Capt. J.A.C. Stevens, Capt. E.W. Gould, Capt. Peter
+Shepperd, Jr., Lieutenants S.B. Randolph, Geo. T. Wright and David
+Worrell for examination September 20, 1898, each officer immediately
+tendered his resignation, which was at once accepted by the Secretary
+of War.
+
+[Illustration: MAJOR R.R. WRIGHT, PAYMASTER IN U.S. ARMY.]
+
+Under the rules governing the volunteer army, when vacancies occurred
+by death, removal, resignation or otherwise, the Colonel of a regiment
+had the power to recommend suitable officers or men to fill the
+vacancies by promotions, and the Governor would make the appointment
+with the approval of the Secretary of War. Many of the men had high
+hopes of gaining a commission; many of the most worthy young men of
+the State, who left their peaceful vocations for the rough service of
+war, for they were, students, bookkeepers, real estate men, merchants,
+clerks and artists who responded to their country's call--all looking
+to a much desired promotion. But after many conflicting stories as to
+what would be done and much parleying on the part of the recommending
+power, who said that there was none in the regiment qualified for the
+promotion. And thereupon the Governor appointed white officers to
+fill the vacancies created. A copy of the following was sent to the
+Governor of Virginia through "military channels" but never reached
+him; also to the Adjutant General of the army through military
+channels:
+
+Sixth Virginia Volunteer Infantry, Second Battalion, Colored, Camp
+Poland, Tenn., October 27th, 1898.
+
+To the Adjutant General, U.S. Army, Washington, D.C.
+
+Sir--We, the undersigned officers of the Sixth Virginia Volunteer
+Infantry, stationed at Camp Poland, Knoxville, Tenn., have the honor
+to respectfully submit to you the following:
+
+Nine officers of this command who had served the state militia for a
+period ranging from five to twenty years were ordered examined. They
+resigned for reasons best known to themselves. We the remaining
+officers were sanguine that Negro officers would be appointed to fill
+these vacancies, and believe they can be had from the rank and file,
+as the men in the various companies enlisted with the distinct
+understanding that they would be commanded by Negro officers. We now
+understand through various sources that white officers have been, or
+are to be, appointed to fill these vacancies, to which we seriously
+and respectfully protest, because our men are dissatisfied. The men
+feel that the policy inaugurated as to this command should remain, and
+we fear if there is a change it will result disastrously to one of the
+best disciplined commands in the volunteer service. They are unwilling
+to be commanded by white officers and object to do what they did not
+agree to at first. That is to be commanded by any other than officers
+of the same color. We furthermore believe that should the appointments
+be confirmed there will be a continual friction between the officers
+and men of the two races as has been foretold by our present
+commanding officer. We express the unanimous and sincere desire of
+seven hundred and ninety-one men in the command to be mustered out
+rather than submit to the change.
+
+We therefore pray that the existing vacancies be filled from the rank
+and file of the command or by men of color. To all of which we most
+humbly pray.
+
+(Signed)
+
+J.B. JOHNSON, Major 6th Va. Vol. Inf. PLEASANT WEBB, Capt. 6th Va. Vol
+Inf. BENJ. A. GRAVES, Capt. 6th Va. Vol. Inf. JAS. C. SMITH, 6th Va.
+Vol. Inf., 1st Lt. L.J. WYCHE, 1st Lt. 6th Va. Vol. Inf. CHAS. H.
+ROBINSON, 1st Lt. 6th Va. Vol. JOHN H. HILL, 1st Lt. 6th Va. Vol. Inf.
+JNO. K. RICE, 1st Lt. 6th Va. Vol. Inf. EDWIN T. WALKER, 1st Lt. 6th
+Va. Vol.. C.R. ALEXANDER, 1st. Lt. and Sarg. 6th Va. Vol. Inf. JOHN
+PARHAM, 2nd Lt. 6th. Va. Vol. Inf. JAS. ST. GILPIN, 2nd Lt. 6th Va.
+Vol. Inf. W.H. ANDERSON, 2nd Lt. 6th Va. Vol. Inf. GEORGE W. FOREMAN.
+2nd Lt. 6th Va. Vol. Inf. FREDERICK E. MANGGRUM, 2nd Lt. 6th Va. Vol.
+Inf. RICHARD HILL, 2nd Lt. 6th Va. Vol. Inf. JAMES M. COLLIN, 2nd Lt.
+6th Va. Vol. Inf. FIRST ENDORSEMENT. Headquarters 6th Va. Vol.
+Inf. Second Battalion, Colored, Camp Poland, Tenn., Oct. 28, if
+Respectfully forwarded.
+
+I have explained to the officers who signed this paper that their
+application is absurd, but they seem unable to see the points
+involved.
+
+The statement within that 791 men prefer to be mustered out rather
+than serve under white officers is based upon the alleged reports that
+each First Sergeant stated to his Captain that all the men of the
+company were of that opinion. The statement that the men "enlisted
+with the understanding that they would be commanded entirely by Negro
+officers," seems to be based upon the fact that when these companies
+were called upon by the State authorities they volunteered for
+service, etc., "with our present officers." These officers (9 of
+them) have since resigned and their places filled by the Governor of
+Virginia with white officers.
+
+These latter have not yet reported for duty.
+
+Further comment seems as unnecessary as the application itself is
+useless.
+
+(Signed) R.C. CROXTON,
+
+Lt. Col. 6th Va. Vol. Inf. Com'd'g.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SECOND ENDORSEMENT.
+
+Headquarters Third Brigade, Second Division, First Army Corps, Camp
+Poland, Tenn., Oct. 29, 1898.
+
+Respectfully forwarded. Disapproved as under the law creating the
+present volunteer forces the Governor of Virginia is the only
+authority who can appoint the officers of the 6th Va. Vol. Inf.
+
+(Signed) JAMES H. YOUNG.
+
+Col. Third N.C. Vol. Inf. Com'd'g. Brigade.
+
+THIRD ENDORSEMENT.
+
+Headquarters Second Division, First Army Corps,
+
+Camp Poland, Knoxville, Tenn., Oct. 31, 1898.
+
+Respectfully returned to the Commanding General, Third Brigade.
+
+The enclosed communication is in form and substance so contrary to
+all military practice and traditions that it is returned for file at
+Regimental Headquarters, 6th Va. Vol. Infantry.
+
+By command of Colonel KUERT.
+
+(Signed) LOUIS V. CAZIARC,
+
+Assistant Adjutant-General.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+FOURTH ENDORSEMENT.  Headquarters Third Brigade,
+  Second Division, First Army Corps.
+Respectfully transmitted to C.O., 6th Virginia, inviting attention to
+preceding Inst.
+
+By order of Colonel YOUNG.
+
+(Signed) A.B. COLLIER,
+
+Captain Assistant Adjutant-General.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A NEW LIEUTENANT FOR THE 6TH VIRGINIA.
+
+October 31st, 1898, the monthly muster was in progress. There appeared
+in the camp a new Lieutenant--Lieut. Jno. W. Healey--formerly
+Sergeant-Major in the regular army. This was the first positive
+evidence that white officers would be assigned to this regiment. This
+was about 9 o'clock in the morning, and at Knoxville later in the day,
+there were more arrivals. Then it was published that the following
+changes and appointments were made:
+
+Company "D," First Battalion, was transferred to the Second Battalion;
+Company "F," of the Second Battalion, transferred to the First
+Battalion. Major E.E. Cobell, commanding Second Battalion. Captain
+R.L.E. Masurier, commanding Company "D." Captain W. S. Faulkner,
+commanding Company "E." Captain J. W. Bentley, commanding Company "G."
+Captain S.T. Moore, commanding Company "H." First Lieutenant Jno. W.
+Healey to Company "H." First Lieutenant A.L. Moncure to Company "G."
+Second Lieutenant Geo. W. Richardson, Company "G." First Lieutenant
+Edwin T. Walker transferred to Company "C." November 1st officers
+attempted to take charge of the men who offered no violence at all,
+but by their manner and conduct it appeared too unpleasant and unsafe
+for these officers to remain, so tendered their resignations, but they
+were withheld for a day.
+
+The next day, November 2, 1898, it was thought best that the colored
+Captains and Lieutenants would drill the companies at the 9 o'clock
+drill. While on the field "recall" was sounded and the companies were
+brought to the headquarters and formed a street column. General Bates,
+commanding the Corps and his staff; Col. Kuert, commanding the Brigade
+and Brigade staff; Maj. Louis V. Caziarc, Assistant Adjutant-General:
+Lieut. Col. Croxton and Maj. Johnson were all there and spoke to the
+men. Colonel Kuert said: "Gentlemen, as commanding officer of the
+Brigade, I appear before you to-day asking you to do your duty; to be
+good soldiers, to remember your oath of enlistment, and to be careful
+as to the step you take, for it might cost you your life; that there
+are enough soldiers at my command to force you into submission should
+you resist. No, if you intend to accept the situation and submit to
+these officers placed over you, at my command, you come to a right
+shoulder, and if you have any grievance imaginary or otherwise
+present through proper military channels, and if they are proper, your
+wrongs will be adjusted."
+
+"Right shoulder, Arms." Did not a man move. He then ordered them to be
+taken back to their company street and to "stack arms."
+
+Before going to the company streets Major Caziarc spoke to the men as
+follows: "Forty years ago no Negro could bear arms or wear the blue.
+You cannot disgrace the blue, but can make yourselves unworthy to wear
+it."
+
+Then Maj. J.B. Johnson spoke to the men and urged upon them to keep
+in mind the oath of enlistment (which he read to them), in which they
+swore that they would "obey all officers placed over them;" that since
+the appointments had been made there was nothing for them to do but to
+accept the situation. At the conclusion of Maj. Johnson's talk to the
+men, Private Badger, Regimental Tailor, stepped to the front and gave
+the "rifle salute" and asked permission to say a word. It was granted.
+He said: "When we enlisted we understood that we would go with
+our colored officers anywhere in or out of this country, and when
+vacancies occurred we expected and looked for promotion as was the
+policy of the Governor of Virginia toward other Virginia Regiments."
+He was told that if the men had any grievance they could present it
+through military channels and it would be looked into. They never
+accepted Maj. Johnson's advice--returned to their company streets and
+were allowed to keep their guns. The Ordnance Officer was ordered to
+take all ammunition to the camp of the Thirty-first Michigan and place
+it in the guard-house.
+
+The men had the freedom and pass privilege to and from the city.
+
+[Illustration: MAJOR J.B. JOHNSON, OF THE SIXTH VIRGINIA COLORED
+VOLUNTEERS.]
+
+November 19th the command was ordered to Macon, Ga., arriving at Camp
+Haskell next day, with 820 men and 27 officers.
+
+Near the camp of the Sixth Virginia was that of the Tenth Immune
+Regiment, in which were many Virginia boys, some of whom had been
+members of some of the companies of the Sixth.
+
+Some irresponsible persons cut down a tree upon which several men had
+been lynched. The blame naturally fell upon the Sixth Virginia. The
+regiment was placed under arrest and remained so for nineteen days.
+The first day the Third Engineers guarded the camp, but General
+Wilson, the Corps commander, removed them and put colored soldiers to
+guard them. On the night of November 20th, at a late hour, the camp
+was surrounded by all the troops available while the men were asleep
+and the regiment was disarmed.
+
+While all this was going on the Thirty-first Michigan Regiment had
+been deployed into line behind a hill on the north and the Fourth
+Tennessee had been drawn up in line on the east side of the camp ready
+to fire should any resistance be offered.
+
+The men quietly submitted to this strange procedure, and did not know
+that Gatling guns had been conveniently placed at hand to mow them
+down had they shown any resistance. The Southern papers called them
+the mutinous Sixth, and said and did every thing to place discredit
+upon them.
+
+They were reviewed by General Breckinridge, General Alger, Secretary
+of War, and President McKinley, who applauded them for their fine and
+soldierly appearance.
+
+
+
+
+
+COMMENTS ON THE THIRD NORTH CAROLINA REGIMENT.
+
+
+Of all the volunteer regiments the Third North Carolina seemed to be
+picked out as the target for attack by the Georgia newspapers. The
+Atlanta Journal, under large headlines, "A Happy Riddance," has the
+following to say when the Third North Carolina left Macon. But
+the Journal's article was evidently written in a somewhat of a
+wish-it-was-so-manner, and while reading this article we ask our
+readers to withhold judgment until they read Prof. C.F. Meserve on the
+Third North Carolina, who wrote after investigation.
+
+The Journal made no investigation to see what the facts were, but
+dwells largely on rumors and imagination. It will be noted that
+President Meserve took the pains to investigate the subject before
+writing about it.
+
+The Atlanta Journal says:
+
+A HAPPY RIDDANCE.
+
+The army and the country are to be congratulated on the mustering out
+of the Third North Carolina Regiment.
+
+A tougher and more turbulent set of Negroes were probably never gotten
+together before. Wherever this regiment went it caused trouble.
+
+While stationed in Macon several of its members were killed, either by
+their own comrades in drunken brawls or by citizens in self-defense.
+
+Last night the mustered-out regiment passed through Atlanta on its way
+home and during its brief stay here exhibited the same ruffianism and
+brutality that characterized it while in the service. But for the
+promptness and pluck of several Atlanta policemen these Negro
+ex-soldiers would have done serious mischief at the depot. Those who
+undertook to make trouble were very promptly clubbed into submission,
+and one fellow more obstreperous than the rest, was lodged in the
+station house.
+
+With the exception of two or three regiments the Negro volunteers in
+the recent war were worse than useless. The Negro regulars, on the
+contrary, made a fine record, both for fighting and conduct in camp.
+
+[Illustration: THIRD NORTH CAROLINA VOLUNTEERS AND OFFICERS.]
+
+The mustering out of the Negro volunteers should have begun sooner and
+have been completed long ago.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+WHAT PRESIDENT CHARLES FRANCIS MESERVE SAYS.
+
+President Charles Francis Meserve, of Shaw University, says:
+
+"I spent a part of two days the latter part of December at Camp
+Haskell, near Macon, Ga., inspecting the Third North Carolina colored
+regiment and its camp and surroundings. The fact that this regiment
+has colored officers and the knowledge that the Colonel and quite
+a number of officers, as well as many of the rank and file, were
+graduates or former students of Shaw University, led me to make
+a visit to this regiment, unheralded and unannounced. I was just
+crossing the line into the camp when I was stopped by a guard, who
+wanted to know who I was and what I wanted. I told him I was a very
+small piece of Shaw University, and that I wanted to see Col. Young.
+After that sentence was uttered, and he had directed me to the
+headquarters of the colonel, the regiment and the camp might have been
+called mine, for the freedom of everything was granted me."
+
+The camp is admirably located on a sandy hillside, near pine woods,
+and is dry and well-drained. It is well laid out, with a broad avenue
+in the centre intersected by a number of side streets. On one side of
+the avenue are the tents and quarters of the men and the canteen,
+and on the opposite side the officers' quarters, the hospital, the
+quartermasters stores, the Y.M.C.A. tent, etc.
+
+Although the weather was unfavorable, the camp was in the best
+condition, and from the standpoint of sanitation was well-nigh
+perfect. I went everywhere and saw everything, even to the sinks and
+corral. Part of the time I was alone and part of the time an officer
+attended me. There was an abundant supply of water from the Macon
+water works distributed in pipes throughout the camp. The clothing was
+of good quality and well cared for. The food was excellent, abundant
+in quantity and well prepared. The beef was fresh and sweet, for it
+had not been "embalmed." The men were not obliged to get their fresh
+meat by picking maggots out of dried apples and dried peaches as has
+been the case sometimes in the past on our "Wild West Frontier." There
+were potatoes, Irish and sweet, navy beans, onions, meat, stacks of
+light bread, canned salmon, canned tomatoes, etc. These were not all
+served at one meal, but all these articles and others go to make up
+the army ration list.
+
+The spirit and discipline of officers and men was admirable, and
+reflected great credit upon the Old North State. There was an
+enthusiastic spirit and buoyancy that made their discipline and
+evolutions well nigh perfect. The secret of it all was confidence in
+their leader. They believe in their colonel, and the colonel in turn
+believes in his men. Col. James H. Young possesses in a marked degree
+a quality of leadership as important as it is rare. He probably knows
+by name at least three-quarters of his regiment, and is on pleasant
+terms with his staff and the men in the ranks, and yet maintains a
+proper dignity, such as befits his official rank.
+
+[Illustration: PROF. CHARLES F. MESERVE, OF SHAW UNIVERSITY, RALEIGH,
+N.C. (Who investigated and made report on the Third N.C. Volunteers.)]
+
+On the last afternoon of my visit of inspection Col. Young ordered
+the regiment drawn up in front of his headquarters, and invited me to
+address them. The Colonel and his staff were mounted, and I was given
+a position of honor on a dry goods box near the head of the beautiful
+horse upon which the Colonel was mounted. Besides Colonel James
+H. Young, of Raleigh, were near me Lieutenant Colonel Taylor, of
+Charlotte; Major Walker, of Wilmington; Major Hayward, of Raleigh;
+Chief Surgeon Dellinger, of Greensboro; Assistant Surgeons Pope, of
+Charlotte, and Alston, of Asheville; Capt. Durham, of Winston; Capt.
+Hamlin, of Raleigh; Capt. Hargraves, of Maxton; Capt. Mebane, of
+Elizabeth City; Capt. Carpenter, of Rutherfordton; Capt. Alexander,
+of Statesville; Capt. Smith, of Durham; Capt. Mason, of Kinston;
+who served under Colonel Shaw at Fort Wagner; Capt. Leatherwood,
+Asheville; Capt. Stitt, of Charlotte; Capt. York, of Newbern; and
+Quartermaster Lane, of Raleigh. That highly respected citizen of
+Fayetteville, Adjutant Smith, was in the hospital suffering from a
+broken leg. I told them they were on trial, and the success or failure
+of the experiment must be determined by themselves alone; that
+godliness, moral character, prompt and implicit obedience, as well as
+bravery and unflinching courage, were necessary attributes of the true
+soldier.
+
+The Y.M.C.A. tent is a great blessing to the regiment, and is very
+popular, and aids in every possible way the work of Chaplain Durham.
+
+The way Col. Young manages the canteen cannot be too highly
+recommended. Ordinarily the term canteen is another name for a
+drinking saloon, though a great variety of articles, such as soldiers
+need, are on sale and the profits go to the soldiers. But the canteen
+of the Third North Carolina is a dry one. By that I mean that
+spiritous or malt liquors are not sold. Col. Young puts into practice
+the principles that have always characterized his personal habits, and
+with the best results to his regiment.
+
+I had the pleasure of meeting Capt. S. Babcock, Assistant Adjutant
+General of the Brigade, who has known this regiment since it was
+mustered into the service. He speaks of it in the highest terms. I
+also met Major John A. Logan, the Provost Marshal, and had a
+long interview with him. He said the Third North Carolina was a
+well-behaved regiment and that he had not arrested a larger per cent
+of men from this regiment than from any other regiment, and that I was
+at liberty to publicly use this statement.
+
+While in the sleeper on my way home I fell in with Capt. J.C. Gresham,
+of the Seventh Cavalry. Capt. Gresham is a native of Virginia, a
+graduate of Richmond College and West Point, and has served many years
+in the regular army. He was with Colonel Forsyth in the battle with
+the Sioux at Wounded Knee, South Dakota. I had met him previously,
+when I was in the United States Indian service in Kansas. He informed
+me that he mustered in the first four companies of the Third North
+Carolina, and the Colonel and his staff, and that he had never met a
+more capable man than Colonel Young.
+
+The Third North Carolina has never seen active service at the front,
+and, as the Hispano-American war is practically a closed chapter, it
+will probably be mustered out of the service without any knowledge of
+actual warfare. I thought, however, as I stood on the dry goods box
+and gave them kindly advice, and looked down along the line, that if
+I was a soldier in a white regiment and was pitted against them, my
+regiment would have to do some mighty lively work to "clean them out."
+
+CHARLES FRANCIS MESERVE.
+
+Shaw University,
+
+Raleigh, N.C., Jan. 25, 1899.
+
+
+[Illustration: MR. JUDSON W. LYONS, REGISTER OF THE TREASURY, AND
+SIGNS U.S. "GREENBACKS" TO MAKE THEM GOOD.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+
+GENERAL ITEMS OF INTEREST TO THE RACE,
+
+
+John C. Dancy, re-appointed Collector of Port Wilmington, N.C. Salary
+$3,000.
+
+The appointment of Prof. Richard T. Greener, of New York, as Consul to
+Vladivistock.
+
+Hon. H.P. Cheatham, appointed as Register of Deeds of the District of
+Columbia. Salary $4,000.
+
+Hon. George H. White elected to Congress from the Second Congressional
+District of North Carolina, the only colored Representative in that
+body.
+
+The Cotton Factory at Concord, N.C., built and operated by colored
+people, capitalized at $50,000, and established a new line of industry
+for colored labor, is one of the interesting items showing the
+progress of the colored race in America.
+
+B.K. Bruce re-appointed Register of the Treasury, and on his death Mr.
+Judson W. Lyons, of Augusta, Georgia, became his successor, and now
+has the honor of making genuine Uncle Sam's greenback by affixing
+thereto his signature. Salary $4,500.
+
+Bishop H.M. Turner visits Africa and ordains an African Bishop,
+J.H. Dwane, Vicar of South Africa, with a conference composed of a
+membership of 10,000 persons. This act of the Bishop is criticised by
+some of the Bishops and members of the A.M.E. Church in America on the
+grounds that Bishop Turner was acting without authority in making this
+appointment.
+
+Mr. James Deveaux, Collector of Port, Brunswick, Ga.; H.A. Rucker,
+Collector of Internal Revenue for Georgia, $4,500 (the best office in
+the State); Morton, Postmaster at Athens, Ga., $2,400; Demas,
+naval officer at New Orleans, $5,000; Lee, Collector of port at
+Jacksonville, $4,000 (the best office in that State); Hill, Register
+of the Land Office in Mississippi, $3,000; Leftwich, Register of the
+Land Office in Alabama, $3,000; Casline, Receiver of Public Moneys in
+Alabama, $2,000; Jackson, Consul at Calais, $2,500; Van Horn, Consul
+in the West Indies, $2,500; Green, Chief Stamp Division, Postoffice
+Department, $2,000.
+
+
+MISS ALBERTA SCOTT AND OTHERS,
+
+Miss Alberta Scott is the first Negro girl to be graduated from the
+Harvard annex. Her classmates and the professors of the institution
+have congratulated her in the warmest terms and in the literary and
+the language club of Boston her achievement of the M.A. degree has
+been spoken of with high praise. Miss Scott is but the fifth student
+of the Negro race to obtain this honor at the colleges for women in
+Massachusetts. Two received diplomas from Wellsley, one from Smith
+College and one from Vassar. Miss Scott is 20 years old. She was born
+in Richmond, Va., having graduated from the common schools in Boston.
+Miss Scott's teachers spoke so encouragingly of her work that the
+girl was determined to have a college education. She paid particular
+attention to the study of language and literature, and she is now a
+fluent linguist and a member of the Idier and German clubs. She has
+contributed considerably to college and New England journals.
+
+[Illustration: THE GARNES FAMILY.]
+
+THE DISCOVERY OF THE GARNES FAMILY.
+
+A picture of which is herein placed, will do much to confound those
+bumptious sociologists who make haste to rush into print with
+statistics purporting to show that the Negro Race in America is "fast
+dying out." The aim of this class of people seems to be to show that
+the Negro Race withers under the influence of freedom, which is by no
+means true. It is possibly true that filth and disease does its fatal
+work in the Negro Race, the same as in other races among the filthy
+and corrupt, but the filthy and corrupt in the Negro Race, as a class,
+are growing fewer every year--for which we can thank the philanthropy
+of the American people who are doing something to better the condition
+of the Negro rather than hurling at him enernating criticisms and
+complaints.
+
+"Their home is at Brodie, in the country, about twenty miles from
+Henderson, N.C. The father's name is Gillis Garnes. He is about fifty
+years of age, and the mother says she is about forty-eight. The oldest
+child is a daughter, aged twenty-eight, and the youngest is also a
+daughter, three years of age; that you see seated in her mother's
+arms. They are all Baptists and thirteen of the family are members of
+the church. I had this photograph taken at Henderson, on April 8th.
+There are seventeen children, all living, of the same father and
+mother. A.J. Garnes spends quite a part of the time in teaching in
+his native county. When he is not teaching he is at home, and every
+evening has a school made up of children of the family. A.J. Garnes
+is the tall young man in the background at the right, who is a former
+student of Shaw University, as well as one of the sisters represented
+in the picture."--_Prof. Charles F. Meserve, in the Baptist Home
+Mission Monthly._
+
+"A COLORED WONDER" ON THE BICYCLE.
+
+New York, August 27.--Major Taylor, the colored cyclist, met and
+defeated "Jimmy" Michael, the little Welshman, in a special match
+race, best two out of three, one mile pace heats, from a standing
+start at Manhattan Beach Cycle track this afternoon.
+
+Michael won the first heat easily, as Taylor's pacing quint broke
+down in the final lap, but on the next two heats Michael was so badly
+beaten and distanced that he quit each time in the last lap.
+
+MARVELOUS WORK.
+
+Taylor's work was wonderful, both from a racing and time standpoint,
+and he established a new world's record which was absolutely
+phenomenal, covering the third heat in 1:41 2-5.
+
+Michael was hissed by the spectators as he passed the stand,
+dispirited and dejected by Taylor's overwhelming victory.
+
+Immediately after the third heat was finished, and before the time was
+announced, William A. Bradley, who championed the colored boy during
+the entire season, issued a challenge to race Taylor against Michael
+for $5,000 or $10,000 a side at any distance up to one hundred miles.
+
+THE COLORED YOUTH LIONIZED.
+
+This declaration was received with tumultuous shouts by the
+assemblage, and the colored victor was lionized when the time was made
+known.
+
+Edouard Taylore, the French rider, held the world's record of 1:45 3-5
+for the distance in a contest paced from a standing start.
+
+[Illustration: COLEMAN COTTON MILL.]
+
+THE WORLD'S RECORD LOWERED.
+
+The world's record against time from a standing start, made by Platt
+Betts, of England, was 1:43 2-5. Michael beat Taylore's record by 1
+2-5 seconds in the first heat, but Major Taylor wiped this out and
+tied Betts' record against time in the second heat. As Taylor was on
+the outside for nearly two and a half laps, it was easily seen that he
+rode more than a mile in the time, and shrewd judges who watched the
+race said that he would surely do better on the third attempt.
+
+PALE AS A CORPSE.
+
+That he fully justified this belief goes without saying.
+
+The Welsh rider was pale as a corpse when he jumped off his wheel and
+had no excuse to make for his defeat. Taylor's performance undoubtedly
+stamps him as the premier 'cycle sprinter of the world, and, judging
+from the staying qualities he exhibited in his six days' ride in the
+Madison Square Garden, the middle distance championship may be his
+before the end of the present season.
+
+
+A NEGRO MILLIONAIRE FOUND AT LAST.
+
+After a search of many years, at last a Negro millionaire, yes, a
+multi-millionaire has been found. He resides in the city of Guatemala,
+and is known as Don Juan Knight. It is said he is to that country what
+Huntington and other monied men are to this country. He was born a
+slave in the State of Alabama. He owns gold mines, large coffee and
+banana farms, is the second largest dealer in mahogany in the world,
+owns a bank and pays his employees $200,000 a year. His wealth is
+estimated at $70,000,000. He was the property of the Uptons, of
+Dadeville, Ala. He contributes largely to educational institutions,
+has erected hospitals, etc. He is sought for his advice by the
+government whenever a bond issue, etc., is to be made. He lives in a
+palace and has hosts of servants to wait on his family. He married a
+native and has seven children. They have all been educated in this
+country. Two of his sons are in a military academy in Mississippi and
+one of his daughters is an accomplished portrait painter in Boston. He
+visited the old plantation where he was born recently and employed the
+son of his former master as foreman of his mines. Finding that the
+wife of his former master was sick and without money, he gave her
+enough money to live on the balance of her life. He employs more
+men than any other man in Guatemala and is the wealthiest one
+there.--Maxton Blade.
+
+
+UNCLE SAM'S MONEY SEALER WHO COULD STEAL MILLIONS IF HE WOULD.
+
+There is only one man in the United States who could steal $10,000,000
+and not have the theft discovered for six months.
+
+This man has a salary of $1,200 a year. He is a Negro and his name is
+John R. Brown.
+
+Mr. Brown's interesting duty is to be the packer of currency under
+James F. Meline, the Assistant Treasurer of the United States, who,
+says that his is a place where automatic safeguards and checks fail,
+and where the government must trust to the honesty of the official.
+
+All the currency printed at the Bureau of Engraving and Printing is
+completed in the Treasury Building by having the red seal printed on
+it there. It comes to the Treasury Building in sheets of four notes
+each, and when the seal has been imprinted on the notes they are cut
+apart and put into packages to dry. John Brown's duty is to put up the
+packages of notes and seal them.
+
+[Illustration: MR. BROWN, THE COLORED MAN WHO PACKS AND SEALS THE
+MONEY OF THE UNITED STATES.]
+
+Brown does his work in a cage at the end of the room in which the
+completion of the notes is accomplished--the room of the Division of
+Issues.
+
+The notes are arranged in packages of one hundred before they are
+brought into the cage. Each package has its paper strap, on which the
+number and denomination is given in printed characters. Forty are put
+together in two piles of twenty each and placed an a power press. This
+press is worked by a lever, something like an old-style cotton press.
+There are openings above and below through which strings can be
+slipped after Brown has pulled the lever and compressed the package.
+
+These strings hold the package together while stout manila paper is
+drawn around it. This paper is folded as though about a pound of tea
+and sealed with wax. Then a label is pasted on it, showing in plain
+characters what is within.
+
+The packages are of uniform size and any variation from the standard
+would be noticed. But a dishonest man in Brown's position could slip a
+wad of prepared paper into one of the packages and put the notes into
+his pocket.
+
+If he did this the crime might not be known for six months or a
+year, or even longer. Some day there would come from the Treasurer
+a requisition for a package of notes of a certain denomination. The
+doctored package would be opened and the shortage would be found.
+However, the Government has never had to meet this situation.
+
+There have been only two men engaged in packing and sealing currency
+since the Treasury Department was organized.
+
+John T. Barnes began the work. He was a delegate to the Chicago
+Convention which nominated Lincoln and he received his appointment
+on the recommendation of Montgomery Blair in 1861. In 1862 he was
+assigned to making up the currency packages and fulfilled that duty
+until his death, in 1894. No mistake was ever discovered in his work,
+though he handled every cent of currency issued by the government for
+thirty-two years--so many millions of dollars that it would take a
+week to figure them up.
+
+Mr. Barnes' duties were filled temporarily until November 1, when John
+R. Brown was appointed to the place.
+
+Barnes at the time of his death was receiving only $1,400 a year and
+Brown draws only $1,200.
+
+Ordinarily the Bureau of Engraving and Printing delivers to the Issue
+Division about fifty-six packages of paper money of 1,000 sheets each,
+four notes on a sheet, making, when separated, 224,000 notes. These
+notes range in value from $1 to $20, and their aggregate is usually
+about $1,000,000. The government, however, issues currency in
+denominations of $50, $100, $500, $1,000. The largest are not printed
+often, because the amount issued is small.
+
+If it could happen that 224,000 notes of $1,000 each were received
+from the bureau in one day, the aggregate of value in the fifty-six
+packages would be $224,000,000. As it is, a little more than 10 per
+cent, of this sum represents the largest amount handled in one day.
+
+That is, the packer has handled $25,000,000 in a single day, and not
+one dollar has gone astray.
+
+John R. Brown is a hereditary office-holder. His father was a trusted
+employee of the Treasurer's office for ten year prior to his death, in
+1874. The son was appointed assistant messenger in 1872. He became a
+clerk through competitive examination and was gradually promoted.
+
+[Illustration: GEN. PIO PILAR, In charge of the Insurgent forces
+which attacked the American troops.]
+
+The man who has the largest interest in John Brown's integrity and
+care probably does not know Brown's name. Yet, if a thousand dollars
+was missing from one of the packages in the storage vault, Ellis H.
+Roberts, Treasurer of the United States, would have to make it good.
+Mr. Roberts has given a bond to the government in the sum of $500,000.
+Twenty years hence the sureties on that bond could be held for a
+shortage in the Treasurer's office, if it could be traced back to Mr.
+Roberts' term.
+
+Not one of the employees under Mr. Roberts gives a bond, though they
+handle millions every day. But the Treasurer's office is one which
+every responsible employee has been weighed carefully. Its clerks have
+been in service many years and have proved worthy of confidence.
+
+
+HOWELLS DISCOVERS A NEGRO POET.
+
+Mr. Paul Lawrence Dunbar has been until recently an elevator-boy in
+Dayton, Ohio. While engaged in the ups and downs of life in that
+capacity he has cultivated his poetical talents so successfully that
+his verse has found frequent admission into leading magazines. At last
+a little collection of these verses reached William Dean Howells,
+and Mr. Dunbar's star at once became ascendant. He is said to be a
+full-blooded Negro, the son of slave-parents, and his best work is in
+the dialect of his race. A volume of his poems is soon to be published
+by Dodd, Mead & Co. and in an introduction to it Mr. Howells writes as
+follows:
+
+"What struck me in reading Mr. Dunbar's poetry was what had already
+struck his friends in Ohio and Indiana, in Kentucky and Illinois. They
+had felt as I felt, that however gifted his race had proven itself in
+music, in oratory, in several other arts, here was the first instance
+of an American Negro who had evinced innate literature. In my
+criticism of his book I had alleged Dumas in France, and had forgotten
+to allege the far greater Pushkin in Russia; but these were both
+mulattoes who might have been supposed to derive their qualities from
+white blood vastly more artistic than ours, and who were the creatures
+of an environment more favorable to their literary development. So
+far as I could remember, Paul Dunbar was the only man of pure African
+blood and American civilization to feel the Negro life esthetically
+and express it lyrically. It seemed to me that this had come to its
+most modern consciousness in him, and that his brilliant and unique
+achievement was to have studied the American Negro objectively, and to
+have represented him as he found him to be, with humor, with sympathy,
+and yet with what the reader must instinctively feel to be entire
+truthfulness. I said that a race which had come to this effect in any
+member of it had attained civilization in him, and I permitted myself
+the imaginative prophecy that the hostilities and the prejudices which
+had so long constrained his race were destined to vanish in the arts;
+that these were to be the final proof that God had made of one blood
+all nations of men. I thought his merits positive and not comparative;
+and I held that if his black poems had been written by a white man
+I should not have found them less admirable. I accepted them as an
+evidence of the essential unity of the human race, which does not
+think or feel black in one and white in another, but humanly in all."
+
+The Bookman says of Mr. Dunbar:
+
+"It is safe to assert that accepted as an Anglo-Saxon poet, he would
+have received little or no consideration in a hurried weighing of the
+mass of contemporary verse."
+
+"But Mr. Dunbar, as his pleasing, manly, and not unrefined face shows,
+is a poet of the African race; and this novel and suggestive fact at
+once placed his work upon a peculiar footing of interest, of study,
+and of appreciative welcome. So regarded, it is a most remarkable and
+hopeful production."
+
+[Illustration: PAUL LAWRENCE DUNBAR, THE NEGRO POET.]
+
+We reproduce here one of Dunbar's dialect poems entitled
+WHEN DE CO'N PONE'S HOT.
+
+  Dey is times in life when Nature
+    Seems to slip a cog an' go
+  Jes' a-rattlin' down creation,
+    Lak an ocean's overflow;
+  When de worl' jes' stahts a-spinnin'
+    Lak a picaninny's top,
+  An' you' cup o' joy is brimmin'
+    'Twel it seems about to slop.
+  An' you feel jes' lak a racah
+    Dat is trainin' fu' to trot--
+  When you' mammy ses de blessin'
+    An' de co'n pone's hot.
+
+  When you set down at de table,
+    Kin' o' weary lak an' sad,
+  'An' you'se jest a little tiahed,
+    An' purhaps a little mad--
+  How you' gloom tu'ns into gladness,
+    How you' joy drives out de doubt
+  When de oven do' is opened
+    An' de smell comes po'in' out;
+  Why, de 'lectric light o' Heaven
+    Seems to settle on de spot,
+  When yo' mammy ses de blessin'
+    An' de co'n pone's hot.
+
+  When de cabbage pot is steamin'
+    An' de bacon good an' fat,
+  When de chittlin's is a-sputter'n'
+    So's to show yo' whah dey's at;
+  Take away you sody biscuit,
+    Take away yo' cake an' pie.
+  Fu' de glory time is comin',
+    An' it's proachin' very nigh,
+  An' you' want to jump an' hollah,
+    Do you know you'd bettah not,
+  When you mammy ses de blessin'
+    An' de co'n pone's hot?
+
+  I have heerd o' lots o' sermons,
+    An' I've heerd o' lots o' prayers;
+  An' I've listened to some singin'
+    Dat has tuck me up de stairs
+  Of de Glory Lan' an' set me
+    Jes' below de Mahster's th'one,
+  An' have lef my haht a singin'
+    In a happy aftah-tone.
+  But dem wu's so sweetly murmured
+    Seem to tech de softes' spot,
+  When my mammy ses de blessin'.
+    An de co'n pone's hot.
+--Taken from the Literary Digest.
+
+DISFRANCHISEMENT OF COLORED VOTERS.
+
+While the Northern and Western portions of the United States were
+paying tributes to the valor of the Negro soldiers who fought for the
+flag in Cuba, the most intense feeling ever witnessed, was brewing in
+some sections of the South-notably in the North Carolina Legislature
+against the rights and privileges of Negro citizenship, which
+culminated in the passage of a "Jim Crow" car law, and an act to amend
+the Constitution so as to disfranchise the colored voters. It was
+noticeable, however, that although the "Jim Crow Car" law got through
+that body in triumph, yet the "Jim Crow Bed" law, which made it a
+felony for whites and colored to cohabit together DID NOT PASS.
+
+[Illustration: FILIPINO LADY OF MANILA.]
+
+The Washington Post, which cannot be rated as generally partial to the
+colored citizens of the Union, and which is especially vicious in its
+attacks on the colored soldiers, has the following to say as to the
+proposed North Carolina amendment, which is so well said that we
+insert the same in full as an indication to our people that justice is
+not yet dead--though seemingly tardy:
+
+
+SUFFRAGE IN NORTH CAROLINA.
+
+(Washington Post, Feb. 20, 1899.)
+
+The amendment to the Constitution of North Carolina, which has for its
+object the limitation of the suffrage in the State, appears to have
+been modeled on the new Louisiana laws and operate a gross oppression
+and injustice. It is easy to see that the amendment is not intended to
+disfranchise the ignorant, but to stop short with the Negro; to deny
+to the illiterate black man the right of access to the ballot box and
+yet to leave the way wide open to the equally illiterate whites. In
+our opinion the policy thus indicated is both dangerous and unjust. We
+expressed the same opinion in connection with the Louisiana laws, and
+we see no reason to amend our views in the case of North Carolina.
+The proposed arrangement is wicked. It will not bear the test of
+intelligent and impartial examination. We believe in this case, as in
+that of Louisiana, that the Federal Constitution has been violated,
+and we hope that the people of North Carolina will repudiate the
+blunder at the polls.
+
+We realize with sorrow and apprehension that there are elements at the
+South enlisted in the work of disfranchising the Negro for purposes
+of mere party profit. It has been so in Louisiana, where laws were
+enacted under which penniless and illiterate Negroes cannot vote,
+while the ignorant and vicious classes of whites are enabled to retain
+and exercise the franchise. So far as we are concerned--and we believe
+that the best element of the South in every State will sustain our
+proposition-we hold that, as between the ignorant of the two races,
+the Negroes are preferable. They are conservative; they are good
+citizens; they take no stock in social schisms and vagaries; they do
+not consort with anarchists; they cannot be made the tools and agents
+of incendiaries; they constitute the solid, worthy, estimable yeomanry
+of the South. Their influence in government would be infinitely more
+wholesome than the influence of the white sansculotte, the riff-raff,
+the idlers, the rowdies, and the outlaws. As between the Negro,
+no matter how illiterate he may be, and the "poor white," the
+property-holders of the South prefer the former. Excepting a few
+impudent, half-educated, and pestiferous pretenders, the Negro masses
+of the South are honest, well-meaning, industrious, and safe citizens.
+They are in sympathy with the superior race; they find protection and
+encouragement with the old slave-holding class; if left alone,
+they would furnish the bone and sinew of a secure and progressive
+civilization. To disfranchise this class and leave the degraded whites
+in possession of the ballot would, as we see the matter, be a blunder,
+if not a crime.
+
+The question has yet to be submitted to a popular vote. We hope it
+will be decided in the negative. Both the Louisiana Senators are on
+record as proclaiming the unconstitutionality of the law. Both are
+eminent lawyers, and both devoted absolutely to the welfare of the
+South. We can only hope, for the sake of a people whom we admire and
+love, that this iniquitous legislation may be overruled in North
+Carolina as in Louisiana.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+
+SOME FACTS ABOUT THE PHILIPPINOS.
+
+
+WHO AGUINALDO IS.
+
+Emilio Aguinaldo was born March 22, 1869, at Cavite, Viejo.
+
+When twenty-five years old he was elected Mayor of Cavite.
+
+On August 21, 1896, Aguinaldo became leader of the insurgents. The
+revolution started on that day.
+
+He fought four battles with the Spaniards and was victorious in all.
+He lost but ten men, to the Spaniards 125.
+
+On December 24, 1897, a peace was established between Aguinaldo and
+the Spanish.
+
+Aguinaldo received $400,000, but the rest of the conditions of peace
+were never carried out.
+
+In June last Aguinaldo issued a proclamation, expressing a desire for
+the establishment of a native administration in the Philippines under
+an American protectorate.
+
+In an interview with a World correspondent at that time he expressed
+himself as grateful to Americans.
+
+In July he issued a proclamation fixing the 12th day of that month for
+the declaration of the independence of the Philippines.
+
+In November Aguinaldo defied General Otis, refusing to release his
+Spanish prisoners.
+
+The Cabinet on December 2 cabled General Otis to demand the release of
+the prisoners.
+
+[Illustration: EMILIO AGUINALDO, MILITARY DICTATOR OF THE FILIPINOS.]
+
+
+AGUINALDO THE MAN.
+
+In his features, face and skull Aguinaldo looks more like a European
+than a Malay.
+
+He is what would be called a handsome man, and might be compared with
+many young men in the province of Andalusia, Spain. If there be truth
+in phrenology he is a man above the common. Friends and enemies
+agree that he is intelligent, ambitious, far-sighted, brave,
+self-controlled, honest, moral, vindictive, and at times cruel. He
+possesses the quality which friends call wisdom and enemies call
+craft. According to those who like him he is courteous, polished,
+thoughtful and dignified; according to those who dislike him he is
+insincere, pretentious, vain and arrogant. Both admit him to be
+genial, generous, self-sacrificing, popular and capable in the
+administration of affairs. If the opinion of his foes be accepted he
+is one of the greatest Malays on the page of history. If the opinion
+of his friends be taken as the criterion he is one of the great men of
+history irrespective of race.--The Review of Reviews.
+
+
+FACTS FROM FELIPE AGONCILLO'S LETTER IN LESLIE'S MAGAZINE.
+
+Sixty per cent, of the inhabitants can read and write.
+
+The women in education are on a plane with the men.
+
+Each town of 5,000 inhabitants has two schools for children of both
+sexes. The towns of 10,000 inhabitants have three schools. There are
+technical training schools in Manila, Iloilo, and Bacoler. "In these
+schools are taught cabinet work, silversmithing, lock-smithing,
+lithography, carpentering, machinery, decorating, sculpture, political
+economy, commercial law, book-keeping, and commercial correspondence,
+French and English; and there is one superior college for painting,
+sculpture and engraving. There is also a college of commercial exports
+in Manila, and a nautical school, as well as a superior school of
+agriculture. Ten model farms and a meteorological observatory are
+conducted in other provinces, together with a service of geological
+studies, a botanical garden and a museum, a laboratory and military
+academy and a school of telegraphy."
+
+Manila has a girl's school (La Ascuncion) of elementary and superior
+branches, directed by French, English and Spanish mothers, which
+teaches French, English literature, arithmetic, algebra, trigonometry,
+topography, physics, geology, universal history, geography, designing,
+music, dress-making and needle-work. The capital has besides a
+municipal school of primary instruction and the following colleges:
+Santa Ysabel, Santa Catolina, La Concordia, Santa Rosa de la Looban,
+a hospital of San Jose, and an Asylum of St. Vincent de Paul, all
+of which are places of instruction for children. There are other
+elementary schools in the State of Camannis, in Pasig, in Vigan and
+Jaro.
+
+The entire conduct of the civilization of the Philippines as well as
+local authorities are in the hands of the Philipinos themselves. They
+also had charge of the public offices of the government during the
+last century.
+
+There is a medical school and a school for mid-wives.
+
+"All the young people and especially the boys, belonging to well-to-do
+families residing in the other islands go to Manila to study the
+arts and learn a profession. Among the natives to be ignorant and
+uneducated, is a shameful condition of degradation."
+
+"The sons of the rich families began to go to Spain in 1854" to be
+educated.
+
+[Illustration: FELIPE AGONCILLO Emissary of the Filipinos to the
+United States.]
+
+When the Spaniards first went to the islands "they found the
+Philipinos enlightened and advanced in civilization." "They had
+foundries for casting iron and brass, for making guns and powder.
+They had their special writing with two alphabets, and used paper
+imported from China and Japan." This was in the early part of the
+sixteenth century. The Spanish government took the part of the natives
+against the imposition of exhorbitant taxes, and the tortures of the
+inquisition by the early settlers.
+
+The highest civilization exists in the island of Luzon but in some
+of the remote islands the people are not more than "enlightened." The
+population embraced in Anguinaldo's dominion is 10,000,000, scattered
+over a territory in area approaching 200,000 square miles. The
+Americans up to this time have conquered only about 143 square miles
+of this territory.
+
+What takes place in the South concerning the treatment of Negroes is
+known in the Philippines. The Philipino government on the 27th of
+February, 1899, issued from Hong Kong the following decree warning the
+Philipino people as follows:
+
+"Manila has witnessed the most horrible outrages, the confiscation of
+the properties and savings of the people at the point of the bayonet,
+the shooting of the defenseless, accompanied by odious acts of
+abomination repugnant barbarism and social hatred, worse than the
+doings in the Carolinas."
+
+They are told of America's treatment of the black population, and are
+made to feel that it is better to die fighting than become subject
+to a nation where, as they are made to believe, the colored man is
+lynched and burned alive indiscriminately. The outrages in this
+country is giving America a bad name among the savage people of the
+world, and they seem to prefer savagery to American civilization, such
+as is meted out to her dark-skinned people.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+
+RESUME.
+
+
+Should the question be asked "how did the American Negroes act in the
+Spanish-American war?" the foregoing brief account of their conduct
+would furnish a satisfactory answer to any fair mind. In testimony of
+their valiant conduct we have the evidence first, of competent eye
+witnesses; second, of men of the white race; and third, not only white
+race, but men of the Southern white race, in America, whose antipathy
+to the Negro "with a gun" is well known, it being related of the great
+George Washington, who, withal, was a slave owner, but mild in his
+views as to the harshness of that system--that on his dying bed he
+called out to his good wife: "Martha, Martha, let me charge you, dear,
+never to trust a 'nigger' with a gun." Again we have the testimony of
+men high in authority, competent to judge, and whose evidence ought to
+be received. Such men as General Joseph Wheeler, Colonel Roosevelt,
+General Miles, President McKinley. If on the testimony of such
+witnesses as these we have not "established our case," there must
+be something wrong with the jury. A good case has been established,
+however, for the colored soldier, out of the mouth of many witnesses.
+The colored troopers just did so well that praise could not be
+withheld from them even by those whose education and training had bred
+in them prejudice against Negroes. It can no longer be doubted that
+the Negro soldier will fight. In fact such has been their record in
+past wars that no scruples should have been entertained on this point,
+but the (late) war was a fresh test, the result of which should be
+enough to convince the most incredulous "Doubting Thomases."
+
+[Illustration: CONVENT AT CAVITË, WHERE AGUINALDO WAS PROCLAIMED
+PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC (JUNE, 1898).]
+
+The greater portion of the American people have confidence in the
+Negro soldier. This confidence is not misplaced--the American
+government can, in the South, organize an army of Negro soldiers that
+will defy the combined forces of any nation of Europe. The Negro can
+fight in any climate, and does not succumb to the hardships of camp
+life. He makes a model soldier and is well nigh invincible.
+
+The Negro race has a right to be proud of the achievements of the
+colored troopers in the late Spanish-American war. They were the
+representatives of the whole race in that conflict; had they failed it
+would have been a calamity charged up to the whole race. The race's
+enemies would have used it with great effect. They did not fail, but
+did their duty nobly--a thousand hurrahs for the colored troopers of
+the Spanish-American war!!
+
+In considering their successful achievements, however, it is well to
+remember that there were some things the Negro had to forget while
+facing Spanish bullets. The Negro soldier in bracing himself for that
+conflict must needs forget the cruelties that daily go on against his
+brethren under that same flag he faces death to defend; he must forget
+that when he returns to his own land he will be met not as a citizen,
+but as a serf in that part of it, at least, where the majority of
+his people live; he must forget that if he wishes to visit his aged
+parents who may perhaps live in some of the Southern States, he must
+go in a "Jim Crow" car; and if he wants a meal on the way, he could
+only get it in the kitchen, as to insist on having it in the dining
+room with other travelers, would subject him to mob violence; he must
+forget that the flag he fought to defend in Cuba does not protect him
+nor his family at home; he must forget the murder of Frazier B. Baker,
+who was shot down in cold blood, together with his infant babe in its
+mother's arms, and the mother and another child wounded, at Lake City,
+S.C., for no other offense than attempting to perform the duties of
+Postmaster at that place--a position given him by President McKinley;
+he must forget also the shooting of Loftin, the colored Postmaster at
+Hagansville, Ga., who was guilty of no crime, but being a Negro and
+holding, at that place, the Postoffice, a position given him by the
+government; he must forget the Wilmington MASSACRE in which some forty
+or fifty colored people were shot down by men who had organized
+to take the government of the city in charge by force of the
+Winchester--where two lawyers and a half dozen or more colored men of
+business, together with such of their white friends as were thought
+necessary to get rid of, were banished from the city by a mob, and
+their lives threatened in the event of their return--all because they
+were in the way as Republican voters-"talked too much" or did not halt
+when so ordered by some members of the mob; they must forget the three
+hundred Negroes who were the victims of mob violence in the United
+States during the year 1898; they must forget that the government they
+fought for in Cuba is powerless to correct these evils, and does not
+correct them.
+
+
+WHY THE AMERICAN GOVERNMENT DOES NOT PROTECT ITS COLORED CITIZENS.
+
+Is due to the peculiar and complicated construction of the laws
+relating to STATES RIGHTS. The power to punish for crimes against
+citizens of the different States is given by construction of the
+Constitution of the United States to the courts of the several States.
+The Federal authorities have no jurisdiction unless the State has
+passed some law abridging the rights of citizens, or the State
+government through its authorized agents is unable to protect its
+citizens, and has called on the national government for aid to that
+end, or some United States official is molested in the discharge of
+his duty. Under this subtle construction of the Constitution a citizen
+who lives in a State whose public opinion is hostile becomes a victim
+of whatever prejudice prevails, and, although the laws may in the
+letter, afford ample protection, yet those who are to execute them
+rarely do so in the face of a hostile public sentiment; and thus the
+Negroes who live in hostile communities become the victims of public
+sentiment. Juries may be drawn, and trials may be had, but the juries
+are usually white, and are also influenced in their verdicts by that
+sentiment which declares that "this is a white man's government," and
+a mistrial follows. In many instances the juries are willing to do
+justice, but they can feel the pressure from the outside, and in some
+instance the jurors chosen to try the cases were members of the mob,
+as in the case of the coroner's jury at Lake City.
+
+It is the duty of a State Governor, when he finds public sentiment
+dominating the courts and obstructing justice, to interfere, and in
+case he cannot succeed with the sheriff and posse comitatus, then to
+invoke National aid. But this step has never yet been taken by any
+Governor of the States in the interest of Negro citizenship. Some of
+the State Governors have made some demonstration by way of threats of
+enforcing the law against those who organize mobs and take the law
+into their own hands; and some of the mob murderers have been brought
+to trial, which in most cases, has resulted in an acquittal for
+the reason that juries have as aforestated, chosen to obey public
+sentiment, which is not in favor of punishing white men for lynching
+Negroes, rather than obey the law; and cases against the election laws
+and for molesting United States officials have to be tried in the
+district where these offences occur, and the juries being in sympathy
+with the criminals, usually acquit, or there is a mistrial because
+they cannot all agree.
+
+THAT MOBOCRACY IS SUPREME in many parts of the Union is no longer
+a mooted question. It is a fact; and one that forebodes serious
+consequences, not only to the Negro but to any class of citizens who
+may happen to come into disfavor with some other class.
+
+[Illustration: CHURCH OF SAN SEBASTIANO, MANILLA.]
+
+WHAT THE NEGRO SHOULD do under such circumstances must be left to the
+discretion of the individuals concerned. Some advise emigration, but
+that is impracticable, en masse, unless some suitable place could be
+found where any considerable number might go, and not fare worse.
+The colored people will eventually leave those places where they are
+maltreated, but "whether it is better to suffer the ills we now bear
+than flee to those we know not of," is the question. The prevailing
+sentiment among the masses seems to be to remain for the present,
+where they are, and through wise action, and appeals to the Court of
+Enlightened Christian Sentiment, try to disarm the mob. There is no
+doubt a class of white citizens who regret such occurrences, and from
+their natural horror of bloodshed, and looking to the welfare and
+reputation of the communities in which such outrages occur, and
+feeling that withal the Negro makes a good domestic and farm hand,
+will, and do counsel against mob violence. In many places where mobs
+have occurred such white citizens have been invaluable aids in saving
+the lives of Negroes from mob violence; and trusting that these
+friends will increase and keep up their good work the Negro has seldom
+ever left the scene of mob violence in any considerable numbers, the
+home ties being strong, and he instinctively loves the scene of his
+birth. He loves the white men who were boys with him, whose faces
+he has smiled in from infancy, and he would rather not sever those
+friendly ties. A touching incident is related in reference to a
+colored man in a certain town where a mob was murdering Negroes right
+and left, who came to the door of his place of business, and seeing
+the face of a young white man whom he had known from his youth, asked
+protection home to his wife and five children; the reply came with an
+oath, "Get back into that house or I will put a bullet into you." The
+day before this these two men had been "good friends," had "exchanged
+cigars"-but the orders of the mob were stronger in this instance than
+the ties of long years of close friendship. Another instance, though,
+will show how the mob could not control the ties of friendship of
+the white for the black. It was the case of a colored man who was
+blacklisted by a mob in a certain city, and fled to the home of a
+neighboring white friend who kept him in his own house for several
+days until escape was possible, and in the meantime, summoned his
+white neighbors to guard the black man's family-threatening to shoot
+down the first member of the mob who should enter the gate, because,
+as he said, "you have no right to frighten that woman and her children
+to death." Such acts as this assures to the Negroes in places where
+feeling runs against them that perhaps they may be fortunate enough to
+escape the violence of this terrible race hatred that is now running
+riot in this country. In this connection it is well to remark that
+kindness will win in the long run with the Negro Race, and make them
+the white man's friend. Georgia and those States where Negroes are
+being burned are sowing to the wind and will ere long reap the
+whirlwind in the matter of race hatred. Criminal assaults were not
+characteristic of the Negro in the days of slavery, because as a rule
+there was friendship between master and slave-the slave was too fond
+of his master's family but to do otherwise than protect it; but the
+situation is changed-instead of kindness the Negro sees nothing but
+rebuff on every hand; he feels himself a hated and despised race
+without country or protection anywhere, and the brute-spirit rises in
+those, who, by their make-up and training, cannot keep it down-then
+follows murder, outrage, rape. It is true that only a few do these
+things, but those few are the natural products of the Southern
+system of oppression and the wonder is, when the question is viewed
+philosophically, that there are so few. The conclusion here reached is
+that Georgia will not get rid of her brutes by burning them and taking
+the charred embers home as relics, but rather by treating her Negro
+population with more kindness and showing them that there is some hope
+for Negro citizenship in that State. The Negroes know that white men
+have been known to rape colored girls, but that never has there been a
+suggestion of lynching or burning for that, and they feel despondent,
+for they know the courts are useless in such cases, and this
+jug-handle enforcement of lynch law is breeding its own bad fruits on
+the Negro race as well as making more brutal the whites. My advice,
+then, to our white friends is to try kindness as a remedy for rape in
+the South, and I am convinced of the force of this remedy from what I
+know of the occurrence of assaults and murders in those States where
+the Negroes are made to feel that they are citizens and are at home.
+
+WHAT COURAGE! WHAT AN EXAMPLE OF FAITHFULNESS TO DUTY
+
+Did the colored troopers exhibit in forgetting all these shortcomings
+to themselves and race of their own government when they made those
+daring charges on San Juan and El Caney!! They were possessed
+with large hearts and sublime courage. How they fought under such
+circumstances, none but a divine tongue can answer. It was a miracle,
+and was performed, no doubt, that good might come to the race in the
+shape of the testimonials given them as appears heretofore in this
+book. Their deeds must live in history as an honor to the Negro Race.
+Let them be taught to the children. Let it be said that the Negro
+soldier did his duty under the flag, whether that flag protects him or
+not. The white soldier fought under no such sad reflections--he did
+not, after a hard-fought battle, lie in the trenches at night and
+dream of his aged mother and father being run out of their little home
+into the wintry blasts by a mob who sought to "string them up" for
+circulating literature relating to the party of Wm. McKinley--the
+President of the United States--this was the colored soldiers' dream,
+but he swore to protect the flag and he did it. The colored soldier
+has been faithful to his trust; let others be the same. If Negroes who
+have other trusts to perform, do their duty as well as the colored
+soldiers, there will be many revisions in the scale of public
+sentiment regarding the Negro Race in America--many arguments will
+be overthrown and the heyday towards Negro citizenship will begin to
+dawn--there are other battles than those of the militia.
+
+THE SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM IS MAINLY IN THE RACE'S OWN HANDS
+
+They must climb up themselves with such assistance as they can get.
+The race has done well in thirty years of freedom, but it could have
+done better; banking on the progress already made the next thirty
+years will no doubt show greater improvement than the past--TIME,
+TIME, TIME, which some people seem to take so little into account,
+will be the great adjuster of all such problems in the future as
+it has been in the past. Many children of the white fathers of the
+present day will read the writing of their parents and wonder at their
+short-sightedness in attempting to fix the metes and bounds of the
+American Negro's status. We feel reluctant to prophesy, but this much
+we do say, that fifty years from now will show a great change in the
+Negro's condition in America, and many of those who now predict his
+calamity will be classed with the fools who said before the Negro was
+emancipated that they would all perish within ten years for lack of
+ability to feed and clothe themselves. The complaint now with many of
+those who oppose the Negro is not because he lacks ability, but rather
+because he uses too much and sometimes gets the situation that they
+want. This is pre-eminently so from a political standpoint and the
+reported arguments used to stir the poorer class of whites to rally
+against the Negroes in Wilmington during the campaign just before the
+late MASSACRE there in the fall of 1898, was a recital by impassioned
+orators of the fact that Negroes had pianos and servants in their
+houses, and lace curtains to their windows-this outburst being
+followed by the question, "HOW MANY OF YOU WHITE MEN CAN AFFORD TO
+HAVE THEM?" So as to the problem of the Negro's imbibing the traits of
+civilization, that point is settled by what he has already done, and
+the untold obstacles which are being constantly put in his way by
+those who fear his competition. The question then turns not so much on
+what shall be done with the Negro as upon WHAT SHALL BE DONE WITH THE
+WHITE
+
+Men who are so filled with prejudice that neither law nor religion
+restrains their bloody hands when the Negro refuses to get into what
+he calls "his place," which place is that of a menial; and often there
+seems no effort even to put the Negro in any particular place save the
+grave, as many of the lynchings and murders appear to be done either
+for the fun of shooting someone, or else with extermination in view.
+There is no attempt at a show of reason or right. The mob spirit is
+growing--prejudice is more intense. Formerly it was confined to the
+rabble, now it has taken hold of those of education, and standing. Red
+shirts have entered the pulpits, and it is a matter boasted of rather
+than condemned--the South is not the only scene of such outrages.
+Prejudice is not confined to one section, but is no doubt more intense
+in the Southern State, and more far-reaching in its effects, because
+it is there that the Negroes, by reason of the large numbers in
+proportion to the other inhabitants, come into political competition
+with the whites who revolt at the idea of Negro officers, whether they
+are elected by a majority of citizens or not. The whites seem bent
+on revolution to prevent the force and effect of Negro majorities.
+Whether public sentiment will continue to endorse these local
+revolutions is the question that can be answered only by time. Just so
+long as the Negro's citizenship is written in the Constitution and he
+believes himself entitled to it, just so long will he seek to exercise
+it. The white man's revolution will be needed every now and then to
+beat back the Negro's aspirations with the Winchester. The Negro race
+loves progress, it is fond of seeing itself elevated, it loves office
+for the honor it brings and the emoluments thereof, just as other
+progressive races do. It is not effete, looking back to Confucius; it
+is looking forward; it does not think its best days have been in the
+past, but that they are yet to come in the future; it is a hopeful
+race, teachable race; a race that absorbs readily the arts and
+accomplishments of civilization; a race that has made progress in
+spite of mountains of obstacles; a race whose temperament defied the
+worst evils of slavery, both African and American; a race of great
+vitality, a race of the future, a race of destiny.
+
+In closing this resume of this little work it is proper that I should
+warn the younger members of the race against despondency, and against
+the looseness of character and habits that is singularly consequential
+of a despondent spirit. Do not be discouraged, give up, and throw away
+brilliant intellects, because of seeming obstacles, but rather resolve
+to BE SOMETHING AND DO SOMETHING IN SPITE OF OBSTACLES.
+
+"It was not by tossing feather balls into the air that the great
+Hercules gained his strength, but by hurling huge bowlders from
+mountain tops 'that his name became the synonymn of manly strength.'
+So the harder the struggle the greater the discipline and fitness.
+If we cannot reach success in one way, let us try another. 'If the
+mountain will not come to Mahomet let Mahomet go to the mountain.'"
+
+
+
+[Illustration: UNCLE SAM AND HIS NEW ACQUISITIONS.--(N.Y. WORLD.)]
+
+THE SOUTH IS A GOOD PLACE FOR THE NEGRO TO LIVE, provided, however,
+the better class of citizens will rise up and demand that lynchings
+and mobs shall cease, and that the officers of the law shall do their
+duty without prejudice. The only way to suppress mob violence is to
+make punishment for the leaders in it, sure and certain. The reason
+we have mobs is because the leaders of them know they will not be
+punished. The enforcement of the law against lynchers will break it
+up.
+
+The white ministers should take up the cause of justice rather than
+endorse the red shirts, or carry a Winchester themselves. They should
+be the counselors of peace and not the advocates of bloodshed. Most
+of them, no doubt, do regret the terrible deeds committed by mobs on
+helpless and innocent people, but it is a question as to whether or
+not they would be suffered by public sentiment to "cry aloud" against
+them. It takes moral courage to face any evil, but it must be faced or
+dire consequences will follow of its own breeding. Our last word then,
+is an appeal to our BROTHERS IN WHITE, in the pulpit, that they should
+rally the people together for justice and; condemn mob violence. The
+Negroes do not ask social equality, but civil equality; let the false
+notions that confound civil rights with social rights be dispelled,
+and advocate the civil equality of all men, and the problem will be
+solved.
+
+Edmund Burke says that "war never leaves where it found a nation."
+applying this to the American nation with respect to the Negro it is
+to be hoped that the late war will leave a better feeling toward him,
+especially in view of the glorious record of the Negro soldiers who
+participated in that conflict.
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+William McKinley.......................................Frontispiece
+
+General Fitzhugh Lee............................................. 6
+
+General Antonio Maceo............................................ 8
+
+Miss Evangelina Cosio y Cisneros ............................... 10
+
+U.S.S. Maine.................................................... 12
+
+Eddie Savoy..................................................... 14
+
+Jose Maceo...................................................... 16
+
+Sergeant Frank W. Pullen........................................ 20
+
+Charge on El Caney.............................................. 26
+
+Corporal Brown ................................................. 28
+
+George E. Powell................................................ 35
+
+Col. Theodore B. Roosevelt...................................... 39
+
+Gen. Nelson A. Miles.......... ................................. 47
+
+Sergeant Berry.................................................. 48
+
+General Thomas J. Morgan........................................ 50
+
+General Maximo Gomez............................................ 54
+
+First Pay-day in Cuba for the Ninth and Tenth Cavalry........... 58
+
+First President of the Cuban Republic........................... 64
+
+Cubans Fighting from Tree Tops.................................. 70
+
+Investment of Santiago by U.S. Army............................. 78
+
+General Russell A. Alger, Secretary of War...................... 82
+
+Cuban Women Cavalry............................................. 84
+
+Officers of the Ninth Ohio...................................... 92
+
+Major John R. Lynch............................................. 96
+
+Major R.R. Wright.............................................. 100
+
+Major J.B. Johnson............................................. 106
+
+Third North Carolina Volunteers and Officers................... 108
+
+President Charles F. Meserve................................... 110
+
+Mr. Judson W. Lyons............................................ 113
+
+The Games Family............................................... 115
+
+Coleman Cotton Factory......................................... 116
+
+John R. Brown, Uncle Sam's Money Sealer........................ 118
+
+Gen. Pio Pilar................................................. 120
+
+Paul Lawrence Dunbar, Negro Poet............................... 122
+
+A Philipino Lady............................................... 124
+
+Emilio Aguinaldo, Military Dictator of the Filipinos........... 128
+
+Felipe Agoncillo............................................... 130
+
+Convent at Cavite, Aguinaldo's Headquarters.................... 132
+
+Church at San Sebastiano, Manila............................... 136
+
+Uncle Sam and His New Acquisitions............................. 142
+
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+THE TWENTY-FOURTH UNITED STATES INFANTRY.
+
+BY SERGEANT E.D. GIBSON.
+
+The Twenty-fourth United States Infantry was organized by act of
+Congress July 28, 1866. Reorganized by consolidation of the 38th and
+41st regiments of infantry, by act of Congress, approved March 3,
+1869. Organization of regiment completed in September, 1869, with
+headquarters at Fort McKavett, Texas.
+
+Since taking station at Fort McKavett, headquarters of the regiment
+have been at the following places:
+
+1870-71, Fort McKavett, Tex.; 1872, Forts McKavett and Brown, Texas;
+1873-74, Forts Brown and Duncan, Tex.; 1875-76, Fort Brown, Tex.;
+1877-78, Fort Clark, Tex.; 1879, Fort Duncan, Tex.; 1880, Forts Duncan
+and Davis, Tex.; 1881-87, Fort Supply, Ind. Terr.; 1888, Forts Supply
+and Sill, Ind. Terr., and Bayard, N.M.; 1889 to 1896, Forts Bayard,
+N.M., and Douglas, Utah; 1897, Fort Douglas, Utah; 1898, Fort Douglas,
+Utah, till April 20, when ordered into the field, incident to the
+breaking out of the Spanish-American war. At Chickamauga Park, Ga.,
+April 24 to 30; Tampa, Fla., May 2 to June 7; on board transport _S.S.
+City of Washington_, en route with expedition (Fifth Army Corps) to
+Cuba, from June 9 to 25; at Siboney and Las Guasimas, Cuba, from June
+25 to 30; occupied the immediate block-house hill at Fort San Juan,
+Cuba, July 1 to 10, from which position the regiment changed to a
+place on the San Juan ridge about one-fourth of a mile to the left of
+the block-house, where it remained until July 15, when it took station
+at yellow fever camp, Siboney, Cuba, remaining until August 26, 1898;
+returned to the United States August 26, arriving at Montauk Pt.,
+L.I., September 2, 1898, where it remained until September 26, when
+ordered to its original station, Fort Douglas, Utah, rejoining October
+1, 1898.
+
+
+
+
+FIELD AND STAFF OFFICERS.
+
+Colonel.--Henry B. Freeman, under orders to join.
+
+Lieutenant-Colonel.--Emerson H. Liscum, Brig.-Gen. Vols. On sick leave
+from wounds received in action at Fort San Juan, Cuba, July 1, 1898.
+
+Majors.--J. Milton Thompson, commanding regiment and post of Fort
+Douglas, Utah. Alfred C. Markley, with regiment, commanding post of
+Fort D.A. Russell, Wyoming.
+
+Chaplain.--Allen Allenworth, Post Treasurer and in charge of schools.
+
+Adjutant.--Joseph D. Leitch, recruiting officer at post.
+
+Quartermaster.--Albert Laws.
+
+On July 1, 1898, our regiment was not a part of the firing line, and
+was not ordered on that line until the fire got so hot that the
+white troops positively refused to go forward. When our commander,
+Lieutenant-Colonel E.H. Liscum, was ordered to go in he gave the
+command "forward, march," and we moved forward singing "Hold the Fort,
+for we are coming," and on the eastern bank of the San Juan river
+we walked over the Seventy-first New York Volunteer Infantry. After
+wading the river we marched through the ranks of the Thirteenth
+(regular) Infantry and formed about fifty yards in their front. We
+were then about six hundred yards from and in plain view of the
+block-house and Spanish trenches. As soon as the Spaniards saw this
+they concentrated all of their fire on us, and, while changing from
+column to line of battle (which took about eight minutes).
+
+Illustration: A large size photo of above picture can be had on
+application to P.H. Bauer, Photographer, Leavenworth, Kansas. we lost
+one hundred and two men, and that place on the river to-day is called
+"bloody bend." We had only one advantage of the enemy-that was our
+superior marksmanship. I was right of the battalion that led the
+charge and I directed my line against the center of the trench, which
+was on a precipice about two hundred feet high.
+
+Illustration: A large size photo of above picture can be had on
+application to P.H. Bauer, Photographer, Leavenworth, Kansas.
+
+I was born December 4, 1852, in Wythe county, Virginia, and joined the
+army in Cincinnati, Ohio, November 22,1869, and have been in the army
+continuously since. I served my first ten years in the Tenth Cavalry,
+where I experienced many hard fights with the Indians. I was assigned
+to the Twenty-fourth Infantry by request in 1880.
+
+E.D. GIBSON,
+
+_Sergeant Co. G, 24th U.S. Infantry_,
+
+PRESIDIO, CALIFORNIA.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of History of Negro Soldiers in the
+Spanish-American War, and Other Items of Interest, by Edward A. Johnson
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